question
stringlengths 18
1.2k
| facts
stringlengths 44
500k
| answer
stringlengths 1
147
|
|---|---|---|
What was singer Gary Numan's first number one in the U.K.?
|
Gary Numan | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic
Biography All Music Guide
All Music Guide:
One of the founding fathers of synth pop, Gary Numan's influence extends far beyond his lone American hit, "Cars," which still stands as one of the defining new wave singles. That seminal track helped usher in the synth pop era on both sides of the Atlantic, especially his native U.K., where he was a genuine pop star and consistent hitmaker during the early '80s. Even after new wave had petered out, Numan's impact continued to make itself felt; his dark, paranoid vision, theatrically icy alien persona, and clinical, robotic sound were echoed strongly in the work of many goth rock and (especially) industrial artists to come. For his part, Numan just kept on recording, and by the late '90s he'd become a hip name to drop; prominent alt-rock bands covered his hits in concert, and a goth-flavored brand of industrial dance christened darkwave looked to him as its mentor.
Numan was born Gary Anthony James Webb on March 8, 1958, in the West London section of Hammersmith. A shy child, music brought him out of his shell; he began playing guitar in his early teens and played in several short-lived bands. Inspired by the amateurism of the punk movement, he joined a punk group called the Lasers in 1976. The following year, he and bassist Paul Gardiner split off to form a new group, dubbed Tubeway Army, with drummer Bob Simmonds; they recorded a couple of singles under futuristic pseudonyms (Valerium [or Valerian], Scarlett, and Rael, respectively) that attempted to match their new interest in synthesizers. Scrapping that idea, Webb rechristened himself Gary Numan and replaced Simmonds with his uncle Jess Lidyard. Thus constituted, Tubeway Army cut a set of punk-meets-Kraftwerk demos for Beggars Banquet in early 1978, which were released several years later as The Plan. That summer, Numan sang a TV commercial jingle for jeans, and toward the end of the year the group's debut album, Tubeway Army, appeared. Chiefly influenced by Kraftwerk and David Bowie's Berlin-era collaborations with Brian Eno, the album also displayed Numan's fascination with the electronic, experimental side of glam (Roxy Music, Ultravox) and Krautrock (Can), as well as science fiction writer Philip K. Dick.
The group's second album, Replicas, credited to Gary Numan & Tubeway Army, was released in early 1979. Its accompanying single, "Are 'Friends' Electric?," was a left-field smash, topping the U.K. charts and sending Replicas to number one on the album listings as well. (The record also included "Down in the Park," an oft-covered song that stands as one of Numan's most gothic outings.) Numan had become a star overnight, despite critical distaste for any music so heavily reliant on synthesizers, and he formed a larger backing band that replaced Tubeway Army, keeping Gardiner on bass. The Pleasure Principle was released in the fall of 1979 and spawned Numan's international hit "Cars," which reached the American Top Ten and hit number one in the U.K.; the album also became Numan's second straight British number one. He put together a hugely elaborate, futuristic stage show and went on a money-losing tour, and also began to indulge his hobby as an amateur pilot with his newfound wealth.
Numan returned in the fall of 1980 with Telekon, his third straight chart-topping album in Britain, and scored two Top Five hits with "We Are Glass" and "I Die: You Die"; "This Wreckage" later reached the Top 20. In 1981, Numan announced his retirement from live performance, playing several farewell concerts just prior to the release of Dance. While Dance and its lead single, "She's Got Claws," were both climbing into the British Top Five, Numan attempted to fly around the world, but in a bizarre twist was arrested in India on suspicion of spying and smuggling. The charges were dropped, although authorities confiscated his plane. His retirement proved short-lived, but when he returned in 1982 with I, Assassin, some of his popularity had dissipated -- perhaps because of the retirement announcement, perhaps because the charts were overflowing with synth pop, much of which was already expanding on Numan's early innovations (which were starting to sound repetitive). I, Assassin was another Top Ten album, and "We Take Mystery (To Bed)" another hit, but in general Numan's singles were starting to slip on the charts; the title track of 1983's Warriors became his last British Top Ten hit.
Numan and Beggars Banquet subsequently parted ways, and Numan formed his own Numa label, kicking things off with Berserker in late 1984. (Sadly, longtime collaborator Paul Gardiner died earlier that year from a drug overdose.) Released in 1985, The Fury became the final Numan album to reach the British Top 20. Over the next few years, Numan collaborated occasionally with Shakatak's Bill Sharpe, releasing four singles from 1985-1989. Following 1986's Strange Charm, Numan signed with IRS, but the relationship was fraught with discord from the start. IRS forced Numan to change the title of 1988's Metal Rhythm to New Anger for his first North American release since 1981 (and also remixed several tracks), refused to release his soundtrack for the film The Unborn, and would not fund any supporting tours for New Anger or 1991's Outland. When his contract expired, Numan returned to Numa for 1992's Machine + Soul.
The industrial-tinged Sacrifice, the first glimmering of Numan's return to critical favor and underground hipness, was released in 1994. Over the next few years, bands like Hole, the Foo Fighters, and Smashing Pumpkins covered Numan songs in concert, and Marilyn Manson recorded "Down in the Park" for the B-side of the "Lunchbox" single; moreover, Nine Inch Nails cited Numan as an important influence. With his fan base refreshed and expectations raised, Numan delved deeper into gothic, metal-tinged industrial dance on 1997's Exile. However, he didn't truly hit his stride in this newly adopted style until 2000's Pure, which was acclaimed as his best work in years and expanded his cult following into new territory. Into the new millennium, a number of Gary Numan compilations hit the shelves, as well as 2003's Hybrid, which found him reworking and modernizing his earlier pop hits. Jagged was released in 2005, and incorporated more of an industrial goth sound. The album was co-produced and co-written with Ade Fenton, who returned for the 2011 follow-up Dead Son Rising. That same year he appeared on Gloss Drop from post-rock group Battles, lending his vocals to the album's "My Machines" single. In 2013 he released his 20th studio album, Splinter (Songs from a Broken Mind).
|
Are %22Friends%22 Electric%3F
|
Which prefix vehicle registration letter was the first to be introduced in a month other than August?
|
World of Gary Numan, musician - Telegraph
Music
World of Gary Numan, musician
Singer Gary Numan talks to Georgia Dehn about his daily routine, flying around the world in his Piper Navajo and the importance of marriage
Gary Numan in his studio at home in East Sussex Photo: Harry Watts
Follow
Gary Numan, 54, was one of the pioneers of electronic New Wave music in the late 1970s and early 80s, best known for the number–one singles Cars and Are 'Friends' Electric?. He has released 21 studio albums, the latest, Dead Son Rising, last September. He lives in East Sussex with his wife, Gemma, their children Raven, eight, Persia, six, Echo Moon, five, an Old English Mastiff, three cats and eight sheep ( numan.co.uk ).
Routine I am an early riser, but only because of the children. We are all normally up about 6am, which is far too early. Before kids I could stay up all night, going to gigs, to parties or having mates round, then get up the next day whenever I liked. Now I get up and make the children's breakfast and their sandwiches for school. I try to be in my studio by 11am, and stay there most of the day. Trying to find a way to be creative at specific times has been the hardest thing about having children, but they are everything to me. I am always back inside the house to put them to bed by 8pm.
Cars I bought a bass guitar in the late 1970s because I thought it would help my songwriting, and when I got it home the first thing I played was the main bass line to Cars. I always say it took me 10 minutes to write Cars, but if I am honest it could have been even less than that – and it has been a really successful song over the years. It is still massively used, in advertising, in films, and people do cover versions of it a lot. I went to see The Muppets last year with my kids and there is a bit in the film where they all get in Kermit's car and Cars comes on. My kids leapt out of their seats and shouted, 'Dad, Dad, it's your song!' I was really embarrassed – they were not subtle at all.
Wolf I don't approve of hunting animals and selling them as trophies so it was hypocritical of me to buy this stuffed wolf (pictured above). But I saw it outside a souvenir shop at Anchorage airport in Alaska on my way back from a tour of America in the early 1980s, and some kids were hanging off its neck. I decided I could give him a better resting place. I lived in a different house then, with a massive front room, and my intention was to paint an Alaskan skyline on one wall and put the wolf in front on a raised platform. I never did that and now we use him as a burglar deterrent – he sits at the bottom of the stairs. He cost about $1,000 and twice as much to ship home.
Related Articles
World of Cerys Matthews, musician
21 Apr 2011
Swords I collect fantasy swords, replicas from films, and have them displayed on the wall as you go up the stairs. Gemma has bought most of them for me for birthday and Christmas presents. The first one she gave me, which is my favourite, is Conan’s (pictured above). It is very cool and has a secret dagger in the hilt.
Children I have hoarded all my children's first things in a drawer: bottles, blankets and even the 'wee sticks' (pregnancy tests, pictured below) from each time Gemma was pregnant. Gemma and I didn't think we could have children; we tried for ages before having IVF with the first, then two happy accidents after that.
Flying I got my flying licence in 1980 and flew around the world with my co–pilot, Bob Thompson, the year after. We actually had two attempts and succeeded the second time in my Piper Navajo (model, pictured below). On the first attempt in another aeroplane I owned, a Cessna 210 Centurion, we got as far as India before being arrested on suspicion of smuggling and spying. We went the other way on the second attempt and it took us about two months to complete the whole journey, with 50–plus stops. We arrived back on Christmas Eve 1981 and I remember thinking I'd get a hero's welcome, but there was nothing of the sort. When I was a kid it was big news when someone flew around the world in a little aeroplane, but nobody cared when I did it. Then to rub salt into my wounds the customs people ripped my aeroplane to pieces, looking for stuff.
Crashing This propeller (pictured below) is from the Cessna 210, which I crashed in 1982. I was flying back from the Midem festival in France with a good pilot, a 747 captain, and my dad in the back. When we were midway over the Channel we lost the electrics and ended up crashing near Southampton. I had to get the undercarriage down with the emergency pump and managed it just before we hit the ground. We were hurtling across a field towards an embankment, but everything seemed to be in slow motion – I remember seeing individual blades of grass float past me. It was surreal. I was wondering where it was going to hurt first and thought the engine would take my legs off when we hit the embankment, but luckily we had enough speed so when I pulled the stick back, we ricocheted off the embankment and took off again, then dropped down in the middle of a road and stopped dead.
Gemma Gemma used to come to all my shows and be down at the front, but she never did the groupie thing. She would ask for an autograph afterwards but never hang around, which I thought was frustrating but quite cute. The first time we spoke properly was after I noticed she wasn't at any gigs on a particular tour. Then I saw her at one of the last shows and asked her where she'd been. Her mother was dying and she was really upset so we sat down and chatted for about an hour. She made a really big impression on me. A few months later I got a message that her mum had died so I phoned Gemma and invited her to accompany me on a drive up north to do a radio show. She didn't believe it was me on the phone at first. I had to go through 30 questions to prove who I was. At the end of that day I thought she was amazing, the biggest personality I had ever met. Six months later, she moved in.
Marriage Gemma and I have been together 20 years. I proposed after five years, as we were driving over the Dartford Bridge one day. Symbolically my wedding ring (pictured below) is massively important to me. This is a replacement ring because I lost the original one, which Gemma designed, but it is almost identical. I am very old–fashioned about marriage. It is for life and I mean it. I always knew that when I met the right girl the life I had before – being single, in a band, girls everywhere – would be over.
|
i don't know
|
In the TV series 'Batman', who played the part of 'The Joker'?
|
Joker (Batman 1966 TV Series) | DC Database | Fandom powered by Wikia
Joker (Batman 1966 TV Series)
97,730pages on
History
Overview
The Joker was a criminal from Gotham City, an intelligent, persistent and dangerous nemesis of Batman and Robin .
Early Life
Not much is known about the Joker's early life. On one occasion, he was implied to have been a high school dropout. In addition, Batman once noted that he was a well-known hypnotist before he turned to a life of crime.
Criminal Career
Intelligent and creative, yet totally amoral, the Joker engaged in a wide variety of crimes throughout his life and clashed with Gotham's law enforcement - especially Batman and Robin - on numerous occasions.
As a career criminal, the Joker was no stranger to incarceration within Gotham State Penitentiary. Though he made daring escapes from the institution on several occasions, and managed to get lawfully released from it on several others by feigning reformation, he would always find himself returned to its confines by Batman and Robin. (This was in keeping with his well-documented expertise, in the comics, in jailbreaks.)
Utility Belt Caper
One of the Joker's earliest crime sprees began with an ingenious escape from Gotham State Penitentiary, facilitated during a softball game in the penitentiary's exercise yard. Once free, the Clown Prince of Crime immediately set out to rob Gotham Museum of its new jewel collection, but was quickly foiled by Batman and Robin, and barely managed to evade capture. Attributing this defeat to Batman's gadget-laden utility belt, the Joker decided to create a utility belt of his own.
The belt - and the gadgets that it contained - soon proved a wise investment for the Harlequin of Hate. The Joker's next two heists - at a performance of the opera I Pagliacci and at a warehouse storing valuable African masks - saw him hold his own against Batman and Robin before making clean getaways. In the former case, the Joker even came within a hair's breadth of unmasking the duo. Soon, public confidence in Batman and Robin plunged, and crime rates soared across Gotham City.
Drunk on victory, the Joker sought to finish off the Dynamic Duo at the launch ceremony of the S.S. Gotham, where Batman was to perform the ceremonial champagne-smashing. The Clown Prince of Crime tampered with the vintage champagne bottle to be used in the ceremony, leaving a bottle that would release paralyzing gas when smashed. On the day of the launch, the Joker's plan went off without a hitch: the gimmicked bottle soon (apparently) rendered both heroes helpless, and the Joker and his gang were able to swoop in and kidnap the Dynamic Duo.
A gleeful Joker brought the (seemingly) paralyzed heroes back to his hideout and eagerly televised his victory, threatening to have the heroes executed unless his demands were met. Soon after, however, he was treated to a rude surprise: the Dynamic Duo were up and about, having caught on to the Joker's ruse shortly after they had been handed the bottle--Batman had noticed that the the new bottle's cork was not discolored with age, as that of a true vintage bottle would have been. Knowing this, the heroes had taken antidote pills before smashing the bottle, and had been faking helplessness the entire time. The heroes then quickly defeated the Joker and his men, and returned them to the penitentiary.
Back to School
Some time after the utility belt caper, the Joker was released from the penitentiary, but quickly returned to his old ways. The Harlequin of Hate soon created a series of remote-controlled gadgets to carry out his schemes with. Among these gadgets were several vending machines rigged to deposit money, which the Joker planted inside Woodrow Roosevelt High School, as part of a gambit to tempt students into joining his gang with promises of easy wealth. The other machines, meanwhile, were stationed inside various businesses across Gotham, and assisted the Joker's men in committing ordinary robberies.
The Joker's antics soon attracted attention from Batman and Robin - attention that the Harlequin of Hate openly encouraged, to the point where he openly attended an anti-crime lecture being given by Batman at Woodrow Roosevelt. Soon enough, the arch-criminal's promises of easy living snared one of Woodrow Roosevelt's most prominent students: Susie, the school's cheerleader captain. With Susie's help, the Joker was able to successfully carry out the next stage of his plan - stealing the answer key to the Nationwide Pre-College Exam. As a pleasant bonus, Susie even earned the confidence of Batman and Robin, whom she quickly lured into the Joker's latest deathtrap.
A sudden blackout, however, foiled the Joker's deathtrap (two electric chairs rigged to a one-armed bandit and designed to electrocute the two if the machine turned up three lemons, which it did) seconds before it could slay the Dynamic Duo. Frustrated, but left with no other options, the Joker was forced to flee, and Batman and Robin resumed their investigation. Shortly afterward, the lawmen pinpointed Susie as one of the members of the Joker's gang, and Robin - in his civilian guise of Dick Grayson - attempted to infiltrate the Joker's gang through the cheeerleader. The rest of the Joker's gang, however, quickly saw through the ruse and informed the Clown Prince of Crime. Upon learning of the incident, the Joker deemed Susie a weak link in his gang, and sought to dispose of the cheerleader by giving her a "gift" of perfume that had secretly been poisoned. Batman and Robin, meanwhile, were fed a false lead that led them to another of the Joker's traps.
Confident that he had neutralized every potential liability, the Joker went on with the final stage of his plan. The Harlequin of Hate tricked Woodrow Roosevelt's basketball team into picking up his stolen answer key, and promptly snapped an incriminating photograph of the scene. With the picture, the Joker intended to frame the team as cheaters, and get Woodrow Roosevelt disqualified from an upcoming game. In doing so, the Joker hoped to hand victory to the opposing school, as he was gambling a large sum of money (through a bookmaker nicknamed "Pete The Swede") on Woodrow Roosevelt losing. Unfortunately for the Joker, Batman and Robin intervened, having outwitted his trap and saved Susie from the poisoned perfume; out of gratitude for saving her life, the duo revealed, Susie had testified to the Joker's scam. His plans scuttled, the Joker attempted to flee, but was apprehended once more.
A Royal Deception
An unspecified amount of time after the Woodrow Roosevelt caper, the Joker returned to menace Gotham City once more. This time, the Clown Prince of Crime committed a series of bizarre robberies, "stealing" a hole from the golf course at a prominent country club and holding up a fur salon for the sole purpose of stealing a woman's hairpin. With his "loot," the Joker managed to stage a much more impressive crime: kidnapping Gotham City's latest visiting royalty, the Maharaja of Nimpah. During the kidnapping, Batman and Robin, having deduced the Joker's intentions from the customary taunting message delivered to police headquarters, arrived on the scene. The Dynamic Duo quickly pursued the Joker and his men, but were soon foiled when the Joker's getaway van, which was covered in folding mirrors to enable it to blend completely into the background, seemingly vanished into thin air. (The van was marked as belonging to "Gayfellow Cleaners Services," and bore the slogan, "Let Gayfellow take you to the Cleaners.")
Though baffled, Batman and Robin eventually found another of the Joker's deliberately-planted clues at the scene of the crime: a tiny model of the getaway van. The model contained a written note from the Joker, from which the Dynamic Duo managed to deduce the location the Joker's latest hideout. Upon rushing into the hideout, however, the lawmen soon found themselves falling into another one of the Joker's traps, and were quickly captured by the Joker's men. The Joker promptly sealed his adversaries inside an airtight chamber, into which he poured generous quantities of poison gas. By placing their backs together and scaling up the chimney's walls, the two were fortunately able to avoid the rising toxic clouds, and a flabbergasted Joker realized far too late that they had managed to outwit him.
Escaping the roof via a nearby zip-line, Batman and Robin then paid a visit in their civilian identities to the Ferguson Novelty and Magician Supply Company, which they had carefully sussed out was a front operation for the devious trickster's schemes; sure enough, as Bruce discovered by cleverly refracting the shop's two-way mirror with a special prism, the Maharaja was there, being held captive in the basement storeroom. Returning that night after their reconnaissance, the Dynamic Duo surprised the Joker and his men, but were impeded when the Joker set off his "Defense Panel" switch to "repel the invaders." Under cover of fireworks and paper streamers, the Joker escaped in the ensuing fight, and the Maharaja was nowhere to be found.
His foes neutralized for the moment, the Joker promptly rang the Commissioner's office, where he delivered his ransom demands to the Caped Crusader through a phone relay: half a million dollars, which the Maharaja himself had offered to pay with a personal check...and which Batman had to sign off on the next morning, or else the deal was kaput. Loath though he was to participate in such a malevolent scheme, Batman reluctantly acquiesced for the sake of the rotund royal's well-being, and the two met the next day at the bank to initiate the trade. As the Maharaja rambled on, money in hand, Batman carefully drew a long dart and stuck it deep into the pompous pest's leg, exposing his fat as mere padding. Tearing away the sawdust and pillows beneath his robes in the sudden brawl, the duo exposed the Maharaja as none other than the Joker in costume - he had impersonated the other man the entire time, hoping to gain both a hefty sum of money and Batman's humiliation in the bargain. Batman had been suspicious that there had not been any protests of the Maharaja's kidnapping from the Nimpah government, and, presumably as Bruce Wayne, he had made a phone call to Nimpah - only to discover that the real Maharaja had actually been away on a hunting trip. Deflated in more ways than one, the crooked clown was quickly re-imprisoned.
Powers and Abilities
Abilities
Hand-to-Hand Combat (Basic) : The Joker was adequate in hand-to-hand combat for a man of his size. Though he was seldom a match for Batman and Robin in a fair fight, he was incredibly resourceful in combat and certainly not above resorting to sneak attacks and other tricks.
Genius Level Intellect : The Joker's intellect more than made up for his combat skills (or lack thereof).
Science
Gadgetry : A genius in several branches of science, the Joker invented dozens of complex gadgets over the course of his career, including a formula that could turn all water into jelly and an entire army of robots duplicating the appearance of ordinary citizens.
Paraphernalia
Equipment
Smoke-Bomb Softball: Specially-designed softball that exploded into smoke when struck. Used to in conjunction with the giant spring to concoct an escape from the Gotham State Penitentiary.
Gigantic Spring: Coiled spring secretly built in Gotham State Penitentiary's machine shop; hidden beneath the softball pitcher's mound in the penitentiary's exercise yard. Activated once the smoke-bomb softball went off, springing the Joker over the penitentiary's walls.
Comedian Statues: Specially-rigged busts of the Joker himself and four legendary comedians ( Oliver Hardy , Stan Laurel , Ernie Kovacs , and W.C. Fields ) planted in Gotham Museum's Comedian Hall of Fame. These busts (complete with pedestals) could hide full-grown men inside, allowing the Joker and four of his henchmen to bypass the museum's security.
Utility Belt: Meant to mimic Batman's utility belt; contained several pouches that stored the Joker's own set of gadgets.
Smoke Bomb
Replica Utility Belt
Paralyzing Gas Cork
Trick Streamers: Ordinary-looking but unbreakable party streamers, usually deployed during battle to tie up enemies. Tend to be hidden up the Joker's sleeves.
Sneezing Powder: Typical prank item that induced uncontrollable sneezing. Tended to be thrown in opponents' faces during battles as a distraction tactic.
Rigged Vending Machines: Vending machines gimmicked to dispensed coins and valuable stocks & bonds instead of refreshments. Positioned inside Woodrow Roosevelt High School as a way of undermining student morale.
Shackle-Dispensing Vending Machine: A vending machine meant to entrap Batman and Robin. Shot out shackles when a coin was inserted, cuffing the captive's legs to the machine. A hidden nozzle at the top sprayed knockout gas, sealing the captive's fate.
Squirting Flower: Fake flower attached to the top buttonhole of the Joker's jacket; connected to a hose that allowed it to squirt water, knockout gas, etc.
One Endless Night: A half-pint bottle of - according to the Joker - high-grade Canadian perfume. Its contents were laced with poison, as it was meant to discreetly execute Susie the cheerleader.
Funny Ray: A remote control-like device that emits a ray which - according to the Joker - will neutralize the gadgets in Batman's and Robin's utility belts for at least an hour.
Transportation
"John Doe & Sons" Moving Van: A special van designed to hold captives in the Electric Chair/Fruit Machine Combo deathtrap. To power the deathtrap, it has a line that could be connected directly to Gotham City's power main. The van's dashboard also contains a trick microphone that allows the Joker to disguise his voice when speaking to captives.
"Gayfellow Cleaners" Van: A van that has its exteriors outfitted with folding mirrors. When on a monochrome environment (such as a golf course), the mirrors can be deployed to cover the van with reflections of the surroundings, turning the van invisible.
Jokermobile
Flying Saucer
It should be noted that one weapon the Joker did NOT use on the series was his most famous one from the comics, his infamous Joker Venom, which kills its victims by making them literally die laughing and leaves their corpses with rictus grins.
Weapons
Hand Buzzer : Typical prank item hidden in the palm of the Joker's glove. Allowed him to stun others with a simple handshake. (Also employed by his Burtonverse counterpart, but to electrocute people and actually burn their corpses.)
Rigged Jukebox: A jukebox containing a double-barreled shotgun mounted on a turret, planted inside a Gotham bistro and operated via remote control from the Joker's hideout. Inserting a coin caused the turret to reveal itself and sweep the gun back and forth, intimidating bystanders so a robbery could be conducted. Also contained a speaker for the Joker to taunt his victims through.
Death Traps
Electric Chair Fruit Machine Combo : A pair of electric chairs connected to a slot machine. It dispensed fifty thousand volts of electricity into the bodies of the victim(s) when all three reels on the machine landed on the "Lemon" symbol.
Drowning Chamber: A re-purposed smokestack from the Katz, Katz, & Katz Refinery. Once the victims are locked inside, deadly gas is pumped into the confined space. The walls are almost perfectly smooth, without footholds of any sort; the only opening is fifty feet above the base.
Notes
This version of the character is exclusive to the continuity of the television series Batman and is an adaptation of the Joker . The original character was created by Jerry Robinson , Bob Kane , and Bill Finger and first appeared in Batman #1 .
Behind the Scenes
This incarnation of the Joker was portrayed by Cesar Romero , an American actor of Cuban-Italian descent. Prior to Batman, Romero had performed - as a dancer as well as an actor - for thirty-odd years, most famously as "Latin Lover"-type characters in a variety of films, as well as Duke Santos in the original Ocean's Eleven .
Though Romero was nearly sixty at the time he was offered the role of the Joker, he infused the role with a powerful enthusiasm. Adam West , who played Batman, would later note, "Cesar Romero brought an enormous amount of energy to the role. His piercing eyes, his laugh...I dunno how he did it, because he wasn't 22!"[ citation needed ]
Romero, rather (in)famously, refused to shave his mustache for the role of the Joker, even though the character had always been (and still is) portrayed as clean-shaven in the comics. As a result, the makeup that Romero wore to imitate the Joker's chalk-white skin tone was applied directly over the mustache, leaving the mustache partially visible during filming.[ citation needed ]
Though Romero wore a green wig to mimic the Joker's traditional hair color, the lighting on the show's sets often resulted in the Joker's hair appearing other colors - orange, yellow, etc. - when filmed. Romero would later go on to state that the wig bothered him more than any other part of the Joker's costume, as it was glued to his forehead and tended to give him headaches.[ citation needed ]
According to the notes of series producer William Dozier , Romero was not the first choice for portraying the Joker; several other actors, including José Ferrer and Gig Young , had been considered. Romero himself was perplexed as to why he was considered for the role, commenting, "Why Dozier wanted me I'll never know." Dozier's wife Ann, according to Romero, believed that Dozier had been inspired by one of Romero's previous roles.[ citation needed ]
Legacy
The 1966 Batman series's incarnation of the Joker marked the first time that the character was depicted in non-comics media, setting a standard for future depictions of the Clown Prince of Crime, especially where live-action works were concerned. (It is believed to have been Ben Nye Sr., a 20th Century Fox Television in-house manipulative cosmetologist, who designed the makeup format he used on Romero for the Joker.) Romero's seemingly-boundless energy, shrieking laugh, and many creative deathtraps left a powerful impression on many audiences at the time, and continues to be remembered fondly even today, decades after the series had ended. Even the mustache that remained so conspicuously visible on Romero's face during Batman's filming has achieved a certain level of fame, becoming accepted by many as the most recognizable element of this particular incarnation of the Joker.[ citation needed ]
Trivia
According to a slide in the episode "The Joker Goes to School", the Joker stands 6'6". In real life, Romero stood 6'2".
The Joker appeared in nineteen episodes of Batman (in addition to the theatrical film), tying with the Penguin for most commonly-appearing villain on the show.
Related
|
Cesar Romero
|
Which organisation were the arch-enemies of 'Napoleon Solo', 'Ilya Kuriakin' and the 'U.N.C.L.E.' agency?
|
Alfred vs The Joker - YouTube
Alfred vs The Joker
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
The interactive transcript could not be loaded.
Loading...
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Jun 7, 2010
Alfred Pennyworth (Alan Napier) takes on the Joker himself (Cesar Romero), in one of my favorite moments from the '60s Batman TV series - specificially, season 2's "Flop Goes The Joker".
Category
|
i don't know
|
What title did Edward I confer on his eldest son in 1301?
|
prince | title | Britannica.com
Prince
Prince, feminine princess, a European title of rank, usually denoting a person exercising complete or almost complete sovereignty or a member of a royal family, but in some cases used to designate high-ranking nobles.
France
Although lordly vassals might conventionally be referred to as “princes,” the title of prince was not official in France until the 15th century, when members of the royal house came to be distinguished as “princes of the blood” (princes du sang) with specified rights of precedence ; in 1711 they were granted precedence absolutely.
In a few cases the king accorded or acknowledged the title without defining the status of a principality in relation to a duchy, a countship, or a marquisate. Such princely titles were often borne by the eldest sons of dukes.
Germany
From the 10th to the 12th century a new class of Fürsten, or princes, arose in Germany, consisting of the holders of well-defined territorial lordships in immediate dependence on the German king and on the Holy Roman Empire . An Estate of Princes of the Realm ( Reichsfürstenstand) came into being from the 1180s and comprised dukes, counts palatine, margraves, landgraves, archbishops, bishops, certain abbots, and the masters of the military-religious orders. New admissions to this estate required not only the sovereigns’ bestowal of the title Fürst (lower than that of duke or landgrave) but also the consent of the existing princes. In the Reichstag, or Diet, the Kurfürsten, or electoral princes (more commonly, elector s), eventually set themselves apart from the others, whose number grew considerably until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Only 10 princes were not mediatized by 1815—including Liechtenstein , which even survived World Wars I and II. The title of Fürst as bestowed by the Prussian monarchy in the 19th–20th century was simply honorific.
The German language uses the term Fürst for a prince with sovereign or quasi-sovereign rights or for the head of a princely family, but it may use Prinz for a junior member of a sovereign or princely house. Examples are Kronprinz, crown prince; Kurprinz, electoral prince, heir to an electorate; Erbprinz, hereditary prince, heir to a principality; Prinz von Preussen, heir presumptive to Prussia; and Prinz von Battenberg, for descendants of the grand ducal house of Hesse through a morganatic marriage.
Spain and Portugal
burgrave
In Spain counts of Barcelona had been regarded as princes of Catalonia in the sense that they were the greatest feudatories of that country; and, when Count Ramón Berenguer IV became king-consort of Aragon in 1137, he styled himself Príncipe de Aragon instead of king. The sons of Spanish kings, meanwhile, had the style of infante; but the title of Príncipe de Asturias was created, in 1388, for the eldest son of John I of Castile, the future Henry III of Castile. On the union of the Castilian and Aragonese crowns, this title became that of the heir apparent to the whole Spanish monarchy; it long remained the only Spanish princely title. In 1795, however, the title Príncipe de la Paz was created for Manuel de Godoy , with higher rank than his duchy of La Alcudia; but it was abolished in 1808. Baldomero Espartero received the title Príncipe de Vergara in 1872 for his lifetime only. Outside Spain, on the other hand, the Spanish kings bestowed princely titles with extreme liberality.
In Portugal the heir apparent to the throne had the title of Prince Royal from the reign of King Edward (1433–38).
Italy
In southern Italy the Lombard dukes of Benevento became practically sovereign princes after the Frankish annexation of the northern kingdom of Lombardy (774); successive partitions of their territory, from 847, created three principalities—Benevento, Salerno, and Capua. In the 11th century the latter two fell to the Normans, while Benevento became an exclave of the Papal States . Subsequently, princely titles became very numerous in southern Italy: the Spanish kings conceded at least 120 for Sicily and about as many for Naples. For Italy as a whole the aggregate was increased by Roman principalities created by the papacy and by principalities of the Holy Roman Empire in the north.
Great Britain
Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent
In Great Britain the word prince could always be used in a generally descriptive way for a monarch, duke, or other major peer with intrinsic judicial powers; but as a title of rank it was not used until 1301, when Edward I invested his son, the future Edward II , as Prince of Wales . (From Edward III’s time the king’s eldest son and heir was usually so invested.) Essentially, a prince originally was one who was sovereign in his or her territories, and the word is transgender—Mary, Queen of Scots, in her correspondence described herself as “a freeborn prince.”
Structures of Government: Fact or Fiction?
Not until the accession of the German George I (1714), however, did it become settled practice for all the sovereign’s descendants in the male line (that is, his children and the children of his sons) to be styled prince or princess and royal highness; great-grandchildren in the male line were prince or princess and highness. Before that, in both England and Scotland, the children of the monarchs were styled as Lord Forename or Lady Forename. In 1917 George V limited the title of prince or princess to the sovereign’s children and the children of the sovereign’s sons; the only extension was for the eldest living son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. The granting or withholding of a princely style and title remained, however, a matter of the sovereign’s will: Queen Elizabeth II’s consort, Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was expressly created a prince of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1957.
Russia and Poland
In Russia and in Poland the title prince was accorded to descendants of sovereign or formerly sovereign dynasties , whether Russian, Tatar, Lithuanian, or Polish. (For grand princes, see grand duke .) Apart from this use, the title was granted as a high rank of nobility by the Russians from Peter the Great’s time (1682–1725).
In Poland 10 princely houses claimed descent from ancient dynasties; four more were created by the Holy Roman Empire and one was created by the Holy See, in addition to one created in 1808 by the Russians, but only two were created for ordinary nobles by the Polish crown (Poniatowski in 1764, Poninski in 1773).
More about prince
|
Charles, Prince of Wales
|
What is the name of the fictitious brewery that supplies the 'Rovers Return' in 'Coronation Street'?
|
King Edward II
King Edward II
Remains: Buried, Gloucester Cathedral, Gloucester, Gloucestershire, England
Gender: Male
Nationality: England
Executive summary: King of England, 1307-27
Edward II, King of England, the fourth son of King Edward I by his first wife Eleanor of Castile, was born at Carnarvon Castle on the 25th of April 1284. The story that the king presented the newborn child to the Welsh as their future native prince is quite unfounded, for Edward was only made Prince of Wales in the Lincoln parliament of 1301. When a few months old, he became by his elder brother's death the heir to the throne, and Edward I took great pains to train him in warfare and statecraft. He took part in several Scots campaigns, but all his father's efforts could not prevent his acquiring the habits of extravagance and frivolity which he retained all through his life. The old king attributed his son's defects to the bad influence of his friend, the Gascon knight Piers Gaveston, and drove the favorite into exile. When Edward I died on the 7th of July 1307, the first act of the prince, now Edward II, was to recall Gaveston. His next was to abandon the Scots campaign on which his father had set his heart.
The new king was physically almost as fine a man as Edward I. He was, however, destitute of any serious purpose, and was, as William Stubbs says, "the first king after the Conquest who was not a man of business." He cared for nothing but amusing himself, and found his chief delight in athletics and in the practice of mechanical crafts. He was not so much vicious as foolish, and wanting in all serious interests. He had so little confidence in himself that he was always in the hands of some favorite who possessed a stronger will than his own. In the early years of his reign Gaveston held this role, acting as regent when Edward went to France -- where, on the 25th of January 1308, he married Isabella, the daughter of Philip the Fair -- and receiving the earldom of Cornwall with the hand of the king's niece, Margaret of Gloucester. The barons soon grew indignant at Edward's devotion to his "brother Piers", and twice insisted on his banishment. On each occasion Edward soon recalled his friend, whereupon the barons, headed by the king's cousin Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, went to war against king and favorite, and in 1312 treacherously put Gaveston to death. Edward was not strong enough even to avenge his loss. He was forced to stand aside and suffer the realm to be governed by the baronial committee of twenty-one lords ordainers, who, in 1311, had drawn up a series of ordinances, whose effect was to substitute ordainers for the king as the effective government of the country. But in all the ordinances nothing was said about the commons and lower clergy. Parliament meant to the new rulers an assembly of barons just as it had done to the opponents of King Henry III in 1258. The effect of their triumph was to change England from a monarchy to a narrow oligarchy.
During the quarrels between Edward and the ordainers, Robert the Bruce was steadily conquering Scotland. His progress was so great that he had occupied all the fortresses save Stirling, which he closely besieged. The danger of losing Stirling shamed Edward and the barons into an attempt to retrieve their lost ground. In June 1314 Edward led a great army into Scotland in the hope of relieving Stirling. On the 24th of June his ill-disciplined and badly led host was completely defeated by Robert Bruce at Bannockburn. Henceforth Bruce was sure of his position as king of Scots, and his pitiless devastation of the northern counties of England was his wild vengeance for the sufferings his land had previously experienced from the English. Edward's disgraceful defeat made him more dependent on his barons than ever. His kinsman, Thomas of Lancaster, had now an opportunity of saving England from the consequences of the king's incompetence. He had shown some capacity as a leader of opposition, but though he had great wealth, and was lord of five earldoms, he had small ability and no constructive power. In his desire to keep the king weak, he was suspected to have made a secret understanding with Robert Bruce. Before long the opposition split up under his incompetent guidance into fiercely contending factions. Under Aymer of Valence, Earl of Pembroke, a middle party arose, which hated Lancaster so much that it supported the king to put an end to Lancaster's rule. After 1318 the effect of its influence was to restore Edward to some portion of his authority. However, the king hated Pembroke almost as much as Lancaster. He now found a competent adviser in Hugh le Despenser , a baron of great experience. What was more important to him, he had in Despenser's son, Hugh le Despenser the younger, a personal friend and favorite, who was able in some measure to replace Gaveston. The fierce hatred which the barons manifested to the Despensers showed that they could hate a deserter as bitterly as they had hated the Gascon adventurer. They were indignant at the favors which Edward lavished upon the favorite and his father, and were especially alarmed when the younger Despenser strove to procure for himself the earldom of Gloucester in right of his wife, Edward's niece.
At last, in 1321, the barons met in parliament, and under Lancaster's guidance procured the banishment of the Despensers. The disasters of his friends inspired Edward to unwonted activity. In 1322 he recalled them from exile, and waged war against the barons on their behalf. Triumph crowned his exertions. Lancaster, defeated at Boroughbridge, was executed at Pontefract. For the next five years the Despensers ruled England. Unlike the ordainers, they took pains to get the Commons on their side, and a parliament held at York in 1322 revoked the ordinances because they trenched upon the rights of the crown, and were drawn up by the barons only. From this time no statute was technically valid unless the Commons had agreed to it. This marks the most important step forward in Edward II's reign. But the rule of the Despensers soon fell away from this wise beginning. They thought only of heaping up wealth for themselves, and soon stirred up universal indignation. In particular, they excited the ill-will of the queen, Isabella of France. Craftily dissembling her indignation, Isabella kept silence until 1325, when she went to France in company with her eldest son, Edward of Windsor, who was sent to do homage for Aquitaine to her brother, the new French king. When her business was over, Isabella declined to return to her husband as long as the Despensers remained his favorites. She formed a criminal connection with Roger Mortimer of Wigmore, one of the baronial exiles, and in September 1326 landed in Essex accompanied by Mortimer and her son, declaring that she was come to avenge the murder of Lancaster, and to expel the Despensers. Edward's followers deserted him, and on the 2nd of October he fled from London to the west, where he took refuge in the younger Despenser's estates in Glamorgan. His wife followed him, put to death both the Despensers, and, after a futile effort to escape by sea, Edward was captured on the 16th of November. He was imprisoned at Kenilworth Castle, and a parliament met at Westminster in January 1327, which chose his son to be king as King Edward III . It was thought prudent to compel the captive king to resign the crown, and on the 20th of January Edward was forced to renounce his office before a committee of the estates. The government of Isabella and Mortimer was so weakly established that it dared not leave the deposed king alive. On the 3rd of April he was secretly removed from Kenilworth and entrusted to the custody of two dependants of Mortimer. After various wanderings be was imprisoned at Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. Every indignity was inflicted upon him, and he was systematically ill-treated in the hope that he would die of disease. When his strong constitution seemed likely to prevail over the ill-treatment of his enemies he was cruelly put to death on the 21st of September. It was announced that he had died a natural death, and he was buried in St. Peter's Abbey at Gloucester, now the cathedral, where his son afterwards erected a magnificent tomb.
On the night of October 11 (1327 AD) while lying in on a bed (the king) was suddenly seized and, while a great mattress... weighed him down and suffocated him, a plumber's iron, heated intensely hot, was introduced through a tube into his secret parts so that it burned the inner portions beyond the intestines.
Edward's wife, Isabella (c. 1292-1358), bore him two sons, Edward III and John of Eltham, earl of Cornwall (1316-1336), and two daughters, Isabella and Joanna (1321-1362), wife of David II, king of Scotland. After the execution of her paramour, Roger Mortimer, in 1330, Isabella retired from public life; she died at Hertford on the 23rd of August 1358.
|
i don't know
|
From which flower does the insecticide 'Pyrethrum' come?
|
Information About Pyrethrum Insecticide – Using Natural Pyrethrum Spray
Image by Newtown grafitti
By Kristi Waterworth
It’s fun to get on the Internet and research plant varieties and dream about the new things you’ll put in your garden, but have you ever really thought about the chemicals you’re using there already? Oftentimes, gardeners start using certain formulas because they were recommended by a friend or they claim to be natural or safe for organic gardens without giving them a second thought. Pyrethrum insecticide is one such natural chemical. You may wonder, “Where does pyrethrum come from?” That answer may surprise you. Read on to learn more about this common garden chemical.
What is Pyrethrum?
Pyrethrum is a chemical extract containing two active compounds, pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II. In these forms, the chemical is directly derived from several different species of chrysanthemum as well as the painted daisy . Anything you find in a garden center has probably been highly refined for garden use. There is another group with a similar name, the pyrethroids, which are derived from pyrethrum, but are in all ways synthetic and not necessarily approved for organic gardens.
Natural pyrethrum spray causes death in insects by disrupting the ion channels in their bodies, resulting in an electrical overload in their nervous systems. Although organic, these chemicals are not selective and will kill any insect that comes into contact with them, including beneficials like ladybugs , lacewings and bees . Seventy-five percent of the chemical breaks down within 24 days in the soil, but may rapidly degrade when exposed to light or air.
Uses for Pyrethrum
Pyrethrum is a poison regardless of its organic status — it is very good at killing whatever insect it contacts. Because it breaks down rapidly when exposed to air and light, it can be applied in a way that shields beneficial insects from danger, but gardeners absolutely must use this chemical properly and only apply during late evening, night or very early in the morning, before bees are out foraging.
When using pyrethrum, take the same precautions you would with any chemical. Do not overuse this chemical – run-off into water supplies is extremely dangerous to fish and other aquatic species. Parasitoids, such as parasitic wasps , and general insect predators are at a moderate risk from pyrethrum. It does appear to be fairly safe for mammals, based on rat studies, but the long-term exposure risks are unknown.
|
Chrysanthemum
|
In which battle of World War I were angels reported to have fought beside British troops?
|
Mosquito, Misting system in Houston for your mosquitoes, Mosquito Misting Houston, Automated Insect Misting Systems Houston, Texas - Mosquito Management Systems
Pyrethrum Insecticide Spray
Pyrethrum is a botanical insecticide produced primarily in the flowers of Tanacetum cinerariaefolium, a species of the chrysanthemum plant family. Pyrethrum is an ancient insecticide that has been used effectively to control insects for decades and is non-persistent, decomposing rapidly in the environment. This rapid degradation of pyrethrum has resulted in little known cases of insect resistance, making it an excellent choice for the control of agricultural pests.
The insecticidal properties of the flowers were documented in the early 1800's but it is suspected that the flowers were used to kill insects a considerable time earlier. The first commercially available products were powders made from ground flowers and later crude oil extractions became popular.
Today the refining of crude pyrethrum extract to remove the plant material, waxes, etc. is a highly complex process resulting in a very high grade product. In East Africa the mature phrethrum flowers are picked by hand, sun dried to remove moisture and sent to a processing plant for extraction of the active ingredient-pyrethrins, a misture of six closely related esters. The flowers are sun dried and processed to extract the insecticide grade pyrethrum.
Pyrethrum is non-toxic to humans and other mammals and is considered biodegradable as well as water soluble. It is sought for sensitive applications like the post-harvest treatment of fruits and vegetables. Pyrethrum is so safe that the U.S. Government approves its use on such insect-prone foods as tomatoes, even while they are on their way to the supermarket or processing plant.
Knockdown Effects
Pyrethrum affects and inhibits the nervous system of insects by causing multiple action potential in the nerve cells by delaying the closing of an ion channel. Nerve cell membranes have a specific electrical charge. Altering the amount of ions (charged atoms) passing through ion channels causes the membranes to depolarize which, in turn, causes a neurotransmitter to be released. Neurotransmitters help nerve cells communicate. Electrical messages sent
between nerve cells allow them to generate a response, like a movement in an animal or insect.
Pyrethrum acts as a contact poison, affecting the insect's nervous system. Pyrethrum, when combined with a synergist that works by restrictng an enzyme insects use to detoxify it, then becomes one of the fastest acting insecticides known. Even before it kills, it knocks down and paralyzes insects almost immediately.
Jamming & Resistance
Apparently small amounts of pyrethrum can jam the "black box" of the insect's food searching mechanism. The insects forget to eat, as it were. After decades of use, no insect population has ever developed significant pyrethrum resistance.
Low Cost Refills
We use and recommend the product RIPTIDEtm produced by the firm McLoughlin, Gormley, King and containing pyrethrum in concentrate which is mixed in solution with water to fill the 55 gallon reservoir of the system, thereby providing a thorougly effective misting element to completely rid your yard of the infesting insect element.
|
i don't know
|
Which Hungarian born US pioneer founded the company which became Paramount Pictures?
|
Paramount Pictures | The Movies Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving film studio in the world behind Universal Studios , Nordisk Film , Pathé , and Gaumont Film Company . It is the last major film studio still headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.
Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company. However, Famous Players was actually only one of the companies that merged into Paramount Pictures (then known as the Famous Players-Lasky Corporation) in 1914. Founder Hungarian-born Adolph Zukor , who had been an early investor in nickelodeons , saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. [3] With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time (leading to the slogan "Famous Players in Famous Plays"). By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success.
That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky , opened his Lasky Feature show Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, later known as Samuel Goldwyn . The Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille , who would find a suitable location site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film, The Squaw Man .
File:Paramount logo 1914.jpg
Beginning in 1914, both Lasky and Famous Players released their films through a start-up company, Paramount Pictures Corporation, organized early that year by a Utah theatre owner, W. W. Hodkinson , who had bought and merged several smaller firms. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies. Paramount was the first successful nation-wide distributor; until this time, films were sold on a state-wide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation.
In 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one. The new company Lasky and Zukor founded, Famous Players-Lasky Corporation , grew quickly, with Lasky and his partners Goldwyn and DeMille running the production side, Hiram Abrams in charge of distribution, and Zukor making great plans. With only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its "Paramount Pictures" soon dominated the business.
1921–1930: The rise
File:GrangeLasky-DeMille1913.jpg
Because Zukor believed in stars, he signed and developed many of the leading early stars, including Mary Pickford , Marguerite Clark , Pauline Frederick , Douglas Fairbanks , Gloria Swanson , Rudolph Valentino , and Wallace Reid . With so many important players, Paramount was able to introduce " block booking ", which meant that an exhibitor who wanted a particular star's films had to buy a year's worth of other Paramount productions. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, but which led the government to pursue it on antitrust grounds for more than twenty years.
The driving force behind Paramount's rise was Zukor. All through the teens and twenties, he built the Publix Theatres Corporation, a mighty chain of nearly 2,000 screens, ran two production studios (in Astoria, New York , and Hollywood, California ), and became an early investor in radio, taking a 50% interest in the new Columbia Broadcasting System in 1928 (selling it within a few years; this would not be the last time Paramount and CBS crossed paths, as time proved). By acquiring the successful Balaban & Katz chain in 1926, he gained the services of Barney Balaban (who would eventually become Paramount's president in 1936), his brother A. J. Balaban (who would eventually supervise all stage production nationwide and produce talkie shorts), and their partner Sam Katz (who would run the Paramount-Publix theatre chain in New York City from the thirty-five story Paramount Theatre Building on Times Square ). Zukor also hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg , an unerring eye for new talent, to run the new West Coast operations. They would then purchase what was originally built as the Robert Brunton Studios. This 26 acre facility, at 5451 Marathon Street, cost US$1 million. [4] In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took on the name Paramount-Famous Lasky Corporation. Three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount-Publix Theatres Corporation.
Also in 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps animated cartoons produced by Max and Dave Fleischer 's Fleischer Studios in New York City. The Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, would prove to be among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney . The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957. In 1929 Paramount Released their first musical " Innocents of Paris " Richard A. Whiting and Leo Robin composed the score for the film, Maurice Chevalier starred and sung the most famous song from the film "Louise".
1931–1940: Receivership
Edit
Eventually, Zukor shed most of his early partners; the Frohman brothers, Hodkinson and Goldwyn were out by 1917 while Lasky hung on until 1932, when, blamed for the near-collapse of Paramount in the Depression years, he too was tossed out. Zukor's over-expansion and use of overvalued Paramount stock for purchases led the company into receivership in 1933. A bank-mandated reorganization team, led by John Hertz and Otto Kahn kept the company intact, and, miraculously, Zukor was kept on. In 1935, Paramount-Publix went bankrupt. In 1936, Barney Balaban became president, and Zukor was bumped up to chairman of the board. In this role, Zukor reorganized the company as Paramount Pictures, Inc. and was able to successfully bring the studio out of bankruptcy.
As always, Paramount films continued to emphasize stars; in the 1920s there were Swanson, Valentino, and Clara Bow . By the 1930s, talkies brought in a range of powerful new draws: Miriam Hopkins , Marlene Dietrich , Mae West , W.C. Fields , Jeanette MacDonald , Claudette Colbert , the Marx Brothers (whose first two films were shot at Paramount's Astoria, New York , studio), Dorothy Lamour , Carole Lombard , Bing Crosby , band leader Shep Fields , famous Argentine tango singer Carlos Gardel , and Gary Cooper among them. In this period Paramount can truly be described as a movie factory, turning out sixty to seventy pictures a year. Such were the benefits of having a huge theater chain to fill, and of block booking to persuade other chains to go along. In 1933, Mae West would also add greatly to Paramount's success with her suggestive movies She Done Him Wrong and I'm No Angel . [5] [6] However, the sex appeal West gave in these movies would also lead to the enforcement of the Production Code , as the newly formed organization the Catholic Legion of Decency threatened a boycott if it was not enforced. [7]
Paramount cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios continued to be successful, with characters such as Betty Boop and Popeye the Sailor becoming widely successful. One Fleischer series, Screen Songs , featured live-action music stars under contract to Paramount hosting sing-alongs of popular songs. However, a huge blow to Fleischer Studios occurred in 1934, after the Production Code was enforced and Betty Boop's popularity declined as she was forced to have a more tame personality and wear a longer skirt. [8] The animation studio would rebound with Popeye , and in 1935, polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse. [9] After an unsuccessful expansion into feature films, as well as the fact that Max and Dave Fleischer were no longer speaking to one another, Fleischer Studios was acquired by Paramount, which renamed the operation Famous Studios . That incarnation of the animation studio continued cartoon production until 1967, but has been historically dismissed as having largely failed to maintain the artistic acclaim the Fleischer brothers achieved under their management. [10]
Edit
In 1940, Paramount agreed to a government-instituted consent decree: block booking and "pre-selling" (the practice of collecting up-front money for films not yet in production) would end. Immediately Paramount cut back on production, from sixty-plus pictures to a more modest twenty annually in the war years. Still, with more new stars like Bob Hope , Alan Ladd , Veronica Lake , Paulette Goddard , and Betty Hutton , and with war-time attendance at astronomical numbers, Paramount and the other integrated studio-theatre combines made more money than ever. At this, the Federal Trade Commission and the Justice Department decided to reopen their case against the five integrated studios. Paramount also had a monopoly over Detroit movie theaters through subsidiary company United Detroit Theaters as well. [11] This led to the Supreme Court decision United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. (1948) holding that movie studios could not also own movie theater chains. This decision broke up Adolph Zukor's creation and effectively brought an end to the classic Hollywood studio system .
1951–1966: Split and after
Edit
With the separation of production and exhibition forced by the U.S. Supreme Court, Paramount Pictures Inc. was split in two. [12] Paramount Pictures Corporation was formed to be the production distribution company, with the 1,500-screen theater chain handed to the new United Paramount Theaters on December 31, 1949. Leonard Goldenson , who had headed the chain since 1938, remained as the new company's president. The Balaban and Katz theatre division was spun off with UPT; its trademark eventually became the property of the Balaban and Katz Historical Foundation. The Foundation has recently acquired ownership of the Famous Players Trademark. Cash-rich and controlling prime downtown real estate, Goldenson began looking for investments. Barred from film-making by prior anti-trust rulings, he acquired the struggling ABC television network in February 1953, leading it first to financial health, and eventually, in the mid-1970s, to first place in the national Nielsen ratings, before selling out to Capital Cities in 1985 (Capital Cities would eventually sell out, in turn, to The Walt Disney Company in 1996). United Paramount Theaters was renamed ABC Theaters in 1965 and was sold to businessman Henry Plitt in 1974. The movie theater chain was renamed Plitt Theaters. In 1985, Cineplex Odeon Corporation merged with Plitt. In later years, Paramount's TV division would develop a strong relationship with ABC, providing many hit series to the network.
The DuMont Network
Edit
Paramount Pictures had been an early backer of television, launching experimental stations in 1939 in Los Angeles and Chicago. The Los Angeles station eventually became KTLA , the first commercial station on the West Coast. The Chicago station got a commercial license as WBKB in 1943, but was sold to UPT along with Balaban & Katz in 1948 and was eventually resold to CBS as WBBM-TV .
In 1938, Paramount bought a stake in television manufacturer DuMont Laboratories . Through this stake, it became a minority owner of the DuMont Television Network . [13] Also Paramount launched its own network, Paramount Television Network , in 1948 through its television unit, Television Productions, Inc. [14]
However, Paramount proved to be a timid and obstructionist partner in DuMont; its minority stake hampered the network's efforts to expand. [15] [16] Paramount management planned to acquire additional owned-and-operated stations ("O&Os"); the company applied to the FCC for additional stations in San Francisco, Detroit, and Boston. [17] The FCC, however, denied Paramount's applications. A few years earlier, the federal regulator had placed a five-station cap on all television networks: no network was allowed to own more than five VHF television stations. Paramount was hampered by its minority stake in the DuMont Television Network. Although both DuMont and Paramount executives stated that the companies were separate, the FCC ruled that Paramount's partial ownership of DuMont meant that DuMont and Paramount were in theory branches of the same company. Since DuMont owned three television stations and Paramount owned two, the federal agency ruled neither network could acquire additional television stations. The FCC requested that Paramount relinquish its stake in DuMont, but Paramount refused. [17] According to television historian William Boddy, "Paramount's checkered anti-trust history" helped convince the FCC that Paramount controlled DuMont. [18] Both DuMont and Paramount Television Network suffered as a result, with neither company able to acquire five O&Os. Meanwhile, CBS, ABC, and NBC had each acquired the maximum of five stations by the mid-1950s. [19] [15]
When ABC accepted a merger offer from UPT in 1953, DuMont quickly realized that ABC now had more resources than it could possibly hope to match. It quickly reached an agreement in principle to merge with ABC. [20] However, Paramount vetoed the deal in part due to an earlier FCC ruling that Paramount controlled DuMont, as well as concerns that UPT was still a Paramount subsidiary. Within two years of the failed ABC deal, DuMont was no more. [15]
In 1951, Paramount bought a stake in International Telemeter , an experimental pay TV service which operated with a coin inserted into a box. The service began operating in Palm Springs, California on November 27, 1953, but due to pressure from the FCC, the service ended on May 15, 1954. [21]
With the loss of the theater chain, Paramount Pictures went into a decline, cutting studio-backed production, releasing its contract players, and making production deals with independents. By the mid-1950s, all the great names were gone; only C.B. DeMille, associated with Paramount since 1913, kept making pictures in the grand old style. Despite Paramount's losses, DeMille would, however, give the studio some relief and create his most successful film at Paramount, a 1956 remake of his 1923 film The Ten Commandments . [22] Like some other studios, Paramount saw little value in its film library (see below for more info on the early Paramount library). DeMille died in 1959.
1966–1970: Early Gulf+Western era
File:Paramount Pictures (Gulf+Western) logo.jpg
By the early 1960s, Paramount's future was doubtful. The high-risk movie business was wobbly; the theater chain was long gone; investments in DuMont and in early pay-television came to nothing. Even the flagship Paramount building in Times Square was sold to raise cash, as was KTLA (sold to Gene Autry in 1964 for a then-phenomenal $12.5 million). Founding father Adolph Zukor (born in 1873) was still chairman emeritus; he referred to chairman Barney Balaban (born 1888) as "the boy." Such aged leadership was incapable of keeping up with the changing times, and in 1966, a sinking Paramount was sold to Charles Bluhdorn 's industrial conglomerate, Gulf + Western Industries Corporation . Bluhdorn immediately put his stamp on the studio, installing a virtually unknown producer named Robert Evans as head of production. Despite some rough times, Evans held the job for eight years, restoring Paramount's reputation for commercial success with The Odd Couple , Love Story , The Godfather , Chinatown , and Rosemary's Baby . [23]
Gulf + Western Industries also bought the neighboring Desilu television studio (once the lot of RKO Pictures ) from Lucille Ball in 1967. Using some of Desilu's established shows such as Star Trek , Mission: Impossible , and Mannix as a foot in the door at the networks, the newly reincorporated Paramount Television eventually became known as a specialist in half-hour situation comedies. [24]
1971–1980: CIC formation and high-concept era
Edit
In 1970, Paramount teamed with Universal Studios to form Cinema International Corporation , a new company that would distribute films by the two studios outside the United States. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer would become a partner in the mid-1970s. Both Paramount and CIC entered the video market with Paramount Home Video (now Paramount Home Entertainment ) and CIC Video , respectively.
Robert Evans abandoned his position as head of production in 1974; his successor, Richard Sylbert , proved to be too literary and too tasteful for Gulf + Western's Bluhdorn. By 1976, a new, television-trained team was in place headed by Barry Diller and his "Killer-Dillers", as they were called by admirers or "Dillettes" as they were called by detractors. These associates, made up of Michael Eisner , Jeffrey Katzenberg , Dawn Steel and Don Simpson would each go on and head up major movie studios of their own later in their careers.
File:Paramount Pictures print logo (1968).svg
The Paramount specialty was now simpler. " High concept " pictures such as Saturday Night Fever and Grease hit big, hit hard and hit fast all over the world,[ citation needed ] and Diller's television background led him to propose one of his longest-standing ideas to the board: Paramount Television Service , a fourth commercial network . Paramount Pictures purchased the Hughes Television Network (HTN) including its satellite time in planning for PTVS in 1976. They also hired Rich Frank of KCOP-TV and a member of the Operation Prime Time steering committee. [25] But neither the board nor Bluhdorn himself accepted Diller's repeated advancements of this idea and neither did Bluhdorn's successor, Martin Davis.[ citation needed ] Paramount sold HTN to Madison Square Garden in 1979. [26] But Diller believed strongly in the concept, and so took his fourth-network idea with him when he moved to 20th Century Fox in 1984, where Fox's then freshly installed proprietor, Rupert Murdoch was a more interested listener. Meanwhile, concentrating on hot films, Paramount was met with critical success with the release of The Godfather , based on the popular novel.[ citation needed ]
However, the television division would be playing catch-up for over a decade after Diller's departure in 1984 before launching its own television network – UPN – in 1995. Lasting eleven years before being merged with The WB network to become The CW in 2006, UPN would feature many of the shows it originally produced for other networks, and would take numerous gambles on series such as Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Enterprise that would have otherwise either gone direct-to-cable or become first-run syndication to independent stations across the country (as Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Star Trek: the Next Generation were). UPN was able to host a proven winner when it picked up the final two seasons of Buffy the Vampire Slayer .[ citation needed ]
Paramount Pictures was not connected to Paramount Records until it purchased the rights to use the name (but not its catalog) in the late 1960s. The Paramount name was used for soundtrack albums and some pop re-issues from the Dot Records catalog which Paramount had acquired in 1958. By 1970, Dot had become an all-country label [27] and in 1974, Paramount sold all of its record holdings to ABC Records , which in turn was sold to MCA (now Universal Music Group ) in 1979.[ citation needed ]
1980–1994: Continuous success
Paramount's successful run of pictures extended into the 1980s and 1990s, generating hits like Airplane! , American Gigolo , Ordinary People , An Officer and a Gentleman , Flashdance , Terms of Endearment , Footloose , Pretty in Pink , Fatal Attraction , the Friday the 13th slasher series, as well as Raiders of the Lost Ark and its sequels. Other examples are the Star Trek series and a string of films starring comedian Eddie Murphy like Trading Places , Coming To America , and Beverly Hills Cop and its sequels. While the emphasis was decidedly on the commercial, there were occasional less commercial but more artistic and intellectual efforts like I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can , Atlantic City , Reds , Witness , Children of a Lesser God and The Accused . During this period, responsibility for running the studio passed from Eisner and Katzenberg to Frank Mancuso Sr. (1984) and Ned Tanen (1984) to Stanley Jaffe (1991) and Sherry Lansing (1992). More so than most, Paramount's slate of films included many remakes and television spinoffs; while sometimes commercially successful, there have been few compelling films of the kind that once made Paramount the industry leader. The studio even had its share of box office flops such as Grease 2 , Clue and a few others.[ citation needed ]
In 1981, Cinema International Corporation was reorganized as United International Pictures . This was necessary because MGM had merged with United Artists which had its own international distribution unit, but MGM was not allowed to leave the venture at the time (they finally did in 2001, switching international distribution to 20th Century Fox ). In 1985, Dawn Steel became head of Motion Picture Production.[ citation needed ]
In August 25, 1983, fire struck the Paramount Studios. Two or three sound stages and four outdoor sets were destroyed, but the rest of the Studios were still intact. [28] [29]
When Charles Bluhdorn died unexpectedly, his successor Martin Davis dumped all of G+W's industrial, mining, and sugar-growing subsidiaries and refocused the company, renaming it Paramount Communications in 1989. With the influx of cash from the sale of G+W's industrial properties in the mid-1980s, Paramount bought a string of television stations and KECO Entertainment 's theme park operations, renaming them Paramount Parks . These parks include Paramount's Great America, now acquired by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company and renamed to California's Great America , Canada's Wonderland , Carowinds , Kings Dominion , And Kings Island .[ citation needed ]
In 1993, Sumner Redstone 's entertainment conglomerate Viacom made a bid for a merger with Paramount Communications; this quickly escalated into a bidding war with Barry Diller 's QVC . But Viacom prevailed, ultimately paying $10 billion for the Paramount holdings. Viacom and Paramount had planned to merge as early as 1989 [30]
Paramount is the last major film studio located in Hollywood proper. When Paramount moved to its present home in 1927, it was in the heart of the film community. Since then, former next-door neighbor RKO closed up shop in 1957; Warner Bros. (whose old Sunset Boulevard studio was sold to Paramount in 1949 as a home for KTLA ) moved to Burbank in 1930; Columbia joined Warners in Burbank in 1973 then moved again to Culver City in 1989; and the Pickford-Fairbanks-Goldwyn-United Artists lot, after a lively history, has been turned into a post-production and music-scoring facility for Warners, known simply as "The Lot". For a time the semi-industrial neighborhood around Paramount was in decline, but has now come back. The recently refurbished studio has come to symbolize Hollywood for many visitors, and its studio tour is a popular attraction.[ citation needed ]
1994–2004: Dolgen/Lansing and "old" Viacom era
Edit
During this time period, Paramount Pictures went under the guidance of Jonathan Dolgen, chairman and Sherry Lansing , president. [31] [32] During their administration over Paramount, the studio had an extremely successful period of films with two of Paramount's ten highest grossing films being produced during this period. [33] The most successful of these films, Titanic , a joint production with 20th Century Fox , became the highest grossing film up to that time, grossing over $1.8 billion worldwide. [34] Also during this time, three Paramount Pictures films won the Academy Award for Best Picture; Titanic, Braveheart, and Forrest Gump. Dolgen and Lansing also presided over the production and release of other films including Saving Private Ryan (with DreamWorks ), as well as the Mission: Impossible films.[ citation needed ]
Paramount's most important property, however, was Star Trek. Studio executives had begun to call it "the franchise" in the 1980s due to its reliable revenue, and other studios envied its "untouchable and unduplicatable" success. By 1998 Star Trek TV shows, movies, books, videotapes, and licensing provided so much of the studio's profit that "it is not possible to spend any reasonable amount of time at Paramount and not be aware of [its] presence"; filming for Star Trek: Voyager and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine required up to nine of the largest of the studio's 36 sound stages . [35] [36] Template:Rp
In 1995, Viacom and Chris-Craft Industries ' United Television launched United Paramount Network (UPN) with Star Trek: Voyager as its flagship series, fulfilling Barry Diller's plan for a Paramount network from 25 years earlier. In 1999, Viacom bought out United Television's interests, and handed responsibility for the start-up network to the newly acquired CBS unit, which Viacom bought in 1999 – an ironic confluence of events as Paramount had once invested in CBS, and Viacom had once been the syndication arm of CBS as well. [37]
In 2002, Paramount, Buena Vista Distribution , 20th Century Fox , Sony Pictures , Universal Studios , and Warner Bros. formed the Digital Cinema Initiatives . [38] DCI was created "to establish and document voluntary specifications for an open architecture for digital cinema that ensures a uniform and high level of technical performance, reliability and quality control." [38]
2005–present: Paramount today
Edit
Reflecting in part the troubles of the broadcasting business, in 2005 Viacom wrote off over $18 billion from its radio acquisitions and, early that year, announced that it would split itself in two. The split was completed in January 2006. [39] [40]
With the announcement of the split of Viacom, Dolgen and Lansing were replaced by former television executives Brad Grey and Gail Berman. [41] [42] The Viacom Inc. board split the company into CBS Corporation and a separate company under the Viacom name. The board scheduled the division for the first quarter of 2006. Under the plan, CBS Corp. would comprise CBS and UPN networks, Viacom Television Stations Group, Infinity Broadcasting, Viacom Outdoor, Paramount Television, KingWorld, Showtime, Simon and Schuster, Paramount Parks, and CBS News. The revamped Viacom would include “MTV, VH1, Nickelodeon, BET and several other cable networks as well as the Paramount movie studio”. [43] Paramount's home entertainment unit continues to distribute the Paramount TV library through CBS DVD , as both Viacom and CBS Corporation are controlled by Michael Redstone 's National Amusements . [44]
In 2009, CBS stopped using the Paramount name in its series and changed the name of the production arm to CBS Television Studios , eliminating the Paramount name from television, to distance itself from the latter. It is one of only 2 of the Big Six to have this fate (the other being Columbia Pictures , although unlike Paramount, it is still a direct sister to its former TV arm ).[ citation needed ]
DreamWorks purchased
Edit
On December 11, 2005, The Paramount Motion Pictures Group announced that it had purchased DreamWorks SKG (which was co-founded by former Paramount executive Jeffrey Katzenberg ) in a deal worth $1.6 billion. The announcement was made by Brad Grey , chairman and CEO of Paramount Pictures who noted that enhancing Paramount's pipeline of pictures is a "key strategic objective in restoring Paramount's stature as a leader in filmed entertainment." [45] The agreement does not include DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc. , the most profitable part of the company that went public the previous year. [46]
Under the deal, Paramount is required to distribute the DreamWorks animated films for a small fee intended only to cover Paramount's costs with no profit to the studio, including the Shrek franchise (and ending for the 2004 installment, Shrek 2 ). The first film distributed under this deal was Over the Hedge .[ citation needed ]
The deal closed on February 6, 2006. This acquisition was seen at the time as a stopgap measure as Brad Grey had been unsuccessful in assembling sufficient films for production and distribution and the DreamWorks films would fill the gap.[ citation needed ]
On October 6, 2008, DreamWorks executives announced that they were leaving Paramount and relaunching an independent DreamWorks. The DreamWorks trademarks remained with DreamWorks Animation when that company was spun off before the Paramount purchase, and DreamWorks Animation transferred the license to the name to the new company. [47]
UIP, Famous Music and Digital Entertainment
Edit
Grey also broke up the famous UIP international distribution company, the most successful international film distributor in history, after a 25-year partnership with Universal Studios and has started up a new international group. As a consequence Paramount fell from No.1 in the international markets to the lowest ranked major studio in 2006 but recovered in 2007 if the DreamWorks films, acquired by Paramount but still distributed internationally by Universal, are included in Paramount's market share. UIP still does business in smaller markets.[ citation needed ]
Grey also launched a Digital Entertainment division to take advantage of emerging digital distribution technologies. This led to Paramount becoming the second movie studio to sign a deal with Apple Inc. to sell its films through the iTunes Store . They also signed an exclusive agreement with the failed HD DVD consortium and subsequently gave up the guarantees they had received and will now release in the Blu-ray format.[ citation needed ]
Also, in 2007, Paramount sold another one of its "heritage" units, Famous Music , to Sony/ATV Music Publishing (best known for publishing many songs by The Beatles , and for being co-owned by Michael Jackson ), ending a nearly-eight-decade run as a division of Paramount, being the studio's music publishing arm since the period when the entire company went by the name "Famous Players."[ citation needed ] An additional legacy unit, Famous Players Theaters (Canada) was sold in 2005 to its competitor Cineplex Odeon Corporation . These theaters had been in the company since the days of silent movie. When the 1949 Paramount Consent Decree forced divestiture by the studios, it did not apply outside the US so Paramount kept its Canadian theater subsidiary.[ citation needed ]
In early 2008, Paramount partnered with Los Angeles-based developer FanRocket to make short scenes taken from its film library available to users on Facebook. The application, called VooZoo, allows users to send movie clips to other Facebook users and to post clips on their profile pages. [48] Paramount engineered a similar deal with Makena Technologies to allow users of vMTV and There.com to view and send movie clips. [49]
In March 2010, Paramount founded Insurge Pictures, an independent distributor of "micro budget" films. The distributor planned ten movies with budgets of $100,000 each. [50] The first release was The Devil Inside , a movie with a budget of about US$1 million.[ citation needed ]
In July 2011, in the wake of critical and box office success of the animated feature, Rango , and the departure of DreamWorks Animation upon completion of their distribution contract in 2012, Paramount announced the formation of a new division, devoted to the creation of animated productions. [51] It marks Paramount's return to having its own animated division for the first time since 1967, when Paramount Cartoon Studios shut down (it was formerly Famous Studios until 1956).[ citation needed ]
Investments
BabyTV (30%) - cable channel in US aimed at 0-3yr olds.
Network Ten (?%) - commercial television stations in Australia.
Channel 2 (?%) - commercial television station in Israel.
DreamWorks
Edit
In 2006, Paramount became the parent of DreamWorks SKG. Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II soon afterwards acquired controlling interest in the live-action films released through September 16, 2005, the latest film in this package was Just Like Heaven . The remaining live-action films through March 2006 remained under direct Paramount control.
However, Paramount does own distribution (and other ancillary) rights to the Soros/Dune films.
Even as DreamWorks switches distribution of live-action films that are not part of existing franchises to Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures , Paramount will continue to own the films released before the merger, and the films that Paramount themselves distributed (including sequel rights; such films as Little Fockers will be distributed by Paramount and DreamWorks, since it is a sequel to an existing DreamWorks film – in this case, Meet the Parents and Meet the Fockers , though Paramount will only own international rights to this title, whereas Universal Studios will handle domestic distribution [52] ).
As for the DreamWorks Animation library, Paramount owns distribution rights to the pre-2013 library, and their previous distribution deal to future DWA titles expired at the end of 2012 with the last Paramount-distributed feature, Rise of the Guardians . 20th Century Fox now handles distribution on future titles beginning with The Croods [53] , though Paramount's rights to distribute every film released by DreamWorks Animation before 2013 will expire 16 years after each film's initial theatrical release date.
The CBS library
Edit
Independent company Hollywood Classics now represents Paramount in the theatrical distribution of all the films produced by the various motion picture divisions of CBS over the years, as a result of the Viacom/CBS merger.
Paramount (via CBS Home Entertainment ) has outright video distribution to the aforementioned CBS library with few exceptions-for example, the original Twilight Zone DVDs are handled by Image Entertainment . Until 2009, the video rights to My Fair Lady were with original theatrical distributor Warner Bros. , under license from CBS (the video license to that film has now reverted to CBS Home Entertainment under Paramount).
The CBS-produced/owned films, unlike other films in Paramount's library, are still distributed by CBS Television Distribution on TV, and not by Trifecta Entertainment & Media, because CBS (or a subdivision) is the copyright holder for these films.
Units
Paramount Parks (Purchased by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company in 2006)
DW Studios, LLC (also DW Pictures) - defunct, holding film library and rights, principal officers left to recreate DreamWorks as an independent company
DW Funding LLC - DreamWorks live-action library (pre-09/16/2005; DW Funding, LLC) sold to Soros Strategic Partners and Dune Entertainment II and purchased back in 2010 [56]
Other interests
Edit
In March 2012, Paramount licensed their name and logo to an luxury hotel investment group which subsequently named the company Paramount Hotels and Resorts. The investors plan to build 50 hotels throughout the world based on the themes of Hollywood and the California lifestyle. Among the features are private screening rooms and the Paramount library available in the hotel rooms. On April 2013, Paramount Hotels and Dubai-based DAMAC Properties announced the building of the first resort: "DAMAC Towers by Paramount," in Dubai . [57] [58]
Active producers deals
File:Paramount Pictures logo (2002).jpg
The distinctively pyramidal Paramount mountain has been the company's logo since its inception and is the oldest surviving Hollywood film logo. The logo appeared at the start of many cartoons. In the sound era, the logo was accompanied by a fanfare called Paramount on Parade after the film of the same name, released in 1930. The words to the fanfare, originally sung in the 1930 film, were "Proud of the crowd that will never be loud, it's Paramount on Parade."
Legend has it that the mountain is based on a doodle made by W. W. Hodkinson during a meeting with Adolph Zukor . It is said to be based on the memories of his childhood in Utah . Some claim that Utah's Ben Lomond is the mountain Hodkinson doodled, and that Peru's Artesonraju [60] is the mountain in the live-action logo, while others claim that the Italian side of Monviso inspired the logo. Some editions of the logo bear a striking resemblance to the Pfeifferhorn , [61] another Wasatch Range peak.
The motion picture logo has gone through many changes over the years:
The logo began as a somewhat indistinct charcoal rendering of the mountain ringed with superimposed stars. The logo originally had twenty-four stars, as a tribute to the then current system of contracts for actors, since Paramount had twenty-four stars signed at the time.
In movies of the late 1920s and early 1930s, the number of stars encircling the mountain sometimes varied. As an example, twenty-five stars are seen in the logo displayed at the end of the Marx Brothers The Cocoanuts (1929), and twenty-three are visible at the beginning of Horse Feathers (1932).
In 1952, the logo was redesigned as a matte painting created by Jan Domela .
A newer, more realistic-looking logo debuted in 1953 for Paramount films made in 3D. It was reworked in 1954 for Paramount films made in widescreen process VistaVision . The text "VistaVision – Motion Picture High Fidelity" was often imposed over the Paramount logo briefly before dissolving into the title sequence . In 1968, the text "A Paramount Picture/Release" was shortened to "Paramount", and the byline "A Gulf+Western Company" appeared on the bottom. The logo was given yet another modification in 1974, with the number of stars being reduced to 22, and the Paramount text and Gulf+Western byline appearing in different fonts.
A stylized version of the mountain was featured in Cecil B. DeMille's The Ten Commandments . The mountain retained its conical shape but with a red granite tone and a more angular summit under a red clouded sky to suggest the appearance of Mount Sinai for this single motion picture. Its circle of stars faded in with the announcement: "Paramount Presents – A Cecil B. DeMille Production."
In 1975, the logo was simplified in a shade of blue, adopting the modified design of the 1968 print logo, which was in use for many decades afterward.
The studio launched an entirely new logo in 1986 with computer-generated imagery of a lake and stars. This version of the Paramount logo was designed by Dario Campanile and animated by Apogee, Inc; for this logo, the stars would move across the screen into the arc shape instead of it being superimposed over the mountain as it was before. When Gulf + Western became Paramount Communications, and continuing until 2002, the Paramount logo would appear first followed by the underline and the byline beneath it. An enhanced version of this logo debuted on June 30, 1999.
On March 1, 2002, an entirely new look of the logo was introduced in which shooting stars would fall from a night sky to form the arc while the Paramount logo would fly into place between them. The Viacom byline was changed eight years after the company's split on January 3, 2006. The south col area of Mount Everest became the primary basis. The music is accompanied by Paramount on Parade .
On December 16, 2011, an entirely new logo [62] [63] [64] was launched. The animation was done by Devastudios, Inc. [65] The new logo includes a surrounding mountain range and the sun shining in the background. Michael Giacchino composed the logo's new fanfare. The first movie to use this logo was Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol , only with a slight change in the fanfare. The logo included the "100 Years" text until December 21, 2012. Hansel and Gretel: Witch Hunters (released January 25, 2013) was the first movie to feature this variant. Also, the background was made day once again. The music used is a light bell and string piece which rises in intensity to become a majestic fanfare which ends in a 5-note orchestral piece. This entirely new logo is made available on the official YouTube page. [66]
In early June 2012, Paramount released a graphic poster, created by Gallery 1988 in Los Angeles, with 100 films represented as badges around their logo. [67]
Visiting Paramount
Edit
Those wishing to visit Paramount can take studio tours, which are offered seven days a week. Reservations are required, and can be made by visiting the tour website. [68] The tour offers a behind-the-scenes look at the current operations of the studio, and what can be seen varies day to day. Most of the buildings on the tour are named for historical Paramount executives or the artists that worked at Paramount over the years. Many of the stars' dressing rooms have been converted into working offices. The stages where Samson and Delilah , Sunset Blvd. , White Christmas , Rear Window , Sabrina , Breakfast at Tiffany's , and many other classic films were shot are still in use today. The studio's backlot set, "New York Street", features numerous blocks of facades that depict a number of New York locales: "Washington Square", (where The Heiress , starring Olivia de Havilland , was shot) "Brooklyn", "Financial District", and others. Led by a guide on a golf cart, the tour takes approximately two hours.
See also
|
Adolph Zukor
|
How many etchings made up Hogarth's 'A Rakes Progress'?
|
Paramount Pictures | Closing Logo Group Wikia | Fandom powered by Wikia
Logo descriptions by Jason Jones, Matt Williams, and Argus Sventon
Logo captures by Eric S., V of Doom, and others.
Editions by Eric S., V of Doom, Bob Fish, Donny Pearson, Supermarty-O and others
Video captures courtesy of LogicSmash, KidCairbreReturns, simblos, Peakpasha, Jordan Rios, cartoonwoody, LogoLibraryinc, GreenDog893, BreadCrustCouncil, Sagan Blob Enterprises, LogoArchive, Sargent Pepper, UltimateHDVideostify, SpikeyTheDog188, Kanal von Bissline91, Xoger, Paramount Pictures and NeonicFilm1138
Contents
Famous Players Film Company
Background
Paramount traces its history when it was originally founded on May 8, 1912 by the Hungarian-born Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons (film theaters that cost 5 cents admission), saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman, he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the middle class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time (leading to the slogan "famous players in famous plays"). By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films and Zukor was on his way to success. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, who was later known as "Samuel Goldwyn". The Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with no virtually film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a suitable location site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles for his first film called, The Squaw Man.
(1912-1916)
Add a photo to this gallery
Logo: On a black background, we see two masks alongside a mirror or a simple oval, and inside the oval reads "PRODUCED BY THE FAMOUS PLAYERS FILM CO. ADOLPH ZUMOR PRES.". Underneath the logo is a byline reading "Distributed by Paramount Pictures Corporation"
Variant: Sometimes, the byline doesn't appear.
FX/SFX: None. It's a still logo.
Music/Sounds: None, or the music added to a silent film.
Availability: Ultra rare, as the Paramount Pictures rebrand would happen just two years later. Can be found in Snow White and Poor Little Peppina.
Scare Factor: Low to medium, due to the masks and the dark atmosphere.
Paramount Pictures Corporation
Background
Beginning in 1914, the former company was renamed Paramount Pictures Corporation, as the oldest running movie studio in Hollywood, beating Universal Studios by a month. On March 24, 1966, Paramount was acquired by Gulf+Western Industries, which later became Paramount Communications on June 5, 1989. On March 11, 1994, Paramount Communications was merged with Viacom. Viacom on December 31, 2005, split into two companies: one retaining its original name (that owns the BET Networks, MTV Networks and Paramount Pictures) and the other what was once the old Viacom but currently known as the "CBS Corporation" (which owns Paramount's television production and distribution arms, currently known as CBS Television Studios, CBS Television Distribution, and CBS Studios International, respectively); both companies are owned by National Amusements, Inc.
1st Logo
Nicknames: "The Three Mountains in the Credits", Three Paramountains
Logo: We see one of the following bylines at the top of the screen:
"ADOLPH ZUKOR PRESENTS" (films produced on the East Coast).
"JESSE L. LASKY PRESENTS" (films produced on the West Coast).
"ADOLPH ZUKOR AND JESSE L. LASKY PRESENT" (films produced on both coasts).
Below this, we see the title of the film and a little more info. Somewhere on the screen, we see a snow capped mountain poking out of a cloud at the bottom. The mountain is surrounded by a ring of stars. We see the text overlapping the mountain reading "A Paramount Picture".
At the bottom of the screen is a box. On either side of the box, there are two Paramount pseudo-logos. Each has a ring of stars inside a ring. On the pseudo-logo on the right, we see the words "Paramount Pictures". On the pseudo-logo on the left, we see some writing. At the top of the box, we see "COPYRIGHT [YEAR]". Inside the box, we see the words "FAMOUS PLAYERS-LASKY CORPORATION" in a large font. Below this, in a slightly smaller font, we see the words "ADOLPH ZUKOR, PRESIDENT". Below Zukor's name, we see the words "NEW YORK CITY". Below the box, we see, in a large font, "ALL RIGHTS RESERVED".
Variant: On some of Paramount's earlier movies, the pseudo-logo "A Paramount Picture" is nowhere to be seen in the movie's title, keeping only the two small pseudo-logos below the title. Instead, the full "A Paramount Picture" logo is seen after it. After a few seconds, the movie's credits overlap the logo. It can be seen on movies like Love 'Em or Leave 'Em (1926).
Closing Title: We see the words "THE END" on the screen. At the top of the screen is the title of the movie. Below "THE END", we see the opening logo.
Closing Variants: On some films like the above described, the "A Paramount Picture" logo appears after the movie ends. After a few seconds, the "THE END" overlaps the logo and fades out. Another variant, from Stage Struck (1925), shows the "THE END" in white script with the "T" and E" in fancy lettering. After a few seconds, the "A Paramount Picture" pseudo-logo is seen on a reddish pink background.
FX/SFX: None. It was actually a painting that was filmed by a cameraman.
Music/Sounds: None.
Availability: Extremely rare. Most of Paramount's silent output featured its print logo over the opening and ending titles, while later ones featured the on-screen logo fading into the film's title card. Like most silent films before 1924, the rest are in public domain or have passed on to other companies that released versions with copyrighted music scores. Most of these versions use new opening titles due to lost material for the original credits (the current version of Metropolis is an example of this), but some, such as the restored version of J.M Barrie's Peter Pan, have survived with the original Paramount tags intact. A picture showing the filming of this logo can be found on Page 71 of "A Pictorial History of the Western Film". The variants are ultra rare, although it was kept intact on the DVD of Love 'Em or Leave 'Em. It was also found on The Cheat (1915)
Scare Factor: Minimal.
Add a photo to this gallery
Nicknames: "Majestic Mountain", "Dark Mountain", "Paramountain", "Mount Everest"
Logo: We see a snow-capped mountain against a dark sky. There are clouds that look like smoke over the mountain; sometimes foggy, though. Encircling the mountain are 24 white stars, accompanied by this text in a majestic script font overlapping the mountain, reading "A Paramount Picture".
Closing Title: We see "The End", in script, overlapping the company name. On many movies, "The End" fades out, leaving only the logo and "A Paramount Picture".
Variants:
Though the same general design of the logo has remained the same, there have been subtle changes to it over the years, such as having brighter stars on some films or a slightly different design. Sometimes, "A" and "Picture" fade out a little bit and "PRESENTS" fades in below "Paramount".
On the infamous Koch Media widescreen DVD and Blu-ray of the animated 1939 Gulliver's Travels, the opening Paramount logo is still on a (poorly) retouched widescreen background, then the "filmed" portion of the mountain stretches and morphs as its fades into the opening title card. The closing variant is similar to the opening version as well, morphing and all.
Trivia: Legend says the mountain was doodled by W. W. Hodkinson during a meeting with Adolph Zukor. Hodkinson said it reminded him of his childhood in Utah.
FX/SFX: Just the gliding clouds.
Music/Sounds: The beginning/end of a movie's theme. Starting with the 1930 feature Paramount on Parade, almost all of the Paramount feature films used the fanfare Paramount on Parade (written by Elsie Janis and Jack King).
Availability: Still retained on films of the era. On old prints of the Paramount films distributed by MCA TV, they are usually plastered with the MCA-TV logo of the time, while on current prints Universal owns from the MCA package, the 1997 Universal logo precedes it. The last films to use this logo were The Country Girl and Mambo. The logo made a surprise appearance at the beginning of Broadway Bill (originally a Columbia Pictures release by Frank Capra; Paramount acquired the rights years after they remade the film as Riding High).
Scare Factor: Low to medium, due to the somewhat scary mountain drawing and clouds.
3rd Logo
Add a photo to this gallery
Logos:
1934-1936 Variant: We see a mountain shooting above a cloud deck below. A ring of 19 or 24 stars, similar to the one seen on the Paramount blue mountain logo are seen. In an unusual font, we see the words "A Paramount Picture".
1936-1949 Variant: We see a brown mountain with a brownish sky. This logo is similar to the Paramount movie logo, except the word "Paramount" is slightly below the top of the mountain. This logo contained 30 stars.
Openings:
Popular Science: We see a cartoon airplane zooming toward us. After the plane passes, we see either "ADOLPH ZUKOR PRESENTS" or "PARAMOUNT PRESENTS" while we're looking down at the airplane. The words "POPULAR SCIENCE" are seen on the airplane's wings. At the bottom there is a copyright, and a Paramount pseudo-logo. Also present may be another copyright notice for Shields Pictures. This is followed by the credits.
Unusual Occupations: On a shining red background, we see the above words, except the words "UNUSUAL OCCUPATIONS" are seen.
FX/SFX: TBA
Music/Sounds:
Popular Science: A variation of the familiar Paramount on Parade march to accompany the sound of the airplane passing.
Unusual Occupations: A patriotic theme is heard, which leads into a medley of "I've Been Working on the Railroad", "Pop Goes the Weasel", and "Old MacDonald Had a Farm".
Availability: Ultra rare. The aforementioned shorts have had barely any exposure since AMC stopped playing them more than a decade ago (where they aired under the umbrella title AMC Short Cuts).
Scare Factor: None to minimal.
4th Logo
Add a photo to this gallery
Nicknames: "Majestic Mountain II, "Twisted Mountain", "Ugly Mountain", Paramountain II, "Lopsided Mountain", "Early Blue Mountain"
Logo: The same as the 2nd logo, only this variation looks more marble and uneven in appearance. The sky background is a bit lighter as well.
Variant: On films before the release of the widescreen feature Shane, the logo appears closer up.
FX/SFX: Just the gliding clouds.
Cheesy Factor: The mountain looks ugly, not to mention the ring of stars doesn't even connect both sides of it because of its shape.
Music/Sounds: Usually the opening music/audio of any given film. Sometimes, it is silent, or on a rare occasion it would use the Paramount on Parade theme.
Availability: Uncommon. It's still seen on Paramount color releases of the period, including Branded, When Worlds Collide!, The Greatest Show on Earth, Shane, Arrowhead, and The War of the Worlds among others. The last film to use this logo was Botany Bay. Also, it makes a surprise appearance at the beginning of Duckman episode "The Road to Dendron".
Scare Factor: Low to medium. The mountain looks ugly and could be an eyesore to look at.
5th Logo
(May 27, 1953, October 16, 1953-September 24, 1975, June 12, 1981, May 23, 1984, May 24, 1989, October 14, 2005, March 2, 2007, May 22, 2008)
Add a photo to this gallery
Nicknames: "Majestic Mountain III", "VistaVision Mountain", "Perumount"
Logo: Originally created for Paramount's 3-D process called "Paravision" and later modified especially for widescreen, this logo appears more realistic and features a canyon scenery with trees around it. The sky is more distant in depth and is very contrast. Everything is pretty much the same as before here.
Trivia:
The mountain that you see is known as "Artesonraju", the mountain that's located in Peru.
The painting of the mountain was created by matte artist Jan Domela.
Variants: Several renditions of this logo have been discovered. This is going to get complicated, so let's explain this simply. There are many main variations of this logo:
1953-1968: "A Paramount Picture" or "A Paramount Release" (written in the Paramount corporate font). When this logo--where the text and stars were bigger and the mountain was seen from afar--debuted on Paramount's first 3-D picture Sangaree, the words "A Paramount Picture" faded a few seconds later to the words "in 3 Dimension". At the end of the movie, the "The End" byline appears by itself, right in front of the mountain. It then fades to the company name a few moments later. The standard opening version was later seen on Those Redheads from Seattle and Money from Home.
1968-1975: "Paramount" (in the same font) is seen on the mountain's peak, with the stars encircling the mountain. The byline "A Gulf+Western Company" appears on the bottom. Sometimes, the font for "Paramount" is different.
On films with VistaVision, the stars and text would fade out, and "in" would fade in. Then it fades out and a big "V" zooming in (a la the Viacom "V of Doom" logo) and "VISTA" left of the V and "ISION" right of the "V" appear in a wiping effect. Then, "MOTION PICTURE" appears under "VISTA" and "HIGH-FIDELITY" under "ISION" fade in.
On White Christmas, "Paramount (with the "P" written in their corporate font) proudly presents the first picture in" would first appear over the mountain, and then the VistaVision logo appeared, without any "MOTION PICTURE" or "HIGH FIDELITY" texts, then the Paramount logo played as usual (with the final notes of the Paramount on Parade march, followed by a bell sound).
The logo has appeared in Spanish ("Paramount Films Presenta"), French ("C'est un film Paramount", or "Distribué par Paramount"), and German ("Ein Paramount Film").
Another version exists at the beginning of movie trailers, where we see the 24 stars, and then "COMING FROM Paramount Pictures" (or "COMING FROM Paramount" since 1968) appears one by one in the center, with the Gulf+Western byline appearing below in the latter variation. It was used until around 1977. However, trailers for Harold and Maude had the normal version of this logo instead.
There is a variation that in 1974, two of the stars are clipped away. The mountain looks the same as logo 2's version, but the stars are bigger. "A Gulf+" slides in from the left and "+Western Company" from the right in Helvetica Black typeface. The script name also had a few variations of its own. At least three movies, The Great Gatsby, Brother Sun, Sister Moon and Death Wish, featured the then-current TV logo version, and the standard 1974 logo features the print logo variation, which remains from this day forward.
A variation that exists has the logo as usual, but this time the mountain is simply a drawing with one color: Orange-brown. Seen on War and Peace (1956).
Some movies, such as Lady Sings the Blues and the original 1969 version of The Italian Job, had a still version of this logo.
Sometimes, the text and stars appear in shadow mode. This can be found on the original 1969 version of True Grit and the 2002 DVD version of Big Jake (a Cinema Center Films production strangely; seen before the logo of the former company).
On some movies, like the original 1966 version of Alfie, the clouds move a bit faster than in the normal version.
The film Is Paris Burning? (1966) has a different drawing of the mountain in the ending. Also, the stars are kept intact and instead of "A Paramount Picture", we see "THE END", in white, overlapping the mountain.
On Barbarella, the Gulf + Western byline is slightly off-center.
FX/SFX: Just the gliding clouds. On the "COMING FROM" variant, the stars appearing, followed by each word one by one and then the G+W byline (or "Pictures" in the corporate Paramount font on trailers prior to 1968).
Music/Sounds: Most of the time, it is silent or has the beginning/end music from any given film. For films shown in VistaVision, the logo has a majestic fanfare composed by Nathan Van Cleave, except on those like Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, Strategic Air Command, and Vertigo, which used their respective opening themes. Some TV movies, such as Seven in Darkness, had an extended version of the 1969 Paramount Television "Closet Killer" theme from the era. On Money from Home, it had a different brass fanfare, composed by Leigh Harline.
Music/Sounds Variants:
The VistaVision fanfare was sometimes rearranged specially for films such as The Desperate Hours (Gail Kubik, Daniele Amfitheatrof), The Tin Star (Elmer Bernstein) and Artists and Models, where it was revised by Walter Scharf and also low-toned.
For the "COMING FROM" variant, a rhythmic timpani sound is heard for each word that appears, followed by a drum beat.
On Charlotte's Web, a 13-note orchestra fanfare that utilized part of the opening song "Deep in the Dark" is heard. This is also surprisingly heard on the 2001 DVD release, after you start the movie from the DVD menu.
Availability: Common. Again, preserved on most Paramount releases of the period. This logo, without the VistaVision logo, was first seen on Sangaree. The VistaVision version is mostly seen on Western films (including Last Train from Gun Hill, the Magnetic Video release of which preserves the logo in its entirety) and is also seen on White Christmas (the first film to use that logo's "VistaVision" variation) and Vertigo. It was plastered by the 1963 Universal logo at the beginning of four Hitchcock films that Paramount merely released: The Trouble with Harry, The Man Who Knew Too Much, Vertigo, and Rear Window; recent remastered prints of the films restore this on their current DVD and Blu-ray releases. Another Hitchcock production from Paramount, Psycho, also preserves this logo on its MCA Videocassette, Inc. release. This logo surprisingly appeared at the beginning of the Indiana Jones films (but with the Gulf+Western byline as seen in the 6th logo added in) and Big Top Pee-wee. Among the titles released with the 1968-74 variation were The Godfather, Catch-22, On a Clear Day You Can See Forever, Charlotte's Web, Paint Your Wagon, Harold and Maude, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (now owned by Warner Bros.), Rosemary's Baby, and Chinatown. Also seen at the end of the 2001 DVD release of The Godfather Part II and the 1974 film Chinatown, which had the 2nd logo at the beginning. The 1974-75 variation can be found on the original 1974 version of The Longest Yard, The Godfather Part II, The Day of the Locust, Bug, Nashville, Framed and Three Days of the Condor, and also plasters the 1968-74 variation on many current prints of Goodbye, Columbus. New prints of Danger: Diabolik and Such Good Friends, 90's prints of Charlotte's Web, and earlier DVD releases of The Godfather and The Godfather Part II have this logo plastered with the 1986 logo, while many current prints of Once Upon a Time in the West, Barbarella, Ace High, Downhill Racer,Fear is the Key,Three Days of the Condor, and Murphy's War have this logo plastered with the 1975 logo (although this logo is kept at the end of Barbarella). The last film to use this logo was Three Days of the Condor. It was most recently seen at the start of the IMAX version of Raiders of the Lost Ark.
Scare Factor: None. A great logo compared to the previous one
6th Logo (October 8, 1975-December 12, 1986, July 22, 1988, May 24, 1989)
Add a photo to this gallery
Nicknames: "Blue Mountain", "Abstract Mountain", "'70s Mountain", "80s Mountain", "Fading Mountain", "VistaVision Mountain II", "Perumount II"
Logo: We see the same mountain with the canyon-style scenery as the previous logo. 22 white stars fade in, encircling the mountain. The word "Paramount" fades in on the mountain's peak. "A Gulf+Western Company: fades in at the base of the mountain. The logo then fades to a light blue mountain surrounded by a circular navy blue border on a light blue screen. The final product turns out to be Paramount's current print logo from that point onward, but as most print logos, they change over the years, because in the future, the byline for this logo and the byline for this print logo will change two times. This logo is similar to the Paramount Television ID of the period and has darker colors compared to the TV ID.
Variants:
The distance between the words and the mountain tip sometimes varies.
The size of the logo may vary.
One variation (probably the original) has a smaller blue circle around a smaller mountain, both kind of receded. The text for "Paramount" is smaller than usual and the text for "A Gulf+Western Company" is drastically larger, along with the stars. This rather ugly variation was seen on Hustle, Leadbelly, The Last Tycoon and Looking for Mr. Goodbar, among others. A less uglier version with resized text (but still keeping the receded circle and mountain) appears on some films. This version also lacks a registered trademark (®) symbol.
A variation of this logo was used as a bumper for trailers to upcoming films with the phrase "Coming From" above the logo. However, trailers for Popeye and D.A.R.Y.L. among some other movies had the normal version instead.
FX/SFX: The clouds moving, the stars, company name, and byline fading in.
Music/Sounds: Often had no music, or the film's opening/closing theme. In some cases, a new orchestral fanfare by Jerry Goldsmith, based loosely on Paramount on Parade, was used on the "Coming From" variant of the logo on trailers for films like Islands in the Stream, Saturday Night Fever, Foul Play, and Airplane!. A few films, such as Starting Over, had this fanfare at the beginning.
Music/Sounds Variants:
Older prints of Grease had a theme, which seems to be a horn re-orchestration of the intro to "Love is a Many-Splendored Thing".
On the 2002 and 2014 Warner Archive DVDs of The Big Bus, it uses the 1987 re-orchestration of the theme. Likely due to a sloppy reverse plastering job when the 1986 logo plastered it on its 90s VHS release.
Availability: Common. Can be found on most release versions of their mid '70s-mid '80s output. Most films released on VHS, DVD and Blu-ray, as well as TV airings, have this logo intact or restored as well. The first film to use this logo was Mahogany and was used up until Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. It has been restored on the recent Sony DVD release and TV broadcasts of Meatballs, which was previously plastered with the 7th logo. It also appears at the end of the first two Indiana Jones films (and the third film, on the DVD release) and the 1980 film Popeye, which all had the 5th logo at the beginning. The 1976 variation can be found on Lipstick, the original The Bad News Bears, Won Ton Ton: The Dog Who Saved Hollywood, Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown, Gallipoli (although the recent 2015region 4 dvd release has itremoved),and many current prints of Looking for Mr. Goodbar. Some films have this plastered over with the next logo in any of its three byline variations, such as the 2000 DVD of the Director's Cut of Star Trek: The Motion Picture (though a recent Australian airing of the said movie retained the 1975 logo), Grease starting with its 1998 video releases, the 1976 version of King Kong, and the 2002 DVD of Mahogany (all with the Viacom byline version). Early video releases and some post-2005 prints of Top Gun retain this logo, though all other copies are plastered with the 1986 logo (although the 1987 VHS of said film retained the 1975 logo only at the very end, as it was plastered by the 75th Anniversary logo at the beginning). The last film to use this logo was The Golden Child (though only at the end; the 7th logo was used at the beginning of the film). Of the films released during their distribution pact with Lorimar, An Officer and a Gentleman still has this logo (albeit with Lorimar's logo removed), but the 1981 version of The Postman Always Rings Twice, Escape to Victory, Blake Edwards' S.O.B., and The Sea Wolves all have it removed (since the studio only had North American distribution rights), being replaced by the 1999 Warner Bros. logo on most current prints. Night School, however, had this and Lorimar's logo intact on a recent Movie Channel airing, and on the widescreen Laserdisc, with Warner's "Shield of Staleness" preceding it. The "Coming From" variant is usually preserved on trailers for films such as Flashdance, Saturday Night Fever, and Islands in the Stream on their DVD and Blu-ray releases. Though the trailer for Airplane! on its Blu-ray release and on iTunes is plastered by the 2002 logo (it retains the fanfare, however). It was most recently seen at the end of the IMAX version of Raiders of the Lost Ark. This logo is seen on the 1982 Paramount Home Video Gateway Video VHS release of the Star Trek episode Space Seed, following the 1979 Acid Trip warning and preceding the episode. (The Betamax version precedes the episode with a trailer for Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan after the warning, instead of the logo.)
Scare Factor: Low. A lack of elements found on the TV version (the "Paramount" sliding in and the music) make this logo much less scary than its television counterpart. However, the realistic mountain fading to blue may seem a bit jarring.
7th Logo
Add a photo to this gallery
Nicknames: "CGI Mountain", "'90s Mountain", "Model Mountain", "Majestic Mountain V", "75 Years of Paramount", "Mountain of Monotony", "Perumount III"
Logo: We see a model of a mountain, with a CGI lake in front of it and a light blue/yellow gradient sky with a yellow sunset behind it. As the sky darkens,the camera begins to zoom closer to the mountain, as 22 silver stars (also CGI) come from the bottom left and encircle the mountain, forming the familiar logo. the word "Paramount", in its familiar script logo font and redone in a shiny silver color, fades in on the peak of the mountain, along with the Registered Trademark "®" symbol. Seconds later, one of the four bylines (as seen below; depends on the year(s) seen below) fades in below the logo (not the international version).
Trivia: The logo was designed by Studio Productions (now known as "Flip Your Lid Animation"), who also produced the 1994 20th Century Fox logo and the 1990-1997 Universal Pictures logo. The CGI stars were animated by Omnibus Computer Graphics, and the mountain scenery was a model created by Apogee, Inc. The 1999 revision however, was animated at Pixar Animation Studios.
Bylines:
December 12, 1986-August 30, 1989: "A Gulf+Western Company" (it fades in together with the Paramount script logo and looks the same as it did in the previous logo).
September 22, 1989-January 13, 1995: "A Paramount Communications Company" with a line above the byline fades in, in white. On the byline's first year, the byline faded in with the Paramount script logo like the Gulf+Western version and was in gold.
February 17, 1995-February 15, 2002, January 28, 2003: "A VIACOM COMPANY" (in the 1990 \/|/\CO/\/\ "Wigga-Wigga" font), with a line above the byline fades in, again, in white.
One variant, used on the trailer for Mission: Impossible II and international releases, has no byline whatsoever. (See below.)
Variants: While there have been some variations of the logo depending on the movie, and of course the three byline variants, there are two main logo variations of this logo:
December 12, 1986-December 18, 1987: For this logo's first official year (1987, even though the logo actually debuted in 1986), the words "75th Anniversary" appear over the mountain, between the Paramount script logo and the Gulf + Western byline. "75th" was in silver with "75" bigger and "th" smaller and "Anniversary" in gold. Also, the "™" symbol was used in place of the standard "®" mark. The first movie to use this logo, The Golden Child, used a more placeholder-like 75th Anniversary logo and a thicker font for the Gulf+Western byline.
Sometimes, it starts with an almost fully static logo (only the clouds move), but a few seconds later, the animation starts normally. This variant can be seen on the Paramount Family Favorites release of Charlotte's Web.
On Sliver, the logo animates, but is more zoomed in than usual.
February 5, 1988-August 30, 1989: The "75th Anniversary" disclaimer is removed, and the Gulf+Western byline is shifted slightly up.
June 30, 1999-February 15, 2002: Paramount slightly redid their logo. The same basic concept is here, but is reanimated to look nicer. The stars are thicker (with golden sides), shinier, and have a nice motion blur effect. The star's reflection can now be seen in the lake in front of the mountain, and the Paramount script logo and the Viacom byline now shine. The mountain now also turns dark. Also, the "®" symbol now fades in at the same time as the byline. These additions are subtle, but they make the logo seem much less dated. On the logo's first year, the Viacom byline fades in with the Paramount script logo, just like the Gulf+Western version.
Strangely, the 1995-2002 version with the Viacom byline was spotted after the split-screen credits when Barnyard aired on Nickelodeon on March 21, 2010. It might be considered an error in production or broadcast.
A rare, entirely CGI version of this logo existed in 1999. The camera rotates about an angle until it shows the logo and the stars. There are also sunflares and flashing effects at the beginning. The sky seems to be more realistic than the normal logo and looks a little similar to the 2002 logo. You see the text reversed at the beginning (along with the stars); it seems like "tnuomaraP" (Paramount). However, this variant lacks the byline. It was seen on a trailer for the Tom Cruise film Mission: Impossible II.
There is also a videotaped version of the logo, which is seen on Paramount Home Video releases and also plasters older logos on VHS releases of various 60s-80s Paramount films.
On CIC Video's The Paramount Movie Show segments, VHS trailers for Chinatown and A Place in the Sun, theatrical trailers for I.Q., The Brady Bunch Movie, Star Trek: Generations and Braveheart, the TV spot for Milk Money, the teaser trailer for The Indian in the Cupboard and the second trailer for Forrest Gump, the logo is bylineless.
Sometimes, if you watch very closely, the animated clouds (and consequently, the logo) become still once the Viacom byline appears. This variant usually appears on VHS releases of TV shows and specials, and sometimes may plaster older logos on VHS and DVD. Examples of this are the 1999 and 2004 DVD releases of Star Trek: Generations.
On the 2002 DVD of Rugrats: Decade in Diapers, syndicated airings of Death Wish 4: The Final Crackdown (before the Cannon logo) and the ends of many Paramount films and VHS releases, the logo is still.
A black-and-white version of the 75th Anniversary logo appears on the 1987 VHS of The Docks of New York.
FX/SFX: The stars circling the mountain, zoom in, text fading in.
Music/Sounds: Usually silent, although a few films such as Fatal Attraction, Crocodile Dundee II, The Accused, Pet Sematary, Black Rain, Wayne's World, the 1995 VHS of The Big Bus, and post-1998 prints of Grease have bells/chimes seguing into the 1975 fanfare. Event Horizon has a custom rearranged version of this fanfare (to sound more "powerful").
Music/Sounds Variants:
On Campus Man, a different fanfare, composed by James Newton Howard, plays during the logo.
On Stepping Out, a different fanfare, composed by Peter Matz, plays during the logo.
On The Naked Gun 33 1/3: The Final Insult, a different fanfare, composed by Ira Newborn, plays during the logo.
On the Nickelodeon movie Harriet the Spy, we can hear (if you listen hard enough) some soft-sounded chimes sampled from Ole Golly's garden entrance.
On another Nickelodeon movie, Snow Day, wind from a snowstorm is heard throughout the logo.
On European TV airings of Braddock: Missing in Action II, the 2001 MGM lion roar is heard over the Viacom byline version of the logo, resulting in one of the sloppiest plastering jobs to walk the face of the earth. This is likely due to using a Paramount-owned TV print with audio from an MGM-owned master.
Availability: Very common, even though the logo has not been in use for more than 12 years now. Plastered on some TV airings and video releases of Paramount films, as well as some of Paramount's "marquee" titles that have been remastered or restored. However, most of these still retain their original logos. It can also be seen at the end of Big Top Pee-wee and Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, which both have the 5th logo at the beginning (though strangely enough, the DVD of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade has the Blue Mountain at the end instead.). The first film to use this logo was The Golden Child, released on December 12, 1986. The last film to use this logo was Crossroads, released on February 15, 2002 and the last releases overall to use this logo were the VHS compilations Rugrats Mysteries and SpongeBob SquarePants: Bikini Bottom Bash, both released on January 28, 2003, and also on the VHS release of Blue's Clues: Blue's Big Band, released on February 4, 2003. The 1999 revision is rarer, only appearing on films released during 1999 to 2002 such as South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (the first film to have the 1999 revision), Rugrats in Paris: The Movie, and Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius. Paramount has used the 1995 Viacom variation in all logo plasterings and TV movies such as those made for Showtime. The 75th Anniversary logo appeared on 1987 video releases of Top Gun, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, The Whoopee Boys, Crocodile Dundee, Children of a Lesser God, and Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home, and was plastered with its later variations for many years. Paramount nicely un-plastered the logo off, and the 75th Anniversary variation appears on the DVD releases of Planes, Trains, and Automobiles and The Untouchables. The prototype version of the 75th Anniversary variation can be seen on The Golden Child and the trailer for Beverly Hills Cop II (which is preserved on iTunes). The Viacom variation of this logo plasters the Paramount Communications variant on post-1995 VHS releases and some DVD and Blu-ray releases of films that were released in the final two months of 1994, and among them was Star Trek: Generations. On its 1999 DVD and its 2004 Special Edition release, the Viacom variant appears at both ends instead. On the 2009 Blu-ray and DVD re-release as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation Motion Pictures Collection, the Paramount Communications variation is preserved. The Paramount Communications variant of this logo plasters the 1982 Orion Pictures logo on the Spike airings of First Blood. The Viacom variant of this logo was seen at the end of the AMC airings of Rambo: First Blood Part II and Prancer. The Paramount Communications variant makes surprise appearances on the Mexican DVD of Full Moon's Demonic Toys (released as Juguetes Demoniacos) and Echo Bridge Home Entertainment's DVD releases of Puppet Master 5. The Gulf+Western variant makes a surprise appearance on the Razor Digital DVD of the original Puppet Master, which contains a rare uncut version and a 3-D version as well, but the latter version is not worth the effort. The Paramount Communications variant makes a surprise appearance at the end of Sleepy Hollow (U.S. Release only), with the standard 1999 logo at the beginning of the film. Also seen on the region 4 DVD release of SpongeBob SquarePants: Nautical Nonsense and Sponge Buddies.
Scare Factor: None.
Add a photo to this gallery
Nicknames: "2000s Mountain", "Ultra Majestic Mountain", "CGI Mountain II", "Majestic Mountain VI", "90 Years of Paramount", "Perumount IV", "Ultra Perumount", "Ultra Majestic Perumount"
Logo: We pan into a shot above a set of clouds, As we fly backwards slowly with the camera, some comet-like objects come flying down. They fly down far enough to reveal themselves as the trademark Paramount stars. The stars zoom past the camera, making us find out we had been watching a reflection all along. The familiar "Paramount" script zooms out as a total of 22 stars shoot past the script and encircle the mountain behind it. The script then continues to zoom out, taking it's place at the peak of the mountain. The 1990 "/\ VI/\CO/\/\ CO/\/\P/\NY" byline then fades in below the logo.
Variants:
March 1-December 27, 2002: During its first year of use, the words "90TH ANNIVERSARY", in gold with "90" bigger and "TH" smaller and on the top right of "90" and "ANNIVERSARY" below, fade in with the Viacom byline and the line, sandwiched between the peak of the mountain. Again, "™" is used in place of "®" in this variation.
A prototype variant of the 90th anniversary logo was used. The "90TH ANNIVERSARY" text is bigger and shinier.
Starting with the release of How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, the first standard variant of the logo was used.
A still version of the logo was spotted on international prints of Sleuth (released by Sony Pictures Classics in the US).
A variant is used at the end of every trailer for Paramount's movies on online movie stores like iTunes and the PlayStation Store. We see a still version of the Paramount logo with the words "Now Available from Paramount". Below it is a copyright stamp. Has also been seen zoomed in (so the copyright and the "now available" text is not seen) and on the trailer for Airplane!, where the logo plasters the 1975 trailer version of the logo (keeping the music).
2006-January 6, 2012: When distributing films from another company, the words "DISTRIBUTED BY", in white, are seen above the logo with the Viacom byline and the line. Usually seen at the end of DreamWorks films beginning in late 2006. It also oddly appears at the end of Iron Man, before the Marvel Studios logo. It also appears at the beginning of international prints of The Spy Next Door.
Late 2005-2011: The logo has been enhanced.
May 7, 2010-December 21, 2011: The Viacom byline is switched to its 2006 font. The words "DISTRIBUTED BY" are also updated to match it.
FX/SFX: INCREDIBLY BREATHTAKING CGI; very reminiscent of the more majestic and stylized 1940s and '50s mountains.
Music/Sounds: Silent or the film's opening theme.
Music/Sounds Variants:
On Mean Girls, the 1987 fanfare is heard.
On The Longest Yard, a different fanfare plays. This was composed by Teddy Castellucci.
On an AMC airing of Rambo III, this plasters the Carolco logo and keeps the low-pitched version of the theme in one of the worst logo plastering jobs ever.
Availability: Very common. Seen on all films from 2002 to 2011. Also seen at the end of Elizabethtown, Zodiac, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull, which all had the 5th logo at the beginning. It also appears at the end of Grease Sing-a-Long (a re-release of 1978's Grease), which has the 7th logo at the beginning. The 90th Anniversary variation was first seen on We Were Soldiers and sometimes plasters old logos on 2002 video releases, and also replaced the Tri-Star Pictures logo on Encore airings of Rambo III. On the Blue's Clues episode "Meet Joe" on VHS, the previous logo is shown at the beginning, while the 90th Anniversary closing variant plays at the end of the tape. The last films to use this logo were Young Adult and The Adventures of Tintin, and The Devil Inside. Also plasters the Weintraub Entertainment Group logo on a recent Encore airing of My Stepmother is an Alien, with the films opening music. It also plasters the 1982 Orion Pictures logo on HBO and Comedy Central airings of Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure (also plasters the closing version of the logo at the end, the following Nelson Entertainment logo is kept intact at the beginning). Surprisingly, the full version appears at the beginning of a few early episodes of Hogan's Heroes on Me-TV, including the pilot episode, as well as the HD remasters on Universal HD. As for the prototype version, it only appears on the video game The Sum of All Fears.
Scare Factor: None. The animation is mind-blowing, and it is a suitable successor to Paramount's original CGI mountain.
9th Logo
Nicknames: "Mega Majestic Mountain", "2010s Mountain", "Ultra Majestic Mountain II", "CGI Mountain III", "Majestic Mountain VII", "100 Years of Paramount", "Perumount V", "Master Majestic Perumount", "Centennial Mountain", "Centennial Majestic Mountain"
Logo:
(Late 2011-2012): On a dark cloudy background, we see several stars flying towards us, a mirrored reference to the previous logo. As the third star flies towards us, we follow the star to reveal that we were looking at the reflection of a lake. We follow the stars as they skim the lake and create ripples. We continue to fly forward as a total of 22 stars line up and encircle the mountain ahead. Then the word "Paramount" zooms back to take its place on the mountain, which is situated on a cloudy sunset landscape, while the bright light shines to reveal "100 Years" with "100" bigger and "Years" smaller. The small 2010 Viacom byline fades in below.
(2013-present): Same as the previous version, but the "100 Years" is absent, and the byline shifted up and it's bigger.
Trivia: This logo was designed by DevaStudios, Inc.
Variants:.
Closing: Just like the last logo, sometimes "DISTRIBUTED BY" appears above the logo. This variant was first seen on Mission Impossible – Ghost Protocol and can be seen on some trailers. It was even seen at the end of Star Trek Into Darkness, There is also an open matte "DISTRIBUTED BY" variant that can be seen at the end of The Paramount Vault's print of their movies. This can be seen on some DVDs like fullscreen DWA products.
Sometimes, an open-matte fullscreen version of this logo exists, This can be seen on the Paramount Vault's prints of their movies.
FX/SFX: Beautifully crafted CGI that combines elements of the 2002 logo with the landscape of the 1986 logo.
Music/Sounds: A light bell and string piece which rises in intensity to become a majestic fanfare which ends in a 5-note orchestral piece, scored by Michael Giacchino. It only used on Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol, the first film with the 2011-2012 early logo.
Music/Sounds Variants:
On later films (From 2012-present), the music is slightly less dramatic.
Somethimes, it was silent.
Other times (Like in G.I. Joe: Retaliation and Star Trek Into Darkness), the opening theme starts throughout.
Availability: Current. Seen on all Paramount movies since Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol. However, the opening logo is seen on The Dictator, but the previous closing logo is used at the end. The closing logo is seen at the end of Capture the Flag, but the beginning has the previous opening logo.
Scare Factor: Absolutely none. This logo and the animation looks mind-blowing, and is a favorite of many.
|
i don't know
|
Who captained Essex County Cricket team during the 1994 season?
|
Essex County Cricket Club | Cricket Team Profile at Sports Pundit
Essex County Cricket Club
County Championship
Essex County Cricket Club is one of eighteen professional major clubs in English domestic cricket. As per the records in the 16th century cricket began in Essex and had a tremendous growth over the decades.
In 1895 the first class debut of the Essex Cricket club took place at Leyton against Leicestershire. Right after the debut in first class cricket the Essex Cricket club experienced quick improvement. During the 1897 season the club won all the matches with the exception of the match against Surrey. During the 1950s after the World War duration Essex slowly strengthened its team to gain much more accolades and triumphs than they had done before. During the late 1980s the club exhibited a consistent performance and the result was that several players were chosen to play at an international level by representing the national country team.
Essex County Cricket team had several international players during the 1990s and this included Nasser Hussain who was the captain of the England cricket team in several international series. Bowlers like Peter Such and Mark IIott as well as wicket keeper James Foster earned caps. The Essex county also was successful in signing the fast bowlers of England like Alex Tudor and Darren Gough who had resigned from Surrey and Yorkshire respectively.In the Pro40 format of the game during the 2006 season Essex successfully defended their National Cricket League title. In the same year there was a participation of Essex in the Twenty20 Cup. During the matches of this cup Essex was triumphant in beating Yorkshire at the Trent Bridge and occupying a place in the semi finals.Several noted players like Percy Perrin, Neil Foster, Derek Pringle and Graham Gooch have been members of the Essex county at some point of time. In the current scenario players like Danish Kaneria and Grant Flower have registered a considerable name for themselves.
Major achievements
Won 6 County championshipsWon 5 Pro40 tournamentsWon 2 Friends Provident Trophy
Improve This Page
|
Graham Gooch
|
Where would you find a 'Magyar'?
|
BBC - Essex - History - Celebrating Essex's maiden success
You are in: Essex > History > Local History > Celebrating Essex's maiden success
Ray now coaches at Ipswich School
Celebrating Essex's maiden success
It's 30 years since Essex won cricket's County Championship for the first time in their history. We reminisce with fans-favourite Ray East about his memories of that breakthrough season.
Supporters of Essex County Cricket Club are used to success. They have been County champions on six occasions, lifted the Second Division title once and won 11 limited-overs competitions.
Graham Gooch led the way with the bat
With this in mind, it's hard to believe that major silverware didn't start appearing in the Chelmsford County Ground's trophy cabinets until as recently as 1979.
That season the team, which included club legends such as Graham Gooch, John Lever, Keith McEwan and Stuart Turner and captained by Keith Fletcher, not only swept to the County Championship title, but also picked up the Benson & Hedges Cup at Lords.
The success had been coming, with the side just missing out to Kent in 1978, as well as other good showings in one-day competitions. But for '79 it all came together, as they won 13 out of 21 matches.
A breakthrough season
Another member of that groundbreaking team was left-arm spin bowler Ray East. Having been with Essex since 1965, the 32-year-old Ray was one of the more experienced and most popular members of the team.
"I couldn't feel my hands and I thought 'please don't hit it towards me, because I don't know what I'd do'. I was that nervous!"
Ray on the B&H final at Lords
He recalls that, after the near-miss the previous season, the team went into the 1979 season with the belief they could go one better.
"It did show us that we were good enough and you only had to look down the team and everyone in that team could do a job," he says.
"We had people who were great players, like Goochie and Ken McEwan and bowlers like John Lever. So we were obviously getting close and '79 proved to be the year."
Ray believes one of the key ingredients, aside from the individual talents of the playing staff, was the captaincy of Keith Fletcher.
Keith Fletcher 'gave you the confidence'
"If Fletch came in and said we'd won the toss and were batting, and then you looked around the room and saw Goochie putting his pads on, it just gave you that aura and confidence to think I'm part of this side," he explains.
"He gave you the confidence. For example, if Viv Richards came in to bat and I was bowling, Fletch would immediately go to silly-point and he'd have Brian Hardie at bat-pad.
"So you're bowling at one of the greatest batsmen of all time and he's got two players within a yard of him. I'd look at him and he'd say 'just get on and bowl', and things like that gave you confidence and belief in yourself."
During his 19 seasons with Essex Ray took over a 1000 first-class wickets, but he admits the '79 season was not a vintage one for him personally. But he does recall one game particularly fondly - when he took nine wickets against Nottinghamshire at Southend.
Help playing audio/video
Since then he has remained closely involved with the game, by coaching the cricket at Ipswich School since 1990.
Ray was admired for his approach to the game
"I was associated with Essex for 25 years and then came straight to Ipswich School, where I've been ever since, coaching cricket and games and looking after the grounds," he explains.
"It's just a wonderful place to be. I love coaching cricket, I like kids, I like being involved with the coaching of kids and I really enjoy my time here."
Ray is regarded as one of the true legends of Essex cricket, particularly for the way he approached the game. But whilst none of his pupils ever saw him play, a few of them do still ask him about his career.
"They'll say 'I Googled you Mr East and you did this and you did that,' and you can reminisce and think 'well people still remember you'.
"But it is mostly their dad's that remember me!"
last updated: 03/03/2009 at 13:44
created: 03/03/2009
|
i don't know
|
A female horse aged five or more, is called what?
|
Female Horse
Female Horse
There are a number of different terms for a female horse, depending on its age.
Mare - An adult female horse. Most horse organisations define this as a female horse over 3 years of age, some define it as a female horse over 4 years of age.
Filly - A young female horse. Often defined as under four years of age but some organisations use 3 years or 5 years instead.
Yearling - Used for a horse (female or male) which is between one year old and two years old. Some people follow an alternative definition, which is a horse approximately one year old.
Foal - A horse (female or male) which is less than a year old. A nursing foal is sometimes called a suckling and a foal that has been weaned is called a weanling. Most domesticated horses are weaned at 5 to 7 months of age, although commercial breeders often wean much earlier.
For comparison, see also male horse .
In addition to the terms which define a female horse based on age (see above), there are also terms which define a female horse based on function:
Broodmare - A mare which is used mainly or entirely for breeding.
Breeding Mare - This can be used to describe a mare used for breeding (in other words, a broodmare). It can also be used to describe a mare which is suitable for breeding, regardless of whether it is actually being used for breeding or not.
Clarifications
These terms overlap to a certain extent. For example, a female horse which is 3.5 years old can be described as either a mare (an adult horse) or a filly (a young horse), since as a young adult it falls into both definitions. Likewise, an adult female horse which is being used for breeding can be described as a mare (a general category) or a broodmare (a more specific category).
Also, as noted above, the age definitions are interpreted differently depending on who is using them. For example, a filly may be defined as under 4 years of age, but some horse organisations define a filly as being under 3 years of age while others use 5 years.
When calculating age, racing organisations tend to use a specific date (e.g. 1st January) regardless of the actual birthday. For example, a horse born on 1st May 2009 would be considered a year old on 1st January 2010 (rather than on 1st May 2010). The reason for this is that some races are for specific ages (e.g. 3-year olds only), while other races which accept multiple ages will handicap horses differently depending on their age. To have to track each horses actual birthday to determine if it is eligible to race and to calculate its handicap would be complex, so by using a common birthday for all horses one only needs to use the birth year, which is much simplier.
Copyright www.wowhorses.com � 2009, All rights reserved
|
Mare'
|
'Proud Mary', 'Bad Moon Rising', 'Green River' were all in the UK charts in 1969, who released them?
|
Definition of Filly
By Katherine Blocksdorf
Updated September 19, 2016.
What is a filly? This is just one of several words used to describe a horse's age and gender. The word is used to differentiate between a young male and female horse. All baby horses are called foal, but a filly, or filly foal means that the foal is female.
Definition of Filly
A female horse under four years of age is called a filly. A female horse over the age of four years is called a mare . The plural of filly is fillies.
Pronunciation
The broodmare had a newborn filly by her side.
The colt and filly played in the pasture.
Characteristics of Fillies
Many people feel that fillies are born with a bit more intelligence than colts. Some believe they’re quicker to gain their feet and start to nurse. Whether this is true or not is debatable. There is a belief too that fillies tend to be shyer than colts, but a 2010 study found the opposite . Colts, however, may mature faster than fillies physically, especially if gelded at a young age.
Some also believe that fillies are easier to sell than colts, largely because when buying a young horse that is un-gelded, the new owner must commit to the extra expense of castration. Fillies and mares can be spayed, but it is very unusual and a far more complicated procedure than gelding .
Incorrect Usages of Foal, Colt and Filly:
It is common for non-horse people to call all baby horses colts, but this is incorrect. A female baby is a filly and a male is a colt . Using the word Foal is the correct way to refer to a young horse, of unknown gender, still with its mother. A young horse can be referred to as a filly foal or colt foal. Once a filly is weaned it may be called a weanling filly, and when it reaches the age of one, it may be called a yearling filly. After that age of two, it may be a two or three-year-old filly, but it wouldn’t be uncommon to hear a young female horse referred to as a young mare, even though this isn’t strictly correct.
Horse Racing and Riding Horses
In the horse racing world, the word filly has a slightly different meaning. In a race, a filly may be any female horse running under the age of five years old. The riding horse world rarely makes this distinction, partially because horses aren’t really ridden except in training before they are four years old. If a horse show class is specifically for fillies, the young horses will likely be shown ‘in hand’, that is not being ridden.
Young donkey, pony , mule, zebra, onagers and other equine relatives may be referred to as fillies as well.
Roots of the Word Filly
According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, the word filly has been used in English since the 15th century. It’s roots are in the Old Norse word fylja for female foal, that evolved to the Middle English word filli and is also similar to the Old English word for foal. The French word fille has similar roots. In English, a slang way of saying girl may be to refer to her as a filly. In Australia, Champion Fillies day is celebrated with entertainment, food, fashion and racing.
|
i don't know
|
Which Lancashire town features three bees on its coat- of-arms?
|
BLACKBURN PAST: Coat of Arms
Coat of Arms
This is the Blackburn coat of arms.
'Arte et Labore'
(By Skill and Labour)
The dove at the top represents peace and was also a symbol used in the Feilden family coat of arms. The shuttle is there to represent weaving, cotton being the principal product in 'old' Blackburn. The bees represent industry. The wavy, black line, represents the river Blakewater (black water), which runs through the town.
I seem to recall reading somewhere, that the bugle horn between the two diamond shaped lozenges, had some connection to the town's first elected mayor, W. H. Hornby ( Horn Bee? ).
The above might not be 100% accurate, as there are various interpretations, but that's it in a nutshell:-)
I'm happy to be corrected, if I'm wrong.
COURTESY OF CP
|
Blackburn
|
Which 'DBT' by 'The Simpsons' was No.1 in the UK in March 1991?
|
Northcote unveils plans for Cafe Northcote - Blackburn
Northcote unveils plans for Cafe Northcote
23rd March 2016
Categories: Town Centre News
Northcote Leisure Group announces a new brand concept, Café Northcote, which will open early June in Blackburn town centre. Nigel Haworth alongside business partner Craig Bancroft are both delighted to be opening Café Northcote at The Cathedral which will be housed in the new refectory space at Cathedral Court, an £8.5m Cathedral Court Building.
The building forms part of the new £30m cathedral quarter development of cloisters to the Anglican cathedral, which includes grade A offices, a new hotel and public square and gardens, conference facilities and an underground car park. Cathedral court is believed to be the first group of new domestic buildings at any English cathedral for 500 years.
The 78-cover café with outside space is expected to create approximately 15 jobs and 2 apprentice posts. Senior Northcote Manager, Claire Arnold and Senior Chef, Dave Lyons will oversee the operation, with the appointment of Ben King as General Manager and Andy McCarthy as Head Chef. In addition, a partnership with Blackburn College is planned for work placements and training opportunities.
“We will offer modern café food with an eclectic feel, always staying loyal to our local producers and suppliers” said Nigel Haworth, who will create the menu and café offerings. The new seven-day operation will serve breakfast, lunch, coffees, teas, cakes and hot drinks and lunches to go. It will open initially from 7.30am until 5pm weekdays, Saturday 8.00am to 6.00pm and Sunday 10.30am – 4.30pm
The interior has been designed by Katherine Haworth Interiors in conjunction with Cooper8 Consultancy and aims to use sustainable materials with local trade people. The colour scheme, in honey and orange tones, together with a three-dimensional honeycomb wall design behind the service counters, will reflect the town’s economic history through its symbol, the bee. The Blackburn Coat of Arms shows three bees in flight, the bee is an emblem of skill, perseverance and industry. The coat of arms depicts the rich heritage of the textile industry and these together form the base of the design concept.
Nigel said “We are delighted to finally be working in partnership with Lancashire’s cathedral as part of this exciting development it gives us the platform to launch our brand new vibrant café concept, championing local produce and Blackburn’s heritage, we can’t wait to be part of bringing Cathedral Court to life.”
Northcote fully intends to play a full part in the ‘Blackburn and Darwen: Breaking Boundaries, Nurturing the New’ – the new brand for the towns launched today (22/3/16)
www.blackburn-darwen.org.uk
|
i don't know
|
Name the British racing driver who came third in his first ever Formula One race in Australia, this year (2007)?
|
F1's famous names return · F1 Fanatic
Author Keith Collantine
The classic names of F1 are all returning to the sport: Senna, Mansell, Prost, Piquet, Lauda and more could all be a feature on the grid one day.
A quick search threw up 20 such drivers in the lower echelons of motor sport that could break into F1.
Can you think of any others? Two more and we’ve got a grid full…
Adrian Tambay
Famous relative: Patrick Tambay (father)
The elder Tambay was a good friend of Gilles Villeneuve and took his place at Ferrari when the Canadian lost his life.
Anthony races as number 27 just as his father and Villeneuve did. He earned a place on BMW’s Young Driver Scholarship Programme for 2007 and is currently eighth in Formula BMW Germany.
Nicolas Prost
Famous relative: Alain Prost (father)
Nicolas has a hell of a reputation to live up to – father Alain won four F1 titles, more than anyone bar Michael Schumacher and Juan Manuel Fangio.
He began racing in 2003. Currently in his second year of Spanish Formula Three he ranks fifth in the championship.
Vanina Ickx
Famous relative: Jacky Ickx (father)
Ickx senior could have been F1 champion and until recently held the record for the most Le Mans 24 Hour victories.
Daughter Vanina – sadly the only woman on this list – seems to be more interested in skiing than motor racing, and has struggled awfully in the German Touring Car Championship (DTM).
Mathias Lauda
Famous relative: Niki Lauda (father)
Three times F1 champion Niki Lauda famously got little support from his wealthy family when he embarked on his racing career. Son Mathias has had a similar experience.
But Mathias failed to impress in F3000 (in 2004) or GP2 (2005) and moved to the DTM. He was beaten by team mate Susie Stoddard last year and yet, to the surprise of many, got chosen over her for a more competitive ride this year. He’s yet to deliver on that promise, though.
Tomas Scheckter
Famous relative: Jody Scheckter (father)
The last man to win the championship for Ferrari before Schumacher was Jody Scheckter in 1979. Today he is a highly regarded organic farmer, and his son Tomas races in the United States.
Tomas’s chance at F1 came and went during Jaguar’s unhappy time in F1. While a test driver for the team he appeared in court and pleaded guilty to soliciting a prostitute, after which his contract was terminated.
His driving reputation mirrored his fathers in some ways – after some wild moments in his youth his style has noticeably matured over the years. He races in the Indy Racing League.
Tomas Scheckter on Maximum Motorsport
Christian Jones
Hard-as-bricks Australian Alan Jones gave Williams their first championship in 1980. He retired the next year after a spat with team mate Carlos Reutemann, but made two ill-starred attempts to return in the next six years.
Son Christian has not had a great start to his racing career, with some dismal appearances for the Australia team in A1 Grand Prix.
Nelson Piquet Jnr
Famous relative: Nelson Piquet (father)
Nelson Piquet won three F1 titles but his racing career petered out and was finally ruined by a horrible accident in Indy Cars. He put a lot of backing into son Nelsinho’s motor racing.
Nelson Piquet Jnr won the British Formula Three title in 2004. His second season of GP2 in 2006 was supposed to be his year – but a kid called Lewis Hamilton came along and blew him away.
Now’s he’s a test driver for Renault and hammering on the door with both fists to get into a race seat. Will we then see the Hamilton-Piquet rivalry re-kindled?
Henry Surtees
Famous relative: John Surtees (father)
John Surtees remains the only driver to have won F1 and motor cycling world championships. Today he runs Britain’s A1 Grand Prix team.
Despite his F1 title being 43 years ago, son Henry is only getting started now and lies fourth in the UK Formula BMW championship.
Anthony Comas
Famous relative: Eric Comas (father)
Frenchman Eric Comas raced in F1 from 1991-4 but never got behind the wheel of a competitive car. His best result was fifth at his home race in 1992, driving an appropriately Gallic Ligier-Renault.
Son Anthony races in the same Formula BMW category as Henry Surtees and is currently 15th in a 19-strong championship. He’s got a long way to go.
Freddie Hunt
Famous relative: James Hunt (father)
James Hunt, 1976 world champion, was famous for more than just his racing. He had put his wilder days behind him when he died suddenly of a heart condition in 1993.
Son Freddie was only six at the time and decided to make a start in motor racing last year. He started the 2007 UK Formula Ford championship late due to a lack of sponsorship and is working hard to make up for lost time.
Jolyon Palmer
Famous relative: Jonathan Palmer (father)
Being the son of the man who owns some of Britain’s best racing circuits has its advantages – Jolyon first drove a racing car at father Jonathan’s Bedford Autodrome.
He moved on to T Cars and this year races in – what else – Formula Palmer Audi. He is currently tied for fourth in the championship having won his first race in the series two weeks ago.
Alex Brundle
Famous relative: Martin Brundle (father)
Martin Brundle, just like Jonathan Palmer, picked up the microphone when his F1 career ended. But while Palmer proved more adept at his business ventures Brundle has become a firm favourite with F1 fans and is in his 11th season of F1 commentating.
Son Alex’s motor racing career has been closely tied with Jolyon Palmer’s. The younger Brundle is 11th in Formula Palmer Audi this year.
Marco Andretti
Famous relatives: Michael Andretti (father), Mario Andretti (grandfather)
The Andretti dynasty is one of America’s great motor racing family. F1 fans remember Michael’s abortive effort with disdain but both he and father Mario enjoyed great success in the States. Mario, of course, was F1 champion in ’78.
What of Marco? He had a scintillating debut season for his father’s team in the Indy Racing League last year and nearly won the Indy 500 at his first attempt. But 2007 has not been kind to him so far.
He’s tested for Honda but a season of GP2 would do him a power of good before embarking on F1.
Graham Rahal
Famous relative: Bobby Rahal (father)
Bobby Rahal had a brief career as an F1 driver but a longer tenure when he returned to lead Jaguar’s race team. Sadly it wasn’t any more successful.
Graham has raced in A1 Grand Prix (for the Lebanon team owing to his descent) and is currently Sebastian Bourdais’ team mate in Champ Cars. He’s had a bit of a rough start to the season but couldn’t have a better team mate to learn from.
Markus Winkelhock
Famous relatives: Manfred Winkelhock (father), Jo Winkelhock (uncle)
Markus is another driver who has entered a sport that killed a close relative of his. For Markus it was father Manfred, an F1 driver of the early ’80s who was killed in a sports car race at Mosport in 1985.
Manfred’s brother Joachim had a brief and unsuccessful F1 career but won the British Touring Car Championship in 1993.
Markus raced in Formula Three from 2001-3 and the DTM in 2004. In 2005 he finished third in the World Series by Renault behind Robert Kubica and Adri?���?�?�n Vall?���?�?�s. The following year he became a test driver for MidlandF1 and remains with the team, now Spyker, where Vall?���?�?�s is also a tester.
Anthony Beltoise
Famous relative: Jean-Pierre Beltoise (father)
Jean-Pierre Beltoise scored only one victory in his F1 career. But of all the races to win he triumphed at Monaco, in pouring rain, in 1972 .
Son Anthony entered French Formula Renault in 1993, finishing tenth. Two years later he was second in French Formula Three but then he moved from single seaters to tin-tops. In 1999 he won the Spa 24 Hours with Fr?���?�?�d?���?�?�ric Bouvy and Emmanuel Collard in a Peugeot 306.
Since then he has raced Porsches and this year he made a one-off appearance in the World Touring Car Championship in the French round.
Kazuki Nakajima
Famous relative: Saturo Nakajima (father)
Saturo Nakajima got his F1 break courtesy of Honda in 1987, who placed him in Lotus alongside Senna. But son Kazuki got his F1 break thanks to Honda’s rival Toyota, who got him a test drive with Williams this year.
Those who’ve made it already
F1 has already seen two F1 drivers’ sons crowned champions – Damon Hill and Jacques Villeneuve. Nico Rosberg, son of 1982 world champion Keke, races today, as did Christian Fittipaldi, nephew of two times champion Emerson.
Related links
|
Lewis Hamilton
|
Which US state is known as 'The Land of Lincoln'?
|
5 Promising Young Drivers Who Were Denied a Proper Chance in Formula 1 | Bleacher Report
5 Promising Young Drivers Who Were Denied a Proper Chance in Formula 1
By Oliver Harden , Senior Writer
Jan 9, 2016
Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse the slideshow
Drew Gibson/Getty Images
2
Comments
As a three-time world champion at the age of 31, Lewis Hamilton is living proof of what can happen when Formula One teams place their faith in young drivers.
Placed alongside two-time world champion Fernando Alonso at the age of 22, Hamilton immediately repaid McLaren's trust by coming within a point of becoming the first-ever rookie champion in 2007.
Hamilton made up for his near-miss by winning the title by the same margin the following season and, after enduring a few lean years, he now stands alongside the most triumphant drivers in the sport's history as a three-time world champion.
Success stories like those of Hamilton and Sebastian Vettel, the four-time title winner, have become commonplace in recent years as F1 teams place an emphasis on homegrown talent.
But there are plenty of promising young drivers who failed to realise their potential due to reasons including mismanagement, mere misfortune and shortage of sponsorship funds.
As Hamilton and Vettel prepare to go head-to-head for the 2016 championship, here are five drivers who were denied a proper chance in F1; from those who disappeared after one or two seasons—such as former McLaren star Kevin Magnussen, above—to those who never made a grand prix appearance.
Honourable Mentions
Clive Mason/Getty Images
One former GP2 champion features in our list, but another should also consider himself unfortunate as he continues to wait for an opportunity in Formula One.
After winning only three races en route to the 2013 championship, compared to the five victories claimed by title rival Sam Bird, Fabio Leimer barely registered on the F1 radar but seemed to rediscover some momentum in 2015.
After joining Manor as reserve driver in June, the Swiss told ESPN F1's Nate Saunders that he expected to make his grand prix debut with the team—whom he first approached in his GP2-winning season—in 2015.
But despite participating in practice in Hungary, a race seat didn't come the 26-year-old's way as Manor alternated between Roberto Merhi and Alexander Rossi in the final months of last season.
If Leimer's exploits in the junior categories weren't enough to guarantee him a place in F1, Robert Wickens' successes certainly were.
The Canadian finished second to Esteban Gutierrez in the 2013 GP3 standings and beat the likes of Jean-Eric Vergne and Rossi to the 2011 Formula Renault 3.5 title.
But despite setting fastest times for Marussia and Lotus-Renault in the 2011 young-driver test in Abu Dhabi, where he participated in practice for the backmarkers, Wickens never really came close to an F1 drive and fell into the clutches of Mercedes, who found him a place in the DTM.
And if you're looking for a driver who actually raced in F1 but was never given a proper chance, may we suggest Nelson Piquet Jr.?
Yes, he only made five points finishes in one-and-a-half seasons and, yes, he was involved in the terrible "Crashgate" scandal of 2009, but as a young driver partnered with Fernando Alonso—in a Renault team under the abrasive Flavio Briatore and clearly built around the two-time world champion—he never stood a chance.
Romain Grosjean's recovery from his adventures alongside Alonso in late '09 proved just how much a team in disarray can affect a youngster, and it is a shame Piquet—a highly versatile driver who challenged Lewis Hamilton for the 2006 GP2 title—was never afforded another opportunity in a more productive atmosphere.
Kevin Magnussen
Mark Thompson/Getty Images
As the latest member of the team's young-driver program to graduate immediately to a McLaren seat, Kevin Magnussen was regarded as the next Lewis Hamilton just two years ago.
Indeed, the 2013 Formula Renault 3.5 champion mimicked the British driver by starting fourth and reaching the podium in his debut race in Australia, becoming the first (and still the only) McLaren driver to stand on the balcony since November 2012. But that was as close as he came to following in Hamilton's footsteps.
While Hamilton finished no lower than third in the first nine races of his career in 2007, Magnussen's form declined almost as quickly as McLaren's pace evaporated, the team's fall down the order exposing the true rawness of his driving.
As later noted by F1 journalist Peter Windsor , the impact of his highly experienced team-mate, Jenson Button, on the team's development and setup paths possibly neutralised Magnussen's advantage in terms of outright speed.
But that didn't stop Eric Boullier, McLaren's racing director, telling ESPN F1 that Magnussen was suffering from "rookie syndrome," a little-known condition preventing him from developing the car.
With good results increasingly scarce, Magnussen's driving became ever scruffier as Button's career entered an Indian summer, with a strong run of results toward the end of the season securing fifth spot in the constructors' championship and, most significantly, saving his skin ahead of Fernando Alonso's arrival.
Demoted to a reserve role for 2015, Magnussen deputised for the injured Alonso in Australia, where he failed to even start after a pre-race technical issue 12 months on from his podium result.
As he told Autosport 's Lawrence Barretto and Mitchell Adam, that wasted weekend came at the cost of a drive in IndyCar, where he would have remained fit, fresh and, above all, relevant ahead of a return to the F1 grid in 2016.
Without the results and recent evidence to back up his talent, Magnussen was informed of his departure from McLaren on his 23rd birthday through an email from chairman Ron Dennis' personal assistant, as he told Motorsport.com's Jonathan Noble .
To add insult to injury, he was then denied a reprieve by the new Haas team, whose team owner later told the official F1 website the American outfit would have signed the Dane had they been unable to lure Romain Grosjean from Lotus.
Magnussen now spends his time feeling bitter about his stint at McLaren and testing non-F1 machinery in the hope that someone, somewhere, will offer him the chance to restart his career.
Antonio Felix da Costa
Andrew Hone/Getty Images
Some drivers are just meant to drive for certain teams and some moves are just meant to happen.
Just as Sebastian Vettel, even during his four consecutive title triumphs with Red Bull Racing, always seemed destined to race for Ferrari, Antonio Felix da Costa felt like a perfect match for Toro Rosso.
Recruited by Red Bull's young-driver scheme in 2012, the Portuguese—having claimed six podium finishes, including four wins, in the final seven races—managed to finish fourth in the Formula Renault 3.5 championship despite missing the opening five races.
Having won the iconic Macau Grand Prix event for good measure, Felix da Costa entered 2013 as the favourite for the 3.5 title. But while he endured an inconsistent season, finishing third behind Kevin Magnussen and Stoffel Vandoorne, his route to F1 seemed to be unaffected.
Surely, the theory went, when Daniel Ricciardo is confirmed as Mark Webber's replacement for 2014, Felix da Costa, like every Red Bull-backed boy wonder before him, would be the next cab off the rank?
But after Red Bull's signing of Ricciardo at the beginning of September , the wait went on and on until mid-October when Toro Rosso confirmed the previously unheard of 19-year-old Daniil Kvyat as Ricciardo's successor.
If missing out on an F1 seat to his own flatmate , albeit the newly crowned GP3 champion, was hard to take, just imagine how Felix da Costa felt in August 2014 when he—banished to the DTM and preparing for the inaugural season of Formula E—saw 16-year-old Max Verstappen given a Toro Rosso seat .
By that stage it was obvious that Dr. Helmut Marko, the head of the Red Bull Junior Team, had seen something he didn't like in Felix da Costa, who soon told Speed Week (h/t Motorsport.com ) his F1 career—which consisted of three young-driver tests in 2010, '12 and '13—was over.
Nevertheless, Felix da Costa continued to attend grands prix as Red Bull's reserve driver until 2015, when the 24-year-old finally parted company with the team .
Davide Valsecchi
GREG WOOD/Getty Images
From Lewis Hamilton and Nico Rosberg to Nico Hulkenberg and Romain Grosjean, GP2 champions usually go on to enjoy successful careers in Formula One.
But as teams continue to fast-track their young drivers to F1, ignoring the conventional path, the reputation of F1's official feeder series has taken a hit.
While the F1 teams' reluctance to offer 2008 champion Giorgio Pantano a second chance was understandable—the Italian failed to impress in 14 grand prix appearances for Jordan in 2004—the curious case of Davide Valsecchi hinted that GP2 was facing bigger problems.
Despite his underwhelming junior career until that point, Valsecchi drove for Hispania in the 2010 young-driver test in Abu Dhabi before joining Team Lotus—who would later become Caterham—as reserve driver in 2011, when he participated in practice in Malaysia.
After winning the GP2 title in 2012, albeit in a relatively weak field, the Italian secured a reserve role at the Enstone-based Lotus team for 2013.
And it looked as if the black-and-gold outfit were set to offer Valsecchi, who spent much of the year staring at screens in the garage, a race debut when lead driver Kimi Raikkonen was ruled out of the final two races of the season due to a back operation.
But rather than placing their trust in a rookie, Lotus—still in contention for second place in the constructors' standings—signed 2008 Hungarian GP winner Heikki Kovalainen, leaving Valsecchi outraged.
"From the sporting point of view it’s a tragedy," he told the Mirror's Byron Young , adding that he was "angry" to have missed out to Kovalainen, who was "not a great champion, not even an active driver" and whose "last results were five years ago."
Valsecchi's frustration was justified as Kovalainen finished 14th in his two races for Lotus, who ultimately finished a distant fourth in the championship, but there was to be no way back following his outburst.
He was dropped in favour of Charles Pic and, despite testing IndyCar machinery in late 2014, has not raced since. Working for Italian television in 2015, Valsecchi accompanied Raikkonen to work in Monaco when the 28-year-old, had he been given a chance by Lotus, could have been racing against the 2007 world champion.
Robin Frijns
Mark Thompson/Getty Images
In the modern era, most of the truly special drivers—the potential grand prix winners and future world champions—tend to emerge from a young-driver academy of some description.
But for those with no links to Red Bull, Ferrari, McLaren, Mercedes or Williams, the telltale sign of how good an up-and-coming driver is, and how great they may become, is when a number of teams fall over themselves to get a good, close look.
That was the case for Robin Frijns, who despite never making a grand prix appearance drove in the colours of three separate teams.
After accumulating three different junior championships in consecutive years—Formula BMW Europe (2010), Formula Renault 2.0 (2011) and Formula Renault 3.5 (2012), becoming the first debutant to win the latter since Robert Kubica—Frijns participated for two different outfits in a single young-driver test at Abu Dhabi in 2012.
The Dutchman was let loose in Sebastian Vettel's championship-winning Red Bull RB8 as a reward for claiming the 3.5 title and also appeared for Sauber, who subsequently signed Frijns in a reserve role for 2013.
Just days after representing the Swiss outfit in the young-driver test at Silverstone that July, Frijns was dropped by his GP2 team, telling GPUpdate.net how he had "no (sponsorship) money," before leaving Sauber in September.
Despite his lack of financial backing, Frijns clung on to the fringes of F1 by becoming the third driver at Caterham, where he came close to a breakthrough in the pinnacle of motorsport.
Tony Fernandes, the team owner, told GPUpdate.net that Caterham were tempted to employ him as one of their two race drivers, such was their excitement over his potential, before deciding to "be a little bit conservative in giving him time to get used to F1."
Caterham's high opinion of their young driver was evident in the amount of track time he was afforded in 2014, with Frijns appearing in pre-season testing as well as practice sessions in Bahrain and Silverstone.
If they did intend to hand Frijns a grand prix debut, however, they missed their window of opportunity as the team suffered terminal financial problems , with a Caterham seat going to the highest bidder in the closing months of the season.
At a time the independent teams faced more money worries than ever before, Frijns—who denied he rejected an offer to join Red Bull's young-driver scheme, per the official Formula E website —was frozen out of F1.
Still just 24, he finished second in the Blancpain sportscar series in 2015 and is currently competing in the second season of the all-electric series, where F1 careers go to die.
James Calado
Mark Thompson/Getty Images
James Calado was essentially the Jolyon Palmer of 2013: a media-friendly British driver with a respectable record in GP2 and a reserve role at a mid-grid Formula One team.
But while Palmer will make his grand prix debut with Renault in 2016, Calado, still only 26, no longer appears on the F1 radar after switching to endurance racing.
Runner-up to Valtteri Bottas in the 2011 GP3 championship, the Worcestershire-born driver made the natural progression to GP2 in 2012 and made an instant impression, claiming victory on the opening weekend of the season and ultimately finishing fifth in the drivers' standings.
Although 2013 didn't quite go to plan—he failed to win a race until August, finishing third in the championship—Calado gained serious momentum and was offered several opportunities with Force India.
Under the management of Nicolas Todt—son of FIA president Jean Todt and an advisor to Felipe Massa, Pastor Maldonado and the late Jules Bianchi, who tested for Force India throughout 2012—Calado received his first taste of F1 machinery in the young-driver test at Silverstone.
Less than two months later, he was announced as Force India's third driver before participating in five grand prix practice sessions in Italy, Korea, India, Abu Dhabi and Brazil, which led to a full-time Ferrari drive.
But not, alas, with the Ferrari we know and love.
Supported by the Racing Steps Foundation, which backs under-funded youngsters, Calado told BBC Sport (h/t GPUpdate.net ) that while Force India knew he was "doing a good job," his chances of earning an F1 seat for 2014 were "unlikely" unless "someone comes along with millions of pounds."
That saviour never arrived and Calado joined the Prancing Horse's GT team in the World Endurance Championship, where he continues to race today.
All statistics used in this article, unless stated, have been taken from the official Formula One website and Wikipedia .
|
i don't know
|
'Handbags and Gladrags' is the theme tune of which comedy TV show?
|
The Full UK Office Theme - YouTube
The Full UK Office Theme
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Apr 7, 2009
Big George's arrangement of Handbags and Gladrags for The Office, UK
Full credit list of cast / crew etc.
Category
|
The Office
|
Which horse won this year's (2007) Grand National?
|
BBC - Comedy - FAQ and Feedback
BBC COMEDY FAQ
Show Facts
We have tried to address frequently requested trivia facts about specific shows here. Please note that we do not have the resources to do this for every BBC comedy show - more general questions, such as those regarding DVD releases or contacting artists, are answered elsewhere in this FAQ.
We cannot answer questions about where to purchase props, costumes or furniture featured in shows.
See also...
Ab Fab
Who wrote the Theme Music to Ab Fab?
The theme music, This Wheel's On Fire, was written by Bob Dylan and is sung by Julie Tippett and Adrian Edmondson.
Alan Partridge
Can I get an Alan Partridge tie and blazer badge combination pack?
Sadly Alan's Tie and Blazer Badge combinations packs are not commercially available.
What about Alan's book Bouncing Back?
Alan's book is not available.
What was that music I heard in I'm Alan Partridge?
Alan playing air bass and dancing round his static home: Gary Numan - Music For Chameleons.
As Alan's book is pulped: The King Singers version of The Windmills of Your Mind.
Britain's Best Sitcom
Where did the Top 100 come from? Who decided the Top 10?
The Top 100 and the final 10 were decided by a public vote conducted during summer 2003. The Radio Times printed a form you could send in and the vote was publicised on TV. You were also able to vote for your favourites on the Best British Sitcom website .
Coupling
Will there be another series of Coupling?
No further series have been announced.
Extras
What is the song that plays over the credits?
Tea for the Tillerman by Cat Stevens.
Happiness
What was that music I heard in an episode of Happiness?
Because so many people have enquired about the music used in the series, we've provided a complete track listing in the Happiness Episode Guides . The song the Happiness blokes are rather fond of playing air guitar to, is The Joker by the Steve Miller Band.
Only Fools and Horses
What is the Only Fools 'lost episode'?
The 'lost episode' was found after an appeal by the Only Fools fan club. It was an independently made 30 minute special produced by an oil company as an educational tool for children. It will not be transmitted by the BBC as it is not a stand alone episode. It may have generated interest from the fan club but it is certainly not a long lost episode as it is interspersed with footage from the oil company!
Where can I find the episode Christmas Trees?
This ten minute 1982 special was filmed as part of the longer comedy programme 'The Funny Side Of Christmas'. It is not available to buy commercially.
Where can I find Hooky Street, the Only Fools and Horses theme music?
You can get this song on a compilation of music featured in the show called Only Fools and Horses [SOUNDTRACK], Catalogue Number: WMSF60682.
Red Dwarf
Will there be a Red Dwarf movie?
We hope so. You may find the official Grant Naylor Red Dwarf Site has more news on this subject.
The Office
What was the song playing at the end of the final episode when Tim and Dawn kiss?
Only You, by Yazoo.
Will there be a third series of The Office?
No, the Christmas 2003 specials were the final episodes. However, the spirit of The Office lives on in The Office: An American Workplace , which can sometimes be seen on BBC THREE and is available on DVD.
What's the theme music to The Office?
The signature tune is 'Handbags and Gladrags' composed by Mike D'Abo of Manfred Mann and famously recorded by Rod Stewart. Stereophonics released a cover version of the song in December 2001. The Office version was arranged and performed by Big George. Unfortunately this version is not available to buy.
Where can I get Gareth's Cookie Cop / Dirty Bertie / any other obscure novelty products featured in The Office?
We don't know, sorry. These things must have come from somewhere... though if you desperately want one it could be that you missed the entire point of the show.
How do I access the Office DVD 'easter eggs'?
Read our guide to the Series One DVD easter eggs (hidden extras) here .
The Series Two DVD does not contain any easter eggs.
Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps
Will there be a seventh series?
No more series have been announced, but that doesn't mean it has finished forever.
Wild West
Where was Wild West filmed?
Wild West was shot in the lovely Portloe, Cornwall.
What was the opera music used in Episode Two of Wild West during the bungee jump?
The music is 'Au Fond Du Temple Saint' by Georges Bizet from the opera The Pearl Fishers.
|
i don't know
|
In which port was much of the French navy destroyed by the Royal Navy in July 1940?
|
Churchill’s Sinking of the French Fleet (July 3, 1940)
Churchill’s Sinking of the French Fleet (July 3, 1940)
by Scott Manning on November 29, 2006
On June 13, 1940, Winston Churchill took one of several trips to France during Hitler’s Blitzkrieg. After convincing the French not to sign a separate armistice with Germany just two months prior, Churchill was now being begged to release them from the obligation. When a country loses its will to fight, there’s not much you can do to inspire them to anything but quit.
That left Churchill with a loose-end on his mind: The French Fleet.
The French Fleet
By June 10, 1940, the French Army was shattered, but the French Navy was amazingly intact. François Darlan, the Admiral of the French Fleet told Churchill point-blank that the Fleet would be sunk before it was surrendered to the Germans.
Churchill later remarked of Admiral Darlan that he had “but to sail in any one of his ships to any port outside France to become the master of all French interests beyond German control.” Darlan could have become “the chief of the French Resistance with a mighty weapon in his hand.” Churchill believed the Admiral could have been the “Liberator of France”.
But that was not to happen. Although Admiral Darlan was strong in his commitment to prevent the Germans from seizing a single French ship, Churchill was not convinced. Losing Britian’s last fighting ally in the war is one thing, but allowing that ally’s fleet to fall in the hands of the Germans was something to lose sleep over.
The concern was not over the French using their fleet to assist their new conqueror. The real concern was that Germany would train their own sailors to command those ships.
Members of Britain’s own navy spent time with the commanders of the French Fleet. They were convinced that the commanders were dedicated to the cause of not surrendering to the Germans.
On June 17, France pressed for peace with Germany.
Before France could officially surrender, Churchill tried to convince his War Cabinet to attack the French Fleet. The War Cabinet refused. There were several concerns on the table. For one, the attack would surely result in the loss of British troops and ships. Second, although getting beaten by Germany and showing eagerness to throw in the towel, France was still an ally.
On June 24, France and Germany signed an armistice. Part of that agreement was the French could keep their ships, but Germany would gain control over items such as passports and tickets. Hitler treaded lightly concerning the ships and did not push for full ownership. He feared such aggression would inspire the French to keep fighting.
Hitler’s concerns were not known to England.
However, on July 1, Churchill was finally able to get the backing of the War Cabinet to sink the ships if they would not be surrendered.
On July 3, the British surrounded the French Fleet at the port of Mers-el-Kebir right outside Oran, Algeria. Churchill’s message was clear: sail to Britain, sail to the USA, or scuttle your ships in the next six hours. At first, the French refused to speak to negotiators. Two hours later, the French showed the British an order they had received from Admiral Darlan instructing them to sail the ships to the USA if the Germans broke the armistice and demanded the ships.
Meanwhile, the British intercepted a message from the Vichy Government ordering French reinforcements to move urgently to Oran. Churchill was done playing games and ordered the attack to his commanders, “Settle everything before dark or you will have reinforcements to deal with.”
An hour and a half later, the British Fleet attacked. In less than ten minutes, 1,297 French soldiers were dead and three battleships were sunk. One battleship and five destroyers managed to escape.
British Response
While the French were furious over the events, the reaction in England was the exact opposite.
The day after attacking the French, Churchill went to the House of Commons to explain why he ordered the attack on the former ally. Churchill declared, “However painful, the action we have already taken should be, in itself, sufficient to dispose once and for all of the lies and Fifth Column activities that we have the slightest intention of entering into negations. We shall prosecute the war with the utmost vigour by all the means that are open to us.”
For the first time since taking over as Prime Minister, Churchill received a unanimous standing ovation. Churchill had a message for the British, for Hitler, and for the world. The message was heard loud and clear.
England would not make peace with Hitler and the country was in this war for the long haul.
References
(1st Carroll & Grad ed.). New York, NY: Caroll & Graf Publishers.
Share this:
Lexi G.
Hi Mr. Manning,
I am doing an analytic research report on whether or not Winston Churchill’s decision to sink the French fleet in July of 1940 during World War II was appropriate for the situation. I really appreciated your article on this topic and would love to include some of your evidence in my paper; however, as it is not an officially published source, the International Baccalaureate program does not view it as credible. I was wondering if you could tell me which source was used for the different pieces of evidence, I would greatly appreciate that because I don’t have the resources to obtain copies of the listed sources. Thank you for your time.
Sincerely,
Scott Manning
Hi Lexi,
I am glad you enjoyed the article. I wrote it a while ago, but I am still fond of it.
There were several sources I used. The biggest chunk of published primary sources can be found in volume 2 of the Churchill War Papers. http://www.amazon.com/The-Churchill-War-Papers-Surrender/dp/0393037460/
As for secondary sources, there are a slew of them. At the time, I believe I used Churchill as War Leader. http://www.amazon.com/Churchill-War-Leader-Richard-Lamb/dp/0881849375/
However, there are better secondary works such as volume 6 of Martin Gilbert’s biography. http://www.amazon.com/Winston-S-Churchill-Vol-1939-1941/dp/0395344026/
Carlo D’Este’s Warlord provides a lot of focus on the incident too. http://www.amazon.com/Warlord-Life-Winston-Churchill-1874-1945/dp/0060575743/
Now, all of these are from a British perspective, so it would also be worth looking into French and German sources, which I have not.
I hope that helps. Good luck on your work.
armydicked
When I was in High School, I was given advice by a varsity football lineman that puts your question into perspective. He said whenever he felt depressed or bad about himself, he would pick out the most defenseless male in the locker room and beat him up. It made his team mates smirk and made himself feel good about dominating another male. Who cares about the victim, he’s not a FOOTBALL PLAYER!!!
Churchill did not attack Mers El Kabir to vanquish the already beaten French but to play to the Americans that he was in the war for the long haul. It matters not that the French kept their word at Touloun 1942 and scuttled their fleet. Churchill showed he could ‘Bring out the Beast’ if England were threatened. Churchill had expected Jeers & Boos. Instead, he received a standing ovation. FDR, was so impressed by Churchill’s despicable Act that he not only gave Churchill 50 obsolete 4 Stacker DD’s but then started illegally escorting ships and firing on UBoats which was illegal of Neutrals.
I too, am doing a paper on the Fall of France but from the perspective of the FRENCH AIR FORCE. The little evidence I have gleaned indicates The FRENCH Held back their fighters in order to get the RAF to send more squadrons into the fray. Why? The French wanted to so weaken England that she would be dragged down into defeat with France and French Military Honour saved.
Roger Vella Bonavita
It would indeed be very useful to examine the French and German sources.
a jones
didnt the french fleet want to join but not surrender to the british fleet
armydicked
Only with the passage of TIME does the truth eventually ooze out, some of it mind numbing such as Pres. Lincoln’s decision to allow American Business Men to go down to the Confederate States, take their cotton, and travel up North to trade it for Union Guns & Ammunition to kill Federal Soldiers with it!!! The thought being was better that the Confederates bought their guns & ammo from America rather than get European Countries dependent on the trade…Or the almost ‘deal’ Great Britain entered into with Germany, during WWI, to trade British Rubber for German Optics because both combatants ‘were short of said supplies’.
Did it look bad for Churchill to stab his former ally in the back? Of course it did. But then again, you have to look at other variables. The French did everything they could think of to drag England down with them from Sabotaging army counter-attacks to withholding modern aircraft in order to get the RAF to bleed its self dry defending France. So, at the time of the Mers El Kabir attack (1940) the French couldn’t be trusted even if they were proven right at Toulon 1942. Second, the gambit worked—FDR crossed over to actively support the British, short of a declaration of war.
Third, you have to look at the character of Churchill himself TORY/LIBERAL/LABOUR your Opportunist Cause here. Churchill is a facinating character study as he was a force of nature. Yes, He was the right man at the right time. But, my God, the man had FLAWS. Churchill had no problem betraying his father’s legacy (Ulster will Fight and Ulster will be Right) and the Orange Men’s cause in Northern Ireland to deal with ‘THE IRISH QUESTION’—so the words betrayal and Churchill are interchangeable. When Chamberlain was forced to resigned, EVERYONE wanted Hallifax to be PM. When Chamberlain recommended Churchill, there was a COLLECTIVE GAG from the King on down!!! [Live Bait Squadron 1914, Antwerp 1914, Gallipoli 1915, his insane return to Gold Standard in 1925 which lead to the General Strike of 1926, his support for King Edward and ‘That Woman’ in the 30s—Churchill screwed up everything he ever put his hand to]. Only about late 1942 did Churchill hit his stride.
Me? Screw the French Fleet—Hitler should have seized the ITALIAN FLEET (by insisting upon KreigsMarine Integration). France should have been beaten in 1914 and went on to win the War and lose the Peace. Why? Because the Nation thirsted for revenge for 1870. France should have won 1940 but lost it by the 9th day. Why? Because of the Horrific losses of WWI, the French had no stomach for war and, in many places, simply walked home!!!
Caleb Kempf
“In less than ten minutes, 1,297 French soldiers were dead” with friends like that, who need enemies?
|
Oran
|
In what year were congestion charges introduced into London?
|
Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941
(a) Plus 10 British destroyers at Gibraltar.
(b) included 2 new battleships completing.
(c) Plus over 60 large torpedo boats.
Italy Declared War - Italy declared war on Britain and France on the 10th. Two weeks later France was out of the war. Still on the 10th, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa declared war on Italy.
France - Later in the month Italian forces invaded southern France but with little success. A Franco-Italian Armistice was signed on the 24th, and included provision for the demilitarisation of French naval bases in the Mediterranean.
Malta - Italian aircraft carried out the first of the many raids on Malta on the 11th. Next day, the RAF made its first attacks on Italian mainland targets.
12th -The Mediterranean Fleet with “Warspite”, “Malaya”, “Eagle”, cruisers and destroyers sailed from Alexandria for a sweep against Italian shipping in the Eastern Mediterranean. South of Crete, light cruiser “CALYPSO” was torpedoed and sunk by Italian submarine “Bagnolini”.
13th - Mediterranean Fleet submarines operated out of Alexandria on patrol off Italian bases and soon lost three of their number (1-3). At the time mines were usually blamed, but it turned out Italian anti-submarine forces were far more effective than expected. The first loss was “ODIN” (1) off the Italian coast in the Gulf of Taranto, sunk by the guns and torpedoes of destroyer “Strale”.
16th - The second British submarine “GRAMPUS” (2), minelaying off Augusta, Sicily was caught and sunk by large torpedo boats “Circe” and “Clio”.
17th - Six Italian submarines [1-6] were sunk in the Mediterranean, half by the Royal Navy. However the first to go, “PROVANA” [1] was rammed and sunk off Oran, Algeria by French sloop “La Curieuse” after attacking a French convoy, and just a week before France was forced out of the war.
19th - Towards the other end of the North African coast, the third British loss “ORPHEUS” (3) was sent to the bottom by Italian destroyer “Turbine” north of the Cyrenaica port of Tobruk, soon to become a household name .
20th - The second Italian boat lost in the Mediterranean was “DIAMANTE” [2] torpedoed by submarine “Parthian” off Tobruk.
27th - The second Italian submarine lost was the “LIUZZI” [3] sunk by Med Fleet destroyers “Dainty”, “Ilex”, “Decoy” and the Australian “Voyager” south of Crete.
28th - As the Mediterranean Fleet 7th Cruiser Squadron covered convoy movements in the Eastern Mediterranean, three Italian destroyers carrying supplies between Taranto in southern Italy and Tobruk were intercepted. In a running gun battle, “ESPERO” was sunk by Australian cruiser “Sydney” to the southwest of Cape Matapan at the southern tip of Greece.
28th - The first of two Italian submarines sunk by RAF Sunderlands of No. 230 Sqdn was “ARGONAUTA” [4] in the central Med as she was believed to be returning from patrol off Tobruk
29th - The same Med Fleet destroyers after sinking “Liuzzi” two days earlier, were now southwest of Crete. They repeated their success by sinking “UEBI SCEBELI” [5].
29th - A day after their first success, the Sunderlands of No. 230 Sqdn sank “RUBINO” [6] in the Ionian Sea as she returned from the Alexandria area
British Force H - By the end of the month, Force H had been assembled at Gibraltar from units of the Home Fleet. Vice-Adm Sir James Somerville flew his flag in battlecruiser “Hood” and commanded battleships “Resolution” and “Valiant”, carrier “Ark Royal” and a few cruisers and destroyers. He reported directly to the Admiralty and not to the Commander, North Atlantic. From Gibraltar, Force H could cover the Western Mediterranean and the Atlantic, as happened in the May 1941 hunt for the “Bismarck”. Units could also quickly transfer back to the Home Fleet and UK waters as shortly became necessary at the height of the German invasion scare. There could be no better example of the flexibility of British naval power at this time.
Warship Loss Summary - In a confusing month, the Royal Navy had lost one light cruiser, one destroyer, three submarines and one sloop; the Italian Navy one destroyer and ten submarines, including four in the Red Sea.
Merchant Shipping War - Losses in the Mediterranean throughout the war would generally be low as most Allied shipping to and from the Middle East was diverted around the Cape of Good Hope.
Monthly Loss Summary
6 British, Allied and neutral ships of 45,000 tons from all causes.
JULY 1940
French Navy in the Mediterranean - 3rd - Action at Oran (Operation 'Catapult') - Adm Somerville arrived with Force H off the French Algerian base of Mers-el-Kebir near Oran. French Adm Gensoul was offered a number of choices to ensure his fleet with its four capital ships stayed out of Axis hands. All were turned down and, at around 18.00, Force H opened fire on the anchored ships. "BRETAGNE" blew up and the "Dunkerque" and "Provence", together with other ships, were badly damaged. Battlecruiser "Strasbourg" and some destroyers managed to break out in spite of attacks by aircraft from "Ark Royal", and reached Toulon in the south of France. Three days later the damaged "Dunkerque" was torpedoed at her moorings by Ark Royal's Swordfish. The tragic and unhappy episode was over as far as Oran was concerned. 4th - A more peaceful solution to the French naval presence was found at Alexandria. Adm Cunningham was able to reach agreement with Adm Godfrey on the demilitarisation of battleship "Lorraine", four cruisers and a number of smaller ships. No action was taken against the French warships at Algiers and Toulon. For the Royal Navy an unhappy but in British eyes, necessary duty had been carried out against our former French allies. French anger and bitterness was understandably considerable. 5th - Obsolescent torpedo-carrying Swordfish from carrier "Eagle's" squadrons flew from land bases on successful attacks against Tobruk and area. On the 5th, aircraft of 813 Squadron sank Italian destroyer "ZEFFIRO" and a freighter at Tobruk. The success was repeated two weeks later.
9th - Action off Calabria or Battle of Punto Stila (map above) - On the 7th, Adm Cunningham sailed from Alexandria with battleships "Warspite", Malaya", Royal Sovereign", carrier "Eagle", cruisers and destroyers to cover convoys from Malta to Alexandria and to challenge the Italians to action. Next day - the 8th - two Italian battleships, 14 cruisers and 32 destroyers were reported in the Ionian Sea covering a convoy of their own to Benghazi in Libya. Italian aircraft now started five days of accurate high-level bombing (also against Force H out of Gibraltar) and cruiser "Gloucester" was hit and damaged. Mediterranean Fleet headed for a position to cut off the Italians from their base at Taranto. On the 9th, Eagles aircraft failed to find the Italians and first contact was made by a detached cruiser squadron which was soon under fire from the heavier Italian ships. "Warspite" came up and damaged "Giulio Cesare" with a 15in hit. As the Italian battleships turned away, the British cruisers and destroyers engaged, but with little effect. Mediterranean Fleet pursued to within 50 miles of the south west Italian coast off Calabria before withdrawing.
As Adm Cunningham covered the by now delayed convoys to Alexandria, "Eagle's" Swordfish attacked Augusta harbour, Sicily on the 10th. Destroyer "Pancaldo" was torpedoed, but later re-floated and re-commissioned. 11th - Force H, which had put to sea on receiving reports of the Italian fleet, was now returning to Gibraltar, when screening destroyer "ESCORT" was sunk by the Italian submarine "Marconi".
16th - Submarine "PHOENIX" attacked an escorted tanker off Augusta and was lost to depth charges from Italian torpedo boat "Albatros".
19th - Action off Cape Spada (see map below) - Australian cruiser "Sydney" and destroyers "Hasty", "Havock", "Hero", "Hyperion" and "llex" on a sweep into the Aegean Sea were sent to intercept two reported Italian cruisers. Off Cape Spada at the north west tip of Crete, "BARTOLOMEO COLLEONI" was stopped by Sydney's gunfire and finished off with torpedoes from the destroyers. "Bande Nere" managed to escape.
20th - Carrier "Eagle's" Swordfish continued their strikes against Italian targets around Tobruk. In the nearby Gulf of Bomba, 824 Squadron was responsible for sinking destroyers "NEMBO" and "OSTRO" and another freighter.
Monthly Loss Summary
2 British, Allied and neutral ships of 7,000 tons
STRATEGIC & MARITIME SITUATION - MEDITERRANEAN
With the fall of France, Italy continued to dominate the central Mediterranean. The situation in the western basin became difficult, as shipping between Gibraltar and Malta could no longer look to Algeria and Tunis for protection. At the eastern end, Lebanon and Syria went over to Vichy France and in time endangered Britain's position in the Middle East. At the present, Greece and Crete remained neutral, otherwise enemy aircraft would dominate the Mediterranean Fleet as soon as it left Egyptian waters. This happened when they were occupied by the Germans. The comparatively healthy naval position also changed for the worse. In all except capital ships – seven British to six Italian - the Royal Navy was distinctly inferior in numbers to the Italians, but had its two near-priceless fleet carriers – “Ark Royal” based on Gibraltar, and “Eagle”, later joined by “Illustrious” operating out of Alexandria. They dominated the Mediterranean over the next six months. Fortunately the situation was also helped by the French Fleet staying neutral and out of Axis hands - that is, until its sovereignty was under attack when the French Navy fought back fiercely. The arrival of Force H at Gibraltar went some way to offsetting the loss of French naval power in the Western Mediterranean.
AUGUST 1940
1st - Submarine "OSWALD" on patrol south of the Strait of Messina reported Italian Navy movements. She was detected, and later rammed and sunk by destroyer "Vivaldi".
Malta - The decision was taken to reinforce Malta and in Operation 'Hurry', carrier "Argus" flew off 12 Hurricanes from a position southwest of Sardinia. This was the first of many reinforcement and supply operations, often bitterly fought to keep Malta alive and in the fight against Axis supply routes to their armies in North Africa. Now, as in the future, cover from the west was provided by Force H. The opportunity was taken for "Ark Royal's" aircraft to hit Sardinian targets. In the middle of the month, Mediterranean Fleet battleships "Warspite", "Malaya" and "Ramillies" bombarded Italian positions around Bardia in Libya, just over the border from Egypt.
22nd - Land-based Swordfish from "Eagle's" 824 Squadron repeated their July success with another torpedo strike in the Gulf of Bomba near Tobruk. Just as she prepared for a human torpedo attack on Alexandria, submarine "IRIDE" and a depot ship were sunk.
23rd - Heavy mining in the Strait of Sicily by Italian surface ships led to the loss of destroyer "HOSTILE" on passage from Malta to Gibraltar. Extensive Italian fields in the 'Sicilian Narrows' sank and damaged many Royal Navy ships over the next three years.
Monthly Loss Summary
1 ship of 1,000 tons
SEPTEMBER 1940
Royal Navy in the Mediterranean - Reinforcements were sent to the Mediterranean Fleet in Alexandria right through until the end of the year. They were covered from Gibraltar by Adm Somerville's Force H, then met in the central basin by Adm Cunningham and escorted the rest of the way. The opportunity was usually taken to carry in supplies of men and material to Malta. Early in September new fleet carrier "Illustrious" with its armoured flight deck, battleship "Valiant" and two cruisers were transferred in this way in Operation 'Hats'. On passage with the new arrivals, aircraft from Force H's "Ark Royal" attacked Sardinian targets. After joining up with carrier "Eagle" and now in the eastern Mad, "Illustrious" sent aircraft against Rhodes. The Italian Fleet sortied during these operations, but failed to make contact. The arrival of "Illustrious" allowed Adm Cunningham to go ahead with his plans to attack the Italian battlefleet at Taranto.
Vichy France - Three French cruisers with accompanying destroyers sailed from Toulon and, on the 11th, passed through the Strait of Gibraltar bound for French West Africa. All but one of the cruisers arrived at Dakar just as Operation 'Menace' was about to get underway. Adm Sir Dudley North, Flag Officer, North Atlantic, at Gibraltar was somewhat unfairly held responsible for allowing their passage. He was relieved of his command and never officially cleared.
North Africa - From bases in Libya, Italy invaded Egypt on the 13th. Sollum just over the border was occupied and Sidi Barrani reached on the 16th. There the Italian advance stopped. Neither side made a move until December.
17th - Units of the Mediterranean Fleet including battleship "Valiant" sailed with "Illustrious" for a raid on Benghazi. Swordfish biplanes torpedoed destroyer "BOREA" and mines laid by them off the port sank "AQUILONE". On the return to Alexandria, heavy cruiser "Kent" was detached to bombard Bardia, but torpedoed and badly damaged by Italian aircraft.
22nd - British submarine "Osiris" on patrol in the southern Adriatic attacked a convoy and sank Italian torpedo boat "PALESTRO".
30th - As Italian submarine "GONDAR" approached Alexandria carrying human torpedoes for an attack on the base, she was found by a RAF Sunderland of No 230 Squadron and sunk by Australian destroyer "Stuart".
Monthly Loss Summary
2 ships of 6,000 tons
OCTOBER 1940
2nd - Mediterranean Fleet destroyers "Havock" and "Hasty" sank Italian submarine "BERILLO" off Sollum the border town between Libya and Egypt.
12th/14th - Attacks on Malta Convoy - From Alexandria a convoy safely reached Malta covered by the Mediterranean Fleet with four battleships and carriers "Illustrious" and "Eagle". As the Fleet returned on the 12th, attacks were made by Italian light forces southeast of Sicily. Cruiser "Ajax" sank Italian torpedo boats "AIRONE" and "ARIEL" and badly damaged destroyer "ARTIGLIERE" which was finished off by heavy cruiser "York". Later heading back east, the carriers launched air strikes against Leros island in the Dodecanese. On the 14th as the Med Fleet headed for Alexandria, cruiser "Liverpool" was badly damaged by a torpedo hit from Italian aircraft.
15th - On patrol off Calabria, south west Italy in the Ionian Sea, submarine "RAINBOW" was lost in a gun action with the Italian submarine "Enrico Toti". At about this time "TRIAD" was probably mined off the Gulf of Taranto.
18th - Air and sea patrols accounted for two Italian submarines to the east of Gibraltar. On the 18th "DURBO" went down to attacks by destroyers "Firedrake" and "Wrestler" working with RAF London flying boats of No 202 Squadron.
20th - Two days after "Durbo's" sinking, Gibraltar-based destroyers "Gallant", "Griffin" and "Hotspur" accounted for the "LAFOLE".
Balkans - On the 28th, the Italians invaded Greece from points in Albania, but were soon driven back. Fighting continued on Albanian soil until April 1941.
Monthly Loss Summary
1 ship of 3,000 tons
NOVEMBER 1940
11th - Fleet Air Arm Attack on Taranto, Operation 'Judgement' - Early in the month a complex series of reinforcement and supply moves (1-5, map above) mounted from both ends of the Mediterranean led to the classic air attack on the Italian battlefleet at Taranto (6). (1) From Alexandria, Adm Cunningham, with battleships "Malaya", "Ramillies", Valiant" and "Warspite", carrier "Illustrious", cruisers and destroyers, sailed to cover west-bound convoys to Crete and Malta. Aircraft carrier "Eagle" had to be left behind because of defects caused by earlier bombing. (2) From Gibraltar, Force H in a separate operation called "Coat" supported the east-bound passage of battleship "Barham", two cruisers and three destroyers to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet. (3) Troop reinforcements were also carried to Malta at this time from Gibraltar. (4) Still in the eastern half of the Med, Adm Cunningham's Fleet met its new members and covered the return of an empty ship convoy from Malta. (5) On the 11th a cruiser force was detached for a successful attack on Italian shipping in the Strait of Otranto at the entrance to the Adriatic Sea.
(6) "Illustrious" meanwhile, escorted by cruisers and destroyers, headed for a position in the Ionian Sea 170 miles to the southeast of Taranto. All six battleships of the Italian Navy were at anchor there. That night she launched two waves of Swordfish biplanes, some belonging to "Eagle". Under the command of Lt-Cdrs K. Williamson and J. W. Hale, the total of no more than 20 aircraft of Number 813, 815, 819 and 824 Squadrons hit "CONTE DI CAVOUR" and "CAIO DIULIO" with one torpedo each and the brand new "LITTORIA" with three. All three battleships sank at their moorings and "Cavour" was never recommissioned, all for the loss of just two Swordfish.
The Japanese Navy studied the attack carefully, as Pearl Harbor learnt to its cost just a year later.
27th - Action off Cape Spartivento, Southern Sardinia - A fast convoy under the codename Operation 'Collar' sailed eastward from Gibraltar with ships for Malta and Alexandria. Cover as usual was provided by Force H with battlecruiser "Renown", carrier "Ark Royal", cruisers "Despatch" and "Sheffield". Meanwhile, units of the Mediterranean Fleet including "Ramillies" and cruisers "Newcastle", "Berwick" and "Coventry" headed west for a position south of Sardinia to meet them. Other ships accompanied the two Mediterranean Fleet carriers in separate attacks on Italian targets - "Eagle" on Tripoli, Libya and "Illustrious" on Rhodes off the southwest Turkish coast. These moves took place on the 26th. Next day, on the 27th, south of Sardinia, aircraft of Force H's "Ark Royal" sighted an Italian force with two battleships and seven heavy cruisers. Force H, now joined by the Med Fleet's "Ramillies", sailed to meet them. In an hour-long exchange of gunfire "Renown" and the cruisers were in action, during which time "Berwick" was damaged and an Italian destroyer badly hit. The slower "Ramillies" had not come up by the time the Italians had turned back for home. Adm Somerville pursued, but as he approached Italian shores had to turn back himself. The convoys arrived safely. Adm Somerville was later subjected to a board of enquiry for not continuing the pursuit of the Italian force, but was soon exonerated.
Balkans - As the Greek Army pushed back the Italians into Albania, RAF squadrons were sent from Egypt to Greece and the Royal Navy carried over the first Australian, British and New Zealand troops by cruiser. Mediterranean Fleet established an advance base at Suda Bay on the north coast of Crete.
Monthly Loss Summary
There were no British or Allied shipping losses in November 1940.
DECEMBER 1940
Late November/early December - Submarines "REGULUS" and "TRITON" were lost in late November or early December, possibly mined in the Strait of Otranto area at the southern end of the Adriatic Sea. Alternatively "Regulus" may have been sunk by Italian aircraft on 26th November.
3rd - At anchor in the poorly defended Suda Bay, cruiser "Glasgow" was hit by two torpedoes from Italian aircraft and badly damaged.
North Africa - Gen Wavell launched the first British offensive on the 9th against the Italian forces in Egypt. Sidi Barrani was captured on the 10th and by the end of the month British and Dominion troops had entered Libya for the first time. The offensive continued until February by which time El Agheila, half way across Libya and well on the way to Tripoli, had been reached. Italian losses in men and material were considerable. Units of the Mediterranean Fleet including the small ship Inshore Squadron and the Australian Destroyer Flotilla played an important part in supporting and supplying the North African land campaign. On the 13th, cruiser "Coventry" was torpedoed by Italian submarine "Neghelli", but remained operational.
14th - Also operating in support of the land campaign, destroyers "Hereward" and "Hyperion" sank Italian submarine "NAIADE" off Bardia, Libya just over the Egyptian border
Mediterranean Operations - Another series of convoy and offensive operations were carried out by the Mediterranean Fleet with battleships "Warspite", "Valiant "and carrier "Illustrious". On the 17th carrier aircraft attacked Rhodes and on the night of the 18th/19th the two battleships bombarded Valona, Albania. At the same time, battleship "Malaya" passed through to the west for Gibraltar. On the way, escorting destroyer "HYPERION" hit a nine near Cape Bon, northeast tip of Tunisia on the 22nd and had to be scuttled. "Malaya" carried on to meet up with Force H. The German Luftwaffe's X Fliegerkorps - including Ju87 Stuka dive-bombers - was ordered to Sicily and southern Italy to bolster the Italian Air Force.
Mediterranean Theatre after Seven Months - A total of nine Royal Navy submarines had been lost since June in the Mediterranean, a poor exchange for the sinking of 10 Italian merchantmen of 45,000 tons. Most of the submarines were the large, older boats transferred from the Far East and unsuited to the waters of the Mediterranean. In the same time the Italians had lost 18 submarines from all causes throughout the Mediterranean and Red Sea areas. Mussolini's claimed domination of the Mediterranean had not been apparent. In spite of the loss of French naval power, Force H and the Mediterranean Fleet had more than held the Italian Navy in check. Malta had been supplied and reinforced, and the British offensive in North Africa was underway. Elsewhere, the Greeks were driving the Italians back into Albania and away to the south the Italian East African Empire was about to be wound up. However, it was now only a matter of months and even weeks before the Luftwaffe appeared in Sicily, Gen Rommel in North Africa and the German Army in Greece, followed by Paratroops in Crete
Monthly Loss Summary
There were no British or Allied shipping losses in December.
1941
JANUARY 1941
North Africa - As the British advance continued into Libya, Bardia was taken on the 5th. Australian troops captured Tobruk on the 22nd and Derna, further west by the end of the month. The Royal Navy's Inshore Squadron played an important part in the campaign - bombarding shore targets, carrying fuel, water and supplies, and evacuating wounded and prisoners of war.
Air War - Hurricane fighters, transported to Takoradi in West Africa, started to arrive in Egypt after flying across the continent. They too played their part in the North African offensive. RAF Wellingtons raided Naples and damaged Italian battleship "Giulio Cesare".
6th-11th - Malta Convoy "Excess" - Another complex series of convoy and ship movements (1-6) revolving around Malta led to carrier "Illustrious" being badly damaged and the Royal Navy losing its comparative freedom of operation in the Eastern Mediterranean. This followed the arrival in Sicily of the German Luftwaffe's X Fliegerkorps. (1) On the 6th, convoy 'Excess' left Gibraltar for Malta and Greece covered by Gibraltar-based Force H. (2) At the same time the Mediterranean Fleet from Alexandria prepared to cover supply ships to Malta and (3) bring out empty ones. (4) Mediterranean Fleet cruisers "Gloucester" and "Southampton" carried troop reinforcements to Malta and then (5) carried on west to meet 'Excess'. (6) Force H returned to Gibraltar. By the 10th, 'Excess' had reached the Strait of Sicily and was attacked by Italian torpedo boats. "VEGA" was sunk by escorting cruiser "Bonaventure" and destroyer "Hereward". As the Mediterranean Fleet including "Illustrious" met the convoy off the Italian-held island of Pantelleria, screening destroyers "GALLANT" hit a mine. Towed back to Malta, she was not re-commissioned and finally wrecked by bombing over a year later in April 1942. Still west of Malta, heavy attacks by German and Italian aircraft were launched. "Illustrious" was singled out and hit six times by Ju87 and Ju88 bombers. Only the armoured flight deck saved her from total destruction as she struggled into Malta with 200 casualties. There, under continual attack, she was repaired temporarily and left on the 23rd for Alexandria. Sister-ship "Formidable" was sent out to replace her via the Cape of Good Hope, but it was some weeks before she reached the Eastern Mediterranean. On the 11th, the empty return Malta/Alexandria convoy was proceeding eastwards, with cruisers "Gloucester" and "Southampton" sailing from Malta to join up when they were attacked by German aircraft to the east of Malta. "SOUTHAMPTON" was bombed and sunk, "Gloucester" damaged. All merchantmen reached their destinations safely, but at a cost of a cruiser and destroyer, and the loss of "Illustrious'" vital air power.
19th - Destroyer Greyhound, escorting a convoy to Greece, sank Italian submarine "NEGHELLI" in the Aegean Sea
Monthly Loss Summary
No British, Allied or neutral merchant ships were lost in the Mediterranean.
FEBRUARY 1941
North Africa - Benghazi and British armoured forces crossed the Libyan desert to a point south of cut off the retreating Italians. The resulting Battle of Beda Fomm starting on the 5th inflicted heavy losses. Australian troops captured the major port of Benghazi at the same time, and by the 9th El Agheila was reached. There the advance stopped. Large numbers of British and Dominion troops were now withdrawn for transfer to Greece, just as the first units of the Afrika Korps under Gen Rommel arrived in Tripoli.
9th - Force H Attack in the Gulf of Genoa - "Ark Royal," "Renown" and "Malaya" sailed right up into the Gulf of Genoa, northwest Italy. The big ships bombarded the city of Genoa while "Ark Royal's" aircraft bombed Leghorn and laid mines off Spezia, all on the 9th. An Italian battlefleet sortied but failed to make contact.
24th - Destroyer "DAINTY" escorting supplies to Tobruk with the Inshore Squadron, was sunk off the port by German Ju87 Stukas.
25th - On patrol off the east coast of Tunisia, submarine "Upright" torpedoed and sank Italian cruiser "ARMANDO DIAZ" covering a convoy from Naples to Tripoli.
Monthly Loss Summary
2 British or Allied merchant ships of 8,000 tons.
MARCH 1941
Greece - In the space of three weeks in March, 60,000 British and Dominion troops were carried from North Africa to Greece, escorted by the Royal Navy (Operation 'Lustre').
6th - Italian submarine "ANFITRITE" attacked a troop convoy east of Crete and was sunk by escorting destroyer "Greyhound".
26th - At anchor in Suda Bay, northern Crete, heavy cruiser "YORK" was badly damaged by Italian explosive motor boats and beached. She was later wrecked by bombing and abandoned when Crete was evacuated in May.
28th - Mines laid by submarine "Rorqual" west of Sicily on the 25th, sank two Italian supply ships the next day and torpedo boat "CHINOTTO" on the 28th.
28th - Battle of Cape Matapan (map above) - As ships of the Mediterranean Fleet covered troop movements to Greece, 'Ultra' intelligence was received reporting the sailing of an Italian battlefleet with one battleship, six heavy and two light cruisers plus destroyers to attack the convoy routes. On the 27th, Vice-Adm Pridham-Wippell with cruisers "Ajax", "Gloucester", "Orion" and the Australian "Perth" and destroyers sailed from Greek waters for a position south of Crete. Adm Cunningham with carrier "Formidable" and battleships "Warspite", "Barham" and "Valiant "left Alexandria on the same day to meet the cruisers. Around 08.30 on the 28th, south of Crete, Adm Pridham-Wippell was in action with an Italian cruiser squadron. Just before noon he found himself between them and the battleship "Vittorio Veneto" which had now come up. An attack by Swordfish from "Formidable" failed to hit the Italian battleship, but enabled the British cruisers to extricate themselves. Mediterranean Fleet heavy units arrived, but their only chance of action was to slow down the Italians before they could reach Italy.
A second Swordfish strike at around 15.00 hit and slowed down "Vittorio Veneto", but only for a short while. At 19.30 a third strike southwest of Cape Matapan stopped heavy cruiser "Pola". All this time, RAF aircraft were attacking but without success. Later that evening (still on the 28th), two more heavy cruisers - "Fiume" and "Zara with four destroyers were detached to help "Pola". Before reaching her, Adm Cunningham's ships detected them by radar and "FIUME", "ZARA" and destroyers "ALFIERI" and "CARDUCCI" were crippled by the close range gunfire of "Barham", "Valiant" and "Warspite". All four Italians were finished off by four destroyers led by the Australian "Stuart". Early next morning on the 29th, "POLA" was found, partly abandoned. After taking off the remaining crew, destroyers "Jervis" and "Nubian" sank her with torpedoes. The Royal Navy lost one aircraft.
31st - Continuing her successes, "Rorqual" torpedoed and sank submarine "CAPPONI" off northeast Sicily.
31st - Cruiser "BONAVENTURE" with a Mediterranean Fleet cruiser force escorting a convoy from Greece to Egypt, was torpedoed and sunk to the southeast of Crete by Italian submarine Ambra.
Yugoslavia - On the 25th Yugoslavia joined the Tripartite Pact, but two days later an anti-Nazi coup toppled the Government.
North Africa - In command of German and Italian troops, Gen Rommel started his first offensive with the capture of El Agheila on the 24th. Within three weeks the British and Dominion forces were back in Sollum on the Egyptian side of the border.
Malta - Late in the month a small Malta convoy sailed from the east covered by the Mediterranean Fleet. These were the first supplies to arrive since the January 'Excess' operation. In the intervening two months Malta had been heavily attacked by the Axis air forces hoping to neutralise the island as a base for air and sea attacks against the supply routes to Libya.
Monthly Loss Summary
|
i don't know
|
Similarly, alphabetically, which would be the first of Shakespeare's plays?
|
Complete List of Shakespeare Plays
Complete List of Shakespeare Plays
List of Shakespeare Plays: The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Photo © Last Resort / Getty Images
By Lee Jamieson
Updated September 11, 2016.
It is believed that Shakespeare wrote 38 plays in total between 1590 and 1612. This list of Shakespeare plays brings together all 38 plays in the order in which they were first performed.
The exact order and dates of the first performances of Shakespeare’s plays are difficult to prove – and are therefore often in dispute. For arguments sake, the dates used in this list of Shakespeare plays are approximate.
Chronological List of Shakespeare Plays:
Henry VI Part II (1590-1591)
Henry VI Part III (1590-1591)
Henry VI Part I (1591-1592)
Richard III (1592-1593)
The Comedy of Errors (1592-1593)
Titus Andronicus (1593-1594)
The Taming of the Shrew (1593-1594)
The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594-1595)
Love’s Labour’s Lost (1594-1595)
The Merchant of Venice (1596-1597)
Henry IV Part I (1597-1598)
Henry IV Part II (1597-1598)
continue reading below our video
10 Best Universities in the United States
Henry V (1598-1599)
As You Like It (1599-1600)
Twelfth Night (1599-1600)
The Merry Wives of Windsor (1600-1601)
Troilus and Cressida (1601-1602)
All’s Well That Ends Well (1602-1603)
Measure for Measure (1604-1605)
|
All's Well That Ends Well
|
Who was fatally stabbed by Dimitri Tsafendas?
|
Complete List of Shakespeare Plays
Complete List of Shakespeare Plays
List of Shakespeare Plays: The Complete Works of William Shakespeare. Photo © Last Resort / Getty Images
By Lee Jamieson
Updated September 11, 2016.
It is believed that Shakespeare wrote 38 plays in total between 1590 and 1612. This list of Shakespeare plays brings together all 38 plays in the order in which they were first performed.
The exact order and dates of the first performances of Shakespeare’s plays are difficult to prove – and are therefore often in dispute. For arguments sake, the dates used in this list of Shakespeare plays are approximate.
Chronological List of Shakespeare Plays:
Henry VI Part II (1590-1591)
Henry VI Part III (1590-1591)
Henry VI Part I (1591-1592)
Richard III (1592-1593)
The Comedy of Errors (1592-1593)
Titus Andronicus (1593-1594)
The Taming of the Shrew (1593-1594)
The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594-1595)
Love’s Labour’s Lost (1594-1595)
The Merchant of Venice (1596-1597)
Henry IV Part I (1597-1598)
Henry IV Part II (1597-1598)
continue reading below our video
10 Best Universities in the United States
Henry V (1598-1599)
As You Like It (1599-1600)
Twelfth Night (1599-1600)
The Merry Wives of Windsor (1600-1601)
Troilus and Cressida (1601-1602)
All’s Well That Ends Well (1602-1603)
Measure for Measure (1604-1605)
|
i don't know
|
Which planet in the solar system has several moons named after characters in Shakespeare's 'A Midsummer- Night's Dream'?
|
Shakespeare's Moons, the moons of Uranus - Bob the Alien's Tour of the Solar System
Welcome to Uranus The Tilted Planet Discovery of Uranus Shakespeare's Moons Miranda, a moon of Uranus Facts about Uranus
Thousands of years ago, when the Romans and Greeks were naming the planets that were visible to them, they decided to name them after their gods. Mercury (Greek: Hermes) was the Roman god of commerce, travel and industry, Venus (Greek: Aphrodite) was the goddess of love and beauty, Mars (Greek: Ares) was the god of war, Jupiter (Greek: Zeus) was the king of the gods, and Saturn (Greek: Cronos) was the god of agriculture. Hundreds of years later, even when people knew that the planets weren't actually gods, they still kept with tradition and named newly discovered planets after mythological characters. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto were all discovered in modern times, but their names are all still linked to ancient myths. Uranus is the Greek ruler of the heavens, Neptune (Greek: Poseidon) is the Roman god of the sea, and Pluto (Greek: Hades) is god of the underworld. The names of moons orbiting planets are also influenced by mythology. This is all except for one planet. The moons orbiting Uranus are named after characters in plays, mostly after characters in plays written by William Shakespeare. Why would you name moons after characters in a play though? Before I answer that, here's my quick guide to Shakespeare.
One of the greatest ever writers of the English language was William Shakespeare. He was born on 23rd April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England and during his life, wrote about 154 poems (called sonnets) and 38 plays. From 1588, he lived in London where many of his plays were performed in front of the courts of the Royal Family. Although his plays are now over 400 years old, they are still performed and studied today, containing themes and ideas which are as relevant now as they were when they were first written. The Globe Theatre in London was opened in 2000 and is a modern day replica of the type of theatre in which Shakespeare's plays would have originally been performed. Some of Shakespeare's most famous plays are Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet and A Midsummer Night's Dream. Shakespeare died on 23rd April 1616 and is buried in Stratford-upon-Avon church. Although Shakespeare wrote a large number of plays, these plays can be placed into four categories: Comedies, Histories, Tragedies and Romances. The Comedies were often farcical comedies of error, kind of like Fawlty Towers for the 16th Century (e.g. A Midsummer Night's Dream) . The Histories were based on real historical events, usually about English history (Henry IV, Part 1) or ancient history. Tragedies were plays with darker themes (such as betrayal and jealousy) and by the end of the play, most of the characters had died! (Romeo and Juliet, King Lear). The Romances were a bit lighter in theme and featured elements of fantasy and magic (A Winter's Tale, The Tempest).
William Shakespeare is a hugely influential figure in English literature today. Students still analyse and discuss his works, and tourists from all over the world visit Stratford-upon-Avon to visit Shakespeare's house (pictured right). His importance inspired William Herschel in 1787 to name some of the moons known to be orbiting Uranus after characters in Shakespeare's plays.
In 1781, Uranus became the first planet to be " discovered ". The other planets that were known of at the time ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn ) plus the Sun and the Moon had been observed for tens of thousands of years from Earth and already had names, named by the Greeks and Romans after their gods. Before 1781, nobody knew that Uranus existed and people thought there were only six planets in the Solar System. Although Uranus had already been spotted numerous times, it was English astronomer William Herschel who first recognised that Uranus was actually a planet and not a star . Because the planet was discovered by an English astronomer , not an ancient Roman or Greek, it was very nearly named Georgian Sidus ("George's Star"), in honour of England's ruler at the time, King George the Third. Unsurprisingly, the scientific community didn't really like this name, wanting the new planet to keep the tradition of being named after Roman or Greek gods. So the seventh planet in the Solar System became known as Uranus, a name suggested by German astronomer Johann Elert Bode.
In 1787, a few years after discovering Uranus, William Herschel discovered two large moons orbiting the planet. Wanting to honour his British background once more, Herschel decided this time to honour the greatest playwright in English history by naming the two moons after characters in one of his plays. The moons were named Titania and Oberon after the King and Queen of the Fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Again, some people (such as the German ambassador) kicked up a fuss, wanting the moons to be named after classical figures, but the names chosen by Herschel remained and the tradition of naming moons of Uranus after literary characters began. In 1851, William Lassell discovered two more large moons orbiting Uranus. These were named Ariel and Umbriel. Ariel and Umbriel are characters in Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock, names chosen by Willian Herschel's son, John. These are the only two moons orbiting Uranus named after characters in non-Shakespearean plays, although one of the main characters in The Tempest by Shakespeare is also named Ariel. The next moon to be discovered was in 1948 by American astronomer Gerard Kuiper. This moon was named Miranda, another character from The Tempest. It wasn't until Voyager visited Uranus in 1986 that any more moons were discovered. All of these moons, and all moons discovered since then have been named after characters in Shakespeare's plays. Even moons yet to be discovered will be named after Shakespeare's characters. He may have knew his plays were pretty good back when he was writing them, but even Shakespeare wouldn't have imagined that his characters would one day become immortalised in worlds millions and millions of miles away from his home in Stratford!
Here is a list of all of the moons of Uranus, their size and location, the date they were discovered and where their names originate.
Name
|
Uranus
|
According to Genesis,how old was Methuselah when he died (within 10 years)?
|
ASP: Next Stop: Uranus
© 1986, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 390 Ashton Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94112
Next Stop: Uranus
On January 24, 1986. the aging but still active Voyager 2 spacecraft will become the first mission to fly by the seventh planet in our solar system. a giant, bluish-green, and often puzzling world called Uranus. Mission scientists predict that we will learn more about this distant planet in the six hours of closest encounter than we have in the roughly 200 years since Uranus was discovered. In this issue of
The Universe in the Classroom
, we summarize our current knowledge of the complex Uranus system and provide some background to help you evaluate and explain the Voyager results to your classes.
History
Uranus was the first planet to be discovered that was not known to the ancients. It was found on March 13, 1781 by an amateur astronomer (and professional musician) named William Herschel, using a homemade 6.2-inch telescope. At first Herschel thought he had merely discovered a new comet, but it soon became apparent that the new object behaved like a planet. After some debate it was named Uranus, after the god in Greek mythology who most closely personified the heavens. (Uranus was the father of the Titans and thus grandfather of Jupiter.)
As a result of his pioneering find, Herschel received a life-long stipend from the king of England and was able to continue building larger and larger telescopes and making a host of important discoveries. Among these was his spotting of two of Uranus's moons, Titania and Oberon, in 1787. (Uranus's satellites are the only ones in the solar system not named after figures in Greek and Roman mythology; instead they are named for characters in English literature. Oberon and Titania are the rulers of the fairies in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream.)
Two further moons were discovered by the British astronomer William Lassell in 1851 and named Ariel and Umbriel, after characters in Alexander Pope's Rape of the Lock. (Ariel is also a figure in Shakespeares The Tempest.) Uranus's fifth moon was not discovered until 1948. when the noted American astronomer Gerard Kuiper used an 82-inch telescope in Texas to distinguish its faint light. It is called Miranda after another character in The Tempest.
In 1977 a team of astronomers led by James Elliot of MIT discovered an extremely faint system of rings encircling Uranus. Flying aboard a jet aircraft equipped with a sizeable telescope, they found the rings by watching the Uranus system pass in front of a star. As expected, when the disk of the planet was in front of the star, the starlight was blocked (or eclipsed). Unexpectedly, the astronomers also saw several brief eclipses before and after Uranus was scheduled to cover the star. After careful analysis of their data, they surmised that the starlight was being alternately hidden and revealed by several thin, dark rings.
Uranus's Rings and Moons from Earth
This picture is the first visible-light image to show the rings of Uranus. It was produced in 1984 by Drs. Bradford Smith of the University of Arizona and Richard Terrile of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. They used the Carnegie Institution of Washington's 2.5-meter (100-inch) du Pont telescope high in the Chilean Andes, equipped with an electronic camera, to register the original image. The data recorded by the camera were then computer processed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to bring out details which would have been undetectable if the image had been recorded by conventional photographic means.
We view the Uranus system nearly pole-on now, because Uranus's spin axis is tilted by about 90 degrees relative to its orbit path and since it is in a part of its orbit where one pole is pointed almost directly toward the Sun and the inner planets (including Earth). The rings and satellites orbit around the plane above its equator, so we see them surrounding Uranus spread out like this. Notice that the ring system is more distinct at lower-right than elsewhere; this is because — unlike Saturn's rings — Uranus's are broader on one side than on the other.
JPL computer-processing created the false "three-dimensional'' effect, which helps make the very dark rings stand out clearly, even though they are close to the much brighter planet. The vertical lines are due to minor defects in the detector. (Photograph courtesy of NASA.)
Uranus: The Planet Uranus is one of the giant planets in the solar system, a designation it shares with Jupiter, Saturn, and its more distant neighbor, Neptune. It is a bluish-green globe about 51,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) in diameter, some four times the size of our Earth. In three dimensions, some 64 Earths could fit into the volume of the giant planet.
Uranus is more than 19 times farther from the Sun than our Earth, taking about 84 Earth years to circle our star. Its average distance from the Sun is 1.8 billion miles, so large that when Herschel discovered the planet it almost doubled the size of the known solar system.
As a result of its remoteness, the amount of sunlight reaching Uranus is very small indeed — only about 1/400th the intensity of the sunlight we enjoy on Earth. This is a question of more than just academic interest, since the darkness will make it more difficult for Voyager's cameras to take photographs than it was at Jupiter or Saturn. Because we see planets only by the sunlight they reflect back to us, Uranus is always a faint object in our sky. In a recent issue of Sky & Telescope magazine James Elliot calculates that the total amount of light astronomers have seen observing Uranus since 1781 is less than the light produced simply by turning on an average flashlight for one second.
One of the most interesting features of Uranus's motion is that the planet is rotating "on its side.'' The planets in our solar system generally circle the Sun in a flat plane. If you imagine passing a thick (cosmic) sheet of paper through the Sun's equator, the orbits of the planets would be found more or less in that sheet. In addition to their motion about the Sun, the planets also spin on their axes, producing day and night. These axes are generally perpendicular to the plane of the solar system. Venus, for example, has an axis that points almost straight up and down; Earth's axis is tilted by 23 degrees. giving us our varying seasons.
Uranus's axis is tilted by about 90 degrees from the vertical, meaning its axis lies more or less in the plane of the solar system — Uranus spins on its side. Right now Uranus's south pole is pointing almost directly at the Sun and its north pole is in complete darkness. As the planet slowly circles the Sun, the part facing the Sun gradually changes. In 42 years, it will be the north pole that receives the feeble rays of the distant Sun and the south pole that is shrouded in darkness.
We are not sure why Uranus rotates on its side. One idea is that early in the history of the solar system, one large chunk of forming matter or a number of smaller chunks collided with Uranus and tipped it over. But it is not easy trying to reconstruct events that occurred billions of years ago (and billions of miles away).
Astronomers are also not sure how fast Uranus spins about its sideways axis — current estimates suggest about 16 Earth hours, but this number is very uncertain. We hope Voyager will soon give us the definitive answer to this question — and many others.
The Rings
Uranus's rings have been observed with the starlight-blocking (or occultation) technique 13 more times since they were discovered in 1977. We now know that there are at least nine narrow rings encircling the planet. They are not easy to see even with sophisticated modern techniques. First of all, the whole system is very narrow — probably no more than 10,000 km (6000 miles) from the inner edge to the outer edge. By contrast, Saturn's main ring system is 70,000 km wide and some of its outer rings stretch another 100,000 km farther from the planet. Uranus's rings themselves vary in width from just 2 kilometers for the innermost rings, to almost 100 kilometers for the widest part of the ring.
A second reason Uranus's rings are so hard to make out is that they are very very dark, reflecting little of the sparse sunlight they receive. For example, the outermost ring (called the epsilon ring) reflects only 5 percent of the light it receives. Furthermore, the rings all lie within 26,500 kilometers (16,500 miles) of the planet's comparative!y much brighter cloudtops. making their feeble light even more difficult to distinguish.
Astronomers have learned a bit more about the rings by studying not their visible light, but the faint heat rays (infrared) they emit. Once again, however, the close-up Voyager photos will help us sort out just how many rings there are and what their detailed properties might be.
One noteworthy and fundamental puzzle is just how the rings, which are made up of many smaller particles orbiting together, maintain their thin structure without spreading out. One suggestion is that tiny moons on either side of each ring act as "shepherds'' holding the ring particles in their narrow orbits. Voyager investigators will be on the lookout for evidence of these shepherding satellites during the flyby.
Uranus Characteristics
* "Surface'' here means the cloudtops; Uranus may not have a solid surface at all.
Uranus's Satellites
The accompanying tab!e gives our best (pre-Voyager) estimates for the characteristics of Uranus's five known satellites. Overall, they appear some 2000 times fainter to us than the faintest star that can be seen with the naked eye, so it should not be surprising that we don't know a great deal about them. All are cold worlds, with the surface temperature never exceeding minus 190 degrees centigrade. They vary in size from a chunk about the size of an asteroid to a world less than half of the size of our Moon. (It is interesting that Uranus is the only giant planet without a large moon; Jupiter, Saturn, and Neptune each have one or more satellites that are comparable in size to our Moon.)
If the Voyager exploration of Jupiter and Saturn is any indication, we may well discover previously unknown satellites around Uranus during our brief visit. In fact, three astronomers at MIT have already predicted the existence of another satellite inside the orbit of Miranda (the innermost known moon) from the detailed study of the motion of the rings. We shall see how well their prediction comes out.
One major challenge of the Voyager flyby involves the orientation of Uranus's moons Voyager is approaching the planet from the general direction of the Sun — the same direction Uranus's south pole now faces. The satellites, on the other hand, orbit about the equator of the planet. This means that as Voyager approaches its rendesvous, the orbits of the satellites will present a kind of bullseye to our spacecraft. Just like a bullet can only pierce a target in one place, so Voyager can only select one point in that bullseye to fly through. (When Voyager passed by Jupiter and Saturn, it flew more along the plane of the satellites' orbits and was able to explore several moons in succession.) To get the best views of both the planet and some satellites. Voyager scientists have programmed the spacecraft to fly closest to the small inner moon Miranda. The plan calls for Voyager to pass within 29,000 kilometers (18,000 mi) of Miranda and within 81,000 km (51,000 mi) of Uranus's cloudtops. However, Voyager's cameras will be trained on all the other moons as well, even if the views will not be quite as detailed as our images of Miranda.
Uranus's Satellites
Bennett, G.: "Voyager 2 Encounter with Uranus'' in Astronomy, Sep.1985.
Croswell, K.: "Uranus On the Eve of the Encounter'' in Astronomy Sep.1985.
Cruikshank, D.: "Uranus: Distant Giant'' in The Planets, ed. B. Preiss (1985, Bantam)
Elliot, J.:"'Uranus: The View from Earth'' in Sky & Telescope, Nov.1985.
Elliot, J.: "Discovering the Rings of Uranus'' in Sky & Telescope, June, 1977.
Miner, E.: "Voyager 2 and Uranus'' in Sky & Telescope, Nov. 1985.
History
Alexander A.: The Planet Uranus: A History of Observations, Theory and Discovery, (1965, Faber & Faber)
Bennett, J.: "The Discovery of Uranus'' in Sky & Telescope, Mar. 1981.
<< previous page | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | next page >>
|
i don't know
|
Which Lancashire actress played the part of 'Daphne Moon' in 'Frasier'?
|
Jane Leeves - IMDb
IMDb
Actress | Soundtrack | Miscellaneous Crew
Jane Leeves has made her mark in the entertainment world, acting in television, theater and film over the past 20 years. Leeves stars in the Emmy® Award-winning TV Land series, Hot in Cleveland (2010), which in 2011 was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award® for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. Leeves plays eyebrow ... See full bio »
Born:
|
Jane Leeves
|
Which horse won this year's (2007) Cheltenham Gold Cup?
|
Daphne Moon | The frasier Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
Daphne was born in Manchester, England, the only daughter in a family of nine children. She spent much of her childhood playing nurse and housemaid to her brothers. She has a complex love-hate relationship with her domineering mother, Gertrude Moon (played by Millicent Martin); her relationship with her father, Harry (played by Brian Cox), is much warmer and closer.
As a young girl, Daphne was an actress in the hit British sitcom Mind Your Knickers (a show about "ethnically diverse" 12-year-olds in a private girls boarding school). Her career ended at age 16 when she became too tall and busty to play her short, pre-teen character. During her youth, she gained considerable skill at billiards, claiming to have won many tournaments. Daphne then took up a career as a physical therapist, working one-on-one with various invalids and shut-ins. At an indeterminate time, she migrates across the Atlantic to live in Seattle, seeking a new life free of her domineering family. Her first job in America was at a convenience store (it is implied she was once robbed there). In the third season finale "You Can Go Home Again", it is revealed that prior to being hired by the Cranes, she had a chance encounter with them at Cafe Nervosa. In the series premiere "The Good Son", Daphne is hired by Frasier Crane to assist Frasier's father, Martin Crane, with his daily activities and exercises. Martin suffers pain and discomfort from a gunshot wound to his hip that forced him to retire from the Seattle police department.
Personality
Edit
Like most characters on Frasier, Daphne has many eccentricities. She often tells rambling stories about her family, cheerfully remembering rather grim or traumatic events, to the considerable discomfort of the Crane family. She is also a firm believer in the supernatural, and believes herself to be "a bit psychic". The Crane family loathes her poor cooking skills, taking jabs at English cuisine. Daphne's apparent psychic abilities are often treated with ambiguity on the show, and her various 'visions' are sometimes shown to have come true, sometimes in a roundabout way and sometimes very accurately. On the other hand, for the first seven seasons of the series, the supposedly psychic Daphne never suspects Niles' passionate infatuation with her, which is painfully evident to Frasier and Martin. (Indeed, she only finally learns of this when Frasier, in a tranquilized, drowsy state, tells her outright.) As the series progressed, Daphne's psychic abilities were considerably down played. Daphne is mostly portrayed as kind and down-to-Earth, often perplexed and exasperated by Frasier's snobbery and pretension. Although they fight and bicker over Martin's therapy sessions, she gets along with Martin much better as they are capable of sharing activities as she is his care-giver and constant companion.
Role In The Series
Edit
Daphne's most significant developing relationship over the course of the series is with Frasier Crane's younger brother, Niles. Unbeknownst to Daphne, Niles falls in love with her in the third episode, when they first meet; despite the increasing obviousness of Niles' infatuation, Daphne remains utterly oblivious to Niles' feelings towards her, though they become increasingly close friends. Niles says nothing to Daphne, at first because he is married, later because she is involved with numerous (frequently unsuccessful) relationships with other men. Even when she is not, Frasier has one excuse or another to prevent Niles from telling her anything.
Niles' feelings are ultimately, and accidentally, revealed by Frasier in Season 7. Shocked to discover Niles' true feelings towards her, Daphne finds herself falling in love with Niles in return, placing her in the position Niles had been in for many years: in love with someone unaware of her true feelings.
Heartbroken to discover that he had, on impulse, married his girlfriend Mel, Daphne intends to go ahead with her own marriage to Niles' divorce lawyer Donny, until Frasier intervenes. In a four-part episode closing Season 7 and opening Season 8, Niles finally confesses his feelings to her, and although she initially tells him both of them are better off staying with their current partners (each having made a serious commitment), Daphne changes her mind by the next morning, abandoning Donny at the altar, to Niles' euphoria.
Shortly thereafter, she gains sixty pounds (4 stone 4 pounds), but Niles is so blinded by love he doesn't notice until Daphne falls to the floor and is too heavy to get up without the help of Frasier, Niles and Martin (who remarks "it took three Cranes to lift you"). The weight problem was written into the show to allow Leeves to continue working while pregnant. Daphne then left for several weeks to attend a "spa for fat people" and returned with her figure restored. Her therapist at the spa, Gloria, tells her that she began over-eating to create distance between herself and Niles because she was afraid that she wouldn't be able to live up to Niles' lofty expectations after he spent the last seven years believing she was perfect ("Daphne Returns"). During the episode "It Takes Two to Tangle" in which she did not appear while at the resort, Niles tells Roz that Daphne had lost 9 pounds, 12 ounces (the weight of Leeves' baby in real life).
At some point in Season 10, she becomes a U.S. Citizen. In the first episode of Season 10, Daphne and Niles marry in a small, private ceremony in Reno, Nevada. The rest of Season 10 and early Season 11 show Daphne and Niles adjusting to their new life as a wedded couple. Daphne and Niles have their first child, David, in the final episode of the series, "Goodnight, Seattle". (He is named after the show's co-creator David Angell who died in the September 11, 2001 attacks.)
Family
Edit
Daphne grew up in a very large dysfunctional family. They are often the subject of her long-winded tales that sometimes leave the Cranes somewhat perplexed. Although they are frequently mentioned, the first time one of her family members appears on the show is in the season 7 episode "Dark Side of the Moon", in which Donny surprises Daphne with a visit from her brother, Simon (Anthony LaPaglia), not knowing that she dislikes him (her favorite brother, Stephen, never appears until the final episode, where he is played by Richard E. Grant). In "Something Borrowed, Someone Blue" Daphne's mother makes her first appearance, while her father only makes his debut in Season 9.
In the episode "An Affair to Forget" she mentions she had an ancestor who served on HMS Bounty who took Fletcher Christian's side in the mutiny. According to her he made it to Pitcairn Island with a Tahitian wife and had several children. When she mentioned to Niles that there may be scantily-clad Polynesian versions of her on the island, he nearly fainted as the image entered his mind.
Five out of Daphne's eight brothers have appeared on the show; few of them maintained consistency with Daphne's northern accent. LaPaglia, an Australian actor, faked a Cockney accent playing Simon, while Robbie Coltrane, who is Scottish, played Daphne's brother Michael with a muddled Brummie (Birmingham) accent—which had a distinct Scottish lilt to it—explained away by Niles as being a result of his being dropped as a baby. Richard E Grant played Stephen Moon with an indeterminate accent somewhere between posh English and mock Cockney. Most of the brothers are portrayed as lawless, alcoholic ne'er-do-wells and womanizers, routinely getting into trouble with the law, getting drunk and appearing at inopportune moments. Her brother Billy is the exception to the norm and is implied to be gay, such as in the episode Daphne's Room, in which Daphne said her brothers would "sneak into the bathroom and peek at me in the shower ... except for me brother Billy, the ballroom dancer. He never peeked at me, though he did peek at me brother Nigel." When Daphne talks with her mom Gertrude about resuming her sex life with Niles after his heart surgery, Gertrude tells her to "use your feminine wiles - that's how your brother Billy landed Kevin." According to Daphne, Billy rejected the family's traditional fishing background by announcing that he "hated the smell of fish, and was going to teach ballroom dancing." Daphne also has an uncle, Jackie, who lives in San Francisco, and who is said to be both a clergyman and a transvestite.
Accent
Edit
British television critics took aim at Jane Leeves' affected Mancunian accent. Leeves claimed that the accent was tailored to imply that Daphne had come of age in Manchester but had since spent a great deal of time in the United States
|
i don't know
|
"Which bird may be described as ""a small finch with a brownish-green back, with shades of yellow and a black cap""?"
|
Lesser Goldfinch - Whatbird.com
Lesser Goldfinch
Copyright © 2004 - 2017 Mitch Waite Group
PHOTOS
Photos we are missing.
CONSERVATION STATUS
The Lesser Goldfinch is a terrestrial bird species that is native to North America as well s countries in Central America and South America. This bird is considered to be regionally extinct in Cuba. The range of this bird is almost 4 million square kilometers. The population of the Lesser Goldfinch is about 3 million square kilometers. This bird species is currently rated as Least Concern. The prior rating for the Lesser Goldfinch was Lower Risk. At this time there are not any immediate concerns regarding the population or the range of the Lesser Goldfinch.
IBIRD EXPLORER GENERAL
posted on May 13, 2013 07:47 AM
PHOTO SHARING AND DISCUSSION
posted on December 01, 2009 12:06 PM
BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY
posted on June 12, 2016 09:03 PM
SUMMARY
Overview
Lesser Goldfinch: Small finch with dark back (black in the east, dark green in the west), black crown, bright yellow underparts. Wings, tail black with white markings. Forages in shrubs, brush, weedy fields for seeds and insects. Swift flight, alternates rapid wing beats with wings pulled to sides.
Range and Habitat
Lesser Goldfinch: Resident from Washington, Oregon, and northern Nevada east to northern Colorado and Texas, and south beyond the U.S.-Mexico border. Eastern race is found from northern Colorado southward through Texas and westward to Utah and Arizona. Western race occurs from Utah westward to Columbia River. Preferred habitats include oak savannas and woodlands.
SONGS AND CALLS
INTERESTING FACTS
The Lesser Goldfinch was first described in 1823 by Thomas Say, an American naturalist.
Males are markedly polymorphic and 5 subspecies are often named; at least 2 of them seem to represent a less-progressed stage in evolution.
Their molt shows a broad zone of intergradation, with the molting period, timing, and pattern varying depending on geographical location.
A group of goldfinches has many collective nouns, including a " 007", "charm", "rush", "treasury", and "vein" of goldfinches.
SIMILAR BIRDS
About this North America Map
This map shows how this species is distributed across North America.
FAMILY DESCRIPTION
Fringilline and Cardueline Finches and Allies (Fringillidae)
ORDER
Also known as perching birds, the order PASSERIFORMES (pronounced pas-ser-i-FOR-meez) is composed of one hundred and eighteen families of birds, among which are included the insectivorous warblers and the seed-eating finches.
FAMILY TAXONOMY
The Fringillidae (pronounced frin-JIHL-lih-dee) is a widespread bird family found on most continents and includes two hundred and seven species of finches in thirty-nine genera.
NORTH AMERICA
Eighty-nine species of fringillidae in twenty-nine genera have occurred in North America and Hawaii. These include familiar feeder visitors such as goldfinches and siskins, the nomadic rosy-finches of the high mountains, and a group with several extinct species; the Hawaiian Honeycreepers.
KNOWN FOR
Fringillidae are known for their seed-eating behavior and cheery songs; characteristics that facilitated and popularized the domestication of the Island Canary. Finches such as White-winged Crossbills are also known for their "irruptive" migrations in search of food sources that can make them locally common one winter and absent the next.
PHYSICAL
Fringillidae are primarily small birds with stout, short bills adapted to cracking open seeds and have short legs for a mostly arboreal lifestyle. Most species also have slightly forked tails and long wings, both useful for the large amount of flying needed to find seeding plants. Although some Hawaiian Honeycreepers share this general structure, others evolved a variety of bill shapes related to the habitat niches they occupy.
COLORATION
North American Fringillidae are generally plumaged in shades of red, yellow, brown and dull green - these colors being more vivid in the case of the Hawaiian Honeycreepers. Male finches are more brightly colored than females, the yellow and black plumage of male goldfinches being especially striking.
GEOGRAPHIC HABITAT
Fringillidae in North America occupy forest and non-forest habitats, coniferous forests being favored by most species while native Hawaiian forests are necessary for the survival of the Hawaiian Honeycreepers. The non-forest niche is filled by goldfinches (birds of weedy fields and desert), the House Finch (a desert species that has become adapted to urban environments) and the rosy-finches of alpine snow fields and tundra.
MIGRATION
Most Fringillidae are adapted to cold weather and only migrate when seed crops on their breeding grounds become scarce. Rosy-finches practice "vertical migration," moving to nearby lower elevations with better supplies of food during the winter.
HABITS
Members of the Fringillidae family are very social birds typically found in flocks outside of the breeding season. Although the rosy-finches take much insect prey on the ground and some Hawaiian Honeycreepers eat nectar, most finches forage for seeds in trees and bushes.
CONSERVATION
While Fringillidae in the United States and Canada are doing quite well, most Hawaiian Honeycreeper species are highly endangered with many having already gone extinct and others in decline because of their high susceptibility to introduced diseases such as avian malaria and changes to the native forests they inhabit.
INTERESTING FACTS
The aptly named crossbills have curious curved bills with crossed tips. Although it looks more like a bill deformity than a useful tool, this specialized bill shape is perfect for extracting seeds from pine cones. Males of the House, Cassin's, and Purple Finch species can sometimes develop yellow or orange rather than red plumage depending upon the amount of carotenoids present in their food sources.
TERMINOLOGY
|
Siskin
|
'Sushi' is freshfish or other seafood served with rice, but what is usually added to the rice?
|
Finches | Lee's Birdwatching Adventures Plus
Lee's Birdwatching Adventures Plus
Birdwatching from a Christian Perspective
Menu
Disclaimer About Bible Version Usage
Copyright
© Lee, a j mithra, April, Guest Authors, the Photographers and Lee's Birdwatching Adventures Plus, 2008-2012. Excerpts and links may be used, provided that full and clear credit is given to Lee, April, Guest Authors, the Photographers and Lee's Birdwatching Adventures Plus with appropriate and specific direction to the original content. Also, please honor the copyrights of articles and photos we have received permission to use.
Tag Archives: Finches
1
House Finch (Haemorhous mexicanus) by Ian
Also he spoke of trees, from the cedar tree of Lebanon even to the hyssop that springs out of the wall; he spoke also of animals, of birds, of creeping things, and of fish. (1 Kings 4:33 NKJV)
Well, we are still working our way through the large Fringillidae – Finches family. Today, Part III, we will begin with the genus Haemorhous (various shades of red are characteristic plumage colors of this group) which is more familiar to us in the U.S. Those are our Purple, Cassin’s, and House Finches.
Yellow-breasted Greenfinch (Chloris spinoides) ©WikiC
After them the Greenfinches of the Chloris genus and the lone Desert Finch (Rhodospiza obsoleta), three Golden-winged Grosbeak (Rhynchostus) and an Oriole Finch (Linurgus olivaceus)
Yellow Canary (Crithagra flaviventris) Male ©WikiC
The next genus – Crithagra has 37 species which include Seedeaters, Citril, Canary, Serin, Siskin, and Grosbeak-Canary. With those, will end Finches III and save the rest of the family for Finches IV. Maybe with the DNA testing going on, some of this family may be split off to other families in the future and won’t be so large.
In case you missed the first two parts, you can click these links. Sunday Inspiration – Finches I and Sunday Inspiration – Finches II
This slideshow requires JavaScript.
*
By them the birds of the heavens have their home; They sing among the branches. He waters the hills from His upper chambers; The earth is satisfied with the fruit of Your works. (Psalms 104:12-13 NKJV)
“Shout To The North and the South” ~ by Faith Baptist Church Choir
*
0
Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator) ©WikiC
The LORD is good to all: and his tender mercies are over all his works. All thy works shall praise thee, O LORD; and thy saints shall bless thee. (Psalms 145:9-10 KJV)
The Fringillidae – Finches are another large family. With 225 species, the Sunday Inspiration will again have to be divided. This first group includes the Fringilla, Mycerobas, Hesperiphona, Coccothraustes, Eophona, Pinicola, Pyrrhulla, Leucosticte and Carpodacus genus. That is a total of 61 beautiful creations for Our Lord to check out. So, let’s see who they are.
Blue Chaffinch (Fringilla teydea) ©WikiC
The first three are from the Fringilla genus. Common Chaffinch, Blue Chaffinch and Brambling. The Chaffinch and Brambling breed in much of Europe, across Asia to Siberia and in northwest Africa. It prefers open woodland and often forages on the ground.
White-winged Grosbeak (Mycerobas carnipes) ©WikiC
The Mycerobas grosbeaks are a genus of finch in the Fringillidae family. They are colorful finches and are at 20–23 cm the largest species in the family. They are found in the southern Himalayas and across into China.
Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertinus) by Ian
Hesperiphona is a genus of grosbeaks in the family Fringillidae (the true finches). This genus is native to the New World.
Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) ©WikiC
The Hawfinch, along with the Chinese and Japanese Grosbeaks, and Pine Grosbeak are more of the closely related Grosbeak group.
Eurasian Bullfinch (Pyrrhula) by Ian
The seven Bullfinches (Pyrrhula) have glossy black wings and tail feathers. They show a white rump. The legs and feet are fleshy brown. Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except for the brown bullfinch, which has a grey or greenish-grey bill. The males can be distinguished by their orange or red breast. Some species have a black cap. All species occur in Asia.
Trumpeter Finch (Bucanetes githagineus) ©WikiC
These next five genus only have six birds; Bucanetes, Agraphospiza, Callacanthis, Pyrrhoplectes, Procarduelis.
Grey-crowned Rosy Finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis) by Ian
The mountain finches are birds in the genus Leucosticte from the true finch family, Fringillidae. This genus also includes the rosy finches, named from their pinkish plumage.
Pink-browed Rosefinch (Carpodacus rodochroa) ©Wiki
The rosefinches are a genus, Carpodacus, of passerine birds in the finch family Fringillidae. Most are called “rosefinches” and as the word implies, have various shades of red in their plumage. The common rosefinch is frequently called the “rosefinch”.
The Carpodacus rosefinches occur throughout Eurasia, but the greatest diversity is found in the Sino-Himalayas suggesting that the species originated in this region.
This slideshow requires JavaScript.
*
“Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the LORD for ever.” (Psalms 23:6 KJV)
“But I will sing of thy power; yea, I will sing aloud of thy mercy in the morning:” (Psalms 59:16a KJV)
“Mercies Anew” ~ by Lisa Brock, accompanied by Jill Foster
*
Ian’s Bird of the Week – Zebra Finch ~ by Ian Montgomery
Newsletter ~ 1/12/14
Here’s a perhaps surprising omission so far from the bird of the week series, the Zebra Finch, In Australia the most widespread of the grass- or weaver-finches (family Estrildidae). It is resident almost throughout mainland Australia, avoiding only the very driest deserts (such as the Nullabor Plain and the Great Sandy Desert), Cape York and the cooler and wetter regions of southern Victoria and southern Western Australia. It is absent from Tasmania. I qualified ‘surprising omission’ with ‘perhaps’, as it’s natural to rush into print with rarer and more sought-after species, such as Gouldian Finches, and overlook the more common ones.
With a length of 10cm/4in, it is among the smallest of the 19 species of Estrildid finches found in Australia (17 naturally; 2 introduced), but the males in particular (first photo) are beautiful birds and are hugely popular all over the world. Given the rigours of their natural habitat, they are hardy birds and easy to breed. One of my favourite ways to lazily photograph birds is to sit quietly near a waterhole in dry country and see what arrives, and you can see the bird in the first photo has wet breast and flank feathers from having a dip.
The second photo shows a pair drinking at the same spot. The male on the left is recognisable by its chestnut-coloured cheeks, while the female has plainer plumage, lacking the chestnut plumage on the cheeks and flanks and the stripes on the neck. She still has the stripy tail, white rump and diagnostic vertical ‘tear-drop’ stripe below the eye. This acts as camouflage by obscuring the eye and breaking up the outline of the head.
The third photo shows another pair at the same place. They would appear to be having a difference of opinion about something, and the body language suggests to me that the female is getting the upper hand. Most females have plain breasts, but some have a faint breast band like this one. The fourth photo shows another pair, the female having the more typical plain plumage. These two look as if they’re not on very good terms either, definitely not speaking to each other, so you won’t be surprised to hear that Zebra Finches form permanent pair bonds.
Their breeding cycles depend on seeding grasses and therefore on rainfall patterns. If the weather is warm enough for grasses to flower, the birds start breeding in response to rain, timing the hatching of the young with the appearance of seed. They will also feed on insects, particular when feeding young. In good conditions, the birds breed repeatedly, and the young, independent 35 days after hatching, can breed when as young as 80 days. Although the pair-bonds are permanent, Zebra Finches are very sociable, often breeding colonially and forming large flocks outside the breeding season. The bonding doesn’t prevent the females from getting on cosy terms with other males, and about 10% of clutches have two fathers (HBW).
PAS-Estr Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia by Ian
Young juveniles resemble the females, but have dark bills. The bird in the fifth photo is an older juvenile male with still only patchy development of the adult plumage.
A closely related population is resident in the Lesser Sundas from Lombok to Timor. This is slightly larger, has a recognisable different song and the males have plain grey rather than striped throats and upper breast. When mixed with Australian birds on captivity, they normally avoid interbreeding unless the male plumage is painted to look like the other type or young birds have been imprinted by being reared by foster parents of the other type. Such hybrids are fertile. Even so, some authorities treat the two races as different species, the Timor and Australian Zebra Finches. ‘Zebra’ doesn’t seem to me a suitable name for the unstriped Timor one, maybe ‘Unzebra’ would be better?
Greetings
Recorder Society http://www.nqrs.org.au
Lee’s Addition:
Thanks again Ian for showing us some more beauties. I have seen these in captivity, but it is always nice to see them where they belong – out enjoying the great outdoors.
I also appreciate Ian telling us about how to distinguish between them. That third photo might be of the male being so “overwhelmed” by her beauty that he fell back and sat down to admire her. :0) (We really never know what a bird is thinking, do we?)
Looking at these birds can’t help but bring these verses to mind:
But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. (Isaiah 53:5-6 KJV)
Maybe the Lord created these birds with stripes to remind us of that fact.
The Zebra Finches are members of the Estrildidae Family which has 141 species. See:
Ian’s Bird of the Week – Plum-headed Finches ~ by Ian Montgomery
Newsletter – 6-28-14
Bird of the week numbering has been a bit wonky lately, two #502s, no #503 to compensate, and two #504s and the one previous to this, Halls Babbler was #506 and should have been #507. Hopefully, we are back on track now with #508, the Plum-headed Finch. One of my favourite methods of bird photography is to relax by a water-hole in a comfortable camping chair and see what comes along. I did this at Bowra in April, and was treated to several pairs of Plum-headed Finches, presumably breeding as a result of rain several weeks earlier.
The ‘plum’ bit refers to the gorgeous cap, dark and extensive in the male, above, or paler and less extensive in the female, which has consequently space for a white eye-stripe. Males have black chins, females white ones. The specific modesta presumably refers to the understated colours, but I think the barred breast and flanks make them look very smart, and it’s always a pleasure to see them.
The genus Neochmia contains only three other species, all of them Australian: Star, Red-browed and Crimson Finches, and none barred, so the Plum-headed looks quite distinctive. In the past it has been placed in its own genus, but mitochondrial studies show that it’s quite closely related to both the Star and Red-browed Finches.
They have quite a widespread distribution in Queensland and New South Wales, but mainly inland and rather patchy. With an average length of 11cm/4.3in, they’re quite small. They’re popular as cage birds and used to be trapped a lot, but have been protected since 1972.
The bird in the fourth photo was photographed in the light of the setting sun, hence the lovely glow. I’ve been on the road for a few days taking (almost) the last location photos for Where to Find Birds in Northeastern Queensland so I’ll keep this short. One more day trip along the inland route to Paluma, and that’s it.
Links to the other members of the tribe:
0
Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) female by Raymond Barlow
As I mentioned in Here We Go Again – IOC Version 3.3 , I skipped doing the Fringillidae – Finches Family because of the many taxonomy changes. Well, all the others were finished and decided to dig in to those Finches. After deciding to make the changes directly on the page by cutting, moving, and re-pasting in its new position, the process began.
At 2:00 AM this morning I finally finished the page. I couldn’t stop in the middle with everything so juggled around, so I kept going. After some sleep, I had to chuckle about what they did to that poor Finch family. It was not just moving one genus to another spot, but it appeared that they picked and chose this one species from here and another species from a different genus. If that wasn’t challenging enough, the genus (the first name in parenthesis) was changed on quite a few birds. For example the Evening Grosbeak above was shuffled, while the American Goldfinch went from (Carduelis tristis) to (Spinus tristis)
American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) on Thistle by Fenton
“For I am the LORD, I do not change; (Malachi 3:6a NKJV)
All of these birds were re-named to the Spinus genus and placed in this new order:
Andean Siskin (Spinus spinescens) ©WikiC
If you wonder why, as I did, check out this article about The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae) . If you scroll through, you will find there are re connections all over the place. Do I understand it, No. But summarized, they have been doing DNA studies and found out that their family tree was not what they thought.
Recently I started working on our Family Tree or Genealogy and just about tangled it up as much. One wrong branch led to another and who knows where it and Grandpa would have landed had it not been corrected. This is what they were doing to the Finches and also to the other two families that had major revamps with this latest Version 3.3. The other families were the Accipitridae – Kites, Hawks and Eagles , and Caprimulgidae – Nightjars . At times it felt like they had thrown all the names of those birds up in the air and let them land where ever they chose. They, those that are involved around the world, have done much research and have spent numerous hours working these changes out. They are to be commended.
I trust the next version has a little fewer changes. I need my sleep.
It is vain for you to rise up early, to sit up late, to eat the bread of sorrows: for so he giveth his beloved sleep. (Psalms 127:2 KJV)
A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest, (Proverbs 24:33 ESV)
Share this:
American Goldfinch of Birds Illustrated by Color Photography, 1897
From col. F. M. Woodruff. Copyrighted by
Nature Study Pub. Co., 1897, Chicago.
THE AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.
“Look, Mamma, look!” cried a little boy, as one day late in June my mate and I alighted on a thistle already going to seed. “Such a lovely bird! How jolly he looks, with that black velvet hat drawn over his eyes!”
“That’s a Goldfinch,” replied his mamma; “sometimes called the Jolly Bird, the Thistle Bird, the Wild Canary, and the Yellow Bird. He belongs to the family of Weed Warriors, and is very useful.”
“He sings like a Canary,” said Bobbie. “Just hear him talking to that little brown bird alongside of him.”
That was my mate, you see, who is rather plain looking, so to please him I sang my best song, “Per-chic-o-ree, per-chic-o-ree.”
“That sounds a great deal better,” said Bobbie; “because it’s not sung by a little prisoner behind cage bars, I guess.”
“It certainly is wilder and more joyous,” said his mamma. “He is very happy just now, for he and his mate are preparing for housekeeping. Later on, he will shed his lemon-yellow coat, and then you won’t be able to tell him from his mate and little ones.”
“How they are gobbling up that thistle-down,” cried Bobbie. “Just look!”
“Yes,” said his mamma, “the fluff carries the seed, like a sail to which the seed is fastened. By eating the seed, which otherwise would be carried by the wind all over the place, these birds do a great amount of good. The down they will use to line their nests.”
“How I should like to peep into their nest,” said Bobbie; “just to peep, you know; not to rob it of its eggs, as boys do who are not well brought up.”
My mate and I were so pleased at that, we flew off a little way, chirping and chattering as we went.
“Up and down, up and down,” said Bobbie; “how prettily they fly.”
“Yes,” said his mamma; “that is the way you can always tell a Goldfinch when in the air. A dip and a jerk, singing as he flies.”
“What other seeds do they eat, mamma?” presently asked Bobbie.
“The seeds of the dandelion, the sunflower, and wild grasses generally. In the winter, when these are not to be had, the poor little fellows have a very hard time. People with kind hearts, scatter canary seed over their lawns to the merry birds for their summer songs, and for keeping down the weeds.”
THE GOLDFINCH.
CCORDING to one intelligent observer, the Finches are, in Nature’s economy, entrusted with the task of keeping the weeds in subjection, and the gay and elegant little Goldfinch is probably one of the most useful, for its food is found to consist, for the greater part, of seeds most hurtful to the works of man. “The charlock that so often chokes his cereal crops is partly kept in bounds by his vigilance, and the dock, whose rank vegetation would, if allowed to cast all its seeds, spread barrenness around, is also one of his store houses, and the rank grasses, at their seeding time, are his chief support.” Another writer, whose study of this bird has been made with care, calls our American Goldfinch one of the loveliest of birds. With his elegant plumage, his rhythmical, undulatory flight, his beautiful song, and his more beautiful soul, he ought to be one of the best beloved, if not one of the most famous; but he has never yet had half his deserts. He is like the Chickadee, and yet different. He is not so extremely confiding, nor should I call him merry. But he is always cheerful, in spite of his so-called plaintive note, from which he gets one of his names, and always amiable. So far as I know, he never utters a harsh sound; even the young ones asking for food, use only smooth, musical tones. During the pairing season, his delight often becomes rapturous. To see him then, hovering and singing,—or, better still, to see the devoted pair hovering together, billing and singing,—is enough to do even a cynic good. The happy lovers! They have never read it in a book, but it is written on their hearts:
“The gentle law that each should be
The other’s heaven and harmony.”
In building his nest, the Goldfinch uses much ingenuity, lichens and moss being woven so deeply into the walls that the whole surface is quite smooth. Instead of choosing the forks of a bough, this Finch likes to make its nest near the end of a horizontal branch, so that it moves about and dances up and down as the branch is swayed by the wind. It might be thought that the eggs would be shaken out by a tolerably sharp breeze, and such would indeed be the case, were they not kept in their place by the form of the nest. On examination, it will be seen to have the edge thickened and slightly turned inward, so that when the nest is tilted on one side by the swaying of the bough, the eggs are still retained within. It is lined with vegetable down, and on this soft bed repose five pretty eggs, white, tinged with blue, and diversified with small grayish purple spots.
A curious story is told of a caged Goldfinch, which in pleasant weather always hung in a window. One day, hearing strange bird voices, the owner looked up from her seat and saw a Catbird trying to induce the Finch to eat a worm it had brought for it. By dint of coaxing and feeding the wild bird, she finally induced it to come often to the window, and one day, as she sat on the porch, the Catbird brought a berry and tried to put it into her mouth. We have often seen sparrows come to the window of rooms where canaries were imprisoned, but it has uniformly been to get food and not to administer it. The Catbird certainly thus expressed its gratitude.
Summary:
AMERICAN GOLDFINCH.—Spinus tristis. Other names: “Yellow-bird,” “Thistle-bird.”
Range—Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina to southern Labrador; winters from the northern United States to the Gulf.
Nest—Externally, of fine grasses, strips of bark and moss, thickly lined with thistle down; in trees or bushes, five to thirty feet up.
Eggs—Three to six, pale bluish white.
American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) on Thistle by Fenton
Lee’s Addition:
Therefore I love Your commandments Above gold, yes, above fine gold. (Psalms 119:127 NASB)
The American Goldfinch is a member of the Fringillidae – Finches Family. It is alway a joy to see them come to my feeders.
American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) Male and Female ©WikiC
The American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis), also known as the Eastern Goldfinch and Wild Canary, is a small North American bird in the finch family. It is migratory, ranging from mid-Alberta to North Carolina during the breeding season, and from just south of the Canadian border to Mexico during the winter.
The American Goldfinch male is a vibrant yellow in the summer and an olive color during the winter months, while the female is a dull yellow-brown shade which brightens only slightly during the summer. The male displays brightly colored plumage during the breeding season to attract a mate.
The American Goldfinch is a granivore and created for the consumption of seedheads, with a conical beak to remove the seeds and agile feet to grip the stems of seedheads while feeding. It is a social bird, and will gather in large flocks while feeding and migrating. It may behave territorially during nest construction, but this aggression is short-lived. Its breeding season is tied to the peak of food supply, beginning in late July, which is relatively late in the year for a finch. This species is generally monogamous, and produces one brood each year.
American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) Female ©WikiC
The American Goldfinch is a small finch, 4.3–5.5 in (11–14 centimeters) long, with a wingspan of 7.5–8.7 in (19–22 centimeters). The beak is small, conical, and pink for most of the year, but turns bright orange with the spring molt in both sexes.[19] The shape and size of the beak aid in the extraction of seeds from the seed heads of thistles, sunflowers, and other plants.
The American Goldfinch undergoes a molt in the spring and autumn, which it undergoes twice a year. During the winter molt it sheds all its feathers; in the spring, it sheds all but the wing and tail feathers, which are dark brown in the female and black in the male. The markings on these feathers remain through each molt, with bars on the wings and white under and at the edges of the short, notched tail. The plumage coloration is especially pronounced after the spring molt, when the bright color of the male’s summer plumage is needed to attract a mate.
Once the spring molt is complete, the body of the male is a brilliant lemon yellow with a striking jet black cap and white rump that is visible during flight.] The female is mostly brown, lighter on the underside with a yellow bib. After the autumn molt, the bright summer feathers are replaced by duller plumage, becoming buff below and olive-brown above, with a pale yellow face and bib. The autumn plumage is almost identical in both sexes, but the male has yellow shoulder patches. In some winter ranges, the goldfinches lose all traces of yellow, becoming a predominantly medium tan-gray color with an olive tinge evident only on close viewing.
The immature American Goldfinch has a dull brown back, and the underside is pale yellow. The shoulders and tail are dull black with buff-colored, rather than white, markings on wings and rump. This coloration is the same in both genders.
The song of the American Goldfinch is a series of musical warbles and twitters, often with a long note. A tsee-tsi-tsi-tsit call is often given in flight; it may also be described as per-chic-o-ree. While the female incubates the eggs, she calls to her returning mate with a soft continuous teeteeteeteete sound. The young begin to use a call of chick-kee or chick-wee shortly before fledging, which they use until they have left the nest entirely. There are two defense calls made by adults during nesting; a sweeet call made to rally other goldfinches to the nest and distract predators, and a bearbee used to signal to the nestlings to quiet them and get them to crouch down in the nest to become less conspicuous.
(Wikipedia with editing)
|
i don't know
|
What sort of animal is a 'Fennec'?
|
Animals Similar to a Fennec Fox | Animals - mom.me
Animals Similar to a Fennec Fox
Many types of fox are able to live in a desert environment.
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
The fennec fox is the smallest fox in the world, with thick fur and huge ears that help it weather the temperature extremes in its habitat, the Sahara desert. Most mammals have a hard time surviving in such barren conditions, but there are actually several other members of the fox family that share some of the fennec's qualities.
Coyotes
Coyotes are the best-known desert dog in the United States. Coyotes and foxes are closely related and share many similar traits. Although coyotes can live in a variety of environments, they are well adapted to desert living. Like fennec foxes, they are omnivorous. In a desert environment they eat rodent, reptiles, insects and plants. Coyotes live in packs, and dig dens to raise their young in the spring.
Arabian Red Fox
The Arabian red fox is a member of the worldwide red fox family, but with many features adapted to living in the Arabian deserts. Like the fennec fox, the Arabian red fox is small, with a pale coat and huge ears to help disperse heat under the desert sun. Also like the fennec and coyote, it eats an omnivorous diet of small desert animals, plus birds and occasionally vegetation.
Gray Fox
The gray fox is also found throughout many parts of the United States, including the rocky deserts of the Southwest. The gray fox shares a habitat and may at times be in competition with coyotes. It has the ability to climb trees -- unusual among canines -- which comes in handy when competing for food. Its diet includes scavenged carrion, prickly pear fruit and pine nuts as well as the sort of small animals favored by other desert foxes.
San Joaquin Kit Fox
Another small fox that closely resembles the fennec is the San Joaquin kit fox. The pale, large-eared kit fox is rare, living only in southern California, and is classified as endangered. They also live in territories that overlap with coyotes and red foxes, and they hide in burrows to stay safe from predators. They eat a similar diet of small desert animals and don't need to drink water, instead absorbing moisture directly from their prey.
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Author
Laura Gee has a B.A. in history and anthropology, but now spends more time blogging and producing web content. She has worked and/or trained as an illustrator, crafter, caterer, yoga teacher, child-care provider and massage therapist, and she loves to travel when she gets a chance.
See More Animals
|
small fox
|
"Which book ends with the words ""After all, tomorrow is another day""?"
|
Animals Similar to a Fennec Fox | Animals - mom.me
Animals Similar to a Fennec Fox
Many types of fox are able to live in a desert environment.
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
The fennec fox is the smallest fox in the world, with thick fur and huge ears that help it weather the temperature extremes in its habitat, the Sahara desert. Most mammals have a hard time surviving in such barren conditions, but there are actually several other members of the fox family that share some of the fennec's qualities.
Coyotes
Coyotes are the best-known desert dog in the United States. Coyotes and foxes are closely related and share many similar traits. Although coyotes can live in a variety of environments, they are well adapted to desert living. Like fennec foxes, they are omnivorous. In a desert environment they eat rodent, reptiles, insects and plants. Coyotes live in packs, and dig dens to raise their young in the spring.
Arabian Red Fox
The Arabian red fox is a member of the worldwide red fox family, but with many features adapted to living in the Arabian deserts. Like the fennec fox, the Arabian red fox is small, with a pale coat and huge ears to help disperse heat under the desert sun. Also like the fennec and coyote, it eats an omnivorous diet of small desert animals, plus birds and occasionally vegetation.
Gray Fox
The gray fox is also found throughout many parts of the United States, including the rocky deserts of the Southwest. The gray fox shares a habitat and may at times be in competition with coyotes. It has the ability to climb trees -- unusual among canines -- which comes in handy when competing for food. Its diet includes scavenged carrion, prickly pear fruit and pine nuts as well as the sort of small animals favored by other desert foxes.
San Joaquin Kit Fox
Another small fox that closely resembles the fennec is the San Joaquin kit fox. The pale, large-eared kit fox is rare, living only in southern California, and is classified as endangered. They also live in territories that overlap with coyotes and red foxes, and they hide in burrows to stay safe from predators. They eat a similar diet of small desert animals and don't need to drink water, instead absorbing moisture directly from their prey.
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Author
Laura Gee has a B.A. in history and anthropology, but now spends more time blogging and producing web content. She has worked and/or trained as an illustrator, crafter, caterer, yoga teacher, child-care provider and massage therapist, and she loves to travel when she gets a chance.
See More Animals
|
i don't know
|
Which musical comedy features the characters 'Bloom' and 'Bialystock'?
|
The Producers (Musical) Plot & Characters | StageAgent
Overview
Synopsis
Based on the 1968 film, Mel Brooks’s musical The Producers is a laugh-out-loud, outrageous, crowd-pleasing farce that has been a smash hit since its 2001 debut. Fading Broadway producer Max Bialystock is desperate to get to the top of his profession again, and he finds an unlikely ally in mousy accountant Leo Bloom, who hypothesizes that one could make far more money with a flop of a show than with a hit. Together, the two set out to produce the worst musical ever to hit Broadway, with the worst script, the worst director, and the worst cast they can find; the catch is that they will raise two million dollars to finance the show, and they plan to take the money and head to Rio when the show inevitably closes after just one performance. Too bad for Bialystock & Bloom that, against all odds, the show is a total hit! With dozens of big and bit parts alike, no shortage of showstopping musical numbers, and Brooks’ signature humor keeping audiences in stitches, The Producers is definitely far from a flop.
Characters
|
Producer
|
In World War II, on which of the Pacific islands was the bloodiest battle fought, resulting in the deaths of 12,000 American troops and 121,000 Japanese?
|
The Producers (1968) Movie Review
Some drinking, largely without consequences.
Parents Need to Know
Parents need to know that this film depicts two con men trying to steal money from elderly women and unsuspecting theatergoers. The Broadway musical featured in the movie comically champions Nazi beliefs and dogma; the song lyrics contain many references to the glory of "the master race" and other aspects of Nazi ideologies. There are several references to sex and the musical features some suggestively clad females on stage. Because the film has been turned into a high-profile Broadway musical and is being remade for the screen with actors Nathan Lane and Matthew Broderick, children may be familiar with it and want to see it.
User reviews
Review this title!
What's the story?
A slapstick comedy-musical starring Gene Wilder, THE PRODUCERS features two con artist/Broadway producers who plot to swindle old women into financing the most awful musical ever staged. Their ultimate goal is to have the musical bomb, pocket all of the receipts, and then disappear to a beach in Rio de Janeiro. To make this dream a reality, Max Bialystock (Zero Mostel) and Leo Bloom choose an offensive Nazi love story penned by a German madman, and select a no-talent gay director in order to ensure that the musical flops. The result is "Springtime for Hitler," an absurd musical extravaganza that features scantily clad Bavarian women and a dancing chorus comprised of Nazi soldiers.
Is it any good?
QUALITY
There are moments of this movie that are so bizarre that they are nothing short of hilarious. Nevertheless, appreciating this humor requires that viewers be able to identify the parodic quality of the staged musical. The film allows many opportunities for families to discuss the stereotyped portrayals of various characters, for example, the play's gay director and Bialystock's seemingly, Swedish sex kitten secretary. The moral implications of deceiving others and the potential fallout of going after a quick buck are also good discussion points.
Families can talk about...
Families can talk about the ethical problems involved in Max Bialystock and Leo Bloom's business practices. Why did they focus their efforts on cheating older women? How did Bialystock convince Bloom to go into business with him? What would you have done if someone offered you a lot of money to cheat others? The content of the play also offers families many opportunities to discuss racism and anti-semitism. Why might some people be offended by the song lyrics, despite their satirical overtones? Furthermore, the director character offers families an opportunity to discuss homosexuality. How does the film portray the character Roger de Bris? Why is he shown wearing a dress? Why might some people be upset about that?
Movie details
|
i don't know
|
Which 'James Bond' film featured Louis Armstrong singing'You've Got All The Time In The World', in its opening titles?
|
On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
On Her Majesty's Secret Service ( 1969 )
M |
From $0.00 (SD) on Amazon Video
ON DISC
James Bond woos a mob boss's daughter and goes undercover to uncover the true reason for Blofeld's allergy research in the Swiss Alps that involves beautiful women from around the world.
Director:
Peter R. Hunt (as Peter Hunt)
Writers:
a list of 21 titles
created 29 Jul 2011
a list of 26 titles
created 22 Dec 2011
a list of 28 titles
created 24 Feb 2013
a list of 24 titles
created 24 Oct 2015
a list of 24 titles
created 11 months ago
Title: On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969)
6.8/10
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 3 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Agent 007 and the Japanese secret service ninja force must find and stop the true culprit of a series of spacejackings before nuclear war is provoked.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
A diamond smuggling investigation leads James Bond to Las Vegas, where he uncovers an evil plot involving a rich business tycoon.
Director: Guy Hamilton
007 is sent to stop a diabolically brilliant heroin magnate armed with a complex organization and a reliable psychic tarot card reader.
Director: Guy Hamilton
James Bond heads to The Bahamas to recover two nuclear warheads stolen by SPECTRE agent Emilio Largo in an international extortion scheme.
Director: Terence Young
James Bond investigates the hijacking of British and Russian submarines carrying nuclear warheads with the help of a KGB agent whose lover he killed.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
James Bond is led to believe that he is targeted by the world's most expensive assassin while he attempts to recover sensitive solar cell technology that is being sold to the highest bidder.
Director: Guy Hamilton
James Bond willingly falls into an assassination ploy involving a naive Russian beauty in order to retrieve a Soviet encryption device that was stolen by SPECTRE.
Director: Terence Young
Agent 007 is assigned to hunt for a lost British encryption device and prevent it from falling into enemy hands.
Director: John Glen
James Bond investigates the mid-air theft of a space shuttle and discovers a plot to commit global genocide.
Director: Lewis Gilbert
James Bond is living on the edge to stop an evil arms dealer from starting another world war. Bond crosses all seven continents in order to stop the evil Whitaker and General Koskov.
Director: John Glen
A fake Fabergé egg and a fellow agent's death lead James Bond to uncover an international jewel-smuggling operation, headed by the mysterious Octopussy, being used to disguise a nuclear attack on N.A.T.O. forces.
Director: John Glen
Investigating a gold magnate's smuggling, James Bond uncovers a plot to contaminate the Fort Knox gold reserve.
Director: Guy Hamilton
Edit
Storyline
George Lazenby steps into the role of James Bond and is sent on his first mission. For help with Draco, he must become very close friends with his daughter, Tracy, and heads off to hunt down Ernst Stavro Blofeld one more time. This takes him to Switzerland, where he must pose as Sir Hilary Bray to find out the secret plan of Blofeld. The facility is covered with Blofeld's guards as well as his hench-woman, Irma Bunt. What has Blofeld got in mind this time? Can Bond keep up this act for much longer? Are ANY Bond girls safe? Written by simon
Far up! Far out! Far more! James Bond OO7 [UK poster] See more »
Genres:
19 December 1969 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Ian Fleming's On Her Majesty's Secret Service See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
First Bond film since Dr. No (1962) to put the production credit over the gun barrel intro. See more »
Goofs
When Bond meets Blofeld for the first time Blofeld starts to undo the buttons on his jacket. When we next cut back to Blofeld, his buttons are all done up. See more »
Quotes
[first lines]
Q : I've been saying for years, sir, that our special equipment is obsolete. And now, computer analysis reveals an entirely new approach: miniaturization. For instance, radioactive lint. When placed in an opponent's pockets, the anti-personnel and location fix seems fairly obvious.
M : What we want is a location fix on 007.
See more »
Crazy Credits
During the opening credits, images are shown of Bond girls and villains. (This is the first Bond movie since Goldfinger to feature previous movies' footage in its credits.) Specifics are as follows. *First Set. *Honey Ryder from Dr. No (1962), standing on the beach. *Dr. No from the same, in front of his underground aquarium. *Tatiana Romanova from From Russia with Love (1963), messing around with her hair. *Pussy Galore from Goldfinger (1964), in the barn scene. *Second Set. *The title character from Goldfinger. *Assorted Bond girls from the Goldfinger (1964) / Thunderball (1965) era. *The "Flaming Car Crash" scene from Thunderball (1965). *Third set. *Emilio Largo, the main villain from Thunderball. *Aki, Kissy Suzuki, and a swordsman from You Only Live Twice (1967). *Blofeld's volcano lair exploding from the end of the same. Note the strategic absence of Blofeld from You Only Live Twice, as Blofeld is played by a different actor in this film. See more »
Connections
Not a Bad Deal at All.
27 September 2001 | by Bob-45
(Savannah, GA) – See all my reviews
To understand the controversy behind `On Her Majesty's Secret Service,' one must understand the events so impacting the spy genre by the time of its production in 1969. After the back to back tremendous successes of `Goldfinger' and `From Russia With Love,' every hack producer and distributor rushed to make spy movies. There were serious ones (`The Spy That Came in From the Cold,' `The Ipcress File'), satirical ones (`Our Man Flint,' `The Man From U.N.C.L.E.,' `Get Smart' ), and incredibly silly ones (`The Silencers,' `Last of the Secret Agents,' `Casino Royale'). `Casino Royale' was especially damaging, since it was (VERY LOOSELY) based on a Fleming novel, and used the character of James Bond, 007. In fact, in `Casino Royale,' nearly EVERYBODY played `James Bond'. `If we don't know what we are doing, how will the enemy,' was the explanation `James Bond' (David Niven) gave to explain why MI6 was calling all its agents `James Bond'. To protect their franchise, the producers of the `real' James Bond movies emphasized in their promotion `Sean Connery IS James Bond.' In a demonstration of `gratitude,' Connery up and quit the series, leaving `On Her Majesty's Secret Service,' which was shortly to go into production, without a `Bond.'
Arguably the most ambitious and difficult to shoot of ALL the Bond films (at least to that time), it's a miracle ANYTHING works in OHMSS. Much of the time it works VERY well, though the shaky underpinnings of the first hour frequently threaten to undo it. There is so much choppy editing and dubbed dialogue, one begins to suspect he is watching a foreign film. The second hour plus works much better, all the more surprising since it was shot first. One reason may be that the film went WAY over both shooting schedule and budget, and there was enough made up `bad' press to put a great deal of pressure on the producers, first time director, Peter Hunt and star, George Lazenby. In the middle of it all, Lazenby's publicist announced that Lazenby was not going to do another Bond (Lazenby is credible when he says that announcement was not his idea. One suspects, from the bonus material, that Cubby Broccoli planted that story to discredit Lazenby, should the film fail). Add to all this the films' tacked-on, unhappy ending (planned to be the prologue for `Diamonds are Forever'), which plays completely against the humor of earlier moments, and it's a wonder the film was NOT a dismal failure. Quite the contrary, OHMSS is one of the BEST of the Bond films, filled with nonstop action, outstanding stunts, incredible sound, the best score (along with `Goldfinger') and a credible enough romance to lend it genuine poignancy. Lazenby overcame many tremendous handicaps: having to replace one of the best known and popular actors in the world; he was 28, younger than Connery when he made `Dr. No'; he was completely inexperienced as an actor (OHMSS was Lazenby's FIRST movie, not just his first starring role); his accent (thick Australian outback) and the INCREDIBLE physical demands (Lazenby did many of his own stunts). Considering all this, Lazenby is downright remarkable. Certainly, in my opinion he is better than either the snooty Timothy Dalton or the lightweight Roger Moore were in ANY of their outings as Bond.. The bonus feature on the DVD concludes with strong evidence that Lazenby became a scapegoat, despite the eventual financial success of OHMSS. Lazenby, refreshingly displays no bitterness that his career nearly ended as soon as it began. He's had a reasonably busy career playing character roles and we have OHMSS. Not a bad deal at all.
105 of 132 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
|
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
|
In which country do the Ibo people live?
|
Every Bond Theme Ever, Ranked
Every Bond Theme Ever, Ranked
Marielle Anas
Pin it
Share
Life imitates art, and Smith — Sam Smith — has been imitating the top secret character of Ian Fleming's legendary British secret intelligence agent this year, staying discreet about "Writing's on the Wall," his Bond theme song that will be released at the end of the month, about six weeks ahead of the latest Bond film, Spectre. The new James Bond release will be the 24th installment, and while some have been more forgettable than others, there's no escaping the unmistakable Bond theme pervasive throughout them all. We've ranked all previous Bond film theme songs here, and we'll just have to wait until its September 25 debut to see how Smith's version stacks up against the classics from the canon.
23. "The Living Dayights," by A-Ha
Why It's Great: It's not.
22. "All Time High" from Octopussy, by Rita Coolidge
Why It's Great: Tim Rice, award-winning lyricist of countless unforgettable Disney soundtrack hits, was responsible for this 1983 gem, marking his first time working on a Bond theme. Tim Rice was bummed producers weren't cool with him writing a song called "Octopussy" in the title track tradition that Bond themes followed.
21. "For Your Eyes Only," by Sheena Easton
Why It's Great: Bill Conti (of Rocky theme fame) and lyricist Mick Leeson were nominated for an Academy Award for Sheena Easton's 1981 "For Your Eyes Only." Blondie originally recorded a track with the same name for the 12th Bond film, but when asked to rerecord the favored Conti and Leeson tune, she refused. Her version ended up on Blondie's sixth album, The Hunter — the seductive Bond influences are very prevalent on the track the band had originally intended for the film.
20. "The Man with the Golden Gun," by Lulu
Why It's Great: Although Alice Cooper claims the track of the same name off his 1973 album, Muscle of Love, was intended as the theme to the 1974 Bond film, the Scottish singer Lulu, famous for another theme song — "To Sir, with Love" — was ultimately chosen.
RELATED: A Vodka Martini? Bond Should Know Better.
19. "Moonraker," by Shirley Bassey
Why It's Great: Though a bit subdued for 007, the song isn't terrible, and marks Shirley Bassey's unprecedented third time singing a Bond theme. Still, it happened to accompany one of the more ridiculous Bond films as the franchise looked to capitalize on the international space race — maybe an unfair association for the song, but a Bond-in-space movie? No thanks.
18. "You Know My Name" from Casino Royale, by Chris Cornell
Why It's Great: We're massive fans of Chris Cornell and his four octave vocal range — he's one of the best lead singers of all time. But his Bond theme effort just doesn't evoke the sinister spirit of the secret agent character, causing it to fall a bit flat.
17. "Die Another Day," by Madonna
Why It's Great: Madonna ushered the Bond theme song into the modern era with its thoroughly electronic production, courtesy of producer Mirwais Ahmadzaï who was responsible for the electronica laden feel of Music. Madonna was riding the wave of success for another soundtrack hit, "Beautiful Stranger" from Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, and producers were upset "The World Is Not Enough" wasn't a bigger smash. It also appeared on her ninth studio album, American Life, and was nominated for a Golden Globe and a Grammy. Madonna tried to incorporate the film's plot into her lyrics, but the vocal repetition of the phrases "Sigmund Freud" and "analyze this" were perplexing.
16. "Tomorrow Never Dies," by Sheryl Crow
Why It's Great: The American country-pop queen scored a big hit across the pond with her 1997 Bond theme, but received flack in the U.S. for it being inferior to K.D. Lang's version of the title track, later renamed "Surrender" and bumped to the end credits of the eighteenth 007 film. Despite Lang's song being the stronger choice, Crow's tune ended up as one of the unlucky nominees to go up against Celine Dion's Titanic theme that year at both the Grammys and the Golden Globes.
15. "From Russia With Love," by Matt Monro
Why It's Great: Though the opening titles were still instrumental, this was the first Bond theme with a vocal accompaniment, kicking off the longstanding tradition of famous Bond themes featuring contemporary pop stars.
14. "The World Is Not Enough," by Garbage
Why It's Great: Garbage were the breakthrough alternative darlings of the rock world when they signed up to record the theme song for The World Is Not Enough in 1999. Collaborating with long-time Bond film composer David Arnold, they also integrated the original Bond theme, but this time with a very effective western twist. Backed by a 60-person orchestra, the song took on a sultry, hypnotizing sound rather than the alternative sound the band was known for.
13. "We Have All the Time in the World" from On Her Majesty's Secret Service, by Louis Armstrong
Why It's Great: Recorded only two years before he died, Louis Armstrong's "We Have All the Time in the World," was actually a secondary theme for the film. The song's wedding-song-worthy romance actually comes with a bitter taste of irony, as it was inspired by the line Bond tells his new wife, Tracy, just before, and again just after, she's murdered.
12. "GoldenEye," Tina Turner
Why It's Great: The 17th film in the James Bond series, 1995's GoldenEye was the first of four to star Pierce Brosnan as agent 007. The eponymous theme song was written by Bono and the Edge for Tina Turner. Considering the history of the franchise, it marked a crafty return to incorporating the classic theme by Marty Norman into a modern context.
11. "A View to Kill," Duran Duran
Why It's Great: In 1985, Duran Duran hit No. 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 charts with "A View to Kill" — the only Bond track to achieve the feat, and argubably the only memorable part of film. That, and Christopher Walken's blond hair. It was the last song the band recorded before their 1985 split, and earned them a Golden Globe nomination.
|
i don't know
|
With which singer did Lee Hazlewood sing 'Did You Ever'?
|
Nancy Sinatra & Lee Hazlewood-Did You Ever? - YouTube
Nancy Sinatra & Lee Hazlewood-Did You Ever?
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on May 9, 2008
Audio (only) from CD. Album: Fairy Tales & Fantasies-The Best of Nancy and Lee
Track-6
|
Nancy Sinatra
|
Who wrote the plays 'Habeus Corpus' and 'Forty Years On'?
|
Record Did You Ever By Nancy Sinatra & Lee Hazlewood | SingSnap Karaoke
Purchase
Record Did You Ever By Nancy Sinatra & Lee Hazlewood
You're about to record your karaoke version of the song "Did You Ever" by Nancy Sinatra & Lee Hazlewood. Before you start though, we thought we'd give you a few tips that will hopefully help you with your recording.
Get Flash Player
First of all, make sure that you have Adobe Flash Player installed. (If you have recorded already or listened to others, you do.) If you cannot see anything come up on the screen when you try to record, listen, or run the SingSnap Setup Wizard, we recommend that you follow the instructions on Adobe's Install Flash Player in 5 Easy Steps page.
Run Setup Wizard
If you haven't already done so, run the SingSnap Setup Wizard and, if asked, click "Allow" to give Flash access to your microphone and webcam. (You don't need to activate your webcam, but the recorder will not work without allowing this).
Set Sound Card Settings
Make sure your sound card is set to "Microphone" or "Line In". Do not use "Stereo Mix" or "What U Hear" since that will result in a double backing of music if using the "Enable Music" option on the mixer and you won't be able to adjust vocal volume or sync your vocals more closely to the music. See Setup Guides for Sound and Mic Settings for more information.
Close Tabs & Programs
For best results, close all extra browser tabs and unnecessary programs running on your computer. This helps your computer to clear up enough working memory to provide an uninterrupted recording and listening experience.
|
i don't know
|
Aged 52 in 1930, he was England's oldest Test cricketer. Who was he?
|
From Anderson to 1877: how to go back to the first Test in 10 England players | Mike Selvey | Sport | The Guardian
Sportblog
From Anderson to 1877: how to go back to the first Test in 10 England players
Linking Jimmy Anderson to the first Test 139 years ago connects famous England figures including Graham Gooch, Brian Close, Sir Leonard Hutton and WG Grace
Jimmy Anderson has been playing Test cricket for 13 years, which makes his career the longest among the current England team. Photograph: Stu Forster/Getty Images
Wednesday 1 June 2016 13.17 EDT
Last modified on Wednesday 1 June 2016 19.20 EDT
Share on Messenger
Close
Alpha and omega. The beginning and the end. On 1 June 1899, one illustrious international career was coming to an end and another was beginning. WG Grace, the Doctor, was 50 years old when he began the last of his 22 Tests, against Australia (they all were back then) at Trent Bridge. They were troubled times. His 20-year-old daughter, Bessie, had died of typhoid in February and, grieving, he was largely an early-season absentee captain from Gloucestershire, with whom he was in dispute as a result, ultimately resigning the role.
Amazing Grace: The Man Who Was WG by Richard Tomlinson – review
Read more
This I know from Richard Tomlinson’s splendid book Amazing Grace , which recounts that Grace’s wounded response to the Gloucestershire committee’s inquiry as to whether he actually intended to play any cricket was to finish by saying the affection in which he held the county of his birth was not matched by that for the committee, which as a body he held in great contempt.
There had been press mutterings, too, about his continued value to the England side, a superstar hanging around too long. “A place may be found for that once great cricketer,” said the Sheffield Daily Telegraph, “still great considering his years, in the first match for sentimental reasons alone.”
Grace was the captain and a senior selector, though. “Why does not Grace retire?” the Yorkshire Evening Post wondered. “Even a man of his extraordinary powers and endurance must drop out of international cricket some day and it would be wiser and more graceful act on his part to do so voluntarily.”
But he did play, opening the batting and making a scrappy 28 and one, and bowling 22 fruitless overs in a drawn match. He was not helped by batting with CB Fry, a magnificent athlete, but one frustrated by Grace’s ponderousness so that “we lost innumerable singles to the off side and I never dared call WG for a second run to the long field. When England fielded, Grace was jeered and booed by the 13,000 crowd. On 10 June, he resigned and retired from international cricket.
Wilfred Rhodes, at the age of 21, took seven wickets in the Test with his slow, left-arm spin and was embarking on a 58-match Test career that would not finish until April 1930, the longest span of all. On his England debut he batted at 10, shared a last-wicket partnership of 130 with RE Foster four years later, a record that stood for seven decades, and eight years on was opening the batting.
It was the longevity of Rhodes’s career, and, discursively, Jimmy Anderson reaching 450 Test wickets at Chester-le-Street over the last weekend and becoming the No1 ranked Test bowler, that got me thinking of something that once entertained us for a short while regarding Middlesex. The challenge was to see how far back we could go in the club’s history with the fewest players – degrees of separation, if you will – each of whom must have played with another to maintain a chain (memory serves it went something like Mark Ramprakash, Mike Gatting, Fred Titmus, Gubby Allen and Joe Murrell, whose first-class career, albeit with Kent initially, began before the turn of the last century and who certainly played against the Doctor (lbw Grace, 2). It is an argument I use (Fred was a fine bowler in 1983 so he must have been in 1949, etc etc) when discussions turn to comparative eras.
Dr WG Grace on cricket - archive, 1 June 1909
Read more
Anderson has been playing Test cricket for 13 years, which makes his career the longest among the current England team (his cap number is 613 while James Vince, the latest, is 670). So the exercise now was to see the fewest number of players the total span of whose careers go back to the first Test match, in Melbourne, in March 1877. In theory, before starting, there were several staging posts, one of which was Rhodes, and the other would seem to be Brian Close, who made his England debut against New Zealand towards the end of July 1949, when I was aged one, and in whose final match, the infamous one against West Indies at Old Trafford in 1976, I played.
There are a number of ways to link the whole thing, I found, but none gave me fewer than 10 players. One would go Anderson; Alec Stewart, who made his debut in Kingston in 1990 but played in Anderson’s first match against Zimbabwe at Lord’s in 2003 (it could equally have been Nasser Hussain); and to Graham Gooch, the captain on Stewart’s debut, whose career began with a pair against Australia at Edgbaston in 1975. Although Close’s career thus overlapped Gooch’s, they never played together, so this sequence goes from Gooch to John Edrich (from 1963 to that same Old Trafford match, but who played with Gooch against Australia in 1975); then Close. Next comes Sir Leonard Hutton, whose career straddled the second world war from 1937 to 1955, and preceded by Les Ames, the Kent wicketkeeper batsman, whose 47 Tests began against South Africa in 1929 and ended over the course of 10 March days, a decade on, with the timeless Test in Durban. And so to Rhodes. Ames made 149 of England’s 849 in Kingston when Rhodes played against West Indies in his final match, another timeless Test (this time over nine days and also curtailed because of the need to return to England) during which Andrew Sandham made 325, a record for Tests that stood for all of three months. From Rhodes then to Grace and so back to George Ulyett, who batted at four for England in that inaugural match, and in whose final match, at Lord’s in 1890, Grace got a first-baller.
Amazing Grace: The Man Who Was WG, by Richard Tomlinson, is published by Little, Brown
|
Wilfred Rhodes
|
According to Genesis, howold was Noah when he died (within 10 years)?
|
From Anderson to 1877: how to go back to the first Test in 10 England players | Mike Selvey | Sport | The Guardian
Sportblog
From Anderson to 1877: how to go back to the first Test in 10 England players
Linking Jimmy Anderson to the first Test 139 years ago connects famous England figures including Graham Gooch, Brian Close, Sir Leonard Hutton and WG Grace
Jimmy Anderson has been playing Test cricket for 13 years, which makes his career the longest among the current England team. Photograph: Stu Forster/Getty Images
Wednesday 1 June 2016 13.17 EDT
Last modified on Wednesday 1 June 2016 19.20 EDT
Share on Messenger
Close
Alpha and omega. The beginning and the end. On 1 June 1899, one illustrious international career was coming to an end and another was beginning. WG Grace, the Doctor, was 50 years old when he began the last of his 22 Tests, against Australia (they all were back then) at Trent Bridge. They were troubled times. His 20-year-old daughter, Bessie, had died of typhoid in February and, grieving, he was largely an early-season absentee captain from Gloucestershire, with whom he was in dispute as a result, ultimately resigning the role.
Amazing Grace: The Man Who Was WG by Richard Tomlinson – review
Read more
This I know from Richard Tomlinson’s splendid book Amazing Grace , which recounts that Grace’s wounded response to the Gloucestershire committee’s inquiry as to whether he actually intended to play any cricket was to finish by saying the affection in which he held the county of his birth was not matched by that for the committee, which as a body he held in great contempt.
There had been press mutterings, too, about his continued value to the England side, a superstar hanging around too long. “A place may be found for that once great cricketer,” said the Sheffield Daily Telegraph, “still great considering his years, in the first match for sentimental reasons alone.”
Grace was the captain and a senior selector, though. “Why does not Grace retire?” the Yorkshire Evening Post wondered. “Even a man of his extraordinary powers and endurance must drop out of international cricket some day and it would be wiser and more graceful act on his part to do so voluntarily.”
But he did play, opening the batting and making a scrappy 28 and one, and bowling 22 fruitless overs in a drawn match. He was not helped by batting with CB Fry, a magnificent athlete, but one frustrated by Grace’s ponderousness so that “we lost innumerable singles to the off side and I never dared call WG for a second run to the long field. When England fielded, Grace was jeered and booed by the 13,000 crowd. On 10 June, he resigned and retired from international cricket.
Wilfred Rhodes, at the age of 21, took seven wickets in the Test with his slow, left-arm spin and was embarking on a 58-match Test career that would not finish until April 1930, the longest span of all. On his England debut he batted at 10, shared a last-wicket partnership of 130 with RE Foster four years later, a record that stood for seven decades, and eight years on was opening the batting.
It was the longevity of Rhodes’s career, and, discursively, Jimmy Anderson reaching 450 Test wickets at Chester-le-Street over the last weekend and becoming the No1 ranked Test bowler, that got me thinking of something that once entertained us for a short while regarding Middlesex. The challenge was to see how far back we could go in the club’s history with the fewest players – degrees of separation, if you will – each of whom must have played with another to maintain a chain (memory serves it went something like Mark Ramprakash, Mike Gatting, Fred Titmus, Gubby Allen and Joe Murrell, whose first-class career, albeit with Kent initially, began before the turn of the last century and who certainly played against the Doctor (lbw Grace, 2). It is an argument I use (Fred was a fine bowler in 1983 so he must have been in 1949, etc etc) when discussions turn to comparative eras.
Dr WG Grace on cricket - archive, 1 June 1909
Read more
Anderson has been playing Test cricket for 13 years, which makes his career the longest among the current England team (his cap number is 613 while James Vince, the latest, is 670). So the exercise now was to see the fewest number of players the total span of whose careers go back to the first Test match, in Melbourne, in March 1877. In theory, before starting, there were several staging posts, one of which was Rhodes, and the other would seem to be Brian Close, who made his England debut against New Zealand towards the end of July 1949, when I was aged one, and in whose final match, the infamous one against West Indies at Old Trafford in 1976, I played.
There are a number of ways to link the whole thing, I found, but none gave me fewer than 10 players. One would go Anderson; Alec Stewart, who made his debut in Kingston in 1990 but played in Anderson’s first match against Zimbabwe at Lord’s in 2003 (it could equally have been Nasser Hussain); and to Graham Gooch, the captain on Stewart’s debut, whose career began with a pair against Australia at Edgbaston in 1975. Although Close’s career thus overlapped Gooch’s, they never played together, so this sequence goes from Gooch to John Edrich (from 1963 to that same Old Trafford match, but who played with Gooch against Australia in 1975); then Close. Next comes Sir Leonard Hutton, whose career straddled the second world war from 1937 to 1955, and preceded by Les Ames, the Kent wicketkeeper batsman, whose 47 Tests began against South Africa in 1929 and ended over the course of 10 March days, a decade on, with the timeless Test in Durban. And so to Rhodes. Ames made 149 of England’s 849 in Kingston when Rhodes played against West Indies in his final match, another timeless Test (this time over nine days and also curtailed because of the need to return to England) during which Andrew Sandham made 325, a record for Tests that stood for all of three months. From Rhodes then to Grace and so back to George Ulyett, who batted at four for England in that inaugural match, and in whose final match, at Lord’s in 1890, Grace got a first-baller.
Amazing Grace: The Man Who Was WG, by Richard Tomlinson, is published by Little, Brown
|
i don't know
|
What is 'Crocodile Dundee's' first name?
|
Crocodile Dundee (1986) - IMDb
IMDb
17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC
NEWS
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
An American reporter goes to the Australian outback to meet an eccentric crocodile poacher and invites him to New York City.
Director:
a list of 36 titles
created 16 Nov 2010
a list of 44 titles
created 09 Jun 2011
a list of 34 titles
created 10 Aug 2012
a list of 26 titles
created 07 Jan 2014
a list of 30 titles
created 04 Feb 2015
Search for " Crocodile Dundee " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 7 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Australian outback expert protects his New York love from gangsters who've followed her down under.
Director: John Cornell
Australian Outback adventurer Mick "Crocodile" Dundee travels to Los Angeles with his young son while his longtime companion suspects foul play at a movie studio.
Director: Simon Wincer
Lightning Jack Kane is an Australian outlaw in the wild west. During a bungled bank robbery he picks up mute Ben Doyle as a hostage. The two become good friends, with Jack teaching Ben how ... See full summary »
Director: Simon Wincer
A romance writer sets off to Colombia to ransom her kidnapped sister, and soon finds herself in the middle of a dangerous adventure.
Director: Robert Zemeckis
This is the sequel to "Romancing the Stone" where Jack and Joan have their yacht and easy life, but are gradually getting bored with each other and this way of life. Joan accepts an ... See full summary »
Director: Lewis Teague
A small-time crook becomes convinced he has become an angel after a traumatic incident and resolves to perform the work of one.
Director: John Cornell
A group of good-hearted but incompetent misfits enter the police academy, but the instructors there are not going to put up with their pranks.
Director: Hugh Wilson
A freewheeling Detroit cop pursuing a murder investigation finds himself dealing with the very different culture of Beverly Hills.
Director: Martin Brest
Axel Foley returns to Beverly Hills to help Taggart and Rosewood investigate Chief Bogomil's near-fatal shooting and the series of "alphabet crimes" associated with it.
Director: Tony Scott
A married couple try everything to get each other to leave the house in a vicious divorce battle.
Director: Danny DeVito
When a group of trespassing seniors swim in a pool containing alien cocoons, they find themselves energized with youthful vigour.
Director: Ron Howard
A private detective specializing in missing children is charged with the task of finding a special child who dark forces want to eliminate.
Director: Michael Ritchie
Edit
Storyline
Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee is an Australian crocodile hunter who lives in the Australian outback and runs a safari business with his trusted friend and mentor Walter Reilly. After surviving a crocodile attack, a New York journalist named Sue arrives to interview Mick about how he survived and learns more about the crocodile hunter. After saving Sue from a crocodile, Sue invites Mick to visit New York City, since Mick has never been to a city. Mick finds the culture and life in New York City a lot different than his home and he finds himself falling in love with Sue. Written by Daniel Williamson
The Wizard of Auz hits The Big Apple! See more »
Genres:
26 September 1986 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The "quotes" around "Crocodile" in the title were added for the American release to ensure people didn't think that Dundee was a crocodile. See more »
Goofs
When the pimp approaches Mick for the second time, he says, "If it isn't the man who doesn't like bad [expletive] language in front of ladies!" However, Mick didn't make this comment to Simone and Carla until after he'd knocked the pimp unconscious, so the pimp couldn't have heard it. See more »
Quotes
Sue Charlton : That croc was going to eat me alive.
Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee : Well, I wouldn't hold that against him. Same thought crossed my mind once or twice.
Sue Charlton : [smiling in slightly bashful amusement, while still allowing herself a little quiet satisfaction from Mick's compliment that she looks "delectable enough to eat"] Good night, Mick.
|
Mickey Mantle
|
"What book begins with the words ""You will rejoice to hear that no disaster has accompanied the commencement of an enterprise which you have regarded with such evil forebodings""?"
|
Crocodile Dundee (1986) - IMDb
IMDb
17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC
NEWS
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
An American reporter goes to the Australian outback to meet an eccentric crocodile poacher and invites him to New York City.
Director:
a list of 36 titles
created 16 Nov 2010
a list of 44 titles
created 09 Jun 2011
a list of 34 titles
created 10 Aug 2012
a list of 26 titles
created 07 Jan 2014
a list of 30 titles
created 04 Feb 2015
Search for " Crocodile Dundee " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 7 nominations. See more awards »
Videos
Australian outback expert protects his New York love from gangsters who've followed her down under.
Director: John Cornell
Australian Outback adventurer Mick "Crocodile" Dundee travels to Los Angeles with his young son while his longtime companion suspects foul play at a movie studio.
Director: Simon Wincer
Lightning Jack Kane is an Australian outlaw in the wild west. During a bungled bank robbery he picks up mute Ben Doyle as a hostage. The two become good friends, with Jack teaching Ben how ... See full summary »
Director: Simon Wincer
A romance writer sets off to Colombia to ransom her kidnapped sister, and soon finds herself in the middle of a dangerous adventure.
Director: Robert Zemeckis
This is the sequel to "Romancing the Stone" where Jack and Joan have their yacht and easy life, but are gradually getting bored with each other and this way of life. Joan accepts an ... See full summary »
Director: Lewis Teague
A small-time crook becomes convinced he has become an angel after a traumatic incident and resolves to perform the work of one.
Director: John Cornell
A group of good-hearted but incompetent misfits enter the police academy, but the instructors there are not going to put up with their pranks.
Director: Hugh Wilson
A freewheeling Detroit cop pursuing a murder investigation finds himself dealing with the very different culture of Beverly Hills.
Director: Martin Brest
Axel Foley returns to Beverly Hills to help Taggart and Rosewood investigate Chief Bogomil's near-fatal shooting and the series of "alphabet crimes" associated with it.
Director: Tony Scott
A married couple try everything to get each other to leave the house in a vicious divorce battle.
Director: Danny DeVito
When a group of trespassing seniors swim in a pool containing alien cocoons, they find themselves energized with youthful vigour.
Director: Ron Howard
A private detective specializing in missing children is charged with the task of finding a special child who dark forces want to eliminate.
Director: Michael Ritchie
Edit
Storyline
Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee is an Australian crocodile hunter who lives in the Australian outback and runs a safari business with his trusted friend and mentor Walter Reilly. After surviving a crocodile attack, a New York journalist named Sue arrives to interview Mick about how he survived and learns more about the crocodile hunter. After saving Sue from a crocodile, Sue invites Mick to visit New York City, since Mick has never been to a city. Mick finds the culture and life in New York City a lot different than his home and he finds himself falling in love with Sue. Written by Daniel Williamson
The Wizard of Auz hits The Big Apple! See more »
Genres:
26 September 1986 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Did You Know?
Trivia
The "quotes" around "Crocodile" in the title were added for the American release to ensure people didn't think that Dundee was a crocodile. See more »
Goofs
When the pimp approaches Mick for the second time, he says, "If it isn't the man who doesn't like bad [expletive] language in front of ladies!" However, Mick didn't make this comment to Simone and Carla until after he'd knocked the pimp unconscious, so the pimp couldn't have heard it. See more »
Quotes
Sue Charlton : That croc was going to eat me alive.
Michael J. "Crocodile" Dundee : Well, I wouldn't hold that against him. Same thought crossed my mind once or twice.
Sue Charlton : [smiling in slightly bashful amusement, while still allowing herself a little quiet satisfaction from Mick's compliment that she looks "delectable enough to eat"] Good night, Mick.
|
i don't know
|
Which Canadian Province has a Pacific coastline?
|
Discover Canada
Discover Canada
The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship
Canada’s Regions
Discover Canada: The Rights and Responsibilities of Citizenship - Canada's Regions
Duration: 14 minutes, 23 seconds. Read by Geraint Wyn Davies .
Download this chapter: MP3
You can also download all of Discover Canada as a single file.
The audio may take a moment to load. In order to maximize the functionality of this page, please turn on Javascript .
is now a tourist attraction
and winter skateway
[ See larger version ]
Canada is the second largest country on earth—10 million square kilometres. Three oceans line Canada’s frontiers: the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Along the southern edge of Canada lies the Canada-United States boundary. Both Canada and the U.S.A. are committed to a safe, secure and efficient frontier
The Regions of Canada
Canada includes many different geographical areas and five distinct regions.
The Atlantic Provinces
The Northern Territories
The National Capital
Ottawa, located on the Ottawa River, was chosen as the capital in 1857 by Queen Victoria, the great-great-grandmother of Queen Elizabeth II. Today it is Canada’s fourth largest metropolitan area. The National Capital Region, 4,700 square kilometres surrounding Ottawa, preserves and enhances the area’s built heritage and natural environment.
Provinces and Territories
Canada has ten provinces and three territories. Each province and territory has its own capital city. You should know the capital of your province or territory as well as that of Canada.
Population
Canada has a population of about 34 million people. While the majority live in cities, Canadians also live in small towns, rural areas and everywhere in between.
Peggy’s Cove harbour, Nova Scotia
Ottawa: The Capital of Canada
The Atlantic provinces
Atlantic Canada’s coasts and natural resources, including fishing, farming, forestry and mining, have made these provinces an important part of Canada’s history and development. The Atlantic Ocean brings cool winters and cool humid summers.
Newfoundland and Labrador
Newfoundland and Labrador is the most easterly point in North America and has its own time zone. In addition to its natural beauty, the province has a unique heritage linked to the sea. The oldest colony of the British Empire and a strategic prize in Canada’s early history, the province has long been known for its fisheries, coastal fishing villages and distinct culture. Today off-shore oil and gas extraction contributes a substantial part of the economy. Labrador also has immense hydro-electric resources.
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island ( P.E.I. ) is the smallest province, known for its beaches, red soil and agriculture, especially potatoes. P.E.I. is the birthplace of Confederation, connected to mainland Canada by one of the longest continuous multispan bridges in the world, the Confederation Bridge. Anne of Green Gables, set in P.E.I. by Lucy Maud Montgomery, is a much-loved story about the adventures of a little red-headed orphan girl.
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is the most populous Atlantic Province, with a rich history as the gateway to Canada. Known for the world’s highest tides in the Bay of Fundy , the province’s identity is linked to shipbuilding, fisheries and shipping. As Canada’s largest east coast port, deep-water and ice-free, the capital, Halifax, has played an important role in Atlantic trade and defence and is home to Canada’s largest naval base. Nova Scotia has a long history of coal mining, forestry and agriculture. Today there is also off-shore oil and gas exploration. The province’s Celtic and Gaelic traditions sustain a vibrant culture. Nova Scotia is home to over 700 annual festivals, including the spectacular military tattoo in Halifax.
New Brunswick
Situated in the Appalachian Range, the province was founded by the United Empire Loyalists and has the second largest river system on North America’s Atlantic coastline, the St. John River system. Forestry, agriculture, fisheries, mining, food processing and tourism are the principal industries. Saint John is the largest city, port and manufacturing centre; Moncton is the principal Francophone Acadian centre; and Fredericton, the historic capital. New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province, and about one-third of the population lives and works in French. The province’s pioneer Loyalist and French cultural heritage and history come alive in street festivals and traditional music.
Central Canada
More than half the people in Canada live in cities and towns near the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River in southern Quebec and Ontario, known as Central Canada and the industrial and manufacturing heartland. Southern Ontario and Quebec have cold winters and warm humid summers. Together, Ontario and Quebec produce more than three-quarters of all Canadian manufactured goods.
Quebec
Nearly eight million people live in Quebec, the vast majority along or near the St. Lawrence River. More than three-quarters speak French as their first language. The resources of the Canadian Shield have helped Quebec to develop important industries, including forestry, energy and mining. Quebec is Canada’s main producer of pulp and paper. The province’s huge supply of fresh water has made it Canada’s largest producer of hydro-electricity. Quebecers are leaders in cutting-edge industries such as pharmaceuticals and aeronautics. Quebec films, music, literary works and food have international stature, especially in La Francophonie, an association of French-speaking nations. Montreal, Canada’s second largest city and the second largest mainly French-speaking city in the world after Paris, is famous for its cultural diversity.
Ontario
At more than 12 million, the people of Ontario make up more than one-third of Canadians. The large and culturally diverse population, natural resources and strategic location contribute to a vital economy. Toronto is the largest city in Canada and the country’s main financial centre. Many people work in the service or manufacturing industries, which produce a large percentage of Canada’s exports. The Niagara region is known for its vineyards, wines and fruit crops. Ontario farmers raise dairy and beef cattle, poultry, and vegetable and grain crops. Founded by United Empire Loyalists, Ontario also has the largest Frenchspeaking population outside of Quebec, with a proud history of preserving their language and culture. There are five Great Lakes located between Ontario and the United States: Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan (in the U.S.A. ) and Lake Superior, the largest freshwater lake in the world.
The Prairie Provinces
Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta are the Prairie Provinces, rich in energy resources and some of the most fertile farmland in the world. The region is mostly dry, with cold winters and hot summers.
Manitoba
Manitoba’s economy is based on agriculture, mining and hydro-electric power generation. The province’s most populous city is Winnipeg, whose Exchange District includes the most famous street intersection in Canada, Portage and Main. Winnipeg’s French Quarter, St. Boniface, has Western Canada’s largest Francophone community at 45,000. Manitoba is also an important centre of Ukrainian culture, with 14% reporting Ukrainian origins, and the largest Aboriginal population of any province, at over 15%.
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan, once known as the “breadbasket of the world” and the “wheat province,” has 40% of the arable land in Canada and is the country’s largest producer of grains and oilseeds. It also boasts the world’s richest deposits of uranium and potash, used in fertilizer, and produces oil and natural gas. Regina, the capital, is home to the training academy of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Saskatoon, the largest city, is the headquarters of the mining industry and an important educational, research and technology centre.
Alberta
Alberta is the most populous Prairie province. The province, and the world-famous Lake Louise in the Rocky Mountains, were both named after Princess Louise Caroline Alberta, fourth daughter of Queen Victoria. Alberta has five national parks, including Banff National Park, established in 1885. The rugged Badlands house some of the world’s richest deposits of prehistoric fossils and dinosaur finds. Alberta is the largest producer of oil and gas, and the oil sands in the north are being developed as a major energy source. Alberta is also renowned for agriculture, especially for the vast cattle ranches that make Canada one of the world’s major beef producers.
The West Coast
British Columbia is known for its majestic mountains and as Canada’s Pacific gateway. The Port of Vancouver, Canada’s largest and busiest, handles billions of dollars in goods traded around the world. Warm airstreams from the Pacific Ocean give the B.C. coast a temperate climate.
British Columbia
British Columbia ( B.C. ), on the Pacific coast, is Canada’s western most province, with a population of four million. The Port of Vancouver is our gateway to the Asia-Pacific. About one-half of all the goods produced in B.C. are forestry products, including lumber, newsprint, and pulp and paper products—the most valuable forestry industry in Canada. B.C. is also known for mining, fishing, and the fruit orchards and wine industry of the Okanagan Valley. B.C. has the most extensive park system in Canada, with approximately 600 provincial parks. The province’s large Asian communities have made Chinese and Punjabi the most spoken languages in the cities after English. The capital, Victoria, is a tourist centre and headquarters of the navy’s Pacific fleet.
The Northern Territories
The Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon contain one-third of Canada’s land mass but have a population of only 100,000. There are gold, lead, copper, diamond and zinc mines. Oil and gas deposits are being developed. The North is often referred to as the “Land of the Midnight Sun” because at the height of summer, daylight can last up to 24 hours. In winter, the sun disappears and darkness sets in for three months. The Northern territories have long cold winters and short cool summers. Much of the North is made up of tundra, the vast rocky Arctic plain. Because of the cold Arctic climate, there are no trees on the tundra and the soil is permanently frozen. Some continue to earn a living by hunting, fishing and trapping. Inuit art is sold throughout Canada and around the world.
Yukon
Thousands of miners came to the Yukon during the Gold Rush of the 1890s, as celebrated in the poetry of Robert W. Service. Mining remains a significant part of the economy. The White Pass and Yukon Railway opened from Skagway in neighbouring Alaska to the territorial capital, Whitehorse in 1900 and provides a spectacular tourist excursion across precipitous passes and bridges. Yukon holds the record for the coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada (-63°C).
Mount Logan, located in the Yukon, is the highest mountain in Canada. It is named in honour of Sir William Logan, a world-famous geologist, born in Montreal in 1798 to Scottish immigrant parents. Logan founded and directed the Geological Survey of Canada from 1842 to 1869 and is considered one of Canada’s greatest scientists
[ See larger version ]
Northwest Territories
The Northwest Territories ( N.W.T. ) were originally made up in 1870 from Rupert’s Land and the North-Western Territory. The capital, Yellowknife (population 20,000), is called the “diamond capital of North America.” More than half the population is Aboriginal (Dene, Inuit and Métis). The Mackenzie River, at 4,200 kilometres, is the second-longest river system in North America after the Mississippi and drains an area of 1.8 million square kilometres.
Nunavut
Nunavut, meaning “our land” in Inuktitut, was established in 1999 from the eastern part of the Northwest Territories, including all of the former District of Keewatin. The capital is Iqaluit, formerly Frobisher Bay, named after the English explorer Martin Frobisher, who penetrated the uncharted Arctic for Queen Elizabeth I in 1576. The 19-member Legislative Assembly chooses a premier and ministers by consensus. The population is about 85% Inuit, and Inuktitut is an official language and the first language in schools.
(From left to right) An Inuit boy in Sanikiluaq, Nunavut, uses a pellet gun to hunt for birds The caribou (reindeer) is popular game for hunters and a symbol of Canada’s North
|
British Columbia
|
If 'Statics' is the branch of Physics concerned with objects at rest, which branch is concerned with moving objects?
|
Canada Citizenship question
Questions and Answers of Canadian Citizenship Test
Section I. Questions about Canada
1. Who are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?
The original inhabitants of Canada. Thought to have come across a landbridge at the Behring straits. Commonly known as the First Nations
2. What are the three main groups of Aboriginal peoples?
According to the Government they are:
Indian
Metis
3. In which parts of Canada did the Aboriginal peoples first live?
Depending on the viewpoint it was either in the Northern Territories or right across the Southern portion of Canada.
4. What did the Aboriginal peoples living in your region depend on for survival?
Hunting, farming and trading
5. From whom are the M�tis descended?
They are of mixed blood. Mainly Native, French and Scot
6. In what industry did the M�tis first work with European settlers?
Fur Trading and trapping
7. Which group of Aboriginal peoples make up more than half the population of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut?
The Inuit
8. Why are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada working toward self-government?
To keep their unique cultures and languages alive and to regain control over decisions that affect their lives
9. Where did the first European settlers in Canada come from?
The first settlement was a Viking one around 1012 AD .
10. Why did the early explorers first come to Atlantic Canada?
To fish and trade with the Native people.
11. Who are the Acadian people?
They were the first French Settlers
12. What three industries helped the early settlers build communities in the Atlantic region?
Farming, Fishing and Shipbuilding
13. Who were the United Empire Loyalists?
People of all races and creed who fled the United States after the American Revolution.
14. When did the United Empire Loyalists come to Canada?
1775 to 1783 and later
15. When did settlers from France first establish communities on the St. Lawrence River?
In the early 1600's
16. In which type of industry did most early European settlers work?
Fishing and trading
17. Which trade spread across Canada, making it important to the economy for over 300 years?
The Fur Trade
18. What form of transportation did Aboriginal peoples and fur traders use to create trading networks in North America?
Canoes
19. How long did the Hudson's Bay Company control the northern lands?
300 years (1600's to the 1900's)
20. What important trade did the Hudson's Bay Company control?
The Fur Trade
21. When did thousands of miners first come to the Yukon?
During the Gold Rush in the late 1800's
22. What did the government do to make immigration to western Canada much easier?
Built a Railway and offered cheap land
23. Which group of people were important in the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway?
Apparently only the Chinese.
24. When was the Canadian Pacific Railway finished?
November 7th 1885 the last spike of the CPR was driven home by Donald Smith at Craigellachie
25. What did the federal government do to encourage people to settle in the Prairie provinces during the early 1900s?
Offered land at cheap prices
26. What does Confederation mean?
A joining together of seperate nations in an equal partnership as a new country
27. What is the Canadian Constitution?
The system of laws and conventions by which the country governs itself.
28. In what year did Canada become a country?
1867
29. Which document made Confederation legal?
The British North American act of 1867
30. Which document first defined the responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments?
The British North American Act
31. When did the British North America Act come into effect?
1867
32Why is the British North America Act important in Canadian history?
Technically it was the document that created Canada
33. Which four provinces first formed the Confederation?
Ontario
35. Which was the last province to join Canada?
Newfoundland
36. When is Canada Day and what does it celebrate?
July 1st It is the anniversary of Confederation
37. Who was the first prime minister of Canada?
Sir. John A MacDonald
38. Why is the Constitution Act of 1982 important in Canadian history?
In 1982, the new Constitution Act allowed Canadians to change the Constitution without asking the British government's approval. This is the year when the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms became part of the Canadian Constitution.
39. What part of the Constitution legally protects the basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians?
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
40. When did the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms become part of the Canadian Constitution?
1982
41. Name two fundamental freedoms protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Basic freedoms, such as freedom of thought, freedom of speech, and freedom of
peaceful assembly.
42. Name three legal rights protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Democratic rights, such as the right to vote;
Legal rights, such as the right to a fair trial;
Equality rights, such as the right to protection against discrimination;
Mobility rights, such as the right to live and work anywhere in Canada;
43. List four rights Canadian citizens have.
Be a candidate in federal, provincial and territorial elections;
Be educated in either official language;
Apply for a Canadian passport;
Vote in federal, provincial and territorial elections; and
Enter and leave Canada freely.
44. List three ways in which you can protect the environment.
Throw waste paper or other garbage in designated public garbage containers. Recycle and re-use as many products as possible, such as paper, glass and cans. Walk, join a car pool, or use a bicycle or public transit whenever possible. Get involved with a local group to protect our natural and cultural heritage
45. Who has the right to apply for a Canadian passport?
Any Canadian citizen
46. Who has the right to enter and leave Canada at will?
Any Canadian Citizen
47. Who has the right to be considered first for a job in the federal government?
Canadian Citizens
48. What does equality under the law mean?
All men will be treated equally
49. What does "mobility rights" mean?
The right to live and work anywhere in Canada
50. Name six responsibilities of citizenship.
Vote in elections;
Help others in the community;
Care for and protect our heritage and environment;
Obey Canada's laws;
Express opinions freely while respecting the rights and freedoms of others; and
Eliminate discrimination and injustice.
51. Give an example of how you can care for Canada's natural heritage.
Join a community group such as an environmental group
52. What will you promise when you take the Oath of Citizenship?
That you will be faithfull and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth the Second, Queen of Canada, Her Heirs and Successors, and that you will faithfully observe the laws of Canada and fulfil your duties as a Canadian Citizen
53. Explain how a citizenship right can also be seen as a citizenship responsibility -- for example, the right to vote.
54. Give an example of how you can show responsibility by participating in your community.
Volunteer to work on an election campaign for a candidate of your choice.
Help your neighbours.
Work with others to solve problems in your community.
Become a candidate in an election
55. Which legal document recognizes the cultural diversity of Canadians?
The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
56. What are the two official languages of Canada?
English and French
57. Which legal documents protect the rights of Canadians with regard to official languages?
The Canadian Constitution and the Official Languages Act
58. Give an example of where English and French have equal status in Canada.
English and French have equal status in the Parliament of Canada, in federal courts and in all federal institutions
59. Where do most French-speaking Canadians live?
Quebec (followed by Ontario)
60. Which province has the most bilingual Canadians?
Quebec
61. Which province is the only officially bilingual province?
New Brunswick
62. What does the Canadian flag look like?
A rectangle with three equal vertical bars. The two outside bars are red and the inside one is white. In the white (inside) bar there is a red maple leaf
63. What song is Canada's national anthem?
"O Canada"
64. Give the first two lines of Canada's national anthem.
O Canada!
Our home and native land!
65. Where does the name "Canada" come from?
In 1535, two Indian youths used the Huron-Iroquois word "kanata," which means "village" or "settlement," to tell Jacques Cartier the way to Stadacona (site of present-day Qu�bec City). Cartier used "Canada" to refer not only to Stadacona, but also to the entire area subject to Donnacona, Chief at Stadacona. By 1547, the first world map to show the discoveries made on Cartier's second voyage applied the word "Canada" to the area north of the gulf and river St. Lawrence. By 1550, maps were also placing the name south of the river. The first use of "Canada" as an official name came in 1791 when the Constitutional Act (or Canada Act) divided Qu�bec, then considerably larger, into the provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada. In 1841, they were united to become the Province of Canada. At the time of Confederation, the new country took the name of Canada.
66. Which animal is an official symbol of Canada?
The Beaver
67. What is the tower in the centre of the Parliament buildings called?
The Peace Tower
68. What unique art form was developed by the First Nations people on the West Coast?
The Totem Pole
69. Why is the North sometimes called the "Land of the Midnight Sun"?
Because of the suns position low on the horizon during summer. Due to the tilt of the earth the sun does not set at the high northern latitudes
70. An act of Parliament was required to create a new territory in Canada's North. What is the name of the new territory?
Nunavut
71. What is the population of Canada?
Roughly 31 million people
72. What three oceans border on Canada?
Pacific
81. Name one province that is on the Atlantic coast of Canada.
Newfoundland
82. Name a province on the Pacific coast of Canada.
British Columbia
83. Which region covers more than one-third of Canada?
The Northern Region
84. Where do more than half the people in Canada live?
In the Southern part of Canada. It is claimed that most Canadians live within 100km of the border
85. One-third of all Canadians live in which province?
Ontario
86. What is the Canadian Shield?
The land in northern Quebec and Ontario is part of the Canadian Shield, a rock
formation that is millions of years old. Canada is one of the world's leading producers of minerals because of the rich deposits of gold, silver, nickel, zinc, copper and iron ore found in the ancient rock of the Shield.
The Shield is covered by forests, and part of Canada's major pulp and paper industry relies on the trees of this region. Some of the vast freshwater resources of the Shield
87. Where is the Canadian Shield?
Mainly in Ontario and Quebec
88. Where are the Canadian Rockies?
On the Border between Alberta and British Columbia
89. Where are the Great Lakes?
On the border between the United States and Canada.The Great Lakes only touch the Province of Ontario
90. What are the names of the Great Lakes?
Lake Ontario
Lake Michigan
91. Where is the St. Lawrence Seaway?
At the Eastern end of Lake Ontario. It joins the St.Lawrence river to the Atlantic ocean.
92. Name two mountain ranges in Canada.
Rocky , Columbia, Coast
93. Which territory shares a border with another country?
Yukon Territory (borders Alaska)
94. Which province is known as the "Land of 100,000 Lakes"?
Manitoba
95. Which provinces are joined to New Brunswick by land?
Quebec and Nova Scotia
96. To which ocean is Newfoundland closest?
Atlantic Ocean
97. Which mountain range forms a border between Alberta and British Columbia?
The Rocky Mountain range
98. Which two provinces are closest to Prince Edward Island?
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
99. Which province in Canada is the smallest in land size?
Prince Edward Island
100. Where are the Parliament buildings located?
Ottawa
101. Which country borders Canada on the south?
United States of America
102. What are the three main types of industries in Canada?
Natural resources, manufacturing and services
103. In what sorts of jobs do most Canadians work?
Over 70% have jobs in the service industries
104. What country is Canada's largest trading partner?
United States of America
105. Why are the Great Lakes important to Canada?
As a source of trading as well as a fresh water source for people and industries
106. Why is the St. Lawrence Seaway important to Canada?
Ships from all over the world reach the Great Lakes from the Atlantic Ocean by way of the St. Lawrence Seaway. The Seaway makes it possible for ocean-going ships to travel on the St. Lawrence River and the small rivers between the Great Lakes.
107. Why is the Canadian Shield important to Canada's economy?
The rich mineral deposits and the vast forest region
108. List four important minerals found in the Canadian Shield.
Gold, silver, nickel, zinc, copper and iron ore
109. Which province is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world?
Saskatchewan
110. Which region is known as the industrial and manufacturing heartland of Canada?
Central Canada
111. Which region of Canada is known for both its fertile agricultural land and valuable energy resources?
The Prairie Region
112. Which two provinces produce more than three-quarters of Canadian manufactured goods?
Ontario and Quebec
113. Which province is the biggest producer of metals in Canada?
Ontario
114. Which province is Canada's main producer of pulp and paper?
Ontario
115. Which province has the largest dairy farming industry in Canada?
Quebec
116. Which province has the most valuable forest industry in Canada?
British Columbia
117. Which province is Canada's major producer of oil and gas?
Alberta
118. Which province is Canada's leading wheat producer?
Saskatchewan
119. Which province is Canada's largest producer of hydroelectricity?
Quebec
120. Which two fuels provide about one-half of all the energy used in Canada?
Oil and Natural Gas
121. Which products from southern Ontario are among Canada's key exports?
Products from the auto industry
122. Name three minerals still being mined in the territories today.
Gold, Lead and Zinc
123. Which city provides important shipping and air links between Canada and other countries across the Pacific Ocean?
Vancouver
124. What products are produced in the Niagara Peninsula?
Fruit and Wine
125. More than half of Canada's aeronautics and space industries are located in which province?
Quebec
126. For what is the Okanagan Valley famous?
Fruit Orchards (but try the Wine)
127. What fish is a valuable industry on the West Coast?
Salmon
128. Who is Canada's Head of State?
Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
129. Who is the Queen's representative in Canada?
The Governor General
134. What are the three levels of government in Canada?
Federal
Municipal (or Local)
135. Explain how the three levels of government are different.
In general, the federal government takes major responsibility for matters that affect all of Canada. These include national defence, foreign policy and citizenship.
Provincial and territorial governments look after such matters as education, health
care and highways. They share responsibilities with the federal government in some areas.
The municipal (or local) governments of each city or community are responsible for matters such as policing, firefighting, snow removal and recycling programs.
136. Name two levels of government and explain how they are different.
Provincial Governments look after such matters as education, health care and
highways in the province which effects all the people who live in that Province.
The municipal (or local) governments of each city or community are responsible for local matters which effect only the citizens of that area.
137. Name two responsibilities for each level of government.
Federal government - National defence, foreign policy and citizenship.
Provincial government - education, health care and highways.
Municipal (or local) government - Policing, firefighting, snow removal,recycling
programs.
138. What do you call a law before it is passed?
A bill
139. How does a bill become a law?
To become law, a bill must be approved by majorities in the House of Commons and in the Senate.
140. What is the final step before a bill becomes a law?
Once a majority of MPs and senators have approved a bill,the Governor General
gives final approval and the bill becomes law.
141. What do the initials MP stand for in Canadian politics?
Member of Parliament
142. How are members of Parliament chosen?
Canadian citizens go to the polls to elect their local representative
143. Who do members of Parliament represent?
An elected MP represents everyone who lives in his or her electoral district, even the people who did not vote for the MP
144. What does a member of Parliament do?
Represents your ideas when new laws are being proposed;
Asks questions about the government on your behalf
Helps you if you need information from the government or if you have any problem
with the government.
145. What is an "electoral district"?
An electoral district is a geographical area represented by a member of the House of Commons.
146. How many electoral districts are there in Canada?
301
148. What four requirements must you meet in order to vote in a federal election?
A Canadian Citizen
At least 18 years old
Be on the National Register of Electors
Have a Notice of Confirmation of Registration
149. What is a Notice of Confirmation of Registration?
The notice tells you when and where to vote
150. What is a polling station?
Any designated building or area where you may cast your vote
151. What is a ballot?
A piece of paper which has the names of the local candidates on it.
152. What is written on an election ballot?
The ballot lists the names of the candidates in your electoral district in alphabetical order.
153. What do you mark on a federal election ballot?
An "X" in the circle beside the name of your chosen candidate
154. What does voting by secret ballot mean?
This means that no one can watch you vote and no one should look at your marked ballot.
155. Who has the right to vote in federal elections?
Any Canadian Citizen over the age of 18
156. Who has the right to run as a candidate in federal elections?
Any Canadian citizen over the age of 18
157. Who do Canadians vote for in a federal election?
The people in each electoral district vote for the candidate of their choice
158. How is the government formed after an election?
After an election, the party with the most elected representatives becomes the party in power. The leader of this party becomes the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister and the party in power run the government as long as they have the support of the majority of the Members of Parliament (MPs), in the House of Commons
159. How is the prime minister chosen?
The Prime Minister is normally the leader of the party with the majority of votes cast
160. When does an election have to be held according to the Constitution?
According to Canada's Constitution, an election must be held within five years of the last election.
161. What do political parties do?
A political party is a group of people who share ideas about how the government should work
Members of political parties help to: decide on the party platform; choose the party leader; choose the party's candidates; and campaign for party candidates in elections
162. What does "party platform" mean?
Members of political parties hold meetings where they discuss their ideas and
opinions. They develop plans for what they would do if their candidates were elected to form the government. The plans they make are called the party platform.
163. Name all the federal political parties represented in the House of Commons and their leaders.
Conservative Party - Stephan Harper
164. Which federal political party is in power?
Conservative Party (see also here )
165. To which party does your member of Parliament belong?
Liberal Party (see also here )
166. What does it mean for a political party to "be in power"?
They have won the most "seats" in an election and have formed the Goverment. Their brief is to manage the affairs of the country on a daily basis.
167. What are the parties that are not in power called?
The Opposition (parties)
168. Which party becomes the Official Opposition?
The party with the second largest amount of MP's.
169. What is the role of the Opposition parties?
The role of the Opposition parties is to oppose or try to improve government proposals.
170. Which party is the Official Opposition at the federal level?
Liberal Party (see also here )
171. What is a political candidate?
A citizen who is seeking election to the parliament based on a set of principles they believe in.
172. What do you call a candidate who does not belong to a political party?
Independent
173. What is a Cabinet minister?
The Prime Minister chooses several MPs to become Cabinet ministers. Cabinet ministers are responsible for running the federal government departments. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet ministers are called the Cabinet, and they make important decisions about how to run the country. They also propose most new laws. Their decisions can be questioned by all MPs in the House of Commons
174. How are senators chosen?
The people who serve in the Senate are chosen by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Governor General
175. How can a party in power be defeated in Parliament?
At the polls or by being out-voted in a motion If a majority of the MPs vote against a major government decision, the party in power where he is defeated. The Prime Minister resigns and a new election is usually held
176. What is the name of the Prime Minister of Canada?
Stephan Harper (see also here )
177. What is the name of your member of Parliament?
Bill Graham (see also here )
178. How can you contact your member of Parliament?
Telephone, Mail, E-mail, Constituency Office, Internet.
179. Who do provincial members of the legislative or national assemblies represent?
The voters of the province or riding that they are elected to represent
180. What level of government passes "by-laws"?
Municipal
Section II. Questions about your region
181. When did settlers from Europe first come to your region?
Late 1600's
182. Who were the first settlers in the area where you live?
United Empire Loyalists
183. Why did the early Europeans come to your region in the 1600s, 1700s, 1800s or early 1900s?
To escape the American Revolution
184. What is the capital city of the province or territory in which you live?
Toronto
185. What are the major industries of your city, province and region today?
Mining - Nickel, gold, silver, platinum, uranium, zinc and copper
The automobile industry
190. What has always been important to the economy in your region?
An abundance of water
191. Who is your city councillor, alderperson, reeve or regional councillor?
Ward 24, City Councillor - (see here )
192. What is the name of your mayor?
David Miller (see also here )
193. What is the name of your provincial representative (member of the Legislative Assembly, member of the provincial Parliament, member of the National Assembly or member of the House of Assembly)?
194. What is the name of the premier of your province?
Dalton McGuinty (see also here )
195. Which political party is in power in your province or territory?
Liberal Party (see also here )
196. What is the name of the leader of the Opposition in your province?
John Tory (see also here )
197. What is the name of your lieutenant-governor or commissioner?
James Bartleman (see also here )
You may be asked questions similar to these when you undergo your citizenship test.
For more information check also next links:
|
i don't know
|
Who disappeared whilst swimming near Melbourne on December 17th.1967?
|
Disappeared in December | History Today
Disappeared in December
By Christopher Winn
Posted 3rd December 2012, 9:19
On the evening of December 3rd, 1926, the author Agatha Christie drove away from Styles, her Berkshire home, and vanished. Her Morris Cowley was found abandoned with the lights still on in the car park of the mysterious Silent Pool in the Surrey Hills and a nationwide manhunt ensued that even drew in the talents of fellow crime writers Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Dorothy L. Sayers. Christie was discovered 11 days later staying at a hotel in Harrogate, Yorkshire, under the name Mrs Teresa Neele. Here are some other figures who disappeared (or reappeared) in December.
On December 4th, 1872 the British brigantine Dei Gratia came across the Marie Celeste, a small cargo ship bound for Genoa out of New York, adrift in the Atlantic east of the Azores, completely deserted. The captain’s table was set for a meal, but there was no indication of what had happened to the crew of eight, along with the captain’s wife and daughter who were passengers. They were never found.
On December 15th, 1944, American band leader Glenn Miller boarded a Norseman transport plane at Twinwood airfield, near Bedford, to fly to Paris, where his band were booked to perform for the troops. He flew off into the mist and was never seen again. No wreckage or body was ever found and official records show that no planes took off from Twinwood on that day due to the foggy conditions.
On December 17th, 1967, just 22 months after becoming prime minister of Australia, Harold Holt went for his customary swim off Cheviot Beach near Melbourne. The sea was rough and his friends on the beach saw Holt struggling to swim back to shore before he disappeared and was never seen again. A two-day manhunt failed to find the body and Holt was presumed dead, becoming the third Australian prime minister to die in office.
John Stonehouse, postmaster general under Harold Wilson and the only acting British government minister to be a proven Communist spy, was surprisingly discovered in Melbourne on Christmas Eve 1974 after apparently disappearing a month before while swimming off the coast of Florida. His clothes were found in a pile on the beach and he was presumed drowned, but he had faked his death to escape investigation of his business affairs. He was apprehended in Australia by police who thought they had found the missing Lord Lucan.
Christopher Winn is the author of I Never Knew That
From The Archive
Detective Novels: A Very British Crime Wave
Detective stories captured the imaginations of the British middle classes in the 20th century. William D. Rubinstein looks at the rise of home-grown writers such as Agatha Christie, how they mirrored society and why changes in social mores eventually murdered their sales.
|
Harold Holt
|
Of which Canadian Province is Labrador a part?
|
Harold Holt | National Museum of Australia
Prime Minister from 26 January 1966 to 19 December 1967
Harold Edward Holt. Photo: National Archives of Australia, A1200:L54564.
Harold Holt had plenty of time to find out what being Prime Minister would be like - he served for ten years as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party under Menzies.
He took over as Prime Minister when Menzies retired in 1966 and later that year won a sweeping victory at the polls on the issue of support for the Australian and United States involvement in the Vietnam War.
Late in 1967 he disappeared while swimming in the ocean, making him the third Australian Prime Minister to have died while still in office.
Beginnings
Harold Edward Holt was born in Sydney on 5 August 1908. Both his parents were school teachers, although his father later worked for the theatrical firm JC Williamson. His parents divorced when he was ten.
He attended Wesley College, Melbourne, where he won awards for sporting ability, character and leadership. He went on to study law at the University of Melbourne, where he played football, cricket and tennis for Queens College.
He graduated as a lawyer in 1930, and was admitted to the Bar in 1931. He worked as a solicitor, became secretary to the Cinematograph Exhibitors' Association, and was an active member of the Young Nationalists.
In 1934 Harold Holt stood against former Prime Minister James Scullin for the seat of Yarra in federal parliament, but lost. He also unsuccessfully contested an election for the Victorian parliament.
Entry to federal politics
Holt was elected to federal parliament in 1935 when he stood as the United Australia Party (UAP) candidate for the seat of Fawkner, Victoria. Holt won the next four general elections, holding Fawkner from 1937 to 1946. He then switched to the seat of Higgins, which he held through eight general elections - from 1949 to 1966.
Holt served as Minister without Portfolio in 1939 and 1940, assisting the Ministers for Supply and Development, Trade and Customs, and Scientific and Industrial Research.
In 1940 he enlisted in the 2nd Australian Imperial Force (AIF), but after five months in the Army Menzies recalled him to parliament. He then became Minister for Labour and National Service and Minister in Charge of Scientific and Industrial Research in both Menzies' and Fadden's UAP-Country Party coalition governments. While Menzies was still in office, Holt brought in a national child endowment scheme for second and subsequent children.
He married Zara Fell in 1946 and adopted her three sons from a previous marriage.
When the Menzies-Fadden Liberal-CP coalition government came to power in 1949, Holt again became Minister for Labour and National Service. He held this position for nine years, introducing conscription into the army for all males aged 18 in 1951. This scheme continued until 1959.
He was also Minister for Immigration from 1949 to 1956. As Minister for Immigration Holt worked on various migration schemes. He also began to work on changing the White Australia Policy, a scheme that had been in practice since 1901. The idea of the policy was to keep 'undesirable' immigrants (people without a European background) out of Australia, by giving them a dictation test they could not possibly pass. Holt abolished this test.
In 1956 Holt became Leader of the House of Representatives and deputy Liberal leader. He also took over from Arthur Fadden as Treasurer in 1958 and held this position for the next seven years. As Treasurer, Holt dealt with a recession in 1960, brought on by drought, a fall in wool production and rising prices. Holt worked at ways to turn the situation around. Using a strategy known as 'credit squeeze' (colloquially as 'Holt's Jolt'), he imposed credit restrictions, raised loan interest rates and heavily increased sales tax on motor vehicles. The economic slump continued through 1961. The unemployment rate reached 3.5 per cent, the highest figure for thirty years.
Prime Minister Harold Holt
When Robert Menzies retired as Prime Minister on 26 Jan 1966, Holt took over the leadership of the Liberal Party, having been deputy leader since 1956. As the war in Vietnam grew more intense, Holt visited the USA in June 1966 to discuss the situation with US President LB Johnson. Holt confirmed his government's full support for USA's Vietnam policy and adopted the slogan 'All the way with LBJ'. By the end of 1966, 6000 Australian soldiers had been sent to Vietnam, including the first conscripts (non-volunteers).
On the 14 February 1966, Holt introduced decimal currency - dollars and cents.
As more and more people in Australia began to protest against sending Australian troops to Vietnam, Holt campaigned for a general election on 26 November 1966 with Australian involvement in the war as a major issue. It seemed that, for the most part, the people of Australia agreed with his war policy, as his government was returned with an impressive ten seat gain.
On 27 May 1967, during Holt's period of leadership, Australians voted 'Yes' in a referendum to change the Commonwealth constitution. 'Full-blood' Aborigines could now be counted in the national census, which meant that the federal government was now just as responsible as the states for Aboriginal affairs.
By late 1967, with continuing opposition to sending troops to Vietnam, Holt's government was also under attack over various other issues, including its handling of the Voyager disaster, VIP aircraft flights, and a proposal to break the nexus between the two federal houses of parliament.
Harold Holt disappeared while swimming in heavy surf near Portsea, Victoria, on 17 December 1967. Despite a major search his body was never found. He was pronounced dead on 19 December. His memorial service in St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, on 22 December was attended by US President LB Johnson, the Prince of Wales, Prince Charles, UK Prime Minister Harold Wilson and other heads of state and government.
Legislation
The Migration Act 1966 relaxed immigration laws to allow entry of non-European settlers, effectively ending the White Australia Policy.
The Industrial Research and Development Grants Act 1967 gave assistance to the manufacturing and mining industries. This year saw the first offshore oil rig established.
Breadcrumb Links:
|
i don't know
|
Which Archbishop of Canterbury was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake?
|
Thomas Cranmer | archbishop of Canterbury | Britannica.com
archbishop of Canterbury
John Foxe
Thomas Cranmer, (born July 2, 1489, Aslacton, Nottinghamshire , England —died March 21, 1556, Oxford ), the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury (1533–56), adviser to the English kings Henry VIII and Edward VI . As archbishop , he put the English Bible in parish churches, drew up the Book of Common Prayer , and composed a litany that remains in use today. Denounced by the Catholic queen Mary I for promoting Protestantism , he was convicted of heresy and burned at the stake.
Thomas Cranmer, detail of an oil painting by Gerlach Flicke, 1545; in the National Portrait …
Courtesy of the National Portrait Gallery, London
Early life
Cranmer was the second son of Thomas Cranmer and Agnes (née Hatfield). His father seems to have belonged to the lowest rank of the gentry; at any rate, he had only enough property to endow his eldest son, John, so that Thomas and his younger brother were destined for the church. After experiencing the teaching of a “marvellous severe and cruel schoolmaster,” whose ministrations Cranmer later maintained instilled in him a permanent uncertainty and pliability, the boy went on to Cambridge in 1503. In 1510 or 1511 he was elected to a fellowship at Jesus College but was soon compelled to vacate because he married a relative of the landlady of the Dolphin Inn. During this time he earned his living by teaching at Buckingham (later Magdalene) College, leaving his wife to lodge at the Dolphin; out of this arrangement grew a later story that he had started out in life as a hostler.
His wife died in childbirth soon after their marriage, however, and Jesus College restored Cranmer to his fellowship. He now entered the church and threw himself into his studies, becoming one of the outstanding theologians of his time, a man of immense, though not very original, learning. From about 1520 he belonged to a group of scholars who met regularly to discuss the theological problems raised by Martin Luther ’s revolt; known to be inclined to the new way of thinking, they were dubbed “Little Germany.” Among the group that was to lead the English Reformation were William Tyndale , Robert Barnes , Thomas Bilney , and, above all, Cranmer, who by 1525 included among his prayers one for the abolition of papal power in England.
Entry into royal service
Cranmer’s ambitions for reform would have remained academic had it not been for the political events into which he was soon drawn, however contrary they were to his upbringing and tastes. From 1527 onward, Henry VIII pursued his desire to be freed from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon , in order to marry Anne Boleyn , and in 1529 the grips of the “divorce” controversy seized also upon Cranmer. In August a plague known as the sweating sickness swept the country and was especially severe in Cambridge. To escape the sickness, Cranmer left the town with two of his pupils—brothers who were related to him through their mother—and went to their father’s house at Waltham in Essex. The king was visiting in the immediate neighbourhood at the time, and two of his chief councillors, Stephen Gardiner and Edward Fox, met Cranmer in those lodgings soon afterward. Not surprisingly, they were led to discuss the king’s meditated divorce.
Britannica Stories
Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales
Henry, who was willing to secure the help of any likely head and hand, however obscure, summoned Cranmer for an interview and commanded him to lay aside all other pursuits in order to devote himself to the question of the divorce. Cranmer accepted a commission to write a propaganda treatise in the king’s interest, stating the course he proposed and defending it by arguments from Scripture, the Fathers, and the decrees of general councils. He was commended to the hospitality of Anne Boleyn’s father, the earl of Wiltshire, in whose house at Durham Place he resided for some time; was appointed archdeacon of Taunton; became one of the king’s chaplains; and also held a parochial benefice, the name of which is unknown. When the treatise was finished, Cranmer was called upon to defend its argument before the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; but in the end the debates, which on the whole endorsed his position, took place in his absence. He had already been sent to plead the cause before a more powerful if not a higher tribunal. An embassy, with the earl of Wiltshire at its head, was dispatched to Rome in 1530, and Cranmer was an important member of it. He was received by the pope with marked courtesy and was appointed grand penitentiary of England, but his argument, if discussed, did not lead to any practical decision of the divorce question.
Britannica Lists & Quizzes
Editor Picks: Exploring 10 Types of Basketball Movies
In 1532 he was sent to Germany, officially as ambassador to the emperor Charles V but with instructions to establish contact with the Lutheran princes. At Nürnberg he made the acquaintance of Andreas Osiander , whose theological position midway between Luther and the old orthodoxy appealed to Cranmer’s cautious temperament, while Osiander’s niece Margaret appealed even more strongly to one who had for too long remained in uncongenial celibacy. Despite his priest’s orders, he married her in 1532; at the same time, his theological views underwent a further decided change in the direction of Reformed opinion.
Archbishop of Canterbury
British Culture and Politics
The year 1532 proved to be a critical one altogether, for William Warham , the aged archbishop of Canterbury, died in August. At first the usual practice of extending the vacancy for the benefit of the king’s finances was followed, but by the end of the year it was apparent that the see would have to be filled because the divorce question was coming to a head. Thomas Cromwell ’s arrival in power as chief adviser in ecclesiastical matters had heralded a more energetic policy, and by January 1533 the act against appeals to Rome was being drafted, and Anne Boleyn was pregnant. Since Stephen Gardiner, the obvious candidate for the archbishopric, was out of favour, the king chose Cranmer; by March 1533 he was consecrated and instituted at Canterbury , with the assistance of confirmatory papal bulls and after a declaration that he took the obligatory oath to the pope without feeling bound by it. He proceeded to do what was expected of him. In May he convened his court at Dunstable, declared the king’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon void from the beginning, and pronounced the marriage to Anne Boleyn valid.
In 1536, convinced by the dubious evidence of Anne’s alleged adulteries, he in turn invalidated that marriage; in 1540 he assisted in the freeing of Henry VIII from his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves ; and in 1542 he was forced to be prominent in the proceedings that resulted in Catherine Howard ’s execution for treasonable unchastity. There is no question that in these matrimonial politics he did as he was told, though it is improbable that his private opinions on the issues in question in any way contradicted his public doings.
Connect with Britannica
Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest
More significant are his activities as archbishop in the reconstructed church. Cranmer had not sought high promotion. His marriage just before his elevation to the archbishopric is fair proof that he expected no such career in the priesthood, in which a necessarily unacknowledged wife would be nothing but an embarrassment. Not until 1548 was he able to recognize her publicly. A story of his carrying her about with him in a chest with air holes is, however, part of the scurrilous legend that grew up around him. Once put in power, however, he could not avoid the consequences; a convinced Reformer with leanings toward a succession of Continental theological changes, he found himself assisting at the shaping of the Church of England under a master who on the whole had no taste for change. In cooperation with Cromwell, he promoted the publication of an English Bible , made compulsory in the parishes by Cromwell’s Injunctions of 1538.
Even before Henry VIII died (1547), Cranmer had drifted far in the direction of Protestantism . In 1545 he had composed a litany for the Reformed church in England , one of his masterpieces, still in use; and by 1538 he had abandoned the traditional Roman Catholic belief in transubstantiation —that Christ is rendered substantially present by the Eucharist (although the properties of bread and wine remain the same)—but retained his belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. As early as 1536 he was recognized by the northern religious rebels as the leading innovator. His position was, in consequence, far from comfortable after the Act of Six Articles (1539), which attacked those advocating marriage of the clergy and those denying transubstantiation, and Cromwell’s fall in 1540.
During Henry’s last years, Cranmer’s enemies laid at least three elaborate plots to destroy him by convicting him of heresy, but on each occasion they were foiled by Henry’s curious attachment to him. In Cranmer this king, who as a rule kept himself entirely free from personal feelings for his servants and advisers, found a man whom he both trusted and liked. Unlike the rest of them, the archbishop was neither greedy nor devious; he sought nothing for himself, alone was willing to plead for those who fell into disfavour (a service he performed with equal courage and futility for Sir Thomas More , Anne Boleyn, Thomas Cromwell, and others), and miraculously retained Henry’s goodwill throughout. The king regarded him with that mixture of awe and amusement that the worldly and selfish bestow on those who appear simple in affairs; he liked him, listened to him, protected him, but allowed him no political influence whatsoever. It was not surprising that he turned to Cranmer when death came.
Achievements under Edward VI
Open Door policy
With the accession of Edward VI (Henry’s only child by his third wife, Jane Seymour ) in 1547, Cranmer’s time really arrived. From the first, the young king’s guardian, Edward Seymour , duke of Somerset, demonstrated his intention to transform the Church of England into a Protestant church. When he fell in 1549, the expected Catholic reaction did not take place, because John Dudley (later the duke of Northumberland ), who had ousted Seymour, decided to introduce an even more extreme brand of Reformed religion .
In the doctrinal labours demanded by these changes, Cranmer took the chief and directing part. In 1547 he was responsible for the publication of a Book of Homilies designed to meet the notorious grievance that the unreformed clergy did not preach enough. The first prayer book , moderately Protestant, appeared in 1549, to be followed in 1552 by the second, which was more outspokenly Protestant. Cranmer was personally responsible for much of the work, but he had the assistance of a number of foreign theologians for whom Edward VI’s England acted as a magnet. The most influential of these was probably Martin Bucer from Strasbourg , whose position on the Eucharist is reflected especially in the Communion service of the second prayer book. It was not so much Bucer, however, who persuaded Cranmer away from the vague Lutheranism, which seems to have been his position in 1547, as either the Pole Jan Laski the Younger or the Englishman Nicholas Ridley , both men possessed of a more determined and unquestioning temper than was the archbishop. The ferment of those years also produced Cranmer’s Forty-two Articles (1553), a set of doctrinal formulas defining the dogmatic position of the Church of England on current religious controversies. All clergy, schoolmasters, and degree candidates in the universities were compelled to subscribe to the articles, which were later reduced to 39 and officially accepted by the Anglican church.
At this time Cranmer also attempted to revise the canon law of the English church, a proposal never enacted but published in 1571 as the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum (“The Reformation of Ecclesiastical Laws”). Though still deprived of any serious influence in affairs of state, Cranmer dominated and guided the religious revolution of the reign by his learning, authority, and diligence. He settled in turn the doctrine, ritual , and law of his church in a manner that was to remain. Above all, the Church of England owed to him the beauty of its liturgy, which shows him to have been not only a theologian but something of a poet.
Trial for heresy
Edward VI’s approaching death (July 1553) at long last involved Cranmer fatally in politics. After prolonged resistance, he allowed himself to be forced by the dying king to subscribe the document by which Northumberland hoped to upset custom, statute law, and the will of Henry VIII in order to transfer the succession from the princess Mary (Henry’s daughter by Catherine of Aragon) to his daughter-in-law, the great-niece of Henry, Lady Jane Grey . Although proclaimed queen, she was deposed nine days later, and Mary I acceded to the throne. The failure of the plot brought charges of treason against Cranmer, and he was condemned by Mary’s government in November 1553. It had in any case become obvious before this that his future held no more bright promises. Mary’s accession temporarily destroyed the English Reformation; Cranmer’s embittered enemy Stephen Gardiner was at once released from imprisonment and promoted to the chancellorship, and in November 1554 Cardinal Reginald Pole arrived to occupy Canterbury and direct the extirpation of heresy.
Cranmer’s trial for treason was but a pretext; the queen and her advisers did not intend him to die for the technical offense of having supported Northumberland’s insane conspiracy but meant to destroy him for his long-standing offense in promoting Protestantism. They had to wait until they could get Parliament to repeal the acts of Henry VIII and Edward VI and to reintroduce the laws that enabled the secular arm to burn heretics. With Ridley and Hugh Latimer , a Protestant who had formerly been bishop of Worcester, Cranmer in March 1554 was removed to Oxford, where the Counter-Reformation felt safer than in Cranmer’s own university. Late in that year the heresy laws were revived, and in September 1555, after enfeebling imprisonment, Cranmer was subjected to a long trial in which he stoutly defended himself against the charge of having unjustifiably departed from his own earlier position on the sacraments and the papacy. The foregone conclusion was arrived at after a variety of technical processes; on February 14, 1556, in a ceremony full of carefully designed humiliation, he was degraded from his episcopal and sacerdotal offices and handed over to the state.
Martyrdom
But Mary’s government was not done with him yet. The burning of the archheretic would be an even more useful deed if he could be made to renounce his errors in public, and so a number of ways were tried to break him down. The previous October he had been forced to witness the martyrdom of Ridley and Latimer; now he was temporarily removed from prison into more pleasant surroundings while government agents tried to stir up his doubts. In fact, Cranmer signed five so-called recantations, of which the first four did no more than record his consistent belief that what monarch and Parliament had decreed must be obeyed by all Englishmen. His convictions on this point logically forced him to accept the Marian Counter-Reformation as valid, and this acceptance, in turn, in his weak and uncertain state, not unaffected by the delay of death and the faint hope of mercy, finally induced him to make an abject recantation (the sixth) of his whole religious development.
The government had every reason to hope that the publication of Cranmer’s defection would wreck Protestantism in England. Although the vengeful Gardiner had died, Queen Mary and Cardinal Pole were quite determined that the sentence must be carried out. Thus, on March 21, 1556, Cranmer was taken out to be burned, being first required to make his recantation public. The proximity of death, however, restored both his faith and his dignity. With nothing to lose and only peace of soul to gain, he shocked his enemies by disavowing his recantation and emphatically reasserting that the pope’s power was usurped and transubstantiation untrue. At one blow Cranmer undid all that government propaganda had achieved and restored heart to the surviving Reformers. Then he went to his death. As he had promised, he steadfastly held his right hand—which “had offended” by signing the false recantations—into the flame until it was consumed. His brave and dignified end made an enormous impression.
Assessment
Cranmer was a very human man who in consequence has attracted a good deal of obloquy from those who have not had to share his tribulations and temptations. Essentially a scholar, he lacked the strength that single-mindedness and fanaticism instill into the less reflective. He has sometimes been thought of as infirm in moral purpose, but this is to misjudge him. His doubts at the last were cleverly induced by mental torture, and his gradual development away from traditional orthodoxy into more and more definitely Protestant views during the Reformation represents fairly the spiritual career of a man who obeyed reason rather than instinct.
Cranmer was always learning and was never ashamed to admit it; his was essentially a humble temper. He had not sought high office and did not particularly enjoy it, though he valued his place for the chance it gave him to promote the changes that he came to regard as essential to the establishment of God’s truth. He refused to bear malice or to punish those who traduced him. When Cromwell once told him, in some exasperation, that the “popish knaves” would have his eyes and cut his throat before he would do something about it, Cranmer turned the prophecy with a shrug. In a persecuting age he stood out for his clemency , though in 1550 he did take part in the trial and burning of Joan Bocher . It should be remembered, however, that she was condemned for open blasphemy in denying the Trinity , the one offense that all the church had regarded as unforgivable ever since the struggle with Arianism. For the authority of the church, Cranmer had a high respect, which, for instance, appears in his revision of the canon law.
It was part of his religious beliefs that he owed obedience to the king; though he did not worship the state, he served it as a matter of principle. This position did not, as is sometimes alleged, make him servile; alone of Henry VIII’s councillors, Cranmer time and again spoke up for the unpopular victim of the moment, and his tart criticism of the king’s theology and grammar in the debates over the King’s Book of 1543 speaks well for his courage. Cranmer alone stood up to the duke of Northumberland when everyone else quailed before him.
These occasional disputes only underline the fact that with him submission to royal authority was a fundamental, indeed a doctrinal, tenet. Though perhaps more consistent in this than most, he only stressed more heavily what nearly everybody held at the time. His other guiding star was his study of theology, in which he discarded the arid aftermath of late medieval Scholasticism and turned instead to Scripture and the early Church Fathers. His belief in the divine right of kings to rule the church as well as the state and his biblical theology made him the characteristic Anglican of his day: the intellectual and in part the spiritual founder-father of the Reformed church in England.
|
Thomas Cranmer
|
What is the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon?
|
Burned at the stake
Burned at the stake
State-sponsored mass murder
Top Surnames
history
Please add Geni profiles of those executed by the state by burning. For accidental deaths by burning, please use the project Death by burning .
Deliberately causing death through the effects of combustion, or effects of exposure to extreme heat, has a long history as a form of capital punishment. Many societies have employed it as an execution method for such crimes as treason, rebellious actions by slaves, heresy, witchcraft and demonstrated sexual deviancy, such as incest or homosexuality. The best known type of executions of death by burning is when the condemned is bound to a large wooden stake. This is usually called burning at the stake (or, in some cases, auto-da-fé).
Fast facts:
It is not known when burning was first used in Britain, but there is a recorded burning for heresy in 1222, when a deacon of the church was burnt at Oxford for embracing the Jewish faith so he could marry a Jew.
It is claimed that as many as 200,000 people were burned for witchcraft in Europe in 16th and 17th centuries.
From A History of Violence: Burning at the Stake
Burning at the stake was popular in Catholic and Protestant lands. There were three methods of burning at the stake. In the first method, burning wood was piled around a stake driven into the earth. The prisoner hung from the stake from chains or iron hoops. In the second method (popular in punishing witches), the prisoner again hung from a stake, but this time the wood was piled high around the victim so the observers could not see her pain and suffering as she burned. In the third method (popular in Germany in the Nordic countries), the victim was tied to a ladder which was tied to a frame above the fire. The ladder was then swung down into the flames.
Law required that victims be strangled before burning at the stake, but many victims were deliberately burned alive. This violence was used as both punishment and warning, similar to the sacrificing of criminals in front of an audience at the Roman Colosseum.
Originally, burning at the stake was primarily used for women convicted of treason (men convicted of treason were hanged, drawn and quartered). Later, burning at the stake became a popular punishment for men and women accused of heresy or witchcraft.
The 16th and 17th centuries saw a which-hunt such as the world had never seen. Rumors spread like wildfire of people participating in wild witches' Sabbats, the adoption of animal forms, and ritual cannibalism. Superstitious fear flung accusations everywhere, and the population lived in terror. As many as 200,000 people were burned at the stake for witchcraft during this time. Burning was believed to cleanse the soul, tantamount for those accused of witchcraft or heresy.
Henry the VIII's daughter, Mary Tudor ("Bloody Mary") gave birth to England's most famous burnings at the stake. One of her victims was the sometime Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer , in 1556. During the course of Bloody Mary's five year reign, she was responsible for 274 burnings. Her victims were condemned of heresy--being Protestant.
In the 17th century, during the Spanish Inquisition, burning at the stake was a popular choice for punishment since it did not spill the victim's blood (the Roman Catholic Church forbade this). The burning meant the victim would have no body to take into the afterlife.
Burning at the stake began to fall out of favor in the 18th century when more "humane" methods of capital punishment rose.
methods
The auto da fe was not the only manner in which "execution by fire" was carried out. Other methods included:
The Grill: a gridiron is prepared with coals beneath it, and the body is placed on it. (E.g. Saint Lawrence )
timeline
|
i don't know
|
Which city was the setting for the TV series 'Hollyoaks'?
|
Hollyoaks (TV Series 1995– ) - IMDb
IMDb
There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.
Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later.
X Beta I'm Watching This!
Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.
Error
Hollyoaks takes a look at the lives, loves and careers of a group of teenage friends and their families as they graduate through GCSE's, A-Levels and College into the world of work.
Creator:
a list of 39 titles
created 03 Aug 2012
a list of 23 titles
created 29 Sep 2012
a list of 25 titles
created 10 Sep 2013
a list of 28 titles
created 01 Jan 2014
a list of 26 titles
created 18 Sep 2015
Search for " Hollyoaks " on Amazon.com
Connect with IMDb
Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.
You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
32 wins & 194 nominations. See more awards »
Photos
The everyday lives of working-class inhabitants of Albert Square, a traditional Victorian square of terrace houses surrounding a park in the East End of London's Walford borough. The square includes the Queen Vic pub and a street market.
Stars: Steve McFadden, Adam Woodyatt, June Brown
A soap opera set in a fictional village in the Yorkshire Dales.
Stars: Lucy Pargeter, Elizabeth Estensen, Mark Charnock
Coronation Street (TV Series 1960)
Drama | Romance
The UK's longest-running TV soap, Coronation Street focuses on the everyday lives of working class people in Manchester, England.
Stars: Helen Worth, Simon Gregson, William Roache
Jeremy Kyle deals with more dilemmas, fiery confrontations and topical issues all in front of a studio audience.
Stars: Jeremy Kyle, Graham Stanier, Georgette Civil
The everyday lives of the people frequenting the frenetic Accident and Emergency department of Holby City hospital.
Stars: Derek Thompson, Suzanne Packer, Ian Bleasdale
Holby City (TV Series 1999)
Drama
The everyday lives, professional and personal, of the doctors, nurses and patients who find themselves, for various reasons, in the wards of the frenetic cardiac unit of Holby City General Hospital.
Stars: Hugh Quarshie, Rosie Marcel, Tina Hobley
The Undateables (TV Series 2012)
Documentary | Reality-TV
Documentary series about disability and dating.
Stars: Sally Phillips, Brent Zillwood, Gareth Cooper
Drama following the life of the officers and men of the King's Own Fusiliers regiment, during their home lives, training exercises and battles.
Stars: Ben Nealon, Robson Green, Jerome Flynn
1 vs. 100 (TV Series 2006)
Game-Show
One contestant competes against 100 people by answering trivia questions for a chance to win a huge cash prize.
Stars: Bob Saget, Dexter Takashi Odani, Richard Rubin
University Challenge (TV Series 1962)
Game-Show
Jeremy Paxman hosts this trivia quiz show where colleges from around the UK compete against each other.
Stars: Jeremy Paxman, Roger Tilling, Waldemar Januzczak
Uniform officers and detectives from an inner London police station enforce law and order on a day to day basis.
Stars: Graham Cole, Trudie Goodwin, Jeff Stewart
Hollyoaks Later (TV Series 2008)
Comedy | Music | Romance
Unseen scenes from Hollyoaks which are high in gore, violence and sex. Which is why they weren't shown in the first place.
Stars: Jorgie Porter, Rachel Shenton, Jennifer Metcalfe
Edit
Storyline
Hollyoaks is a British TV soap opera, that takes a mundane look at the lives, loves and careers of a group of teenage friends and their families as they graduate through GCSE's, A-Levels and College into the world of work. first broadcast on 23 October 1995, on the Channel 4 network. Originally devised by Phil Redmond, who also devised shows such as Brookside and Grange Hill, the program is set in and around the fictional Chester suburb of Hollyoaks and is centered around a former 1950s technical college which is now a college of higher education called Hollyoaks Community College (often mistaken for the real-life University of Chester), with the characters and main target audience generally being in their late teens or early twenties. Written by Anonymous
Life gets a little bit better when you rub some Hollyoaks on it. See more »
Genres:
23 October 1995 (UK) See more »
Also Known As:
Zycie w Hollyoaks See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
Alex Carter (Lee Hunter) auditioned for the part of Darren Osbourne, but he lost out to Ashley Taylor Dawson . About four years later he was up for the part of Dan Hunter, but was considered to look too young for that part, but ideal for the younger brother. See more »
Quotes
Jack Osborne : If she's old enough to be in college then I'm Miss World.
Sam 'OB' O'Brien : Then put your bikini on, Jack, 'cause she's doing media studies.
Hollyoaks is great at the moment
12 October 2013 | by atinder
Only 14 months ago, I was saying this show is near the Axed but Lucky one of there Advert they showed last year, Looked well mad and it worked on me.
I was never Fan of Oaks before but when I saw that Bus Crash and the aftermath.
Those set of episoed blew me away and the showed had me there and there have some great gripping storyliens Over that gripped.
There as not been one Dull moment this year, there alway drama every week, Shock and so many shocking twist and turns
Hollyoaks is like no other UK soap, it takes Risk and they pay off!,
Lastest soap awards Hollyoaks 3 awards beating Rival Eastenders with 0 awards and Emmerdale with 2.
Since then show as got EVEN better they few months awesome to watch, after long day work.
There I got another huge stunt this week,looks UNMISSABLE Blockbuter stuff.
(I am not teen,My whole family enjoyed, my whole family loves this show!
1 of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
|
Chester
|
What was the staple food 'Soylent Green', in the film of the same name, made from?
|
Hollyoaks - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com
EDIT
Hollyoaks is set in the fictional borough of Hollyoaks in Chester. The first episode was broadcast on 23rd October 1995. The show attracts an average of 3 million viewers per week. The series was devised by Phil Redmond, who also created GRANGE HILL and BROOKSIDE.
Hollyoaks was originally only on one night a week but a second weekly episode began in 1996, a third followed in 1999, and a fourth was added in 2001. The series then went five nights a week in November 2003.
Hollyoaks is aimed mainly at 16-30 year olds. Like Brookside, Hollyoaks tends to deal with current affairs and topics that matter. It also appeals to a present day audience by playing a wide range of recent music and well known bands.
As the UK's fourth biggest soap, Hollyoaks is known for breaking boundaries. Its story lines include self-harm, serial murder, explosions, car crashes, adultery, fires, sexuality, suicide, street crime, gangsters, drinking, drugs, mental health (schizophrenia), domestic abuse (men and women), cults, deception, credit card fraud, incest, perjury, false imprisonment and rape (including male rape).
Hollyoaks is an award winning show winning three awards at the 2007 British Soap Awards, including Sexiest Female, Best Comedy Performance and Villain of the Year. On Saturday 3rd May 2008, Hollyoaks won six awards at the British Soap Awards including Best Actor/Actress, Best Exit, Sexiest Female, Best On-Screen Partnership and Most Spectacular Scene. In 2010 Hollyoaks won Most Spectacular Scene at the British Soap Awards and in Emmett J. Scanlan (Brendan Brady) won Villain of the Year and Best Newcomer.
On the 26th February 2007 Hollyoaks underwent a major revamp, with a brand new opening title sequence, which highlights the show's major aim to appeal to a more mature audience. The opening credits have since been updated on various occasions, when a character has left or when new characters have joined. With the most recent version debuting on Monday 13th September 2010, which included a major revamp with a whole new design and reworked opening theme. This has since seen some minor changes with characters being both removed and added.
It was announced 21st May 2008, that as of Monday 2nd June 2008, Hollyoaks will air its episode in HD format.
Hollyoaks is on weekdays at 6.30pm on Channel 4. And the first look episode airs weeknights at 7pm on E4 with, a catch-up edition of the previous days episode at 2.05pm on E4.
Three omnibus editions air every week, on Saturdays at 1.25pm on E4, Sunday mornings on 'T4' Channel 4 at 8.45am, but the time does vary and, in the early hours on Monday morning at 3.15am on E4. Spin-Offs Hollyoaks: In The City Hollyoaks: Later Hollyoaks: The Morning After the Night Before
moreless
|
i don't know
|
Which is the southernmost of the Channel Islands?
|
Poindexter Descendants Association
About The Isle of Jersey, Channel Islands
Jersey is the largest and southernmost of the Channel Islands, about 14 miles off the coast of Normandy, France. It is an oblong block of granite four to five miles wide and about nine miles long. It has been continuously inhabited from about 2000 BC and has a wealth of history - neolithic tombs, magnificent castles, Napoleonic towers and fortifications from German occupation during World War ll. The Poindexters have a history here that dates back as early as 1250 with mentions of the name before that.
Jersey has been an Island for 8,000 years. The Normans made the greatest impact on the Channel Islands when Jersey, Gurensey, and the other islands were part of the Duchy of Normandy in the 9th through 10th Centuries. When the Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, gained the English crown in 1066 the Channel Islands became part of the Anglo-Norman realm. To this day the reigning monarch in England is titled the " Duke of Normandy " in Jersey. Queen Elizabeth II visited Jersey in 2005 to mark the 60th anniversary of Liberation after World War II Occupation.
In 1204 King John lost Normandy to the French and the islanders had to choose: stay with Normandy or remain loyal to the English crown. They chose the latter and gained rights and privileges which to this day are not subject to the British Parliament but only to the Queen - or King - in council.
The constitutional relationship with the UK is the product of 900 years of custom and usage and is not affected by changes of government in the UK. This relationship has been confirmed by Royal Charters which over the centuries secured the independence of the Island's judicial system from the English courts and granted important privileges including freedom from UK taxes.
Over the centuries the island has fought off many invasions. In 1781 "The Battle of Jersey" took place when French troops attempted to take over the island under Baron du Rullecourt. A young English officer Major Pierson led the local militia to victory in the battle that took place in Jersey's Royal Square. During WWII the Channel Islands were the only part of Great Britain to be occupied by the Germans from 1940-1945.
The official language of Jersey is English, however, Jersey French is the native language of the Island and is a blend of Norse and Norman French. It is still spoken in the country districts. Until the 1960's French was still the official language of Jersey and to this day is still used by the court and legal professions. The dialect itself is called Jèrriais and those who speak it are called Jèrriais.
History of Jersey
The Jersey Tourism web site provides a good overview of Jersey's 1000 years of history.
States of Jersey
Official government web site for the Isle of Jersey
Planning a Trip to the Isle of Jersey or to England?
Then we suggest checking out our travel information page .
PDA's Family History and Research Library
Be sure to visit the Jersey Section of our Family History and Research Library for Poingdestre history on Jersey.
|
Jersey
|
Who was the master of 'Lancelot Gobbo'?
|
Jersey – Channel Islands | Jersey Racing
Sitemap
Jersey – Channel Islands
A small island like Jersey is ideal for short trips but it is enchanting enough for one to decide to stay an extra day. It is only less than an hour away but the fusion of British and continental influences are not to be missed. Everything spells fabulous – the Jersey produce, stylish boutique hotels, impeccable service and memorable island experiences.
Access to Jersey is quick and easy. There are at least 12 flights from Heathrow every day and other regional airports around the country have regular departures. You may also bring your car to the island through the fast ferry services that are readily available. The ferries that leave from the southern England coast take approximately four hours.
Depending on how you make it, this island of only 45 square miles may be a boxful of all kinds of sights, sounds and activities that range from traditional to dynamic and modern or a nice blend of both. Immerse yourself in the unspoiled landscape or its breathtaking coast. Get lost in the town’s winding lanes and soak in the unique blend of British and French influences on the island.
If an action-packed holiday is what you are looking for, Jersey is still the right place to go. Explore magnificent castles and adventure parks, browse through museums and galleries, cycle around the island’s unspoiled terrain or take a boat trip around the islands. Maybe then you can spot a few dolphins or even catch some fish for dinner. Indeed Jersey never lacks excitement.
Looking for a place where you can get away from it all? Jersey is the perfect place and will never disappoint.
Jersey – Channel Islands
|
i don't know
|
What is the name of the trophy awaraded to the winners of the Rugby Union World Cup?
|
Most Iconic Trophies In Sports
Top 10 Most Iconic Trophies Across Different Sports
March 25, 2016
By totalsportek2 Leave a Comment
As a kid growing up the biggest motivation to play sports is those school trophies in different sports up for grabs. There is nothing better than winning some silverware/trophy and the celebrations which follow. Not only winning but watching your favorite athlete win big events, lifting iconic trophies is something motivate youngsters and today we take a look at some of the most iconic trophies in sports.
#1. FIFA world Cup Trophy:
Awarded For: Winning Football World Cup
Made of: 18-carat gold
Introduced in: 1974 FIFA World Cup
Designer: Stabilimento Artistico Bertoni (Italy)
The trophy given to World Cup winning team every four years, The “FIFA World Cup Trophy” is made of gold and it replaced the first world cup trophy called “Jules Rimet Trophy” after 1970 world cup. It was first introduce in 1974 world cup and made of pure 18-carat gold and weighs around 6.1 kilograms. Its design feature two human bodies holding earth”.
It might not have the history of other trophies listed in this list but it is by far the most recognizable sports trophy all around the world. FIFA plan to keep this design and with every passing world cup its dives into deeper oceans of history.
#2. The Ashes (Cricket)
Awarded for: Winner of annual 5 test match series between England-Australia
Made of: terracotta and contains a burnt bail
Introduced in: 1883-84 test series between England-Australia
Designer: not known
Early history accounts varies but its widely considered that after 1882 test series win by Australia in england. British newspaper “Sporting times” published an article about “death of cricket in england and ashes set to be taken to australia” referring to Australia win against England. A year later when England travel to Australia for the test series, English captain vowed to take back the ashes.
Since than the annual test series between the two countries is known as “the ashes”. below is a short video with history of the trophy and rivalry between the two countries.
It is the be noted that original “Ashes Urn” is in Lord’s cricket museum and a replica is awarded to the winning team after every Ashes Series.
#3. Wimbledon (Men’s singles Tennis)
Awarded For: mens singles winner
Made of: silver gilt, height 18 inches
Introduced in: first presented by All England Club in 1887, it replaced the Field Cup used in previous 6 years.
Designer:
First ever wimbledon championship took place in 1877 and a trophy called “Field Cup” was awarded to the winner of mens singles event. But William Renshaw won three titles in a row twice hence keeping the “field cup (1877-83) and Champions Cup (1984-86). That prompted All England Club to present a new trophy to the winner which was made of silver gilt and it was decided that players can not keep the trophy no matter how many times they win the event.
Since 1893, every year wimbledon mens singles winner gets the replica of the trophy and his name is engraved on the original trophy.
#4. Webb Ellis Cup (Rugby)
Awarded For: Winning Rugby Union World Cup
Made of: gilded silver, weighs around 4.5 kg
Introduced in: 1987 Rugby World Cup
Designer: Carrington & Co. of London designed the orignial trophy back in 1906
The Webb Ellis Cup was introduced in the first Rugby Union World Cup and awarded to the winner. The trophy used was actually a historic silverware made back in 1906 by Carrington and Co of london. When Rugby World Cup 1987 was announced, secretary of International Rugby Federetion set off on finding an appropriate trophy for the world cup and he visited “Garrard & Co” jewlers in London where this trophy was shown to him. He liked the design and presented it to Rugby countries participating in the first every world cup.
Everyone approved and it became the Rugby World Cup trophy which was later named as “Webb Ellis Cup”, named after Webb Ellis who is widely considered the inventor of Rugby as a sport.
#5. Stanley Cup (NHL)
Awarded For: Winning playoffs in National Hockey League (NHL)
Made of: Silver and nickel alloy, weighs at around 15.5 kilograms
Introduced in: 1893 for the best amateur ice hockey team in canada
Designer: Named after Lord Stanley, who brought a simple rose-bowl which was made in Sheffield England and used it as a trophy awarded to Canada’s best amateur hockey team every year.
Stanley Cup has a rich history and it is named after its very first owner Lord Stanley who was the governor of Canada in last 1880’s to early 1990’s. He was ICE Hockey enthusiast. Lord Stanley alongside his family played a key role in Ice Hockey development in Canada starting an yearly amateur “Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup”.
A trophy which was bought by Stanley was used to award winning team every year. Later it would become “Stanley Cup” after American and Canadian leagues merged and a playoff was played between winners from both countries and Stanley Cup was awarded to the winning team.
#7. Claret Jug (Golf)
Claret Jug is a trophy awarded to the winner of “The Open Championship” one the four majors in golf calendar also known as British Open. It was first introduced in 1873 and designed by Mackay Cunningham & Company of Edinburgh. The trophy is awarded to the winner who gets to keep it until the start of next year’s championship.
The original “Claret Jug” was retired in 1928 and put on permanent display in gold museum in St Andrews.
A replica was made and every year winners name is engraved on the trophy before presentation. Winner can keep the trophy until the start of next year’s championship.
#6. Vince Lombardi Trophy (American Football)
Awarded to the Super Bowl winner every year in NFL. It was first introduce in 1967, designed by Tiffany & Co jewlers in New Yersey. Named after famous NFL coach Vice Lombardi who helped Green Bay Packers to win first two titles in 1967 and 1968.
Unlike the other prestigious trophies, Lombardi Trophy is made every year and winning team get to keep in their possession.
|
Webb Ellis Cup
|
Which aircraft company made the World War II 'Halifax' bomber?
|
Rugby World Cup 2015 PROMO (The Road to Glory) - YouTube
Rugby World Cup 2015 PROMO (The Road to Glory)
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Published on May 16, 2015
The Rugby World Cup is a men's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams. The tournament was first held in 1987, when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia. The most recent tournament was held in 2011 in New Zealand, whose national team won the tournament by defeating France in the final.
The winners are awarded the William Webb Ellis Cup, named after William Webb Ellis, the Rugby School pupil who — according to a popular myth — invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game. Three teams have won the trophy twice, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa; while England have won the tournament once.
The tournament is administered by World Rugby, the sport's international governing body. Sixteen teams were invited to participate in the inaugural tournament in 1987, however since 1999 twenty teams have taken part. England will host the 2015 World Cup, while Japan will host the event in 2019.
Category
|
i don't know
|
Now known as the 'Assistant Brownie Guider', what name was previously given to the assistant leader of a Brownie Pack?
|
Leslie's Guiding History Site - Guiders
Guiders
Guiders
Guiders
Of course, the start of Guiding in 1910 automatically meant the start of Guiders - so one could say they are the second-oldest section! Initially, Guiders had to be ladies of suitable standing in the community - this usually meant unmarried daughters from the local 'big house', well-bred older maiden ladies, or the wives or daughters of professionals such as clergy, doctors, lawyers, etc. They were appointed both because they were the sort of people who had time to devote to the work (they were of a class who both did not need to take paid employment and would be embarassed to be seen doing so, but would equally be thus expected to devote their lengthy free time to 'good works' in the local community as 'noblesse oblige'), and because they were considered to be suitable role models for the girls in their charge - it was felt that the working and middle class girls would naturally pick up good manners, diction and habits from the rare opportunity of contact with respectable upper-class ladies, and from their supervision, advice and example. In an era when class differences were very obvious, familiar, and accepted as the natural order by those of all backgrounds, many parents would be delighted to have the opportunity for their daughters to mix so closely with one of the family from the 'big house', something which would never otherwise have happened. Another advantage was that these ladies often had free access to land, which could be made available for camps, picnic hikes and wide games, and also their endorsement and approval of the Guides and their activities would help ensure that guiding was viewed positively within the community as an appopriate hobby for the respectable young girls of the area - since they were seen at the arbiters of good taste and appropriate, genteel behaviour. Registration of units and members started in July 1910 and the first steps towards organisation thus began.
The
initial Guider uniform was very formal - the thick navy serge 'Norfolk' jacket and skirt with the large brown gauntlet gloves, and the wide-brimmed hat with it's pheasant feathers caught up in the fold of the brim, the row of 'Service Stars' above the left pocket indicating the number of years service, their felt discs showing how many of those were as Brownie, Guide or Ranger. Most Guiders would carry a long umbrella or walking stick when out in the country. Commissioners were soon appointed, initially at County level, and soon in Districts too, to support the Guiders and assist in communications - these were invariably selected from among the gentry. The original Guiders had to adapt 'Scouting for Boys' using their own initiative, both in terms of what they and the girls should wear, and in choosing and organising suitable weekly activities for their units - as at first the only official information on 'Guides' was contained in two pamphlets (known as 'pamphlet A' and 'pamphlet B'), and the article in the Heaqdquarters Gazette of November 1909 - and it wasn't until the publication of "How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire" in 1912 that full, clear guidelines on how units should be run and what topics should be taught became available, so unit programmes necessarily tended to follow the hobbies and interests of the Guider, and her interpretation of the instructions in "Scouting for Boys" and "The Scout" magazine. There was also now a sketch and description of the Guider uniform which helped to clarify what was intended - before then there had been various wildly different interpretations of the rather vague directions given! In those days there were also limitations in programme based on what was socially acceptable for girls to do - in the early years many unit 'camps' involved staying in either hay-filled farm barns or outbuildings, or in village halls, as it was considered unwise and potentially risky to the health, for girls to actually sleep in tents!
By the next handbook in 1918 the Guide Captain's uniform was slightly more specific - "a navy blue Norfolk coat and skirt with brown leather belt, navy blue felt hat turned up at the left side, and a navy blue shirt". "Her tie can be of light blue or of Company colour, her distinguising mark a bunch of white ribbon on the left shoulder, also a navy blue cockade on the left side of the hat with a green badge brooch on the knot of the tie" as shown in the photo above taken from that book - so pheasant's feathers were out! Lieutenant's uniforms were similar but their badges were plain brass rather than having the green enamel. Commissioners wore white shirts, with "a cord on the left shoulder with badge on the left breast and a cockade on the side of the hat with tie". Brownie Guiders wore brown ties, there was an Owl's Head badge in place of the green badge for Brown Owls, and a badge featuring a full-length Owl for Tawny Owls. Headquarters were now able to supply both off-the-peg and tailored uniforms from their dedicated tailoring department, staffed fully by association members - and many other useful items could be ordered there too.
The first world war didn't directly impact on Guiders at first, although many did get involved in work to fundraise for the Red Cross and other charitable organisations, and in making clothes and presents for the soldiers at the front, as did young women in general. Most Guiders were not of a class to find themselves working in factories, as many working class women did, although some served as nurses, especially if they had had some first aid training, or their family home was being utilised as a war hospital or convalescent home. However, a major side effect of the vast numbers of young men killed in the war, and by the flu epidemic which followed - was the number of single women it generated, both widows and spinsters. It may well be that the massive expansion of Guiding in the 1920s was, sadly, largely down to the numbers of young women who
were not married and busy with children as they had hoped or expected to be, and who were of a class which made taking paid work socially inappropriate - voluntary work such as Guiding provided an outlet of fulfilling activities to occupy their extensive free time.
By the 1920s, the Guider's uniform suit was firmly established, and a full system of shoulder cords and hat cockades had been established to distinguish between the different posts and ranks. County badges appeared in England, along with Country badges for Scotland, Wales and Ireland (they weren't allowed to have separate badges for their Counties, and still aren't). Cotton overalls became available for camp wear, which were more practical, especially in summer, as women's fashion rules generally became more relaxed over the decade - it was no longer considered necessary for younger Guiders to wear their thick stockings on the campsite during warm weather (provided the site was suitably secluded), although it was made quite clear that they were definitely to be worn on any visit offsite, however minor the visit or of whatever duration, and no matter what the temperature!
From the early years, some local training was available, through books or in the form of gatherings of local Guiders in areas and in Counties, or at the specially arranged 'training schools' organised by Counties, sometimes at schools, drill halls and the like, sometimes using rooms or outbuildings at the County Commissioner's house (which was often what we would now term a 'stately home'). There were also the official 'correspondence courses' on all sorts of topics including drill and games which Guiders could enter for, with their written examinations - but it was really with the opening of the training centres at Foxlease (1922) and then W
addow Hall (1927), with their regular week-long residential training courses for the various sections, that Guider training really took off. The original pages in "Home Notes" magazine had been replaced with a separate magazine, the "Headquarters Gazette", which would become "The Guider" and then eventually "Guiding", giving useful training articules, full information on badges, rules updates and notices, training articles, pages for groups such as Rangers, Lones and Extensions, and other items of interest - and in the early years the Girl Guide Gazette incorporated County or Country news sheet inserts in some areas, such as the one for Scotland which started in 1920.
Qualifications gradually became available for Camping, and for Indoor Holidays, as it became obvious that some standard-setting and regulation was requred to ensure that camps were run properly and that appropriate safety and health standards were maintained - at this time it was almost automatically expected that every Guide unit would go to camp for a week or fortnight each summer unless there were really strong reasons why it couldn't be managed - and it had naturally been found that some Guiders were more knowledgeable about camping and more capable of managing the complex arrangements for cooking, washing, toilets etc, than others were! By 1920 Guiders who wished to take their unit to camp had to have the Senior Camper interest badge, and soon afer a system of Advisers was also set up to help organise suitable camp training, and to encourage the gaining of camp qualifications across the country, in order to raise the standards, working under a national Camp Adviser who was appointed each year.
During the late 1920s and early 1930s a lot of standardisation was achieved - new badges and qualifications were introduced, rules were stabilised, and systems implemented to improve administration and organisation. The rule book, "Policy, Organisation and Rules" was regularly updated in the light of experience, and many conferences and discussion groups were held.
During World War 2, major difficulties were caused by Guider shortages - 'The Guider' magazine had actively encouraged all Guiders to register for war work during the 'crisis' of September 1938 - as a result, when the war finally broke out in September 1939, and given the skills and training they had to offer, a large number of Guiders were among the first to be called up to serve, often far from home, during the early days of the war. This left many units without Guiders almost overnight - and meant that the few older Guiders who were left - had to do what they could to support Patrol Leaders who were keeping their own units and sometimes the feeder packs running too, and also help to organise the war work efforts of the various units in their areas - especially in country areas where the influx of evacuees meant an overnight multiplication in the number of girls wanting to transfer into previously small rural units - an expansion from 8 to 60 Guides in a unit almost overnight was not unheard of, as suddenly every house in the village had children!
The vast majority of Guiders were involved in some kind of war work, as all women aged between 18 and 40 who weren't prevented by their family commitments were automatically called up to one of the women's services, for factory work, or for work on the land in the Land Army or Timber Corps. Those who were not eligible to be called up often worked voluntarily in jobs such as running static and mobile canteens, rest centres, first aid training, fire watching or doing ARP work alongside their normal occupations or family responsibilities, and free time was often filled in by making garments or collecting waste for recycling. Either option often left little time to spare for extras like Guiding, despite it's recognised national value.
At first, all camping was automatically banned, due to the risk of Guide tents being mistaken for army encampments, but it was later allowed subject to certain restrictions - no camps were allowed near the coast or near to military installations, tents had to be camouflaged with paint or nets and pitched under trees, blackout regulations must be strictly obeyed - so absolutely no campfires or torches/candles after dark. In addition to the usual lat trenches, refuse pits, tent trenching and other standard camp earthworks of the day, a slit trench had to be dug which was deep enough for everyone to shelter in during air raids if required. Most camps had to be held within easy range of home - the rule was for safety reasons but it would have applied anyway due to the constraints of petrol rationing - so that lorries could be used for transporting kit and Guides if available, or if not, horse-drawn carts or the traditional Guide-powered trek carts were an option. Camp equipment was hard to come by - some had been requisitioned by the Army or Home Guard, other kit was damaged or destroyed by bombing - and replacements almost impossible to come by as the army had first call on any which was being manufactured. Quartermasters had their talents heavily tested in trying to make a workable menu from everybody's assorted ration coupons plus their food oddments brought from home - and arranging for food supply from shops near the site through the local Ministry of Food office - but they coped!
Although the war ended in 1945, that year saw one form of war work just swinging into action - the Guide International Service, or GIS. From the middle of the war, many at headquarters had realised that winning the war wouldn't be enough - they judged that from past experience what they had failed to do at the end of World War I was to 'win the peace' - to help those in europe who were left homeless, starving, sick or as refugees by the effects of the war and it's disruption, and who in 1918 had been abandoned to cope as best they could. So it was, that Guiding was one of several organisations who started to train volunteers, ready to do relief work in europe and the far east as soon as war ended. Training started in 1941, in order to recruit people who had the necessary strength and adaptability to cope with the work and operate well as a team, taking on a wide range of tasks, not necessarily those they expected to be doing, or had any training for - even though at that time it was far from clear who would win the war or when it might end. Several teams were sent, and they worked to diagnose and treat infectious diseases, to sort and issue aid supplies, to prepare and repatriate displaced persons, to set up and run maternity and infectious disease hospitals, and to feed the starving. They also ran training camps to train local Guiders, enabling Guiding to swiftly resume in central Europe. GIS members were some of the first people into the Belsen concentration camp, and the work of the GIS carried on until 1950 - long after other aid agencies had had to pull out - and all paid for by the fundraising efforts of the girls.
Guider uniforms also started to change, rationing permitting, with the old felt hats being replaced by stiff-fronted berets, the hat cords being replaced by a system of cockades - and a uniform dress in 'headquarters blue' also became available.
Wartime also brought a certain breaking down of class barriers within Guiding. As there were fewer 'big houses', and more women were expected to get a job of some sort on leaving school, even among the middle classes, so more middle and working class women (especially former Guides) were becoming Guiders, albeit Commissioners still tended to be upper-class, especially at the higher levels. There were more opportunities for units, too, as weekend camping started, and Brownie Pack Holidays gradually became more common. Cars, too, gradually became more widely available, and more women had the chance to learn to drive (or had learned during the war) allowing transport further afield than trek carts or public transport could reach . . .
This also helped with training, making the training
centres more accessible (Guiding was fortunate that their training centres were in most cases either leased to them on a peppercorn rent, or sold to them for nominal sums - as a result they tended to be large houses on country estates which were ideal in terms of camping and facilities for outdoor activities, but not always so accessible to those reliant on public transport). New innovations were also introduced, such as the mobile training van which was used during the 1950s to take the training to the Guiders, especially those in remote and rural areas located far from the existing training centres (a similar venture operated in Scotland in the 1990s to provide outreach to more remote areas).
But the basic programmes were relatively unchanged from the early days of Guiding - Brownies still worked for their Golden Bar and Golden Hand, Guides for their Tenderfoot, Second and First Class, with every girl in the country all tackling the same tests - which some found relatively easy, and some found extremely difficult - and sometimes impossible
despite their very best efforts. Although the idea was that every Guide would seek to become First Class, in actual fact fewer than 50% ever did, with some otherwise successful units rarely having any. By 1968 it was time for programme changes, and following consultation with educational psychologists and others, a new 8-point programme was brought in, along with new uniforms and handbooks. Inevitably, it was not popular in all quarters, and some leaders and units struggled with the changes - but equally others thrived, there were now choices and options for all the challenges, which could be
adapted to suit individuals and their locations, facilities and abilities, in place of the old rigid tests, so that the tests set could be geared to be a difficult but achievable challenge for each individual. It was also possible for the girls to start to gain interest badges soon after they joined the unit, so Guiders found themselves involved in recruiting more testers and organising increasing numbers of badge tests. At the same time uniforms for Leaders were changing, with the lighter weight crimplene suit, blue fine-checked blouse and the 'air hostess' hat with it's 'hat felts' for Guiders and 'hat flash' for Commissioners and Advisers replacing the beret. In place of the older necktie was a ribbon tie - a plain vertical navy tab for unwarranted leaders, a plain navy crossover for Commissioners and Advisers, and a series of ties with coloured stripes for Guiders - with two stripes on each side for Leaders and one stripe on each side for Assistant Leaders - the colours being green for Rainbow Guiders, brown (later yellow) for Brownie Guiders, blue for Guide Guiders and Aqua for Ranger Guiders.
In 1990, as with all sections, a mix-and-match range of uniform was introduced for Leaders, featuring
polo shirts, cullotes and joggers. Since then, various uniform options have been brought out and retired, to the present time when there are uniform hoodies, polo shirts, and light-blue uniform shirts.
Over the years, the role of Guiders hasn't really changed much. Our job is still to encourage the development of the girls, so that they become responsible, community-minded citizens - hence the widespread encouragement of service in the programme - through good turns in Brownies, community action in Guides, and citizenship in Senior Section. We encourage the girls to express their own opinions and make decisions for themselves, as the girls take increasing responsibility for planning and running their own programmes as they progress through the sections. We encourage teamwork and self leadership, increasingly responsibility and challenge. Nowadays we have a mix and match uniform which is based on practicality for wearing when doing active Guiding. Guiders who are under 26 also count as members of the Senior Section, and they have opportunities to be involved in discussion groups, consultation exercises, forums and national consultations which aren't open to older Guiders.
|
Tawny owl
|
What would you be suffering from if you had 'hypermetropia'?
|
GirlGuidesCANBlog | The official blog of Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada
The official blog of Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada
Posted on January 6, 2017 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
This week, Girl Guides of Canada staff returned to the office after the holiday break to start work again on all things awesome and amazing for Guiding. And a few staff members brought their personal ‘in house experts’ with them into the office – their daughters.
Not ones to let an opportunity to hear directly from girls pass us by, we put these experts to work with ‘research’ in our national archives and by testing out some new STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) activities.
We usually don’t allow researchers to use markers in the archives but made an exception for these Spirograph designers.
Rachel (left) gave Ashley from our Programming team (right) feedback on the Start A Chain Reaction activity from our new ReAction: Stand Up program. (P.S. It’s totally Rachel Approved!)
Penny sets to work on a building activity from the upcoming World Hunger Day program. Our programming team was grateful for the hands-on input in designing an activity that will work well with Sparks’ smaller hands.
Thanks to Penny and Rachel for providing your expert advice while visiting the national office.
Posted on December 19, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
The overwhelming theme for our unit’s activities this fall has been science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). With Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada programming like Girls Count , and instant meetings like International Day of the Girl 2016, it’s been fun and easy to emphasize STEM as a key part of our programming.
Girls Count
A chorus of “But I don’t liiiiiiiiiike math” echoed out when we first introduced the topic and theme for the evening. But the girls quickly dove right into the activities of the Girls Count financial literacy program , reminding us why programming like this is important for helping girls to build not only important life skills, but to remind them that math isn’t scary.
International Day of the Girl 2016
As busy Unit Guiders, we love the variety of instant meetings for Make a Difference Days that GGC has been developing lately. The 2016 International Day of the Girl instant meeting offered lots of great activities for the girls to further explore STEM. One of the most popular was the creation of stop motion videos. The girls truly showed their creativity in planning out their video, making elaborate sets, and filming.
Career Awareness Badge
Plumber. Furniture maker. Computer coder. Architectural drafter. We were fortunate to have four exceptional women who work in non-traditional careers visit our meeting and give girls the inside scoop on these careers. The girls were very engaged throughout the meeting, which included activities like drafting your bedroom in 3D, cutting plumbing tubing and playing video games.
Physics Badge
Here in Nova Scotia, we are so fortunate to have access to an exciting program called SuperNOVA at Dalhousie University. SuperNOVA has developed hands-on workshops that align directly with six GGC STEM badges (Chemistry, Astronomy, Science, Physics, Engineering, Body Works). This year, we took advantage of the Physics workshop. Girls completed a variety of activities that explored the laws of motion, friction, gravity and light and colour. They were totally into it.
We’ve definitely had a busy fall, incorporating lots of STEM-related programming. Don’t let STEM programming be overwhelming! For new Guiders or Guiders who may feel they aren’t STEM experts (we certainly aren’t!), there are so many GGC resources to choose from, it makes it easy to incorporate STEM into unit programming.
Guest post by Lashauna Smith. Lashauna is a Guide Guider with the 1st Timberlea Guides, in Timberlea, Nova Scotia. She and her co-Guiders appreciate the range of instant meetings provided by Girl Guides of Canada!
Posted on December 15, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Viola Desmond portrait, ca. 1940. Communications Nova Scotia (via Bank of Canada)
Daring. Courageous. Risk-taker. These are all words that can be used to describe Viola Desmond, who’ll be featured on the new Canadian $10 bank note . In 1946, the Nova Scotia business woman refused to leave a whites-only area of a movie theater. Desmond’s court case was the first known legal challenge against racial segregation brought forth by a black woman in Canada.
When it would have been easier to sit down and stay quiet, Desmond stood up and spoke out for equality – facing arrest and conviction as a result. Her act of courage and defiance continues to resonate with girls and women across Canada.
A trailblazer in her time, Desmond is an icon today – and her sister Wanda Robson, who’s mentored countless girls as a longtime member of Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada, is proudly keeping her legacy alive. Robson became a member when her daughter came home from school asking to be a Brownie. Robson enrolled her daughter in Brownies, thinking that meant she would have a few hours a week to spend alone at the library. After about three weeks, her daughter’s Guider asked if she could help out with the unit. She didn’t get the alone time, but still refers to the day she was asked to join Girl Guides as “my lucky day.” Guiding became such a part of her life that her family refers to it as “one of her other homes.”
Wanda and Viola at the Hi-Hat Club, Boston, ca. 1950. (via Bank of Canada)
When asked what drew her to join and remain in Guiding, Wanda talks about finding a place that she felt comfortable and accepted. She loves the interaction with the girls, watching them come out of their shells and their sense of achievement when they accomplish something. Reminiscing about her time in Guiding she talks about the way girls throw their arms around each other when they complete a challenge and how the older girls are such role models for younger girls.
“Once you are a member, you are always a member,” Wanda says of her unwavering commitment to Guiding. The value of Guiding to today’s girls is very real, she emphasizes. “The Guiding Movement makes young girls realize who they are, their potential, that they aren’t just in the background. It gives them a foundation of knowing who they are and that ‘I can do that’… I marvel at what Guiding has to offer girls. It gives them such confidence.”
At the unveiling of the new $10 bank note, Wanda Robson spoke about her sister Viola Desmond. Pictured (from left to right) Bill Morneau, Minister of Finance, Stephen S. Poloz, Governor of the Bank of Canada, Patty Hajdu, Minister of Status of Women and Wanda Robson. (Courtesy Bank of Canada)
Guest post by Catherine Miller-Mort, who works in the archives at Girl Guides of Canada’s national office.
Posted on December 1, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
I’ve been thinking a lot more about safety and inclusivity lately. This *might* have something to do with recent world events, but it’s personal, too. Just the other day, at work, in a room full of peers, superiors, and contractors, I was forced to justify some very personal choices and reveal a part of my identity that I didn’t want to. As I looked around the room, growing more uncomfortable and feeling more judged by the second, I realized I didn’t know who my allies were, if indeed I had any. I have never had this experience in my Guiding Life – quite the opposite is true. I feel safe, supported and valued for who I am and how I choose to present myself.
There are a whole bunch of reasons why I am involved in Guiding. It’s the fun. It’s the outlet for my crafty side. It’s the connection to my mother and my daughter and my sisters-in-Guiding But the one I care about most deeply is Guiding’s values of safety, inclusion and empowerment for girls and women.
I try, in my words and in my actions, to embody those values – especially at Brownies – but also in all parts of my life. I choose to say ‘parent’ instead of ‘mom and dad’ to include all types of families. I tell people that Guiding is open to anyone who identifies as a girl or woman. We choose not to celebrate the dominant holidays at Brownies – but we most definitely party and celebrate!
I plan meals and snacks so that we offer something that everyone can eat. We allow for multiple ways to participate in activities and forms of expression. I gently challenge Brownies when I think I’ve heard something unkind, or I think there might be a more positive way to resolve a conflict. I try to be conscious of my own limitations, blind spots and assumptions. I listen. I am sure I miss the mark sometimes. When I do, if you have the capacity to let me know, please tell me and help me grow.
I sincerely hope that my words and actions in Guiding and the rest of my life project that I am a safe person who values inclusion. Having been on the other side recently – feeling unsafe – has made me all the more committed to keep trying.
Posted on November 29, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Earlier this fall, I attended a large fall camp for 500 Guides and Pathfinders at Camp Wyoka , a phenomenal Girl Guide property near Minto, Ontario. I was an assistant for the first session of low ropes, an obstacle course that encouraged problem solving and teamwork. When we arrived, our lead instructor surprised me when her first instructions was for the Guiders: “Whatever you do, don’t give them any help. No suggestions.”
“What? Why?” I asked.
“Because they have to solve their own problems,” she replied.
The girls then went through a number of challenges, relying solely on each other for support and ideas. I had to stop myself a couple of times: the girl anchoring the rope was surely getting rope burn because she wouldn’t ask for help, another kept her weight too far out and couldn’t keep her balance. The only time our instructor gave any correction was when a spotter fell out of place – everything else was encouragement or questions for the girls to solve. “No suggestions” was winning in interesting ways. The girls were communicating, calling out their needs and ideas for everyone to try.
The last challenge on the course was particularly difficult. The girls had tried many solutions but no one could figure it out until one of the Pathfinders said, “Hey, what about that rope over there?” indicating one they had used for a previous part of the course. This was the key they needed to complete the challenge. Every girl finished the course and no one was left behind.
I left the course thinking of the many other ways that I, as a Guider and a parent, should be letting our girls try and fail in their experiences without my suggestions. When you remove the possibility of failure from the experience, you remove the success as well. When there is nothing for the girls to solve or overcome, it becomes experience without learning.
We are unwittingly cheating our girls out of solving their own problems and learning true responsibility. I was reminded of something that my co-Guider Sunset taught me: that our Guides were more than capable of setting up their tents and our dining shelter by themselves. They can clean up after themselves and the unit without the Guiders doing the majority of the work. They can clean the latrines, maybe not without complaint, but they get it done. I now trust our girls to do so much more than I used to give them credit for.
Later that weekend, when we were getting ready for pick up, I witnessed some Guiders shooing their girls out to go play while the adults swept and washed the floor. They said it was because it was “easier and faster” but I’m wondering how much the girls would have learned if we had let them do it by themselves.
Guest post by Kathleen Dueck. Kathleen is a Guide and Brownie Guider in Mississauga, Ontario. Check out her previous blog post, When compliments are contagious .
Posted on November 25, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
16 Days of Action to Eliminate Violence Against Women started on Friday, Nov. 25. We’re highlighting girls’ voices on social media throughout the 16 Days. Check out what Rishi has to say:
Living in Canada, we often believe ourselves to be above sexism. But are we really? As girls and young women, we’re told that “maybe engineering isn’t the right place for you to be, with all those smart boys. Do you really think you can compete with them?” We tell girls that they should be careful walking alone at night. We tell girls that they shouldn’t dress or behave in a certain way for fear of attracting the wrong type of attention.
But why?
Why do girls and women have to be the ones to be careful? Why do girls and women have to think twice about what they wear? Shouldn’t it be everyone’s responsibility to make women and girls – and all individuals – feel safe in their communities? We shouldn’t have to think twice about where we walk at night. We shouldn’t have to second guess what we choose to wear.
Why do we keep our girls from pursuing the careers they want? Yes, the glass ceiling does exist, and yes, there are many boys in engineering who believe they dominate in the field. All the more reason to prove that girls are just as strong and capable. We can show the world that we as girls and young women are just as good. We have every right to be there – in the science labs, in the corporate office, on Parliament Hill. End of discussion.
How can we change this?
We as a community of Girl Guides are doing so much to promote equal opportunities for females everywhere, whether it’s encouraging girls to explore STEM careers or strong leadership roles. The support we provide and receive in Guiding is invaluable. But we need to spread this positive message throughout society. We can do this by challenging gender roles in our everyday lives and not being afraid to stand up for what we believe in, and for our rights. That’s what I’ll be doing during the 16 Days of Action and every other day going forward – standing up for my rights as a young woman in Canada.
Guest post by Rishi Ilangomaran, who recently completed Rangers and is now studying to be an engineer at the University of Waterloo. She started as a Pathfinder in 2012 and in four short years, traveled to British Columbia and Mexico with Girl Guides, has been an active member of the Ontario Girl Forum, and has sold a significant number of cookies. She str
ongly prefers chocolatey mint to the classic flavour (especially when frozen :P).
Share your answers on Facebook , Twitter or Instagram in a visual way. Ideas: Hold up a speech bubble or write your answers on a whiteboard and post a photo. Or make a short video! Be sure to use hashtag #16days and tag us so we can share.
Unit Guiders: Check out our Say No to Violence Challenge , and the core programming connections for incorporating 16 Days into your unit’s activities.
Posted on November 17, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
This fall, the Sangam World Centre is celebrating its 50th anniversary! To mark this milestone, we’re re-posting this blog with tips on helping girls feel connected to Sangam and the global sisterhood of Guiding.
Though Sangam is far away, you can bring a bit of the World Centre’s spirit to your unit through a Sangam-themed meeting. When you run a meeting about Sangam, you are helping girls learn about global Guiding and introducing them to the opportunities that the World Centres offer. Here are some activities that you can use to give your girls a taste of Sangam. Most of these activities can be modified for use with each branch.
First, activities like these can help you introduce Sangam to your unit:
Sangam World Centre question and answer hunt
Hide small pieces of paper with basic questions about Sangam around your meeting space; then hide the answers, too. Questions can include “Where is Sangam located?” “When did Sangam open” and “What does the word ‘sangam’ mean?” Have the girls find and match the questions and answers. Information to create these questions can be found on the Sangam website .
Find Sangam on a map
Have you girls mark Sangam on a globe or world map. Mark your meeting place on the map as well and talk about how you could get from your meeting place to Sangam. You can also have the girls find the other World Centres on the map.
Plan an imaginary trip to Sangam
Older girls can use Sangam’s website to research opportunities to go to Sangam as an event or community program participant, volunteer or intern. Ask girls to plan an itinerary and determine what clothes to pack. Pathfinders and Rangers could research visa requirements and make a budget based on the current exchange rate. Younger girls can learn about activities Sangam guests can try and draw pictures of what they would like to do if they visited Sangam.
Next, your unit could learn a bit more about Sangam through activities like these:
Learn Come into Sangam and sing it with your unit
Lyrics, sheet music and an audio file of the Sangam song are available here . You can also learn Sangam’s 50th Anniversary song, Sangam We Belong. An audio file is available here .
Design your own mehendi pattern
Mehendi is applied as a decoration to hands, arms, feet and legs for special occasions. You can find many examples of mehendi designs online. Have the girls trace their hands on construction paper and then draw their own mehendi designs on their paper hands.
Make your own Sangalee
Show your girls Sangam’s mascot, Sangalee the elephant, on the Sangam website . Plan an elephant craft for girls to make their own Sangalee.
Make sweet lime soda
Similar to lemonade, sweet lime soda is a popular drink in Pune, the city where Sangam is located. To make sweet lime soda, mix a few drops of lime juice and some sugar into glasses of soda water.
The Thinking Day Tree at the Sangam World Centre.
Write a Thinking Day message to Sangam
As Thinking Day approaches, your girls can write Thinking Day messages to Sangam. Younger girls can draw pictures to send as well. Thinking Day messages received by Sangam are displayed on Sangam’s Thinking Day Tree. Mail your Thinking Day messages to Sangam at the address here .
Melissa Moor was a Sangam Volunteer from September to December 2013. She is now a Guider in Montreal where she studies law at McGill University.
Posted on November 15, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
At a recent unit meeting, we tapped into our Guides’ creativity by having them design and market their own potato chip flavours. I made a trip to the store to buy all the spices and flavourings and went a little crazy. Savoury and sweet spices, spice mixes like tandoori and teriyaki, soup and gravy mixes, even cocoa, sugars and chai tea. It took 15 minutes at the check-out, but the cashier was a former girl member, and as we spoke about the sorts of things we’d been doing with the girls, she requested information on how she could get involved as an adult. Yay! (Bonus:
the bill was only $9!)
The girls were given sandwich-size zip-top bags half-filled with lightly salted potato chips. In patrols, they were called into the kitchen and given the opportunity to place small amounts of spices into their bags. They were given only two rules – they could not design a chip flavour that already existed, and they would be expected to sample their flavour! If the girls were unsure what a spice was, we encouraged them to smell it, and then smell the spices they were thinking of mixing it with, to determine whether it would work for their product.
After each girl had their first go at the spices and sampled their flavour, they had the chance to re-engineer their product. I’d made up my own seasonal flavour, ‘Turkey Dinner,’ and went around offering girls a sample and asking to try theirs. Their flavours and product names were even better than I could’ve imagined. One girl had even created another seasonal flavour, ‘Sweet Pumpkin Pie Latte.’ (In GGC we know the marketing value of seasonal products!) They shared samples in patrols and really built each other up.
After they had tweaked their flavours, we set them to work designing a marketing scheme for their product. Some girls designed packaging, others jingles or TV advertisements. We finished the meeting with a sharing circle, where each of them marketed their chips to the other girls. Their ads were hilariously awesome. Even the shyest girls were eager to participate! It was by far our best meeting yet.
The icing on the cake was when my husband went shopping the following weekend and came home with a bag of ‘Turkey Stuffing’ chips – virtually identical to my ‘Turkey Dinner’ flavour! Our ‘fun’ meeting was developing a relevant skill! 😉
Guest post by Cathy Hirose. Cathy loved so much what Guiding did for her own daughters, she just had to join GGC! She is a Sparks and Guide Guider in Winnipeg. She has a degree in biochemistry, but her love is mentoring youth.
Posted on November 10, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Over the past two days, there has been an incredible shift in the conversation about female role models and females in the lead – a conversation that has shifted from one of hope to one of despair.
As the CEO of Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada (GGC), I want to bring our members – our Guiders, our parents, and most importantly our girls – a message of positivity and confidence in the future. I am incredibly proud to belong to an organization that has withstood the test of time in putting girls first.
Today I want to encourage all of you to be more resilient than ever – and more determined to make a difference in the lives of young girls and women. It is even more important today than it was yesterday to create opportunities for young girls and women to be empowered. Whether you are aspiring to the small things in life – or the big things – Girl Guides of Canada believes in the power of girls and what you, as your authentic self, can achieve today, tomorrow and throughout your life.
It’s important that young people – both girls and boys – continue to see women take the lead in meaningful ways, here in Canada and around the world. We cannot stop trying to achieve that. The glass ceiling may not be fully shattered, but Girl Guides of Canada knows that women have what it takes to shatter it.
There is a list of diverse female accomplishments to celebrate this week. We can be very proud of the fact that the United States elected the first female Latina senator in American history, as well as the first openly LGBT state governor. A female legislator who came to the United States as a refugee is the first Somali-American ever to be named as a state representative.
In her speech yesterday, Hilary Clinton directly addressed little girls who were watching: “Never doubt that you are valuable and powerful and deserving of every chance and opportunity in the world to pursue and achieve your own dreams.”
I want our members and communities to know that Girl Guides of Canada is committed to ensuring that we prepare girls to be all that they can be, to continue to see the possibility of achieving their dreams and goals on every level. I’m excited to tell you that in the coming weeks, we’ll be releasing new programming to address these ideas at Guiding meetings all across the country.
Sometimes we face setbacks – and roadblocks that seem insurmountable. It’s not always easy to be confident, courageous and resourceful, and to feel like you’re making a real difference in the world. But you are – and together we will continue to empower women and girls and change the future for all of us.
By Jill Zelmanovits, CEO, Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada. Jill shared this message via Facebook Live earlier today.
Posted on November 8, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
In my role as District Commissioner, I often take advantage of the incredible opportunity to visit units. So when I walked into a unit meeting with the 2nd Dartmouth Guides, several of the girls yelled, “Hi, Giggles!” I smiled as I saw so many familiar faces. So many of my former Sparks had become Guides. The more I looked around, the more faces I recognized.
When I asked how many of them had been my Sparks, 16 hands went up. Sixteen of the 18 girls there had been my Sparks. One of them said, “Do you remember that time at camp when you unrolled the paper towel and put it on your back and ran around yelling, ‘Super Giggles!’? I laughed and said I did. I told them I did that because I saw that one of them was about to cry due to homesickness and I wanted to distract her.
“That was me,” one of the Guides said. “I was the one who was about to cry. I think I would have gone home if you hadn’t done that.”
I smiled at her and another Guide said, “That was the camp when we saw all those forget-me-nots by the building and you made us a craft with a picture of them and a piece of paper towel with ‘Super Giggles’ on it.”
“I remember that,” I said.
“I still have that craft!” one of girls yelled. Her voice was followed by a chorus of, “Me, too!” and “So do I!” and “It’s on my hat!” (It’s on my hat, too).
I have been a Guide Guider, a Brownie Guider, and for the last several years, a Spark Guider. I love all the branches for completely different reasons. People tell me Sparks is “easiest” – and I think any branch can be “easiest” if it suits you. We can all find a place to belong in Guiding.
To know that those 16 girls continued in Guiding makes my heart smile. Before I left I told them that even though they were no longer my Sparks, they would always be my girls. One of them said, “Oh, we know, Giggles. We’ll always keep you in our hearts, too.”
I turned away with tears in my eyes. Every one of my girls remains in my heart. It’s amazing to know that they have a spot for me in theirs, as well.
Guest post by Beth (a.k.a. Giggles), the District Commissioner for Banook in Nova Scotia, a Guider with the 4th Dartmouth Sparks and also for 1st Highfield Sparks/Brownies, and a Trainer with Dartmouth Shore Area.
Posted on November 3, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Pokémon GO became available in Canada just as Guiding Mosaic 2016 was ending, and I’ve been playing ever since I got home from camp in Alberta. Here are 10 ways to incorporate Pokémon GO into your unit’s activities:
Map reading/orienteering. Using the map view on your phone or tablet will give the girls experience in orienting themselves to a map.
Historical/cultural sites. Many Pokéstops are located at historical or cultural sites. Take your girls on a walk of discovery. In my community of Fredericton, I discovered monuments I didn’t even know were in my neighbourhood.
While Sparks won’t be creating their own Pokémon GO accounts, Pathfinders or Rangers might. Start a conversation about the kinds of information you share online.
Environmental concerns. Combine a Pokémon GO walk with a litter chase. Examine how different species of Pokémon are adapted to different environments. Figure out how to look for Pokémon in various environments while being as unobtrusive as possible.
Plan an enrollment or advancement with a Pokémon theme. Sparks can evolve into Brownies, or Pathfinders can evolve into Rangers.
Make Pokémon out of modeling clay. Knit or crochet Pokéball hats. Invent your own Pokémon. There are myriad patterns available.
Give each group a Pokémon name and refer to Guiders as Trainers. Make Pokémon-themed treats or collect stardust for doing challenges.
Street sense. It’s easy to get so wrapped up in hunting Pokémon that you don’t watch where you’re going. A Pokémon GO walk can teach your girls how to pay attention to their surroundings.
Public courtesy. Discuss how to play without trespassing, blocking the sidewalk or being unnecessarily noisy.
Manga and anime. Are you or your girls into manga or anime? Discussing Pokémon can be a gateway to other facets of Japanese culture. For the older girls, it’s a great opportunity to open a discussion on how girls and women are depicted in anime, manga and conventional comics.
Guest post by Faith Cormier, a Spark and Ranger Guider in Fredericton. Faith is also a Trainer and loves to camp.
Posted on October 31, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Iron Chef is West Coast Area’s annual Halloween-themed outdoor cooking competition for Pathfinders, Rangers and adults. The 1st Burnaby Lakes Pathfinders have been attending the competition for the past five years and every year they have a blast! The girls work in teams to prepare a three-course meal (appetizer, main dish and dessert) – and it’s hands-off for their Guiders. The ingredients are selected like a hockey draft and then the teams get cooking. The girls really get to stretch their creativity and work on team building and outdoor cooking skills. Each team also brings in donations for a local food bank so we’re having fun and participating in community service.
We always enjoy the different themes and the “special ingredients” that each dish has incorporated into it. This year’s event was pirate themed and the special ingredient was an “ARRRR” item (red bean, ricotta, etc.).
Here’s what the Pathfinders had to say about the event:
“It was pretty hectic at some points in time! We had a lot of fun, even though our team didn’t win.” – Sarah
“We got to make such cool creations and you are always thinking on your feet. Coming up with new ideas for cooking dishes out of the food you get. Sometimes it’s a fail, but it’s super fun anyways. I can’t wait to do it again next year!” – Holly
“I had a great time at the Iron Chef competition. This was my first time at an event like this, so I didn’t know what to expect. In the end I had an amazing time and made delicious and healthy meals. I would definitely recommend this event to all my friends from school and from my other extra-curricular activities.” – Matina
“What a great experience! I got to learn with other people and how to work as a team! I also made new friends with other Pathfinders from different units! I loved the experience!!” – Bianca
Guest post by Courtney Eastman and Heather Reandy, Guiders with the 1st Burnaby Lakes Pathfinders who both started Guiding when they were six years old and have never stopped! They are dedicated volunteers who also work with a Sparks unit. They are very enthusiastic when it comes to camping and the outdoors, spending as much time as possible with their units in nature.
Posted on October 27, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Imagine 500 of your closest Guiding friends, one big campfire, an unbeatable location, and surprise guests who are truly living the Guiding Promise to “take action for a better world.” That’s pretty much what happened at this year’s Girl Guide campfire on Parliament Hill.
Every year, Ottawa Girl Guides gather on the third Wednesday of October for fun, friendship and adventure, singing songs around Canada’s best-known fire – the Centennial Flame on Parliament Hill. The 2016 celebration was perhaps the best yet, with spectacular fall weather, a huge crowd, and many special guests.
Guider Vicky Wallace, better known as Thumper in her job as year-round Camping Programs Supervisor at Camp Woolsey, created a terrific program of songs to keep the crowd active and engaged. With her 12th Qu’appelle Rangers, they led the crowd in a lively singalong for an hour on a beautiful autumn evening. Girls came together from all over the greater Ottawa region, travelling on foot, using transit and school buses, all to converge upon Parliament Hill en masse!
Hosting a campfire right on the Hill was especially convenient for some of the evening’s attendees, whose offices were just steps away. Guiding is currently very well-represented in the House of Commons and Senate of Canada. As the gender balance continues to improve in our federal government and more women take their seats, the caucus of former Girl Guides has grown to more than 20 Members of Parliament. With their fond memories of Guiding in mind, these MPs and many other friends of our organization gladly accepted our invitation to say hello after evening votes in the House of Commons concluded.
The keen campfire-goers who came to sing and dance included: Patty Hajdu, Minister for the Status of Women; Anju Dhillon, Parliamentary Secretary for the Status of Women; Peter Schiefke, Parliamentary Secretary for Youth; Celina Caesar-Chavannes, Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister; and over 15 other MPs, parliamentary secretaries, and ministers.
MP Anju Dhillon enjoys the music at GGC’s campfire on Parliament Hill.
A few highlights from our Guides-turned-MPs:
Parliamentary Secretary Gudie Hutchings earned her Canada Cord during her 15 years as a member
MP Sheri Benson completed her fire safety Guide badge and even still goes by the nickname “Safety Sher”
MP Bernadette Jordan enjoyed Brownies and Guides, then gave back to girls as an adult by becoming a Guider
MP Alaina Lockhart made great connections with Guiding in her eight years as a girl member, and now has a daughter completing the Guiding program
MP Lisa Raitt was awarded with her first aid badge and many more as a Guide member
MP Hedy Fry was enrolled in Brownies through Rangers in Trinidad and went on to become a Tawny Owl
MP Sonia Sidhu became a keen hiker as a Junior and Senior Leader in India
Parliamentary Secretary Joyce Murray joined her local Brownie unit after immigrating to Canada, which helped her quickly settle into her new home and life in Vancouver
MP Alexandra Mendès logged over 50 nights of camping adventures in just four years as a member in Portugal
Those experiences have strengthened their ability to confidently lead, and lucky for us, have strengthened Guiding’s connections to decision-makers in our nation’s capital. Girls can be inspired by the diverse female role models who have walked in their same footsteps as Girl Guides, song-singers, camp-goers, adventure-seekers and more, who are now taking on vital roles in public service.
These inspirational women have taken to heart their life-long Promise to be true to themselves, their beliefs, and Canada, as they take action for a better world by representing their communities. Once a Girl Guide, always a Girl Guide!
Guest post by Diamond Isinger. Diamond is an Ottawa Guider, keen camper and communicator. Recently transplanted from Vancouver, she previously served as West Coast Area Commissioner and PR Advisor, sharing stories of girl greatness. Check out her previous posts: Meet Charlie ; Girl Guide cookies + green activities = a sweet combo!
Posted on October 25, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Today, Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada (GGC) received an incredible historic honour – we were presented with a Heritage Plaque from the Government of Canada recognizing our impact on girls and women over the past century. To celebrate this momentous occasion we hosted an unveiling ceremony with Parks Canada at the GGC national office in Toronto. In attendance were current girl members and Unit Guiders; our Chief Commissioner Pamela Rice and CEO Jill Zelmanovits; past GGC Chief Commissioners; and the first Canadian female astronaut and lifetime GGC member Dr. Roberta Bondar.
For more than 100 years, Guiding has been the place where girls and young women can challenge themselves, put their ideas into action, and gain the skills that allow them to fulfill their potential. Over seven million Canadian girls and women have been involved in Guiding – and they have gone on to do extraordinary things. They are our mothers, our neighbours, our doctors, engineers, police officers, entrepreneurs and artists. They are our mentors, volunteers and leaders, active in every aspect of our communities and society. They are our trailblazers and change makers and mark many firsts for females in Canada.
Trailblazers like Dr. Bondar, who addressed the guests at our national office and on Facebook Live . She mentioned that the very first wings she ever earned were her Brownie wings, and that they are still an inspiration to this day – in fact they travelled with her on the Discovery mission.
“I’ve had some pretty amazing experiences in Guiding,” said Andrea Chakma, a Ranger and Girl Assistant with the 285th Guides in Mississauga, who also spoke during the ceremony. “It has empowered me to be the best that I can be and continue to learn and explore different avenues of life. I’ve had the chance to get out of my comfort zone and try new things. I truly believe that without Guiding I would not be the person I am today. It’s taught me – and thousands of other girls – that I can do anything I set my mind to.”
Empowering, challenging and inspiring – that’s what Guiding is about.
“Know that you have one thing in common,” Dr. Bondar concluded. “You believe in
yourselves. And you believe in opening up the world to others through the eyes of a confident, beautiful human being. That’s what Guides has given me, and I know that’s what Guides is giving you.”
Today we truly celebrated the power of girls, and the fact that Guiding will continue to make a mark on Canada – and the world – one girl at a time.
Posted on October 20, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
In reading this blog post, be prepared to be very excited! Girl Guides of Canada is currently recruiting for our first ever National Youth Council ! Let me repeat that: First. Ever. National. Youth. Council.
Applications are now open for girls in Rangers to get involved in this amazing new opportunity. What will the council do? Basically, members of the National Youth Council will provide their insights and opinions to help to determine the future of Guiding in Canada. What could be better than that?
The council’s main goal is to give girls the chance to have a voice in our organization. After all, girls are the most fundamental part of Guiding. GGC wants to learn about the issues that really matter to girls, and the issues that girls face in their daily lives.
We want you to tell us what you want from Guiding. What activities do you want to see more of? What issues do you want to take action on? How do you think we can engage more girls and make Girl Guides more popular? How do we make Girl Guides a more diverse community of girls?
Girl Guides of Canada is focused on fostering girls who are the leaders of tomorrow. But I think that if given the opportunity, girls are also the leaders of today! And this is your chance to put your leadership skills to work and lead Girl Guides of Canada into the future! As Chair of the council, I can’t wait to be amazed by your innovative insights and opinions about how to continue Guiding Greatness!
We are looking for Rangers who are passionate about Guiding and looking to play a leadership role in the organization. Applications close on Sunday, October 30 – so don’t forget to apply or to tell your unit about this amazing opportunity.
Guest post by Madeleine Deschenes. Madeleine is a Guider for a Sparks unit in Kingston, ON, and Chair, National Youth Council. She is in her third year studying Kinesiology at Queen’s University. She is ecstatic to have the opportunity to develop the Youth Council and to have the chance to meet all the amazing Rangers who will apply to be a part of the council!
Posted on October 13, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Over the past few years I’ve heard from many friends, family and members of the community that they’re always wondering when Girl Guides will come to their door selling Girl Guide cookies. So when cookie delivery day in Sudbury landed on our meeting night, we didn’t waste a minute in bringing the girls door-to-door in the neighborhood where we meet.
We started our cookie blitz meeting the same way we always do, by having the third-year Guides prep the rest of girls on how to go door-to-door:
Step 1: Ring the door bell, then step back – if they don’t have a door bell, knock three times and step back.
Step 2: Sing the ABC’s quietly. If no one answers the door, then move to the next house.
Once each patrol was ready, they picked up their cases and headed out the door with a Guider.
We were having a great night cookie selling. This was the first year in a long time that it hasn’t rained on us. To top it off it was actually warm.
But then, as one of our Guides, Samara, approached our twentieth house or so, I heard:
“Uh, Tanya…”
Posted on October 11, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
This summer I took my nine-year-old daughter, Helen, to Kenya for the African Regional Conference of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). While in the capital of Nairobi, Helen met Brownies and Guides and young leaders from across Africa.
Confession: I thought Helen would find interaction with the African Girl Guides fun and interesting but, if I was being honest, I wondered if a Girl Guide from Canada would have little in common with a Girl Guide from Kenya
The truth: Helen actually statistically has MORE in common with a GIRL from Nairobi (or Mumbai or Budapest or Bogota) than a BOY from Canada.
Despite huge global differences in access to education, food and medical treatment, girls as a demographic are united in disproportionately facing barriers such as violence, discrimination and poverty. Unless addressed, these barriers make it impossible for girls to reach their full potential. Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada (GGC) is addressing these barriers by enabling girls to be confident, resourceful and courageous, and to make a difference in the world.
Today, we join girls across the world celebrating International Day of the Girl . This is a powerful day when the world stops and considers the importance of social, economic, and political investment in the power of girls as fundamental to breaking the intergenerational transmission of poverty, violence, exclusion and discrimination – and to achieving equitable and sustainable development outcomes.
Why is investment in girls so important? Because they have the potential to change the world – as the mothers, educators, law-makers and CEOs of the future. Investing in girls now means an investment in an equitable future.
As members of GGC, each girl is one in a team of 90,000, but as members of WAGGGS, each girl is one in a team of 10 million girls. That is 10 million girls all connected by one promise, one mission and one goal – to make this world a better place for girls.
You can celebrate International Day of the Girl with your unit in two ways! Check out the GGC Make a Difference Day International Day of the Girl Instant Meeting . The meeting focuses on UN Sustainable Development Goal number 5 – Gender Equality by Closing the Gap between boys and girls engaged in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). Crests are available here . Or, visit the WAGGGS site and join #teamgirl by participating in their International Day of the Girl campaign.
Happy International Day of the Girl!
By Jill Zelmanovits, CEO, Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada. Jill has served in many positions with the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts and is a strong proponent of Guiding’s ability to empower girls to be the best they can be.
Posted on October 6, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
STEM – science, technology engineering and math. When we think of these things, we still typically picture men doing these jobs. While many women do in fact have careers in these fields, it still for some reason seems like a taboo career choice. As a young woman who will be graduating from high school in June and who’s thinking about going into chemistry, it is very important to me that we start closing the gap between men and women in STEM. That’s why I’m so thankful for Girl Guides.
Being a Girl Guide has pushed me to recognize that studying chemistry is an excellent choice. Many young girls need to realize that we NEED more women in STEM. Men and women think differently, and by having both men and women in STEM, they can combine their ideas into one. More women are needed to pursue STEM careers so we can shatter the myth of ‘that’s only a career for men.’ By reassuring young girls that wanting to be the next mathematical genius or the inventor of the cure for cancer is okay, they begin to gain confidence in themselves and feel empowered to pursue their goals.
Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada (GGC) has always been there, helping me discover new career options and encouraging me to follow my dreams. Whether through some of my Guiders who work in STEM or through programming we have done, I’ve discovered that women are in fact needed to help make scientific advances. This year, STEM is the focus of GGC’s International Day of the Girl Instant Meeting programming .
Every girl should have access to STEM – it’s crucial. It can be through hands-on learning experiences, or even just taking one simple math class. That one simple math or science class could change their whole life. Girls need opportunities to discover all of the amazing aspects of STEM, all of the incredible career opportunities, and how STEM leads to so many advances in the world. Not only is STEM changing the world, the women in STEM are, too. If every girl in the world had access to learning one tiny branch of STEM, there would be many more women studying in these fields.
I was lucky enough to be introduced to chemistry in grade 9. From the moment I learned the periodic table and what the elements meant, and how to form bonds and balance equations, I knew it was what I wanted to do. I had never been interested in science until chemistry. As my interest grew, people began saying how incredible it was ‘that I was a girl going into sciences’ and ‘wow, you’re brave for doing that.’ But why should it be incredible, and why should I be brave for doing something that I think is interesting? It should just be considered normal for me to want to pursue science.
Every year, we get closer to closing the gap between men and women in STEM. One day, the gap will be completely gone and there will be no more ‘what a brave young women you are for doing science.’ Because it isn’t brave, it’s just someone following their passion.
Guest post by Olivia Trivett, a 17-year-old Ranger from Halifax who recently received her Chief Commissioner’s Gold Award. Olivia hopes to study chemistry, and eventually research pharmaceutical drugs in her own research lab. Check out her previous blog post, Marching with Pride .
Check out the GGC Make a Difference Day International Day of the Girl Instant Meeting . The meeting focuses on UN Sustainable Development Goal number 5 – Gender Equality by Closing the Gap between boys and girls engaged in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM).
Posted on October 4, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Long before Instagram and eons before selfies, Girl Guides captured their forever memories by printing and developing photos and carefully preserving them in photo albums. Among the favourite items in our national archives collection are two black photo albums titled, “Early Days of Guiding in Canada Prior to 1934” and “Guiding in Canada 1924-1934.” Despite our preservation efforts, the paper is starting to deteriorate and some of the photos are fading and yellowing. Over the last few years we have been scanning these pictures to ensure that they are available for future researchers and members to enjoy.
Below are a selection of images from these albums, offering an enlightening reflection on the Guiding experiences of years past. Even without knowing all the details about these photos we love the way they showcase girls’ experiences and excitement in the early years of Guiding.
Album cover
Posted on September 29, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
When I think of my journey through Guiding, I can’t help but reflect upon the inspirational leaders who have played such a major role in my life. These amazing women are always there for me in both the highs and the lows. They encourage me to try new things and challenge me to show my leadership skills. In every way they model a world in which women are invincible and can do anything that they set their minds to. If it were not for Guiding, I would have missed out on so many amazing adventures in leadership and in the outdoors.
My Guiding journey began when I was five years old and a first year Spark. Immediately, I was welcomed into a family of sisters that has endured and I am sure will last well into the future. As a Spark, I learned to be resourceful as I worked towards earning Spark Keeper badges. From that very young age my commitment to badge work began and continues today, as is evident by my camp blanket that’s covered in badges and crests. Today, I am a Girl Assistant with a Sparks unit and get to witness growth in young faces as these young ladies get to explore their own leadership for the first time. Sparks is that opportunity for young girls to spend a night away from their parents in a safe loving environment and even though the girls and I hardly sleep due to their excitement at camp, it is well worth it to see their bright faces in the morning.
As I moved into the higher levels of Guiding, I began to spread my wings and experience the larger parts of the world. As a Guide I acquired camp skills such as cooking on a buddy burner and making a campfire. It was in Guides that I began to form amazing friendships with the most amazing people. When you spend the night in a tent with someone, a friend becomes family. A family that is created among Girl Guides, a family so wonderful that it is hard to describe. A family that I know that I can and will always be able to count on no matter what.
As a Pathfinder, the world of Guiding got a little bigger. Camps became more intense and regular meetings more involved. In Pathfinders we planned our own meetings and even our own camps. There was no such thing as cabin camping in Pathfinders and bad weather meant nothing as we were always prepared with our superb tents. Pathfinders was about chilling but also leading. Meetings ranged from watching a movie in our pyjamas to rock climbing. At the end of Pathfinders, I even got to tackle an international camp as our unit headed to B.C. for SOAR – which stands for Spirit of Adventure Rendezvous. SOAR was the best experience of my life, never before had I been able to see the power of women on such a large scale. I felt so proud to be a member of Guiding as I marched through the streets during the SOAR parade. Not to mention the superb activities that took place at this interprovincial/international week-long camp.
Now that I am a Ranger, I have taken the next challenge as I tackle harder camps. In January, my Ranger unit went winter camping. During this camp we spent a whole weekend outside in – 15° C degree temperatures. It was a rough couple of days but it was well worth the challenge. As well, my Ranger unit just finished going to Guiding Mosaic in Sylvan Lake, Alberta, my second international camp. At Mosaic I met some of the most interesting people from all across Canada. My adventure program led me to new heights, as I climbed to the top of some very rough terrain having the time of my life! The camp also taught me perseverance as it rained the entire week. But I kept smiling through mud covered teeth and I would go back any day! Guiding Mosaic was reflective of my entire journey through Guiding and confirmed what I already knew – Guiding.Is.The.Best!
As I enter my last year of Guiding as a girl member, I can’t help but reflect on what an incredible ride it has been. The leaders that have molded me and the friendships I have made will be forever imprinted in my DNA. Although I am sad that my girl years are coming to an end, I cannot wait to be a model of a strong woman for the Girl Guides of the future. If anyone is even considering registering their daughter in Guiding, let me be the first to say “Do It!” It will shape them, like it has shaped me, into a resourceful young lady!
Guest post by Erin Brintnell, a third-year Ranger in Calgary who enjoys all aspects of the Guiding world. She loves hiking, biking and exploring the outdoors as well as helping in her community. Guiding Mosaic 2016 was the highlight of her summer!
Posted on September 27, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
At the recent Burnaby Mountain District camp, girls had a great time all weekend with the theme “Camp Flower Power.” Activities were designed, where possible, to fit around the concepts of peace and love. This didn’t only involve tie dye (though it did, of course, also involve tie dye!). The camp’s program coordinators incorporated a service project for all girls at camp to put the idea of peace into practice. Girls of all ages spent some of their time at camp making welcome cards and letters for refugees arriving in Canada.
Girls took the task very seriously and spent time thinking about how and why refugee families need to be welcomed. They considered what kinds of tips they could give about Canadian culture and how they could help newcomers feel more comfortable. In their messages, girls wrote things such as the following:
Welcome to Canada! I hope you like it here. In Canada we respect everybody.
I hope you feel safe here and make lots of friends. In Canada people are nice to each other and play games like hockey.
Some of my favourite activities are swimming, gymnastics, and being a Brownie. What do you like to do? You should try maple syrup when you’re in Canada.
In Canada it rains a lot. But that’s ok, just get an umbrella. It’s nice here.
Two of our Guiders visited ISS of BC to personally deliver the cards and get a tour of one of their welcome centres. ISS supports over 25,000 recent immigrants to Canada each year, helping them build a new life. (Earlier this week, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visited their welcome centre.)
Our Guiders were blown away by the important work being done by this organization and were amazed by the courage and strength of the refugees that they were told about. One of the Guiders described the experience as life changing.
The people at ISS of BC were touched by the thoughtful cards and letters and assured us that gestures like this can make a major difference to refugee families when they arrive. Feeling welcome and finding a sense of community can be important factors in how well refugees settle into Canadian culture. The girls of Burnaby Mountain District were given a lovely thank you card, pictured below.
Burnaby Mountain District is proud to have been a part of such an experience and looks forward to finding other ways to spread messages of peace and welcome throughout our communities, especially to people in situations like this who need it the most.
Posted on September 23, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
It’s time to kick-start another awesome Guiding year – and to introduce or re-introduce girls to what Guiding is all about and the kinds of activities your unit will participate in. There are lots of simple tricks you can employ to ensure every girl and her family feels welcome and can take full advantage of the adventures ahead.
Assume nothing. Some families in your unit will be brand-new to Guiding or some of the activities we offer. Start with the basics – offer lots of information about the kinds of activities you’ll be doing, mindful that not all girls and their loved ones come with knowledge of what Guiding is all about. And even the most experienced Guiding families will benefit from a refresher on expectations, needs, and more! Try hosting a Sparks parents’ meeting in September, or writing a ‘Welcome to Guides’ handout that covers the basics and that can be used as a reference guide throughout the year.
Beware the jargon. For Guiders, it’s easy to communicate in acronyms and Guiding lingo – but plenty of parents will get confused by the difference between units and your district/area/community, who Brown Owl and Tawny Owl are and what they do, or an instruction to contact a provincial or national council about an opportunity for girls. Use clear language to explain the whats and whos of Girl Guides – and translate it for them, i.e. “For more info, please contact our District Commissioner (DC), Guider Tanya. Tanya is the volunteer DC who provides leadership for the Guiding units in our neighbourhood. She can be reached at: 555-123-4567 or [email protected].”
Use inclusive and appropriate language. Families and girls are all different, with different interests, beliefs and experiences. That’s what makes Guiding such a great place to be! Sharing food at your meeting? Choose a non-religious grace to sing before your meal, like these easy-to-learn tunes available online from BC Girl Guides . Do you want to host a ‘mom and me’ weekend? Pick a welcoming name for your adventure, and make it clear in all communications that girls may bring any female adult in their life to participate, not just a mother. Facilitating a discussion about healthy relationships with your Rangers? Be mindful of the normative language that can be our unconscious default, and opt for neutral words like “partner” over “boyfriend.” And don’t be afraid to respectfully interject to correct girls’ language if it’s exclusive. Your role as a Guider is to inform and challenge girls’ understanding of the world around them.
Ensure financial accessibility. Not all families know, or are comfortable asking, about the types of financial support that are available to help girls participate in Guiding activities. Be proactive and mention it at every opportunity! In an email or letter/pamphlet to parents about an upcoming camp, be sure to include a sentence or two about the types of support available and how families can access those subsidies. Help connect families directly with volunteers/staff at other levels of Guiding – stating that they should just “talk to the provincial office” can be confusing for those who don’t know how to navigate our organization. And be sure to highlight the fact that those subsidy funds come from cookie sales, helping drive home the importance of this program.
Help girls gear up! Finances aren’t the only barrier to participation – families may silently opt their girls out of activities that they don’t have the gear to participate in. Lucky for them, Guiding often has a surplus of supplies. For an upcoming sleepover, mention in your unit newsletter that extra sleeping bags and mats are available and include info about how to request them. At a planning meeting for a Pathfinder hiking expedition, talk about how extra backpacks and specialized equipment are available from your unit, district, or other sources of loaned Guiding gear.
Last but not least – be available for questions and discussion! Guiders are pros at being sources of info and support, but make sure parents know how and when to reach you. Commit to having a Guider regularly check your unit email inbox or take turns showing up a few minutes early at unit meetings so families know they have someone available to answer their questions. Encourage parents/guardians to bring up their ideas, and if they are passionate about making something happen, involve them in your unit – to facilitate an activity, organize an event, be added to your roster for occasional help, or even become a full-fledged Guider. Take any and all feedback as an opportunity to recruit!
Posted on September 22, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Midnight. The night before camp. My fiance is sitting on the couch cutting out tiny white felt circles with child-size scissors. He loads the vehicle for camp, videotapes our enrollment, and has his own special name-tag that says “Mr. Sparkles” because he heard that the other Guider husbands have special nicknames, too.
When I asked about making one of my Sparks the flower girl, he suggested I have all my Sparks come and parade in front of me down the aisle. Due to our small venue, we couldn’t do that – although I know most of my Spark moms would have been onboard! My co-Guider has three amazing daughters, one of whom was in my Sparks unit last year, and the oldest who has been in my unit for two years. They became my flower girl and junior bridesmaid.
Planning the bridal shower, my mother (Tawney Owl) and I explored Pinterest and found the idea to give away s’more kits as favours. Of course, several of our Guiding friends were invited, and were quickly delegated to the task of assembling the gift bows into a hat. The cake was also made by a local Guider. The MOST Guiding thing at my shower, however, was a gift from my mother’s fellow Owls – wrapped of course in a Girl Guide cookie case and decorated with pink, orange, blue, green, and red tissue paper.
Our Guide unit worked on goals for this past year, including the girls’ lifetime goals. Along with goals for school and future jobs, many of them stated they wanted to get married, so as a challenge I created a Special Event Planning badge. Our parents joked that I was trying to get out of the work of planning my own wedding.
At first I wanted to get custom badges designed for our wedding to give to my girls, but the cost of badges can add up. When planning our favours, the idea came up to get title tapes printed with our names and the date to tie onto our candy pouches. All of my girls got one, too.
Girl Guides has been such a defining part of my life, that all these little nods to Guiding just weren’t enough. I had seen unique bouquets where people included lockets or pins. It seemed the perfect solution to include a Girl Guide pin on my bouquet. I chose the enrollment pin, instead of an appointment or other earned pin, because it symbolizes the core of Guiding. It is the pin you receive the day you promise to do my best, and it was the perfect pin to have the day I made another lifelong promise.
Of course, the wedding day wasn’t complete without the “Guiding” photo.
Posted on September 15, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Being a member of Girl Guides of Canada–Guides du Canada has always been an influential and positive experience for me. But I never realized just how proud I was to be a member of such an incredible organization until I was given the opportunity to walk in the Halifax Pride Parade this year.
I chose to march in the parade because my dad is gay. I also marched for some of my best friends who are trans, gay, bisexual, pansexual, and more. Being able to walk in a parade that is so important to people that are important to me was such an incredible feeling. Watching as their faces smiled as I walked past made me explode with happiness.
The morning started with some of my best friends, Jessie, Kaitlyn, Jade, Calena and Anna all meeting up. We all chose to carry posters that had been made by some Guiders that had inspirational sayings on them. Then, we began to walk! Throughout the whole walk, we exploded with Girl Guide pride. We sang songs such as the Girl Guide Marching Song and Thunderation and Everywhere We Go! My favourite part of singing these songs, especially Everywhere We Go, was hearing the crowd repeat the verses after us. The applause Girl Guides received made my heart so, so happy. The walk was long, but it felt much shorter when we were surrounded by happy cheering, and of course, the company of other Girl Guides!
I believe that this is the perfect event to showcase what a welcoming space Girl Guides of Canada truly is. This event is great because not only does it get people interested in joining Girl Guides, but it also shows that we, as members of this community, are welcoming and happy and proud. Girl Guides of Canada is one of the most welcoming spaces I have ever been a part of. This parade shows that Girl Guides accepts all girls and women. I am so honoured and proud to be a part of this welcoming organization, and I am so lucky I get to call myself a Girl Guide.
Guest post by Olivia Trivett, a 17-year-old Ranger who recently received her Chief Commissioner’s Gold Award. Through Girl Guiding, she has made some of her best friends, as well as had the chance to visit Our Chalet in Switzerland and visit Paris, France. In the future, Olivia hopes to study chemistry, and eventually research pharmaceutical drugs, and have her own research lab.
Our new Community Event Kit contains all the info you’ll need to promote your Guiding group’s participation at local fairs, parades, and festivals. Check it out!
Posted on September 13, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
It’s that time of year again: it’s time to unpack the toadstool, get everything in order and invite the girls back for another exciting year of Guiding. For some of the units in Newmarket, Ontario, that means sending out welcome cards, addressed to the girls, by good old snail mail. Why you ask? It’s simple: who doesn’t like getting a letter in the mail? Especially when you’re a kid!
All kidding aside, there are a number of benefits to sending welcome letters in the mail:
Girls Feel Special – The girls feel super important when they discover that they received a card in the mail that is solely addressed to them. I get a number of comments from parents at the beginning of the year letting me know how thrilled their daughter was to receive the letter. In the card, there is a little personalized blurb. It starts by saying “Hello…” and then their name. It welcomes them back if they are returning to the unit, or welcomes them to the unit if they are new. In previous years I have included their Cookie All Stars crest from the previous year (since they arrive after our unit meetings are done). And if they have a birthday around the time of mailing, I add a P.S. with some birthday wishes.
All About Me Surveys – In the card, I include a separate “All About Me” survey. It asks questions like: What did you like about Brownies/Sparks last year (depending on if they are advancing or returning)? What would you like to try this year? What makes you upset? What are things that make you feel better? What is one thing you want the Guiders to know about you? The girls are encouraged to fill out the survey and return it to me via mail, email or bring it to the first meeting. On the back of the survey, I answer the same questions I asked them; that way they can get to know me before the year starts.
Happy Parents – I feel these letters make a great first impression on the parents. It shows that we made that extra effort to make their daughters feel special. As well, they see that you care about getting to know their daughter as an individual.
Guest post by Sarah Pippy. Sarah is currently a Brownie Guider and a new Pathfinder Guider in Newmarket, Ontario. She has been Guiding for over 20 years. When she is not busy with Girl Guides, she loves to sing barbershop with her Sweet Adelines Chorus.
Posted on September 1, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
I am a crafter. In the various areas of Girl Guide programming (and life in general), I have always excelled in the area of crafts, art and nifty things you can make. While this is a great skill to have, I have yet to find a full-time job where being excellently talented with sequins and immune to hot glue gun burns is a pre-requisite. Therefore, most of my crafting is reserved for Girl Guides and summer holidays where I can really dive in and go crazy with bits and bobs – only coming out of the craft room for food and sleep. It’s an amazing thing.
This summer my family is back out in New Brunswick visiting our family cottages. We got to spend three full weeks out here this year, so between book reading and trips to the beach, I’ve been crafting up a storm. Much of this time has been spent trying out projects I want to do with my Brownie and Spark units in the coming year or making things for them to use during our meetings. Below are pictures of my efforts that will hopefully inspire some of you to use your crafting skills and make something beautiful.
This is a special box that is going to go under my unit’s Brownie Toadstool. Each of the fairy circles have their own little treasure box (with their attendance and dues pouch in them) that stays in their circle corner. Once the groups are called to their fairy circle, the circle leader will bring their dues pouch and it will go into the box under the toadstool after they do their dance.
Next up we have a super cool project that I discovered online from another Guider – first-aid kits made out of pot holders! I’m planning on making these with my Brownies later on in the year to work on their Key to the Arts and Key to Camping. I’ve sewn the plastic bags to the ribbon with one set of stitches and then the plan is to teach the girls how to use the sewing machine to sew the bags into the potholder by placing a row of stitches on either side to lock everything in place. Then they will sew the button on the back for the loop to go through. I’m super excited to try this activity with the girls.
In our units (Brownies and Sparks) we have dolls that go home with one girl each week. In Sparks we have the girls write down/draw pictures of anything fun they did with the doll and in Brownies we ask them to draw or write about a good turn that they did that week to help their families. In Sparks, our doll is named Crystal and in Brownies, they are named Cindy and Brooke. The girls LOVE taking the dolls home and are so eager to share what they did at home with the visiting dolls. Sometimes the girls make different outfits or jewelry for the dolls and they always come back with new and interesting stories to tell. These are our new journals that will go home in a bag with both our units’ dolls.
Last but certainly not least, I have to present my Guiding peg dolls! These were a very big labour of love because they took so much longer to finish than I thought they would going in.
I was able to paint a Spark, Brownie, Guide, Pathfinder, Ranger and a Guider. My hope is to make more in the future that have vintage uniforms on them (Brownie dress with the dues pouch anyone?). I am so happy with how they turned out!
Guest post by Rebecca Sadler. Rebecca is a Brownie and Sparks Guider in Toronto, and loves sharing programming and crafting ideas on her blog, Brown Owl’s Adventures in Guiding, where this post originally appeared.
Posted on August 26, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
I love all of my girls in Guiding, but sometimes a group of girls touches my heart in a very special way – and that was the case with 4th Dartmouth Sparks this past year. I was constantly amazed by their cohesion, their desire to be a team, and their limitless kindness and caring toward one another.
They did not utter a word of protest when placed in a cookie selling group that did not include their best friends. They did not ask if they could change teams when we randomly selected groups for games. They simply accepted the friend beside them and laughed and smiled together.
This group innately recognized that Sparks is a group of girls on a team who support one another, celebrate one another, and accept one another. The world could learn a lot by watching my girls. Their parents always thanked me after meetings and my response was always the same, “You’re welcome. It’s my pleasure.” And it was. I stood there some nights in disbelief at how a group of little girls could teach me so much about the power of this organization. They represented Guiding in a way that anyone who wears the uniform would be proud of.
When spending time with these girls, I experienced a special kind of peace that does not exist elsewhere in my life. They could be bouncing off the walls and yelling while playing an active game and my soul was soothed and calm. I was exactly where I was supposed to be. Exactly where I needed to be. Those girls took care of my heart, my sanity, and my soul. I was Giggles. And that is ALL I had to be. That is all they let me be. I wasn’t allowed to be a single mom who was worried about bills or a daughter who was concerned about her dad’s upcoming heart surgery. They made that all fade away with their smiles and laughter and magic. Such incredible magic!
At Advancement, we each had a tealight in a candle holder. I told them that the light represented the light of Guiding – that we shine that light on one another and it brightens our hearts even after it has moved on. My Guiding light truly shone brightly with these girls.
Guest post by Beth (a.k.a. Giggles), the District Commissioner for Banook in Nova Scotia, a Guider with the 4th Dartmouth Sparks and also for 1st Highfield Sparks/Brownies, and a Trainer with Dartmouth Shore Area. Beth has been in Guiding for 33 years and is the proud mom of an eight-year-old son.
Posted on August 24, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Want to meet someone inspiring? We’d like to introduce you to Charlie Lowthian-Rickert. As a first-year Girl Guide, she’s had the chance to explore and speak out about the issues she cares about while making a difference in her community. Charlie, who was born as a male but identifies as female, has not only found a place to be herself by joining Girl Guides, but is also working with girls and Guiders in her unit to ensure that Guiding is an inclusive, judgement-free zone. This past weekend, Charlie served as the Grand Marshal of the Ottawa Pride Parade in recogni
tion of her efforts to bring attention to trans rights.
Charlie’s participation in Guiding all started with our Guidelines for the Inclusion of Transgender Members , introduced in 2015 to ensure that we support all girls’ participation. “We heard on the news that GGC made a new policy to accept transgender and gender variant girls, and we were looking for something for Charlie to round out her activities and provide learning opportunities for her active mind,” explained her mother, Anne.
Guiding has provided an environment for Charlie to learn and explore. She loves to camp and participate in the endless variety of activities, and, she says, “I really like the engineering projects.”
Her mom has also observed the fun that Charlie is having with her peers. “Making friends has made the biggest difference,” said Anne. “For her to be welcomed among other girls, and validated as she is, is a transformative thing. Girls have all different kinds of bodies, but their brains and brawn are so much more important than how they look.”
Participating in community events like Pride and media interviews to draw attention to trans rights, Charlie has been inspired by the Guiding program to speak out and learn about challenges facing girls around the world. “We learn stuff about Guides in other places, and human rights issues, so that makes me feel good that I am doing something to make things better for everyone,” said Charlie.
Asked how Guiding has supported her daughter, Anne did not hesitate to share that Guiding is a “safe and judgement-free place” for Charlie. This year, their family is looking forward to providing “learning opportunities at her unit to talk about gender diversity and dispel some myths.” With supportive Guiders, Sumac and Cricket, who “have been really open to discussing challenges with us,” Guiding has been a great choice for this family.
As she prepared for Ottawa Pride, Charlie said it would be “really amazing to be at the front of the parade” and that it encourages her to “want to keep on reaching out to others” as she makes the world a better place. Charlie also mentioned how much she loved “singing songs the whole way” at last year’s parade – which sounds a lot like Girl Guides, too!
Guest post by Diamond Isinger. Diamond is an Ottawa Guider, keen camper (bringing girls to Guiding Mosaic 2016 in Alberta and serving as core staff at a BC camp this summer!), and communicator. Recently transplanted from Vancouver, she previously served as West Coast Area Commissioner and PR Advisor , sharing stories of girl greatness.
Posted on August 16, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Whether you’re interested in helping shape the programming Guiding offers girls or having a role in our international travel program, our national volunteer opportunities are a great way to make your mark on Guiding. (Bonus! These roles are also an opportunity to develop many valuable and transferable skills.) In this re-post, GGC member Sunita shares what she discovered by volunteering at the national level.
As you scroll through GuidePost, Twitter and Facebook , have you ever been intrigued by the national volunteer postings ? If you’re like me, you might think to yourself, who can volunteer for a national position? Do you need many years of Guiding experience, an extra special talent or a secret Trefoil tattoo that shows your dedication to this movement?
Well, after years of looking and lurking around the Girl Guides of Canada website and checking out the position descriptions, I decided to jump in and find out the secret of these national positions. One thing I have learned from Guiding is if you just try, there’ll be a supportive community of women who will help you along the way. My national volunteer experience proved to be nothing less.
I decided to take the plunge with an opening I saw on the National Scholarships Committee . This was an area where I could merge my professional and Guiding experiences. I have been working in an academic environment for over 10 years, first as a graduate student and more recently as an Assistant Professor, so I have plenty of experience with writing and evaluating scholarship applications! This seemed like a great opportunity for me to check out the national volunteer scene and hopefully make a contribution.
I was really in awe of the other volunteers on the team – professional, energetic women from across Canada with so much passion for Guiding. I really felt like part of a dynamic group. During my time on the scholarship team, I learned a lot about how Guiding works at a national level. It was really interesting to see how the various committees and staff work together to create and support a national Guiding program.
I was also struck by the collaboration between staff and volunteers. There are such talented individuals working on the national staff. I really enjoyed the interaction of staff and volunteers on this committee and was able to see the strength of these mixed teams.
During my time on the scholarship committee, there was a shift to an online submission and review process. I felt that I made a contribution to this shift by sharing my experience as a research committee member for the Canadian Lung Association (my “academic volunteering”), where we have an online process for grants and fellowships. Guiding’s new online process has several benefits—saving paper, of course (using our resources wisely!), but also opening up the opportunity of reviewing the scholarship applications to Guiders across the country. This has really improved engagement from members and will translate into more girls and women applying for scholarships.
As my term on the scholarship committee came to an end, I was eager to continue to serve Guiding on the national level. Today, I serve as a Director of the Board, which has been a tremendous growth and learning experience for me. So next time you see a posting on GuidePost or elsewhere, linger a little longer and think about it… Maybe it’s your next step to contributing and learning from our Guiding community.
By guest blogger Sunita Mathur, a Guider with the 1st Toronto Spark/Brownie/Guide unit and a Director of the GGC Board.
Be sure to check out our current list of national volunteer opportunities . Applications are currently open for several exciting positions.
Posted on August 10, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
“What was your favourite part of camp?”
That’s a question that we like to ask as many girls as possible when we ride the ferry home from Burnaby Mountain District’s Camp Flower Power, held each June at Camp Olave on B.C.’s Sunshine Coast. This year, several of our older girls reported that they loved doing
archery.
The archery range is one of Camp Olave’s unique features, allowing girls to try their hand at using real bows and arrows. Archery is one of those awesome things that not many girls get a chance to try outside of a setting like Girl Guides. Many girls leave eager to come back to Camp Olave to hone their skills with the bow even further — it’s not easy, but practice does help!
Besides archery, another unique aspect of district camp is how it encourages girls to make new friends outside of their own unit and experience the sisterhood of Guiding. Girls from every Burnaby Mountain unit camp together on three sites, allowing them to meet lots of new girls and Guiders.
Guiders volunteered countless hours in the planning and promotion of this camp since February— hosting a camp for 78 girls and 20 adults is a lot of work! But it was worth it. Girls had a great time, which means we pretty much struck bullseye.
Thanks to Burnaby Mountain District for sharing these stories from their blog with us.
Posted on July 27, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
This year, the 3rd Guelph Guides put their lashing skills to use on a different sort of camp gadget – catapults! This activity also reinforced physics, teamwork, safety and leadership skills. And, the fun of water balloons!
Several parts of the Guide program include making camp gadgets. Today’s fancy lightweight camping gear sometimes makes it hard for Guides to see the practical value in making gadgets. It’s fun to lash together a table or wash stand from sticks, but not very realistic when you can just unfold one from a bag. I’ve certainly appreciated lashing skills to repair and secure things but wanted a meaningful and memorable way to share those skills with the girls.
I modified instructions I found on a favourite outdoor skills webpage . I had to split long spars into two pieces so they could fit in my truck. The Guides practiced using hand tools, and nuts and bolts to fasten the two halves together.
The Guides built the catapults using diagonal lashing. There are a lot of joints so they all had a chance to try. Everyone saw the importance of lashing securely when poles shifted and the water balloon didn’t go in the right direction or didn’t go far enough. It is way more fun to hit someone else with a water balloon than to have one fall straight down on your own team.
The Guides took turns on different jobs during launching, with one Guide acting as Safety Officer for each launch. Her job was to make sure that no one got smacked by the throwing arm. She checked that the launchers and spectators were all in safe places, then she counted down to launch. On her signal the two Guides on the ropes pulled backwards to fire the catapult. After each launch the Safety Officer instructed her team in carefully lowering the throwing arm.
Guides could launch a water balloon about 12 meters (40’). It was over 30°C that afternoon, so everyone was happy to get splashed.
Catapults were a very frequent ‘star’ at our end-of-camp evaluation. The girls had a huge sense of accomplishment at being able to build something so cool. Some loved the responsibility of being Safety Officers, others were gleeful to have fun with water balloons. Now that the unit has all the materials, this activity will certainly become part of our regular rotation.
By guest blogger Regan Avis, a Guider with the 3rd Guelph Guides as well as Community Guider for nearby Guide units. Regan is a life-long Guiding member.
Posted on July 20, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Earlier this spring, the 2nd Cedar Park Guides in Quebec took an environmentally friendly action for the 3rd years to complete their Lady Baden-Powell Challenge and to help the bees. They also invited the 3rd Cedar Park Brownies to partake in their challenge and learn about Guides.
The meeting consisted of cleaning up garbage around the school yard where they meet, preparing the earth for a flower bed, planting the seeds for wild flowers and watering them. Some of the seeds were from “Bring Back the Bees” and we bought some more. Each Guide was accompanied by a Guide-in-Training (also known as Brownies). The experience was very educational for both groups, as the Guides learned leadership skills and the Brownies learned about the importance of bees for our world.
In conclusion, both parties had fun, learned a lot and helped “save the bees” (who are endangered from pollution and loss of habitat!).
Guest post by the 3rd year Guides, 2nd Cedar Park unit, Pointe Claire District. Originally posted on the GuidesQuébecBlog .
Do you love to write? We’re always on the lookout for great Guiding stories from our girl and adult members. Send your ideas to: ggcblog(at)girlguides.ca
Posted on July 13, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
The current National Service Project: Words in Action has been well-enjoyed by our unit! In its first year (2015), our unit held a book swap which resulted in a donation of 325 books to our city’s library. This year, we thought we’d do something a little bit different by building a Little Free (Children’s) Library.
Little Free Libraries are small cupboards stashed with books, housed on people’s lawns. They are free for people to visit, and they encourage people to take a book / leave a book. We thought this was a perfect fit for a literacy activity! To make the project more fun and more relatable for our Brownies, we went with a kid-focused theme.
We initially wanted to place our LFL in a city park, as we thought it would optimize the amount of traffic it could potentially receive. I contacted Guelph’s Exhibition Park Neighbourhood Group (EPNG) to see if they had any tips on permits, and was met with a friendly suggestion that we not immerse ourselves in the wonderful world of city bylaws and permits, but that we instead plan to plant our LFL on the front lawn of one of the EPNG members. A few weeks later, we met up with our host and had a plan!
Fast forward a few months, and we had the LFL built! The next step was to paint it. It took multiple coats of paint for the colour to come through strongly. We left the roof blank, and got each girl to leave her handprint on the library.
Our hosts were wonderful and built a reading platform into their tree. Each girl was asked to bring one or two books to donate and in the end, we filled our library with approximately 50 books, all for kids. We celebrated our library with bubbly juice then spent the rest of our evening playing at the park. We plan to return to our library once a year to restock the shelves of our LFL. We hope it will be a point of community for the neighbourhood, and well-used by kids of all ages!
By guest blogger Rachel Collins. Rachel is a Guider in Guelph, Ontario and Chair of the Canadian Guider Editorial Committee.
Don’t forget to log your actions for the current National Service Project: Words in Action ! The more units that log their actions, the better we can track the impact girls and Guiders are having towards promoting literacy across Canada. There is also still time to participate in the NSP. Why not incorporate NSP initiatives into your summer activities?
Posted on July 6, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
As girls are set to arrive at Guiding Mosaic 2016 (July 9 to July 17), our 13th national camp, we have combed through the archives and discovered some pictures from past national camps.
Our first national camp was held in 1927 in Victoria, B.C. It had 316 attendees from eight provinces and Newfoundland (which was not a Canadian province at the time). Pictured here is Sarah Warren, our second Chief Commissioner, travelling in the scenic train car en route to camp. (APH 1843b photographer K. MacDougal)
Our second national camp was held in Rothesay, New Brunswick with 250 attendees representing every province plus campers from Girl Scouts USA. (APH 1615)
Pictured above is a march past the Connaught Ranges in Ottawa where the 1952 national camp was attended by 1,303 girls and women, including representatives from the USA, Bermuda, Dutch West Indies, Jamaica, and Great Britain. (APH 1625 photographer Donaldson)
The National Heritage Camp in 1967, held on Morrison and Nairn Islands, St. Lawrence River, had 1,800+ attendees, coming from every province and territory, as well as guests from 11 countries. (APH 1164)
Echo Valley ‘88 held in Echo Valley Provincial Park, Saskatchewan, welcomed 2,500 Canadians and 429 international guests from 41 countries. (APH 2735)
Guiding Mosaic 2006 held at Guelph Lake having fun, no matter the weather.
No matter the location or how they have grown, our national camps have always provided opportunities for new experiences, making new friends and having fun.
Posted on June 30, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
The Guiding year is coming to an end – insert sad face emoji here. For girls and Guiders alike, it’s a time to celebrate – the good times, the fun times, and all of their achievements together as a unit.
In today’s blog, we share the perspectives of a Guider and Pathfinder from the 3rd Halifax South Pathfinder Unit as they celebrated at their district’s advancement ceremony:
Tonight was advancement night for my Pathfinders. One of my Pathfinders wrote a speech about Guiding. How much she loves it, wish she had joined sooner (this was her first year) and thanked both my co-Guider and me plus the third-years for making this year so special.
Another Pathfinder wrote a song and music to it on a ukulele. She taught it to everyone and the unit performed it tonight.
We awarded another Pathfinder a special award for completing all 66 interest badges.
And all of the third years earned their Canada Cord.
I’m not going to lie – in September this unit had a challenging start. It has tripled in size to 20 girls, 13 of them first-years. But with patience and time this unit has truly come so far and has done so many great things.
These girls – the whole unit – has truly blown me away this year with their leadership, dedication, creativity and so much more.
Needless to say, there were some tears tonight. And a lot of girls already wishing for September.
– Unit Guider Kayla Bernard
I’m new to the whole Guiding thing. This year has been a great experience for everyone. We’ve accomplished multiple things as a unit, which make me regret not joining earlier.
As a new Pathfinder I’ve learned many things. I’ve learned that we don’t just sell cookies, we do more. We help make a difference in the world. As an example: we helped girls in Africa and we’ve done lots of community services. It’s all thanks to our Guiders Kayla and Margaret.
It’s amazing to think that they do all that for Girl Guides of Canada and especially for our unit. They set such a good example for everyone. I’m looking forward to coming back next year. I’d like to congratulate Leah, Anna, Maddie and Gillian for advancing to Rangers with their Canada Cord. I’d like to also thank them for planning all the activities they did for the first- and second-year Pathfinders. They made all of the first-years feel so welcome as soon as we became Pathfinders. Thanks for being such a great unit!
-Pathfinder Madeleine
Kayla Bernard is a Guider with the multi-branch 3rd Halifax Pathfinders, as well as the Nova Scotia Arts Adviser and a Link member. She is currently studying Psychology at Mount Saint Vincent University, is a tutor for grade nine students and a member of a community choir. See her previous posts: What does it mean to be an Arts Adviser? and Life of a twenty-something Guider.
Madeleine McOnie is a Pathfinder from 3rd Halifax South Pathfinders. She participates in dance and swim competitions and enjoys life with her family and friends.
Posted on June 28, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
I have a thing about taking pictures. A lot of pictures. It started the first year I joined our unit, the 12th Ottawa Guiding group. First, I used photos to make personalized enrollment certificates. And then, collages of the photos made really nice thank you cards. By the end of that year, I had so many great photos I just HAD to do a retrospective slideshow. Why keep them all to myself, and what better way to celebrate our year and the girls? Well, that year, it was pretty easy. We had about 25 members in three branches. Six years later, we are 80 youth and 20 leaders in all branches, and even though it’s not so easy, I am still doing the slideshow.
This year, I trolled through over 2,000 pictures. I’ve learned to sort and label them as they come in. And I’m diligent about image releases – we check before showing photos at our internal events and make sure that any member who is a “no” is not in an image that leaves our unit.
Quite aside from the technical and organization tricks I’ve picked up along the way, seeing that many photos of our members has taught me so much:
When the girls take the pictures, they get the most candid (and goofy, so the best!) pictures. They are at their most natural with each other.
Tracking who is in the photos, and who they are posing with has given us clues about who is being left out and how friendships are changing.
Using the cameras and sorting photos has been an awesome way for me to get to know all the members in our big group by name.
There are definitely patterns in what the different branches like to do, and what we take photos of. Food. Dressing up. Being outside. Animals. Getting messy. Year over year, from Sparks to Rangers, these things seem to show the most delight in the girls’ and Guiders’ faces.
I am mushy and nostalgic.Being a multi branch unit, I have the photo evidence of kids changing from small, shy seven-year olds, to bold, capable young women – it’s pretty amazing. I see the baby-tooth smiles, the missing tooth smiles and the braces-filled smiles.
I feel like the sum total of those smiles and things we catch in the photos really is a window into the spirit of Guiding and the spirits of the girls. Maybe that’s why I will probably keep taking those pictures and making that slideshow – whether it’s 200 or 2,000 pictures.
Posted on June 23, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
This past weekend, I had the absolute pleasure of watching ‘my girls’ receive their Lady Baden-Powell awards. Were you there? Did you see that person hiding in the back with a box of Kleenex? That was me. Yup, I cried.
This year, the crying started the night before, as I was looking through eight years of Guiding photos for pictures of the Guides as Sparks and Brownies to share during the awards ceremony. (While my goal is not specifically to make the parents cry, too, it’s nice to have some company.) The pictures, of course, led to a trip down memory lane – baking a thousand cookies for seniors, countless campfires, cookie sales in April snowstorms, camping out at Citadel Hill, sleeping in a tent during a thunderstorm – all the funny and amazing moments that became their Guiding experience. Moments we shared, that became our Guiding experience. These memories get all wound up into that one little award pin.
For many of these Guides, it’s their first time getting an award and being recognized like this. Nova Scotia does a Youth Recognition event for Guides, Pathfinders and Rangers, in an auditorium with a photographer, flowers, a formal program, biographies being read, scholarships given out – whole bit. It’s a big deal.
Credit: Girl Guides Nova Scotia
Our Provincial Commissioner takes a moment when giving the award to talk to each girl. She tells them she is proud of their hard work and dedication. They feel so special! And then I cry some more.
To help them earn their award, our district holds a Lady Baden-Powell Camp for third-year Guides. Going to camp with only the older Guides makes them feel very grown-up and they love seeing their friends from other units. At camp, the Guides make a lapbook to learn about the life of Lady Baden-Powell, and a “story box” – a set of props to tell the story of Guiding. They also complete a service project by making something for our Spark and Brownie units (our biggest hit was sets of bean bags and a booklet of games and activities). After camp, the Guides visit the Spark and Brownie units to run a meeting, where they play games and tell them the story of Guiding. These moments of growth and leadership show their potential, and make me so proud.
Our district has created a certificate, which is signed by the girls in each Guide unit and presented at District Advancement. I also talk about the many things the Guides, Pathfinders and Rangers have done to earn their awards, and the beaming smiles on their faces tell me how much those words mean.
I know they go on and earn more awards, bigger awards… but it’s the Lady Baden-Powell that gets to me. I think it’s because they start Guides as girls, but they walk across that stage as young women. I guess, in the end, it’s about the journey. Not just where they have been, but also where they are going. Will this be the end of their Guiding journey? If it is, I hope we made enough memories so that Guides will have a special place in their hearts and, someday, they will be the mom signing up their little Spark. Or maybe today’s Guides will become tomorrow’s Pathfinders and Rangers, and they will go on to change their communities, change a life, or even change the world.
The rest of their journey is brimming with possibilities, and I can’t wait to see where Guiding takes them.
I’ll be watching, Kleenex in hand.
Guest post by Alana Coneen. Alana is a Pathfinder Guider and District Co-Commissioner in Bedford, Nova Scotia, who would like us to be sure to mention that she is also very proud of her Pathfinders.
Posted on June 16, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Sit-upons, bum buckets or camp chairs: The great debate
One of the central parts of a camping trip is the campfire. It’s where we cook and eat, where we bond and strengthen our sisterhood, and where we sing and create memories that can last a lifetime.
But sometimes, the worst thing about a campfire can be an uncomfortable or ill-suited seat! There are so many options for you to choose from, and for new (and sometimes old!) Guiders, it can be hard to choose which to put on the kit list. Sit-upons, bum buckets and camp chairs are the most common seating around a campfire. But which one should you choose?
The first step in deciding is to know your campsite and to know your girls. If your campsite comes with benches, you may decide that you don’t need to bring seating of any kind. If this is the case, sit-upons are a great option. They can be packed up small, and they can be added to the bench for cushioning and insulation against the cold. They are also a great backup in case your benches aren’t where they are supposed to be!
Sit-upons are easy to make for Sparks and Brownies and can be a wonderful accessory for cold meeting halls, hiking trips or camping. (For the uninitiated, they’re a homemade insulated and waterproof pad – often made from duct tape and newspaper – that keep you from getting cold and damp while ‘sitting upon’ the cold ground.) The downside of sit-upons is that for older/taller girls, it really only provides protection for your bottom and not your legs.
If your campsite doesn’t have benches, the next option is a bum bucket. Contrary to some first impressions, this is not for going to the bathroom, but rather a bucket for you to sit on. Bum buckets are great – they can be used to store rain gear, sunscreen, extra shoes, etc. Years ago I knew many Pathfinders who had bum buckets made from old drywall buckets. They were bulky, but the perfect size for teenagers.
In our Guiding community, girls make bum buckets in Brownies. They use gallon ice cream containers a local business saves for us during the summer and donates. Guiders drill a hole in either side and the girls attach a bungee cord as a handle. They then decorate and personalize their bucket. These buckets last well into Guides.
The last option for sitting is camp chairs. As a girl I remember a ban on chairs for girls – we had sit-upons or benches at the campsite. I think our Guiders made the rule for two reasons: 1) because at the time camp chairs were an expensive investment and it brought visible attention to differences in income and 2) girls or parents would bring lawn chairs which were bulky and added too much weight to girls’ gear. Now, camp chairs are lighter and more affordable.
We allow our Guides to bring either camp chairs or bum buckets. Our girls generally do around a 10-minute walk into camp – they are allowed one bag, one bedroll and a bum bucket. For many, they prefer a bum bucket to a chair because it allows them to fit more in their bag!
Sit-upon, bum bucket, or camp chair, there is no wrong choice! Whichever you choose, factor in your campsite/activity, the age of the girls and their experience, and include them in the choice! Most importantly, have fun, and don’t forget the marshmallows!
Guest post by Jane Taft, a Unit Guider with Sparks and Guides and Community Guider in Southern Ontario who is addicted to camping and collecting crests.
Have you come up with a great camping solution? Share your story! Email us: ggcblog(at)girlguides.ca
Posted on June 14, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Three cheers for our new 2016 Girl Greatness Award recipients ! These members reflect what girls in Guiding can achieve, no matter what their goals or what challenges they face. Find out what it’s like to be a part of this awards program from one of our volunteers. Being part of the awards’ selection committee gives a unique look at just how widespread Girl Greatness really is.
Girl Greatness Award Pin
Confidence. Resourcefulness. Courage. Making a difference. Reviewing applications for the Girl Greatness Awards reminds me that, every day, girls in Guiding are doing things that fit into these categories.
For the past two years, as a member of the Girl Greatness Awards selection committee, I’ve had the privilege of learning about how girls are overcoming challenges, accomplishing their goals and contributing to their communities. Girls and Guiders on the selection committee read through a set of applications nominating girls from one branch. I’ve read about learning a new language, welcoming new Brownies to a unit and courage in the face of health challenges. I’ve learned about girls who organize service opportunities on issues that matter to them, and who take action to ensure that we have more inclusive communities and healthier ecosystems.
Reading through these applications reminds me of how Guiding helps girl members grow up to be more confident, courageous and resourceful, with the drive to make a difference. Being part of the selection committee gives me a small taste of the great things that girls across Canada are doing and of the positive impact that Guiding has.
Participating in the Girl Greatness Awards selection committee is a unique volunteering opportunity within Guiding. It is a wonderful chance to connect with Guiding at the national level and a flexible way to get more involved, whether you’re a Unit Guider or not.
The Girl Greatness Awards encourage girls to recognize their peers and help us celebrate the accomplishment of our girl members. As a member of the selection committee, these awards help me learn about the amazing things girls in every branch are doing across Canada.
Guest post by Melissa Moor. Melissa is a law student at McGill University in Montreal and a member of the Canadian Guider editorial committee.
Had a unique volunteering experience in Guiding? Share your story! Email us: ggcblog(at)girlguides.ca
Posted on June 9, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
This week, girls from the 1st Burnaby Mountain Sparks had a very exciting visit to Burnaby Fire Hall No. 6 — a little bit more exciting than they had hoped! Every time Guiders book this outing they are warned that it is an active on-duty fire hall and should there be an emergency the firefighters will need to respond. This time, that actually happened!
The girls had barely arrived when the first truck had to leave. It was exciting watching some of the firefighters quickly gather their things and take out the truck. The siren was really loud, too. Once that truck left, the remaining firefighters started a talk about fire safety and the importance of calling 911… but only in a real emergency!
A few minutes later the buzzer sounded and the remaining firefighters had to take the second truck and respond. The Sparks and their Guiders were left alone on the grass outside the station. After talking for a bit longer about fire safety, the group decided to take advantage of the beautiful weather to play some duck-duck-goose in the grass.
Luckily, before too long, one of the fire trucks came back. The firefighters had responded to a medical emergency, but the ambulance had arrived allowing the firetruck to go back to the station. The firefighters told the girls a little bit more about fire safety and they practiced “stop, drop, and roll.”
There was just enough time left for each girl to take a turn using the fire hose. The firefighters set up a cone to use as a target and each Spark got the chance to spray it with water. It was lots of fun using the equipment.
Finally, everyone got to have a popsicle, which was a great treat on such a hot day. Thank you to the firefighters of hall #6! The girls learned a lot and it was great to see the first responders in action. They do amazing life-saving work and it was a treat to get a taste of what it’s like to be a firefighter.
Guest post by Bethany Koepke. Bethany is a proud Guider of the 1st Burnaby Mountain Sparks as well as District Commissioner of Burnaby Mountain District. Thank you to Burnaby Mountain District in B.C. for sharing this post from their blog – check them out!
Does your unit do a unique spring activity? Share your story with us! Email: ggcblog(at)girlguides.ca .
Posted on June 8, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
This past March, I had the amazing opportunity to attend the Helen Storrow Seminar (HSS) at Our Chalet in Switzerland. HSS is a WAGGGS leadership development event that focuses on the environment. It’s all about young women leading for a greener future. I met 22 passionate and inspiring individuals from different Member Organizations around the world who reminded me why I love Guiding.
As a Link member attending university, I sometimes feel disconnected from the Guiding community. Attending HSS and seeing how young women who share a passion for the environment and Guiding can come together and develop close bonds by learning from, teaching and challenging each other, made me proud to call myself a Girl Guide.
Whether learning about environmental issues facing each other’s countries and how climate change affects us all, sharing games we play in Guiding back home, or singing a campfire song in six different languages during Earth Hour, they reminded me just how powerful and meaningful Guiding is. One day as part of the seminar we went to the adventure park and were zip-lining and abseiling (rappelling) in the Swiss mountains. It was terrifying but I never once hesitated because I had my fellow Guides cheering me on. Attending the seminar and learning about leadership and advocacy made me challenge myself and realize that I shouldn’t hold myself back, that each small action collectively has a big impact, and that I am capable of so much more because of the support I have in this incredible global sisterhood.
So whether it’s applying for a GGC trip or scholarship, or taking action on an issue in your community, my advice to you is simple – go for it! I am coming home from HSS with new skills, excitement, and a plan to take on an environmental project of my own: tackling water pollution and addressing how important the environment is to our health. If you want to make a difference, pick a cause you are passionate about and then connect with others to motivate and empower them. Together we can take action for a better world and make a difference in our communities.
Guest post by Caitlin Aldridge, a Link member studying biology and psychology at McMaster University. From Newmarket, Ontario, she has grown up in Guiding, from a Spark all the way to a Sparks Unit Guider. Caitlin is passionate about health and the environment and can’t wait to share that passion with other members!
Posted on June 2, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Our unit is just starting the Key to Me, and being the end of the year I really wanted to find something special for our girls to do. I knew it was recently Mental Health Week in Canada, and there were many related Instant Meeting activities we could incorporate into our meeting. I also remembered an idea I had had as a Spark Guider – positivity mirrors, where the girls take a simple mirror and decorate it with positive sayings.
So the night of our meeting arrived, and as the girls entered they were given a sheet with their name on it and told to come up with one positive word for each letter in their name. The girls definitely got creative – as they discovered, Y and X were not easy letters!
After our Brownie opening, I introduced the topic of self-esteem to the girls by asking them if they knew what it was. Most weren’t really sure as I don’t think the term had been mentioned before, but they seemed to have an idea of what it was. We talked about ways to improve your self-esteem and I then introduced the positivity mirrors. I had made a sample mirror beforehand (to work out some of the kinks and make sure everything worked), and I could tell the girls could not wait to get started.
The first step was to paint the canvases and right from the start the girls’ creativity and individuality shone through. I had assumed the girls would just choose one colour for their canvas, but most went with a rainbow of colours and patterns with some abstract painting thrown in as well.
After painting the canvases (and one set of purple footprints across the gym floor!), the girls set about to find the words and phrases that best described them and use them to decorate their paintings. With 16 Brownies meeting in a school gym, it can get pretty loud, so to hear almost complete silence during the activity was something really moving. You could tell the girls were really proud of their work and couldn’t wait to show off their work to their parents.
It was a fun activity that I will definitely do again, and I hope that the girls will use these mirrors if ever they need a little pick-me-up.
Guest post by Laura Litvack. Laura is a Guider with the 2nd Northwood Brownies in Pierrefonds, Quebec, and District Commissioner for Northshore District.
Coming soon! Our Be You Challenge (launches October) is designed to help girls become more self-confident while building their self-esteem. And our new Mighty Minds Challenge (launches January 2017) focuses on the importance of building positive mental health in girls.
Posted on May 31, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
If you’re like me, you may have noticed the girls in your unit have had a little more trouble sitting still lately. Maybe they’re just a little more chatty than normal. You may have even had to remind yourself to focus in meetings, or go that extra mile to plan something awesome for your next get-together. It’s quite possible you’re all just experiencing spring fever.
Yes, the weather is warmer, the flowers are out and the Guiding year is almost over. While you’re a dedicated Guider, you’re also only human and you’ve probably started to fantasize about your summer plans. I’ve found that in the last two months of the Guiding year I sometimes have to remind myself to get those extra craft supplies, to plan every detail of the meeting, to keep the finances organized. I will admit that a small part of me starts to ‘check out,’ to start thinking about next year and forget to be fully present in the last few meetings.
Guest ‘Broadway’ Allye teaches the 115th Toronto Bilingual Brownie Unit about her job in coding and how to build websites.
I think this can be a totally normal reaction to the end of the year, but I suggest you use the momentum of the year to really make those last few meetings extraordinary. To help you with this, I’ve made a little list of ideas. I’d like to encourage all Guiders to add to this list through Facebook comments and blog comments. I love reading all the great ideas I find from other Guiders on the internet.
Get together with your co-Guiders if you can! Plan those last few meetings, decide what your goals are for the end of the year. How can you make each girl feel empowered when they leave that last meeting? How can you keep them excited for next year?
Invite someone in! It’s not too late to invite a guest for a meeting. Is there a parent with a cool job who could come in for a Q and A? Have you had a police officer or firefighter or other strong female role model come in for a chat? What about an MP or other leader in your community?
Do a meeting outside! Use that beautiful fresh air, get some sidewalk chalk, learn a new game. Go for a walk in your neighbourhood with a list of animals you could find. The days are longer which means you might be able to do a whole meeting in daylight now.
Do one last badge as a group. Find a badge you could complete together as a unit, such as a cycling badge or one that has the girls do just a little bit of research into the past.
Visit a local museum or community centre and learn about the resources in your area. Last fall I took my unit to a farmer’s market that meets in the area and we learned about sustainability. All the vendors were super nice and gave the girls samples.
Do a girls’ meeting where they plan the agenda. Have your unit sit down for some team building and decide what they want to do for a whole meeting. I did this with Sparks and we had a PJ party.
Get together with another unit. This can be great if you have girls moving to the next branch so they can see what’s in store for them next year. It may make the difference in a girl coming back in the fall, you never know.
Lastly, give yourself a pat on the back! You made it through an awesome year, changed the lives of the girls you lead and made an impact. I like to try and organize a dinner for my fellow Guiders after the year is done to say thank you and congratulate ourselves. Way to go ladies and have an awesome summer!
Guest post by Guider Chelsea Kennedy. Chelsea is in her fourth year as a Guider, currently in Toronto, and has a seriously nerdy passion for history and knitting. Check out her previous blog post, Our bilingual unit adventure .
Do you have a unique way to wrap-up your Guiding year? Share your story: ggcblog(at)girlguides.ca
Posted on May 26, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
Most of the time, being a mother to Ella, who is six and has down syndrome, is just like being a mother to my son or younger daughter. That being said, every child is different. Every child progresses at their own pace and in their own time. Some children are better at music while others are more physically inclined.
When we lived in Vancouver, we enrolled Ella in soccer. She LOVED it but I knew that it wouldn’t be long before the gap between her peers and her would become too big for the soccer field and, even at five years old, there were instances of bullying from the other girls. I’m not saying that all physical activity is like this but for a child with a gross motor delay it makes it especially hard to find appropriate activities or groups. Ella is also in ballet and she continues to dance at a studio with peers her own age, where she is loved and accepted just like any other ballerina.
When we moved to Edmonton, however, I wasn’t sure if Ella would get into the dance studio I had in mind, as it filled up very quickly and she was placed on a waitlist. That being said, I wanted to make sure that she had at least one commitment outside of school at which she could make friends and grow her social skills. I also wanted an activity where the cognitive and gross motor spread would not be so glaring.
One of Ella’s classmates in Vancouver had been in Girl Guides so I asked her mom about it. The mother said that she loved it and it was a very positive experience for her daughter. I myself had never been in Girl Guides but loved the fact that the Mission of Girl Guides is “to enable girls to be confident, resourceful and courageous, and to make a difference in the world.” What more could one want for their daughter?
4th Edmonton Sparks Unit
As with anything, I was nervous about how and if they would accept Ella. I emailed the Guider to ask about Ella’s involvement. She didn’t seem worried about it at all and it didn’t take Ella very long at all to see what a special place Girl Guides is. The Guiders are committed to making each girl feel welcomed and important while having a great time and lots of fun. The other girls were also accepting of Ella – some more than others, as more often than not it is a learning process for all involved. That being said, there is nothing that Ella cannot be involved in – she is 100% a part of the unit – no exceptions.
It’s hard to believe that the year is almost over. This week, we will attend Ella’s advancement ceremony where she will bid farewell to Sparks and be welcomed next year as a Brownie. I am so thankful for Girl Guides of Canada for being inclusive and helping Ella grow not only her confidence but also her sense of belonging. The decision to re-enroll her for next year wasn’t a difficult one because as a parent of a child with special needs, you don’t take these things for granted and we are looking forward to many more years of Guiding to come.
Guest post by Krista Ewert, whose daughter Ella is in the 4th Edmonton Sparks Unit. Krista is a graphic designer, blogger ( www.kristaewert.com ) and Girl Guide mom in Edmonton.
Online registration is currently open for all returning girl members. Don’t miss your window to secure your spot in Guiding for next year. Registration opens to new members on Monday, May 30 in Ontario and on Wednesday, June 1 in all other provinces.
Posted on May 19, 2016 by Girl Guides of Canada Blog
It’s almost the May long weekend – which means you might be camping in shorts and T-shirts, wearing flannel and a toque, or a combination of both on the same day. In this blog re-post, Guider Jodi shares how her Girl Guide skills saved the day on a rainy family camping trip.
There we were…pouring rain, middle of May chill in the air (not quite spring, not quite winter), camping 100 km from anything – running water, power and even cell phone service. What was I going to do with 14 cold and wet souls? Our fire area was covered and it was the gathering area for everyone, as it is in most camps, and we were all sitting there; cold, grumbling, and bored.
Inspiration hit.
I know you’re picturing 14 souls with trefoils on their T-shirts, but think again. This was a family camping trip in the Rocky Mountains of Alberta with a handful of cowboys (and cowgirls!) who were so disappointed not to be heading out on our planned trail ride.
I leaned over to my son, and whispered into his little ear “Poppa has a big cowboy hat, pass it on.” He looked at me like I was from Mars, and I nodded at his aunt sitting beside him, and his eyes lit up! He leaned over and whispered to his aunt…and our very first family telephone game had begun!
From protecting your feet on hikes and becoming a campfire pro to doing ‘badge work’, Guiding skills always come in handy!
Unbeknownst to them, that cowboy family of mine, ages 2-66, essentially spent the day enjoying a ‘Girl Guide’ campfire, singing “Who Stole the Cookie” and playing “I Packed My Bag and In It I Put…” We also managed to coax Poppa to do some camping badge work with our Brownie…but he had to put the blowtorch away and teach her how to light a fire “old school,” that wise old Poppa Owl.
Doing what I do with girls…
On that rainy afternoon the light bulb finally went off in my husband’s head: “THIS is why she does what she does!” and I might have even heard “That was awesome” at some point from more than one brother Brownie or Spark spouse.
We had FUN! We had a perfectly wonderful rainy camp day, Girl Guides style.
By guest blogger Jodi Paulgaard, cowgirl extraordinaire, Guider with 3rd Airdrie Guides, PR contact and Co-Deputy Commissioner for Goldenfields District in Alberta. Check out her previous blog post, Sparks can Snowshoe!
|
i don't know
|
What was the former name of 'The Maze' prison?
|
Long ____: former name of the Maze prison - Crossword clues & answers - Global Clue
Useful website for every solver
Long ____: former name of the Maze prison
Let's find possible answers to "Long ____: former name of the Maze prison" crossword clue. First of all, we will look for a few extra hints for this entry: Long ____: former name of the Maze prison. Finally, we will solve this crossword puzzle clue and get the correct word. We have 1 possible solution for this clue in our database.
Related clues
|
HM Prison Maze
|
Which Italian dance group had a Number One hit in the UK in 1999 with 'Blue'?
|
BBC ON THIS DAY | 3 | 1981: IRA Maze hunger strikes at an end
About This Site | Text Only
1981: IRA Maze hunger strikes at an end
Senior Republican figures and inmates' families have indicated that the hunger strike in the Maze prison is effectively over.
Republican leaders yesterday visited Belfast's Maze prison to tell IRA prisoners that forcing concessions from the British government through the hunger strike was futile.
Although six IRA men are still refusing food, five of their families have made it clear they will authorise medical treatment once they lose consciousness.
Richard McAuley, of Provisional Sinn Fein said "unless prisoners can find a means of overcoming the intervention of relatives they must reassess the hunger strike".
Bobbie Sands began the protest in March. He threatened to fast to death unless terrorist inmates won concessions over living conditions.
Mr Sands died on 5 May. The other Republican prisoners in the H-Block of the Maze Prison then issued a statement in which they vowed to continue the hunger-strike unless their demands were met.
Former Northern Ireland Secretary Humphrey Atkins accepted back in July that negotiation was possible but only if the hunger strike was called off.
This and later moves were rejected by the prisoners. Ten inmates have since starved themselves to death in seven months of continuous protest.
Speculation is now focusing on the new Ulster Secretary James Prior. He may be willing to meet some of the prisoner's demands if it is clear that the strike is over.
The strikers have a number of key demands. They want the right to wear their own clothes, the right to refrain from prison work and the right to associate freely between other Republican prisoners.
They have served their sentences and in horrendous conditions
Father Faul, assistant Maze prison chaplain
They are also demanding visits and parcels once a week and the right to have lost remission on sentences restored. These concessions would effectively grant them political status, which the British Government withdrew in 1976.
Father Faul, an assistant Maze prison chaplain believes that if 50% of remission on sentences lost by the republican prisoners for protesting was restored, up to 140 men at the Maze could walk free.
"They have served their sentences and in horrendous conditions," he said.
In Context
The British Government was anxious not to make the Maze a symbolic battleground for hearts and minds.
But a propaganda battle was nonetheless fought. Hunger striker's families appearing on US breakfast TV were notable coups.
A contemporary survey of 73 newspapers around the world suggested world opinion was sympathetic to the Republican cause.
In efforts to resolve the crisis both the European Commission of Human Rights and the Roman Catholic Church attempted to intervene.
Deputy Irish PM Michael O'Leary accused Margaret Thatcher of obduracy.
Mrs Thatcher, in a press conference, stuck to her position: "Crime is crime is crime. It is not political."
Sixty-four civilians, police and soldiers died in violence fomented during the strikes.
The Ulster Secretary James Prior did manage to negotiate a package of concessions with the Maze prisoners - three days after the hunger strikes ended.
CPS:RHS>
|
i don't know
|
In the film 'Finding Nemo', what sort of fish was 'Nemo'?
|
What Kind of Creature Is It?<BR><i>Finding Nemo</i> - Cast of Characters
Printer friendly page
Finding Nemo characters
Keywords: Finding Nemo lesson plan, lesson plan for Finding Nemo, Finding Nemo creatures, Finding Nemo cast of characters, Finding Nemo, Pixar, fish in Finding nemo, teaching with Finding Nemo, ClassBrain, Movies in the Classroom, science with movies, teaching with movies, teaching with film in the classroom, teaching with film, Hammerhead Shark, Pufferfish, Great White Shark, Yellow Tang, Mako Shark, Sea Turtle, Black and White Humbug, 4-Stripe Damselfish, Regal Blue Tang, Moorish Idol Fish, Royal Gramma Basslet, Royal Gamma, Cleaner Shrimp, Clownfish, Starfish, Flapjack Octopus, Sea Horse, Sea Turtle, Yellow Longnose Butterflyfish, fish
Finding Nemo - Cast of Creatures
Anchor Hammerhead Shark
|
Amphiprioninae
|
What fruit has varieties called 'Duncan' and 'Marsh'?
|
Participation Creation: Finding Nemo & The Clownfish| Tippingpoint Labs | A content marketing agency | Boston, MA
Participation Creation: Finding Nemo & The Clownfish
Clownfish and their Symbiotic Friends
In 2003, Disney and the talented team at Pixar released their latest animated film, Finding Nemo. The delightful film followed a desperate clownfish in search of his son stolen from their coral reef. The underwater adventure follows Nemo’s shy father all the way from their home on the Great Barrier Reef to the hustle and bustle of Sydney Harbor.
The animators at Pixar are famously meticulous in their desire to create realistic animation sequences and Finding Nemo was no different. The team assigned to animate the flora and fauna that live in the ocean spent an entire year researching the creatures that inhabit an ocean reef where Nemo’s clownfish family would make their home. This team was “…responsible for the film’s rich and vibrant opening scenes and building the anemone home of Marlin and Nemo. Their challenge was to create a caricatured version of the coral reef that would suit the purposes of the story.” In order to do this, the animators at Pixar had to learn a lot about clownfish.
Clownfish, with their distinct orange, black and white stripes are certainly a fascinating species of fish. They conveniently make their homes in a poisonous sea anemone in the coral reef. However, a mucus coating protects the fish from the potent poison of the sea anemones in which they live. The clownfish are the only species of fish that can avoid the paralyzing effects of the anemone’s sting, making it the perfect place to lay their eggs and raise their young. The relationship between the fish and the sea anemone doesn’t end there. Clownfish and anemones live in perfect symbiosis. The Clownfish defends the anemones from Butterfly fish, who love to eat anemones and on an even more biological level the excrement from the Clownfish provide essential nutrients for the anemones.
A Biological Basis for Participation Creation Marketing
In biology this kind of relationship between the clownfish and the sea anemone is called mutualistic symbiosis: a relationship between individuals of two species where both individuals drive a benefit. Participation creation is marketing’s version of mutualistic symbiosis.
Even the release of the film Finding Nemo had a symbiotic relationship with the aquarium business. As families watched the movie demand for aquarium fish increased. “Parents whose children who fell in love with Nemo at the cinema are seeking out the clownfish in ever greater numbers, leading to over-harvesting of wild specimens because captive breeding programs cannot cope with demand,” said Hannah Strange, an environmental reporter for Times Online . The film’s release itself had an unbelievable effect on clownfish populations around the world. As scientists clamored to determine whether the release of Finding Nemo actually caused a global decrease in clownfish populations they honed in on one disturbing fact: “the population density of clownfish in areas closed to fishing and collecting was as much as 25 times higher in areas where fishing and collecting are allowed” after the film’s release. The scientists concluded that in less than a year, Finding Nemo had contributed to a precipitous fall in the global population of the fish featured in the film. They even named the environmental impact a media property can propagate in the wild the “Nemo Effect.”
101 Dalmatians
This isn’t the first time Disney’s inadvertently caused a run on pets. Ironically, even in 1961 Disney caused a jump in consumer demand for Dalmatians when they released the film 101 Dalmatians.
Finding Nemo’s Parasitic Symbiosis
In nature, there’s a classification for this kind of potentially destructive symbiosis as well: parasitic symbiosis. Parasitic symbiosis is characterized by a relationship in which one party benefits while the other is harmed. Obviously, the release of Finding Nemo had a tremendously positive effect on the sales of aquariums and a demonstrable negative effect on the environment. Still today, eight years after the movie’s debut I can buy a Finding Nemo branded aquarium at Walmart for thirty dollars. Meanwhile, the environmental impact on clownfish as a result of their appearance in the film has been devastating.
Oddly enough, Finding Nemo itself seems to reinforce the fact that keeping fish in a fish tank isn’t the right thing to do. As Sara Osterhoudt, a Yale doctoral candidate explained, “Overall, the movie’s message seems simple: fish are unhappy trapped in tanks. Yet did kids get the point? As clownfish sell out across the country the answer seems to be: not quite. Children want their own Nemo.” The goal of all participation creation should be mutualistic symbiosis. Could Disney, aquarium salesmen, pet shop owners, the cast of Finding Nemo and even non-profit environmental agencies have teamed up to find a more productive and long term way to benefit from the creation of the film Finding Nemo? Is it possible that even before animating a frame of the film Disney could have partnered with the aquarium industry to find out what kind of fish should take the lead role in a major motion picture? Let’s take it a step further, perhaps the aquarium industry should have underwritten part of the movie itself with a clear understanding of the potential impact on sales.Mutualistic symbiosis isn’t new, it’s a product of nature. Surely, Disney was aware of the impact 101 Dalmatians had on the pet business and could have used it to fund their fish film.
Imagine if Disney worked with Pet Stores
Let’s assume that there are 8,700 pet stores in the United States that sell fish. What if each store invested $1,000 in the making of Disney’s Finding Nemo, in exchange for their insight into the aquarium market and a share of the potential profits (not just in pet sales but in ticket sales.) Disney would have raised $8.7 MM (about 10% of the total film’s budget) towards the production costs of the film and pet stores around the country could prepare themselves for the onslaught of demand they would see after the film debuted.You may think that this is just an alternate form of product placement, but remember, participation creation is designed to be a long term relationship. With movies like Hop (about a bunny) and RIO (about a parrot) released in 2011, perhaps there’s a better way for pet stores to work with, and invest in, the movie industry year-in and year-out in a way where everyone wins, even the clownfish.
Related posts
76 Coolidge Hill Rd Watertown, MA 02472
Stay Connected
|
i don't know
|
What occupation is shared by Beverley Copella and Trevor Sorbie?
|
SalonNV Issue 7 by MediaNV - issuu
issuu
ISSU E 7. A PR I L / M AY 2 016 .
£3.95 | €5
I N S P I R I NG U K & I R E L A N D S A L O N S UC C E S S
SHOW OFF YOUR SALON STYLE PERFECT SUMMER SKIN FESTIVAL LOOKS AND TREATMENTS PAUL STAFFORD
@SalonNVMagazine
THE SECRETS TO STAYING YOUNG
AESTHETICS | BEAUTY | HAIRDRESSING | NAILS | TANNING
WELCOME S
pring is about looking forward and there’s certainly plenty for the beauty community to get excited about as we push into 2016. While we’ve already had amazing events like Cosmoprof in Italy, Pro Hair Live in Manchester, and Professional Beauty in London, we’ve also got one eye on the upcoming Scottish Hair and Beauty Show in Edinburgh and Beauty UK in Birmingham, and you can read about them all in this issue. As always, we’re packed with must read features especially for those of you heading to a festival this summer as we get the lowdown on all the essential treatments. We know our readers like to look good (you fashionable lot!) so you’ll love our pieces on nail design and the latest salon wear. With summer on the horizon your mind will already be drifting to getting the perfect bronze look so our exfoliation and tanning advice is right on schedule. For our more, eh, ‘experienced’, readers who want to regain some of their youthful appearance we’ve got the latest cosmeceuticals products and we had a word with CACI International, the world leaders in non-surgical face lifts. You’ll recognise a few celebrity faces in
this issue, with Jen Atkin talking her new Beauty Works collaboration and make-up artist to the stars Ariane Poole tells us how she went from GMTV to launching her own cosmetics brand. Salon of the Month Foxy Hair Extensions chart their journey to success, while we got up close and personal with Markus GoessSaurau of Sönd, the anti-ageing skincare specialists, and The Training Company is our Academy of the Month. We are, of course, still the one-stopshop for all the latest industry news and happenings and our Showcase section is a feast for the eyes with some of the best collection shots in the business. Get in touch to have yours featured in the next issue. As you might be aware we’re delighted to be involved with the Scottish Hair and Beauty Awards in September and registration has now opened for entries. With over 30 categories you’re sure to find your chance to shine so get on to www.scottishhairandbeautyawards.com to get your entry in. But that’s enough from me, we’ve got more content than ever so I’ll let you sit back and enjoy it!
Joanne X
@SalonNVMagazine
SalonNVMag
www.salonnv.co.uk INSPIRING UK & IRELAND SALON SUCCESS Founders Joanne Reid & Andrew Brewster | Sales Manager Jenna McIntosh | Editor-in-chief Joanne Reid | Sub Editor Laura Boyd | Design Support Ross Stewart | Sales & Marketing Support Connie Neil Editorial Support Simon Ritchie | Design & Marketing PrintNV | Proof Reader Laurence Reid | Cover Image Jordy de Groot | Pictures Shutterstock, Terry Boyd, Mark Shirley, Brian Anderson, Brian Hayes Thanks Mr Haircare - Emil McMahon, Alison Jameson Consultants, Essence PR, Seven Publicity, Vivid PR, Su-PR, Fellowship of British Hairdressing, National Hairdressers Federation, Neil Barton, Dr Nestor, Pickle PR, Liz McKeon, Larry the Barber Man, Laura Craik, Salon Guru, Pamela Docherty and Jennifer Peffer - Asteria Bridal, Nadia Arain, Salon Tracker, Cocoroco Communications, JAM Marketing, Foxy Hair Extensions, Creative Beauty Group, Hair and Beauty World, The Training Company, Ganesha Group, Novalash, Flirties, Mor Plan, Albert Ewan Design, Margaret Dabbs, Frontrow PR, Martin Malloy Hair, High Definition, Remi Cachet, Salon Spy, Karmin Professional, Laura Craik, Beauty Pro, Ark Skincare, Denman, Hairtools, Simon and Hayley Fox, Essence PR, Sweet Squared, Takara Belmont, Zen Hair Extensions, Paul Stafford, Tigi Haircare, Erica Douglas, Craig Killick, Scottish Power, Stripe Communication, Azzi Glasser, Harvey Nichols Edinburgh, Andis, Robert Rix, Ariane Poole, Jen Atkin, Beauty Works, Markus Goess-Saurau, CACI International, Mary Overton, Steve Rowbottom, Distrikt, Dr Howard Murad, Sharon Cass, Skinbrands, Kate Robson, Dermedics, Nicola Badmus, MorrocanTan, Elizabeth Arden, Lloyd Hughes, men-ü, Harriet Franks, Blue Tit Peckham, StudioSeven50, High Definition, Gary Ingham, Robert Kirby, Tyler Johnson, Universidad de la Imagen, Ziortza Zarauza, CentroBETA, Allilon Education Art Team, Cat Nicholson, Charlie Miller, Christophe Gaillet, L’Oreal Professionel, Sid Sottung. Published by MediaNV Ltd, 132 West Regent Street, Glasgow G2 2RQ | Email [email protected] | Tel +44 (0) 141 2125 525 | Web www.SalonNV.co.uk Copyright All work in this publication is copyright SalonNV Magazine and MediaNV Ltd. No part of this magazine may be reproduced without the permission of the publisher. © Information and product prices are correct at time of printing. Some products may not be available in all stores.
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 3
LUX U R IO U S HAI R EXTENSI O N S U P P LIE R AND TR AI NER
Emai l : marti n @ m a r t in m a llo y h a ir.co m
ww w. m ar t i n m a l l o y h a i r. c o m
News Features INDUSTRY NEWS
74 SID SOTTUNG: STEP BY STEP GUIDE
THE CARETAKER: EMIL MCMAHON
BEHIND THE 68 BRAND: SÖND
76 ACADEMY OF THE MONTH: TTC 80 TRAINING NV: APRIL/MAY TRAINING DATES
CONTENTS ISSUE 7 | APRIL/MAY 2016
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 5
Risking Surgery? The chances are you wouldn’t trust someone to fix your plumbing without checking they were registered with the relevant authorities and had the qualification and experience needed to do the job right, so why do so many people not even do cursory checks when signing up for invasive and possibly life altering cosmetic surgery? New figures from an online survey show that people are more than twice as likely to scrutinise a household handyman as they would a cosmetic surgeon. With negative stories pervading the headlines about dubious procedures seriously impacting on people’s lives and unlicensed professionals working without regulation, it is surprising that people are going to more stringent lengths to research plumbers and painters rather than their medical practitioners. Dr Foued Hamza, cosmetic surgeon consulting at Queen Anne Street Medical Centre, off Harley Street in London, says: “It’s crucial that you always check a practitioner’s qualifications and read testimonials and reviews to find out about their reputation.“ People need to start taking more care about who they sign up for surgeries with – for the sake of their own health and also to make sure they find the most suitable person for the job. Quality and safety should come before convenience.
NovaLash Brit Win There was some British success at the NovaLash LASHoff awards in Houston, USA in March when UK-based international trainer Zach Falb picked up the highly regarded ‘Employee of the Year’ award. The award recognises individuals within the business who have displayed dedication, ambition, and passion for NovaLash and the lash industry as a whole, with Zach having to beat off stiff competition from his fellow colleagues. Set up by NovaLash CEO Sophy Merszei six years ago, the LASHoff awards are designed to celebrate and honour the creativity and industry knowledge delivered by their lash artists and employees. Other awards such as the prestigious “Lash Artist of the Year” are also presented in a lavish ceremony. UK Director at NovaLash UK, Heather Hughes said: “This award is really well deserved and we’re so proud of Zach. He is well known in the industry for offering incredible support, education, and inspiration to lash artists here in the UK and around the world. He is passionate about his job and the brand and we are lucky to have him fly the NovaLash flag for the ever evolving lash extension industry.” Everyone at SalonNV sends their warmest congratulations to Zach and we’re sure he’ll go from strength to strength after this accolade.
6 | SalonNV Magazine
Beauty UK returns to the NEC next month Next month, the national beauty trade exhibition Beauty UK returns to the NEC Birmingham, showcasing more than 600 brands over two days. Taking place on Sunday 22nd and Monday 23rd May, the show celebrates the latest product and treatment launches in the beauty, nails, tanning, spa, and equipment industries. Plus, Beauty UK runs alongside Hair UK, Barber UK and Holistic Health to also showcase what’s new in complementary therapy, hair and barbering. Using your free tickets, you can join over 27,000 other professionals to discuss the latest industry buzz, share knowledge, network with likeminded salon owners, therapists and nail techs, and take home the very latest professional products and equipment. Some of the leading brands who have already confirmed their attendance include Elemis, Dermalogica, CACI International, ABT, Advanced Esthetics Solutions, Fake Bake, Gelish, Lash Perfect, NSI, Habia and many more. What’s more, you can make great savings for your business, with 1,000s of special deals and show discounts offered by Beauty UK exhibitors exclusively to visitors. And if you’re interested in continued professional development (CPD),
there’ll be a host of beauty, nail and holistic therapy experts on hand to discuss your educational options to help build your career. The show is also hosting two programmes of free education courtesy of ABT, Habia and VTCT. Here, you can meet some of the leading names in beauty and make-up and learn how you can progress in your chosen field. Plus, nail techs will love the annual UK Nail Tech competition with 13 different categories from Student through to Master, whilst Pro and Student MUAs can showcase their talents in the National Make Up Awards. Find out more and see how to enter at www. BeautyUKShow.com To claim your free tickets to Beauty UK, visit www.BeautyUKShow.com or contact the Ticket Hotline on 01332 227 698. Advanced registration for free tickets is open right up until the show; however entrance on the day will be charged at £20 for those who haven’t registered. Your Beauty UK ticket will also give you free access to the three other trade shows taking place at the same venue – Hair UK, Barber UK and Holistic Health.
Schwarzkopf Professional has relaunched its first styling range to much fanfare and anticipation OSIS+ has added a range of eight new products aimed at unleashing creativity and allowing stylists and customers to create their own signature style in the salon and then recreate it at home. Schwarzkopf have went all out with this new launch, appointing talented hairdresser Richard Ashforth as Global Ambassador of the brand who you may know from his pop-up hairdressing event NOISE and his work at international fashion weeks and magazine photoshoots with the likes of Peter Lindbergh. Split into three categories, ‘Style’, ‘Texture’, and ‘Finish’, the OSIS+ range has added eight new products from Big Blast, a volumising gel that delivers long lasting volume while retaining a natural feel, to Richard Ashforth’s favourite, Mighty Matte wax fluid for a strong hold matte effect. The range has a variety of products for both men and women and is sure to continue its success with the addition of these latest innovations.
More acclaim for Sharon Hilditch Sharon Hilditch MBE, founder of leading antiageing skincare brand Crystal Clear has been crowned winner of the Innovator of the Year 2016 Award at the fourth annual Women in Business Awards. Sharon’s been at the forefront of innovation since founding Crystal Clear in 1995 when she spotted the potential for a non-surgical skin resurfacing treatment that would bridge the gap between salon facials and medical procedures. That treatment, Crystal Clear Microdermabrasion, is the industry’s most popular salon treatment machine and has earned cult status among beauty therapists worldwide. Lately, Sharon has introduced the revolutionary new anti-ageing treatment COMCIT (Cryo Oxygen Microchanneling Collagen Induction Therapy) Elite which is said to provide younger looking, firmer, more radiant skin. Clearly still at the top of her game, SalonNV hopes Sharon continues to innovate for years to come.
Scottish Hair and Beauty Awards open Entries are now open for the Scottish Hair and Beauty Awards 2016, organised by SalonNV. Celebrating the creative talent that makes the hair and beauty industry the most exciting and vibrant community to be a part of, the awards are open to individuals and salons operating in Scotland (including mobile salons). This year they are bigger than ever and it’s not just hair stylists and make-up artists who can get involved. With over 30 titles to be won across a range of hair, beauty, aesthetics, barbering, make-up, tattooing, and business categories you’re sure to find your chance to shine.
Entries are being accepted until June 30th, before a public vote and then a panel of expert judges will shortlist the finalists for the grand finale at the Radisson Blu Hotel in Glasgow on Sunday 4th September. It’s an incredible chance to win a prestigious award and boost your professional reputation, with past winners including Jennifer Cheyne, Trevor Sorbie, Charlie Miller, Rita Rusk, and Sam McKnight. Visit www.scottishhairandbeautyawards.com and get your entry in before it’s too late.
Fife College Stars Always encouraging the next generation of hairdressers, Fife College held a special night to showcase their students’ work with the aim of being selected as a finalist to go through to the next stage of this year’s Wella Xposure Competition. With judges from salons across the region selecting 10 students who will now compete in the Edinburgh heats before hopefully attending the final in London, competition was fierce. The student stylists showed off their skills in colour and cutting techniques by displaying a photo of their finished colour and cut as part of their entry and also received three hair demos from professionals to inspire them in their future endeavours. With students reaching the London finals in each of the last five years, Fife College are hoping to continue their success and continue the conveyor belt of talent coming from the school. Fiona Craig, Curriculum Manager for Hairdressing said: “We are very fortunate to have amazing students with great creativity and skill and it is very encouraging to see such great emerging talent.”
Paul Stafford takes America by storm Award winning Northern Irish hairdresser Paul Stafford has completed another successful whistlestop tour of the northern USA, showcasing his skills in New York, Boston, and Chicago. Invited over by Denman USA, the three times British Hairdresser of the Year delivered some drama in front of his live audiences by giving instant makeovers to unprepared models unlike the current fashion for using pre-prepped models. “I’d like to see more of it,” he said. “I was raised on that old-style classic Brit approach. There’s a place for the pre-prepped model, but when you take someone on stage in front of an audience and show how to create great hair, they just love it; especially in America.”
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 7
Taking health and safety seriously makes good business sense
Wahl Barber of the Year It’s one of the most prestigious awards in the barbering world and 2016 sees the return of an even bigger and better Wahl’s British Barber of the Year. Giving British barbers the opportunity to showcase their talent, individuality and creativity, the awards aim to encourage the visionary flair that has made British barbering the envy of the world. As in previous years, to enter the competition barbers must provide three to six images that showcase their technical ability and demonstrate contemporary barbering trends. Simon Shaw, Wahl’s European Artistic Director, is behind the award and is enthusiastic about the level of talent in the industry, saying, “Last year I
was blown away by the standard of entrants. This inspired me to re-launch the competition again in 2016 and give even more talented barbers the chance to stand out and be recognised within the industry. It has influenced me to launch additional competitions to allow further opportunities.” The new categories included in the competition are the Wahl Academy Delegate of the Year and Wahl’s Salon of the Year. Last year, Jamie Dunning from Savills Barbers in Sheffield triumphed over hundreds of other entrants to be crowned the winner and claim £500 worth of Wahl products and the opportunity to work on the Salon International stage with the Wahl artistic team.
Hairdressing salons, barbershops, and beauty salons are being urged by The National Hairdressers’ Federation to review their health and safety practices and to make use of the Federation’s new health and safety ‘box’ toolkit, which is designed to help salons stay on top of this vitally important issue. With a tough new regime of fines for health and safety offences having been introduced on the 1st of February, now is the time to double check your procedures. NHF chief executive Hilary Hall said: “These new fines and sentencing guidelines should serve as a wake-up call to all salons that health and safety is something that needs to be taken seriously. Business owners need to provide their teams with guidelines and training so they know what to do in case of emergencies.”
Ignore ‘right-to-work’ checks at your peril, the NHF warns salons – it could cost you £20,000 The National Hairdressers’ Federation is reminding salons of the importance of carrying out ‘right-to-work’ checks on new employees to make sure they are legally allowed to work in the UK. Employers have been required to carry out such checks on prospective employees since 2008, or face a penalty of up to £20,000 per illegal employee employed. The sorts of checks employers need to carry out include ensuring documents given to them are genuine and unaltered, that photographs look the same (and are actually of the applicant), that birth dates and ages tally, that the person can show evidence they have permission to do the work they’re applying for, and that their right to work in the UK has not expired.
Relief for cancer sufferers All of us know someone who has been affected by or is currently suffering from cancer, but what many people don’t know is that for cancer sufferers even the relief of a massage is often denied to them. As certain lotions and products can’t be used when giving a massage to someone with cancer, many organisations simply prevent anyone suffering with the illness from being treated rather than adapting their practices to suit the patient’s needs, but the Amethyst Trust have stepped in to develop a new approach. They have created a structured and scientific approach to the provision of massage and other complementary therapies for
8 | SalonNV Magazine
clients with cancer that will allow therapists in salons and spas to be put through a specialist training course and allow them to competently treat clients they may have previously avoided. Endorsed by Penny Brohn Cancer Care in Bristol, the course is specifically designed to dispel the myths surrounding massage in cancer sufferers, and will teach good practice with clear guidance and provide accredited training that is safe, effective and insurable. There are training courses scheduled across the country. To find out more and book your place please visit www.amethysttrust.co.uk.
Charlie Miller honours staff success at awards There was a night of celebrating the success of the past year for the staff at Charlie Miller, one of Edinburgh’s biggest salon chains, during their 16th annual achievement awards. Hosted by Forth One DJ Grant Stott, the awards are a recognition of the hard work, performance, and client service carried out by their employees throughout 2015, work that has seen Charlie Miller still going strong after over 50 years in the business. The main prize of the night, the grand prix award for ‘Outstanding Hairdresser of the Year’ was presented to Salon Director Rosslyn Orr, whilst in honour of her 20 years of service, Senior Head Stylist and Head Technician Rosy Kenny was given a Tag Heuer watch from the head honcho himself, Charlie Miller. Jason Miller, Director, said, “Our awards event is a wonderful opportunity for all 5 salons to celebrate together and it’s a beautiful night of glitz and glamour, success and reward. There’s so much genuine camaraderie around and we are thankful a grateful to have such a fantastic group of people working with us”. It’s good to see a salon rewarding their staff for all their efforts throughout the year and it will surely only increase morale and team spirit throughout their shops.
Take the high street home Professional make-up brand Cargo Cosmetics and augmented reality specialist FaceCake Marketing Technologies have launched an innovative shopping platform, known as CAKE, which enables users to ‘try on’ make-up products in real time using a webcam and desktop or smart phone. Hailed as ‘an in-store experience online’, users can virtually try on products in realtime augmented reality as though they are looking in a mirror. From different shades of eyeshadow, to the ‘plumping effect’ of a lipstick, shoppers will be able to test different products and share selfies of their photo via social media or email. With online shopping continuing to rise in popularity, the opportunity for consumers to get a feel for what a product will look like on their own face will surely prove popular and Cargo Cosmetics look to be at the forefront of this innovative technology.
Scottish Masterclass goes down a treat The Fellowship for British Hairdressing followed up their sold out Fellowship Fringe event at the end of 2015 with another incredible Scottish Masterclass event at Glasgow’s Drygate Brewery on Monday, 7th March. Guests at the event witnessed eight of the best stylists in the business showcase a range of men and women’s haircuts on their models. Alan Findlay from Rebel Rebel, Suzie McGill from Rainbow Room International, Philip Bell from Ishoka, and ex F.A.M.E. Team member John Gillespie were the first four masters on show and they certainly provided a wealth of knowledge for the inquisitive audience. With Fellowship President Bruno Marc, Chancellor Karine Jackson, and Ambassador Errol Douglas MBE also on hand to provide further insight into their careers and the techniques being showcased, it was a great chance for the audience to ask questions and pick up some expert knowledge.
Following the on-stage display, the legendary Charlie Miller took part in an interview with Bruno to impart some of the wisdom he has picked up in a career spanning over half a century. The final four masters then took to the podiums to present their unique styles and interact with the audience about their technique and personal journeys. Brian Gallagher, Joe Rawsthorne, Charlie Taylor, and Fellowship Hairdresser of the Year Andy Heasman were the last to give the audience the benefit of their experience, with Andy particularly delighted to be involved, saying, “It was an honour being part of the Scottish Masterclass and presenting alongside a wealth of talent. The event was really well organised and the response was phenomenal. What a great night!” Don’t miss the next Fellowship event, keep up to date with their schedule at www.fellowshiphair.com
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 9
Professional Beauty London saw a two day extravaganza of live demonstrations, make-up and nail competitions, seminars, and much more as participants from the beauty industry throughout the UK descended on London’s ExCeL to celebrate another fantastic year and look forward to a bumper 2016. With over 33,000 salon, spa and clinic owners, therapists, nail technicians, lecturers, and students in attendance alongside SalonNV’s very own Jenna McIntosh to see the latest launches set to shape the market it was an absolutely huge event. That’s no surprise as Professional Beauty always put on a great show, but many in attendance believed it had returned to past glories as a range of the world’s leading beauty and spa brands exhibited live at the show. From ELEMIS to CACI, St Tropez to Sweet Squared, there was something for everyone and the spectators lapped it up with large crowds at each exhibition. Among the onlookers of beauty industry professionals were also some high-profile celebrities, including Tom Pellereau, aka Inventor Tom from the BBC’s The Apprentice, who was showing off his latest innovations and reported plenty of interest, saying “We sold out of the nail files by Sunday afternoon and my new make-up brush cleaner product has had a lot of interest. This was certainly the right place to showcase it.”
10 | SalonNV Magazine
Kim Kardashian’s best friend and fellow reality star Jonathan Cheban also attended the show, travelling over 3,000 miles to try out the acclaimed 3D-skinmed treatment on 3D-lipo’s stand. More importantly for exhibitors was a reported upsurge in the number of serious buyers attending the two days, with Sweet Squared director Samantha Sweet saying, “we’ve been doing the show for years but this year we’ve been chatting and engaging with customers more. The footfall has been amazing.” Lorraine Jackson, divisional sales manager for Grafton International, the company behind Orly, IBD, and Eyelash Emporium, said: “There are good quality visitors and key accounts visiting us on the stand.” It’s always encouraging to hear that the beauty industry is going from strength to strength and our own Jenna was impressed by the quality and quantity of exhibitions. It’s certainly a great place for salon owners to network and see the latest innovations before they go mainstream.
Up north it was all eyes on Manchester as the Pro Hair Live event took centre stage at Manchester Central to the delight of the thousands in attendance. The UK’s (and beyond!) top hairdressing talent was on display across four stages giving everyone a chance to see some of the most famous names in the business in action. With the likes of Errol Douglas, Creative Influencer at Balmain, Simon Shaw, European Artistic Director for Wahl, and World Champion hairdresser Steven Smart all displaying some of their incredible styles it was certainly not to be missed. There was delight in the audience as Kevin Fortune returned to action in collaboration with Philip Kingsley to style Hollywood superstar Glenn Close for her appearance on The Jonathan Ross Show. Over on the business stage there was even an appearance from Queen of Shops Mary Portas and Clive Collins, Director of HOB Salons for those in the crowd to pick up some of the latest information about the industry and perhaps get their creative juices flowing for the next big idea. As well as the multitude of hairdressing talent on show, our BarberNV editor Andrew Brewster was in attendance to check out some of the barbering world’s top stars, with the likes of the infamous Schorem Barbers from Rotterdam showing why they have become one of the industry’s hottest prospects with hundreds of thousands of social media followers. Alongside the launch of new products from Apothecary87 and others, it was two days for the whole industry to celebrate. There’s more to come from the Pro Hair Live team as they take their show to London on April 24th and 25th, with the likes of last month’s SalonNV Salon of the Month Hooker & Young on show as well as Jamie Stevens and the return of the team from Schorem. If you missed the event in Manchester then you definitely won’t want to miss this one.
Image Mark Shirkey
Image Mark Shirkey
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 11
Cosmoprof Worldwide, the largest international trade fair dedicated to the world of beauty, has once again proven to be a massive success. With over a quarter of a million visitors attending the show and over 2,500 exhibitors on show at the event in Bologna, Italy, it’s on a scale that has to be seen to be believed. Over four days from the 18th to the 21st of March, Cosmoprof Worldwide saw some of the biggest names in beauty come together to showcase and exhibit the latest and greatest products and innovations in the industry. The current trend for environmentalism has made a big impact at the event with an increase of over 20% in natural and organic cosmetics while the consumers demand for unique products saw the Cosmoprof Extraordinary Gallery section, which houses niche companies with innovative products and future trends, has grown by almost 40%. It remains the show to be seen at if you are planning to make a mark on the hair and beauty industry worldwide.
12 | SalonNV Magazine
The year isn’t slowing down for The Fellowship for British Hairdressing as they continue to ignite the industry with fantastic events. The latter part of February saw Men’s Hair Workshop head outside of London for the first time ever and it certainly didn’t disappoint. Seven experts were on hand to provide individual advice to the students as they worked on their own model. It was an incredibly interactive evening. London didn’t miss out that day as Edward Hemmings was with students for the Presentation Skills Course. Perfect timing as the following week The Fellowship welcomed some of their incredible members to both Salon London and Pro Hair Live Manchester. Both stages were alight with inspirational individuals as they showcased what they do best. Last year The Fellowship began their journey into Scotland as part of their continued membership drive and we were there to experience just how great the night was! We were really excited to hear they were returning and this time Glasgow was the location. A packed audience arrived for their Scottish Masterclass at the trendy Drygate venue. Incredible industry experts took to individual podiums as everyone was able to get up close to their work, plus there was an insight into the career journey of Charlie Miller OBE. We are already excited for their return in May as they bring their successful Cutting Workshop to Scotland for the first time! Tickets are already available to get in touch as places are limited. March didn’t stop there as the London Masterclass returned with an array of talent and it certainly was another example of just how great The Fellowship’s events are. Where else can you see such an amazing line up from a variety of backgrounds? It has been an exciting couple of months for their projects too as The F.A.M.E. Team, ClubStar Art Team and Project X Team all shot their first collections. Stunning images were created and keep your eyes peeled over the next few months to take a look at just what these teams can produce. We are heading to London later this month as we have been invited to attend their prestigious President’s Night. Bruno Marc will be celebrating 70 years of The Fellowship as he welcomes Fellowship icons to showcase ‘hair through the decades’. The evening promises to be a special occasion so take a look at their website for how you can book your tickets. If you aren’t already a member then why not get in touch with Carol at carol@ fellowshiphair.com for more information or visit www.fellowshiphair.com
THE FELLOWSHIP
The Hair Council continues to lobby the Government for registration for all hairdressers and barbers. John McNally, MP for Falkirk, chaired a very successful ‘All Party Parliamentary Group’ meeting recently which saw MPs attend from across all parties. Involved in the hair industry before becoming an MP, Mr McNally has been very supportive of our attempts to promote registration. It was a very productive meeting and it was also great to see Kerry McCarthy MP, Shadow Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs taking an interest. We’re attracting the kind of people who ten years ago wouldn’t have given our issues much of a thought so it’s clear we’re making big strides. Behind the scenes, the continuous lobbying by members of the Hair Council is paying dividends and it is hoped a Ten Minute Bill will be on the table during 2016. Watch this space. The Hair Council are also campaigning for educators to be registered across the UK. This will enable a better understanding of the need for registration and licensing amongst learners. A new ‘Investor in Professionalism’ plaque has been designed and produced for those colleges or training schools who have all their educators registered. Many congratulations to Fife College - the first in Scotland to receive this prestigious award. Road shows to colleges across the UK are taking place by HC members to ensure a greater understanding about the need for this type of license. Hair Council Political Director Shirley Davis-Fox MBE and parliamentary lobbying specialist Connect Communications have also set up a new APPG to enable important subjects close to the heart of the UK hairdresser to be discussed. The Registrar of the Hair Council, Sally Styles, is leaving her position and in the next edition of SalonNV you will be introduced to her replacement. Sally has been with the Council for the past 27 years and seen many changes in that time. She said: “I’m obviously disappointed that I won’t be registrar when the day comes for hairdressing and barbering to be recognised as a profession and properly licensed, and I’m sure that day is not far away. I still passionately believe that regulating the industry is the right thing to happen to raise the profile as a whole”. Watch out for news of the Hair Council’s launch of their new website and additional benefits to registered hairdressers and barbers during May and if you are interested in becoming registered, visit www.haircouncil.org.uk
THE HAIRDRESSING COUNCIL
The new financial year is set to bring with it a number of challenges for Scottish salons. First, from the beginning of April all salons will have to move any employee aged 25+ who is currently being paid the adult rate of the National Minimum Wage onto the new compulsory £7.20-an-hour National Living Wage. The UK government has emphasised that the launch of the new wage will be accompanied by tough fines and “naming and shaming” for businesses which fail to pay staff at the rate now required by law. The government has also announced increases of between 3% and 5% to the National Minimum Wage which will take effect from 1 October 2016. In future, any increases to the National Living Wage and the National Minimum Wage will both take place in April each year, starting from April 2017. Scottish income tax The new Scottish rate of income tax will be introduced from 6 April, meaning that some of the income tax individuals pay will go direct to the Scottish Government rather than to the Treasury in London. At a day-to-day level this change should not affect salons directly. The main change is any employee classed as a Scottish taxpayer will now have a new Scottish “S” tax code so payroll systems need to be adjusted so that P60s and payslips show the “S” code. More details can be found at gov.uk/scottish-rateincome-tax Pensions auto-enrolment The roll-out of pensions auto-enrolment across the country is the legal requirement for all businesses to set up and pay into a workplace pension scheme for their employees. The NHF is running an evening event in Glasgow on 16 May and Edinburgh on 4 July explaining what these pension changes mean for salon owners. Tickets cost £50 for members (or £40 early bird); £75 for non-members. Events For salon owners interested in trichology and hair loss, there will be a half-day “Focus on hair loss” workshop in Dundee on 9 May. Tickets cost £50 for members (or early bird £40); £75 for non-members. Also, our ‘Using Facebook to grow your business’ event is coming to Edinburgh on 20 June. Tickets cost £170 for members (or early bird £130); £250 for non-members. Finally, keep an eye out for the NHF’s Pride of Scotland competition which will be held in Glasgow on 31 October. Full details at nhf.info/events
NHF
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 13
Ask Paul Stafford what are his most hated words and the multi-award winning Belfast stylist will spit out “retro”, “vintage” and “old-school”. A modernist in every sense, he focuses firmly on the future.
Y
et there is no denying his work is often heavily influenced by the subcultures of various youth movements, art and, most of all, music, which trace their origins back decades. “Growing up in the late 1970s/early 1980s had a profound effect on me,” he explains, as we sit sipping tea in his stunning Belfast salon on the cosmopolitan and ultra-fashionable Lisburn Road. “From an early age, when I saw the first punks, mods and rockers on the streets of Belfast, I was obsessed with the wonderful colours of youth and rebellion. I still am. I love the art and design of couture, but I’m more attracted to the city streets of NYC, London and Berlin. But while I love that vibe, I hate the idea of simply recreating what’s been done before. I want the sense of them, but I want progression and invention. I want to push boundaries, to create something new and totally original.” Paul is back on form, exuding the passion and energy he’s been famed for since he exploded on to the hair scene in the late 1990s, when he became one of the youngest stylists to win a British Hairdresser of the Year award. He went on to win it three times and spent a decade at the forefront of the industry, travelling and educating. But, as he explains, being out of the country where he was treated like a rock star distracted him from his business. “I was over-confident and I over-reached myself. I opened two further salons and invested a ton of money, but I wasn’t around to lead the business, and then the Irish economy 14 | SalonNV Magazine
collapsed. That hit the north just as hard as it hit the south and I almost lost everything,” he admits. He managed, only just, to keep his Lisburn salon open and over the following five years he stopped travelling or investing in collections. His focus was on rebuilding his business. Nowadays his salon is the go-to-place for local and visiting celebrities, plus the hip and cool of Belfast, its protruding brick frontage making it stand-out among its fashionable neighbours. And Paul has burst back on the circuit, educating, performing and producing. Over the past 12 months he’s released two internationally acclaimed collections, delivered seminars almost every weekend all over Ireland, produced numerous shows and been on frequent jaunts across the pond to the States and beyond. Earlier this year he was appointed Global Ambassador to Alfaparf, one of the big colour houses in Ireland. And every show, every event, has been rich in his original influences of marginalisation and fear. His debut at the Alternative Hair Show in October last year featured a girl gang and radiated with the desolation of being on the outside, a theme begun earlier in 2015 for his sell-out show The Gangs for Alfaparf. The Others, his 2015 collection, focused on various music genres and the sense of being part of something beyond the individual. Signature, released this March, continues the themes but takes them to a new, more purist extreme. For the first time Paul has recorded every
step of every cut on his tour so he can share his knowledge with the rest of the industry. “I am in love with Instagram and the other social networks. I love that we can be in constant contact with our peers and our clients; giving minute-by-minute insights into what we do,” he says. “When I began developing my concept for my latest collection I shared it with my followers on our @wearestaffordhair Instagram account and the feedback was incredible. ‘Show us how you did that,’ everyone said. So that’s what I plan to do. I’ve got a series of step-by-steps that I am going to publish and send to anyone who asks.” A majority of his cult following is in America, where Paul goes frequently, showcasing his skills for Denman, which is as beloved over there as it is in the UK. He’s just back from a whistle-stop tour of the north east states. They crowded around the stage at the International Beauty Show in New York and again a week later at the American Beauty Show in Chicago. They almost broke the internet to tune into his webinars filmed in Boston. And they are already booking tickets to see him again in July when he goes back to do Las Vegas. He’s also trending in Italy following his appointment as Alfaparf’s Global Ambassador and will be taking his Irish charm to Milan and Sicily over the next few weeks. Meanwhile South Africa and Romania are fighting for his free dates to fly him over to perform. Fortunately he is keen on travelling. “The craft is different the world over,” says
Paul. “I love to see how other nations, cities and people create hair. It’s how we develop and learn, and though the internet has made it easier, nothing beats travel for opening your mind to new ideas. The UK is the most developed creatively, especially London, but Australia is closing the gap, while the US is light years ahead on the business side. But Eastern Europe is starting to develop creatively, with much stronger, more progressive salons coming through. The Japanese are also doing some incredibly interesting stuff.” Back at home, Paul is supporting his wife, Leisa, co-owner of the newly resurgent Stafford salon, as she starts working towards her next shoot, which they hope will repeat last year’s success and get her into the finals of the British Hairdressing Awards. Entering awards is a priority for the duo. “It’s great PR for your salon, but more, it drives you to be the best you can. I might not be able to do the BHAs anymore, but Hair magazine shortlisted me as Stylist of the Year while I was in America, and last year I was the only UK hairdresser recognised by Canadian Hairdresser magazine in its International Stylist award. I keep on pushing; I’ll always keep on pushing.” Paul is now firmly on the inside of hairdressing, back educating other stylists all over the world. But he is also more grounded than he’s ever been, and his eye is as firmly focused on his salon as it is on trends. www.SalonNV.co.uk | 15
P RODUC T
Believa Natural Intensiv ARCONIC Curved Paddle Brush Designed to effortlessly add oomph to any blowdry, this brush is sure to become an essential tool for stylists and home consumers alike. Retaining the feel of the paddle brush, it has the ability to dry and smooth large sections of hair quickly and its ergonomically designed handle offers greater control when blow drying.
Sensitive skin? Eczema? Psoriasis? Dermatitis? Many of us have problems with these and yet there are few options for us to turn to. Fortunately the new Believa range expertly combats these conditions in adults, children, and babies, soothing the skin and reducing redness and itching. Get the quality of life you deserve. £5.99 - £23.99 – www.believa.co.uk
Gold Collagen Hydrogel Mask
£19.99 – www.arconicbrush.com
This hydrogel mask has a special water soluble biomatrix that fits like a second skin. The mask melts as it reaches room temperature, releasing its active ingredients into the skin to restore radiance and hydration. Easily applied, it leaves the skin looking plump and moisturised. Comes in a pack of four. £19.99 – www.gold-collagen.com
Gold Class Aftercare With their popular range of hair extensions, Gold Class know the importance of good aftercare. They’ve added six further products to prevent dry ends and hair breakage by emphasising moisturising and rehydrating your extensions, while also protecting the hair from the environment and heat damage. Check out the full range online. £19.99 - www.inanch.com
Fudge Professional Paintbox Don’t settle for a hair colour off a box, Paintbox lets you mix your colours to create the perfect shade. Bold and vibrant, the colours last between 3-30 washes before you can shake it up again with another fashion forward look. £9.25 each – www.fudgeprofessional.com
Editor’s ChoiceENVY 16 | SalonNV Magazine
Kar min Salon Series Professional Range
www.karminhairtools.co.uk
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 17
P RODUC T
Philip B Drop Dead Straightening Baume This silicone-free treatment helps straighten and smooth hair, cutting down blow-dry time which is especially handy when working with the time-constraints of a photo shoot. It also gives gorgeous results when smoothed through damp hair and left to dry naturally. £20 – www.net-a-porter.com
Montibello SILAPLEX 3-Step System Don’t risk your clients’ hair during colourings, bleachings, or straightenings, protect them with Montibello’s 3-step system SILAPLEX. Step 1: Use the Bond Reinforcer to protect the hair fibre from damage from any chemical process. Step 2: The Bond Restorer seals the cuticle, restores hair strength and adds strength and shine. Step 3: Maintain the integrity of hair bonds between technical services at the salon with the Bond Protector. £192 – www.montibello.com
Sebastian Liquid Steel Unite 7SECONDS Masque Treat your hair to a pick-me-up with the Unite 7SECONDS Masque. Massage into your hair after you shampoo to give your locks an infusion of intense moisture and restore your natural elasticity. It nourishes your hair to the core, improving softness and manageability while leaving you with a long-lasting shine.
Although I’ve been trying new products, there are some absolute staples for my kit bad while on shoots and this is one. An extremely stronghold gel which I have been using to achieve the slicked back styled we are seeing on so many celebrities.
£35 – www.unitehair.co.uk £20 – www.wella.com
Schwarzkopf OSiS+ Big Blast OSiS+ is the first look-based styling range by Schwarzkopf professional to help create those on-trend signature looks. The Big Blast volumising gel delivers strong control while keeping your hair’s natural feeling. Apply to the roots of damp hair, then blow dry to create long-lasting volume. £10.75 – www.salon-services.com
Number 4’s Lumiere d’hiver Reconstructing Masque This Reconstructing Masque is packed full of soy protein and shea butter. It’s a highly effective treatment masque that I have been giving to models after shoots to take away to help nourish and hydrate their hair after it has been extensively heat-styled. £36 – www.birchbox.com
Pamela Docherty Bridal Hair Specialist, Colour Technician | Asteria Bridal Recently I have been fortunate enough to be working on a lot of photo shoots and editorial work. As much as I always have my core kit products which transfer across any arena, for specific work such as photo shoots, I am used to trialling new products to ensure my models are camera ready. From the range of products that I have been asked to try out, these are the ones that I would most recommend. Pamela Docherty has over 20 years of experience as a hairdresser and as well as being one of Scotland’s leading bridal hair specialists, she is a stylist to the stars. Internationally trained, she has worked alongside brands including Wella and Patrick Cameron. Pamela’s work has taken her to runways and events around the globe. From presenting models at the iconic Trend vision finals, to being crowned a Best of British hairdresser, she continues to be recognised for her creativity and expert eye.
HairENVY 18 | SalonNV Magazine
P RODUC T
Murad HydroDynamic Quenching Essence Silky and weightless, unlock your skin’s hydration potential with Murad Hydro-Dynamic Quenching Essence. Mexican blue agave leaf extract bonds to skin’s surface to restore its ability to attract and retain water while glycolic acid gently exfoliates to open hydration pathways and encourage cell renewal. Leaves your skin feeling soft and looking youthful.
Benefit Brow Zings Shaping Kit Keep those brows behaving between services with the Benefit Brow Zings Shaping Kit. It comes with all the tools you need for clean, smooth, perfect brows – pigmented wax for shaping, natural-shaded powder for setting, discrete tweezers, hard angle brush, and a blending brush.
£59.50 – www.murad.co.uk
£24.50 – www.benefitcosmetics.com
Davines SU Hair & Body Wash Protect your whole body (and even your hair!) from harmful rays with this multitasking product. Enriched with antioxidantrich Savona Chinotto Orange and antiinflammatory vitamin C, it gently cleans and hydrates your skin after sun exposure, helping to prolong the life of your tan. £6.70 – www.davines.com
Bobbi Brown Travel Brush Collection This sleek, silver case with brushes to match is the perfect totable kit for flawless application any time, any place. Includes a travel size Blush Brush, Foundation Brush, Concealer Blending Brush, Eye Shadow Brush, Eye Sweep Brush, and Ultra-Fine Eye Liner Brush. £125 – www.bobbibrown.co.uk
Tan-Luxe Illuminating Self-Tan Serum
RefectoCil Sensitive Colour Starter Kit
Available in two shades, this selftanning serum is a wonder product that can be used with your regular moisturiser – just add a drop or two and apply. Containing Aloe Vera, Vitamin E and Raspberry Seed Oil – this product not only tans your skin, but nourishes it at the same time. As an added bonus the raspberry scent is to die for.
If you’re a professional who wants to give your customers something a little bit special, something a bit more than just an eyebrow or eyelash tint, this starter kit allows for a custom colour and tinting experience. Designed for sensitive skin, you can cater for your clients’ every need.
£35 - www.tan-luxe.com
£55 – www.salonsystem.com
Jennifer Peffer Jennifer Peffer Make-up | Asteria Bridal With the clocks changing and summer finally on its way, it’s important your clients’ skin is looking and feeling its best. Leave dry skin back in the winter and get them in peak condition for the warm weather ahead. Jennifer Peffer trained in make up artistry at London College of Fashion and Make Up Designory, Los Angeles. She is now based in Glasgow, where she has a make up studio in a five star salon; she is also half of bridal beauty partnership Asteria Bridal. In addition to bridal and make up clients, Jennifer specialises in beauty & fashion work and has had her make up featured in magazines such as Red, Marie Claire, Ok!, Tatler and the Scottish Wedding Directory. She is also the make up artist of choice for several celebrity clients when they are in Scotland.
Skin & MakeupENVY 20 | SalonNV Magazine
ŠHIGH DEFINITION BEAUTY GROUP 2016.
BROWS
ALL EYES ON BROWS
More and more, clients are asking for salon treatments by brand name. So bring High Definition Brows - the UK’s number 1 brow treatment - to your salon and help us meet demand.
brow and make up training available exclusively at the high definition elite academies in leeds, milton keynes, glasgow and newry, n. ireland.
beautyinhighdefinition.com
[email protected]
P RODUC T
Little Ondine Secret of My Heart Update your look as often as you like without damaging the health of your nails with Little Ondine’s new Secret of My Heart odourless, peel-off nail polish range. It comes in six colours including a baby pink and a Cleopatra-inspired gold so you can switch it to suit any occasion. £9.20 - www.uk.littleondine.com
OPI SoftShades Nail Lacquers Inspired by the spring 2016 runways, OPI’s new SoftShades range of pastel nail lacquer is on trend and in style. From creamy white to baby blue, and pale green to soft yellow, it’s all there. Combine the range to create some beautifully chic nail art that comes with an edge. Sophisticated but feminine, they offer a refined take on a playful look.
Dermalogica Multivitamin Hand and Nail Treatment An intense, non-greasy treatment of botanicals and vitamins to protect and repair chapped hands. Strengthens nails against splitting and peeling, and contains no artificial fragrances or colours.
£12.50 – www.opiuk.com
£21.70 – www.dermalogica.co.uk
Margaret Dabbs Professional Foot File Remove hard skin evenly, effectively, and safely with the Margaret Dabbs Professional Foot File. Provides outstanding long term results when used on dry skin, leaving the skin soft to the touch without any scaly areas. With immediately visible results, use once a week to make sure your feet stay fresh long term.
Bio Sculpture Evo £24 – www.margaretdabbs.co.uk
For nail technicians looking to get the best nail gel for their clients, look no further than Bio Sculpture’s new Evo range. The healthy bottle-and-brush system is for professional use only and provides the best combination of performance and nail health. We recommend the Starter 4 Pack with the Evo Oxygenating Base, Evo Gloss Top Coat and two colours to get you on your way. £60 – www.biosculpture.co.uk
Nails, Hands & FeetENVY 22 | SalonNV Magazine
The first true beauty regime for feet, created by leading foot expert Margaret Dabbs. These luxurious foot care products have been expertly formulated to give you healthy, gorgeous feet. Using pure emu oil for its anti-ageing, moisturising and healing properties, and wonderful scented lemon myrtle, these products will give you amazing long lasting results and beautiful feet.
Contact Details 020 7486 9273 [email protected] www.margaretdabbs.co.uk
THE QUEEN OF FEET Your hands and feet are the parts of your body that bear the brunt of the day more than any other. Whether you’re labouring on site or sitting at a desk typing away, it’s your hands and feet that are in action and exposed to taking damage.
F
ortunately, you can make sure they get the treatment they deserve thanks to Margaret Dabbs London. The leader in luxury hand and foot care, it’s a brand synonymous with quality and comfort and they now have five salons currently open and a range of products sold everywhere from Boots to Bloomingdale’s. Founder Margaret Dabbs is a celebrated podiatrist and foot expert who set up her first clinic in Harley Street, London in 1998 and went on to bring her wealth of experience and knowledge into creating her own brand after discovering that the available treatments weren’t up to scratch. In doing so she stumbled upon the ingredient that would propel her brand to international success – emu oil. A fatty acid and dry oil byproduct that is readily accepted into the skin, she found that when used on her patients it would reduce the levels of callous build up, repair cracks in the skin, and treat and repair nails. Naturally antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory, it is a wonder ingredient that’s perfect for bone and joint inflammation
and has played a vital part in the success of the Margaret Dabbs London. But while that is what set the brand on the path to success, Margaret has continued to innovate and stay ahead of the game. The Margaret Dabbs London clinics provide a fusion of health and beauty performed by a professional qualified staff who are fully trained in Margaret’s exceptional techniques. The response from customers has been incredible and it’s that support that drives Margaret to continue to build the business and explore new opportunities for the future. Margaret Dabbs London is a very dynamic brand with a lot of exciting opportunities particularly for spas and hotels worldwide to perform treatments and retail products and it’s those relationships that continue to forge Margaret Dabbs London’s reputation as an industry leader. For those of us outside London, you’ll be glad to know that
the brand is expanding out from the capital in the coming months with the recently opened clinic in Cheltenham soon to be followed by one in Alderley Edge, Manchester and another in Harrogate, Yorkshire. Thanks to the Margaret Dabbs London retail range, the rest of the UK aren’t left out and the latest treatment enriched Nail Polish Collection being released in April looks to continue the success of the brand whilst leaving the nails with the wonderful lasting scent of Wild Rose. With so much on the horizon, it seems certain that Margaret Dabbs London is a brand set to go from strength to strength in 2016.
P RODUC T
Morplan White Heritage Ladders Give your shop a rustic, vintage feel with these beautiful, distressed, solid wood display ladders in a stylish, white-wash finish. Machine made for a neat, new finish but still give the look of reclaimed wood and adds character to any shop. But don’t use them as real ladders! £139 – www.morplan.com
Salon Service Facial Steamer Small and compact in its design, it works successfully to deep cleanse the skin, killing germs and increasing the skin’s moisture. The size makes it perfect for mobile therapists or small salon use. £59 – www.salon-services.com
REM Concorde Nail Station Available as either a one or two position option, the REM Concorde Nail Station is a sleek, modern design that comes with or without storage. Can be fully customised to suit the needs of your salon and comes with an advanced air filtration system and cable management system. £859 – www.salon-services.com
REM PediSpa A new standard in comfort, the PediSpa has an electrically adjustable seat and a manually adjustable footrest. Your clients can relax while the whirlpool spa feature eases away their stress. In standard white with grey piping it’s the height of modernity. £2,039 – www.salon-services.com
BeautyPro Hot Towel Steamer Kit Heat up to 12 facial wrap towels and mitts, as well as massage stones and herbal compress poultice for massage. Despite this high capacity system you won’t need much space as it has a footprint roughly the size of an A4 sheet of paper. £99 – www.beautypro.com
Furniture & EquipmentENVY 24 | SalonNV Magazine
We stock • shelving • counters • cash registers • leaflet holders • display tables • acrylic stands • poster display • carrier bags and more
Retail Supplies for salons from Morplan
Click
Call & Collect from one of our three stores - full details online London 020 7636 1887
Bristol 0117 964 3883
Glasgow 0141 429 0537
P RODUC T
Kiehl’s Powerful Strength Line Reducing Concentrate Key to the success of this classic is the powerful and potent level of pure Vitamin C it contains. It has been clinically proven to reduce the appearance of crow’s feet, sub-orbital wrinkles, and marionette lines. Get healthier looking skin and improve your tone and radiance. £49 – www.kiehls.co.uk
skinChemists Advanced Wrinkle Killer Snake Serum Harnessing the muscle inhibiting power of snake venom, skinChemists Advanced Wrinkle Killer Snake Serum offers a non-invasive alternative to Botox. 50% stronger than the original version, this silky smooth serum quickly delivers a beautiful, visibly younger complexion. £69.99 – www.skinchemists.com
Elemis Cal-Metab Plus Boost your metabolism and increase your body’s ability to burn up calories. By allowing your body to consume energy more efficiently it aids in weight loss, particularly if you feel you’ve hit a wall. Keeps the thyroid healthy and regulates the texture of the skin. £29.60 - www.lookfantastic.com
Westlab Epsom Salt Detoxify your body from within using Espom Salt. They stimulate your digestive enzymes and as your body absorbs the sulphates you’ll banish that bloated feeling. Make your baths even more chilled-out knowing you’re removing toxins and relaxing your muscles. £5.95 – www.westlab.co.uk
Sönd Energising Mineral Supplements It’s important that the body gets silica to replenish the skin with collagen, however as we get older it becomes more difficult to get. These supplements are formulated with high-strength silica, magnesium, vitamin E, and calcium to give your body the boost it needs, improving the health, function, and appearance of your skin. £28 – www.sondskin.com
Detox, Wellbeing & Aesthetic BeautyENVY 26 | SalonNV Magazine
P R O D U C T
My Trusty Sunflower Body Butter A rich and hydrating cream made from shea and cocoa butter, it contains 6.5% sunflower oil which helps replace fatty acids and leaves the skin feeling smooth and soft. As if that wasn’t enough, the My Trusty range was developed by the NHS and all profits go back into improving patient care. £7.99 – www.brilliantlybritish.com
Bioderma Photoderm Autobronzant Scared to take the plunge into the world of tanning? Bioderma Photoderm Autobronzant is ideal for first time tanners as it ensures a gradual build of long-lasting, natural looking colour rather than diving straight into a deep orange. So be a tanphobe no longer, this is the perfect first step. £15 – www.zestessentials.com
Tantruth The Eclipse Dark Tanning Mousse Last minute night out? Never fear, you can get a deep, dark, natural looking tan in just 2-4 hours with Tantruth’s The Eclipse dark tanning mousse. Dries almost immediately and without streaks so you can start getting ready to go out without a second thought about your tan. £12.99 – www.salon-services.com
SiennaX Cooling Crème Calm, cool, and soothe the skin after waxing with this easily absorbed, non-greasy cream from SiennaX. Designed to instantly relieve discomfort, redness, and skin sensitivity it has a powerfully calming effect with a comforting peppermint fragrance. Packed with natural extracts including basil oil, aloe vera, grape seed oil, and tea tree oil. £13.14 – www.sienna-x.co.uk
Waxperts Rosie Pearl Strip Wax Developed for sensitive skin types, Waxperts Rosie Pearl Strip Wax applies extremely thinly meaning it sets almost instantly. Reduce treatment times without compromising on results. The perfect partner for experienced waxers to use on clients with finer, lighter hair growth. £11.95 – www.sweetsquared.com
Body, Tanning & WaxingENVY www.SalonNV.co.uk | 27
P RODUC T
Foxy Hair Extensions Bonded Range Now better than ever, Foxy Hair Extensions bonded hair range has had an upgrade. Both 4A and 5A grades now weigh 1g rather than 0.8g and are double drawn. The result means much fuller and thicker looking hair, with the seamless blend being kind to your natural locks. £57 - www.foxyhairextensions.net
Zen Hair 7-Piece Clip In
Easilocks Triple Volume Multi-Weft
An alternative to traditional extensions, the Zen 7-Piece is a great option for quick and easy styling, as well as a simple solution for clients who want the option of adding length and body without the maintenance usually required by other methods.
Get the best of both worlds with the Triple Volume Multi-Weft. Although it’s designed for semi-permanent application it can be worn with the removable and adjustable pressure sensitive clips so you can wear it just for a night out. Available in a range of colours to suit your shade. £338.25 – www.easilocks.com
£68 – www.zenhair.co
Balmain Hair Dress Get catwalk quality hair in just five minutes. Colour, length, and volume added easily at home and worn comfortably on a transparent strand. The solution for clients wanting beautiful luscious locks in an instant at an affordable price. £39.95 – www.balmainhair.com
Jen Atkin Hair Enhancer – Bel-Air Applied under your own hairline to enhance your natural locks, it’s cleverly designed to curve in with your hairline. Layered to blend in seamlessly, it’s a simple one piece system that gives fine, limp locks undetectable volume and length. £192.99 – www.beautyworksonline.com
Hair ExtensionsENVY 28 | SalonNV Magazine
SalonNV
FANTASTIC MR AND MRS FOX S A L O N
FOX Y HAIR SALONS
From humble beginnings in Newcastle, Foxy Hair Extensions has turned into a veritable Northern Powerhouse with a burgeoning online presence and currently the proud owner of two salons in the city.
A
nyone familiar with Newcastle, through visiting or perhaps through television shows like Geordie Shore, will be well aware that part of the city’s culture is that the only thing the ladies enjoy more than a night out is getting dressed up for one. That means having your hair perfect is a priority and it’s one that Foxy has certainly taken advantage of. Back in 2005, Hayley Fox was a hair extension fitter working on her own who decided that the current products she had to deal with didn’t live up to her expectations. In a bid to match her high standards she developed her own hair and products, selling them online from her website. What started as simply selling clip-in hair soon took on a life of its own and the huge demand pushed Hayley’s husband Simon to leave his job as a manager in the car trade and join forces with his wife to create Foxy Hair Extensions. It was a gamble the saw them take the plunge and get their first premises in Kingston Park, with half of it operating as a salon and half for selling clip-in hair. Now entrepreneurs with a team of staff under them, the Foxes have fully immersed themselves in the world of personal service by giving their loyal customers the chance to come in to their store and feel and look at the hair, as well as have a professional colour match for the perfect look. It’s this one-to-one approach which is the hallmark of Foxy. Aiming to be a one-stop shop for the consumer isn’t an easy task but by creating their own brand of hair extensions and products by sourcing from overseas they have been able to offer the whole package to their customers in a way that no one else can. To accommodate all of the latest trends they regularly update and alter their inventory to ensure they offer a wide range of high quality products
30 | SalonNV Magazine
to suit everybody’s budget. While they started as just an online shop for clip-in hair, they now also offer synthetic hair pieces, hair products, and more permanent hair extensions like tape, pre-bond, and weaves. As they have their own fitting team on site it means they can offer expert advice and ensure their customers are fully satisfied with their experience. With business going from strength to strength, the Foxy expansion hasn’t stopped. Their original premises now functions solely as a head office with two new salons opened at the intu MetroCentre in Gateshead and within Newcastle City Centre at Ridley Place. This has meant an increase in the number of people employed by Foxy who have confounded all expectations over the last ten years of recession and crisis to continue to grow. Hayley and Simon put the quality of their products down to the fact they regularly go overseas to meet face-to-face with the people who create their products, ensuring that everything is in ship shape and encouraging long lasting relationship with the supplier, the benefits of which echo through to their customers. To encourage the growth of the hair extension trade in general, Foxy offer training courses for both qualified and unqualified hairdressers who wish to set themselves up as hair extension fitters. Who knows, they could be training the very next beauty entrepreneur like Hayley! With plans to open a third salon in the offing, it’s clear that Hayley and Simon aren’t settling with what they have and are still keen to expand their empire. Fingers crossed a Foxy salon will be coming to an area near you soon.
SalonNV
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 31
DAYTIME TELLY BEAUTY QUEEN
If you don’t recognise the name, you’ll recognise the face – Ariane Poole has been a ubiquitous presence on our TVs for years including spending six as the beauty presenter on This Morning.
32 | SalonNV Magazine
A
s well as appearances on TV shows like The Big Breakfast, Makeover Hit Squad, School Mum Makeover, and Let’s Get Beautiful, Ariane has worked with celebrities such as Donatella Versace, Rachel Weiss, Penelope Cruz, and Catherine Zeta-Jones in a career that started as a makeup artist but has blossomed into so much more. With her Ariane Poole* Cosmetics range currently taking the country by storm, SalonNV spoke with an entrepreneur aiming to make women feel better about themselves. While she has more strings to her bow than most of us, it’s her spells on TV that brought her to widespread attention and there’s no doubting her enthusiasm for the medium. “I LOVE doing TV, especially live TV,” she told us. “I don’t have a favourite experience in particular but I love doing makeovers. To
watch women transform from a dream to a reality is so rewarding, and being able to show them the whole procedure is a great feeling.” After bringing a wealth of experience from her make-up artist days to the live TV arena, Ariane’s next step came naturally and she has her experiences on daytime telly to thank. She said: “As a make-up artist I used to mix colours and textures together, and while I was doing This Morning and GMTV I was constantly mixing products together to achieve beautiful colours and textures. I was looking to make products that I knew I needed, for instance, my Ariane Poole* Under Eye and Face Brightener is a powder for use under the eyes. It makes the eyes and face appear brighter, fine lines less visible and without looking dehydrated – a product like this did not exist but it existed in
“As women we have all these hang ups and everyone has different issues and challenges when you get into each age category.” my head and that is when I started working with the chemist to create Ariane Poole* Cosmetics.” Ariane isn’t just a celebrity name to endorse the brand, she takes an active role in designing each product, saying, “I personally work with the manufacturers and different labs to create certain products I have envisioned in my head. For example: I mixed primer, tinted moisturisers, and foundation to create my Ultimate Face Tint. I started doing this in 1984 to give my celebrity clients a bespoke product and made these up in my home laboratory – I wanted my clients to look as good as they possibly could.” It’s this urge to get women looking as good as possible that drives Ariane on. As well as giving ‘Positive Ageing’ talks across the country where she encourages women to “embrace your beauty at whatever age you are and make the best of yourself”, Ariane tries to be an inspiration herself. “I try to ‘walk the talk’ myself,” she tells us. “As women we have all these hang ups and everyone has different issues and challenges when you get into each age category. I am fortunate that I have been in the industry for over 30 years and I have listened to women of all ages, they inspire me to create new techniques and products to help us look great. It does not matter what walk of life or culture you come from, we all have the similar concerns. We all want to look the best we can.” Those 30 years in the beauty industry have
been a long road to getting to the stage of being such an influential figure, with Ariane first starting off by getting a degree in Cosmetology in Canada in the 70s. But now she has teamed up with Australian husband and wife entrepreneurial team Tony and Beverley Bullock-Formosa to expand her reach further and really push the Ariane Poole* Cosmetics range and Ariane couldn’t be more delighted with how it is going. “I love being in partnership with them and it adds a new dimension to the company. Both parties understand the company ethos and we make a wonderful team. Tony and Bev have the company’s wellbeing at heart. Tony has a real passion for business, Bev has a real passion for make-up, and we all have a strong work ethic. We wouldn’t be where we are without their input.” With plans to expand the range into more and more salons across the UK, the future looks bright for Ariane and her team and she’s back on our TVs even more now thanks to a new deal with QVC. “We are super excited to be with QVC UK, I am a QVC shopper and absolutely thrilled to be on air with them. I love the way they engage with viewers and customers. It’s great that I am able to share my knowledge directly with the viewer, showing them how to use Ariane Poole* products so they will get the best results.” Great news that someone with Ariane’s experience is continuing to pass on her knowledge and will continue to inspire women throughout the country.
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 33
Salon Style Words Laura Boyd
In previous editions of SalonNV magazine we have discussed the importance of having a welcoming reception area and maximising space, but what else can you do to ensure your business reflects your professional attitude and creative flair? Ensuring staff look as good as you want your clients to feel after being in your salon is key. 34 | SalonNV Magazine
Buttercups Lace details tunic ÂŁ39 + VAT www.buttercupsuniforms.com
As we all know, first impressions are everything in the salon...
Buttercups Boxtee tunic with silver trim £39 + VAT www.buttercupsuniform.com
O
Florence Roby Roma Dress £44.99 + VAT www.uniformcollection.com
Buttercups Empire-line spa tunic with satin insert and tie-back £28.50 + VAT www.buttercupsuniforms.com
ne man who knows all about this is Steve Rowbottom, Director of the award winning Westrow salons in Leeds and Yorkshire. He told us: “For us, each member of staff is reflective of our brand, and so we ensure that everyone understands our expectations when it comes to grooming from the outset. We work in the beauty industry, and while we welcome individuality amongst our members of staff, clients need to feel that their haircare needs are being addressed by someone who takes their own grooming regime as seriously as they do.” As Steve says, while personal styles help showcase the diversity of your business and should be encouraged; ground rules must be set to ensure staff understand the importance of looking good. Speaking of the policy they have in place at Westrow, he said: “We expect staff to look groomed, so no chipped, dirty nails, as clients will notice this immediately. Hair needs to be clean and styled, and dress code is black and clean – no dirty clothes will be tolerated.” Steve also stressed the importance of teaching apprentices and trainees what is appropriate/acceptable in terms of appearance at work and noted that Westrow have collaborated with “high-profile, like-minded beauty businesses, such as Leeds-based Illamasqua or Harvey Nichols, who can talk to them about makeup techniques and new season trends.” An interesting concept and one worth investigating in your local area, we would suggest. He continued: “We allow our staff to wear their style personality on their sleeve, and tattoos, piercings and bold hair colour are all part and parcel of creative individuals working within a creative industry. To stifle that would be to stifle their individuality. “Saying that, everything has to also conform to what we would term reasonable, so facial tattoos or anything we feel would be off-putting for clients, is a big no for us.” While in many hairdressing salons, it’s often only the juniors who wear a uniform – even a simple yet stylish branded t-shirt can help give a sense to trainees that they are part of a team and have the salon’s reputation to maintain – in the beauty and spa world, it is a different story. Tunics, dresses and uniforms designed for the
salon / spa have become more stylish than ever (thankfully) and choosing a brand / style that suits your business and team can maximise the impression people get when they walk through your door. We’re currently crushing on the Florence Roby Roma dress, which looks like it could have been snapped up in a designer store. Florence Roby’s Pavia tunic (£35.99) and trousers (£29.99) also put a modern twist on the classic tunic uniform and would certainly make a classy statement in any salon. They also have some cute and quirky accessories to bring an extra element to your uniform, including an adorable ‘I do faces’ diamante broach (£4.99) Ireland’s Buttercups Collection offer a wide range of stylish and affordable uniforms, from the sleek white empire line spa tunic with satin waist and tie back Spa-uniforms/B212 to the super sassy polka dot square neck tunic (£28.50). The company also has an offer on at the moment, offering three for two on items across the entire regular stock range. Prices start at £17. Website salonweardirect.co.uk offer a wide range of affordable uniform options. We particularly like the gem fuchsia dress (£40) with asymmetric layered peplum waist (www. salonweardirect.co.uk) and the Sasha denim blue tunic, which is currently on sale at £19.99. This website also offers personalisation of uniforms and discounts on bulk buy – perfect for larger salons. For hairdressers who don’t wear a uniform, one option to both protect your own clothes and also enhance the brand image of your shop is to wear a branded apron when colouring hair. Simonjersey.com have a wide range of styles and colours to tie in with all salon surroundings and they also offer the chance to personalise with your logo / business name. These start at just £8.99 (www.simonjersey.com) Whatever style you choose; ensure the look and design reflects what you want your salon to be. Whether that’s pink or polka dot tunics to create a pamper palace feel, or sleek and sophisticated grey dresses or black tunic and trouser combos with a sharp cut; take the time to invest in uniforms that will make a big impression on not only clients, but your staff members who will be wearing them. Now, let’s go shopping…
“We work in the beauty industry, and while we welcome individuality amongst our members of staff, clients need to feel that their haircare needs are being addressed by someone who takes their own grooming regime as seriously as they do”
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 35
Finally! The hairdressing community is being recognised for the trendsetting, fashion forward people we are with the opening of a new Wednesday club night in Glasgow aimed specifically at us.
A
fter launching to great success on March 23rd, OUT, a fortnightly event at Distrikt in the city’s fashionable Merchant Square, promises to be the destination of choice for stylists looking for a cure from the midweek blues. Wednesday nights have a big reputation in Glasgow, particularly among the gay crowd, but in recent years have been stuck in a bit of a rut with the same old faces in the same old places. Now, Distrikt is bringing its brand of exclusive customer service and personalised touch, that has seen them nominated for “Best late night venue” at the Scottish Entertainment Awards, to help shake things up and once again make it the night to be seen To do that, OUT are offering a relaxed atmosphere for you and the rest of the shop to enjoy a bit of fun. Whether you’re spending £10 or £1,000, you’ll be treated to the best of service from the management team Stacey Williams, Alisdair Docherty, and Taylor Bolger. And with entry just £3 and a wide range of drinks on offer from only £1 for single serve and bottle service, you’ll be able to have a top night without breaking the bank. It’s all about reinvigorating Wednesdays with an alternative, laid-back environment for people of all ages to dance along to some cheesy tunes
36 | SalonNV Magazine
from the experienced DJ Michael Corry. Stacey, who has over a decade of experience in hairdressing, is keen to see as many barbers and hairdressers as possible there, saying, “There aren’t a lot of places for people in the salon industry to go and enjoy themselves, that’s why I’m excited to be part of the team trying to change that.” As it’s during the week, Taylor is keen to reward everyone with cheap drinks and special booth packages to make it a special event, saying, “We intend to bring to Glasgow the ‘go to’ night that it’s missing as so many clubs do the same thing week in, week out. We want to change that with our alternative, fortnightly Wednesday night ‘OUT’ from 11pm to 3am.” From being greeted at the door and taken to your exclusive booth, to table service from their expert hosts and hostesses, it looks like it will be the perfect destination to take clients or just have a fun night out with the team from your shop. They’ll be sure to find a great welcome at OUT with Alisdair keen to give everyone his personal attention and service and even promising to help you find a taxi home if you need it! Everyone at SalonNV towers will definitely be along to take advantage of Stacey, Taylor, and Alisdair’s hospitality, with OUT nights planned for April 6th and 20th there’s no excuse to miss it.
O N A W E D N E S D AY. . .
SHOTS
Call 07814505548 for BOOKINGS & GUESTLIST distriktglasgow1
distriktglasgow
0141 552 6636
STAR-STUDDED STYLE WITH JEN ATKIN’S
BEAUTY WORKS EXTENSIONS We love it when our favourite stylists team up with brands to create ranges we know are going to be special and Jen Atkin’s collaboration with Beauty Works is certainly that. An interview with Laura Boyd
38 | SalonNV Magazine
H
ailed as one of the most influential women in hair, with a client roster consisting of some of the world’s most famous stars - Jennifer Lopez, Gwen Stefani, Emma Stone, Sofia Vergara, Jessica Alba, Kim Kardashian, Cindy Crawford, Katy Perry, and Christina Hendricks (to name a few) Jen has used her knowledge and skills to work with Beauty Works on devising one of the most unique and luxurious hair extension ranges we have ever seen. The range consists of the ‘Invisi-tape’ and ‘Invisi-weft for professional application along with ‘Invisi-clip-in’ and the ‘Hair Enhancer’ to use at home. The high quality human hair is designed to offer the ultimate comfort and discretion using a highly innovative design that blends seamlessly into the hairline. An invisible weft technology is used on an extremely thin, silk base crafted by hand, mimicking the natural re-growth at the root for a discreet and seamless effect. We decided to find out more about the new range and the stylist to the stars herself; SalonNV is honoured to say hello to Jen Atkin. Often people put their name to products but rarely actually use them. That is not the case for Jen. “I love using extensions and love pieces for temporary length, volume, and fullness. I feel like women no longer need to be ashamed for using hair extensions and we should embrace the opportunity to change our hair temporarily without damage. It’s the perfect way to switch up your hair without the commitment of colour or a cut, plus it’s an instant fix to some of our biggest hair problems.
“However, it’s hard to find great quality hair that blends seamlessly. That’s why my collaboration with Beauty Works has been so amazing. I now have the exact pieces that I need to create some of my favourite celebrity looks. People always want to recreate celebrity looks, but don’t always have the hair to do it. “I want to make beautiful hair achievable, and Beauty Works has worked with me to create unique hair pieces that provide instant gratification for muse-status hair.” She explained: “We have used a 3D colour effect to deliver multi-tonal colour from root to tip, which not only boost the hair colour, but adds shine. We’ve also put together a root colour collection. The root stretch technique uses a darker base colour and blends out to a soft finish for an even more undetectable effect for today’s hair trends. We’ve covered every shade from Pure Platinum to Jet Set Black.” There’s a shade and style for everyone and the extensions really do feel thick, silky and luxurious. It’s no surprise then that Jen uses the pieces to create looks on some of the most famous heads in the world, but is there anyone she is yet to get her hands on that she would love to work with? “I feel so blessed to have so many amazing supporters of my ranges. I guess if I had to get it to one person that I haven’t already it would be the Obamas.” We also love the fact that Jen reassured us that we are not alone in having bad hair days: oh-so-perfect stars also suffer from frizz and bed head too. “Trust me, I’ve had to fix many ‘bad’ hair days!“
“I want to make beautiful hair achievable, and Beauty Works has worked with me to create unique hair pieces that provide instant gratification for muse-status hair” www.SalonNV.co.uk | 39
Jen is a woman at the top of her game, but how did she become involved in the hairdressing world in the first place? For anyone starting out, prepare to be inspired... “I’ve always loved doing hair and was obsessed with Natalie Imbruglia’s short haircut in her ’Torn’ music video when I was a teenager in Utah. “No one could give me the cut I wanted, so I went to the store, bought a pack of shaving razors, and starting cutting my own hair. Soon I was cutting all my friends’ hair in my parents’ garage. After high school, I drove to California with literally only $300 and my Honda Civic hatchback. “I called all the salons in Allure’s beauty directory until finally someone returned my call and I started working as a receptionist at
“No one could give me the cut I wanted, so I went to the store, bought a pack of shaving razors, and starting cutting my own hair. Soon I was cutting all my friends’ hair in my parents’ garage” 40 | SalonNV Magazine
Estilo Salon in Beverly Hills. I remember running out to feed meters for celebrities and I was so excited. After a while I met Andy Lecompte and started assisting him right before he went on tour with Madonna, so I ended up styling all the dancer’s hair. Andy has been such a great influence and inspiration to me.” With social media, magazines and television channels bombarding us with images of hair and beauty looks we know clients are going to love, Jen was inspired to make a ‘one stop shop’ for hair inspiration. She said: “I’ve created Mane Addicts - www. maneaddicts.com. It’s an exclusive behind the scenes look at celebrity hairstylists and an endless source of inspiration.” And, like us, she takes inspiration from everything that’s going on around her, from the
diverse sights and cultures she witnesses on her travels, to snaps on Instagram. “I love watching new models on Instagram and seeing how they’ll play with their hair, especially when they’re off duty. Some of my favorites to follow are Freja Beha, Jourdan Dunn, Gigi Hadid, and Natasha Poly. And of course Kim, Khloe, and Kylie are such trendsetters. I’m also so inspired by other hairstylists. I love seeing what my colleagues post on their Instagrams, especially people like Harry Josh and Oscar James who post so many inspirational quotes and stories.” We love taking a nosey inside the kit bags of top stylists and Jen gave us an insight into her three essential styling tools and favourite products. “My Beauty Works paddle brush, OUAI Wave Spray, and my shears are my top tools. “OUAI Wave Spray – I use before almost every blowdry for added texture, hold, and volume in the hair. OUAI Texturizing Hair Spray – This is like dry shampoo and hairspray had a baby. It adds light dry hold and texture. Beauty Works Clip-In Extensions - I love having the option for added length and fullness for my clients.” Jen is loving the braids trend at the moment and she thinks that “beautiful, effortless, shiny healthy looking hair and crunchy curls will be a trend popping up this year.” With a little boost from her Beauty Works extensions, we look forward to rocking these looks. The Jen Atkin by Beauty Works collection is available from www.beautyworksonline.com
elegant & luxurious hair extensions stylists love to work with. remi cachet offers a range of 100% human hair extensions to suit different budgets and application from pre-bonded (including the revolutionary Ultratipstm and minitipstm), wefts and tape hair. Supported with an extensive range of equipment & tools to make your life easier, a full aftercare range and haBia accredited training by fellow professional extensionists.
w w w . r e m i c a c h e t . c o m
HIGH DEFINITION Hair: Ben Cooke Make up: Francesca Neill and Nilam Holmes-Patel Eyebrows: Nilam Holmes-Patel Photography: Claire Harrison
SIGNATURE Hair: Paul Stafford Make up: Ashley Morhej Photography: Lee Mitchell Styling: Sara O’Neill 42 | SalonNV Magazine
FAITH IN GREY Hair: Jordy de Groot Make up: Hilda Jonkman Photography: Otto van den Toorn Styling: Bjorn van den Berg Art direction: Willem-Hans Beens
COIFFURE Hair: Jordy de Groot Make up: Hilda Jonkman Photography: Otto van den Toorn Styling: Bjorn van den Berg Art direction: Willem-Hans Beens www.SalonNV.co.uk | 43
STUDIOSEVEN50 Hair: Dionne Greenwood Hair Extensions: Studioseven50 Hair
SPLASH OF COLOUR Hair: Gary Ingham @ Gary Ingham Salons & Spas Make up: Lan Nguyen- Grealis Photography: John Rawson 44 | SalonNV Magazine
ADEM AND LILLITH Hair: Robert Kirby and Emily Garlick Make up: Sadie Hewlett Photography: Benjamin Johnston Styling: Elisa Heinesen
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 45
URBAN SPORTS Hair: Tyler Johnson and Lesley Jennison Photography: Karine Welter and Oliver Rust Styling: Lucy Manning and Helen Searle
ROCK & CHIC Hair: Universidad de la Imagen Make up: Cruz G贸mez Photography: Carolina G. Marugan Styling: Despertando entre Moda 46 | SalonNV Magazine
HIVE Hair: Ziortza Zarauza @ Centro BETA Assistant: Marijo Pascual Make up: Centro BETA Photography: Javier Villalabeitia and Eneritz Medina
CHANGE Hair: Allilon Education Art Team Make up: Melissa Bourne Photography: Andrew Gilbert Styling: Giuseppina DeCamillo
ENDURING ELEGANCE Hair: Cat Nicholson Make up: Lauren Gollan Academy Photography: Dave Frederick Avery
AMAZONES Hair: Christophe Gaillet for L’Oreal Professionel Make up: Izabela Szelagowska Photography: Weronika Kosinska
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 47
FestivalNV
Music to salons’ ears
As we begin to remember what the sun looks like and it seems it may almost be safe to relegate our furry hooded parkas to the back of the wardrobe, it can mean only one thing – summer is on the horizon – at last! Words Laura Boyd
48 | SalonNV Magazine
I
t’s such an exciting and profitable time in the salon as clients book in for their preholiday haircuts, tans, waxes and nails, but now there’s another ever growing revenue stream to tap into which, if you’re not already, you should embrace: festival season. Festivals are more popular than ever with something on offer to suit everyone’s taste. Whether it’s the biggies like Glastonbury and T in the Park, or something more boutique, such as Belladrum or the Secret Garden Party, down to the city fests, for people who don’t like the thought of camping / glamping (TeamNV will see you at these ones), like Lovebox and Glasgow Summer Sessions – there has never been more choice. And as the festivals increase, so does the demand for festival styles, advice and pampering and that’s where it’s time to cash in. Coachella is the biggie across the pond and the one to look out for in terms of style the stars rock to ensure you know what to expect when the customers come looking for you to make them ready to hit the fields.
For many, gone are the days of simply shoving on a pair of shorts, a hat and some wellies and hoping a quick whip across your face with a baby wipe will see you through the weekend. Now, it’s big business when it comes to fashion, trends and must-have festival beauty products which is good news for our industry. From specific hair colours (Kylie Jenner is always one to watch on this front), to ensuring skin stays safe in the sun and hydrated in the heat; there’s a vast amount of treatments and products salons can offer to target their festival-going clients. Here at SalonNV, we’ve picked out just a few festival products and looks we think will be big this summer. Go forth and be fabulous this festival season!
Protect, Hydrate and Glow with ARK Skin Protector SPF30 Primer Regardless of whether it’s sunny or not, we all know SPF should be worn all year round to ensure optimum skin protection, but when you’re standing all day in a field, exposed to the
FestivalNV
Margaret Dabbs Fabulous Feet Discovery Kit could be the answer for clients to pack in their rucksack, or suitcase for holidays. This simple stylish set contains 50ml versions of Margaret Dabbs Intensive Hydrating Foot Lotion and Hydrating Foot Soak, 30ml sizes of Margaret Dabbs Exfoliating Foot Mousse and Intensive Treatment Foot Oil. Available from www.margaretdabbs.co.uk and Margaret Dabbs London Clinics at £39.
Kebelo ADVANTAGE
rays, it’s even more important to wear a high quality protector. Ark Skincare’s SPF30 Primer is a multifunctional product that does it all: protects, primes, hydrates and illuminates. The awardwinning product not only leaves skin looking flawless; it has clinically-proven skin benefits, offering broad spectrum defence against UVA and UVB rays to prevent sun damage and premature ageing. For clients looking to ensure make-up glides on and stays on, whilst protecting their skin, this is sure to be winner. ARK SKINCARE SPF30 Primer, £36 for 30ml, is available from www.arkskincare.com.
Lashnv™ Lash Lift Big lashes are big news for festivals, but nobody wants their falsies peeling off when the emotions of the headline act (after one too many refreshments) become too much and the tears start flowing! Seriously though, for both festivals and holidays, Lashnv™ Lash Lift offers the chance to subtly enhance your lashes without the hassle of extensions. The treatment works by lifting as opposed to curling and with a little colour boost added to the service, clients are left with the look of longer, thicker lashes. It takes approximately 45 minutes, results are immediate and last an impressive 6-8 weeks! With a cost price to the salon of £7.98 and a recommended salon charge of £45 per treatment, this could be a summer salon winner. Lashnv™ training is now available nationwide with The Creative Beauty Group 01202876734.
Margaret Dabbs Fabulous Feet Discovery Kit For hardcore festival goers who will be partying for days, most likely in wellies, it’s important to remember to take care of their feet. Nobody wants blisters and tired toes when the aim of the game is to dance your socks off.
Summer months can wreak havoc with hair and the battle to fight the frizz is on. With a lack of decent facilities to wash and style hair at festivals, one treatment that could be a saving grace for customer is the in-salon Kebelo ADVANTAGE treatment. Kebelo ADVANTAGE is a pioneering in-salon hair smoothing system that leaves clients with smooth, glossy, frizz-free hair that lasts beyond each wash, for up to 100 days. Two years of production went in to this revolutionary three-part treatment, which uses Carbocysteine smoothing technology, to work on each and every hair strand, adding strength and shine. The first stage involves a deep cleanse and hair ‘exfoliation’, using the Kebelo Clarifying Shampoo, to rid hair and scalp of product and environmental build up, and open up the hair cuticle. The smoothing phase involves the application of the ADVANTAGE treatment, containing the Carbocysteine technology, in the most advanced formula available. In just one hour, hair is left smooth, manageable, free of frizz, yet full of body. The final stage in the treatment is the maintenance of the results at home: each client is given at-home prescriptive aftercare, including three products from either the Enriching Range or the Revitalising Range, depending on their individual hair type. These products – shampoo, conditioner and weekly conditioning masque, all Parabenand SLS-free – help maintain the smooth, glossy, frizz-free results, for even longer. Kebelo ADVANTAGE treatments 60ml £22.50 + VAT
Fudge Professional reintroduces Paintbox For the perfect colour palette to create a festival frenzy of hair colour, there’s good news, as Fudge Professional has re-launched its award winning Paintbox Creative Conditioning Colour range. The new and improved Paintbox Creative Colour collection now features 10 core shades, including two new pastel colours, that can be intermixed to create the exact colours your clients’ desire. The semi-permanent Paintbox formulations are free of both ammonia and peroxide and its dual conditioning system cares and protects, with moisturising agents and keratin, proteins to help repair hair from within. From favourite Raspberry Beret, to lovely lilac frost; it’s time to have colour fun this summer. Professional Paintbox: RRP £9.25 each Whiter Shade of Pale: RRP £11.25
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 49
FestivalNV
At SalonNV, we’ve also turned to some top industry experts to get their thoughts on festival styles, trends and products we should all be taking note of. Lloyd Hughes, Creative Director & Educator at men-ü provided his tips on how to look your best at festivals. With a lack of water at festivals, how can we advise clients to help their hair look refreshed? Lloyd explained: “There are a number of ways your hair can cause trouble in a festival setting. Lack of washing facilities causes greasiness and an absence of easily accessible water can make hair styling a real chore! Dry shampoo is an essential saviour. A small, miniature sized can will see you through the weekend and whilst it might not be a hair wash it is a clean that will look and smell fresh. “Styling your hair can be a trickier problem. The majority of hair styling products will leave your hands feeling sticky and unpleasant which rules them out as a festival option. men-ü’ LIQUIFFLEX leaves your hands completely dry to the touch, so you can style away without the annoyance of leaving your hands sticky and unclean. It also helps to add the texture and thickness to your hair that might be dwindling a few days in to the festival experience.”
“The lack of showering facilities and absence of mirrors are major barriers to looking presentable. However with a touch of preplanning and organisation, this doesn’t need to be the case. Stay hydrated.”
50 | SalonNV Magazine
The men-ü salon academy based in Southampton is the centre for men-ü professional training. For more information on men-u visit www.men-u.co.uk Hair styles are big news for festivals and understanding what trends clients will be looking for when they sit in your chair is key. Harriet Franks, Head of Colour at Blue Tit Peckham, is on hand with her top festival styles she reckons we’ll be seeing. Heard of the ‘sunbun’? Harriet explained: “This is a brand new, truly unique colouring technique, which Blue Tit recently developed and launched. “This style of colouring creates playful, quirky looks that are full of colour and perfect for festivals. It works best on light hair – blonde or grey hair is the perfect foundation –and it involves tying the hair in to several small topknots or buns, before painting various pastel shades on, freehand. “The end result, when the colouring is complete and the buns are removed, is a bespoke look with a random mix of colours. For a subtler look, a single colour can be applied, and painted on to one large bun.” And it looks like our love of braids is going nowhere fast. “The perfect way to disguise dirty, greasy, festival hair, braids have been a huge trend, both on and off the catwalk, and their versatility and ability to transform a look means their popularity shows no sign of disappearing. “A double scalp braid is a key trend this season, but require a comb, mirror and steady hand – not easy at festivals! My advice? Pull hair in to a side pony and weave in to a fishtail braid. To finish, lightly pull random strands from the finished braid to roughen up the look. Harriet also thinks textured waves will be big news. “If you’re staying overnight at a festival, this strong S/S16 trend is a great morning-after look. Dampen your hair slightly before braiding and
then keep your braid in overnight: when you remove it the following morning, hair will be full of long-lasting, textured waves. Add extra volume and a very on-trend matte texture to the hair, by finishing the look with Davines Your Hair Assistant Volume Creator and Brush. This is a new, miracle-working product from Davines, which has quickly become my must-have styling product. Applied to dry hair, this fine texturising powder, made from 100% coconut and bamboo powder, builds texture, volume and body, while protecting hair from humidity and stopping it from ‘dropping’.“ Last, but by no means least, Steve Rowbottom, Co-Founder and Director of Westrow, gave us his top festival styles. He said: “Rainbow Bright - the seemingly never-ending trend for playful colours, rainbow shades and icy pastels is perfect for the forthcoming festival season. The perfect opportunity to wear standout shades and try out more temporary, trend-led styles, festivals allow you to push the boundaries, so why not opt for clashing shades of mint, turquoise and duck-egg blue? For a subtler take on the trend, stick to pale pinks and mauves, weaved delicately through the ends and underneath of the hair. When opting for rainbow shades, unless hair is already bleached naturally white blonde or very light grey, it will need to be pre-lightened before the colours are applied. Opting for a professional treatment, such as Kebelo BONDAGE, during the colouring process, is a great idea when pre-lightening, or applying any colour to the hair, as it prevents hair breakage, and helps to not only retain the hair’s integrity, but improve the condition, strength and health of the hair too.” Steve has dubbed ‘twists’ as the perfect festival style. “It holds better, lasts longer and looks edgier when styled in to hair that hasn’t been washed for a couple of days. Leaving a loose section of hair around the temples, randomly twist small two-inch sections of hair from the front of the head to the back of the crown, and pin in place with Kirby grips. When finished, use fingers to tease fine strands of hair from out of the twists, to give the style a less polished, more worn-in look.” All this talk of festivals has put us right in the mood to party. We’ll be braided, hydrated and ready to go. Enjoy festival season and the financial benefits to the business that come with it.
FestivalNV
FEATHERY VOLUME THE AMERICAN WAY NEW Platinum Bond High Speed Adhesive NEW American Volume Extensions
01273 862399
l
www.novalash.com
GET FESTIVAL READY WITH NOVALASH As the days get longer and the nights get lighter, free-spirited festival-goers everywhere are already planning their trips, but more importantly, their eye-catching festival style.
E
verything from their clothes, shoes, hair, make-up and accessories is decided well before they embark on their summer adventures, so now’s the time to think about festival-ready options, packages and promotions your salon can offer in order to capitalise on what is forecast to be a big festival season. Maintaining a flawless make-up look from day to night can be somewhat challenging at a festival, which is where NovaLash’s new American Volume lashes come into their own. Designed to create thicker, fuller and more natural-looking lashes for longer, American Volume lashes help to widen the eyes and create clear definition without the need for mascara or heavy eye make-up, resulting in hassle-free, smudge and smearproof guarantee before, during and after the festival.
This new technique has been proven to eliminate obvious gaps along the lash line as clients’ natural lashes shed, thus creating the effect of a combination of eyeliner and mascara. What’s more, whereas a traditional volume lash application may take up to 3 hours, NovaLash promises to reduce this by half with a combination of a unique technique plus new High Speed Platinum Bond – the same oil-proof, patentpending formula NovaLash is known for, to produce the most durable results in the industry. Not only will the lashes last throughout festival season, but if they’re properly maintained by the client, they can enjoy beautiful, fuller lashes all through the summer months. And, no festival make-up is complete without a ‘pop’ of colour, which can be easily achieved using NovaLash’s award-
winning 24 Hour Cream Shadow palletes. Not only are the cream-based eye shadows available in a wide spectrum of colours, including earthy ‘Garden of Paradise’ and rich and radiant ‘Oxblood’, but they are also 100% water and sweat resistant, making them completely festivalproof. The highly pigmented shadows have been scientifically tested to ensure that no smudging or smearing appears, which completely eliminates the need for retouching. Combining NovaLash’s American Volume lashes and 24 Hour Cream Shadow will provide the answer to flawless, fuss-free festival make-up, so that your clients can spend more time enjoying the music and less time searching for a mirror and mascara!
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 51
Spring DISCLIPNE
TanningNV
No more going to work in the dark and coming home in the dark. No more hiding under 16 layers of clothing. No more putting off that leg wax because you want to keep your calves warm. Yes, winter is over!
W
e can finally slink out of our parkas, peel off our leggings, and kick away our Uggs. It’s time to whip out the cute bikinis and search for some new dresses as we look forward to sunning ourselves abroad or even (whisper it) enjoying some sun here in the UK. But hold your horses. Before you go rushing out to pile on the fake tan you need to spend a bit of time this spring helping your skin recover from the toll taken on it by our harsh winters, lest you find yourself turned into a scaly, orange Chewbacca because you haven’t gone through the proper treatments beforehand. Priority number one on your list will be to remove some of the fuzz that’s been protecting your legs with a wax. But, especially if it’s the first time you’ve had it done in a while, you’re at risk of some serious redness and discomfort. To help ease the pain, the Sienna X Cooling Crème easily absorbs into the skin, relieving any sensitivity thanks to its natural extracts including basil oil, aloe vera, grape seed oil, and tea tree oil. Soothing and calming, it will ease your legs back into the routine. While you’ve been all wrapped up from the cold and had the heating turned up full blast at home, cooking yourself like a Christmas turkey, your skin has been suffering from a lack of moisture. The drying effects of the weather and artificial heating means your skin has been dehydrated and this can result in flaky or cracked skin. The chances are you’ve felt some of these effects so if you hit the bottle or head for a spray straight away you’ll just be suffocating your already suffering skin. Take some time to exfoliate and let your spring regime work its magic. Fortunately the great moisturising and hydrating properties found in MoroccanCleanse are ideal for getting the skin feeling healthy. With an aromatic fragrance of Honey Orange Blossom, this daily treatment is packed with organic argan oil and aloe vera to refresh, 52 | SalonNV Magazine
soften, and soothe the skin. Follow it up with their luxurious MoroccanButter and its blend of essential vitamins to leave your skin soft and silky. Hey, we all deserve a treat. The secret ingredient in fighting dry skin is glycolic acid which resurfaces and dissolves dead skin cells for a smoother complexion. The Murad AHA/BHA Exfoliating Cleanser combines a cocktail of gentle exfoliating acids to smooth and hydrate the skin while jojoba beads polish the complexion to leave you with brighter, younger looking skin. Founder of the brand Dr Howard Murad was the first to identify the benefits of glycolic acid almost thirty years ago and he is passionate about its benefits. He told us: “The more hydrated your skin is, the less depth there will be to your lines and wrinkles. However, the outermost layer of your skin is always the driest. When glycolic acid is used in an anti-ageing product, it works to accelerate the movement of fuller, hydrated cells to the surface, replacing the drier skin.” By taking your time and working out a plan of attack you’re giving your skin the best possible chance to get into peak condition before you apply the fake tan. But eventually, the time will come to get brown, so we spoke with our resident skin expert Jennifer Peffer about the hottest products to get the beautiful bronzed look. “Available in two shades, Tan-Luxe
Illuminating Serum Self Tan Facial Drops is a wonder product that can be used with your regular moisturiser – just add a drop or two and apply. Containing aloe vera, vitamin E, and raspberry seed oil, this product not only tans your skin but nourishes it at the same time. As an added bonus the raspberry scent is to die for. “Fake Bake Flawless Coconut Tanning Serum, containing everyone’s favourite ingredient, coconut oil, the newest release by tanning giant Fake Bake is a game changer. As well as providing a beautiful tan in a choice of three shades, this product also tones, smooths, and hydrates your skin. Available to retail within your salon as part of the Fake Bake range, this is a great way to add another dimension to your salon business.” While clients are busy preparing their skin for treatments to come, if you’re a salon owner it may be time to start considering adding a spray tanning service to your current repertoire of tricks. A fairly simple and quick treatment, spray tanning is a good way to bring customers into your salon and the improved footfall means you can advertise your other products to them. To get some expert advice on what you need to do to offer this service and the benefits it can bring you, we spoke with MoroccanTan Education Ambassador Nicola Badmus who recommends you take a professionally accredited course.
While clients are busy preparing their skin for treatments to come, if you’re a salon owner it may be time to start considering adding a spray tanning service to your current repertoire of tricks.
TanningNV
While you’ve been all wrapped up from the cold and had the heating turned up full blast at home, cooking yourself like a Christmas turkey, your skin has been suffering from a lack of moisture. “This will allow you to get yourself appropriately insured. There are benefits in researching which tanning brand you might like to use as some, like MoroccanTan, offer a professionally accredited course which will also give you a deeper understanding of their particular brand.” To get up and running with an operation like this one, the initial outlay is for the equipment. “At the very minimum, you will need a good quality spray tanning machine and booth or tent,” advises Nicola. “An extraction unit is also strongly recommended – this not only helps to clear the tiny droplets of solution floating in the air from being inhaled by both your client and yourself, but it also helps to reduce the amount of solution that settles around the area.” Spray solutions and equipment vary in price so you’ll need to decide how much to charge to ensure you make a decent return on your investment and Nicola suggests checking what others are doing. “Research your local competition,” she says. “Check out what they are offering but don’t try and undercut everyone – if you’ve chosen a good quality tanning brand and are good at what you do, clients will keep coming back – and also tell their friends!” While word of mouth is a great way to spread the word about your business, it’s advisable to let people know through more conventional means according to Nicola. “Facebook is a great free tool for building awareness of your services. Local gyms or hair salons that do not offer tanning are also a good place to advertise and make contact with – in short, existing businesses that already have a similar target audience that you are trying to reach.” MoroccanTan have a full range of equipment available on their website to get you started while Jennifer Peffer suggests the Fake Bake Pro Spray Tan Training Kit which offers a full professional start-up kit and includes certificated training to get you on your way. So if you’re thinking about diversifying your brand, now is the ideal time to take the plunge and you’ll be feeling the benefit when your summer clientele increases.
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 53
EXFOLIATION & TANNING
Exposed™ Spray Tan UK is a company that understands the spray tan professional because the company was founded by one.
W
ith a good understanding of starting up and maintaining a successful business, Founder of Exposed™ Layla Tourh, felt the need for a spray tan brand to be designed for the UK market. In its short life Exposed™ boasts a rapid growth across the UK as it offers a spray tan with no smell, no overspray, instant dry time and a gorgeous colour that looks so natural that it gives your clients the freedom to go about their day! Spray tanning is a great business opportunity with not only a low start up cost but also flexible hours to suit your lifestyle whether you choose to be a mobile therapist, work from home or to add it to your existing services as a salon owner. Starting a spray tanning business is extremely lucrative as it is a quick and flexible repeat treatment with minimal outlay that will give you great profits INSTANTLY! Exposed™ Spray Tan UK has helped countless people realise their dream of becoming a Spray Tan Professional with their product packages, high quality training facilities and guaranteed profit! So why choose Exposed?
• Unlike traditional formulations Exposed™ has no need for a fragrance and has no odour due to it’s advanced tanning technology. • Exposed™ is perfect for girls getting ready for a night out with the opportunity to offer Exposed Express Tan allowing them to shower after just 1-2 hours! • Exposed™ has an instant dry time allowing clients to get dressed in less than 1 minute after being sprayed. • Exposed™ is a spray tan designed for the UK market resulting in a tan formulated to look natural rather than fake. • Exposed™ boasts a wide selection of colours ranging from a subtle 6% 14% for those clients who prefer to expose that little bit more. A product as advanced as Exposed™, demands education to the same high standard. This industry has been growing year-on-year and will continue to do so due to our increased knowledge of the damages the sun can cause from over exposure. Considering the fact that the UK now has the highest record of skin
• Exposed™ Spray Tan has NO OVERSPRAY! With the tan dropping straight to the floor of your spray tan cubicle or tent there is NO need for a spray tan extraction unit.
cancer, there has never been a better time to get involved with the sunless
• Exposed™ benefits from Eco-Certified organic DHA containing no oils or parabens.
a quick turnaround time and minimal outlay that increases your profits
• The non-sticky Exposed™ formula is rich with nourishing vitamin E cream, meaning every spray tan is streak free!
Exposed™ Spray Tan is available through The Creative Beauty Group on
54 | SalonNV Magazine
tanning business. Spray tanning still remains the most lucrative beauty treatment with instantly, so it’s time to jump on the bandwagon and GET EXPOSED™! 01202876734 or visit the website www.thecreativebeautygroup.co.uk
NailNV
The gloves are off, literally... as spring/ summer welcomes warmer weather, it’s time to turn our attention to nails.
Finger on the pulse OF NAIL DESIGN
Words Laura Boyd
A
s we all know, nails = big business and nail design in particular is a must-have trend. With holiday and festival season fast approaching, clients will be keen to flaunt the hottest designs on their fingers and toes. There’s a vast array of inspiration online, thanks to the wonderful world of bloggers and vloggers who have all embraced the nail art trend. Amongst our favourites worth checking on Instagram are Scottish Calgel Creative Ambassador and award winning nail technician Lianne Clark, who you can find under her company name of @Swoonnails. Check out her use of negative space and careful glides of glitter – yes, we are in awe! For n-inspiration (we made that up, but you know what we mean), nails don’t come much prettier than those that Singapore’s Annabel Lee, @FollowThatWay, posts on her page. Intricate designs and cute colours, she showcases an array of designs with 56 | SalonNV Magazine
something to suit everyone. With 1.4 million followers on Instagram, you have to check out OhMyGoshPolish. Tamaras’s designs on her own nails are pretty incredible and will have you rushing to add stripes/hearts/marble designs to your talons. Thankfully, there are more products than ever on the market to help make our lives a little easier and aid our creative flair. And for those looking to keep it simple and let the colour do the talking; there are more shades and textures available now than ever before. 2016 sees the use of negative space continue, nude polishes embraced, nails stickers and jewels requested and the ‘ballerina’ flat tip in-demand. As with hair, pastel shades remain popular, but there’s also a splash of colour as bright bold gels move in for summer party season. So, what can you stock up on to make sure you create nails that, erm, rock? Check this out.
NailNV
Bio Sculpture - The Disco Dolly SS16 colour collection Looking for a bolder colour palette, sure to be a favourite amongst young clients hitting Ibiza and the likes? Try out Bio Sculpture’s The Disco Dolly collection. The range features Party Animal pink, Turn up the Volume coral and All Nighter turquoise, plus dazzling glitters. £2.58 + VAT - www.biosculpture.co.uk
All That Jazz UK Filigree Stickers These nail appliques are perfect for giving nails a speedy make over. With a wide range of different patterns, there is a filigree for any occasion. Available in Black, Silver, Gold, Rose Gold and White these stickers can be applied to both natural and artificial nails, adding a quick and easy twist for clients looking for something a little different. Simply place on the surface of the nail and secure with two layers of All That Jazz UK Top Note £1.49 + VAT www.nailharmonyuk.com
Yours Loves Sascha stamping plates
Looking for a one-stop-shop for jewels, wraps and basically everything you need to take your nail designs to the next level? Look no further than Izabelle Hammon. From crystals in every colour, to decos in an incredible array of designs – it’s nail art heaven! We particularly love the gold star studs and the geometric decos for adding a bit of sass and style.
Dutch nail art company, Yours have collaborated with Netherlands based CND™ Education Ambassador, Sascha Gossen to create a brand new, professionally developed ‘Stamping System’ perfect for use in salon. These high end stamping plates are lasercut to ensure ultimate precision, resulting in a clean and easy transfer that leaves clients’ ecstatic with their flawless, detailed nail art designs.
Various - www.izabellehammon.com
£4.25 + VAT – www.yourscosmetics.com
Izabelle Hammon
Gel II® Rave Nail Art & Design class Familiar with that sense of dread when someone sits in your chair and says, ‘can you do some nail art on these?’ From Foiling to Custom Blending your very own colours; this class will help you to create amazing designs featured on the course as well as inspiring you to create your very own! Call 01202876734 for info – www.thecreativebeautygroup.co.uk
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 57
Aesthetics
YOU KNOW THE SCIENCE, NOW KNOW THE PRODUCTS
COSMECEUTICALS It might be spring but let’s face it, most of us are no spring chickens anymore! The wrinkles are forming, parts are sagging more than we’d like (our eyelids of course!), and when we get up in the morning we don’t quite look as fresh as we did a decade ago, no matter how much we tell ourselves we do.
W
e’re all desperately trying to get older with some dignity and thanks to some scientific advances it’s certainly a lot easier than it previously was. The days of requiring expensive surgical treatments to get any sort of benefit are long gone and there’s now a plethora of options – although navigating them can be just as difficult! In the last issue, our resident health expert Dr Nestor spoke about the science behind cosmeceuticals and how they’re packed with nutrients and miracle molecules that can repair and rejuvenate the skin. But what he didn’t touch on was what the products currently on the market can do for you and what to expect when you buy them, so to get the lowdown we spoke to a couple of experts. Sharon Cass is the Education Manager at Skinbrands, one of the leading firms in developing a definitive product range in cosmeceuticals and first and foremost she told us what products qualify for this title. “The two key factors that determine whether a product is a cosmeceutical are: Does the product have proven efficacy and results for the condition it is indicated for, and: are these effects more than just a temporary cosmetic effect.” For that is the real crux of the issue when it comes to cosmeceutical – rather than your typical moisturising creams that promise the world but have no evidence to back them up, these must have long lasting, scientifically proven effects and that is exactly what people have come to expect. Sharon said: “Clients are now demanding tangible results and are more likely to invest in a treatment or product if it is more than just a pamper experience. Cosmeceutical level products actually change the way the skin functions such as increasing cell renewal or stimulating the skin to produce its own dermal proteins.” With medical practitioners expecting to see independent trials involving double blind
or placebo studies, this helps differentiate between full strength products and ones that include token levels of cosmeceutical ingredients. Kate Robson, brand ambassador of Dermedics, confirms this, saying, “Cosmeceuticals are now backed with extensive scientific research that shows specific ingredients can extend cell’s DNA Telomeres. This has taught us that the life span of our cells can be extended and thus make them act much younger. There has been years of research into ingredients and their reaction with skin cells, leading to product development being able to expand at a rapid rate.” The range of products has certainly expanded in recent years as essentially a whole new area of beauty has opened up and the main focus of these products has been one thing – antiageing. “That’s the key market for these products,” says Sharon. “Cosmeceutical level ingredients are very well suited to ageing skin as they reverse many of the symptoms that skin suffers from as it ages.” Dermedics Youth Expert Global Anti-Ageing Cream is a prime example of this. Specifically designed for women aged 30-35 and upwards, it attacks the first signs of improper moisture retention in skin that leads to dehydration, roughness, and the appearance of wrinkles. Used as a daily skin treatment, it re-activates the youthful proteins in your face thereby giving real results and restoring the radiant appearance of your skin. As we’re coming out of winter and into the summer months, the chances are you’ve suffered from dry skin and that’s where products like Elizabeth Arden PRO Intense Hydrating Cream come in to play. As a cosmeceutical product, it offers more than a typical hydrating moisturiser can, not only moisturising but also working to reduce the appearance of fine lines, and rejuvenates and softens the look of the skin. Partner it with the Elizabeth Arden PRO
Hyrdating Antioxidant Spray to take skin hydration one step further and provide an instant, lasting boost of hydration and refreshment to the skin while on the go. A few spritzes of this and your skin will have a fresh, glowing look. One of the benefits of cosmeceuticals is you don’t need to add them on to an ever-growing list of products you use in your day-to-day life, instead they can replace what you already use while offering more. A good example of this is the Dermedics Physiological Micellar Water. You already use a face cleanser, a skin toner, and a make-up remover, yes? Well they can all be swapped for this one product that also has cosmeceutical anti-ageing benefits. Specifically designed to assist in calming the discomfort associated with weak, itchy, highly irritated or reddened skin during facial cleansing procedures it’s a step above what you’re using at the moment. Crystal Clear have released their most powerful and effective products to date, the COMPLEX-C range. Formulated with plant stem cells, plankton extract, hyaluronic acid, and antioxidants to the maximum strength recommended by each ingredient developer, it comes in a Cleansing Gel, Hydracell Moisturiser, Dermal Fusion, and Super Repair Mask so you’re guaranteed to find the product to suit your needs. So the battle to fight ageing goes on, but now we have a wealth of scientific knowledge on our side and the latest products are backed with studies and research to ensure the consumer is better informed than ever. “We now have a complete understanding of how an ingredient reacts with our skin,” says Kate. “High quality results are being seen within one to two months. These products offer you something you could only previously achieve through surgery: ten years ago you would never have been able to get a face-lift in a bottle, that is the beauty of cosmeceuticals.”
“Cosmeceuticals are now backed with extensive scientific research that shows specific ingredients can extend cell’s DNA Telomeres. This has taught us that the life span of our cells can be extended and thus make them act much younger.” www.SalonNV.co.uk | 59
Aesthetics
FEMININE REJUVENATION
THE O-SHOT
In this issue of SalonNV we look at something, different. Something a bit more intimate. Feminine rejuvenation. Yes, we’re going to talk about rejuvenating the intimate area.
B
elieve it or not, this topic came straight form the editorial board of SalonNV, and rightly so. These treatments are surpassing being just a ‘growing trend’, but have quickly become an established procedure, both surgical and non-surgical treatments. Labia-plasties (surgical contouring of labial) are very much on the rise. As always, it’s important to know the facts and where to turn.
Words: Dr Nestor
What is Feminine Rejuvenation?
Feminine rejuvenation is the new evolving branch of cosmetic surgery and aesthetic medicine, looking to rejuvenate your feminine area and restore youthful function and health. I suppose your first question is why? (It was mine) Let’s look at ageing, of the intimate area, rather than our usual focus on facial ageing. We are all aware that the ageing process affects every part of us, inside and out. Vaginal ageing is no different. Puberty, childbirth, sexual partners, and menopause all contribute to vaginal ageing. Sadly, these changes aren’t often discussed topics, meaning women are typically uninformed and woefully unprepared for the realities of the process. The changing vulva
First thing’s first: While closely connected, the vulva and vagina are two different things. The vulva is the outside, and the vagina is the canal. Often, women talk about their vagina, and what they really mean is their vulva, the lips, the clitoris, the labia majora (outside lips), the labia minora (inside lips), and even the urethra. The vulva remains largely unchanged from your late teens to your 40s, and even into your 50s. At some point, however, Vulvovaginal Atrophy (VVA) (a.k.a. Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause, or GSM) begins, resulting from the gradual loss of oestrogen that comes with peri-menopause and menopause. That means, the tissue can become more pale and smoother, the labia can become less distinct, and the vulva will lose its fullness. This is not something to start stressing out about. It’s the natural ageing process. The vagina itself
VVA affects the vagina as well as the vulva. The loss of sex hormone (oestrogen) can result in dramatic changes in the appearance and function of the vagina. The vaginal opening can shrink, and the length of the vagina can shrink. Irritation can also follow.
60 | SalonNV Magazine
Irritation occurs because the vaginal walls become thinner, losing elasticity and especially moisture. Anywhere from 20 to 50 percent of women start to complain about the sensation of burning and itching—and these are chronic sensations. With sex, it becomes more
pronounced. And that’s when they’ll really notice it, because it’s painful. While sex is the main instigator of itchiness, there are some people who notice it other times, maybe when they’re walking or doing exercise.
Aesthetics
These unwanted sensations.
Fortunately, there’s both long-term and temporary relief for the discomfort that comes with VVA. Dr Swica (renowned physician in menopause and women’s health) has the following tips: • Moisturisers are something you use twice a week to keep the vagina moist. Moisturisers like Replens and Luvena eliminate the feeling of dryness. • Lubricants are what you use when you need much more moisture during sex. There’s silicone, water, and oil-based lubricants • Restore moisture. Local Oestrogen Therapy is a low-dose of hormones administered via pill, cream, or ring (see your GP or gynaecologist). • “If women value their sexual life, it’s better to stay sexually active on a regular basis,” says Dr. Swica, since regular intercourse helps the vagina remain moist and flexible. The infection connection
The good news: ageing doesn’t necessarily mean more yeast infections. The bad news: ageing could mean more of those other infections. Without oestrogen, the flora of the vagina changes and the tissue around the urethra is thinner, so women become more prone to urinary tract infections. The epithelium becomes thinner, so women are more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections and HIV. Bacterial vaginosis may also become more prevalent as well. Local Oestrogen Therapy can thwart the onset of these diseases, since it helps restore your flora. Moisturising, lubricating, and sex are also helpful, as they keep vaginal tissue supple and less disposed to small tears. Feminine rejuvenation
Enter feminine rejuvenation procedures in aesthetic medicine. Dermal fillers (similar to ones used in the face) have been trialed to help restore fullness of the vulva and vagina. However these have perhaps not had the same success as ‘The O-Shot’. In case you’re wondering, yes, the ‘O’ stands for ‘orgasm’. What is it?
chemical messengers and, basically, all the good stuff that helps heal wounds and restore collagen. The O-Shot procedure works by using PRP to stimulate stem cells to grow healthier vaginal tissue. The whole procedure for processing the blood and injecting the growth factors takes less than 45 minutes. What’s involved in the procedure?
First, the doctor or nurse will apply a numbing cream to the vagina. In the same way as a blood test, blood is then drawn from the arm and this is where the PRP is extracted. A very thin needle is then used to inject the growth factors into a few specific, targeted places in the patient’s vagina. As these areas have already been numbed with anaesthetic cream, little or no pain is felt. In some cases, the effect is immediate, but it can take up to 3-4 weeks. Only physicians who have been trained and certified to perform the O-Shot can perform the procedure. Results can be quick, with benefits noticeable after a couple of days, as the growth factors begin to rejuvenate the vagina and enhance the sexual response. Over the proceeding weeks, both the vulva and vaginal wall start to thicken and become fuller, restoring its more youthful architecture. This helps restore moisture, leads to less irritation (due to thickened wall), and may have an impact on the immune defence system. There is also anecdotal reports of helping with some forms of urinary incontinence as a result
of the thicker, plumper tissue. There has yet to be a large published study on the effects and benefits of non-surgical feminine rejuvenation with dermal fillers or the O-Shot, however there is certainly growing praise from patients who have had this treatment. Each woman’s experience with the O-Shot will be different, but growing positive feedback from patients include: • Younger, smoother skin of the vulva (lips of the vagina). • A tighter introitus (vaginal opening). • Increased arousal from clitoral stimulation. • Increased sexual desire. • Increased natural lubrication. • Increased ability to have a vaginal orgasm. • Stronger orgasms. • Decreased pain for those with dyspareunia (painful intercourse). • Decreased urinary incontinence. Aesthetic medicine is developing at an exponential rate and many new treatments that emerge, quickly burn out. It’s therefore important to visit a respected practitioner who has done their homework, is trained and experienced, and always has your best interests in mind. You are a patient, not a client. The O-Shot is a promising development in women’s health, and has, to my knowledge, no complications. Results, as with everything, vary. Speak to your doctor or nurse about whether it’s right for you.
The O-Shot is a new procedure developed to solve your sexual problems, increase your pleasure, and rejuvenate your vagina. If you would like to know more about any of these treatments, visit my page, www.drnestor.co.uk, or call 0141 552 0828 to make a free, no obligation consultation with myself or email me at [email protected]
The O-Shot is a new procedure developed to solve your sexual problems, increase your pleasure, and rejuvenate your vagina. It was first introduced to Europe by Dr Sherif Wakil on Harley St a few years ago. Its popularity and efficacy has sky rocketed since. It is a nonsurgical technique that uses the growth factors each woman has in her own body to stimulate vaginal and clitoral rejuvenation to activate the Female Orgasm System. Thus far, Dr Wakil reports that almost all women receiving the O-Shot procedure enjoy an increased sexual response, and for many the improvement is dramatic. The O-Shot can also be effective in improving and treating conditions such as urinary incontinence. Small studies show that when platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is injected, stem cells multiply and grow new younger tissue. PRP is the serum derived from taking a sample of your own blood, and spinning it in a centrifuge. The serum at the top is full of growth factors,
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 61
Aesthetics
ETERNAL YOUTH? Jennifer Lopez. Cliff Richard. Barbara Windsor. Gwyneth Paltrow. How many times have you heard someone say, “Wow, they look good for their age”? Well, that’s because they’re just a few of the evergreen stars that swear by treatments from CACI International to keep them looking forever young and fresh on our televisions.
C AC I I N T ER N AT I O N A L
R
ather than going under the knife for a risky facelift, more and more people are beginning to see the benefits of CACI’s non-surgical alternative. As suppliers to over 10,000 of the world’s leading beauty salons, health clubs, destination spas, and day spas, they are the largest UK manufacturer and supplier of non-invasive aesthetic treatment systems so SalonNV thought it was time to have a chat with them about how their innovation has changed the industry. Global Export Manager Mary Overton has spent 15 years with the company, and in that time has increased the global market presence of the brand to more than 80 countries, so who better to give us the lowdown on how they’ve gone from facial paralysis medical treatment to celebrity must-have. Yes, the revolutionary technology that now keeps J-Lo in the Top 100 Sexiest Women charts was originally developed to treat Bell’s palsy, Mary tells us. “The original CACI (Computer Aided Cosmetology Instrument) was developed in the US by the originator of modern microcurrent therapy, Dr Thomas Wing. In 1992, CACI International launched CACI in the UK as a cosmetic treatment that soon became known as the “Non-Surgical Face-Lift.” After acquiring the IP rights for the technology, the company set up camp in the UK, with their base in Peterborough, and have
62 | SalonNV Magazine
expanded their product line well beyond what they started with. But they haven’t lost touch with their roots, says Mary, as “all CACI models incorporate Dr Wing’s ‘non-surgical face lifting technology’ but now also feature additional technologies for targeting lines and wrinkles and for treating acne, blemishes, sun damage, pigmentation, stretch marks, scar tissue, skin laxity, cellulite, and body tone.” These are issues that affect most of us and who hasn’t wished they could ‘fix’ a part of ourselves we aren’t too happy with? Many of us will even have considered going under the knife to look better but now with CACI’s unique techniques we don’t need to put our bodies through such strains and Mary is clear that’s why so many people choose them. “With surgery you have to take time out to recover and there are risks involved. All CACI treatments offer dramatic results on both skin and muscle tissue with no down time and without any risks. Our microcurrent technology is clinically proven and is a non-invasive treatment that re-educates muscles, increases blood and lymph circulation, and enhances the penetration of the active ingredient of skin care formulations.” It’s not surprising then that it has taken off as the benefits are clear – look better, feel better, no risk. Mary tells us that people even fit it in while they’re at work! “Our most requested treatment is our signature CACI non-surgical facial toning for
men and women,” she says. “The treatment takes an hour and can be received during your lunchtime break, giving you a ‘lunchtime lift’! The anti-ageing skin results are immediately visible even after one session with the effects lasting for days.” With this ease of use and the instant effects, it’s no surprise that it has taken off amongst everyone from office worker to celebrity alike, you can even find it on cruise ships! You might expect Mary to be shouting from the rooftops about endorsements from the likes of Cliff Richard and Barbara Windsor but she is very humble about it and refuses to single any of them out. “We appreciate all our celebrity clients,” she tells us. “And we’re delighted when we hear that a celeb is recommending CACI to their friends. We’re thrilled to be their long term beauty secret.” Media attention on the company has continued to grow in recent years as more and more celebs come out as fans but it’s CACI’s reliance on innovation and pushing their brand forward that will keep them relevant in an ever growing marketplace and Mary believes they have what it takes. “Education and research allow us to stay at the forefront of technology and our dedicated CACI research team keep abreast of global trends and consumer behaviour. High-tech treatments like what we provide will continue to be high in demand as savvy consumers address
BusinessNV
WHY IT’S NEVER TOO LATE TO RETRAIN Award winning therapist Melanie Crosby reveals how her CIDESCO course has impacted her career and changed her life
H
their lifestyle and anti-ageing concerns.” The proof of the pudding is in the eating and CACI have continued to innovate with several new systems and treatments being released in recent months as they look to keep customers coming back for more. They are particularly excited about their new CACI Synergy system, launched at Professional Beauty Excel in February. Mary says: “It combines the functionality of CACI’s two best-selling systems, the CACI Ultra and CACI Ultimate and introduces pioneering S.P.E.D Technology (simultaneous photo electrical delivery), a breakthrough new advancement in microcurrent facial toning. For the first time on the market, beauty specialists will be able to harness the power of high brilliance LED light therapy at the same time as using microcurrents for enhanced skin results. “The CACI Synergy provides ultra-low frequency stimulation with orbital skin resurfacing, ultrasonic peeling, as well as the exclusive ‘wrinkle comb’, a non-invasive alternative to dermal fillers. With so many treatment options available in one system it allows salons to offer the widest range of anti-ageing and skin rejuvenation treatments suitable for men and women of all ages. “In addition, CACI also recently launched a dazzling new salon treatment and product line for eyes, CACI Eye Revive. It soothes tired and puffy eyes, combats dark circles, reduces fine lines and wrinkles and lifts hooded eyes.
The two new anti-ageing skincare products to protect the most fragile feature of the face are the CACI Eye Revive serum and Hydro Eye Mask to address concerns that include puffiness, dark circles and dehydration, and fine lines.” Naturally, many of SalonNV’s readers are salon owners and Mary encourages anyone interested to contact CACI directly as they can receive large benefits through teaming up with them. “Purchasing directly from CACI the equipment manufacturer gives you the peace of mind knowing that you are buying a quality system that is both reliable and manufactured ethically and to exacting standards,” she tells us. “CACI offer on-going support from business development consultants to help grow your CACI business – access to brand logos, marketing, and PR, is also available to help increase football into your business. You’ll also receive brand and business opportunities and long term strategy plans for your business, preparing your for the customer demand of your CACI treatments.” So if you think your clients might be interested in ageing as gracefully as some of the most famous people on the planet then give them a try. With CACI currently available in 87 countries and with future developments in their global expansion already underway, they’re set to remain as the market leaders for years to come.
aving first qualified as a Beauty Therapist with the IHBC (International Health & Beauty Council) in 1986, Melanie worked in a small beauty salon for two years before deciding to completely change her career path, and move into the financial sector. 25 years later, Melanie’s life changed as she was presented with the chance to move and work abroad in Australia – an opportunity she was keen to take. At 41 years old, the prospect of moving ‘down under’ gave Melanie the inspiration and determination she needed to make her return to school and retrain as a therapist, something she had been considering for a long time. “Australia has some amazing spa destinations and that was something I wanted to be a part of ”, she comments. After making her decision, Melanie enrolled and became a full-time student for one year at CIDESCO’s International School of Beauty Therapy, Nantwich. “My first task was to decide what qualifications I would need. I researched this online, looking at various recruitment agencies, both in the UK and Australia as well as looking at potential employer websites. The majority of top spas in Australia request a minimum of two years spa experience, which wasn’t an option for me. I knew what I wanted to do; I just had to find a way of getting there”. Returning to study as a mature student was extremely daunting for Melanie, but it enabled her advance her current abilities whilst learning new skills. Thankfully, Melanie’s hard work and determination paid off and she graduated in the summer of 2012. Within five weeks of receiving her diploma, she moved to the Sunshine Coast in Queensland, Australia, where she has since resided. “As soon as I moved to Australia, I successfully found employment as a Spa Therapist in a world of class Sanctuary Spa, which was one of the five finalists in the 2011 ASPA Awards for Best Destination Spa. Since, I’ve been featured in a Fox Sport TV advert and local magazines, representing the spa, as well as being invited by CIDESCO’s Head Office in Zurich to provide a summary of my thesis for their LINK magazine.” In 2013, Melanie went on to win ‘International Student of the Year’ out of 250 centres in 180 countries, for CIBTAC and BABTAC and continues to be featured in various spa publications – something she is extremely proud of. “As much as I loved working in the spa industry, another career change happened in April 2015. I gained employment within the head office of the Australian National Distributor for Jane Iredale Mineral Make-Up and Environ Skincare. Since completing the CIDESCO qualification, I have complete job satisfaction. It’s rewarding, challenging and most of all, enjoyable”. www.cidesco.com www.SalonNV.co.uk | 63
BusinessNV
Liz McKeon
NO SHOW Definition = a person who makes a reservation and neither uses nor cancels it!
Do you know the cost of cancellations, latecomers, and no shows? If you actually calculate the costs incurred by persistent latecomers and no shows, you would probably be horrified at how much they cost your business on an annual basis. Example: 1 x service @ £30 no-show or cancellation per day for one year = £7,800 (That’s over €10,700!)
E
very salon or spa has clients who think it is acceptable to waltz in 20 minutes late. Worse again, what about the ‘no shows’ who don’t even have the common courtesy to call when they decide not to bother keeping an appointment. Too often, the salon manager is reluctant to do anything to change their behaviour because they are scared of losing the business. Once you know what these clients are costing you, you stop worrying about losing their business. In fact, you would probably prefer that they take their business down the road to your opposition, and allow you to focus on looking after the clients that are courteous and arrive for every appointment on time. You are in business to make money, and your responses to problems that cost you money unnecessarily need to be both serious and swift. You cannot afford to ignore the behaviour of clients that have a negative impact on your bank balance. Remember, the customer may not always be right, but the customer is always the customer! Most clients are reasonable and when it is explained to them courteously, they will realise the impact their behaviour is having – then they either improve their behaviour or go elsewhere. On your Brochure/Website:
• Include a statement explaining to the client that if they are late, the appointment will be either shortened or cancelled, and that the full cost of the appointment may be charged, as time and staff were allocated for that treatment. • Explain your salon policy about changing or cancelling appointments – for example 24 hours notice required.
• New clients or clients with an appointment of 60 minutes or longer may be asked to provide a credit card deposit. Managing a Cancellation Policy:
At one extreme is a cancellation policy that requires full payment for a service if the service is cancelled within 24 hours, or there is a no-show. At the other extreme is a cancellation policy that did not provide any consequences for no shows. The first policy might lose your customers, the second could lose you therapists. Clearly coming
up with a cancellation policy that falls somewhere in between the two extremes is necessary. Flexibility is also important in designing a cancellation policy. If a good client cancels an appointment because of a sick child or other emergency, you don’t want to lose her over one appointment. Most clients will accept your house rule if it is explained to them in a professional manner, so staff need to be trained to ask for deposits or take full payment for latecomers, where appropriate. Reduce No Show Guidelines:
1. Use your computer to flag the offending clients – know the clients who are inclined to be late and schedule their appointments in off peak times.
2. Communicate appointment confirmations on the double – for example, send a confirmation email 48 hours before and a text message 24 hours prior to the appointment. People then have a chance to rearrange if they can’t make it. And they can’t say they didn’t see at least one confirmation communication.
3. Have a three strike rule – that way you can’t be judged as being unfair. If a client cancels or is a no show on three occasions, stop taking a booking and say “it might be best if you book on the day next time”. 4. Put a notice up in the salon reception explaining cancellation charges or there will be a charge. Be firm, but fair, about implementing this.
5. Take deposits from ‘naughty clients’.
6. Have a ‘black list’, which means they will only be allowed to be serviced by walk-in status only. Have a back-up plan:
1. Use a cancellation list to your benefit. Always have a list of clients who want an appointment today and call them when a cancellation occurs.
2. Have a second list – a list of clients to contact at very short notice and they can avail of cheaper prices on the day. This means that even if you give discounted prices, there are no gaps in your appointment book. 3. Most of your regular loyal clients will only cancel an appointment if it is an emergency and you would never need to ask them for a deposit. But, for the persistent latecomers and no-shows, introduce and implement your house rules, making sure that every client has a positive impact on your bank balance! ‘No shows’ to do List:
1. Decide on your salon house rules
2. Communicate this in your brochure, website and reception notice 3. Write your daily email and text confirmation communications
4. Staff training session to role-play cancellation policies 5. Implement new procedures
“When everything is like an uphill struggle, think of the view from the top”!
Liz McKeon is a bestselling Author, Key Note Speaker, Business Coach & Trainer, specialising in the Hair, Beauty and Spa Sector. For information about Liz’s upcoming events, on-line training Programmes and Business Seminars, check out www.lizmckeon.com.
BusinessNV
TEAM SALON TRACKER BUILDING How our software can improve business organisation and solve those day-to-day problems in the salon.
W
hether it be a start-up salon, or a multi-site business, there are several issues that salon owners struggle with that are similar to one another, no matter what the business size. The main two being difficulties in business organisation and salon security. Our software system is designed to help salon owners to manage their businesses more efficiently and to offer solutions to some of those common problems. One of the main benefits for all salon types is that Salon Tracker provides the ability for a paperless business, as all client information including appointments, personal notes and purchase history is stored on digital client cards within the system. Reports, including cashing up and stock receipts are also in digital format, meaning no more appointment books and realms of paper documents. Appointment attendance is improved with our automatic SMS marketing feature, which notifies customers 24 hours prior to an appointment, reminding them of their booking. Further marketing campaigns can then be created through this feature to promote last minute offers. Our secure shell system ensures that privacy is always at the forefront of the business as it locks down the PC, this also preventing employees from browsing the internet during working hours. Password protected security levels can be set for each member of staff so that financial records are safe from all employees unless otherwise discussed. Salon owners can also track the shift patterns of their team members by using a fingerprint clock in and out system, which will highlight when an individual signed in and out of a shift. The same fingerprint security method can also be used to protect client information, as this eliminates other individuals from accessing a client’s details and using treatments under
their name maliciously, a feature that is
especially desired in the tanning industry. For larger salons, especially those with
multiple sites, keeping track of KPIs and salon activity can become difficult. Our software
Call it team spirit, camaraderie, or staff morale, a happy and contented workforce is a prerequisite for business success and it’s something the team at Byron Hairdressing know all about.
allows access to this information from home, meaning that salon owners still have full
control over their business even when absent. Managing the booking process can also
become tough for larger salon businesses,
however we offer an online booking service
that synchronises appointments straight to the digital calendar stored on the system. This is
great for clients as they can access this online service 24/7 using a mobile and through
Facebook, where they can also see any loyalties or rewards that they have remaining with the salon via a mobile app.
Our software is available in 3 modules to
suit individual salon needs and can also be
purchased on a monthly subscription basis.
We believe salon software is a great business
investment and salon owners should see ROI relatively quickly after purchasing a system.
ENSURE YOUR BUSINESS RUNS SMOOTHLY AND ALLOW CUSTOMERS TO BOOK APPOINTMENTS WITH APPGENIUS FROM SALONGENIUS. The app contains many useful features to ensure your customers can book appointments conveniently at a time that suits them and so you can easily communicate any messages or offers to your customer database. Features include: Push messaging – send info and offers directly to your app users.
Booking Requests – now customers can book an appointment on their smartphone using the appointment in the app and they’ll receive reminders via the app before they are due to go into the salon or spa. Incentives – Loyalty and ‘Recommend a Friend’ schemes are included in the app’s features to keep your customers coming back for more. Business information – a salon or spa’s website, social media links, and contact details are stored on the app in one convenient place for your customers.
W
alk into the boutique salon in the Fife coastal town of Kirkcaldy, and you will immediately be struck by the way every team member, from receptionist to senior stylist, obviously enjoys each other’s company. It makes for an amazing atmosphere – and a loyal clientele. But you can’t just employ people and hope they get on – as with any aspect of business, you have to work at it. And like any other salons, the team at Byron is made up of a collection of individuals with disparate personalities, but at work they gel. A large part of this is down to the regular activities they share outside the salon. Salon Director Ronnie Marshall says: “We’ve got a great team at Byron. Our annual charity fundraisers that have really drawn us all together in a way that makes the whole team more than a sum of its parts.” Charity support is a huge deal at Byron, which has raised nearly £30,000 over the past decade for Maggie’s Centres, an organisation that supports anyone affected by cancer and other terminal illness. This year’s challenge is the most gruelling yet as the team pull on their walking boots for an assault on the Lairig Ghru, a pass through some of the wildest, most inhospitable mountains in Scotland, the Cairngorms. Not every member of the team is up for such physical exertion, and how that is dealt with is part of the team-building agenda. Everyone feels involved, whether they climb the pass or not. Ronnie says: “It’s vital, first, that it’s not an edict and, second, that no one feels excluded, which would destroy the whole team-building aspect. It’s made clear from the start that nothing is compulsory.” The team have been in serious training February, and the enthusiasm is proving infectious. “Everyone is fired up about it, and talking with clients in the salon, so they are also getting behind us,” says Ronnie. And though this kind of physical challenge won’t suit every salon, there’s no reason why others can’t come up with their own events. The fitness gains and the fantastic views from the top of a Scottish mountain are bonuses. www.SalonNV.co.uk | 65
BusinessNV
SHOULD WE ALWAYS AIM FOR GREATNESS?
B
e it a haircut, a successful retail sale or even a post on social media, it seems we are constantly striving to achieve greatness in everything we do. Being great is fabulous, but is it achievable 24-7? I’ve been pondering this fact of late as I post social media stuff on behalf of my clients, and sometimes, just sometimes, I think good can be as effective as great. How do I justify such a statement? Well, in the world of Facebook, Instagram etc we are bombarded with professional marketing materials and every day ‘Joe Bloggs’ postings. To me they both have the same result, they either make me look further into the posting or make me move on. It doesn’t matter if it’s a magnificent 15 second video clip produced by a whizz kid or a random ‘selfie’ taken by a client who has just left a salon feeling fabulous about their new hair-do, what matters is whether or not I’m actually interested in the subject matter! This is key for me as my daily working life is based around trying to achieve a blend of both aspects. A sharp image with cool hashtag makes for a great posting, a blurry, shaky video makes for a good one, but if the message is relevant then the likes and shares are more or less the same. As a hairdresser I always strived for greatness in everything I produced. As an educator I always tried to deliver great training. As a social media ‘caretaker’ I try to mix it up a little so that the rawness, or amateur feel of a post has as much impact as a corporate image of a brand.
So striving for greatness is a definite aim for everyone in whatever occupation they may have, but being realistic and accepting that good is acceptable makes for a more enjoyable working life. What I am not saying here is that mediocrity is okay! It’s most definitely not! However accepting that you did a good job on a haircut, had a good go at ‘retailing’, or a good stab at creating an image is perfectly acceptable and much more realistic. It’s exactly the same for social media, don’t try to be perfect and great all the time, life isn’t like that and your social channels should reflect you and your personality, not be a pristine and perfect place, that’s just not a true reflection of your life or your business. Social sites can be amateur at times, so long as the message is a worthy one and the image that goes with it is a good one then there’s nothing to lose. In fact you have everything to gain because your postings reflect you, and you (please correct me if I am mistaken) are not perfect. Then, when you do post something of greatness it makes it all the more special. It’s a bit like cutting a good bob, your client is more than happy with it. But when you create that bob, that bob of perfection, you know something rather special happened. Try and think of your online activities in the same way that you think about your day to day work and I guarantee the postings will become much more enjoyable.
As a social media ‘caretaker’ I try to mix it up a little so that the rawness, or amateur feel of a post has as much impact as a corporate image of a brand.
Emil McMahon offers training on all aspects of customer interaction and social media. For more details visit www.emilthecaretaker.com or email [email protected] 66 | SalonNV Magazine
BusinessNV
10 THINGS TO DO WHEN YOUR FACEBOOK PAGE IS NEW Erica Douglas, co-author of Blogging: The Essential Guide and Making Money Online
Most salon owners accept that social media marketing must be part of their overall marketing strategy, and Facebook should be where you focus your time and energy first. With 1.6 billion users, anyone who thinks their clients (and potential clients) aren’t on Facebook are mistaken. Everyone’s clients are on Facebook now - and that means you need to be there too! If you don’t have a business Facebook page, today is the day to put your doubts and fears to one side and get started! For those of you who have a page but haven’t managed to gain much traction yet, the tips below are perfect for you. I have established many a small business Facebook page and I follow these ten steps myself so I know they form a great step by step plan for getting your Facebook page to its first 500 or 1000 followers. Ok, let’s get started…
1. Facebook Photo
This is the equivalent of your profile photo on your personal page. On your business page it should be your business logo.
6. Getting Your First 100 Followers
Once you’ve set up your page, your next challenge is to get your first 100 followers. If you are running your own independent business I’d always
recommend inviting family and friends to like your page first. This will give you a kick-start and that first bit of social proof (you don’t want potential clients thinking you have no current clients!).
7. Connect With Your Current Clients
Once you have your first 100 followers it’s time to invite your current clients to like your page. If you are already email marketing you should include a piece
Many small businesses use a picture of their product or in the case of salons, a nice hair shot. Big mistake! Every time you answer a comment or promote your page on Facebook it is this image that is shown. You want people to see your logo as much as possible, the more they see it, the more likely they are to remember and recognise it. This is known as branding, and it creates customer loyalty and adds value to your business. Don’t miss the opportunity to put your logo in front of people as many times as you can.
about your Facebook page in your upcoming newsletter, as well as a Facebook
2. Facebook Cover Photo
attracting new ones. With 1.6 billion people now on Facebook, it’s just a case
Your Facebook cover photo is a great opportunity to promote your business, and yet many businesses select a generic image. For those visiting your page, it’s the first thing they see - make sure you have at least some of the following; email address, phone number, location, key marketing message, special/introductory offer.
page link in every following newsletter.
You can also put a poster up in the salon and request staff mention it to clients
when they are visiting next.
8. Page Like Campaign
Now that you have connected with your current clients, it’s time to start
of targeting your ads to them. They’re out there, you just need to find them! To help you do this, you should create a customer profile. Consider the following
characteristics of your most desirable clients; gender, age, interests, location etc.. Using the Ads Manager in Facebook create a ‘Page Likes’ campaign targeting a
There may not be room to cover everything you’d like, so pick out the most important things. What ONE piece of information would you like your clients to see when they visit your Facebook page?
demographic based on the customer profile you have created.
3. About
The best competition to run at this stage is one that encourages people to
Take a bit of time to fill in your Facebook About section. Not only does this give your potential clients the information they need to find/purchase from you, but it also helps you be found on Facebook by new clients.
4. Call To Action Button
If you look at your Facebook cover photo there should be an option to add a ‘Call To Action’ button. This is free to install and well worth utilising. You can choose from a number of options including: shop now, contact us and watch video. You can also change it as often as you like. Test different call to action option and compare how many times each one is clicked to find the best option for you.
5. Manage Tabs
9. Run A Competition
Running a competition is a low cost way to reach a lot of people on Facebook. engage through liking, sharing and commenting. Just make sure you adhere to Facebook’s competition guidelines.
10. Create Expert Shareable Content
One of the key goals on Facebook is to build authority. Authority is when you are perceived as an expert or leader in your niche. To do this you can create blog posts, graphics with tips, or
videos. Your aim is to share your knowledge in a way that is interesting to both your current and potential clients. You should then promote this content to two groups;
your current followers and the same group of people you
targeted in your page likes campaign (see tip 8)
The key to Facebook success is consistency. Decide the
Personalise your Facebook page by managing the tabs. Simply go to your Facebook page, click ‘more’ (just below your cover photo) and a dropdown will appear that says ‘manage tabs’ choose to display the tabs that are most important to your business.
types of content you will share as well as how often you will
post and expect to invest a few months building your page to
the point where it becomes a real asset to your business.
For more social media marketing tips visit www.ericadouglas.com www.SalonNV.co.uk | 67
BusinessNV
BEHIND THE BRAND MARKUS GOESSSAURAU SÖND Created by a German scientist and spending years almost completely unknown to the world at large, the beginnings of Sönd read more like the start of a fairytale about a magical elixir than a cosmetics company. An interview with Simon Ritchie
B
ut for people with sensitive skin, Sönd’s range of anti-ageing skincare products have truly been a revelation since their introduction to the market in November 2015. To get the lowdown on one of the most innovative companies in the industry, SalonNV spoke with founder Markus GoessSaurau about how Sönd came to be and their plans for the future. Markus himself is new to the cosmetics game, having made the jump over from running his own digital marketing agency when the chance to make something out of Sönd fell into his lap. “My company, which I ran for five years, was acquired by a technology company and from then on I was looking for an opportunity to do something different,” he says. “I was very clear I was looking for a product which could stand on its own two feet and that’s not easy to find these days.” Although he’s been based in the UK for three decades, Markus goes back to his homeland of Austria five or six times a year to take advantage of the pristine slopes and enjoy the golf courses, and it was on one of these trips that a family friend put him on the path to creating Sönd. “She said to me that these were products that she couldn’t live without. They had been developed by a German scientist and up until then had only been supplied to his local community. Over a 12 month period we tried
68 | SalonNV Magazine
it with over 100 people and the feedback was phenomenal – people with sensitive skin were seeing results that they’d never seen with any other product.” The key to this success is the main ingredient – the mineral silica. “Silica is an incredibly powerful mineral and it’s the third most abundant mineral in our body” says Markus. “It plays a lot of roles such as connecting tissue to ligaments.” Sourced from quartz, silica helps the antiageing process in four ways: It’s required for collagen production, acting as a glue to provide the connective tissue with strength, flexibility, and resilience; it increases water retention; it is a natural anti-inflammatory; and it improves the blood vessels’ ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to skin cells. It’s these traits that make it ideal for use on people with sensitive skin who can’t use typical cosmetic products due to irritation. Sönd are at the forefront of the use of silica in cosmetics with Markus saying there wasn’t much knowledge of it in the industry. “It is used within cosmetic products but there’s no other companies that solely focus on it. Some focus on it more from a vitamin perspective but none from a skincare perspective.” Sönd themselves offer a two-pronged approach to using silica, offering it in tablet form as well as in oils and serums. “As we get older silica is very difficult for us to get in a digestible format,” explains Markus. “Within
BusinessNV
“We focus solely on people with sensitive skin and our products work – we have a solution that works for many people that they wouldn’t want to live without”
the food we eat it’s found in greenery but the food we get is refined so much we don’t get what the body needs. For the body to get the level it needs it has to come from ingested methods - that’s where our Energising Mineral Supplements come in. The other products put it directly onto the skin.” They aren’t stopping there, with Markus telling us a variety of products are on the way by the end of the year. “We’re targeting salons and we’re planning to have a full range with a cleanser, a toner, a moisturiser, and an eye serum on the way.” It’s only been on the market for four months but the feedback so far has been highly encouraging. “We’re starting to get a decent amount of awareness in the industry. The feedback from press and bloggers has given us good credibility and sales are growing every month.
“Everyone has their own favourite product and their own different reasons why but by far the biggest thing we hear is about the glow. The #SilicaGlow we call it. People’s skin just gets this amazing glow to it, that’s the biggest feedback.” It’s clear that Sönd looks like being a very successful venture, but for Markus it’s more than just a business opportunity, it’s a chance for him to make a real difference. “It hasn’t been my lifelong dream to start a skincare product”, he laughs. “It’s an industry I never thought I’d be in but the product came first. We focus solely on people with sensitive skin and our products work – we have a solution that works for many people that they wouldn’t want to live without. To be within a business that has a positive impact on people lives, that’s what drives me. That’s worth getting out of bed for.” www.SalonNV.co.uk | 69
PRODUC T
Matakki Gem Scissors Combining beauty and practicality is the hallmark of Matakki and their Gem scissors are no exception. Handmade from the finest Japanese Hitachi steel, they come with a lifetime guarantee and stunning pearlescent look. They’re a bold statement backed by Matakki quality. £200 – www.matakki.com
BARBER PRO Post Shave Cooling Mask Cold towels are a thing of the past with the new BARBER PRO Post Shave Cooling Mask. Now you can nourish and hydrate your skin with this face and neck mask that’s infused with collagen to provide an anti-ageing treatment while you relax. As well as reducing redness and replenishing your skin, the residue acts as a moisturiser to give yourself a final facial massage. £3.50 - www.barberpro.com
Reuzel Pomade Scumbag From the iconic Schorem barbers in Rotterdam, the Reuzel brand’s reputation precedes it. Fortunately they live up to expectations with their new pomades. Like the guys who designed it, it’s no frills and no fuss. Comes in Red, Green, Pink, and Blue varieties to suit your hair type. £7.99-£35.99 – www.reuzel.co.uk
Aubrey Styling Station Robust and rugged with a pristine finish, the Aubrey Styling Station is uncomplicated and timeless. The detailing hints at grandeur while the countertop is a durable and stainless workhorse. With a fully integrated ceramic wash basin and available in three natural wood veneer finishes. £2,890 - www.takarahairdressing.co.uk
BaByliss PRO Super Motor Clipper With its supercharged, high-torque pivot motor, the Super Motor Clipper gives enough power to ensure effortless, high quality cutting through longer, thicker, and heavier hair. Ergonomically designed for better handling, it’s also an absolute beauty to look at – almost as stylish as the haircuts you’ll be using it on. £112.50 – www.babylisspro.co.uk
MALE GROOMINGENVY 70 | SalonNV Magazine
Margaret Dabbs Fabulous Feet Discovery Kit Introduce yourself to the world of Fabulous Feet with this stylish set. Containing 50ml versions of Margaret Dabbs Intensive Hydrating Foot Lotion and Hydrating Foot Soak, 30ml sizes of Margaret Dabbs Exfoliating Mousse and Intensive Treatment Foot Oil. Perfect for travelling or makes an ideal gift to a loved one. £39 – www.margaretdabbs.co.uk
Scotland’s Best Barber Finalists Revealed Heather Atkinson Barber & Groom, Gourock
A true celebration of Scottish barbering
F
our Scots are one step closer to being crowned Scotland’s Best Barber this morning, after securing their place in the live final of a prestigious competition of the same name. Heather Atkinson, Jamie Stuart, Stacey McCabe and Davie Walker triumphed over two other talented barbers in a nail-biting online public vote, after beating off razor-sharp competition from scores of hopefuls from across the country to make the initial shortlist. Davie Walker was added as a wild card entry as the voting was so close between 3rd and 4th place. The competition, run by the esteemed British Barbers’ Association alongside premium men’s grooming brand The Bluebeards Revenge and BarberNV magazine, also saw Darren Simons and Max McAulay, both from Glasgow, make the cut, but they narrowly missed out on making it through to the final round after falling behind in the public vote. The four successful winners will now go on to compete at the competition’s prestigious grand final, to be held at the 2016 Scottish Barber trade show at Edinburgh’s RHC, on Sunday 24th April. The barbers will be given an hour on the stage in which to impress judges – who include Britain’s Best Shave champion Luigi Caterino - with two of their most creative cuts. The winner will be awarded the coveted title of Scotland’s Best Barber, walking away with £250-worth of grooming products from The
Bluebeards Revenge and the chance to become an ambassador for the brand. Research conducted by the British Barbers’ Association together with The Bluebeards Revenge has revealed a surge of 15% in barbershop openings over the past twelve months, with the total number of those trading on Scottish high streets now standing at 1,345 – an increase of 175 compared to this time last year. The Scotland’s Best Barber competition marks an exciting year for those working in the trade, and The Bluebeards Revenge’s marketing manager Nick Gibbens said that it was hoped to be the first of many. “It’s great to see the birth of a new wave of barbershops that are opening up across Scotland. Industry standards have been rising and rising for some time now, and it’s clear that those who choose the profession have a lot of passion for what they do. That is what drives them to continue to learn and improve, and Scotland’s Best Barber is a real celebration of that. “It’s all about raising those standards further still, and inspiring Scottish barbers to reach the top of their game, but also enabling experienced barbers to put their skills to the test and see how far they have really come. This might be the first time we have run the competition in Scotland, but it certainly won’t be the last.”
Stacey Mccabe Jentz Male Grooming, East Kilbride
Jamie Stuart Barberdoo, Edinburgh
Davie Walker Davie The Barbers, Paisley www.SalonNV.co.uk | 71
BarberNV.
2
3
By now you should have already started working on your summer body, so it’s time to turn your attention to getting that perfect summer hair.
1
T
o get the lowdown on this season’s big styles, we spoke to Aileen Nunez, Andis’s International Manager of Education and Style Aileen Nunez, and Daren ‘Baldy’ Kenny and Kieron Price from Baldy’s Barbers in Aylesbury for their insights into the key trends for spring/summer 2016. The recent renaissance in barbering popularity has been rooted in the return of classic haircuts, and Baldy believes that’s set to continue. “Traditional styles for all ages will still be strong,” he says, “particularly pompadours, slick backs and side parts.” “For younger clients, the tousled, textured messy look will be prominent too. Teaming this with drop fades and surgical lines will be a huge trend for this season.” His fellow Andis educator Kieron agrees and offers some advice on the best equipment to use to get your desired results. “The Andis
US Pro Clipper and/or Fade Clipper achieve a smooth drop fade, while the Slimline Li Trimmer creates a clean surgical line. Using these tools in combination creates the perfect cut and precision trimming required for these styles.” When it comes to facial hair, Aileen believes smooth stubble will be the look of the season, predicting “clean-shaven faces will be bang on trend, while keeping general scruffiness to a minimum. Beards are not out of vogue, but there will be new variations on facial hair trends and Andis trimmers will help barbers deliver these looks. The new Pro Foil Lithium Shaver is a great tool in this aspect.” The return of the clean-shaven look may be a blessing for the baby-faces among us, but it’s encouraging to know that a good beard will never go out of style - we never complain about a new twist on a classic.
For younger clients, the tousled, textured messy look will be prominent too. Teaming this with drop fades and surgical lines will be a huge trend for this season 72 | SalonNV Magazine
BarberNV.
fudge professional team up with mazella & palmer
N
ing First Class equisites to the und the world.
www.
ot scared to push the boundaries of art and hairdressing, Fudge Professional have collaborated with Mazella & Palmer to showcase a new collection of styles. Artwear takes its inspiration from conceptual 3D fashion, and blurs the lines between art, sculpture, and performance to come up with the new looks. Influenced by the work of artist Rebecca Horn and the way she extends and manipulates shapes using the body as ca wearable a p t a isculpture, n f a wMazella c e t t& .Palmer com combined it with the clothes of designers such as Issey Miyake, Comme des Garcons, and Pierre Cardin. This particular collection focuses on
the Fudge Professional Headpaint colours and uses softer shapes and outlines, with flowing disconnected layers to give movement to the hair. John Vial, Creative Director at Fudge Professional, said, “If I was to describe the new collection in three words it would be: graphic, technical and rich.” It’s clear to see the effect of Fudge’s new Headpaint Oz Rocks Intense Reds colour pallet in the clean blondes and silvers, giving true tones and long lasting shine. Hair: Mazella & Palmer International Creative Team for Fudge Professional Photography: Elliott Morgan Products: Fudge Professional
FAWCETT BEARD & MOUSTACHE COMPETITION in association with Captain Fawcett, BarberNV, Sid Sottung & Banks Barbershop Get your hands on these great Captain Fawcett goodies by showing off your best #FawcettFaceFur. Send @barbernvmagazine your pics on Instagram and tag judges @sidsottungacademy, @banksbarbershopuk, @captainfawcett and the best one will claim the prize. Don’t forget the #FawcettFaceFur hashtag.
PRIZE: I am Captain Fawcett Leather Wash/Barbers Tool Bag along with a Ricki Hall Booze & Baccy Gift set that includes both a Ricki Hall Moustache Wax & Ricki Hall 50 ml Beard Oil and a Captain Fawcett T Shirt. Total retail value of over £150.00.
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 73
Step-by-step guide
TrainingNV
BarberNV columnist Sid Sottung shows you how to recreate an iconic style utilising Lock Stock & Barrel’s British-made product range. 74 | SalonNV Magazine
This style draws inspiration from the prestigious 80s ‘preppy’ US subculture. By utilising light texturising techniques, the cut maintains a strong shape but with swift movement.
TrainingNV
Here is how Sid created the easy to wear style...
2
Create a graduated cutting line using diagonal sections, elevating the hair between sections.
1
Disconnect a horseshoe section around the head by starting at the crown and following the parietal ridge.
Swept back 3
Continue the sections towards the back, decreasing your elevation towards the nape.
4
Repeat the same procedure on the other side. Always be mindful of the internal balance of the cut.
8
Refine the internal shape utilising scissor over comb techniques.
Refine the external shape, using trimmers for the perimeter.
9
Blow dry the hair, again using a flat brush. Remove excessive weight cusing texturising techniques. When using the slicing technique, remove the weight in the direction the hair falls.
10
5
Apply Lock Stock and Barrel Preptonic throughout the hair. Using a flat brush, blow dry the hair that has just been cut.
Apply Lock Stock and Barrel Pucka Grooming Creme and style the hair accordingly.
Proceed to the disconnected panel on top. Take sections across the head to form a square vertical shape. Create a triangular horizontal shape by maintaining greater length at the front.
TrainingNV
TR AINING
THE TRAINING C O M PA N Y
Training shouldn’t end at the college gates – a sentiment that is being echoed throughout the industry at the moment and one company who have embraced this idea is the aptly named The Training Company. 76 | SalonNV Magazine
SalonNV caught up with Managing Director Libby Trimble to find out more. It was Libby’s mum who originally started the company in Surrey, but when Libby moved to Scotland in 2009, she recognised there was a demand for quality training and she took over the business in 2010. While the beauty industry may have been in her blood, Libby didn’t rush to step into the salon or training field initially. In fact, she became a forensic scientist! The career change has been quite a shift but one she is embracing as business couldn’t be better. So what does the Training Company offer?
TrainingNV
Libby told us: “At The Training Company we combine the latest and most innovative products, with the expertise of our leading technicians and trainers to advance the nail and beauty industry to its limits. “We offer courses on everything from 3D/4D brows and manicures, to hair refresher courses and styling skills, barbering and wet shaving. “The Training Company is somewhere people attend to either advance the skills they have already built up through college or working in the salon, or to learn a new skill they can use to expand their own business, or simply make use of at home.” She continued: “We cater for all ages, but find most of our pupils are in their late twenties to early forties.” The beauty of The Training Company is that the flexible courses mean you can update your skill base without having to take the time out to return to college. Many courses require just 1 or 2 days or for NVQ/SVQ a few days training each month, over a period of three to four months to complete, with a recognised qualification at the end.
From single days to SVQs; the courses are run by over 30 professional technicians and therapists across the country. Libby said: “We are accredited by the nail and beauty industry governing bodies including The Beauty Guild and Professional Beauty and, once you have completed your course successfully, the certificate obtained will enable you to obtain insurance for you and your salon through any of these associations.” “As a VTCT and SQA Approved centre we can also offer all of our students the opportunity to obtain an NVQ or SVQ in some or all of these subject areas..” With almost 2,000 people taking part in courses each year, what are the benefits? 40-year-old Melanie Louise Heritage has taken part in numerous courses at The Training Company, including Manicure & Pedicure, Gel Polish, Acrylic Enhancements, Gel Enhancements and VTCT Level 2 Nail Technology. “I completed all the above courses over eleven months,” she told us. “My training with The Training Company has led to me becoming a self-employed Nail Technician offering mobile appointments and, more often now, appointments from my home based ‘Nail Room’. It has been a complete career change for me that I decided to undertake after having a few years away from work while my children were young. I am now my own boss doing something I love and am in complete control of when I work, allowing me to fit my career around my children.” 25-year-old Jennifer Macfarlane completed the NVQ Level 2 Nail Services course over three months, part-time. She said: “I started off as receptionist and I am now a nail technician and eager to further my skills with more speciality courses in nails such as sculpting and competition style enhancements, as well as 3D nail art.” 37-year-old Janeen Mackey has completed a range of courses, from NVQ level 2 Beauty Therapy and hot stone massage to gel polish. “I chose the company because the training is outstanding and the tutors help you through everything and have lots of information about every treatment. You get tested on every treatment and health and safety which is really good, plus there is ongoing support after you’ve finished your course which is brilliant.” Libby is proud of what the company has achieved and rightly so. Not only do they help so many to advance/get into their chosen career; The Training Company has managed to avoid the effect of the economic downturn. She said: “Demand for courses has continued to grow, with many people looking to beauty as a side line to boost their income.” Find out more about the centres and The Training Company at ttc.me.uk.
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 77
TrainingNV
TM
SalonSpy has recognised the importance of creating an online community to utilise the power of word of mouth to benefit both salon owners and consumers SalonSpy provides listings for every salon and spa in the UK and offers an interactive platform to post salon reviews and create local rankings. Recently SalonSpy have teamed up with both i-Salon and Salon Genius software systems to provide their customers with a platform to generate, host and manage their reviews. Not only that, but we will also ask the client to recommend a friend to the salon, best of all, this is free to i-Salon & Salon Genius users.
salonspy.co.uk | [email protected] The Training Company Training for the professionals
20% DISCOUNT FOR SALONNV READERS Visit us at the Scottish Beauty Show (Stand B48).
Ha ir
Courses
Beauty Courses
Tel. 0843 289 5511 | Email. [email protected] 18a Ellismuir House, Ellismuir Way, Tannochside Business Park, Uddingston, G71 5PW
www.thetrainingcompany.me.uk
Beauty | Tra in ing | Excellence
Beauty Works Professional have added an Ultimate Tape course to their 2016 education program for students learning to apply hair extensions. Led by their national educator with over 10 years’ experience, the course will cover all aspects of application, styling and colouring techniques and demonstrate all the essential techniques in applying the latest tape technology with Beauty Works Invisi Tape and Invisi Weft. The revolutionary new system is said to allow users to add extensions in minutes, meaning you can create full fringes, layers, and a full head of extensions in under an hour. To book and to check when the course is coming to an area near you, visit www.beautyworkspro.co.uk
www.SalonNV.co.uk | 81
|
Hairdresser
|
This woman was chief designer with the 'Chloe' fashion house from 1997 to 2001 before taking up an appointment with 'Gucci'. She married Alasdair Willis in 2003. Who is she?
|
Latest 7: No. 622 by Latest Homes - issuu
issuu
001_LS622_cover_editorial cover 28/03/2013 17:43 Page 1
the city & news magazine for brighton & hove www.thelatest.co.uk City Of... Pride
Jonesy & Torsten Hojer are joined by special guest Miss Jason in our new show
★ jobs ★ food ★ news ★ listings ★ tv guid ★ 2 – 8 April 2013
FREE WEEKLY
WORLD CLASS The Amex Stadium plays host to England U21s
VINTAGE STYLE 1960s fashion with Tramp Vintage Boutique & more HAPPY BIRTHDAY CHAULA’S! Brighton’s popular Indian restaurant, one year on
Glamour & glitz Hair-raising excitement at Forde Hair page 15
Latest 210x297mm-1903:Layout 1
MICHAEL BALL Fri 3 May Tickets £37.50
THE RAT PACK LIVE Sat 4 May Tickets £26.00 & £27.50
LEONA LEWIS Sun 5 May Tickets £35.00, £45.00 & £55.00
EDDIE IZZARD Tue 7-Wed 8 May & Sat 1-Sun 2 June Tickets £35.00
HAPPY MONDAYS Sun 26 May Tickets £32.50
KILLER QUEEN Thur 6 June Tickets £ 18.50 & £25.00
MOODY BLUES Fri 21 June Tickets £39.50
ELVIS COSTELLO Sat 22 Jun Tickets £37.50 & £42.50
STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL Mon 1-Wed 3 July Tickets £19.50, £29.50 & £39.50
DISNEY LIVE Tue 13 & Wed 14 Aug Tickets from £18.00
JAKE BUGG Tue 22 Oct Tickets £17.50
BILL BAILEY Thur 24 Oct Tickets £25.00
BRIT FLOYD Tue 5 Nov Tickets £10.00, £19.50 & £29.50
DEACON BLUE Sun 1 Dec Tickets £29.50 & £39.50
JOOLS HOLLAND Sat 14 Dec Tickets £35.50
DIVERSITY Sun 15 Dec Tickets £23.50 & £33.50
Visit our website for more information
the centre for live entertainment
for entertainment
box office 0844 847 1515 www.brightoncentre.co.uk
003_LS622_contents_Contents 28/03/2013 17:45 Page 1
2013 thelatest.co.uk
@latestbrighton
02–08 APRIL 2013
Online now: Reviews of recent shows, giveaways and celebrity interviews Attention bands! Get involved with the Latest Brighton Download Latest Chart. Email [email protected]
All the latest homes are on latesthomes.co.uk
www.facebook.com/thelatest7
CONTENTS NEWS & COMMENT
City of... Pride In our new show, presenters Steve ‘Jonesy’ Jones and Torsten Hojer are joined by special guest Miss Jason, looking at everything LGBT and Q in Brighton and around the world. Find out more about Brighton Pride 2013 and what’s going on over Easter and beyond. Meanwhile, last week Jonesy and Latest TV were joined by Rizzle Kicks for a special Shakedown Festival photocall. The grey winter (spring?!) day didn’t deter our stars from heading out to Stanmer Park. Watch our shows at www.thelatest.tv
With over 3,400 local properties, more Brighton & Hove homes than any other property website
05 Latest People All the photos from this week’s events 06 Latest Brighton & Hove News How safe are our churches? 06 Brighton & Hove City Council Big Dig Week 2013 07 Marina Life Food deals and live entertainment at Hotel Seattle 08 Latest Seagulls England U21s, Gus, Peter Ward and ‘Runningdan’ 10 Andrew Kay Raising capital – the Andrew way 11 Celeb City Dermot O’Leary, Zayn Malik, Rylan and Snoop Dogg 12 Brighton Writes Christina is inspired to make meetings more efficient; Lynn Ruth on the rise of the ‘smother mother’ and Vanessa looks at poetry vs Pop Idol
For details of advertising opportunities with latesthomes.co.uk please contact the advertising team on 01273 818150 [email protected]
16 Bare Cheek The history of the Kitkat; £5 Fringe returns
LIFESTYLE 14 Fashion Tramp Vintage and 1960s Mad Men style
@LatestTVBtn
latesthomes.co.uk/brighton
14 On the cover: Forde Hair A second salon for Forde Hair in Brighton 18 Andrew Kay’s Food & Drink Andrew celebrates Chaula’s first birthday in Brighton 18 Hotlist Places to dine, plus wholesale tea and coffee
WHAT’S ON
Tenderhooks + The Move-ons + The Wildflowers Friday 5 April, 8.30pm, £5
Latest Group
Latest 7/Homes
Managing Director Bill Smith Business Director Angi Mariani Production Director Fiona McTernan Finance Manager Sharon Caple Accounts & administration Claire Peerless Creative Director Andrew Kay
Editor Zara Baker Art Director Stephen King Entertainment & Production Editor Victoria Nangle Music Editor Jeff Hemmings
19 Reviews; Bookings; Latest Brighton Download Chart Skunk Anansie, Kimmy Carr, Birdsong and more
Love Music Hate Racism Some of our city’s best musicians send out a united message of opposition to racism, homophobia and other forms of hatred. Sunday 7 April, 7.30pm, £5 Staff writers Sade Ali Mark Brailsford Jo Brooks Holly Cozens Molly Malone Richard Hearn Brian Mitchell Joseph Nixon Lynn Ruth Miller Vanessa Austin Locke Christina Toimela
Sub Editor Rachel Junior Design Anand Day Photography Diana Frangi Illustrator Paul Lewis
Latest News Frank le Duc Jenni Davidson Jay Legate (Sport)
Website & IT Tom Scrace Lisa Yousefi
Latest TV
thelatest.tv David Cuff Andy Nicholls
William Ranieri Val Aviv Sue Bradley Yuki Stephenson Christina Toimela
Latest MusicBar Ruth Ratner James Charter Stella Pitt Ali Cluney-Hickford Steve Parfrement
3 FOR 2 TAPAS
t
20 What’s On; Brighton After Dark Theatre Royal Brighton’s summer season, music at Brighton Fringe, Red Dwarf star Robert Llewellyn 26 Stars; Telly Talk; TV listings Horoscopes; Doctor Who; seven-day TV listings
Editorial: [email protected] Advertising: [email protected] Latest Homes, Unit 1, Level 5 North, New England House New England Street, Brighton BN1 4GH
To advertise call 01273 818150
Applies to MAIN MENU only - Terms & Conditions apply
10-11 King's Road, Brighton East Sussex BN1 1NE
TEL. 01273 328672 www.aguadulce.co.uk
Monday & Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
5.30pm > 11.00pm 2.30pm > 11.00pm 2.30pm > 6.30pm 2.30pm > 6.30pm 1.00pm > 6.00pm 1.00pm > 9.30pm
When you have finished with this magazine please recycle it.
Live Flamenco on Thursdays
Family friendly, unique house recipes and the warmest Andalucian welcome in Brighton
004_LS622_sports (Bill) grand hotel_011_LS466_interview 28/03/2013 16:17 Page 1
04
THE GRAND HOTEL SPORT
Perfect catch
way! We have had a lot of locals come in and eat here which is great as we want GB1 to be seen as a restaurant in its own right, and not just for guests at the hotel. “My favourite dish? It has to be Piri Piri sea bass with prawns and a side of samphire and bacon. Delicious.” GB1 is open daily. To book call 01273 224300 or email [email protected]
Behind the scenes of The Grand, Brighton with Sous Chef Gede Gestrapatra
W
elcome to A Grand Place to Work. The £5 million revamp of the iconic Grand Hotel on the seafront is nearly finished, and we find out what the refurbishment means to the staff at The Grand, as well as the people of Brighton. This week, Latest 7 hears from Sous Chef of The Grand’s GB1 restaurant, Gede Gestrapatra. “I have been at The Grand for nearly seven years, and I have been sous chef in the kitchen for two. I’m originally from Lombok in Indonesia and came to study an NVQ in food preparation and cooking in Brighton. It was my wife, who’s English, who inspired me to start cooking – she’s a real foodie. “My day starts at 10am when we prep the kitchen and get a phone call from our suppliers at Shoreham telling us what fish they have caught. We also find out what the catch of the day will be and we spend the morning building a dish around it, as well as experimenting with new dishes. We then open for lunch at 1pm and don’t stop until about 11.30pm! There is normally about seven or eight of us in the kitchen so it’s fairly hectic, and
“We find out what the catch of the day will be and spend the morning building a dish around it” there is always one or two chefs on the crustacea bar. The crustacea bar sits pride of place in the middle of the restaurant, and guests have the option to eat at it and watch the seafood being prepared.
“The main thing that has changed about my job since GB1 opened is the huge variety of dishes on the menu that I now get to cook, including lobster and tikka marinated monkfish, as well as the grill which serves fillet steaks, in case people don’t like fish. We figured out that with all the different ways we can cook the fish, someone could eat here every day for weeks and never have the same dish twice! As everything on the menu is so fresh, it will change with the seasons every three to four months. We also do a brilliant Sunday roast; beef, pork, chicken and catch of the day, with all the trimmings. All of our meat, like the fish, is locally sourced. “I would love to see GB1 build a reputation as being the best seafood restaurant in Brighton, though the customer feedback we’ve had so far suggests we are already well on our
The Grand, 97–99 King’s Road, Brighton, BN1 2FW, 01273 224300 www.devere-hotels.co.uk/thegrand
Kick off The Amex Stadium plays host to international football
F
or the second time in its brief existence, The American Express Community Stadium hosted international football on the evening of Monday 25 March. Stuart Pearce’s England Under-21s played their final warm-up game prior to this summer’s European Championships against Austria Under21s at the home of Brighton & Hove Albion. Pearce is no stranger to the city, having played at The Goldstone Ground on several occasions, but he is clearly impressed with the facilities at The Amex. “This stadium is not just Premiership class to be fair, it’s a world class stadium and facility and the Brighton public are very fortunate to have something of this stature. “We’re very fortunate to have had a stadium like this to play in.” England Under-21s captain Jordan Henderson is also a man used to playing in state-of-the-art facilities, as he currently plies his trade at Anfield with Liverpool, but he too commented on the quality of The Seagulls’ home: “When you first drive in you see how good the stadium looks. The pitch has been brilliant and the facilities inside are brilliant as well.” Looking ahead to the summer’s European Championships in Israel, Pearce discussed the addition of Everton captain Phil Neville to his coaching team.
Tim, Joseph and Stuart Pearce
“This stadium is not just Premiershp class – it’s world class” “Phil will come with the real passion and a real pride to be part of the Under-21 set up. “If we can help him in any way to improve himself as a coach and go on to coaching/management all well and good.” England will head to Israel as one of the favourites on the back of a record-breaking run of eight games without conceding a goal and confidence within the squad is high. Pearce told us: “We’re going to win it but I would fully expect several other nations to come with the same mentality.”
Tim, Joseph and Jordan Henderson
Henderson added: “Going into the summer we’ll take each game as it comes. We’ve got some fantastic players, we’re a fantastic team so hopefully we can do really well in the summer.”
005_LS622_latest people_Social Diary 28/03/2013 17:34 Page 3
latestPEOPLE
LATEST PEOPLE 05
Octonauts arrive in Brighton, City College Hair Show, The Kitchen Store & charity quiz for Rockinghorse City College Hair Show Spectacular
City College Brighton & Hove held their annual Hair Show Spectacular on 21 March. The theme this year was 'Futuristic Follies', a production by students from Level 1, 2 and 3, 14-16 year olds through to 19+. The show also raised money for the Sussex Macmillian Cancer Support Centre. This year special guest hairdresser Michael Andre (brother of Peter Andre) handed out the prizes to the students and guest judges from salons, Vidal Sassoon, Pivot Point Salonability, and Toni and Guy. Words and photos: Diana Frangi
HAIR HAIR Sarg Models: Katrina Warriner, Bridie-May Marchant, Samantha Sargent
Octonauts land at Brighton Marina Captain Barnacles and Peso, heroes of the Octonauts crew, arrived in Brighton last Thursday in dramatic style. The larger-than-life characters from CBeebies hit series Octonauts arrived by powerboat at Brighton Marina, courtesy of Brighton Water Tours. Toddlers from the Brighton Day Nursery were on the jetty to greet them and were eager to meet their underwater heroes. “We’re hosting Captain Barnacles and Peso at the Sea Life Centre for three weeks from 23 March to 14 April,” explained Sea Life’s Laura Sackett. Brighton is the first stop on a nationwide tour by the Octonauts and it seemed only proper that they should make their entrance by sea. www.visitsealife.com/Brighton
The Kitchen Store The Kitchen Store saw the opening of their new showroom in The Old Shoreham Road, Hove on 21 March. The company has been designing and creating beautiful kitchens since 2004. Today the Kitchen Store is operating from the Manhattan Furniture Factory in Lancing where they hold a huge range of quality Sussex built kitchens. They also offer a product service to help source parts, accessories, extras units, appliances, worktops and doors for existing owners of
Kelly Scales (Vivid Brighton), Haley Greenfield (staff), Maria Stewart (staff)
Mike Flynn (www.tiledepot.co.uk), Emily Jenner (staff), Simon Baltazar (Sstaff)
HAIR Curr HAIR
Model Amy Hennessy (Best in Show)
Catwalk
Manhattan kitchens available by phone and online. www.thekitchenstore.co.uk Words and photos: Diana Frangi
Michael Andre (Hairdresser), Rachel Turner (Head of hairdressing)
Local businesses raise thousands at charity quiz Jan Hunsballie (Director), Alan Margetts (Managing director).
A local children’s charity raised £7,000 from its annual quiz night to help sick children in Sussex. Brighton based Rockinghorse held the Big Kidz Cartoon Quiz at Sussex County Cricket Club in Hove on Thursday 21 March. The event was attended by 250 local business men and women. Sponsored by Leaders
Yolanda Carella (Student Stylist), Francis Franklin (Director of Curriculum), Hollie Wilkison (Best in Show winner)
lettings agents, the theme of the evening was kids’ cartoons from across the eras. Money was raised on the night through ticket sales as well as a number of fundraising games, including a raffle, auction and a tree of life which included prizes donated from key Rockinghorse supporters and Sussex businesses. To get involved in future Rockinghorse events, please visit www.rockinghorse.org.uk. Photos: Chris Demott
Mark Davies (Design manager), Cat Scopes (Design consultant), Kevin Allen (Design consultant)
Sam Sheppard (Wharf Solid Surface), Tony Staniland (Wharf Solid Surface), Derek Churchill (Southern Counties Glass)
HAIR hair
Joanne Darroch, David Thorne and Martina Packham from Leaders with Ryan Heal, Rockinghorse CEO.
006_007_LS622_newsbigissue_editorial 28/03/2013 17:18 Page 2
06 LATEST NEWS
latest brighton & hove news
How safe are our churches? The stewards of some of our finest buildings face tough choices which will also affect the people they serve of all faiths and none. Frank le Duc reports
B
righton and Hove’s oldest working building stands half way up a hill in Hangleton at the top end of a park. But not for the first time there are fears for the future of the building, St Helen’s Church. A few years ago it was threatened with closure after an official review. And if the priest in charge, Father Keith Perkinton, leaves or retires, the future of St Helen’s will once more be in doubt. Father Keith is quick to point out that he isn’t about to do either. But members of his congregation have set up a support group, Friends of St Helen’s, to try to save the church. The group says on its website: “The Friends of St Helen’s has been set up following the very real threat that, due to our dwindling finances, we may lose our beautiful 11th century medieval church. “Through publicity and events we hope to raise awareness of the plight of St Helen’s and the importance of keeping it open as a full time place of worship and community. Our aim is to increase our finances sufficiently to ensure that Brighton and Hove’s oldest building is maintained for those who love it today and for future generations.”
Many in the Church of England (CofE) are quick to point out that a church is more than the building where the congregation meets to worship. But for most people the church is a physical building and often an old and beautiful building at that. Father Keith said: “We���re guardians of a very special building. It’s quite a responsibility. It’s a very strong building. I believe that a building that was made for worship should be kept for worship. Churches can be sermons in stone and actually say something. They’re very powerful pieces of art. We’re using the strength that we have to try to raise awareness of our worshipping community.”
Brighton & Hove City Council leader Jason Kitcat on Big Dig Week
fruit growing. In the process, they were able to learn about urban spaces near their homes, try out produce grown in the city and learn new gardening skills. And the help offered by local people will have given many projects a big boost in their final preparations for the spring season. There are over 60 community gardens across Brighton & Hove, all run by local volunteers. They offer the chance for people to learn skills and knowledge about food and where it comes from. But they also are an opportunity for people to meet and socialise, as well as give something to their local community Many pieces of derelict or otherwise unused land are becoming productive
M
arch saw over 20 local volunteer-run food growing projects open their gates to fledgling green-fingered enthusiasts as part of the nationwide Big Dig Week (16–24 March). Big Dig Week coincides with the start of the growing season and is supported locally by Harvest Brighton & Hove, which supports community gardens and helps people grow their own food. Despite the damp start, city residents flocked to activities across the city, including building vertical salad gardens, wild flower sowing and
Community central Like many of Brighton and Hove’s churches, it is open to community activities involving many people who are not religious and do not go to church on a Sunday. At St Helen’s a kindergarten meets five days a week in the church hall in Hangleton Way. Father Keith is also keen for the church itself to be open more often during the day as a place for “quiet silent prayer”. He has left the building open in the past but it was damaged.
And like many of Brighton and Hove’s churches, St Helen’s is keen to pay its financial way. When the last formal review was published, in March 2005, it made worrying reading for parishioners. There are now a few more members on the church’s electoral roll – almost 100 – and they contribute more than in the past. The parish contribution to the diocese – the church’s area office – was assessed as £60,000 last year. Few churches in Brighton and Hove pay the full amount. Instead the Diocese of Chichester – which includes the deaneries of Brighton and Hove – uses its reserves to make up the shortfall. The contribution goes towards the cost of paying the clergy, including a rising sum for pensions. It also covers the cost of housing, training and church insurance. But the diocese recorded a £440,000 shortfall last year. Before long it may have to take radical steps.
Over-churched?
the big issue “I don’t know whether we can save the building. It’s a huge job. But I do know we’ve got to build the congregation”
The review that shocked parishioners at St Helen’s also served as a wake up call to many others in the area. There are about 50 CofE churches in Brighton and Hove – a few less than when the 2005 review was published – and many churches belonging to other denominations. But despite a small number of closures, the area is still regarded as “over-churched”. Some priests now look after more than one church and others share a team or group ministry. Many rent out space to community groups or host events such as concerts. At St John the Baptist in Hove the church leases space for the St John’s Centre and Café to Brighton and Hove City Council which outsources it to a charity called Impact. The centre caters for over-60s. And another part of the church has been set aside for the Cornerstone Community Centre. The Rev Paul Doick has been at St John’s for almost eight years. He
said: “We’ve inherited these wonderful buildings that were put up in Brighton and Hove generally by the Victorians who had this wonderful foresight that every community should have a church and a pub. But I wish I could spend less time worrying about the maintenance of the building. “We’ve been left with a legacy. The churches that survive will be those which don’t just have a worshipping community. They will be the ones
spaces that everyone can enjoy. One of the first projects open during the week was the London Road Station Garden. What used to be a barren strip of land is has now been overhauled and given a new lease of life by volunteers, who, prepared beds and sowed salad vegetables. If you weren’t able to pop along, don’t worry – many community
gardens run open days throughout the year, and are always looking for new volunteers to drop in and help out while learning new skills. For more information on community gardens and food growing, and to find your nearest community garden, visit Harvest Brighton & Hove at www.harvest-bh.org.uk
006_007_LS622_newsbigissue_editorial 28/03/2013 17:11 Page 3
LATEST NEWS 07
Marina Life Brighton Marina’s Kirsty Pollard looks at food deals & live entertainment at Hotel Seattle here is a lot going on at Hotel Seattle this Spring! Saturday night is Steak Night at the Seattle restaurant when you and one other person can enjoy two delicious steaks and a bottle of house wine for just £25.
T
Paul Doick at St John the Baptist St Peter’s Church
Phil Ritchie of All Saints with curate Talisker MacLeod
used by the wider community. When you’re working in partnership with the community it helps.” While the church membership has roughly doubled to 140 over the past ten years, the building is now used by about 1,500 people a week from the immediate area. He said that St John’s had been helped with its building restoration by a grant of about £100,000 from English Heritage and a contribution from the National Churches Trust. And that the general financial position had improved. But as a former banker Mr Doick is under no illusions about the challenges faced
by his church and others. He said: “The important thing for us is that the church is there to serve the whole community. We are here for everybody whether they have a faith or none.”
Money worries At All Saints in The Drive, in Hove, Father Phil Ritchie said: “We need to spend about £250,000 on the roof. Other than that, we’re not in bad nick. We operate at a very big deficit and we can only do that for a couple more years before we don’t have any money at all. Our problem is that we’re
St Helens
a massive church in a city where largely people don’t go to church. “The reality is that we’ve got a big building that can comfortably seat 800 people and we get about 140 on a Sunday. They’re mostly old people or young families, neither of whom have much money. We’re trying to make it more of a venue and have events but that comes at a cost. How much is faith connected to these buildings? Should we move out and leave them to other people to look after? Can these dry bones live? The answer is, we don’t know.” It’s a question that was faced by the landmark St Peter’s Church in Brighton which for a long time it had a dwindling congregation. It brought to mind the Bible verse about two or three gathered in my name. A young and energetic team arrived in November 2009 led by the Rev Archie Coates. They have begun a transformation. From a couple of dozen worshippers, the numbers attending three services on an average Sunday now reach 600 to 700. They raised £150,000 towards match-funding an English Heritage grant to make the building and its roof watertight. More work is needed. St Peter’s pays its way under an agreement that was reached when Mr Coates arrived. The church had been declared redundant and had been subject to a campaign to save it as a place of worship. Some feared it would be demolished. Many who campaigned were not churchgoers but people who appreciated the beauty of the building, designed by Parliament’s architect Charles Barry. Like his counterparts across the area Mr Coates has put a great deal of effort into Holy Week and Easter celebrations. But it’s hard to put money and building work completely out of mind. He said: “We don’t hold any reserves. We’ve got about three months’ money in the bank. It keeps me accountable to the church! I don’t know whether we can save the building because it’s a huge job but I do know that we’ve got to build the congregation.” ■
The traditional Sunday lunch menu offers two courses for £13.50 or three courses for £16.50, with children (under 12) eating free when accompanied by a paying adult. On Saturday 20 April is the first fabulous Tea Dance between 2pm and 4pm. There are monthly Tea Dance afternoons planned on Saturday 18 May and Saturday 15 June 2013. At just £10 per person this event includes a delicious afternoon tea! The tea dance will be held in the restaurant and hosted by Stuart Barrett, Associate of Imperial Society of Teachers of Dance with Lizzie Abrahams, Sussex Swing. They will lead a 1940s dance class and play classic music of the era. No partner is required. Each month they will alternate classes between Traditional Waltz, Lindy Hop and Swing. Meanwhile, get into full swing in the Seattle Bar with happy hour everyday, 5pm–9.30pm, with selected cocktails just £10 for two.
New are the Seattle sessions, Open Mic nights on Thursday 11 and Thursday 25 April. The fun starts in the bar at 7.30pm showcasing Brighton’s vibrant music scene. Here you can unwind with an evening of live music, acoustic singer-songwriters at their very best. It’s the perfect atmosphere for a drink or two with friends.
Kirsty Pollard, Brighton Marina’s Marketing and Events Manager [email protected] www.brightonmarina.co.uk
www.brightonmarina.co.uk ONE MILE EAST OF BRIGHTON PIER – NO 7 BUS SHOPS BOWLING CINEMA FITNESS HOTEL CASINO BARS RESTAURANTS SAIL FISH DIVE BOAT TRIPS
008_LS622_albion_editorial 28/03/2013 11:03 Page 2
08
latest SEAGULLS Up the Albion!
official sponsor of
www.seagulls.co.uk
Dan running alongside Tony Bloom, chairman of Brghton & Hove Albion and Paul Barber, chief executive of Brighton & Hove Albion in the final hours of his world record attempt
Mark Brailsford on England, Gus & Leicester
G
us stays! Well, sort of. Much as the majority of Albion’s fans accept that Gus will always be linked to managerial vacancies when they arise, the news that Poyet might have moved to Reading came as a bit of a shock. To most fans it looked a sideways move at best, a team probably heading for relegation, with a new and inexperienced owner and let's be honest, not as nice a stadium. Thankfully, Gus opted to stay at a club that looks a safer bet to help him achieve his stated aim of managing in the Premier League. What this brief dalliance with Reading does indicate may be of more significance in the close season when several clubs might cast a roving eye over our Gus. Whatever happens, one day Gus Poyet will go and good luck to him when he does. He would have done a quite magnificent job and with a new training ground, a patient chairman (not many of those to a pound) and a fantastic stadium, the next incumbent might be even more special. Let’s enjoy his presence while it lasts and think of what greatness awaits for his eventual successor. The future’s bright, the future’s Ole Gunnar Solskjaer. You read it here first.
England U21 England Vs Austria Photo: Paul Hazlewood
Once again, The Amex played host to the FA as the Under 21’s took on Austria in a friendly which brings back some fond memories for fans of a certain vintage. The last time Albion hosted an U21 international, a certain Mr P. Ward featured for England and scored a classic hat trick, left foot, right foot, header. “The last time Albion hosted More of that later. The young England Lions have made it to an U21 international, a certain the U21 finals in Mr Ward featured and scored Israel and Stuart Pearce’s team are a classic hat trick” one of the favourites for what is set to be a fiercely contested U21 European Championship. This young England team are not as callow as some teams have been in the past which is a reflection of the faith shown in Stuart Pearce who has managed the U21’s under three different senior managers. Some of his charges have full England honours such as Jordan Henderson (Liverpool), Raheem Sterling (Liverpool), Danny Rose (Spurs but on loan to Sunderland), Andros Townsend (QPR) and my personal favourite, Andre Wisdom (Liverpool), who one hopes and prays answers to the nickname ‘Norman’. This is an experienced squad for its age, and, with the seniors struggling for defenders at times, Steven Caulker, a scorer for the full England team at the Euro’s, will feel unlucky not to have been in Montenegro playing alongside Rooney, Gerrard et al. These occasions are relaxed affairs, often with younger fans getting their first taste of International football. Some of the players on show will be gracing the bedroom walls of many a youngster in the coming years as they mature and play for not only the full England side, but the top Premier League teams. An impressive 20,000 crowd enjoyed the occasion, although the football left a little to be desired with rather too much long ball action for the spoiled Amex regulars more used to the pass and move, technical game played by Albion. Which brings me nicely back to young master Ward. What a contrast between the strikers of then and now. Ward, the svelte magician, circa 1977 vs the 2013 version Connor Wickham, a strapping carthorse of a man who to everyones amazement in the stadium, walked off with the man of match award. Albion fans would have enjoyed having the U21’s at the Amex, although the reliance on the long ball makes Albion’s style of play look like Spain on a good day, much like that magical night at The Goldstone back in ‘77.
news ‘Runningdan’ breaks World Record! After nearly seven days of blood, sweat and tears, Albion In The Community’s Dan Lawson finally broke the world record for the longest distance run on a treadmill in a week in the early hours of Saturday 23 March at a packed Jubilee Square. The 40-year-old from Hove, who was joined on treadmills in the final hours of his quest by Brighton & Hove Albion chairman Tony Bloom and club chief executive, Paul Barber, ran 518 miles to beat the previous record of 517.63 miles set last year by Sharon Gayter, a lecturer at Teeside University. Nearly 200 people ran alongside Dan during the week on treadmills in a specially designed marquee to raise money for Albion In The Community projects aimed at reducing childhood obesity and increasing physical
Photo: courtesy of AITC
activity for children. During his mammoth run which began at 6.30am on Saturday 16 March Dan burned off nearly 60,000 calories and pounded the treadmill for up to 15 hours a day, surviving on as little as five hours sleep a night. “I knew it would be tough, but I had no idea how physically and mentally demanding it was going to be,” says Dan. “But it has been an amazing experience and I have been overwhelmed by the support I have had from everyone.” Albion Chairman Tony Bloom adds: “What Dan has achieved is remarkable. Everyone at Brighton & Hove Albion and Albion In The Community is immensely proud of him. Dan is hoping his world record run will raise £10,000 for AITC. Sponsor him at http://uk.virginmoneygiving.com (enter ‘Dan’s Dare’) and by following Dan on Twitter @therunningdan. More news at www.seagulls.co.uk
Leicester City – home After easily beating that other lot from ‘sarf London, let’s hope we get more of a game from a top six team this time around (removes tongue from cheek). Only joking, although I must confess to enjoying the highlights of the victory over Crystal Palace on several occasions during the international break. If that match felt like the match of the season so far, then the upcoming fixture against a faltering Leicester City now takes on that status, with the bonus of the game being a classic six pointer. Leicester City’s desperation to get promoted to the Premier League has been well documented and with impatient owners, the pressure now seems to be seeping into the team judging by their recent run of poor form. If Albion are to make the play-offs then a win at fortress Amex against Leicester will go a long way towards Gus Poyet justifying his decision not to succumb to the delights of life in the M4 corridor. Should win, might win, musn’t lose. 0-0 written all over it. Words: Mark Brailsford
009_LS622_ Wired Sx_Wired Sussex 3-13 27/03/2013 16:27 Page 1
Studio Manager – Clearleft (Brighton and Hove) Learning and Development Systems Coordinator – John Wiley and Sons Ltd (Chichester) Technical Web Developer (esp Drupal) – Cogapp (Brighton and Hove) .NET Developers – Darwin Consultants Ltd (Brighton and Hove) Digital Project Executive – Friday Media Group (Sayers Common, Nr Brighton) PR Account Executive – Wildwood PR Ltd (Horsham) Front End Web Developer – BozBoz Ltd (Brighton and Hove) Enterprise PHP/JavaScript Developer – Oban Multilingual (Falmer, Brighton) Junior Web Developer – Languagenut Limited (Hassocks)
Gaming Platform Development – develop an interactive educational games based website Graphic Designer – to create a set of datasheets for a new website Re-design of a website – for a site recently moved to Wordpress
The Un-networking Salon – Tuesday 2nd April, from 6pm at The Bar, My Hotel Moodle User Group – Thursday 4th April, 6pm at The Skiff Wired Sussex Members’ Meetup – Tuesday 23rd April, from 5.30pm at Above Audio
010_LS622_kay_Social Diary 28/03/2013 18:08 Page 2
10
Sponsored by Bardsley’s Fish & Chips
Raising CAPITAL W
ith only a brief flirtation with Tolkien in my teens, one that has lasted way into my 50s, I admit, I have had little interest in the world of fantasy. I made a good stab at it when, in my early 30s, I was art director of publishing house Victor Gollancz. There I had to deal with rather a lot of it as the company had a burgeoning list of top ranking fantasy and SF authors. I say SF having once made the mistake of refering to it as sci-fi to the chief SF editor, Malcolm, who looked at me as if I had crawled out from underneath a paving slab. So SF it is, with sci-fi being used strictly for the film genre. At that time I did develop a taste for Dick – Philip K. Dick that is, you bad people, and for J. G. Ballard, a writer of incredible talent whose work crosses over so many barriers. I also developed a love for Terry Pratchett’s Discworld novels. I designed several and in those days commissioned the artwork from the much loved and now missed Josh Kirby. Hard back editions I might add, in those days I had little to do with anything limp. It was then that I gave in to the use of capital letters, Pratchett using them for any dialogue spoken by the character Death. I later accepted the same from Julie Burchill who uses caps to shout, to great effect I think.
After leaving Victor Gollancz I had little to do with SF or fantasy, my new employers, Macmillan, did not seem to think at that point that it was appropriate material.
“Today I have little to do with fantasy, except for my own very private ones that see me relaxing with a huge platter of fruit de mer, now outlawed by the Gout Gestapo”
Today I have little to do with fantasy, except for my own very private ones that see me relaxing with a huge platter of fruit de mer, now outlawed by the Gout Gestapo. Then suddenly I was plunged into a deep world of fantasy that had me reeling. I had returned home to find an envelope waiting for me. It was a quality piece of stationery too. Deep cream, heavily laid paper, an unusually square envelope with a deep pointed flap and my address beautifully printed on the front with a real stamp and not the impersonal imprint of a franking machine. I took it inside, took off my coat and decided that a letter of such class needed serious consideration. So I made a pot of tea, loose leaf of course, in my new Bodum glass and steel teapot, opened a packet of biscuits, to hell with the gout I thought, and settled down on the now collapsing sofa to give the missive due attention. Inside, the letter had been printed on equally smart paper and the letterhead was refined, restrained and stylish. It had an air of seriousness that was both alarming and intriguing. I took a sip of tea and started to read, and, after a few lines I realised that this was the work of a very clever marketing person from a company masquerading as a top end investment company. I was initially cross, I hate cold calling of any kind, but to wrap it in this way really got my goat, that was until I turned to the second piece of paper which was lodged in the fold of a pre-paid return envelope. Here there was a simple form, only a few points and all with tick boxes. I could not resist reading it, and it was there I entered the world of fantasy again after years of absence. Tucked in, a few points down was the simple statement: I have £500,000 pound of capital that I would be interested in investing. How I laughed, so much that I could almost use Dad’s favourite phrase “The tears rolled down my legs”. Half a million, I mean HALF A MILLION (sorry Julie and Terry, needs must and all that). Really, if I had that kind of money bobbing about in my bank account I would no doubt have already sought financial advice. I have not and I cannot imagine why they thought that I might. If anyone wants to gift me that sort of sum I will call these advisors and let them believe that I am interested in using their services – before dumping them and scolding them for their stupidity. I am not that easily led.
Follow me: @latestandrew
011_LS622_celebcity_Celebcity 27/03/2013 16:58 Page 2
CELEBCITY
SPONSORED BY
Celebcity with Jo Brooks Dermot O’Leary & Zoe Ball, Zayn Malik, Rylan, Holly Willoughby, & a cake for Snoop Dogg
11
TREVOR’S TEST
It’s been an amazing week for the team at Trevor Sorbie Brighton. First off, two of the salon team, Jade Hider and Fergal Doyle, were announced as regional finalists in the prestigious L’Oreal Professionnel Colour Trophy Men’s Image Award. This was swiftly followed by Morgan Rhodes, a Director at the salon being appointed to the award-winning Trevor Sorbie Art Team by Trevor himself, who attended Morgan’s ‘Art Team Test’ – a presentation of five models at the Brighton Thistle hotel. In-demand around the world, The Art Team are the artistic elite of Trevor Sorbie’s hairdressers and represent the creative side of Trevor Sorbie. Congratulations to all of you!
RYLAN SUPPORTS EQUALITY WALK
Reality TV darling and friend of Katie Price, Rylan Clark, has spoken of his support for Stonewall’s Brighton Equality Walk, claiming that both he and fellow X Factor contestant – Lucy Spraggan – have been victims of homophobia. “If it’s not challenged and dealt with it can spiral out of control,” explained the Essex born diva, “so we hope everyone will sign up for the walk. It can really make a difference.” Taking place on 5 May the walk seeks to raise funds for the Stonewall’s work tackling anti-gay bullying in schools. To register for the walk visit www.equalitywalk.org.uk or call 020 7593 2294.
CHOCOLATE DREAM
CELEBS LIKE IT POSH
R
ockinghorse Children’s Charity has teamed up with Posh Totty Designs to launch the Rockinghorse charity necklace. The Brighton-based boutique is donating 100 per cent of the profit from each necklace to help sick children in Sussex. The completely unique piece of jewellery has already been seen on radio personality Zoe Ball – who took to Twitter with a picture of herself wearing her personalised Rockinghorse ‘Nelly’ charity necklace earlier this month – and Dermot O’Leary. Pictured with the necklace, Dermot tweeted: “Buy this Rockinghorse Children’s Charity necklace – it’s for CHARITY OK!!” Owner of Posh Totty Designs, Alice River-Cripps, said: “Rockinghorse is a charity close to many parents’ hearts in and around the Sussex area. We are pleased to be able to support them through sales of the necklace.” The Rockinghorse necklace retails at £25 with all profits donated to the charity and can be purchased at either one of the Posh Totty shops or online at www.poshtottydesigns.com
HOLLY’S WONDER(BRA) WOMAN
Holly Willoughby has finally tackled the controversial issue of her mammary glands. Born in Brighton, Holly was voted Most Fanciable at Burgess Hill School way back in 1997. Speaking to the Daily Record last week, before it was announced that she had made Wonderbra’s ‘Cleavage Honours List’ for 2013, the TV host helpfully elucidated: ‘it’s fine, it’s fine – they’re only boobs.” Quite.
Choccywoccydoodah might have baked for some pretty huge celebs already, but big boss Christine has her sights set even higher. Talking with Radio Times recently Christine named Snoop Dogg, Vivienne Westwood and Helena Bonham Carter as her dream clients. We can only imagine what those cakes would look like!
SPOTTED!
Our Emma was beside herself last week after missing her One Direction heartthrob, the one-and-only Zayn Malik, as he popped to Brighton. The tattoo-addict made a trip down to Upper North Street’s Magnum Opus Tattoo parlour to add to his growing collection. Bob Done – tattoo artist to the stars – tweeted a pic of the latest inking which featured a skull in a top hat, smoking a cigar. This marks the star’s 9th body-artwork.
ADELE WATCH According to American gossip mag US Weekly, new mum Adele is planning to marry boyfriend Simon Konecki later this year. An unidentified source close to the star said: “She’s been planning it for a while and is very involved. Simon is the perfect partner and [her son] Angelo is just her life.” Our diaries are blocked out just in case. Have you spotted a celeb in the city? [email protected] Jo Brooks is director of Brighton-based PR company JBPR Ltd, 01273 622555, www.jb-pr.com Send celebrity spots, gossip and pictures to [email protected]
Follow me: latestcelebcity
10% service will be added. Valid Sunday through to Friday until 30th April 2013 excluding bank holidays. Only one voucher per table. Not to be used in conjunction with any other offers.
012_LS622_lynnruthInspireMe_editorial 28/03/2013 11:36 Page 2
12
Inspire Me Christina Toimela on meeting up and making it more efficient
O
I
I know how to do anything – I’m a mom. – Roseanne Barr
Do you know any people who have really inspired you in Brighton? We’re not looking for celebrities. Not ordinary, but extraordinary. Contact Christina: [email protected]
h my God! The ’50s style of mothering is back in style. You know the kind: “Mother always knew best – about everything”. Some fools with very short memories have been saying that what we need to do to erase children’s alienation from a judgmental society and indifferent parents is a good dose of overbearing, in-your-face mothering. In this second millennium, mothers spend most of their waking hours driving the children from one lesson to another, going to their special events, helping them with their homework. They are omnipresent: cheering their little ones on, reminding them how perfect they are. They do this because they believe children need their egos pumped if they are to survive. But they are wrong. I had a smother mother. She made all my decisions from the moment I got up in the morning (I was out of that bed at 8am or else) to the time I went to bed. (eleven o’clock – no exceptions!). She decided what “They believe children I wore (that skirt shows your knees, for God’s sake) and what I ate (your complexion is need their egos pumped disgusting – get your hand out if they are to survive” of the cookie jar). She governed my ideas, bathed me in guilt (eat that and be grateful... we never had the luxury of creamed beans on toast) and decided my goals in life based on everything she never managed to achieve (If I had your advantages, I would have been a. an opera singer; b. a millionaire; c. happily married). Watch Lynn Ruth Miller at It was my mother who defined contentment (everything she didn’t have) and success (everything she hadn’t achieved) and I believed her. It wasn’t until I moved across the country and was forced to make my own decisions (a privilege denied me when I was under my mother’s thumb) that I realised she was trying to drag me into a world that didn’t exist. In my world, women could vote, run offices and order out. I learned it was all right to lose a race or not get a promotion. I realised women can be happy and fulfilled without a man to support her. I found out that saying no to a marriage proposal did not end my life. And now modern child psychology is telling us to bring back my mom’s style of parenting! The “good” mother today supervises her children’s play dates, and worries about what he eats. She does her kid’s homework for him and yells at his teacher when he gets a bad grade. She checks his room to be sure there is no evidence of hanky-panky and his cell phone to see whom he is texting. Then she cannot understand why he leaves home at 14, steals things and joins a gang. I have a solution and I offer it to anyone with a smother mother. Answer their questions with a question. When mom says: “What did you do today?”, you ask, “What did you do?” When she says: “Did you eat a good lunch?” , you say, “Why are you eating all that starch?” If this tactic doesn’t work, I would try a pillow.
met Jonathan Bradshaw at my local gym. We talked about human performance, including his climbing of Mount Kilimanjaro and my favourite: gym performance. I had managed three-times 12 reps with 75-kilo weights doing squats that day and was excited about having set a new personal best. When I asked Jonathan what he did for a living he excused himself in advance, getting very excited about his work because of his passion for it. Put simply, Jonathan makes meetings more efficient. As he talked about his work his excitement was obvious from his body language; his hands didn’t stop moving, I realised I had met yet another inspiring person whose story and advice I would like to share with you. In the late ‘90s Jonathan sold exhibition space at Imex in Hove. Even then he was questioning the efficiency of meetings and wondering why people turned up unprepared or why all the meetings had the same schedule. It was 2007 when Jonathan caught himself 20 seconds into the start of a meeting not knowing where he was or why he was there. Jonathan had been flying at least once every week since 2004 and he was exhausted. He realised he had become a meeting sceptic. However, he understood that meeting other people is a fundamental part of life and an essential part of business, if you want to make things happen. We know that people must collaborate but how can we make collaborations more effective? There and then Jonathan the idea of the Meetology Group was formed. Today Jonathan still does not like meetings “How can we make but he works on making them more collaborations more efficient as the MD of effective?” the Meetology Group. He works in Brighton and London and travels, mainly to the US, as a professional speaker specialised in the science of organising meetings. Here Jonathan shares his top five tips to make meetings more efficient: 1. Prepare. A little research on the people you are meeting (or company they represent) can go a long way. 2. Set objectives. If you don’t have objectives it’s impossible to measure how successful the meeting is. Make sure you share the objectives with every attendee too. 3. Change the group. If you want a creative meeting then regularly change the attendees. Mix seniority and experience with less experience and youth. 4. Make them shorter: meetings are often an hour long – but why? Aim to get things done in 45, 30 or even 15 minutes – it is amazing how much more effective we are when we have to be! 5. Remove chairs: Standing whilst meeting (as well as walking) has been shown to increase creativity. For more information visit www.meetology.com or follow @meetology on Twitter.
Photographs: Christina Toimela
The San Francisco-based writer on the return of the ‘smother mother’
013_LS622_vanessa_editorial 28/03/2013 14:43 Page 3
BRIGHTON WRITES
Head shot Courtesy Jerry Lebens
Vanessa Austin Locke Poetry Vs Pop Idol
T
he day someone first told me I couldn’t make a living as a poetess I was crushed, because it’s what I was. Apparently even Famous Seamus has to give lectures. Gone are the days when poets where revered or adored, now we have pop idols instead and the bards – the Byrons and Blakes – belong to the misty past. Stories need to be thrilling, racy, fast or set to music now. “Get your plot faster. I said ‘page turner’. You need a gay best friend in there!” my agent keeps telling me. “We don't do poetry.” Don’t readers relate to the seemingly insignificant moments that can inspire a poem anymore? The average made beautiful, strange and vulnerable, the hyper-realism of the minutes of our lives. We’re in entertainment over-load, there’s too much to get through. That’s what happens when production becomes free and quality control vanishes. We have no time to stand and stare... anyone know who wrote that? My favourite pastime is gazing out of the window. Most people think it’s time wasted, but I consider it some of the most constructive time I've ever spent. The art of thinking is dying. My maths teacher once penned a humorous report to my parents which went something like this: “Vanessa tells me that she likes the rain. She likes it because the grey skies make everything beneath them vivid. She especially likes the way the raindrops land on uncoiling ferns. Her algebra needs significant work.” I’ve never needed algebra in my life. I have needed poetry though and while most wordsmiths set their musings to melody these days in order to reach an audience, there’s a difference between a “My favourite pastime poet who uses music and a musician who uses poetry. Lyrics is gazing out of the are often a simplified version of a thought, made interesting by window. Most people another medium. think it’s time wasted” But there are a few popular poets out there that shy away from simplicity. I used to tour with Laura Marling...she’s one. Nick Cave’s another, his lyrics to ‘Darker With The Day’ have the linguistic complexity, rhythmic pace and simple poignancy to paint the majority of the image, the music simply lubricates and lifts them in the right place. “I passed by your garden Saw you with your flowers The camellias, magnolias and azaleas so sweet. I stood there invisible in the panicking crowd, You looked so beautiful in the ri-[MUSICAL LIFT]sing heat.” Leonard Cohen was a poet first who set his words to music on advice. And Pablo Neruda’s poetry enjoyed a revival when it was set to Luis Bacalov’s soundtrack in Il Postino. But those of us who are not so multi-disciplined are still here, still hanging out in coffee shops with holes in our shoes. You’ll find three of us in The Red Roaster on the 11th April at 7.30pm. The event is primarily a preview of Tony Frisby’s 5th collection – Me, Me And Not Me, to be published shortly by Waterloo Press. I will be reading from my new collection – Percival – and Brighton’s Alice Walker will also be reading. For those of you who like a little music with your words we’ve got Benjamin Blake performing Jacques Brel classics in return for glasses of red wine. I hope to see you there.
Follow me: @vnessenvy
The number one party venue in Europe’s sexiest city – BRIGHTON!
You make the booking, we make it happen. Tell us what you want, we’ll provide it all. A fabulous party and you have to do nothing!
NEW!! We can now film your party in high definition and give you a DVD to take away with you at amazing introductory prices. We are the first venue in the UK to offer this.
CALL JENNI OR RUTH ON 01273 687171 OR EMAIL [email protected] Birthdays Weddings Civil Partnerships Office Parties Hen and Stag Nights
014_LS622_fashion_011_LS466_interview 28/03/2013 15:31 Page 1
14
FASHION
Turn back time From women’s fashion to home interiors, vintage style is big news this Spring/Summer Pearls and Sparkle Hair Comb, £68, www.glitzysecrets.com For vintage inspired costume jewellery and hair accessories look to Glitzy Secrets. This will be perfect for a summer wedding teamed with a 1920s style dress.
San Clemente Belted Dress, £84.99, from Fever Designs, www.feverdesigns.co.uk Love Mad Men’s Betty Draper? Echo the 1960s housewife in this pretty pastel dress
Glamour Vintage Brooch, £24 from Blossom, www.blossom.co.uk Still in your dark winter coat? Us too! Brighten things up a bit with this sparkly brooch
Hybrid Dress, £85, from Lovarni, www.lovarni.com If Mad Men’s fiery red head Joan is more your style, choose a a body-hugging pencil dress in a bold colour. Don’t forget the velcro rollers!
Vintage studs, £3.50 from George at Asda, www.asda.com/george Ideal for both a day at work or a night out
In style Ethnic pieces & ’60s inspired styles are super hot & in store at Tramp Vintage Boutique
J
ust a stone’s throw from Brighton Station, down Trafalgar Street lies Tramp Vintage Boutique, a haven of beautiful ladies clothing from days gone by. Each piece is individually sourced and carefully laundered to be brought back to life. “It’s a place where romance meets nostalgia,” says Michelle, boutique owner. “This season I have focused on looking for ethnic inspired and Native American pieces and accessories, and, with the ‘60s big right now, lots of skyhigh hem lines, pussy bow blouses and crazy neon prints, great for the summer – when we eventually get it!” Prices aren’t that crazy either, with dresses starting from an afforadable £45. Tramp Vintage Boutique, 22 Trafalgar Street, Brighton, BN1 2EQ, 01273 687968, www.trampvintageclothing.com
New vintage living room, all products from Isme, www.isme.com Forget modern entertainment units, sleek lines and polished black surfaces, this vintage style room with white furnishings gives shabby chic a new lease of life
015_LS622_forde hair_011_LS466_interview 28/03/2013 17:18 Page 3
FORDE HAIR
A-FORDE-ABLE HAIRDRESSING
Robyn wears items from Hope & Harlequin, 31 Sydney Street, Brighton www.hopeandharlequin.com 1930’s Black Marabou Cape, £158 Hot pink satin gown, £230 Miss Julia necklace, £77 Miss Julia earrings, £40
With a second salon now open in Brighton, Forde Hair brings together shabby chic, high fashion & affordable prices in a unique salon experience
G
ary Forde grew up in a small town outside gap in the market, offering a superior standard of Belfast and became interested in hairdressing at a reasonable price that most people hairdressing at an early age. Inspired by can afford.” visits to the hair salon with his glamorous Gary is a keen art collector and his creative grandmother, by age 11 he was saving up his outlook has been incorporated into both salons' pocket money to get styled there too. After a unique and distinctive design, bringing shabby chance meeting with his hairdresser at a party, chic, royalist memorabilia, pop art and high fashion aged just 14, Gary asked for a job and she agreed. together to create a fabulous visual environment. He worked for free on Thursday afternoons and all Brighton-based photographer Mark Vessey has day Saturday, and, by the time he reached 15 he collaborated with Weeza Graphics to produce some had left school and was enrolled in a YTP scheme stylish wall coverage in the salon based on his learning his new found trade. Within a year he had 'Vogue' image. In addition, contemporary artist moved up to a bigger salon in Belfast to work as a Hizze Fletcher has produced a large decoupage wall junior. Here in the early days, even before he had of fashion imagery as a homage to one of Gary’s learnt how to cut, he was doing hair-up for which he idols: Alexander McQueen. had a natural flair. By 17 he was styling hair on “I wanted to create an amazing platform for selffashion shoots – not bad for a boy with dyslexia employed stylists to work from and a salon that who had been told he would amount to nothing. truly represents Brighton. I have signed a deal with Gary went on to live in Wella so I can provide high-end Brighton for a couple of years products for use within the “I want my salon to salon and for sale. Also, local before moving to Ibiza. After a few years of moving around company Corioliss are selling Gary finally settled in Brighton fill a distinct gap in their unique hair styling tools and went to work for various us.” the market, offering withAdded salons around town including to the salon’s visual Tony & Guy, Lee Stafford and a superior standard extravaganza, the atmosphere Kensingtons, before opening is relaxed and friendly and of hairdressing at a his own salon in St James’s prides itself on going the extra Street, Kemp Town in 2007. mile for clients. With reasonable price” Gary established an extensive competitive prices Forde Hair client base and his boutiqueand Forde Hair North Street style salon quickly gained notoriety. present upmarket salons that are accessible to all. A few years on, after a visit home to Ireland, Gary There’s lots more in the pipeline at Forde Hair was inspired by the high standard of creative including high-end pamper parties to be launched independent salons there and decided he wanted to soon. And Gary’s hopes for the future? “Amongst open a bigger, more central space in Brighton. In other things I would love to represent the South addition to the Kemp Town salon a new flagship East in the British Hairdressing Awards and maybe store ‘Forde Hair North Street’ opened in central one day get into producing my own products. My Brighton in January 2013. Award-winning stylist philosophy is to follow your dreams, work hard and Patrick Matthews moved over from Ireland to run you can achieve anything.” the Kemp Town branch while Gary concentrated on his new space. Forde Hair Kemp Town Some may think it’s a brave move in this time of 84 St James’s Street, Brighton, BN2 1TP recession, but Gary was undeterred: “My vision for 01273 609837 the new salon is for people to look into the window and see a luxury creative space” he says. “They Forde Hair North Street may think they can’t afford what they see but on 160 North Street, Brighton, BN1 1NE closer inspection when they see the prices they 01273 323319 realise they can. I want my salon to fill a distinct www.fordehair.co.uk
15
Words: Hizze Fletcher Photographs: Mark Vessey, www.pointandsnap.com
16
Bare cheek Brian Mitchell and Joseph Nixon’s thoroughly scurrilous Brighton column
5
In & Out
There were originally five fingers in a Kitkat, but sugar shortages during World War I meant a reduction to four. The new fourfinger bar proved so popular that it was decided to stick with it.
SPECIAL “YESTERYEAR’S REGRETABLE RACIAL STEREOTYPES” EDITION
6
In
In the 1930s, rationing meant that the crispy wafer insides of the Kitkat were replaced with snoek. Amazingly, sales went up!
7
As the only surviving male heir of the Kitkat family, I receive a solid gold Kitkat every year from the manufacturers. I use the money to buy – you guessed it, more Kitkats!
8
016_LS622_barecheek_Editorial 28/03/2013 10:29 Page 2
• Speedy Gonzales • Mustapha Million • Fu Manchu • The maid in Tom & Jerry • Little Plum
Out
• Charlie Chan • Pepe le Pew • Scrooge McDuck • Hurree Jamset Ram Singh • Tonto
J
ason Kitkat (not to be confused with Council leader Jason Kitcat) researches the history of the chocolate-covered wafer biscuit from which he gets his famous name. So, “have a break” and take a look at a few things about the Kitkat you might not know...
below. Intrigued, Ezekiel tasted the result with a cup of tea, and realised that he had stumbled upon the most popular chocolate-covered snack bar of all time!
3
The Kitkat was invented in 1877 by Ezekiel Kitkat, my greatgreat grandfather, a humble shopkeeper in York.
Ezekiel attempted to market his invention himself, but realised he did not have the necessary resources, and so sold his recipe to noted local confectioners, Rowntree’s for the princely sum of one hundred guineas.
2
4
1
It was invented by accident when, during the blazing hot summer of ’77, the chocolate melted off a lot of Rolos onto a consignment of ice cream wafers on the shelf
Rowntree’s originally wanted to market the snack as “Tasty Chocolate Crisp”, but Ezekiel was a proud man and insisted his own surname be used.
I
t’s back! The Fringe Festival with top acts and low prices returns this year with events all over the city from 3 May –3 June. But if you’re not persuaded yet, here are five reasons why you should take a look at our new website www.brighton5poundfringe.com to see what’s on: 1) Each ticket cost no more than £5, while some events are free. 2) You can buy tickets in advance through our website, with no booking fee. 3) Our shows take place in the evening and finish at a reasonable
8
The history of the Kitkat
time. So you can eat your tea beforehand and have a drink afterwards. And a lot of them have intervals, so you can have a drink then as well. 4) You won’t get herded about like cattle by security guards and stewards while they hurry to get the next show on. 5) We believe everyone deserves special treatment, so there are no exclusive deals or queue jumping. If you are an artist and what to get involved (there are no deadlines) please email [email protected]
Brighton’s music venue Amy Winehouse, Ben Howard, Chris Difford & The Kooks have all played here & the likes of Rizzle Kicks, Jesca Hoop & The Moulettes all kick started their careers with shows in the intimate cabaret bar
017_LS622_food__food 27/03/2013 13:49 Page 2
ANDREW KAY’S FOOD & DRINK
Food & Drink Andrew Kay goes back to Chaula’s, a year after their Brighton opening
A birthday treat
B
eing asked to open Chaula’s Brighton venue was a huge honour. I first met Chaula in Lewes when she opened an Indian food outlet that sold divine snacks and amazing meals for the freezer. It was only a matter of time before demand would force her to open a proper restaurant, which she did in the heart of the county town to much acclaim. On my last visit there she told me that she was desperate to find good premises to open in Brighton and eventually she did in Little East Street. At the opening just over a year ago I said a few words, threw a flaming coconut at the doorstep and declared it open. It was a great night and sadly when they celebrated this year I was unable to attend. Not to worry though, as I popped along as soon as I was well again to see just how things were going. Chaula is passionate about her food and her heritage, but she is also an innovator, always looking at new dishes in a way that many Indian restaurants do not. Cuisine of any kind should never be set in stone like a museum piece. Whilst there is always room for classics there should equally be space for new ideas that reflect the world we live in and the foods we can sustainably produce. Chaula has already outlawed ghee, the rich clarified butter traditionally used in southern Asian cooking, for a lighter oil. It’s a good move and it certainly makes her food lighter but with little impact on the flavours.
17
And flavour is very much what Chaula’s food is about. In her kitchen she and the team work hard to create deliciously spicy dishes with interesting sauces, great textures and beautiful presentation. I took along two food-loving friends, the very spicy Mr J and Ms L; strangely, they had never encountered the lovely Chaula or her food. I took the very best step possible: gathered together the menus, handed them back to Chaula and requested that she choose our dinner. She smiled and disappeared backstage to get things started. First out some poppadoms, not too many but two of the delicious massala variety, plain crisp and topped with a confetti of herbs and chillis. They have that great combo of fresh and crispy and I love them. Next a Bhel Puri salad, best eaten at speed as the crisp shells filled with a crunchy mix of spices and grains, soft chickpeas, tamarind, chilli and yoghurt works best when it is first made. This was followed by a platter of vegetarian starters and one of meat. The samosas were sensational, filled with lamb, chicken and vegetables they were a meal in themselves. The kebab was heartily spiced, the Tandoori chicken wings had the full flavour of cooking over intense heat, and the chicken tikka was soft and succulent. On the vegetable platter there were onion bhajees that were crisp and light, and kachori that I first tried from her take-away. I also loved the patra – or elephant’s-ear plant – which has to tried, I promise you. Our main course was sensibly balanced, a new dish called chicken sarjahani. It’s a chicken fillet stuffed with lamb kheema and served with mild creamy and kadai sauces garnished with almonds – and it’s plenty for two. A real celebration of a dish that looks as good as it tastes and it tasted brilliant! This she coupled with a lamb and chilli dish that bristled with green fire but not so much that the palate was damaged. A naan was crisp and even, the rice light and fluffy, and a spinach bhajee vibrant. The aubergine was cooked so well that it was like gently spiced hot cream. The others declared a lack of interest in an Indian dessert but I knew better. Too many opt out with lame sorbets packed into ice-age citrus fruits, but not Chaula. I ordered carrot halwa with pistachio ice cream and three spoons – I knew the others would not be able to resist. I was right, and I think that between us we convinced them that Indian dessert are a must try when you get the chance. Chaula’s is also very affordable, nothing is overpriced in my view and you can eat very well without having to take on a second mortgage. I also love the quirky interior. Upstairs is chic and modern but I love the village feel of the ground floor with the huge mural, beaded lampshades and front end of a tuc-tuc. The addition of a chill cabinet of Indian sweetmeats is a rather dangerous thing, with spice in my mouth and the knowledge that sugar soothes any fire, I could easily fall into the trap of going home with a hamper of carrot halwa. Chaula is a star and I am proud to know her and to enjoy her food. On her excellent website there is a picture of us together. A few people have asked her if I was her husband. Well, if I could eat that way every day... but please don’t tell Mr R! Chaula’s, 2-3 Little East Street, Brighton, BN1 1HT, 01273 771661, www.chaulas.co.uk
Follow me: latestandrew
What’s your favourite curry? [email protected]
018_LS622_hotlist_Hotlist 28/03/2013 10:36 Page 2
18
L7 Hotlist
Fun, friendly and fabulous value. Donatello, Brighton Place, Brighton, BN1 1HJ, 01273 775477, www.donatello.co.uk
Cafés & restaurants catering for all tastes. For more dining options visit www.thelatest.co.uk British & Modern European Bardsley’s
Probably Brighton’s most popular fish ’n’ chip shop and restaurant with a large loyal clientele. Traditional and family-run with favourites and excellent daily fish specials. Open for lunch and dinner Tuesday to Saturday, it’s also a great party venue. There are massive fish platters and seasonal seafood, plus vegetarian choices. Fully licensed. Bardsley’s, 22–23a Baker Street, Brighton, BN1 4JN, 01273 681256, www.bardsleys-fishandchips.co.uk
individual style. Their ample thalis spice up a midday meeting or a catch-up with friends, while the evening menu offers inventive street food, local seafood and tasty regional curries, served in an upbeat and informal atmosphere. The Chilli Pickle featured in the National Restaurant Awards’ UK top 100 in 2011-12, and scooped ‘Best Casual Dining’ at the 2012 British Curry Awards. The Chilli Pickle, 17 Jubilee Square, Brighton BN1 1GE, 01273 900 383, www.thechillipickle.com
The Chilli Pickle Canteen
At this tastefully decorated and relaxed foodie pub, it’s all about local and organic, and that is why they are winning local awards, national acclaim and incredible reviews. Great for a bite to eat or just pop in for a drink. It does get busy so booking is recommended to avoid disappointment. The Foragers, 3 Stirling Place, Hove, 01273 733134, www.theforagerspub.co.uk
The definitive delivery service from The Chilli Pickle launched this year. Bold, Indianinspired design, specially-commissioned artwork and smart delivery stake out new ground in home dining. Meanwhile, the menu showcases some of the restaurant’s familiar touches: with regional curries, homemade pickles and chutneys, plus superb ice creams. The Chilli Pickle Canteen: order online at http://thechillipicklecanteen.com 01273 900384
The Townhouse
Nooris
The Foragers
At Kemp Town's favourite restaurant their chefs lovingly create delicious menus using the finest locally sourced produce. They take huge pride in delivering quality food with a warm and friendly welcome. The Townhouse has an amazing location overlooking New Steine and the buzzing St. James Street. You can relax in their bar with your favourite cocktail while listening to live music. Join them for Kemp Town’s best breakfast every Saturday and Sunday 9am–12pm, lunch from 12pm everyday, and dinner from 6pm. They offer amazing value set menus, lunch (2 course £11.95) and evening (2 courses £14.95), Monday–Thursday, and the best roast in town on Sunday’s from £9.95. 01273 693216 81-82 St James Street, Kemp Town, Brighton, BN2 1PA www.thetownhousekemptown.co.uk
Chinese Gars Restaurant
This old Brighton favourite offers an exciting menu with some great new ideas and a wholly different experience in terms of style and presentation. Smart service, beautiful interiors and a chic atmosphere make this one of the city’s top places to be seen. Start downstairs at the bar. Eat from £10. Gars, 19 Prince Albert Street, Brighton, 01273 321321, www.gars.co.uk
Indian Chaula’s Lewes
Chaula’s is renowned for its signature dishes, distinctive décor and friendly staff. All meals are made fresh to order and every curry has its own distinctively flavoured sauce. Also a wide variety of vegetarian, vegan as well as gluten and wheat free dishes. Buffet available 11am–3pm Monday to Saturday. Chaula’s, Eastgate House, 6 Eastgate Street, Lewes, BN7 2LP, 01273 476707, www.chaulas.co.uk
Nooris Indian restaurant in central Brighton has been newly refurbished and offers a fantastic setting for lunch or dinner. The menu features a great selection of meat and vegetables. A two-course lunch or early dinner is available for just £6.95, and their Sunday buffet is just £5.50 – available 12pm–5pm. Try their delicious homemade fish or chicken thali; you won’t be disappointed! Nooris, 70/71 Ship Street, Brighton, 01273 329405 www.noorisbrighton.co.uk
Italian Al Duomo
Brighton’s longest established family run pizzeria, using fresh ingredients, has recently updated its menu and restaurant team. Offering a comprehensive array of traditional stone-baked pizzas made fresh daily with gourmet ingredients imported direct from Italy and authentic Italian dishes from the a la carte menu. Gluten-free pasta and vegan dishes are also offered. Try their special lunch/pre-theatre menu at £9.95 for two courses with a great selection of choices or £12.75 for three courses. Cocktails are available from the cocktail bar and Monday to Friday you can enjoy 2-4-1 cocktails from 3pm–9pm. Check out the special mid-week Cabaret Nights, Elvis, Michael Buble and Las Vegas Swing. Open seven days a week. Booking recommended. Al Duomo Restaurant, 6 & 7 Pavilion Buildings, Brighton, BN1 1EE, 01273 326741, www.alduomo.co.uk
Donatello
Flagship venue of this local family-run business serving excellent Italian food in stylish surroundings. Brilliant value meal deals on blackboards – two courses £6.95 or three for £8.95 – as well as à la carte. The haunt of celebs in season from soap stars to politicos. The Chilli Pickle
Chaula’s Brighton
A second venue for this brilliant Indian restaurant is now open here in Brighton. Superb regional dishes, fresh tasting and exciting. Chaula and her team breathe fresh air into the idea of Indian food with authentic recipes served in bright and stylish surroundings. The cooking is executed with a light touch too, no heavy ghee-based sauces here but an altogether healthier approach – but not at the cost of flavour. Both delicious and affordable. Buffet available for £6.99; Meal Deal for £9.99. Chaula’s, 2–3 Little East Street, Brighton, BN1 1HT, 01273 771661, www.chaulas.co.uk
The Chilli Pickle
The Chilli Pickle is a local favourite with national standing which combines traditional Indian methods with local produce and an
To add your entry to our Hotlist call Advertising on 01273 818150
Thai The Green Mango
The Green Mango has arrived to spice up Brighton and Hove. This modern Thai restaurant is committed to giving you the complete Thai experience, with the most authentic food possible. Lunch starts at £4.95, and they’re open every day, so come down and ‘gin yur yur’ (eat a lot!). The Green Mango, 8 Church Road, Hove, BN3 2FL, 01273 327226, www.thegreenmangohove.com
Street Thai
Dishes served here are simple, healthy and delicious using the finest and freshest
ingredients. Thai people love their street food and Street Thai is the most authentic way of eating and experiencing Thai food. Set menu is available every day except Saturday with twocourses at £8.95 and three-courses at £10.95. Street Thai, 01273 207444, 5 & 20 Brighton Square, Brighton BN1 1HD
Tea & Coffee Shops Drury Tea & Coffee
Drury Tea & Coffee specialists offer infinite choices of espresso, filter and cafetiere coffee for home and business use. Their Richardson Road retail store is stocked with single origin beans, espresso blends, green, white and black teas. Wholesale section for restaurants, cafés, pubs and offices, plus free deliveries throughout East and West Sussex. Drury Tea & Coffee, Richardson Road, Hove, BN3 5RB, 01273 888600, www.drurysouthern.co.uk Drury Tea & Coffee
019_LS622_reviewsbookings_Reviews 27/03/2013 14:14 Page 3
BOOKINGS | MUSIC CHART 19
L7 Under review
L7 Bookings On sale this week… BIRDSONG
The Hawth, 24 – 27 April 2013, £22.50/20, 01293 553636, tickets.hawth.co.uk An adaptation of Sebastian Faulks’s bestseller starring Sarah Jayne Dunn (Hollyoaks, Drop Dead Gorgeous), Charlie G Hawkins (EastEnders) and Arthur Bostrom (Crabtree in ‘Allo ‘Allo) comes to The Hawth this month, amidst a flutter of rave reviews.
RIGHT STRIPES SKUNK ANANSIE Concert Hall, Brighton Dome, 26 March 2013 ✪✪✪✪✪
C
all them Britrock or, rather controversially, clitrock, Skunk Anansie are still young and energetic enough to be one of the great live bands of recent times, as they amply demonstrated despite a well below capacity turnout. As frontwoman Skin pointed out in a recent interview with Latest 7, the English can be fickle. But their standing amongst rock fans around the world is generally very high; their refusal to rest on the laurels of their back catalogue has seen them come up with a number of recent top drawer songs that sit very comfortably with the high water point of the ‘90s when they threatened to become one of the biggest bands in the UK before initially splitting in 2001. Like many a good rock band they have a simple set up: bass, drums, guitar plus the startling power and personality of Skin’s voice. Supremely crafted songs offer little in the way of indulgence; guitarist Ace (and former presenter of Juice FM whilst the band were inacative) alternatively stroked, picked and powered his way through the songs, assisted by an array of pedals. He rarely does solos, and nor does the extremely well built drummer Mark Richardson indulge either, while super cool bassist Cass flexed his fingers without too much fuss. It’s very tight, all their songs built like perfect pop nuggets, space and texture coming through at the right times, but with an underlying dynamic that sometimes threatened to take the dome off the, er, Dome. Coming across sartorially like the outcast good guys of Mad Max, Skin kept a relative lid on the politics that have always informed the band’s philosophy, but every now and then she showed her disdain that the usual culprits; bankers, politicians etc, are still managing to get away with it. And bouncing around the stage and within the audience, she showed once again how spirited and defiant she and the band truly are. Jeff Hemmings
PHIL & PHILL’S PERFECT 10
The Perfect 10 Podcasts have been going for years, and to mark the 50th (and 51st) recording, the great and the bawdy gathered to witness it live as Phil Jupitus and Phill Wilding pulled ten questions out of a hat and attempted to answer them, whilst entertaining an audience that had gathered from as far afield as Finland. Despite the migration from any logical sense of the large clock displayed, both this and the second podcast (using questions gathered from the collected audience during the break) were an absolute hit. A gathering of ridiculous minds and an ensemble of intelligent fans – a marvellous party. Duke Of York’s, 30 March 2013 ✪✪✪✪ Victoria Nangle
Did you disagree with our verdict on any of these shows?
THE SELECTER
With Madness and The Specials milking the last penny from the nostalgia cash cow it was the third part of the late ’70s ska triumvirate’s turn to prove their worth. This was never in any doubt with original singers, the ageless Pauline Black and the very sweaty Gaps Hendrickson, playing off each other through a set of old favourites and newer punked-up tunes. The mixed age crowd were skanking from the start, with old school rocksteady and even a snappy Doris Day cover adding to a joyous set rounded off with a run of hits that had us all jumping. Concorde 2, 24 March 2013 ✪✪✪✪ Steve Clements
[email protected]
To listen to the chart and submit your track, go to www.thelatest.co.uk/music-chart
8
Latest Brighton Download Chart
TOP 20
Grasshopper makes a return to the chart and dominates the top spot with ‘Collide’. Osaro & DJ are back in the top 10, and new faces include Victoria Darby and Matt Purkis. Listen to tracks online to change the Top 20. In a band? Submit your tracks online to be included! 1 Grasshopper Collide 2 Automatic Shoes Act II 3 Victoria Darby Blackbird
THE BLOCKHEADS
4 Matt Purkis All Around (Original Mix)
The Ropetackle Centre, 3 May 2013, £17, 01273 464440, www.ropetacklecentre.co.uk Rarely off the road since the death of Ian Dury in 2000, there’s no doubting that the most lovable, cocky, funny, schoolboy-rude, and artful characters from the punk generation are The Blockheads.
5 The Kids Ring Out The Bells
ADAM GREEN & BINKI SHAPIRO
9 Osaro and RJ Shut Up and Dance
The Haunt, 15 April 2013, £11 + booking fee, 01273 123456, Thehauntbrighton.co.uk These two artists, famous in their own rights, became friends in 2009 when they were touring together with their bands; her Little Joy and Green’s The Dead Trees. They started writing songs together in the tour van. She moved from the west coast USA to his west, NYC and together the two friends began to write. The emerging album of their musical partnership illustrates the ability to document each other’s break ups.
PHIL COOL – THE FINAL CURTAIN TOUR
Brighton Centre, 17 May 2013, £16.50, 01903 206206, www.worthingtheatres.co.uk The star of BBC’s Cool It and ITV’s Cool Head in the early ’90s, Phil Cool has announced his retirement after forty years in showbusiness. But not before one final, nationwide tour in which he will remind audiences exactly why he is regarded as the world’s only stand-up chameleon!
JIMMY CARR – GAGGING ORDER Congress Theatre, Eastbourne, 28 May 2013, £25, 01323 412000, www.eastbournetheatres.co.uk Brand new show, brand new jokes, same old Jimmy.
6 Trip to Dover Be Juliet 7 Collisions Push 8 MC Cashback JERK CHICKEN
10 The Fooley Mantras Our Time 11 Surrender Monkeys John AgarWas Right 12 Passenger Table for One 13 Jim Guittard Listen To Your Voice 14 The Dilators Devil And All His Works 15 Hold Fire Emma-Louise 16 La Lunalight Hear No Evil 17 Joanne Arrowsmith Smile 18 Harper Ash I’m With You 19 Stuart Newman Gotta Work 20 Senior Service K-mean
SUBM YOURIT MUSIC & videos
SUBMIT YOUR MUSIC AND VIDEOS
www.thelatest.co.uk/music-chart
020_023_LS622_previews_editorial 28/03/2013 16:32 Page 2
20
>THIS WEEK’S MUST SEES
BRIGHTON
STAGE: THEATRE ROYAL BRIGHTON’S SUMMER SEASON A sensational season of powerful drama, hit musicals & much loved children’s shows
T
heatre Royal Brighton has unveiled its Summer 2013 season, running from May to August. The season includes a packed programme of “Best of British” writing from across the centuries, with works by Shakespeare, Noël Coward, Terence Rattigan, Lee Hall, Sebastian Faulks and Jonathan Harvey presented by some of our most highly respected theatre companies. Prior to the West End, Theatre Royal Bath Productions presents Relative Values, one of Noël Coward’s best loved comedies, directed by Trevor Nunn. The production stars Olivier Award winner Patricia Hodge alongside Caroline Quentin and Rory Bremne. Set in the early 1950s, Relative Values is about the uproarious culture clash between the glittering world of Hollywood and the stiff upper lip of the English aristocracy. Following their highly successful production of Anne Boleyn last year, Shakespeare’s Globe returns to present the three plays of Henry VI, Shakespeare’s powerful rendering of a country racked by civil war. The plays are presented under their original titles Harry The Sixth; The Houses Of York and Lancaster – The True Tragedy Of The Duke Of York. Each play can be enjoyed individually without knowledge of the others, or take advantage of their trilogy package and see all three in one day for the special price of £51. The horror of war is summoned up equally graphically in Birdsong, the stage version of Sebastian Faulks’ bestselling novel. In pre-war France, a young Englishman Stephen Wraysford embarks on a passionate and dangerous affair with the beautiful Isabelle Azaire. As the war breaks out, Stephen must lead his men through the carnage of the Battle of the Somme. Faced with the horror of the war, Stephen clings to the memory of Isabelle as his world explodes around him. Love, with its pleasure and pain, is explored in Jonathan Harvey’s award winning Beautiful Thing, a glorious coming of age love story between two teenage Suranne Jones
The Victorian in the Wall Studio Theatre, Brighton Dome Tues 2–Wed 3 April Box office 01273 709709 www.brightondome.org
Abilgail’s Party Theatre Royal Brighton Until Sat 6 April Box office 08448 717 650 www.atgtickets.com/brighton
The Story of Marie Lloyd Pavilion Theatre, Worthing Wed 3 April Box office 01903 206206 www.worthingtheatres.co.uk
Losing The Plot Devonshire Park Theatre, Eastbourne Thu 4–Sat 6 April Box office 01323 412000 www.eastbournetheatres.co.uk
boys. This 20th anniversary production, which visits Brighton direct from the West End, stars Suranne Jones, Zaraah Abrahams and Oliver Farnworth. Suranne is probably best known for her role as Karen McDonald in Coronation Street, where she worked closely with Jonathan Harvey, one of the soap’s scriptwriters. For the stage, Jonathan Harvey’s Canary and Corrie! both won acclaim from Brighton reviewers and audiences. This summer do not miss welcome the return to Brighton of the National Theatre’s The Patricia Hodge Pitmen Painters, which has enjoyed sell out seasons at the National Theatre and on Broadway. Written by Lee Hall, creator of the worldwide sensation Billy Elliot, The Pitmen Painters has received huge critical acclaim and won the Evening Standard award for Best New Play. Other drama this season includes the hilarious romantic comedy, Less Than Kind by Terence Rattigan. A steel magnate responsible for tank production in the war cabinet plans to divorce his wife and marry his true love, the widow Olivia Brown. But Olivia’s teenage son has become a socialist and is outraged at the thought of his mother marrying “the enemy”. The play stars Sue Holderness (Only Fools And Horses; Green, Green Grass) and William Gaminara (Silent Witness). Lovers of musicals should not miss Soul Sister, direct from its smash West End season. This new musical features all the classic Tina Turner hits, including ‘What’s Love Got To Do With It’ and ‘Simply The Best’. The story follows the highs, lows, passions and heartbreak of Ike and Tina Turner as their careers soared while their marriage crumbled. Returning to Brighton by popular demand, 9 To 5: The Musical, with music and lyrics by Dolly Parton, is a feisty and fun show based on the hit movie and centres on three office workers who turn the tables on their sexist, hypocritical bigot of a boss. The show features 18 original numbers. For younger audiences, Ben and Holly’s Little Kingdom from the makers of Peppa Pig is a BAFTA award winning television animation for the first time ever live on stage. Theatre Royal Brighton, New Road Box Office 0844 871 7650 www.atgtickets.com/brighton
Follow me: latestandrew
Brighton’s listings in one click: thelatest.co.uk On your mobile: m.thelatest.co.uk
020_023_LS622_previews_editorial 28/03/2013 16:32 Page 3 Foreste
WHAT’S ON MUSIC&CLUBS 21
AK/DK
The Rockingbirds
MUSIC: THE ROCKINGBIRDS Despite their long history and venerable status as Godfathers of UK alt-country, The Rockingbirds have only just released their third album, The Return Of The Rockingbirds. Largely written by frontman Alan Tyler, this is there deal. Superb support from Old Timey harmony duo Trevor Moss & Hannah-Lou, who are now based in our lovely city! The Palmeira, Fri 5 April, 8pm, £9 MUSIC: APPLES & EVE With their debut ‘Dionysius’ EP released last autumn, and their new single ‘L’Homme (The Man)’ following hot on its heels, Apples & Eve are taking a stab at gypsy-
tinged folk and alt-pop. Support from multi-instrumentalist Emma Gatrill, who plays with Sons of Noel & Adrian and Laish, as well as sessions for Laura Marling, and Bournemouth's Willoween. Sticky Mike's Frog Bar, Thurs 4 April, 9pm, £5 MUSIC: THE SHEEPDOGS Visitors at last year's Great Escape, this Saskatoon (Canada) outfit are bearded, and look like the younger sons of The Allman Brothers and ZZ Top. They also sound a bit like both; driving rock, big harmonies and plenty of boogie. A few years ago this might have seen a bit uncool, but now... The Haunt, Mon 8 April, 7pm, £8 The Sheepdogs
MUSIC: BRIGHTON FRINGE Jeff Hemmings takes a peek...
G
od! It’s cold! When will things Kalakuta Millionaires heat up? Probably in May I reckon as the entertainments and cultural calendar becomes super-hot with The Great Escape, Brighton Festival, Meadowlands Festival and, of course, Brighton Fringe. The Fringe is perhaps better known for its comedy and theatre programmes, but music has always played a prominent role; a chance to check out some weird and wonderful treats that perhaps only Brighton could offer... For instance there’s the 48 Hour Concert, a concert created in two days, and at the Estrade, an interesting church venue being co-opted for the Fringe; Terry Pack's Palimpsest Quintet performing the works of Coltrane and others; reggae veterans Abyssinians; the brilliant interpreter of song, Barb Jungr; a double bill of amazing acoustic guitarists Clive Carroll & Geoff Robb; the 15-piece Balkan Big Band The Destroyers; Club Berlin: an evening of live electronic-influenced music from AK/DK and Das Fenster with tunes spun by Fujiya & Miyagi; blues, rock and blues courtesy of David Migden & The Dirty Words; the avante-folk of Nick Pynn and Kate Daisy Grant; and, Eidolon, a musical journey into a kaleidoscopic dreamworld... The list is endless! Tradition also plays its part at the festival, with the Brighton Beach Boys once again bringing out their 1969 show as well as the much loved Pet Sounds Vs Sgt Pepper concert. And the Fretful Federation Mandolin Orchestra are back once again, playing everything from Baroque to Modern. Then there’s the Fringe Club, a new addition to the Warren venue, featuring live acts Kalakuta Millionaires, Fat 45, Swing Ninjas, Patti Plinko, The Speakeasy 3, The Impellers, Dende, Oscillator, Meow Meows and Voodoo Love Orchestra. Brighton Fringe, 4 May–2 June 2013, www.brightonfringe.org
Follow me: latestjeff
Brighton’s listings in one click: thelatest.co.uk On your mobile: thelatest.co.uk
Life
020_023_LS622_previews_editorial 28/03/2013 16:34 Page 4
22
WHAT’S ON COMEDY&EVENTS
EVENTS: ROBERT LLEWELLYN SHARES THE JOY OF ELECTRIC CARS Red Dwarf and Robot Wars’ Robert Llewellyn comes to town to fight the case for electric cars You seem to have come to embody 'technical curiosity' – from your role as Kryten in Red Dwarf, through to your decade at the helm of Scrapheap Challenge. Have you always been a button-pusher or did you reject Mecano as a child? “I was an obsessive Meccano user as a child. I got a second hand Meccano set when I was about 11, it was a ‘set 10’, the biggest Meccano set you could get, very old but in quite good condition. I still have some of it left but it’s a bit battered. I spent many hours making things I’d seen in the real world, beam engines, drag line diggers, six wheeled earth movers with steering, dune buggies... I eventually managed to make a three-speed gearbox and a steering assembly with independent suspension and drive shafts with universal joints, heady times. In later life I owned a Morris Minor Van that sported many self installed modifications which meant it was always going wrong, however in my struggle to keep it on the road I learned a great deal of basic mechanical engineering. I think I lost all confidence in my mechanical ability while working on Scrapheap, meeting that many truly talented and knowledgeable engineers and mechanics constantly underlined my rank amateur status.” You're spear-heading an argument for electric cars. What first drew your attention to them? “Without question the Prius, I had a lift in a very early model Prius back in 2001 while working in California. I was fascinated and wondered
why Toyota had bothered to create it. Through that I learned about the California Air Resource Board (CARB) and the legislation they brought in to curb emissions in the LA area. Los Angeles really was catastrophic in the 1980s as regards airborne pollution, much of the new technology on modern hydrocarbon cars comes from that era, catalytic converters, lead free fuel, low emission vehicles, hybrids and electric cars were all spawned in the late ‘80s and early ’90s in California. I also had a ride in a T-Zero, the precursor to the Tesla Roadster which showed beyond argument that electric cars could go very fast.” Do you think there might be a book on the horizon from you, bringing together all the information you've got on electric cars and delivered in your own inimitable style? “I don’t have any specific plans in that direction at the moment but clearly doing these talks and seeing the interest there is in the subject, it’s not out of the question. I am making a podcast about electric vehicles and the topics they raise, as in ‘where does the electricity come from?’. It's
TOTALLY COMPREHENSIVE!
called Fully Charged and it's worth a look.” What do you think gets people into heated debates the most in pub discussions? “I’m sure people can get heated about any topic. Atheism, that’s a good one if you want a ding dong. If, on social media platforms I mention such harmless topics as renewable energy, nuclear power, petrol engines or the distant possibility of electric cars being dominant, many people get very heated. I have been very surprised by the passion which many people – okay many men – defend the concept of the internal combustion engine. They worship its complexity, noise, passion and power. I totally understand that but firmly believe it’s time to move on. I’ve suggested that petrol engines are essentially steam engines with a bit of polish. They are Victorian technology with a trendy badge. That has resulted in much hostility including death threats on Twitter, okay from Texas, but all the same, steady cowboy.” What was the last thing you changed your mind about following a heated debate? “Every time I hear or take part in a discussion about nuclear power I change my mind. One day I hate it and think it’s absurd, short term and dangerous, the next day I think it may be the only viable option available to us. I change my mind about most things most of the time, however interestingly for the last three years since I’ve been driving electric cars, I haven’t changed my mind. As I say in my talk, electric cars won’t save the world, but they might be pointing in a direction we should take note of.” Skeptics In The Pub, Caroline Of Brunswick, Tues 9 April, 8pm, £2
Follow me: latestvicky
Luisa Omielan
COMEDY: COMEDY SANS FRONTIERS Raising money for Medecins Sans Frontieres, a humanitarian organisation that delivers emergency aid round the world, the fabulous – in every sense – Luisa Omielan headlines proceedings buzzing with comedy energy. Also on the bill for this wonderful cause are Pete Armstrong, Phil Jerrod, Jim Park and MC Sam Stone. The Quadrant, Fri 5 April, 8pm, £6.50/5.50 COMEDY: COMEDY COOLER Jonwayne Connolly headlines proceedings at theis monthly Hove local comedy night, with
Brighton’s listings in one click: thelatest.co.uk On your mobile: thelatest.co.uk
Wed 3 Tango Boot Camp
Fri 5 Tenderhooks
Thurs 4 Dan Shears
Sat 6 The Hypothetical Tour of Somewhere – No Sleep ‘Till Brighton
Argentine Tango with TangoBootCamp (www.tangobootcamp.co.uk) 8pm-11.30pm £8.00 whole night /£5.00 OR £3.50 social dancing only /£3.00
+ Russell Swallow and the Wolf + Kokopelli + Stark 7.30pm £tbc
+ The Move-ons + The Wildflowers 8pm £5
7.30pm £3
Sun 7 Love Music Hate Racism University of Sussex Student’s Union and Brighton Love Music Hate Racism present some of our city’s best musicians sending out a united message of opposition to racism, homophobia and other forms of hatred 7pm £5
020_023_LS622_previews_editorial 28/03/2013 16:33 Page 5
WHAT’S ON ART&FILM The Odd Life of Timothy Green
support slots filled by Phillip Wragg, Hilary Ghandi, David Blood and Damian Jennings. The Alibi, Fri 5 April, 8pm, £4/3 FILM: THE ODD LIFE OF TIMOTHY GREEN (U) Dir: Peter Hedges A fantasy drama – not too far off
from the story of Pinnochio – about a childless couple whose wish literally comes true with the arrival of young Timothy. His destiny is to make their dreams of a perfect child come true. No pressure there then. Starring Jennifer Garner, Joel Edgerton and CJ Adams. Released Fri 5 April Showing at Odeon and Cineworld FILM: DARK SKIES (15) Dir: Scott Charles Stewart From the producer of Insidious and Paranormal Activity comes this supernatural thriller, in which husband and wife Daniel and Lacey find that things are going more than ‘thump’ in the night when a spectral force targets them and their family. How so you solve a problem like a spectre? Answers on a postcard to these folks. Starring Keri Russell, Josh Hamilton and Dakota Goyo. Released Wed 3 April Showing at Odeon and Cineworld
BRIGHTON
ART: INTO THE WILD An exhibition of magical paintings on reclaimed boards by South African Andrew James Hofmeyr featuring everyone’s favourite furry friend, the urban fox. After re-locating to Brighton he became fascinated by the ubiquitous urban fox. Into The Wild, Naked Eye Gallery, 5 Farm Mews, Farm Road, Brighton, 01273 204800, Until 8 April
Listings Send your stage listings to: [email protected] Send your comedy listings to: [email protected] Send your events listings to: [email protected] Send your arts listings to: [email protected] Send your music listings to: [email protected] Send your club listings to: [email protected] Send your gay listings to: [email protected]
TOTALLY COMPREHENSIVE!
EVENTS: SINGLES CHEESE & WINE TASTING Offering an upmarket mingler – whether you’re straight or gay – this delightful evening event teaches you about the history of cheese, while getting to know your fellow attendees. Prebooking is essential – either call 01273 233200 or visit www.soulmateevents.com La Cave a Fromage, Fri 5 April, 7pm, ��39 EVENTS: MCCOY’S PREMIER LEAGUE DARTS 2013 The tournament has expanded to feature ten players this season, with shooting stars Michael van Gerwen and Wes Newton and UK Open champion Robert Thornton coming in to make their debuts in 2013. Reigning McCoy’s Premier League Darts champion Phil Taylor will play UK Open champion Robert Thornton on the night, while former Premier League champions Gary Anderson and James Wade also meet. Brighton Centre, Thurs 4 April, 6pm, £40/35/20
For full details of film times: www.odeon.co.uk www.picturehouses.co.uk www.cineworld.co.uk www.worthingtheatres.co.uk
Dark Skies
23
ART: BERNARD LODGE From 1960 Bernard Lodge worked for the BBC creating title sequences for a wide range of programmes including Man Alive, Out Of The Unknown, The British Empire, The Mind Beyond, Wessex Tales, and the first five versions of Doctor Who. Linocuts became the basis of his work for a series of children’s books, and for most of these he was the author, and he continues to combine work on linocuts with woodcuts. Bernard Lodge, Pelham House, St Andrew’s Lane, Lewes. 01237 488600. 4 Apr–14 May
Brighton’s listings in one click: thelatest.co.uk On your mobile: thelatest.co.uk
Classes across Brighton, Lewes and East Sussex Opportunities to enter for ISTD exams, or simply dance for fun! Ballroom & Latin classes for children, teenagers and adults Private tuition also available, as “First Dance” preparation for Wedding Couples For more info, visit www.eastsussexdance.com Call Alex on 07901 962163 or email [email protected]
024_025_LS622_brightonafterdark_editorial 28/03/2013 15:20 Page 2
WHAT’S ON CLUBS
SADE ALI DISCOVERS A SECRET SILENT DISCO
Bmusic From ad hoc to ‘bang wallop’
E
ndeavours start as they mean to go on; so when we Bmusicers came to shoot our second Noise Reel show it was important to keep our boy girl presenter dynamic, but wait, what should you do when your female presenter is unable to make it? You improvise! As the horizontally gifted lady began singing, Bmusic dragged out its musicbox of tricks, rummaged deep and found a fine wig to keep the gender balance. In the face of adversity. DO.NOT.STOP. It got us thinking how easy it is to take circumstances for granted or even music for that matter. What would it be like if One Direction quite literally ruined music for everyone? What if music had never been at all? From the first homosapian who banged a warning cry to the ape who, for a careless moment, harmonised back and then elaborated, something changed. Grunts became vocal flirtations with noise, maybe an imitation of birdsong and somehow our species harnessed the power of voice and began mastering harmony for entertainment. Music has evolved constantly since its humble beginnings creating small-big joys for all humanoids. Today it moves beyond ears to all the senses; just go to a bass party and ask the guy standing next to the speakers like he’s in his own personal Harlem Shake video. King Lagoon’s Flying Swordfish Dance Band have introduced smell technicians to sets, creating aromas and fanning them into the audience. And what of music’s future? Interactive objects to hold resembling the artists interactive shape? Band flavoured meals to eat during performances? Our point is if you don't create with the circumstances given, great things can't happen; music could itself have been just a great eureka moment missed. Thankfully not. Remember we're open for commentary on that Facebook thing. Noise Reel 2 is available now online. www.facebook.com/BmusicTV
Words: Ben Darling
So this week I found myself sitting in the Jubilee Library twiddling my thumbs trying to think of what club night to write about. I’d never sat and wrote there before and nothing was coming to me. No wonder why, everyone was so miserable and quiet! Why did I choose to write about raving in such a zombieland? So seeing as there were no clubs open at the time for me to go and get some inspiration I started imagining the library as a club. I then noticed all the people with headphones in, and came to realise there were quite a few head-boppers, foot tappers and even a lady two-stepping whilst picking out a novel! So after playing backing music in my head and picturing the quietest of people busting shapes I then noticed that the people with headphones in weren’t so miserable after all! Concluding my pointless rant about how boring the library is to someone who loves clubs, I’ve decided that music is the root of happiness! Here are just a few nights I am really looking forward to: MAYFAIR @ HEDKANDI – Fridays C.U.Next.Tuesday @ Digital – Tuesdays Coco Loco @ Coalition – Wednesdays O.Y.B @ Coalition – Last Saturday of every month #ashtag @ Madam Geishas and Life –Mondays Trash Mondays @ Coalition – Mondays Antro @ Smack – Fridays Big It Up @ Riki Tik – Thursdays Playground @ Shooshhh – Fridays Hot Wuk @ Life and Concorde 2 – Once a month Strictly Reggae @ The Volks – Monday Back to ours @ Geishas – Thursdays Rack City @ Bar Rogue – Saturdays Fashionista @ Geishas – Saturdays Azuri @ Shooshh – Thursdays Karaoke-A-Bull @ Yates – Tuesdays Busy times!
@Bmusic_TV
Brighton’s listings in one click: thelatest.co.uk On your mobile: m.thelatest.co.uk
Music by:
Charles Green DJ Dubl £2.50 DOUBLES before 12 – £3 after EVERY THURSDAY – 10PM-4AM
Dress up…to dress off
214 KINGS ROAD ARCHES, BRIGHTON
024_025_LS622_brightonafterdark_editorial 28/03/2013 14:43 Page 3
WHAT’S ON CLUBS 25 BRIGHTON NOISE
>DON’T MISS< THE JUSTICE FORCE RISES... FOR ONE NIGHT ONLY! Attention Brighton rock ’n’ roll fanatics! For just one night only, the Justice Force 5 will be returning to rock Brighton’s world once again, screaming originality in what will likely be one of the most unique stage shows in Brighton. Expect the unexpected. Sold out so check for returns on the door. Sticky Mike’s Frog Bar, Fri 5 April, 7pm–10pm, £4.50 SOLD OUT ALL KILLER NO FILLER A clubbing experience like no other, so get your dancing shoes on for an incredible night of partying to only the biggest hits. The concept: you will recognise every track played, so there's no excuse not to party hard and bust out your best moves at The Pav Tav! The Pav Tav, Sat 6 April, 11pm–3am, £2 Facebook guestlist, £3 students, £4 others
Andy Hinton on this week’s best gigs
LIDO NIGHTS Before the Lido goes to its new management outfit here’s your chance to strut your stuff and make some nutty boy shapes at this evening of soul and ska classics. With the music provided live by Fat Belly Jones’ lively brass section, there’s no excuse not to embrace the community spirit and dance. Saltdean Community Centre, Sat 6 April, 11pm, £4
T
he Great Escape has released details of the second wave of bands scheduled to play in May at the festival. As well as British artists there is the usual influx of quality from Canada and the US. Australian music, which in the past was stuck in a mire of mainstream U2 aping rock seems to be really on the up with some of the indie-pop bands overtaking bands from the country from whence it came, namely Great Britain. French and Scandinavian music goes from strength to strength. At the time of writing I’ve listened to all 170 of the artists The Sheepdogs (another 160 or so to come) and I can promise that the quality is high and varied and we are in for a treat come May. Brighton Noise will be giving full coverage to the festival (our favourite weekend of the year); different writers will suggest who you should see, plans of action for each day and suggestions on how to get the most from what can be a fairly chaotic three days that will ensure you see as many artists as possible. This week we have Hip-Hop, a cult New York band, a hip New York band, home grown folk and classic US rock (via Canada). On Tuesday Brighton's finest Hip-Hop collective have their monthly free night at The Hope. Headlining the night is Genesis Elijah, a fine rapper indeed. There will be various support, an open night session and some organised chaos thrown in for good measure. The same night Swans are at Concorde 2 with their brutal, and very loud assaults on the eardrums. A cult band NY formed in 1982 they've gone through various splits and line-up changes. Their return has made a number of Brighton Noiser’s very happy indeed. Wednesday, all girl Brooklyn band Teen are at The Haunt. Despite their name they are definitely not your usual girl group. Their experimental distorted dream pop is catchy and intriguing. The following evening there is gypsy tinged folk from hotly tipped and very talented Brighton band Apples & Eve at Sticky Mike’s. They have already received airplay from XFM and 6 Music so why not see them at an intimate venue while you have the chance? Canadian band The Sheepdogs were one of the hits of The Great Escape last year. “The Sheepdogs do classic rock – southern, bluesy rock with big riffs and tight harmonies”. They are at The Haunt on Monday. For more information visit www.brightonnoise.co.uk
MEGADANCE After the road block at the launch in March, Brighton's newest monthly bass music night returns, bringing you (deept breath) D’n’b, Dubstep, Trap Grime, Garage, Jungle, Breaks, Moombahton and anything else you can think of in between. Concorde2, Sat 6 April, 11pm–4am, £3
Pic Tom Scrace
Brighton’s listings in one click: thelatest.co.uk On your mobile: thelatest.co.uk
028_LS622_stars-TV column_024_LS466_Sports/TV_Column 27/03/2013 10:10 Page 2
26
STARS With Val Aviv
★ARIES {Mar 21–Apr 20}
Passion and desire are both wonderful, it’s no wonder they rate so highly on your list of very important things. Lovely though it is to be intoxicated by the writhing lashings of pleasure, is it wise to solely devote yourself to being passion’s slave?
★TAURUS {Apr 21–May 21}
The quality of your life is currently not determined by your outer successes as much as it is by your private achievements. Love and passions may rise sky high behind the veil, secret admirers are plentiful which can mean you have great influence.
★GEMINI {May 22–June 21}
Those of you born in the early part of June will be experiencing significant increase in good fortune. If this does not appear to have been the case, then you must know it can all turn out for the best. It’s about surfing the waves of decisive bold moves.
★CANCER {June 22–July 22}
You seem to be the one spurring on others, leading the way to a brighter future through courageous acts of decisive leadership. With so much to achieve, mind that an impatient streak doesn’t make you ask the world of a mere Moon.
★LEO {July 23–Aug 22}
A surge of energy and dynamic enthusiasm can help you break beyond the tried and tested to go forth bravely into unchartered territory. You can use this optimum and inspired creative life force to further your understanding of the world through exploration, experimentation and discovery.
★VIRGO {Aug 23–Sep 22}
What is true love? Is there one such thing that sounds like it is more valid and better than anything else? Or does every relationship have the ability to reach us and move us in different ways? Love breaks down boundaries.
★LIBRA {Sep 23–Oct 22}
With so many planets in your opposite sign of the assertive and self assured Aries, you may find partners willing to fight to be heard and are also hard to ignore. If you feel like you’re the brunt of their frustrations, remember you’re both on the same team.
★SCORPIO {Oct 23–Nov 21}
Yes, work can be a competitive business, which is why on occasions you seize the opportunity to work alone and just get the job done. If there is sexual tension in the workplace, it could be that pulses escalate when Venus and Mars meet.
★SAGITTARIUS {Nov 22–Dec 20}
Love is exciting and oh so full of surprises. Passions run high and imaginations run wild, not just in love but also creative projects and you can have a lot of fun with children too. While us humans forget the value of fun and enjoyment, you are right to endorse it.
★CAPRICORN {Dec 21–Jan 19}
Mentally some inspired clarity may help you dissolve the barriers which have been standing in the way of you and your happiness. Home could be where the party is, although Disruption and Aggro may also pop round for a visit, so be sure not to give them too much of your time.
★AQUARIUS {Jan 20–Feb 19}
Don’t struggle alone when someone you know could easily help you out. Most of your problems are a phone call away from being solved, if you need to find something out – then ask. If you need to get something off your chest – then speak. It’s all about communication right now.
★PISCES {Feb 20–Mar 20}
Financially you are at your most vulnerable as forces like Mars are making you more likely to spontaneous buy while Venus is helping you find beauty in more things, which may help you feel as though the only way to feel good is to surround yourself with luxury items. Be aware of purse traffic. Val Aviv is the presenter for Brighton Lights on Latest TV www.thelatest.tv For more astrological insights and monthly horoscopes visit www.valaviv.com or for a personal astrological reading contact Val Aviv at: [email protected]
L7 TV Your weekly TV guide 82 – 8 APRIL could get wearing if she didn’t seem like the most equal companion in Doctor history. Together they are sharing his toys (even if his toys aren’t always amenable to being shared, you know who you are, TARDIS) and over-exciting each other like a pair of With Victoria Nangle tweenagers with too much popping candy. The origins of Clara Oswald does imply a meaty series story arc, and her own determination to help others even when the Doctor isn’t around and leading the way, paints her with a strong character – a sturdy canvas to be painted by Steven Moffat’s team of talented writers. othing seems to announce a festive day The thing about Doctor Who is that you get off more than a brand new episode of Doctor some exceptional episodes and creations, and Who. Be it Christmas or Easter (or even some great themes – sometimes all at the same Children In Need), that sonic screwdriver becomes time. This is not one of those times. This has a magic wand and sprinkles us all with cosmic plenty of oompah going on the soundtrack, with fairy dust that says eating too much sweet stuff the brass section compelling us to realise the and getting on with family urgency of the peril, but it’s has never been more still too concerned with important. And so the new “They’re over-exciting introducing us to Clara and series starts... what makes her tick. It’s each other like a pair Well, it started last exposition of her character weekend. Talk about event the idea that she’s not of tweenagers with too and telly! And I think I like this “just a girl”, but then nobody Clara Oswald. I’ve no idea how The importance of our much popping candy” is. her story arc will pan out, but own personal history is a as the first companion the little heavy-handed with the Doctor seems to have actively alien currency being sought out – rather than being stalked by or picked ‘Psychometry’ – currency of psychically imprinted up en route – she’s earning her stripes so far. She objects, things that you care about. But it’s a neat seems very Doctor-y. idea at a galactic festival that will have beings Maybe it’s coming into the TARDIS from a position from all over the universe. of mystery and assertion, but Jenna-Louise I’m not going to give away any more details of Coleman’s Clara has that wide-eyed adventurer the episode, as watching a Doctor Who unfold is a cockiness that seems very familiar. Charging joy for any fan. Except to say that bow ties are still headlong into an alien marketplace that seemed to cool. And so are red satchels. cross the Star Wars’ Mos Eisley cantina with a Doctor Who, BBC1, Saturday 6 April 2013 Marrakech street bazaar, Clara has a thirst for knowledge and a need to exclaim “My stars!” at Follow me: latestvicky every wonder the Doctor presents in front of her. It
Telly Talk
N
027_LS622_TV_tue_L7wed14apr.qxd 27/03/2013 10:04 Page 1
tuesday 2 The Great British Sewing Bee BBC2, 8pm Following on from The Great British Bake Off, who could really be surprised to see Claudia Winkleman pop up with The Great British Sewing Bee? Grandma’s tips have never been in such hot demand. Eight of the country’s best home-sewers are tested on their skills.
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Channel Five, 9pm DB’s not doing so good since he arrived in Vegas. First his grandkid was kidnapped, which understandably put his wife off the place, and now his son is among the suspects when the West Las Vegas University basketball coach is found bludgeoned to death. Poor dude.
666 Park Avenue ITV2, 10pm Sometimes it’s hard to work out the difference between the building’s dark influence and just general political conniving that would happen even without any CGI musings on the plots. Hmm. Henry’s excitement about his political career is tempered by Jane’s concerns about staying at The Drake. Trouble in paradise.
sport
¸ terrestrial BBC1
6.00am Breakfast 9.15 Heir Hunters 10.00 Homes Under The Hammer 11.00 You’ve Been Scammed 11.30 Real Rescues 12.15pm Bargain Hunt 1.00 BBC News At One 1.30 South East Today 1.45 Doctors 2.15 Escape To The Country 3.00 Perfection 3.45 Countryside 999 4.30 Antiques Road Trip 5.15 Pointless 6.00 BBC News At Six 6.30 South East Today 7.00 The One Show 7.30 EastEnders Lola desperately waits for news on Lexi, and is overwhelmed when Phil offers a glimmer of hope. 8.00 Holby City An undercover journalist being treated by Serena threatens to expose the legal action she is taking against her own hospital. 9.00 The Syndicate Drama series. Now she’s won the lottery Rose can take herself off the waiting list and buy some new knees! Her fantasy of fox-trotting around a ballroom again is fast becoming a reality. 10.00 BBC News At Ten 10.25 South East Today 10.35 The Matt Lucas Awards The winners are decided by original EastEnders Nej ‘Ali Osman’ Adamson, John ‘Nick Cotton’ Altman, Peter ‘Pete Beale’ Dean and Leonard ‘Dr Legg’ Fenton. Who will be leaving Matt’s front room with their own golden Lucas statue? Only The Matt Lucas Awards has the answers. 11.05 Cuckoo Comedy series in which a daughter returns from her gap year with an American husband 11.35 Live At The Apollo Series of cutting-edge stand-up comedy recorded at the Hammersmith Apollo. 12.20am FILM: Poltergeist (1982) 2.10 Weatherview 2.15 BBC News
BBC2
6.10am Homes Under The Hammer 7.10 Real Rescues 7.55 You’ve Been Scammed 8.25 Heir Hunters 9.10 Great British Menu 9.40 Countryfile 10.35 HARDtalk 11.00 BBC News 11.30 BBC World News 12.00pm Macbeth 1.45 Animal Park 2.15 How We Won The War 2.45 Country Show Cook Off 3.15 The Great British Bake Off 4.15 The Blue Planet 5.15 Vintage Antiques Roadshow 6.00 Eggheads General knowledge quiz show. 6.30 Helicopter Heroes Down Under Series following British flying doctors and aircrew saving lives in Australia. RAF veteran John Legge is scrambled to a gangland shooting in the Sydney suburbs and a family barbecue ends in an explosion. 7.00 Hairy Bikers’ Best Of British 8.00 The Great British Sewing Bee See highlights. 9.00 Keeping Britain Alive: The NHS In A Day Documentary following the ins and outs behind the scenes of one of the largest parts of our lives, as a carer, employer and safety net admired by the rest of the world. 10.00 Heading Out Sitcom. It is time for Sara to come out to her parents. Toria issues her with a lucky charm to bring good fortune, but it seems Sara’s luck may be about to run out. With a break-in at the surgery, a snake on the loose, and a confrontational policeman, will Sara be able to overcome all hurdles and finally be honest with her family? 10.30 Newsnight In-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day’s headlines with Jeremy Paxman. 11.20 The Other Pompeii: Life And Death In Herculaneum 12.20am Sign Zone: The Railway: Keeping Britain On Track
ITV1
6.00am Daybreak 8.30 Lorraine 9.25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10.30 This Morning 11.25 ITV News 11.30 This Morning 12.30pm Loose Women 1.30 ITV News & Weather 2.00 Cook Me The Money! 3.00 Dickinson’s Real Deal 4.00 Ade In Britain 5.00 The Chase
6.00 ITV News Meridian 6.30 ITV News; Weather 7.00 Emmerdale Brenda goes to extreme lengths to get her family to listen to her. Paddy is stunned when Vanessa makes him and Rhona an offer. 7.30 UEFA Champions League Live: Paris St Germain V Barcelona Adrian Chiles presents live coverage of the first leg from Paris with Roy Keane, Lee Dixon and Gareth Southgate. Barcelona gave themselves a mountain to climb in the last round against AC Milan before reminding us why they are widely considered to be the best team in the world. PSG have not reached this stage of a major competition for many years, but David Beckham will be hoping to play a part for his new club, with a Wembley final in May the dream finish to his season. With commentary by Clive Tyldesley and Andy Townsend. 10.00 ITV News At Ten; Weather 10.35 UEFA Champions League: Extra Time Matt Smith presents highlights from the first two quarterfinals. 11.35 Piers Morgan’s Life Stories: Britt Ekland Piers welcomes iconic Swedish actress Britt Ekland. Repeated from last week. 12.30am Jackpot247 3.00 Loose Women 3.45 ITV Nightscreen 5.05 The Jeremy Kyle Show
Channel 4
6.10am The Hoobs 6.35 The Hoobs 7.05 According To Jim 7.30 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.55 Everybody Loves Raymond 8.25 Frasier 8.55 Frasier 9.30 Frasier 10.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.30 The Big Bang Theory 11.00 Undercover Boss Australia 12.00pm Channel 4 News Summary 12.05 Jamie’s 15 Minute Meals 12.35 What’s Cooking? 1.45 Superscrimpers’ Challenge 2.45 Countdown 3.30 The Common Denominator 4.00 Deal Or No Deal 5.00 Come Dine With Me 6.00 The Simpsons 6.30 Hollyoaks A new bad boy wreaks havoc on the village. 7.00 Channel 4 News 7.55 4thought.tv 8.00 Bedtime Live This time, as well as helping a handful of brand new families get their children to bed, the show tries to bust the myth that all teens are lazy. 9.00 16 Kids And Counting Documentary series following the day-to-day lives of seven of Britain’s biggest families. In Sunderland, mumof-11 Amanda Allan is losing weight and enjoying getting her life back on track so much she wonders if enough is enough. But her husband Tony – a pigeon breeder – wants one more. 10.00 Shameless Comedy drama series set on a fictional Manchester estate. Aiden is under great pressure when OAP Stanton suddenly dies on his watch. 11.05 Gogglebox Television review programme narrated by Caroline Aherne. 11.55 Random Acts 12.00am Pokerstars.co.uk EPT Barcelona 12.55 KOTV Boxing Weekly 1.25 Sailing: America’s Cup Discovered 1.50 Mobil 1 The Grid 2.20 British Rallycross 2.45 Great Migrations 3.40 Come Dine With Me: Celebrity Christmas Special 4.35 Deal Or No Deal 5.30 Baking Mad With Eric Lanlard
Channel Five
6.00 – 7.45am Children’s television 7.45 Make Way For Noddy 7.55 Milkshake! Show Songs 8.00 Fifi And The Flowertots 8.15 Peppa Pig 8.20 Peppa Pig 8.25 Peppa Pig 8.35 Roary The Racing Car 8.45 Milkshake! Monkey 8.50 Bananas In Pyjamas 9.00 Tickety Toc 9.15 The Wright Stuff 11.10 All-New Trisha 12.00pm Looney Tunes 12.05 5 News Lunchtime 12.15 Rory And Will: Champions Of The World 1.15 Home And Away 1.45 Neighbours 2.15 NCIS 3.10 FILM: A Nanny’s Secret (2009) 5.00 5 News At 5 5.30 Neighbours 6.00 Home And Away After giving Heath her engagement ring to give to Bianca, Celia leaves the Bay. Maddy moves into Summer Bay House. One in, one out rule. 6.30 5 News 7.00 Cowboy Builders Documentary series. Dom Littlewood and Melinda Messenger are in the West Midlands to track down another of the UK’s most terrible tradesmen. 8.00 Whale Adventure With Nigel Marven Wildlife adventure series. With the whales on the final stretch of their journey, Nigel travels to the Bering Sea. On the Pribilof Islands off the west coast of Alaska, he sees puffins, cormorants, Arctic foxes and fur seals. 9.00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation See highlights. 10.00 CSI: NY Amerian crime drama. The team suspects that a burned corpse may have been a cage fighter. 10.55 Dallas Revival of the popular, glossy soap about a feuding Texan family. Peace among the Ewings is threatened when catastrophe strikes and Christopher’s technology is believed to be the cause 11.55 CSI: Miami US drama series. Horatio and the team race against time to find out who is trying to frame Horatio for murder. 12.50am SuperCasino 3.55 House Doctor (x2) 4.45 Michaela’s Wild Challenge (x2) 5.35 Wildlife SOS
Sky Sports 1 6.00am Good Morning Sports Fans 9.00 Ford Monday Night Football 11.30 Netbusters 12.00pm Football’s Greatest 12.30 Soccer AM: The Best Bits 1.30 Netbusters 2.00 Ford Monday Night Football 4.30 Netbusters 5.00 Premier League Review 6.00 Revista De La Liga 7.00 Sporting Greats 7.30 LIVE Elite League Speedway 9.30 SPL RoundUp 10.00 Revista De La Liga 11.00 Premier League Review 12.00am Champions League 1.00 Football’s Greatest Managers 1.30 SPL RoundUp 2.00 Revista De La Liga 3.00 Champions League 4.00 SPL RoundUp 4.30 Premier League Review 5.30 SPL Round-Up
Sky Sports 2 6.00am The Road To Wrestlemania 7.00 WWE Afterburn 8.00 Soccer AM: The Best Bits 9.00 PGA Tour Golf 10.00 European Tour Golf 12.00pm Shell’s Wonderful World Of Golf 1.30 PGA Tour Classic 2.30 PGA Tour Golf 3.30 European Tour Golf 5.30 NFL – Total Access 6.30 Football Asia 7.00 LIVE Champions League 10.15 Football Gold 10.45 World Series Of Poker 11.45 Elite League Speedway 1.45am Super League Backchat 2.15 World Series Of Poker 3.15 Football Gold 3.30 British Basketball 5.30 Super League Backchat
Sky Sports 3 6.00am Thrillseekers 6.30 Inside Sailing 7.00 IRB Sevens Rugby 9.00 Super League 10.30 Inside Sailing 11.00 Racing News 11.30 Aerobics 12.00pm The Road To Wrestlemania 1.00 Thrillseekers 1.30 Inside Sailing 2.00 IRB Sevens Rugby 4.00 WWE: Smackdown 6.00 The Road To Wrestlemania 7.00 British Basketball 9.00 Golfing World 9.30 Super League Backchat 10.00 The Road To Wrestlemania 11.00 Sports Unlimited 12.00am British Basketball 2.00 British Motocross 3.00 Elite League Speedway 5.00 Sports Unlimited Victoria Nangle
kextraterrestrial Sky1
More4
Film4
10.00am Treasure Island 12.00pm The Middle (x2) 1.00 Spy (x2) 2.00 Futurama (x2) 3.00 Stargate SG-1 (x2) 5.00 The Middle 5.25 Cars Toons 5.30 The Middle 6.00 John Bishop’s Only Joking 6.30 The Simpsons (x3) 8.00 Touch 9.00 Revolution (x2) 11.00 Soccer AM: The Best Bits 12.00am Street Crime UK (x2) 1.00 Brit Cops
7.00pm The Baby Bomb 8.00 Don’t Just Stand There...I’m Having Your Baby! 9.00 Barely Legal Drivers 10.00 Bluestone 42 10.30 EastEnders 11.00 Family Guy (x2) 11.50 American Dad! (x2) 12.35am Barely Legal Drivers 1.30 Bluestone 42 2.00 Don’t Just Stand There...
7.00pm World News Today 7.30 Great British Railway Journeys 8.00 Horizon: Global Weirding 9.00 Crossing England In A Punt: River Of Dreams 10.00 I, Claudius 10.50 In No Great Hurry: 13 Lessons In Life With Saul Leiter 11.50 Parks And Recreation (x2) 12.35am Horizon: Global Weirding
4.10pm The Real Housewives Of Atlanta 5.05 Millionaire Matchmaker 6.00 The Jeremy Kyle Show USA 7.00 You’ve Been Framed! (x2) 8.00 Love In The Wild 9.00 The Vampire Diaries 10.00 666 Park Avenue. See highlight 11.00 Celebrity Juice: The Big Reunion Special 11.45 Plebs 12.15am The Big Reunion
1.00pm Heartbeat 2.00 Wild At Heart 3.00 The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes 4.15 Only When I Laugh 4.50 On The Buses 5.25 George And Mildred 5.55 Heartbeat 6.55 Lost In Austen 8.00 Agatha Christie’s Marple 10.00 Murderland 11.00 Law & Order: UK 12.00am The Ruth Rendell Mysteries (x2)
5.00pm How I Met Your Mother (x2) 6.00 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 7.00 Hollyoaks 7.30 How I Met Your Mother (x2) 8.30 The Big Bang Theory 9.00 New Girl 9.30 The Mindy Project 10.00 The Cleveland Show 10.30 The Inbetweeners 11.05 Rude Tube: Totally Mashed 12.10am 2 Broke Girls
11.40am FILM: Murder Ahoy (1964) 1.30pm Time Team (x2) 3.35 Location, Location, Location 4.40 A Place In The Sun (x2) 6.50 Come Dine With Me 7.55 Grand Designs Abroad 9.00 Grand Designs 10.00 A Great British Air Disaster 11.05 Embarrassing Bodies 12.10am Come Dine With Me
11.00am The Love Bug (1968) 1.10pm First Men In The Moon (1964) 3.15 Castle Of Cagliostro (1979) 5.25 The Lord Of The Rings: The Fellowship Of The Ring (2001) 8.50 Peter Jackson On Lord Of The Rings 9.00 The Lord Of The Rings: The Two Towers (2002) 12.30am Paris, Texas (1984)
S A 6. Sp pr pa w Sp re lo an 8. Sp pr pa w N ac Ba Co to w fro Ch an Fo ba of Gu En Eu an th Th th an N th w th Le 2. fli
028_LS622_TV_wed_L7wed14apr.qxd 27/03/2013 10:05 Page 1
wednesday 3 Hillsborough – Never Forgotten BBC2, 9pm Approaching the first anniversary of the Hillsborough Disaster since the Hillsborough Independent Review, this looks at the impact it has had upon the survivors and families of the dead. The bishop of Liverpool, a key member in uncovering the truth at last, explains it all.
The Mimic Channel 4, 10pm Such a lot has happened in just a few weeks, and Stephen’s management of Martin as a voiceover artist is in full swing. He’s the chap behind the sat navs! Thing is, he gets a bit bored and starts ad libbing a multicharacter conversation, unaware that he is being filmed by a security camera. All change.
Parks And Recreation BBC4, 10pm & 10.20pm No matter how distracted she gets by fixing the smaller picture, the bigger one always comes along and falls on Leslie Knope from a great height, completely taking her unawares. The wellintentioned bureaucrat gets to grips with more clangers and obstacles in her quest to open the best darn park around.
sport
¸ terrestrial BBC1
6.00am Breakfast 9.15 Heir Hunters 10.00 Homes Under The Hammer 11.00 You’ve Been Scammed 11.30 Real Rescues 12.15pm Bargain Hunt 1.00 BBC News At One 1.30 South East Today 1.45 Doctors 2.15 Escape To The Country 3.00 Perfection 3.45 Countryside 999 4.30 Antiques Road Trip 5.15 Pointless 6.00 BBC News At Six 6.30 South East Today 7.00 The One Show 8.00 MasterChef Cookery competition with John Torode and Gregg Wallace. The penultimate heat week begins, as five more amateur cooks battle against each other. First, they must hold their nerve in the infamous Invention Test, where they have just one hour to cook an exceptional dish from scratch. 9.00 Motorway Cops following those fast-moving policemen we alwatys thought of when watching re-runs of CHiPs. 10.00 BBC News At Ten 10.25 South East Today 10.35 A Question Of Sport Sporting quiz, in which Sue Barker asks the questions to teams of sporting celebrities lead by captains Matt Dawson and Phil Tufnell. Their guests are champion heptathlete Kelly Sotherton, Ashes-winning captain Michael Vaughan, snooker sensation Mark Selby and England rugby star Austin Healey. 11.05 FILM: Insomnia (2002) Starring Al Pacino, Robin Williams, Martin Donovan, Hilary Swank, Paul Dooley. Crime drama about a veteran LAPD detective who journeys to a small Alaskan town with his partner to investigate the murder of a 17year-old girl. 1.00am Weatherview 1.05 News
BBC2
6.00am Homes Under The Hammer 7.00 Real Rescues 7.45 You’ve Been Scammed 8.15 Heir Hunters 9.00 Great British Menu 9.30 Great British Menu 10.00 Food & Drink 10.30 See Hear 11.00 BBC News 11.30 BBC World News 12.00pm FILM: Darby O’Gill And The Little People (1959) 1.30 The Super League Show 2.15 How We Won The War 2.45 Country Show Cook Off 3.15 The Great British Bake Off 4.15 The Blue Planet 5.15 Vintage Antiques Roadshow 6.00 Eggheads General knowledge quiz show. 6.30 Helicopter Heroes Down Under Series following British flying doctors and aircrew saving lives in Australia. Paediatrician Victoria Sheward flies to the rescue of a premature baby and a kayaker will drown if former Royal Marine Tony Woods is not able to pluck him from the waves. 7.00 Hairy Bikers’ Best Of British The hairy twosome get stuck in to some tasty homecooked delights from around the country. 8.00 Coast Coast reveals surprising stories of invasions around the British Isles. Nick Crane visits Guernsey, occupied by Germany during WW2. He opens a bunker that has been sealed since the end of the war and hears remarkable stories of the occupation. 9.00 Hillsborough - Never Forgotten See highlights. 10.00 James May’s Things You Need To Know... James May’s fills our heads with useless but enertaining knowledge. 10.30 Newsnight In-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day’s headlines with Jeremy Paxman. 11.20 Keeping Britain Alive: The NHS In A Day 12.20am Horizon 1.20 Sign Zone: See Hear 1.50 This Is BBC Two
ITV1
Channel 4
6.00am Daybreak 8.30 Lorraine 9.25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10.30 This Morning 11.25 ITV News 11.30 This Morning 12.30pm Loose Women 1.30 ITV News & Weather 2.00 Cook Me The Money! 3.00 Dickinson’s Real Deal 4.00 Ade In Britain 5.00 The Chase
6.00 ITV News Meridian 6.30 ITV News; Weather 7.00 Emmerdale Bob is left reeling when the reality of Brenda’s situation hits home. 7.30 Coronation Street Sunita gets an unwelcome visitor. Tyrone pays condemned Kirsty a visit. 8.00 Food Glorious Food The last regional heat in the competition finds the judges in the grounds of glorious Knebworth House, where they are are looking for a winning recipe from London and the Home Counties. 9.00 Scott & Bailey Return of the drama series following two Manchester police officers. Admitting their marriage is over, Janet and Ade put their house on the market, planning to split when it sells. When Janet discovers the severed head of 75-year-old Eunice Bevan at the bottom of the stairs, and her bedridden husband Joe upstairs, tracing their relatives is paramount. 10.00 ITV News At Ten; Weather 10.35 Ronnie O’Sullivan: Sports Life Stories Ronnie O’Sullivan, one of snooker’s most gifted and controversial characters, talks about his life and career. 11.35 The Dales Ade Edmondson’s observational documentary series. 12.05am Jackpot247 3.00 British Touring Car Championship Highlights 4.15 ITV Nightscreen 5.05 The Jeremy Kyle Show
6.00am The Treacle People 6.10 The Hoobs 6.35 The Hoobs 7.05 According To Jim 7.30 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.55 Everybody Loves Raymond 8.25 Frasier 8.55 Frasier 9.30 Frasier 10.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.30 The Big Bang Theory 11.00 Undercover Boss Australia 12.00pm Channel 4 News Summary 12.05 Jamie’s 15 Minute Meals 12.35 What’s Cooking? 1.45 Superscrimpers’ Challenge 2.45 Countdown 3.30 The Common Denominator 4.00 Deal Or No Deal 5.00 Come Dine With Me 6.00 The Simpsons 6.30 Hollyoaks John Paul’s professional integrity is tested. Jacqui is in a moral quandary when Trudy offers to help Phoebe out. 7.00 Channel 4 News 7.55 4thought.tv 8.00 Phil Spencer: Secret Agent Phil faces double trouble as he helps two struggling sellers to shift their homes. In Reigate, Surrey he visits a property that looks more like a Swedish sauna than a house. And in Haslemere he assists a vendor that really should know better. 9.00 One Born Every Minute Flyon-the-wall documentary series filmed in a busy maternity ward. One expectant couple have faith beyond the hospital staff, while another dadto-be is in danger of missing out on the big moment. 10.00 The Mimic See highlights. 10.35 Anna & Katy Sketch show from comedians Anna Crilly and Katy Wix. Lee Mack guests in German hospital drama Leben Ist Das Leben. 11.05 8 Out Of 10 Cats: Uncut Extended edition. 11.55 Random Acts 12.00am The Last Leg 12.30 The New Normal 12.55 Revenge 1.45 FILM: And When Did You Last See Your Father? (2007) 3.20 Come Dine With Me 4.15 Deal Or No Deal 5.10 Countdown 5.55 Kirstie’s Handmade Treasures
Channel Five
6.00 – 8.00am Children’s teelvision 8.00 Fifi And The Flowertots 8.10 Little Lodgers 8.15 Peppa Pig 8.20 Peppa Pig 8.25 Peppa Pig 8.35 Roary The Racing Car 8.45 Milkshake! Monkey 8.50 Bananas In Pyjamas 9.00 Tickety Toc 9.15 The Wright Stuff 11.10 All-New Trisha 12.00pm Looney Tunes 12.05 5 News Lunchtime 12.15 Dangerous Adventures For Boys 1.15 Home And Away 1.45 Neighbours 2.15 NCIS 3.15 Looney Tunes 3.25 FILM: Backyard Wedding (2010) 5.00 5 News At 5 5.30 Neighbours 6.00 Home And Away Casey saves Sasha and Rosie from the surf, but the girls’ friendship is on the rocks. 6.30 5 News 7.00 Robson’s Extreme Fishing Challenge Fishing travelogues. Robson takes on five local master anglers on a trip to one of the wildest places on earth, South Australia. 8.00 Rolf’s Animal Clinic Documentary series presented by Rolf Harris. Vet Alex and nurse Shelley are preparing for a visit from one of their favourite patients – an obese bassett hound called Charlie. 9.00 NCIS US naval drama series. When Tony’s father is found inside a car containing a dead body in the boot, he claims to have no memory of the night. 10.00 Law And Order: Special Victims Unit Police drama series. A confession from a dying man leaves Olivia and Elliot with the complicated task of unravelling a family mystery, and leads them to uncover a shocking miscarriage of justice. 10.55 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Crime drama. The team investigates a double murder which leads to a hunt for the missing child of an FBI agent. 11.50 The Aussie Millions Poker Championship 12.50am SuperCasino 4.00 House Doctor (x2) 4.50 Michaela’s Wild Challenge (x2) 5.35 Wildlife SOS
Sky Sports 1 6.00am Good Morning Sports Fans 9.00 Champions League 10.00 Revista De La Liga 11.00 Premier League Review 12.00pm Champions League 1.00 SPL Round-Up 1.30 Revista De La Liga 2.30 Premier League Review 3.30 SPL Round-Up 4.00 Champions League 4.55 LIVE T20 Cricket 8.30 Boots ‘n’ All 9.30 Sporting Heroes 10.30 NFL: Inside The Vikings 11.30 Total Rugby 12.00am Champions League 1.00 Sporting Heroes 2.00 Futbol Mundial 2.30 Hyundai A League 3.00 Champions League 4.00 Sporting Heroes 5.00 Futbol Mundial
Sky Sports 2 6.00am The Road To Wrestlemania 7.00 WWE Vintage 8.00 Ladies European Tour Golf 9.00 Fishing 10.00 Pool 11.00 Elite League Speedway 1.00pm British Basketball 3.00 Elite League Speedway 5.00 Watersports World 6.00 Boots ‘n’ All 7.00 LIVE Champions League 10.15 Boots ‘n’ All 11.15 Trans World Sport 12.15am European Tour Weekly 12.45 Boots ‘n’ All 1.45 Total Rugby 2.15 Trans World Sport 3.15 European Tour Weekly 3.45 Inside The PGA Tour 4.15 Sporting Greats 4.45 Boots ‘n’ All
Sky Sports 3 6.00am Champions League Goals 7.00 Elite League Speedway 9.00 British Basketball 11.00 Racing News 11.30 Aerobics 12.00pm British Motocross 1.00 Ladies European Tour Golf 2.00 Powerboating 2.30 Super League Backchat 3.00 WWE: The Bottom Line 4.00 WWE Afterburn 5.00 Tenpin Bowling 6.00 Inside The PGA Tour 6.30 European Tour Weekly 7.00 NFL: Inside The Vikings 8.00 Trans World Sport 9.00 Total Rugby 9.30 Inside The PGA Tour 10.00 Tenpin Bowling 11.00 European Tour Weekly 11.30 Inside The PGA Tour 12.00am Watersports World 1.00 NFL: Inside The Vikings 2.00 Tenpin Bowling 3.00 Boots ‘n’ All 4.00 Watersports World 5.00 Trans World Sport Victoria Nangle
kextraterrestrial Sky1
More4
Film4
12.00pm The Middle (x2) 1.00 Spy (x2) 2.00 Futurama (x2) 3.00 Stargate SG-1 (x2) 5.00 The Middle 5.25 Cars Toons 5.35 The Middle 6.00 A League Of Their Own 6.30 The Simpsons (x3) 8.00 Ashley Banjo’s Secret Street Crew 9.00 Touch 10.00 Glee 11.00 Street Crime UK (x2) 12.00am Brit Cops: Zero Tolerance 1.00 Road Wars
7.00pm Don’t Just Stand There...I’m Having Your Baby! 8.00 Great Movie Mistakes 2: The Sequel 8.05 FILM: Shrek The Third (2007) 9.30 Shrek: Once Upon A Time 10.30 Russell Howard’s Good News 11.00 Family Guy (x2) 11.45 American Dad! (x2) 12.30 Bluestone 42 1.00 Horsemeat Banquet
7.00pm News 7.30 Great British Railway Journeys 8.00 10 Things You Didn’t Know About Earthquakes 9.00 Hidden Killers Of The Victorian Home 10.00 Parks And Recreation (x2). See highlights. 10.45 Julia Bradbury’s Icelandic Walk 11.45 10 Things You Didn’t Know About Earthquakes 12.45am Carved With Love
4.10pm The Real Housewives Of Atlanta 5.05 Millionaire Matchmaker 6.00 The Jeremy Kyle Show USA 7.00 You’ve Been Framed! (x2) 8.00 Britain’s Got More Talent: All Stars 9.00 Benidorm 10.00 The Only Way Is Essex 10.50 Big Rich Texas 11.50 Gary Barlow And Friends 1.00am 666 Park Avenue
3.00pm The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes 4.15 Only When I Laugh 4.50 On The Buses 5.20 George And Mildred 5.50 Heartbeat 6.55 Lost In Austen 7.55 The Return Of Sherlock Holmes 9.00 Robbie Coltrane: B-Road Britain 10.00 Murderland 11.00 Law & Order: UK 12.05am The Ruth Rendell Mysteries
3.00pm Charmed 4.00 Rules Of Engagement (x2) 5.00 How I Met Your Mother (x2) 6.00 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 7.00 Hollyoaks 7.30 Youngers 8.00 FILM: Big Momma’s House (2000) 10.05 Rude Tube: Totally Mashed 11.10 The Body Shocking Show 11.45 New Girl 12.15am The New Normal
11.25am FILM: One Of Our Aircraft Is Missing (1942) 1.30pm Time Team (x2) 3.35 Location, Location, Location 4.40 A Place In The Sun (x2) 6.50 Come Dine With Me 7.55 Grand Designs 9.00 Secrets Of The Stonehenge Skeletons 10.00 FILM: No Country For Old Men (2007) 12.25am Come Dine With Me
11.00am The Black Knight (1954) 12.45pm The Wizard Of Oz (1939) 2.50 Ponyo (2008) 4.55 Clueless (1995) 6.50 The Golden Compass (2007) 9.00 Lord Of The Rings: The Return Of The King (2003) 12.55am The Piano (1993) 3.35 Close
THE LATEST TV CHANNEL from Brighton with love
S A 6. Sp pr pa w Sp re lo an 8. Sp pr pa w Ch qu Le Ju ta La Ba go fix Le w Pr m pl Ch qu Le Ju ta Up th Ba La Ba go fix Le
029_LS622_TV_thu_L7wed14apr.qxd 27/03/2013 10:06 Page 1
thursday 4 The Intern Channel 4, 9pm The latest Dragon, Hilary Devey, has persuaded some of the most exciting British companies to open their doors – and their recruitment pool – to three young people for a week. Tonight the exclusive Red Carnation Collection chain of hotels offers bright sparks a glimpse into the world of high end hoteliering.
Jodie Marsh Channel Five, 10pm It’s been well publicised that Jodie Marsh suffered at the hands of bullies – and we’re not talking about her spat with Katie Price. This two-part documentary series sees her head over the pond to investigate some of the techniques being used to stop bullying, and whether they can be introduced over here.
2 Broke Girls E4, 9.30pm It’s arrived! The dream that came from the skint cackle and the brassic Manolo Blahniks has finally come to fruition as Max and caroline throw a grand opening party for their new cupcake shop. The perfect opportunity for Max to show off her success to all of her exboyfriends. Attchya!
sport
¸ terrestrial BBC1
6.00am Breakfast 9.15 Heir Hunters 10.00 Homes Under The Hammer 11.00 You’ve Been Scammed 11.30 Real Rescues 12.15pm Bargain Hunt 1.00 BBC News At One 1.30 South East Today 1.45 Doctors 2.15 Escape To The Country 3.00 Perfection 3.45 Countryside 999 4.30 Antiques Road Trip 5.15 Pointless 6.00 BBC News At Six 6.30 South East Today 7.00 The One Show 7.30 EastEnders It is the day of Dot’s court hearing to decide if she will lose her home. Fearful of what may happen, Dot heads off alone. 8.00 MasterChef Cookery competition with John Torode and Gregg Wallace. 9.00 Prisoners’ Wives Drama series. Francesca is powerless to help when her family become the target of gangland retribution, with tragic consequences. Meanwhile, Kim tries to rebuild her marriage, grief-stricken Aisling has to make a tough choice about her future, and will Harriet ever be able to forgive Gavin? 10.00 BBC News At Ten 10.25 South East Today 10.35 David Bowie – Cracked Actor: An Imagine... Special Bowie and the Spiders from Mars filmed at the Hammersmith Odeon in 1973. 11.30 FILM: The Life Aquatic With Steve Zissou (2004) Starring Bill Murray, Cate Blanchett, Owen Wilson, Angelica Houston. Oncerenowned ocean wildlife filmmaker Steve Zissou seeks the sea creature that killed a friend – but his motley crew face human opposition as well as natural threats. 1.25am Holiday Weatherview 1.30 BBC News
BBC2
6.05am Homes Under The Hammer 7.05 Real Rescues 7.50 You’ve Been Scammed 8.20 Heir Hunters 9.05 Great British Menu 9.35 Great British Menu 10.05 Great British Railway Journeys 10.35 HARDtalk 11.00 BBC News 11.30 BBC World News 12.00pm FILM: Sharpay’s Fabulous Adventure (2011) 1.30 The Weakest Link 2.15 How We Won The War 2.45 Country Show Cook Off 3.15 The Great British Bake Off 4.15 The Blue Planet 5.15 Vintage Antiques Roadshow 6.00 Eggheads General knowledge quiz show. 6.30 Helicopter Heroes Down Under Series following British flying doctors and aircrew saving lives in Australia. 7.00 Hairy Bikers’ Best Of British 8.00 James May’s Man Lab James May is on a mission to save modern men – from themselves. From his Man Lab HQ, James and his team set out on a series of action-packed challenges that will help modern man relearn some of the vital skills, once cherished by his forefathers, that are now in danger of being lost forever. 9.00 Horizon Series exploring topical scientific issues. 10.00 How TV Ruined Your Life Comedy series in which Charlie Brooker uses a mix of sketches and jawdropping archive footage to explore the gulf between real life and television. 10.30 Newsnight In-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day’s headlines. 11.20 Ancient Egypt: Life And Death In The Valley Of The Kings What was it like to live and die in ancient Egypt, 3,500 years ago? Egyptologist Dr Joann Fletcher goes on a fascinating journey in search of people like us. 12.20am Sign Zone: A History Of Syria With Dan Snow 1.20 This Is BBC Two
ITV1
6.00am Daybreak 8.30 Lorraine 9.25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10.30 This Morning 11.25 ITV News 11.30 This Morning 12.30pm Loose Women 1.30 ITV News & Weather 2.00 Cook Me The Money! 3.00 Dickinson’s Real Deal 4.00 Ade In Britain 5.00 The Chase
6.00 ITV News Meridian 6.15 ITV News; Weather 6.45 Emmerdale The village is rocked when Belle and Thomas make a bid for freedom. Nikhil and Gennie’s attempt to include Brenda in their wedding backfires. Ali employs underhand tactics in an attempt to get the workers a raise. 7.45 UEFA Europa League Live: Tottenham Hotspur V FC Basel Matt Smith is joined by Gareth Southgate and Gordon Strachan for live coverage of first leg of the quarter-final from White Hart Lane. Tottenham have had their fair share of drama in reaching this stage. They needed a last-gasp equaliser to get past Lyon, and came perilously close to squandering a three-goal advantage against Inter Milan in the last round. Commentary comes from Clive Tyldesley and Andy Townsend. 10.10 ITV News At Ten; Weather 10.45 UEFA Europa League: Extra Time Mark Pougatch presents highlights of all four of tonight’s Europa League quarter-final first legs. 11.45 The Jonathan Ross Show Jonathan’s guests this week are The Hobbit star James Nesbitt and music legends Depeche Mode, who chat and perform live. 12.45am Jackpot247 3.00 River Monsters 3.50 ITV Nightscreen 5.05 The Jeremy Kyle Show
Channel 4
6.10am The Hoobs 6.35 The Hoobs 7.05 According To Jim 7.30 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.55 The Morning Line 8.55 Frasier 9.25 Frasier 10.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.30 The Big Bang Theory 11.00 Undercover Boss Australia 12.00pm Channel 4 News Summary 12.05 Jamie’s 15 Minute Meals 12.35 What’s Cooking? 1.30 Channel 4 Racing 4.30 Deal Or No Deal 5.15 Come Dine With Me 6.00 The Simpsons 6.30 Hollyoaks Romance blossoms for Tony, Tilly finds an unlikely ally and John Paul turns to Doug for solace. 7.00 Channel 4 News 7.55 4thought.tv 8.00 Secret Eaters Anna Richardson returns to expose the nation’s secret eating habits. Married couple Emma and Paul from Warrington are in the spotlight. Since being together they’ve piled on a massive seven stone between them, yet are still under the impression they eat healthily. However Emma’s craving for carbs and Paul’s passion for potatoes suggests otherwise. 9.00 The Intern See highlights. 10.00 Dogging Tales Documentary by the award winning film maker Leo Maguire which looks at this hidden world. This compelling account looks at why people are attracted to this, whether it affects their relationships and how individuals were introduced to it. 11.15 Random Acts 11.20 Embarrassing Bodies The medical series that destigmatises unusual ailments. 12.25am 40 Year Old Virgins 1.20 Bank Of Dave: Fighting The Fat Cats 2.15 Hugh’s Fish Fight 3.10 Time Team Special: Haslar Hospital 4.05 Deal Or No Deal 5.00 Countdown 5.45 Baking Mad With Eric Lanlard
Channel Five
6.00 – 8.00am Children’s television 8.00 Fifi And The Flowertots 8.15 Peppa Pig 8.20 Peppa Pig 8.25 Peppa Pig 8.30 Little Lodgers 8.35 Roary The Racing Car 8.45 Milkshake! Monkey 8.50 Bananas In Pyjamas 9.00 Tickety Toc 9.15 The Wright Stuff 11.10 AllNew Trisha 12.00pm Looney Tunes 12.05 5 News Lunchtime 12.15 Dangerous Adventures For Boys 1.15 Home And Away 1.45 Neighbours 2.15 NCIS 3.15 FILM: Jane Doe: Vanishing Act (2005) 5.00 5 News At 5 5.30 Neighbours 6.00 Home And Away Natalie tells Brax that she does have feelings for him but that she is happy with Zac. 6.30 5 News 7.00 Whale Adventure With Nigel Marven With the whales on the final stretch of their journey, Nigel travels to the Bering Sea. 8.00 Cowboy Builders Dom Littlewood and Melinda Messenger track down the UK’s most terrible tradesmen and try to rectify the chaos that they have left behind them. 9.00 Killers Behind Bars Documentary series. Professor David Wilson investigates the gruesome crimes of Anthony Hardy, aka The Camden Ripper, who brutally murdered Elizabeth Valad and Brigitte MacClennan in 2002. Inside Hardy’s flat, investigators found a hacksaw with human skin still attached to the blade, an electric jigsaw and a woman’s torso wrapped in bin liners. 10.00 Jodie Marsh: Bullied See highlights. 11.00 FILM: Ghost Rider (2007) Starring Nicolas Cage, Eva Mendes, Wes Bentley, Matt Long, Sam Elliot and Peter Fonda. Comic-book adventure about a stunt motorcyclist tricked into making a pact with Mephistopheles. 1.10am SuperCasino 3.55 House Doctor (x2) 4.45 Michaela’s Wild Challenge (x2) 5.35 Wildlife SOS
Sky Sports 1 6.00am Good Morning Sports Fans 9.00 UEFA Champions League 10.00 Sporting Heroes 11.00 FIFA Futbol Mundial 11.30 Hyundai A League 12.00pm UEFA Champions League 1.00 Sporting Heroes 2.00 Boots ‘n’ All 3.00 Hyundai A League 3.30 FIFA Futbol Mundial 4.00 UEFA Champions League 5.00 Boots ‘n’ All 6.00 Ringside 7.00 LIVE Darts: Premier League 10.30 The Footballers’ Football Show 12.00am Ringside 1.00 Barclays Premier League World 1.30 The Footballers’ Football Show 3.00 Ringside 4.00 Barclays Premier League World
Sky Sports 2 6.00am The Road To Wrestlemania 7.00 WWE: Experience 8.00 Boots ‘n’ All 9.00 European Tour Weekly 9.30 Sporting Greats 10.00 NFL: Inside The Vikings 11.00 Boots ‘n’ All 12.00pm European Tour Weekly 12.30 Total Rugby 1.00 NFL: Inside The Vikings 2.00 World Basketball 3.00 Watersports World 4.00 Sporting Heroes 5.00 NFL - Total Access 6.00 Premier League World 6.30 Super League Superstars 7.00 LIVE European Rugby Club Special 10.00 WWE: Late Night Raw 12.00am The Road To Wrestlemania 1.00 WWE NXT 2.00 Darts: Premier League 5.30 ATP Tour
Sky Sports 3 6.00am Champions League Goals 7.00 NFL: Inside The Vikings 8.00 Watersports World 9.00 FIBA World Basketball 9.30 Total Rugby 10.00 Tenpin Bowling 11.00 Racing News 11.30 Aerobics 12.00pm Watersports World 1.00 Trans World Sport 2.00 Thrillseekers 2.30 Aerobics: Oz Style 3.00 WWE Vintage 4.00 WWE Special: CM Punk - Best In The World 5.00 LIVE LPGA Golf 8.00 LIVE PGA Tour Golf 11.00 LIVE LPGA Golf 2.00am Super League Superstars 2.30 Racemax 3.30 WWE Special: CM Punk - Best In The World 4.30 Super League Superstars 5.00 Racemax Victoria Nangle
kextraterrestrial Sky1
More4
Film4
12.00pm The Middle (x2) 1.00 The Simpsons (x2) 2.00 Futurama (x2) 3.00 Stargate SG-1 (x2) 5.00 The Middle 5.25 Cars Toons 5.30 The Middle 6.00 A League Of Their Own 6.30 The Simpsons (x3) 8.00 Arrow 9.00 Hawaii Five-0 10.00 NCIS: LA 11.00 Street Crime UK (x2) 12.00am Brit Cops: Zero Tolerance
7.00pm Top Gear 8.00 Barely Legal Drivers 9.00 The Baby Bomb 10.00 Lee Nelson’s Well Funny People 10.30 EastEnders 11.00 Family Guy (x2) 11.50 American Dad! (x2) 12.35am Lee Nelson’s Well Funny People 1.05 Barely Legal Drivers 2.00 The Baby Bomb 3.00 Don’t Just Stand There...
7.00pm News 7.30 Top Of The Pops: 1978 8.00 Time To Remember 8.30 Pagans And Pilgrims: Britain’s Holiest Places 9.00 High Art Of The Low Countries 10.00 Crossing England In A Punt: River Of Dreams 11.00 Rosslyn Chapel: A Treasure In Stone 12.00am Calf’s Head And Coffee: The Golden Age Of English Food
4.10pm Real Housewives Of Atlanta 5.05 Millionaire Matchmaker 6.00 The Jeremy Kyle Show USA 7.00 You’ve Been Framed! (x2) 8.00 Britain’s Got More Talent 9.00 Peter Andre: My Life 10.00 Celebrity Juice 10.50 Plebs 11.20 Altitude Comedy Festival 12.20am The Only Way Is Essex 1.05 Peter Andre
1.00pm Heartbeat 2.00 Wild At Heart 3.00 The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes 4.15 Only When I Laugh 4.50 On The Buses 5.20 George And Mildred 5.50 Heartbeat 6.55 Lost In Austen 8.00 Midsomer Murders 10.00 Murderland 11.00 Law & Order: UK 12.00am The Ruth Rendell Mysteries (x2)
6.00pm The Big Bang Theory (x2) 7.00 Hollyoaks 7.30 How I Met Your Mother 8.00 The Big Bang Theory 8.30 How I Met Your Mother 9.00 The New Normal 9.30 2 Broke Girls. See highlights. 10.00 The Body Shocking Show 10.35 Rude Tube 11.10 Fresh Meat 12.00am Big Bang Theory
11.30am FILM: The Fighting Seabees (1944) 1.30pm Time Team (x2) 3.35 Location, Location, Location 4.40 A Place In The Sun: Home Or Away (x2) 6.50 Come Dine With Me 7.55 Grand Designs 9.00 The Good Wife 10.00 Nashville 11.05 Boss 12.10am Come Dine With Me 1.15 The Good Wife
11.00am Ocean Waves (1993) 12.35pm Three Worlds Of Gulliver (1960) 2.35 Pom Poko (1988) 5.00 Big Business (1988) 6.55 Eragon (2006) 9.00 He’s Just Not That Into You (2008) 11.30 Micmacs (2009) 1.35am Mister Lonely (2007) 3.45 Danny Boyle Interview Special 3.55 Close
S A 6. Sp pr pa w Sp re lo an 8. Sp pr pa w Ch qu Le Ga Bo He lo bo th in A fo fro Bu Hy Hy so UE th Ch en pl Sp gr Lo w ch
030_LS622_TV_fri_L7wed14apr.qxd 27/03/2013 10:08 Page 1
friday 5 Mastermind Grand Final BBC2, 7.30pm That intimidating black chair may look comfortable but it’s one heck of a hot seat! Tonight John Humphries hosts the Grand Final, as six contenders battle it out to be heralded as the cleverest. Specialist subjects include ’70s pop music, Abraham Lincoln, the operas of Verdi, The Roman Empire and the Paris Commune.
Piers Morgan’s Life Stories: Karren Brady ITV1, 9pm Chiefly recognised these days from The Apprentice, Karren Brady became managing director of football club Birmingham City at the age of 23 – turning the club’s fortunes around – and became one of Britain’s most successful businesswomen. Piers Morgan digs deeper.
FILM: Hairspray Film4, 6.45pm Kickstart your weekend with this remake of the musical satire set in Baltimore 1962. When a chubby teenager becomes the unlikely star of a hit dance TV show, she makes waves by clashing with the local rich kids and bringing along a few black friends too. Starring John Travolta, Zack Efron and more.
sport
¸ terrestrial BBC1
6.00am Breakfast 9.15 Heir Hunters 10.00 Homes Under The Hammer 11.00 You’ve Been Scammed 11.30 Real Rescues 12.15pm Bargain Hunt 1.00 BBC News At One 1.30 South East Today 1.45 Doctors 2.15 Escape To The Country 3.00 Perfection 3.45 Countryside 999 4.30 Antiques Road Trip 5.15 Pointless 6.00 BBC News At Six 6.30 South East Today 7.00 The One Show 7.30 A Question Of Sport Sporting quiz, in which Sue Barker asks the questions to teams of sporting celebrities lead by captains Matt Dawson and Phil Tufnell. 8.00 EastEnders Liam returns home, but he finds it hard to adjust to being back in the Square. 8.30 MasterChef Cookery competition with John Torode and Gregg Wallace. It is the penultimate quarter-final. 9.00 Have I Got News For You Satirical news quiz. 9.30 Not Going Out Sitcom. When Lucy accidentally runs over a pet rabbit belonging to the daughter of an important client, she needs Lee and Daisy to help cover her tracks. 10.00 BBC News At Ten 10.25 South East Today 10.35 The Graham Norton Show Together on Graham’s sofa are Hollywood megastar Tom Cruise, starring in sci-fi epic Oblivion; model, actress and Bond girl Olga Kurylenko; and Scottish heartthrob Gerard Butler. 11.25 The Matt Lucas Awards Repeat from Tuesday. 11.55 FILM: The Disappearance Of Alice Creed (2009) Starring Gemma Arterton, Eddie Marsan and Martin Compston. British thriller. 1.30am Weatherview 1.35 News
BBC2
6.00am Homes Under The Hammer 7.00 Real Rescues 7.45 You’ve Been Scammed 8.15 Heir Hunters 9.00 Holiday Hit Squad 10.00 Animal Park 11.00 BBC News 11.30 BBC World News 12.00pm FILM: Skyrunners (2009) 1.30 The Weakest Link 2.15 Britain’s First Photo Album 2.45 Country Show Cook Off 3.15 The Great British Bake Off 4.15 The Blue Planet 5.15 Vintage Antiques Roadshow 6.00 Eggheads General knowledge quiz show. 6.30 Hairy Bikers’ Best Of British 7.30 Mastermind Grand Final See highlights. 8.30 Gardeners’ World Gardening magazine. Monty Don shows us how to plant pots of bulbs for fabulous summer colour. 9.00 The Road To El Alamein: Churchill’s Desert Campaign On 13 September 1940, 80,000 Italian troops marched into Egypt to threaten the epicentre of the British Empire at a critical point in the Second World War. By 1942, the desert skirmish in North Africa had become pivotal to what was by then a truly global conflict, with hundreds of thousands of men from over ten nations fighting on one of the most inhospitable battlefields on Earth, culminating in the Battle of El Alamein. It was a triumph that marked, in Churchill’s famous words, ‘the end of the beginning’. 10.30 Newsnight In-depth investigation and analysis of the stories behind the day’s headlines with Kirsty Wark. 11.05 FILM: Breaking And Entering (2006) Starring Jude Law, Juliette Binoche, Martin Freeman, Robin Wright Penn and Ray Winstone. Emotional drama. 12.55am Sign Zone: Natural World: Flight Of The Rhino
ITV1
6.00am Daybreak 8.30 Lorraine 9.25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10.30 This Morning 11.25 ITV News 11.30 This Morning 12.30pm Loose Women 1.30 ITV News & Weather 2.00 Cook Me The Money! 3.00 Dickinson’s Real Deal 4.00 Ade In Britain 5.00 The Chase
6.00 ITV News Meridian 6.30 ITV News; Weather 7.00 Emmerdale Lisa is shaken by Belle’s betrayal. 7.30 Coronation Street A grief stricken Dev talks to Asha and Aadi. Izzy and Gary find out the sex of their baby. Crafty Rita winds Dennis up. 8.00 The Martin Lewis Money Show Martin Lewis and Saira Khan count down to the new financial year with the latest deals and tips on keeping your savings tax free. 8.30 Coronation Street Heartbroken Jason warns a confused Stella. Gary helps Tina pick up the pieces. Rita insults headstrong Sylvia. 9.00 Piers Morgan’s Life Stories: Karren Brady See highlights. 10.00 ITV News At Ten; Weather 10.35 FILM: King Kong (2005) Starring Naomi Watts, Adrien Brody, Jack Black, Colin Hanks, Thomas Kretschmann and Jamie Bell. Oscarwinning remake of the classic Depression-era monster movie. Down-on-her-luck actress Ann Darrow accepts an offer to star in a film shot on the mysterious Skull Island. When the crew arrive, Ann is abducted by natives who offer her as a sacrifice to a giant ape. But instead of devouring her, the ape becomes smitten with her. 1.45am Jackpot247 3.00 Columbo: Death Lends A Hand 4.15 ITV Nightscreen
Channel 4
6.10am The Hoobs 6.35 The Hoobs 7.05 According To Jim 7.30 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.55 The Morning Line 8.55 Frasier 9.30 Frasier 10.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.30 The Big Bang Theory 11.00 Undercover Boss Australia 12.00pm Channel 4 News Summary 12.05 Jamie’s 15 Minute Meals 12.35 What’s Cooking? 1.30 Channel 4 Racing 4.30 Deal Or No Deal 5.15 Come Dine With Me 6.00 The Simpsons 6.30 Hollyoaks Chez Chez is up for auction. Things appear to be improving for John Paul, but a harmless prank could be his undoing. 7.00 Channel 4 News 7.55 4thought.tv 8.00 How To Win The Grand National Mark Evans examines what it takes to win the Grand National, the most famous steeplechase race in the world. 9.00 Alan Carr’s Grand National Specstacular Funnyman Alan Carr throws another Specstacular to celebrate Channel 4’s first broadcast of the Grand National. Alan is joined by a host of special guests including Jonathan Ross, Paddy McGuinness, Kimberley Walsh, Louis Walsh, James Nesbitt, Abbey Clancy, Rylan Clark and Alex Brooker for some horsey-themed studio games. 10.35 Lee Evans: Roadrunner Lee Evans takes to the stage at the O2 arena in London as part of his record-breaking Roadrunner tour, which took place over 60 nights in Britain’s biggest arenas. 11.45 Rude Tube Alex Zane presents the funniest, strangest and most outrageous clips from the internet. 12.45am Random Acts 12.50 FILM: Choke (2008) 2.25 Happy Endings 2.50 St Elsewhere 3.35 Come Dine With Me 4.30 Deal Or No Deal 5.25 Countdown
Channel Five
6.00 – 7.35am Children’s television 7.35 Thomas & Friends 7.45 Make Way For Noddy 8.00 Fifi And The Flowertots 8.15 Peppa Pig 8.25 Peppa Pig 8.35 Roary The Racing Car 8.45 Milkshake! Monkey 8.50 Bananas In Pyjamas 9.00 Tickety Toc 9.15 The Wright Stuff 11.10 All-New Trisha 12.00pm Looney Tunes 12.05 5 News Lunchtime 12.15 Dangerous Adventures For Boys 1.15 Home And Away 1.45 Neighbours 2.15 The Mentalist 3.15 FILM: McBride: Anybody Here Murder Marty? (2005) 5.00 5 News At 5 5.30 Neighbours 6.00 Home And Away Casey is rushed to hospital. 6.30 5 News 7.00 Bermuda Triangle: The Mystery Revealed Revealing documentary following scientists as they embark upon a world-first dangerous expedition beneath the sea to uncover the secrets of the notorious Bermuda Triangle. 8.00 Ice Road Truckers Alex deals with unstable freight and Hugh and Rick battle to keep their count up with backhauls. Dave continues his scary descent into isolation. 9.00 The Mentalist American crime drama. The team goes after Lorelei Martins again after she uses deadly tactics to avenge the death of her sister. Meanwhile, Jane tries to use her to get to Red John. 10.00 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Drama series. When a woman is found dead dressed in 70s vintage clothes complete with 70s hairstyle, the clues indicate that a stalker with a hair fetish has escalated to murder. 10.55 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation Crime drama series. The team call in the help of an expert in blood splatter patterns. 11.55 Inside Hollywood 12.00am SuperCasino 3.55 Motorsport Mundial 4.25 House Doctor 4.45 Michaela’s Wild Challenge (x2) 5.35 Wildlife SOS
Sky Sports 1 6.00am Super League Superstars 6.30 Ringside 7.30 LIVE Super Rugby Union 9.30 LIVE Super Rugby Union 11.30 Barclays Premier League World 12.00pm Darts: Premier League 3.30 The Footballers’ Football Show 5.00 Ringside 6.00 Barclays Premier League World 6.30 NBA Action 7.00 Barclays Premier League Preview 7.30 LIVE Scottish Premier League 10.00 Fantasy Football Club 11.00 Barclays Premier League Preview 11.30 NBA Action 12.00am Scottish Premier League 1.30 Fantasy Football Club 2.30 Barclays Premier League Preview 3.00 Scottish Premier League 4.30 Fantasy Football Club 5.30 Fantasy Football Club
Sky Sports 2 6.00am Good Morning Sports Fans 9.00 Super League Superstars 9.30 Ringside 10.30 The Footballers’ Football Show 12.00pm Super League Superstars 12.30 ATP Tour Uncovered 1.00 Ringside 2.00 Super Rugby Union 4.00 Super Rugby Union 6.00 IRB Sevens Rugby 6.30 Tight Lines 7.30 LIVE Amlin Cup 10.00 Super Rugby Union 12.00am Super Rugby Union 2.00 Amlin Cup 4.30 IRB Sevens Rugby 5.00 Tight Lines
Sky Sports 3 6.00am Aerobics 6.30 Thrillseekers 7.00 WWE: Raw 9.00 WWE Special: CM Punk - Best In The World 10.00 ATP Tour Uncovered 10.30 America’s Cup Discovered 11.00 Racing News 11.30 Aerobics 12.00pm WWE Speical: CM Punk - Best In The World 1.00 Racemax 2.00 Thrillseekers 2.30 Aerobics 3.00 Trans World Sport 4.00 Super League Superstars 4.30 WWE Special: CM Punk – Best In The World 5.30 WWE: Raw 7.30 LIVE: Live Super League 10.00 WWE: Late Night Smackdown 12.00am WWE: Late Night Bottom Line 1.00 Super League 3.00 WWE Special: CM Punk - Best In The World 4.00 Racemax 5.00 Thrillseekers 5.30 Aerobics Victoria Nangle
kextraterrestrial Sky1
More4
Film4
2.00pm Futurama (x2) 3.00 Stargate SG-1 (x2) 5.00 The Middle 5.25 Cars Toons 5.30 The Middle 6.00 That Hidden Camera Family 6.30 The Simpsons (x2) 7.30 Futurama 8.00 The Middle 8.30 Modern Family 9.00 Revolution 10.00 Touch 11.00 Spartacus: War Of The Damned 12.15am Brit Cops: Zero Tolerance
7.00pm Pop’s Greatest Dance Crazes 7.15 Doctor Who 8.00 World’s Craziest Fools 8.30 Snog Marry Avoid? 9.00 Horsemeat Banquet 10.00 Russell Howard’s Good News 10.30 EastEnders 11.00 Family Guy (x2) 11.45 American Dad! (x2) 12.30 In The Flesh 1.25 Bluestone 42 1.55 Lee Nelson’s Well Funny People
7.00pm World News Today 7.30 Elgar: The Man Behind The Mask 9.00 Rolling Stones: Crossfire Hurricane 10.50 TOTP2 Special: Rolling Stones 11.25 Forever Young: How Rock ‘n’ Roll Grew Up 12.25am Guitar Heroes On Later... With Jools Holland 1.25 Rolling Stones: Crossfire Hurricane
4.10pm The Real Housewives Of Atlanta 5.05 The Millionaire Matchmaker 6.00 The Jeremy Kyle Show USA 7.00 You’ve Been Framed! (x2) 8.00 You’ve Been Framed Extreme! 9.00 FILM: The Bourne Identity (2002) 11.20 FILM: Billy Madison (1995) 1.15am Altitude Comedy Festival
1.00pm Heartbeat 2.00 Wild At Heart 3.00 The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes 4.10 Home To Roost 4.40 On The Buses 5.15 George And Mildred 5.50 Heartbeat 6.50 Lost In Austen 7.50 Agatha Christie’s Poirot 10.00 Taggart 11.00 Law & Order: UK 12.05am Afterlife 1.05 Cracker (x2) 3.00 Film File
3.00pm Charmed 4.00 Rules Of Engagement (x2) 5.00 How I Met Your Mother (x2) 6.00 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 7.00 Hollyoaks 7.30 How I Met Your Mother (x2) 8.30 Youngers 9.00 FILM: Blade: Trinity (2004) 11.15 The Body Shocking Show 11.50 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 12.50am The IT Crowd
10.55am FILM: Oliver Twist (2005) 1.30pm Time Team (x2) 3.35 Location, Location, Location 4.40 A Place In The Sun: Home Or Away (x2) 6.50 Come Dine With Me 7.55 Grand Designs 9.00 Britain: My New Home 10.00 FILM: A History Of Violence (2005) 11.55 Father Ted (x2) 1.00am Come Dine With Me (x2)
11.00am Addams Family Values (1993) 12.50pm The Spy Next Door (2010) 2.40 Whisper Of The Heart (1995) 4.55 City Of Ember (2008) 6.45 Hairspray (2007). See highlights. 9.00 Heat (1995) 12.20am Grave Of The Fireflies (1988) 2.10 Adrift (2006)
thelatest
Brighton Lights Ep 48
www.thelatest.tv
Teenager Melissa Collidge lets the cameras into her life in new reality show ‘Melissa’s World’, only on Brighton Lights
S A 6. W in co de Co Br Ru Hi Su Ru So in Ba ro Ba in m Le Pr fro in W va Fo by m ad di w Co Br Pr al Pr pl Ac fro As Le fo
031_LS622_TV_sat_L7wed14apr.qxd 27/03/2013 16:56 Page 1
saturday 6 Doctor Who BBC1, 6.15pm Where to go first with a new pal and a magic box? The Doctor takes Clara to The Festival Of Offerings in the inhabited rings of the planet Akhaten to take in the sights, the culture, and make a few friends. Well, Clara does, at least, as she bumps into the young Queen of Years, who’s got a touch of stage fright.
The Voice UK BBC1, 7pm It’s audition time, and we always love audition time! It’s when the potential for everyone’s dreams is still intact and this one moment could change someone’s life – for the better or worse. You know what the ribbing can be like at work. Holly and Reggie host proceedings while the judges listen out for the next big thing.
Arne Dahl BBC4, 9pm It’s our favourite Swedish crime thriller spot, with a whole new series to pique our interest. It’s the case of the Fat Cat Killer, as high-flying financiers are dropping like flies and everything points to it being the work of a serial killer. CID inspector Jenny Hultin assembles a crack squad for 24 hour investigating time.
sport
¸ terrestrial BBC1
6.00am Breakfast 10.00 Saturday Kitchen Live 11.30 Nigel Slater’s Simple Cooking 12.00pm BBC News 12.10 South East Today 12.15 Football Focus 1.00 Bargain Hunt 2.00 Homes Under The Hammer 3.00 Escape To The Country 4.00 Final Score 5.10 Pointless Celebrities 5.55 BBC News
6.05 South East Today 6.15 Doctor Who See highlights. 7.00 The Voice UK See highlights. 8.30 The National Lottery: Who Dares Wins Nick Knowles hosts the National Lottery quiz where the aim of the game is to complete a series of lists. Two teams of strangers play against each other to win £100,000, and if they continue winning they can continue earning. Includes the Lottery Draws, live from Lottery HQ, presented by John Partridge. 9.20 Casualty Zoe and Ash must work together to reunite two schoolgirls who are injured during a science exam, while Tom helps a frightened mother and her son. 10.10 BBC News 10.30 Match Of The Day Gary Lineker presents highlights of the day’s six Premier League games, with analysis from Alan Shearer. Reading take on Southampton at the Madejski Stadium as the battle to avoid relegation intensifies. Jason Puncheon scored the winner in December’s reverse fixture, the only previous top-flight encounter between the two sides. In other matches, Chelsea entertain Sunderland, boasting a four-match winning streak against them. 11.30 The Football League Show Highlights and analysis. 12.55am FILM: Deadline (2009) 2.15 Weatherview 2.20 BBC News
BBC2
6.40am FILM: Irene (1940) 8.05 FILM: Odette (1950) 10.00 A History Of Britain By Simon Schama 11.00 Climbing Great Buildings 11.30 Map Man 12.05pm Country Show Cook Off 12.35 Country Show Cook Off 1.05 Country Show Cook Off 1.35 Country Show Cook Off 2.05 Country Show Cook Off 2.35 Mastermind Grand Final 3.35 University Challenge 4.05 Flog It! 5.05 The Great British Sewing Bee 6.05 FILM: Carry On Again, Doctor (1969) Starring Kenneth Williams, Jim Dale, Sid James, Joan Sims, Charles Hawtrey, Barbara Windsor, Hattie Jacques. British comedy about a doctor who stumbles upon a shaman’s weight-reducing potion while working at a mission in the South Seas. Realising the potential of the potion, he returns to England. 7.30 The Many Faces Of Sid James Documentary telling the story of the well known face – and trademark yacking laugh – of the Carry On films. Sid James was a huge start who learned his craft in post war British films and who played the same ‘Jack the Lad’ character for twenty years in a string of television sitcom hits. 8.30 Dad’s Army Classic wartime sitcom. The platoon is ordered to assist in the making of a training film, but Captain Mainwaring is disgusted to learn that his men will be playing the parts of Nazi soldiers. 9.00 QI XL Stephen Fry addresses inequality and injustice with Sandi Toksvig, Clive Anderson, Henning Wehn and Alan Davies. 9.45 FILM: Coriolanus (2011) Starring Ralph Fiennes, Gerard Butler, Brian Cox, Jessica Chastain, John Kani and Vanessa Redgrave. Shakespeare epic. 11.40 FILM: Shout At The Devil (1976)
ITV1
6.00 – 7.20am Children’s television 7.20 Canimals 7.25 Bookaboo 7.40 Matt Hatter Chronicles 8.05 Ultimate Spider-Man 8.30 Almost Naked Animals 8.45 Almost Naked Animals 9.00 Jessie 9.25 ITV News 9.30 The Jeremy Kyle Show USA 10.25 My Tasty Travels With Lynda Bellingham 11.25 Dinner Date 12.25pm Countrywise 12.35 ITV News & Weather 12.50 Columbo: The Greenhouse Jungle 2.25 FILM: Escape To Victory (1981) 4.30 The Chase 5.30 ITV News Meridian 5.45 ITV News & Weather 6.00 You’ve Been Framed Rides Again! Harry Hill is at the helm for a special compilation show featuring some of the funniest clips sent in by viewers. 7.00 Ant & Dec’s Saturday Night Takeaway The Geordie lads round off a triumphant series with one final evening of fun-packed family entertainment. Star guest announcer Jonathan Ross kicks off the show which includes the final Ant vs Dec of the series – who will come out victorious? 8.20 The Cube Phillip Schofield presents another tension-filled episode of the game show, as two more brave contestants take on the almighty Cube. 9.20 The Jonathan Ross Show Jonathan welcomes renowned actor Sir Ben Kingsley, The Da Vinci Code and Amelie star Audrey Tautou, and IBF super-middleweight boxing champion Carl Froch. Indie rockers Alt-J perform live in the studio. 10.20 ITV News; Weather 10.35 FILM: I Now Pronounce You Chuck And Larry (2007) Starring Adam Sandler, Kevin James, Jessica Biel, Dan Aykroyd, Ving Rhames and Steve Buscemi. Comedy. Two straight New York firemen hatch a plan to scam extra benefits by entering into a civil partnership together. 12.40am Jackpot247 3.00 Ladette To Lady 3.50 ITV Nightscreen
Channel 4
Channel Five
6.10am The Hoobs 6.35 Freesports On 4 7.05 British GT 7.30 Mobil 1 The Grid 7.55 Everybody Loves Raymond 8.25 Frasier 8.55 Frasier 9.30 The Morning Line 10.30 Saturday Brunch 1.00pm The Grand National 5.10 Five Minutes To A Fortune
6.00 – 8.25am Children’s telvision 8.25 Angelina Ballerina 8.45 Rupert Bear 9.00 Ben And Holly’s Little Kingdom 9.15 Toby’s Travelling Circus 9.25 Roary The Racing Car 9.40 Jelly Jamm 10.00 The Mr. Men Show 10.15 Power Rangers: Samurai 10.50 Batman: The Brave And The Bold 11.15 How Do They Do It? 11.50 FILM: Guns Of The Magnificent Seven (1969) 1.55pm FILM: David Copperfield (2000) 5.35 5 News Weekend 5.40 FILM: Raid On Rommel (1971)
6.10 Channel 4 News 6.35 Stephen Fry: Gadget Man Series in which technophile Stephen Fry tests out a range of new and prototype gadgets. Gadgets include the world’s smallest electric car, a very unusual bicycle, a 3D headset and his own fantasy super-vehicle. 7.00 Sarah Beeny’s Selling Houses Sarah tries to help the owners of three properties in Maidstone, Kent. 8.00 Walking Through History Tony Robinson embarks on a series of epic walks through some of Britain’s most historic landscapes. Tony’s walk in this episode takes him back to 1940 when the sleepy county of Dorset became the frontline in the war against Hitler. 9.00 FILM: Taken (2008) Starring Liam Neeson, Maggie Grace, Famke Janssen, Xander Berkeley, Katie Cassidy and Olivier Rabourdin. Action thriller. Ex-CIA agent Bryan Mills leaves the service to spend more time with his daughter in California, but she is kidnapped by human traffickers while on holiday. 10.50 Derren Brown: Miracles For Sale Derren Brown investigates the faith healing phenomenon in America. 12.25am The Grand National Highlights 1.15 FILM: Ju-on: The Grudge 2 (2003) 2.55 Hollyoaks Omnibus 5.05 Deal Or No Deal
7.25 CSI: NY Crime drama series. A hated boss is found dead in the grounds of her own hotel; and the CSIs try to find out how a body ended up on the roof of a school bus. 8.10 5 News Weekend 8.15 NCIS Drama series. Tony faces the consequences of his deadly encounter with Mossad agent Michael Rivkin. The agents fly to Israel to present Tony’s case to the head of Mossad, who also happens to be Ziva’s father. 9.10 NCIS US crime drama series. Tony embarks on a risky mission to north Africa on the trail of missing agent Ziva, only to fall into the hands of a terrorist organisation. 10.10 Law And Order: Special Victims Unit Police drama series. Fin clashes with a local celebrity when he hunts a racist who has been targeting the kids of local immigrants. 11.05 Law And Order: Criminal Intent Crime drama series. Serena faces the possibility that she may have sent an innocent man to the electric chair when a body discovered at a construction site bears all the hallmarks of a serial killer who was executed over six months ago. 12.05am SuperCasino 4.00 Nick’s Quest 4.25 Nick’s Quest 4.50 County Secrets 5.05 Hana’s Helpline 5.15 Roary The Racing Car 5.25 Hana’s Helpline 5.35 Roary The Racing Car 5.50 Hana’s Helpline
Sky Sports 1 6.00am FIFA Futbol Mundial 6.30 Ringside 7.30 LIVE Super Rugby Union 9.30 LIVE Super Rugby Union 12.00pm Super Rugby - Extra Time 12.30 Live Amlin Cup 3.15 LIVE Heineken Cup 6.00 LIVE Heineken Cup 8.55 LIVE Spanish Football 11.00 Sporting Heroes 12.00am Super League 2.00 Spanish Football 3.30 UEFA Champions League Weekly 4.00 Super League
Sky Sports 2 6.00am IRB Sevens Rugby 6.30 Scottish Premier League 8.00 UEFA Champions League Weekly 8.30 Barclays Premier League Preview 9.00 Fantasy Football Club 10.00 Soccer AM 12.00pm LIVE Ford Football Special 3.15 NBA Action 3.45 Sky Sports Classics 4.00 Sporting Heroes 5.00 LIVE Football League: Championship 7.55 UEFA Champions League Weekly 8.25 Football First: Game Of The Day 10.15 Football First: Match Choice 11.45 Football First: Match Choice 1.15am Football First: Match Choice 2.45 Ringside 3.45 UEFA Champions League Weekly 4.15 Sky Sports Classics 4.30 Trans World Sport 5.30 IRB Sevens Rugby
Sky Sports 3 6.00am Sports Unlimited 7.00 Trans World Sport 8.00 Super League 10.00 WWE: Smackdown 12.00pm WWE: The Bottom Line 1.00 NBA Action 1.30 The Road To Wrestlemania 2.30 WWE: Smackdown 4.30 WWE: The Bottom Line 5.30 The Road To Wrestlemania 6.00 LIVE PGA Tour Golf 11.00 LIVE LPGA Golf 2.00am Trans World Sport 3.00 Max Power 4.00 Sports Unlimited 5.00 WWE Wrestlemania Preview 5.30 ATP Tour Uncovered
Victoria Nangle
More4
Film4
12.00pm Spy (x2) 1.00 Futurama: Welcome To The World Of Tomorrow 1.15 JLS: Eyes Wide Open 3.00 Diversity In Dublin 4.00 Treasure Island 6.00 The Middle 6.30 Futurama 7.00 Now That’s History! (x2) 8.00 Touch 9.00 FILM: Fantastic Four (2005) 11.00 Brit Cops: Zero Tolerance 12.00am Street Crime UK
7.00pm Merlin 7.45 Merlin 8.30 FILM: Shrek Forever After (2009) 10.00 Live At The Apollo (x2) 11.00 Family Guy 11.45 American Dad! (x2) 12.30am Bluestone 42 1.00 Lee Nelson’s Well Funny People 1.30 Live At The Apollo (x2) 2.30 Snog Marry Avoid? 3.00 Bluestone 42 3.30 Lee Nelson’s Well Funny People
7.00pm South Pacific 8.00 David Attenborough’s First Life 9.00 Arne Dahl. See highlights. 10.30 Goodbye Television Centre 12.40am Top Of The Pops: 1978 1.20 London Songs At The BBC 2.20 Britain On Film 2.50 David Attenborough’s First Life
8.30am Emmerdale Omnibus 11.25 FILM: Back To The Future Part III (1990) 1.45pm FILM: Peter Pan (2003) 4.00 You’ve Been Framed! (x4) 6.00 FILM: Uncle Buck (1989) 8.00 FILM: The Mummy (1999) 10.20 Celebrity Juice 11.10 Plebs 11.40 FILM: The Interpreter (2005) 2.05am Olly: Life On Murs
6.40am FILM: Blue Murder At St Trinian’s (1958) 8.25 The Return Of Sherlock Holmes 9.35 The Royal 10.40 The Royal 11.45 Pie In The Sky 12.45pm Inspector Morse 2.55 A Touch Of Frost 4.55 Agatha Christie’s Marple 7.00 Lewis 9.00 Endeavour 11.00 A Touch Of Frost 1.10am The Ruth Rendell Mysteries
12.10pm Scrubs (x4) 2.10 Glee 3.05 Charmed 4.00 Rules Of Engagement (x3) 5.30 The Mindy Project 6.00 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 7.00 Youngers 7.30 Happy Endings 8.00 How I Met Your Mother 8.30 2 Broke Girls 9.00 FILM: Trading Places (1983) 11.20 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 12.20am The Cleveland Show
1.10pm FILM: The African Queen (1951) 3.15 River Cottage Bites 3.35 Location, Location, Location (x3) 6.50 Churchill And The Fascist Plot 7.55 The Churchills 9.00 Falklands’ Most Daring Raid 10.00 A Great British Air Disaster 11.05 Married To The Moonies 12.05am Churchill And The Fascist Plot 1.10 The Churchills
11.00am The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008) 1.00pm Sister Act (1992) 2.55 Murder At The Gallop (1963) 4.35 Spirited Away (2002) 7.00 The Day The Earth Stood Still (2008) 9.00 What Lies Beneath (2000) 11.30 Sorority Row (2009) 1.25am In The Cut (2003) 3.50 Close
Every night is a Saturday night in Brighton ALL your listings at thelatest.co.uk/listings
thelatest.co.uk/listings
S A 6. la fo fro Bu Ri th Liv Hu W of Liv Fo ca St Ex hi Su Am fro fin Fr He M M He fin Cu Tw fin Liv ac M Sp gr Lo w ch Su on Co
032_LS622_TV_sun_L7wed14apr.qxd 27/03/2013 17:13 Page 1
sunday 7 Once Upon A Time Channel Five, 9pm Series two hits the ground running with the repercussions of the broken curse on Storybrooke. Now that the population of the town remember their past lives in fairytale land and Regina lost all of her powers, things may turn a little nasty. Which is just how Mr Gold likes them. In fact, he’s about to make things a lot worse.
Perspectives: Michael Portillo On Picasso ITV1, 10pm Who would have put a revolutionary and mould-breaking artist like Picasso with a Conservative career politician like Michael Portillo? Picasso would, apparently, as Michael examines the influence his father – a Spanish republican exile – had on the great artist.
FILM: How To Train Your Dragon BBC3, 8.35pm Based on the best-selling books, this is a raucous tale of being true to yourself. Even if you are a viking. Not an original theme but a goodie. Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III has been brought up to hunt dragons, but finds an unexpected friend in an injured and lost flying beastie.
sport
¸ terrestrial BBC1
6.00am Breakfast 7.55 Match Of The Day 9.00 The Andrew Marr Show 10.00 The Big Questions 11.00 Flog It! 12.00pm BBC News 12.10 Points Of View 12.25 Countryfile 1.20 Bargain Hunt 2.20 Homes Under The Hammer 3.20 Walk On The Wild Side 3.50 Fake Britain 4.20 Escape To The Country 5.20 Songs Of Praise 6.05 Deadly 60 On A Mission Steve Backshall dives into the crystal clear waters of the Silver Springs river to swim with a wild alligator, before wading into a swamp to try and catch a slippery amphibian, the weird and wonderful amphiuma. 6.35 BBC News 6.50 South East Today 7.00 Countryfile The people and the stories at the heart of the British countryside. 8.00 Antiques Roadshow Fiona Bruce and the experts gather in a packed Cheltenham Town Hall. 9.00 The Village Drama series. It is January 1915; the Middleton farm has fallen on very hard times, and John is drinking heavily as his desperation grows. A strange incident takes place at the manor house when John is seen chasing Caro out of the woods. Detective Bairstow is called in to investigate and the dark secret in John’s past is revealed. 10.00 BBC News 10.15 South East Today 10.25 Match Of The Day 2 Colin Murray introduces highlights of the day’s three Premier League fixtures. 11.45 Football League Trophy Highlights Highlights of the Football League Trophy final. 12.25am The Sky At Night 12.45 FILM: Evening (2007) 2.35 Weatherview 2.40 BBC News
BBC2
6.30am FILM: Hell Drivers (1958) 8.15 Gardeners’ World 8.45 The A To Z Of TV Gardening 9.30 Beechgrove Garden 10.00 Saturday Kitchen Best Bites 11.30 Paul Hollywood’s Bread 12.00pm EastEnders 1.55 Triathlon: Auckland 3.30 The Great Rift: Africa’s Wild Heart 4.30 Secrets Of Our Living Planet 5.30 Coast
6.30 Donald Campbell: Speed King Using rare archive and first hand testimony, this film explores the life of Donald Campbell, one of Britain’s most compelling but doomed heroes. 7.30 MotoGP MotoGP. 9.00 Toughest Place To Be A Fisherman – The Return Cornish fisherman Andy Giles gave up his state of the art trawler for two weeks to travel to the coast of Sierra Leone, where the fishing is done from a dugout canoe. Now he is returning to see what has happened to a fishing community whose survival was under threat from the illegal trawlers which took their fish, damaged their nets and even sunk their canoes. 10.00 Mock The Week Looks Back At... Science And Technology The Mock the Week team unearth more classic themed material from the show’s archives. 10.30 It’s Kevin Kevin Eldon returns, this time with more off-the-wall sketch comedy. 11.00 FILM: Dead Poets Society (1989) Starring Robin Williams, Robert Sean Leonard, Ethan Hawke. Drama focusing on an unconventional new English teacher and his ultimately questionable impact on an elite Vermont boys’ academy. 1.00am Sign Zone: A Very British Wedding 2.00 Sign Zone: Holby City
ITV1
6.00 – 7.20am Children’s television 7.20 Canimals 7.25 Bookaboo 7.40 Matt Hatter Chronicles 8.05 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil 8.15 Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil 8.30 Almost Naked Animals 8.45 Almost Naked Animals 9.00 The Aquabats! Super Show! 9.25 ITV News 9.30 The Jeremy Kyle Show USA 10.25 Murder, She Wrote 11.25 Dickinson’s Real Deal 12.25pm ITV News & Weather 12.35 Columbo: Swan Song 2.35 I Love You’ve Been Framed 3.35 Doc Martin 4.35 FILM: The Scorpion King (2002) 6.15 ITV News Meridian 6.30 ITV News; Weather 6.45 Catchphrase Stephen Mulhern asks contestants and audiences to ‘say what they see’ as he hosts a brand new series of the much-loved game show. 7.30 Off Their Rockers Comedy series featuring fearless senior citizens playing pranks on the public with the aid of hidden cameras. 8.00 Foyle’s War Three-part series. Foyle is told by the head of MI5 that art historian Professor Van Haren is actually a high-ranking Nazi. MI5 are protecting him because he is a valuable intelligence asset, but someone is now trying to kill him. After a meeting with Foyle, Van Haren accuses him of not taking his allegations seriously, but he returns to his boarding house to find a sinister dried sunflower on his pillow. 10.00 Perspectives: Michael Portillo On Picasso See highlights. 11.00 ITV News; Weather 11.15 Who Killed My Dad? The Death Of Terry Lloyd Documentary marking the tenth anniversary of the death of ITV News war reporter Terry Lloyd, who was shot dead as he covered the Allied invasion of Iraq. Terry’s daughter Chelsey retraces his steps, seeking answers. 12.25am The Store 2.30 Monk 3.10 ITV Nightscreen 5.05 The Jeremy Kyle Show
Channel 4
6.00am The Treacle People 6.10 The Hoobs 6.35 FIA GT1 7.30 Challenge Wanaka 8.00 Everybody Loves Raymond 8.30 Frasier 9.00 Frasier 9.30 Sunday Brunch 12.00pm The Big Bang Theory 12.25 The Big Bang Theory 12.55 The Simpsons 1.25 The Simpsons 1.55 FILM: A Knight’s Tale (2001) 4.30 Deal Or No Deal 5.30 The Real King’s Speech 6.30 Channel 4 News 7.00 Nick Hewer: Countdown To Freetown Documentary following Nick Hewer as embarks on an epic adventure to Sierra Leone, towing a one-and-a-half-tonne industrial saw and generator to the country’s capital Freetown. 8.00 The Secret Millions Five-part documentary series in which five famous faces work to develop charitable projects which they hope will have a positive impact on Britain. 9.00 FILM: The King’s Speech (2010) Starring Colin Firth, Geoffrey Rush, Derek Jacobi, Robert Portal, Guy Pearce. Oscar-winning drama. The story of Prince Albert, Duke of York, who employed an Australian speech therapist to help overcome his stutter so he could address the nation. Having suffered from a speech impediment as a young boy, ‘Bertie’ turns to the unconventional methods of Lionel Logue. 11.20 FILM: Nine To Five (1980) Starring Jane Fonda, Lily Tomlin, Dolly Parton, Dabney Coleman. Office satire about three female secretaries who decide to get revenge on their tyrannical, sexist boss by abducting him and running the business themselves. 1.20am FILM: Sherrybaby (2006) 3.00 Southland 3.40 St Elsewhere 4.30 Come Dine With Me 5.25 Deal Or No Deal
Channel Five
6.00 – 9.00am Children’s television 9.00 Ben And Holly’s Little Kingdom 9.15 Toby’s Travelling Circus 9.30 Roary The Racing Car 9.45 Jelly Jamm 10.00 Power Rangers: Samurai 10.35 Batman: The Brave And The Bold 11.00 Cowboy Builders 12.00pm FILM: Winnie The Pooh’s Grand Adventure: The Search For Christopher Robin (1997) 1.30 FILM: Adventures In Babysitting (1987) 3.20 FILM: Tinker Bell And The Lost Treasure (2009) 4.55 5 News Weekend 5.00 FILM: Practical Magic (1998) 6.50 FILM: Miss Congeniality 2: Armed And Fabulous (2005) Starring Sandra Bullock, Regina King, Enrique Murciano, William Shatner, Ernie Hudson and Heather Burns. Action comedy sequel. FBI agent Gracie Hart has maintained her glamorous makeover, and is about to embark on a promotional tour around the country. But then Miss USA Cheryl Frasier and pageant director Stan Fields are kidnapped. 9.00 Once Upon A Time See highlights. 10.00 Person Of Interest American crime series. A wife fleeing a violent husband brings back Reese’s memories of how his former girlfriend Jessica died. Meanwhile, while assisting the FBI on an investigation, Carter discovers Reese’s DNA at the location where Jessica’s husband was killed. 10.55 FILM: Bulletproof (1996) Starring Adam Sandler, Damon Wayans, James Caan. Action comedy about an undercover policeman who befriends a petty criminal so that he can acquire evidence to convict a drugs baron. 12.35am Campus PD 1.05 SuperCasino 4.00 Nick’s Quest 4.25 Nick’s Quest 4.50 County Secrets 5.05 Hana’s Helpline 5.15 Roary The Racing Car 5.25 Hana’s Helpline 5.35 Roary The Racing Car 5.50 Hana’s Helpline
Sky Sports 1 6.00am Barclays Premier League World 6.30 Football First: Match Choice 8.00 Football First: Match Choice 9.30 Sunday Supplement 11.00 Goals On Sunday 1.00pm LIVE Football: Johnstone’s Paint Trophy 3.30 LIVE Ford Super Sunday 6.30 LIVE Super League 9.00 European Rugby Special 10.00 Football First: Match Choice 11.30 Football First: Match Choice 1.00am Football: Johnstone’s Paint Trophy 1.30 Spanish Football 3.00 European Rugby Special 4.00 Football: Johnstone’s Paint Trophy 4.30 Spanish Football
Sky Sports 2 6.00am ATP Tour Uncovered 6.30 America’s Cup Discovered 7.00 Spanish Football 8.30 LPGA Golf 11.30 Miracle At Medinah: 2012 Ryder Cup 1.30pm LIVE Heineken Cup 4.00 LIVE Heineken Cup 6.30 LIVE Super League 9.00 European Rugby Special 10.00 WWE Wrestlemania Preview 10.30 WWE: Late Night Afterburn 11.30 WWE Wrestlemania Preview 12.00am Super Rugby Try Time 12.30 European Rugby Special 1.30 Super League 3.00 Super League Full Time 4.00 Super Rugby Try Time 4.30 Super League
Sky Sports 3 6.00am The Road To Wrestlemania 7.00 WWE Wrestlemania Preview 7.30 This Week In WWE 8.00 The Road To Wrestlemania 9.00 WWE Vintage 10.00 The Road To Wrestlemania 11.00 WWE Afterburn 12.00pm The Road To Wrestlemania 1.00 WWE Special: CM Punk - Best In The World 2.00 The Road To Wrestlemania 3.00 WWE Wrestlemania Preview 3.30 This Week In WWE 4.00 Elite League Ice Hockey 7.00 LIVE PGA Tour Golf 11.00 LIVE LPGA Golf 2.00am NBA 4.00 PSA World Series Squash 5.00 Watersports World
Victoria Nangle
More4
Film4
12.00pm Diversity In Dublin 1.00 Raising Hope (x2) 2.00 A League Of Their Own 2.30 A League Of Their Own 3.00 Treasure Island 5.00 The Simpsons (x3) 6.30 Modern Family 7.00 Ashley Banjo’s Secret Street Crew 8.00 Glee 9.00 Hawaii Five0 10.00 NCIS: LA 11.00 Moone Boy (x2) 12.00am Brit Cops: Zero Tolerance
7.00pm The Voice UK 8.35 FILM: How To Train Your Dragon (2010). See highlights. 10.00 Barely Legal Drivers 11.00 Family Guy (x2) 11.50 American Dad! (x2) 12.35am Bad Education 1.05 Barely Legal Drivers 2.00 Don’t Just Stand There...I’m Having Your Baby! 3.00 The Baby Bomb
7.00pm Vatican: The Hidden World 8.00 Mark Lawson Talks To Michael Ball 9.00 Motor Racing At The BBC: That Petrol Emotion 9.30 Caravans: A British Love Affair 10.30 From The Sea To The Land Beyond: Britain’s Coast On Film 11.45 Les Mis At 25: Matt Lucas Dreams The Dream 12.45am Forever Young
11.20am Top Dog Model (x2) 1.20pm FILM: The Mummy Returns (2001) 3.50 Ant & Dec’s Saturday Night Takeaway 5.10 You’ve Been Framed! (x2) 6.10 FILM: Babe (1995) 8.00 You’ve Been Framed! Funniest 100 9.00 FILM: The Holiday (2006) 11.40 Celebrity Juice 12.30am 666 Park Avenue
9.40am Heartbeat (x2) 11.40 Lewis 1.40pm The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes 2.50 FILM: The Pure Hell Of St Trinian’s (1960) 4.40 Wycliffe 5.50 Agatha Christie’s Poirot 7.55 An Audience With Diana Ross 9.00 FILM: Bird On A Wire (1990) 11.15 Agatha Christie’s Marple 1.20am Wycliffe
1.05pm Glee 2.00 Charmed 3.00 How I Met Your Mother (x4) 5.00 Revenge 6.00 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 7.00 New Girl 7.30 The Mindy Project 8.00 FILM: Big Momma’s House (2000) 10.00 Rude Tube: Totally Mashed 11.00 The Body Shocking Show 11.30 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 12.30am The New Normal
11.05am Jamie’s 30 Minute Meals (x5) 1.45pm Four In A Bed (x5) 4.25 Come Dine With Me Ireland (x5) 7.00 Nashville 8.00 Sarah Beeny’s Selling Houses 9.00 Heston’s Fantastical Food 10.00 Father Ted (x2) 11.10 The Real King’s Speech 12.15am Embarrassing Bodies 1.20 Sarah Beeny’s Selling Houses
11.00am The Wizard Of Oz (1939) 1.00pm Clueless (1995) 3.00 The Cat Returns (2002) 4.35 The Golden Compass (2007) 6.45 The Jewel Of The Nile (1985) 9.00 Unknown (2011) 11.15 Memento (2000) 1.30am Reeker (2005) 3.30 Close
thelatest
Brighton Lights Ep 48
www.thelatest.tv
Dan Lawson, aka The Running Man, chats to Guy Lloyd about running eight marathons back to back for Albion In The Community
S A 6. W fro w m Ch th m Ch th m di Ea re th ta Ch pr fo an Fo Cr Un Jo 3. Pa at Pr Le W St ca vi 20 Ru fro en M on m Ch
033_LS622_TV_mon_L7wed14apr.qxd 28/03/2013 15:17 Page 1
monday 8 The Prisoners BBC One, 9pm Series documenting the process of prison offenders from the time inside to their release, and sometimes their return. Filmed over the course of a year, tonight’s episode focuses on repeat female prisoners from Holloway; how they have to deal with returning to jail and cope in the unfamiliar outside world.
Alan Carr’s Grand National Specstacular Channel 4, 11.10pm Alan Carr returns for another themed Specstacular, this time to celebrate Channel 4’s first broadcast of the Grand National. Prepare for lots of horsing around with guest stars including Jonathon Ross, Paddy McGuinness and Miranda Hart, with music from Madness.
The Mindy Project E4, 8.30pm Comedy series following the life of a young obstetrician starring US Office star and comedian Mindy Kaling. After being put in charge of recruiting a new nurse, Mindy ends up offering the job to a reformed ex-prisoner. While out of work, the meeting of a cute guy in a bookshop leads to a date.
sport
¸ terrestrial BBC1
6.00am Breakfast 9.15 Heir Hunters 10.00 Homes Under The Hammer 11.00 You’ve Been Scammed 11.30 Real Rescues 12.15pm Bargain Hunt 1.00 BBC News At One 1.30 South East Today 1.45 Doctors 2.15 Escape To The Country 3.00 Perfection 3.45 Chefs: Put Your Menu Where Your Mouth Is 4.30 Antiques Road Trip 5.15 Pointless 6.00 BBC News At Six 6.30 South East Today 7.00 The One Show 7.30 Bang Goes The Theory With the recent horsemeat scandal fresh in our minds, the team ask how much we really know about what’s on our dinner plate, and investigate the surprising world of food technology. 7.57 BBC News; Regional News 8.00 EastEnders It is the hen and stag do for Jack and Sharon’s wedding.Sharon is surprised when Phil shows up unannounced. 8.30 Secrets Of Britain’s Sharia Councils - Panorama Panorama goes undercover to investigate what is really happening in Britain’s Sharia Councils - Islamic religious courts. 9.00 The Prisoners See highlights 10.00 BBC News At Ten 10.25 South East Today 10.35 Have I Got A Bit More News For You Extended version of the popular news quiz 11.20 Late Kick Off Jacqui Oatley presents the football magazine focusing on clubs in the region 11.50 The Graham Norton Show Together on Graham’s sofa are Hollywood megastar Tom Cruise, model, actress and Bond girl Olga Kurylenko; and Scottish heartthrob Gerard Butler. 12.35am FILM: Mr 3000 (2004) Sporting comedy starring Bernie Mac. 2.10 Weatherview 2.15 BBC News
BBC2
6.10am Homes Under The Hammer 7.10 Real Rescues 7.55 You’ve Been Scammed 8.25 Heir Hunters 9.10 Great British Menu 9.40 Countryfile 10.35 Click 11.00 BBC News 11.30 BBC World News 12.00pm FILM: The Master Of Ballantrae (1953) 1.25 Coast 1.30 The Weakest Link 2.15 Classic Mastermind 2.45 The Great British Bake Off 3.45 Britain’s First Photo Album 4.15 The Blue Planet 5.15 Flog It! 6.00 Eggheads General knowledge quiz show 6.30 Helicopter Heroes Down Under Former Royal Marine Tony is scrambled to patrol Sydney’s beaches. 7.00 Hairy Bikers’ Best Of British 8.00 University Challenge The last of the quarter-finals is contested by the University of Bangor and King’s College, Cambridge. 8.30 Paul Hollywood’s Bread Paul shows how to cultivate your own sourdough starter, harnessing natural, airborne yeasts to leaven and give amazing flavour to breads. 9.00 Fit To Rule: How Royal Illness Changed History 10.00 Never Mind The Buzzcocks Comedy pop quiz. 10.30 Newsnight 11.20 Toughest Place To Be A Fisherman – The Return Andy Giles returns to Sierra Leone, where the fishing is done from a dugout canoe, to see what has happened to a fishing community whose survival was under threat from illegal trawlers. 12.20am Sign Zone: Ancient Egypt: Life And Death In The Valley Of The Kings Egyptologist Dr Joann Fletcher discovers what life was really like for ordinary Egyptians 3,500 years ago, during the height of the incredible civilisation of ancient Egypt.
ITV1
6.00am Daybreak 8.30 Lorraine 9.25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 10.30 This Morning 11.25 ITV News 11.30 This Morning 12.30pm Loose Women 1.30 ITV News & Weather 2.00 Cook Me The Money! 3.00 Dickinson’s Real Deal 4.00 Ade In Britain 5.00 The Chase
6.00 ITV News Meridian 6.30 ITV News; Weather 7.00 Emmerdale Declan and Steve lock horns over the racehorse. 7.30 Coronation Street Eileen decides to take matters into her own hands. Dev is told the results of Sunita’s post mortem. 8.00 James Nesbitt’s Ireland James Nesbitt presents his eight-part guided tour of Ireland. This week, James enjoys a visit to a very unusual tourist attraction - a wild dolphin that draws the crowds in Dingle harbour. 8.30 Coronation Street Eileen admits the truth to Paul. Stella offers Dev support. 9.00 Broadchurch Crime thriller set in the Dorset seaside resort of Broadchurch during the holiday season, where DI Alec Hardy and DS Ellie Miller are investigating the murder of 11-year-old Danny Latimer. The town of Broadchurch comes together to mourn. In doing so, a new suspect comes to light. 10.00 ITV News At Ten; Weather 10.35 The Unforgettable Jeremy Beadle A celebration of the life and career of the late Jeremy Beadle. 11.35 Monk US drama series about a former detective turned private eye. 12.25am Jackpot247 3.00 UEFA Champions League Weekly 3.25 ITV Nightscreen 5.05 The Jeremy Kyle Show
Channel 4
6.10am The Hoobs 6.35 The Hoobs 7.05 According To Jim 7.30 Everybody Loves Raymond 7.55 Everybody Loves Raymond 8.25 Frasier 8.55 Frasier 9.30 Frasier 10.00 The Big Bang Theory 10.30 The Big Bang Theory 11.00 Undercover Boss USA 12.00pm Channel 4 News 12.05 Jamie’s 15 Minute Meals 12.35 What’s Cooking? 1.45 Superscrimpers’ Challenge 2.45 Countdown 3.30 The Common Denominator 4.00 Deal Or No Deal 5.00 Five Minutes To A Fortune 6.00 The Simpsons 6.30 Hollyoaks Clare continues to get closer to Dr Browning, but will he see through her act? 7.00 Channel 4 News 7.55 4thought.tv 8.00 Dispatches: Immigration Undercover Current affairs series. Morland Sanders investigates whether Britain’s immigration system is fit for purpose. 8.30 SuperScrimpers Mrs Moneypenny goes to a Manchester shopping mall to give advice to locals, who spend more on fashion than anywhere else in the UK. 9.00 Embarrassing Bodies Tackling the nation’s embarrassing body problems as the portable clinic sets up camp at the Sundown Festival in Norfolk. Dr Pixie meets a lad badly bitten by the festival bug 10.00 Ramsay’s Kitchen Nightmares USA This week, Gordon heads to Brooklyn, New York, to tackle a sinking family restaurant called Mama Maria’s. 11.05 Random Acts 11.10 Alan Carr’s Grand National Specstacular See highlights 12.40am Shameless 1.35 Superheroes Of Suburbia 2.00 How To Look Good Naked 2.55 The Renovation Game 3.50 Come Dine With Me 4.45 Deal Or No Deal 5.30 Baking Mad With Eric Lanlard 5.55 Kirstie’s Vintage Gems
Channel Five
6.00am - 8.00am Children’s television 8.00 Fifi And The Flowertots 8.15 Peppa Pig 8.20 Peppa Pig 8.30 Peppa Pig 8.35 Roary The Racing Car 8.45 Bananas In Pyjamas 9.00 Tickety Toc 9.15 The Wright Stuff 11.10 All-New Trisha 12.00pm Looney Tunes 12.05 5 News Lunchtime 12.15 Dangerous Adventures For Boys 1.15 Home And Away 1.45 Neighbours 2.15 NCIS 3.15 Disney Shorts 3.20 FILM: Lone Rider (2008) 5.00 5 News At 5 5.30 Neighbours 6.00 Home And Away Tamara gives Casey an ultimatum – grass on Courtney, or lose her. 6.30 5 News 7.00 Emergency Bikers Actionpacked documentary series following the work of emergency bike crews. 8.00 The Angel Of Death: Born To Kill? Series profiling the world’s most infamous serial killers. This week – Beverley Allitt. 9.00 Robson’s Extreme Fishing Challenge Fishing travelogues with Robson Green. Robson heads for the other side of the globe and the fishing challenge of his dreams, New Zealand. 10.00 Battle Scarred Documentary series. Emmy-winning journalist Chris Terrill, the only military-trained documentary-maker in Britain, reports on the often sad and lonely world of the ex-serviceman, exploring their fears and the nature of the demons that torment them. 11.00 FILM: Young Guns (1988) Starring Emilio Estevez, Kiefer Sutherland, Charlie Sheen. Offbeat western about six young outlaws in 1870s New Mexico, led by Billy the Kid, who ride out to avenge the death of their mentor, a British rancher murdered by a cattle baron.1.05am SuperCasino 4.00 House Doctor 4.25 House Doctor 4.45 Michaela’s Wild Challenge 5.10 Michaela’s Wild Challenge 5.35 Wildlife SOS
Sky Sports 1 6.00am Good Morning Sports Fans 7.00 Good Morning Sports Fans 8.00 Good Morning Sports Fans 9.00 Ford Football Special 10.30 Spanish Football 12.00pm Football: Johnstone’s Paint Trophy 12.30 Ford Football Special 2.00 Spanish Football 3.30 Ford Football Special 5.00 Soccer AM: The Best Bits 6.00 Football Gold 6.15 Golf: US Masters Official Film 7.00 LIVE Ford Monday Night Football 11.00 Netbusters 11.30 SPL Round-Up 12.00am Soccer AM: The Best Bits 1.00 Ford Monday Night Football 3.30 Netbusters 4.00 SPL Round-Up 4.30 Soccer AM: The Best Bits 5.30 Netbusters
Sky Sports 2 6.00am Aerobics: Oz Style 6.30 Thrillseekers 7.00 WWE: The Bottom Line 8.00 LPGA Golf 10.00 PGA Tour Golf 1.00pm LPGA Golf 3.00 PGA Tour Golf 6.00 Sporting Greats 6.30 Super League Full Time 7.30 LIVE Elite League Speedway 9.30 European Rugby Special 10.30 Super League Full Time 11.30 Elite League Speedway 1.30am NBA 3.30 PGA Tour Golf 4.30 Shell’s Wonderful World Of Golf
Sky Sports 3 6.00am PSA World Series Squash 7.00 European Rugby Special 8.00 Elite League Ice Hockey 11.00 Racing News 11.30 Up Close With... 12.00pm NBA 2.00 European Rugby Special 3.00 Up Close With... 3.30 Super League 5.00 WWE: Raw 7.00 European Rugby Special 8.00 NBA 10.00 WWE: Late Night Bottom Line 11.00 WWE: Late Night Afterburn 1.00am WWE: Late Night Raw 4.15 Sky Sports Classics 4.30 European Rugby Special 5.30 Sporting Greats
Holly Cozens
More4
Film4
12.00pm The Middle (x2) 1.00 The Simpsons (x2) 2.00 Futurama (x2) 3.00 Stargate SG-1 (x2) 5.00 The Middle (x2) 6.00 A League Of Their Own 6.30 The Simpsons (x3) 8.00 Arrow 9.00 Revolution 10.00 Spartacus: War Of The Damned 11.15 Brit Cops: Zero Tolerance 12.15am Street Crime UK (x2) 1.15 Road Wars (x2)
7.00pm The Real Hustle: New Recruits 7.30 Top Gear 8.30 World’s Craziest Fools 9.00 Don’t Just Stand There...I’m Having Your Baby! 10.00 Snog Marry Avoid? 10.30 EastEnders 11.00 Family Guy (x2) 11.45 American Dad! (x2) 12.30am Don’t Just Stand There...I’m Having Your Baby!
7.00pm News 7.30 Great British Railway Journeys 8.00 What Do Artists Do All Day? 8.30 Motor Racing At The BBC: That Petrol Emotion 9.00 The Golden Age Of Coach Travel 10.00 Hidden Killers Of The Victorian Home 11.00 David Attenborough’s First Life 12.00am Catholics 1.00 Vatican: The Hidden World
4.10pm The Real Housewives Of Atlanta 5.05 The Millionaire Matchmaker 6.00 The Jeremy Kyle Show USA 7.00 You’ve Been Framed! (x2) 8.00 Britain’s Got More Talent: All Stars 9.00 You’ve Been Framed And Famous! 10.00 Plebs 10.30 FILM: The Bourne Identity (2002) 12.45am Peter Andre: My Life
2.00pm Wild At Heart 3.00 The Adventures Of Sherlock Holmes 4.15 Home To Roost 4.50 On The Buses 5.20 George And Mildred 5.50 Heartbeat 6.55 Murder, She Wrote 7.55 Agatha Christie’s Poirot 9.00 Martin Clunes: Islands Of Britain 10.00 Afterlife 11.05 Law & Order: UK 12.05am Kavanagh QC
4.00pm Rules Of Engagement (x2) 5.00 How I Met Your Mother (x2) 6.00 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 7.00 Hollyoaks 7.30 How I Met Your Mother 8.00 New Girl 8.30 The Mindy Project 9.00 Revenge 10.00 Made In Chelsea 11.00 The Inbetweeners 11.35 The Big Bang Theory (x2) 12.35am The New Normal
1.30pm Time Team (x2) 3.35 Scrapheap Challenge 4.40 A Place In The Sun (x2) 6.50 Come Dine With Me 7.55 Grand Designs 9.00 Sarah Beeny’s Selling Houses 10.00 The Undateables 11.05 Embarrassing Bodies 12.10am Come Dine With Me 1.15 The Undateables 2.20 Embarrassing Bodies
11.00am 20 Million Miles To Earth (1957) 12.40pm The Black Knight (1954) 2.25 Tales From Earthsea (2007) 4.40 Three Men And A Baby (1987) 6.40 Percy Jackson And The Lightning Thief (2010) 9.00 Nowhere Boy (2009) 10.55 Undefeated (2011) 1.10am Pushing Tin (1999) 3.40 Close
thelatest
|
i don't know
|
In 'Pinnochio', what type of creature is 'J. Worthington Fowl-Fellow'?
|
Pinocchio (film) | Disney Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
[Source]
Pinocchio is the second film in the Disney Animated Canon . It was produced by Buena Vista Distribution and was originally released to theatres by RKO Radio Pictures on February 23, 1940 . It premiered in New York City on February 7 and in Los Angeles two days later. The film was then theatrically re-released in 1945 , 1954 , 1962 , 1971 , 1978 , 1984 , and 1992 . Pinocchio was made in response to the enormous worldwide success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Based on the book by Carlo Collodi , the film stars a puppet - brought to life by a fairy - who tries to earn his right to become a real boy, as he faces the challenges and dangers of a dark, hostile world of crooks, villains and monsters.
Though Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is generally considered to be Walt Disney 's most significant contribution to cinema, Pinocchio is considered his greatest achievement and representative of the Disney studio at the peak of its golden age, as well as one of the greatest achievements in animation. It is one of the most critically acclaimed of all the Disney animated features and is considered to be one of the greatest animated films of all time. However, on its first release, Disney only recouped about half of its $2.6 million budget in 1940.
The plan for the original film was considerably different from what was released. Numerous characters and plot points, many of which came from the original novel, were used in early drafts. Walt Disney was displeased with the work that was being done, and stopped the project midway into production so that the concept could be rethought, and the characters redesigned. It was at this stage that the character of the cricket was expanded. Jiminy Cricket , voiced by Cliff Edwards , became central to the story.
The song "When You Wish Upon a Star," became a major hit and is still identified with the film, and later as a fanfare for Walt Disney Studios itself. Pinocchio also won the Academy Award for Best Song and the Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture. The film has been deemed "culturally significant" by the Library of Congress and in 1994 was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, and in the second slot, behind only Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , in the American Film Institute's Top ten Animated Feature Films of all time in 2008. The film is constantly considered the greatest film in the animation medium, despite the initial failure at the box office.
Contents
Plot
Gepetto's Workshop
The film opens with Jiminy Cricket singing When You Wish Upon A Star as he sits on a bookshelf, on which can be found various literary classics, such as Peter Pan , Alice in Wonderland and Pinocchio, which is given a place of prominence. Jiminy Cricket greets the audience and acknowledges that many may not believe that a wish, as the song states, may come true, and, as proof of the message, decides to tell the story of Pinocchio. He slides down the shelf to the book and opens it, beginning his story in a peaceful village at night, which Jiminy states he was passing through. At this point, the viewer enters the story Jiminy is telling through an illustration in the book.
Pinocchio's village is introduced at night, with only Gepetto's workshop showing signs of activity. Inspirational sketch by Gustaf Tenggren
The only building from which light seems to emanate is Gepetto's Workshop . Jiminy hops over to the open window and peers in to see a warm fire in a room filled with beautifully carved toys, clocks, music boxes and puppets. He enters the room and warms himself by the fire. He then notices Pinocchio, a lifeless marionette, sitting on a shelf. As he is admiring the puppet, he hears someone coming. Crawling up the marionette's strings to hide on a high shelf, he sees Gepetto coming down the stairs with Figaro to finish painting the puppet. Gepetto greets Cleo , whose bowl sits nearby, and carefully paints a smile on the puppet's face. Having completed the marionette he gives it the name "Pinocchio" (which literally means "Little Wooden Head") and tests it out by walking it around the workshop, to the tune of Little Wooden Head which is played by one of the music boxes. The bells of the clocks that cover the walls of the workshop indicate that it is now nine o'clock, and Gepetto announces that it is time for bed. After he, Figaro and Cleo have bidden each other goodnight, the woodcutter gets into bed, to notice a Wishing Star through the window. He wishes that Pinocchio would become a real boy, before falling asleep.
The Blue Fairy
The wishing star glows brighter, and gets closer to the window; eventually, reaching the workshop, it transforms into the Blue Fairy . She approaches Pinocchio and brings the puppet to life with a tap of her wand, and his strings vanish without a trace. Pinocchio is delighted and surprised at his ability to move and talk. The Fairy informs him, however, that he is not a real boy yet, and must prove himself brave, truthful, and unselfish in order to become one and learn the difference between right and wrong. After Jiminy hops in to explain to Pinocchio, the Blue Fairy decides to dub the cricket Pinocchio's conscience and leaves, telling Pinocchio to always let his conscience be his guide.
Jiminy tries to explain the concept of right and wrong, and, though he is largely unsuccessful, Pinocchio tells him that he wants "to do right". Jiminy then sings Give A Little Whistle , and Pinocchio joins in, falling into a pile of toys by accident. This wakes Gepetto, who cautiously searches the room. On finding Pinocchio moving and talking, he first thinks he is dreaming but is eventually convinced, and delighted, that his 'son' is alive. Winding the music boxes, Gepetto, Pinocchio, Figaro and Cleo celebrate. Pinocchio is distracted by a candle and, not knowing what it is, sets his finger on fire; Gepetto panics and extinguishes the wooden boy's finger in Cleo's bowl. He decides that they should go to sleep before anything else happens.
On the way to School
The next morning, the village is awake. The boys and girls hurry to school, and Pinocchio excitedly follows them. He is noticed by a fox and cat, who, knowing the value of a moving puppet without strings, "befriend" him, intending to sell him. The fox introduces himself as Honest John and tells Pinocchio that he is just the type to become an actor. He and his partner Gideon (the cat) lead him through the streets, while Honest John sings " Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee (An Actor's Life For Me) ". Jiminy, meanwhile, is "late on his first day", and tries to tell Pinocchio not to give in to temptation, but is ignored, and Pinocchio accompanies the fox and cat to "be an actor" while Jiminy desperately runs after them.
Stromboli, the Puppet Master
Honest John takes Pinocchio to Stromboli's Caravan , where puppet master Stromboli buys the wooden boy and makes him his star attraction. That evening, Jiminy watches from a lamp post as Pinocchio performs I've Got No Strings for the audience, and is met with enthusiastic applause as onlookers throw money onto the stage, much to Stromboli's delight and Jiminy's surprise. Thinking that he was wrong in trying to stop Pinocchio, Jiminy decides to let the living puppet continue without him. Gepetto, meanwhile, is worried that Pinocchio has not returned from school, and leaves the workshop to look for him. In Stromboli's caravan, after the show, the puppet master congratulates Pinocchio for making him so much money and tells him that he will become a star. Delighted, Pinocchio tries to go home to tell Gepetto but is stopped by Stromboli, who grabs him and throws him into a wooden birdcage. He tells the boy that he will keep him there, taking him out only to put on shows as they tour the world. And when Pinocchio is too old to entertain audiences, Stromboli will use him for firewood. Laughing, Stromboli leaves the carriage, slamming the door. The caravan begins to move, and Pinocchio weeps as he tries to call out to his friend.
The Nose of Deceit
Jiminy is outside in the rain, watching the caravan pass. He decides to wish Pinocchio good luck and to say goodbye to him and is surprised to find Pinocchio locked up. He tries to unlock the cage but to no avail. He stays with Pinocchio as the two weep over their predicament. Geppetto passes the caravan, but his calls for Pinocchio are not heard over the rain and thunder. When all hope seems lost, the Blue Fairy appears in the caravan. She asks why Pinocchio did not go to school; the wooden boy lies, telling her that he and Jiminy were captured by monsters. His nose becomes longer with each lie he tells until it becomes a tree limb, complete with leaves and a bird's nest. The Blue Fairy tells Pinocchio that a lie keeps growing, "until it's as plain as the nose on your face". Pinocchio promises to never lie again, and his nose returns to its normal size. The Fairy then frees Pinocchio from the cage and vanishes, saying that this will be the last time she will help them, meaning she could not help them anymore. Jiminy and Pinocchio sneak out of the caravan as it is moving.
The Plot
Meanwhile, the fox and cat are celebrating at The Red Lobster . Seated opposite them is the Coachman , who listens to their story and decides to catch their attention with a huge bag of money, which he says can be theirs if they bring " stupid little boys " to the crossroads for him to take to Pleasure Island . Though Foulfellow is at first terrified of getting caught, the Coachman assures him that none of the boys ever come back "as boys." As soon as they leave the tavern, the fox and cat find Pinocchio racing Jiminy Cricket home, and pretend to be doctors, stating that he is 'allergic' and must go to Pleasure Island to get better. They carry him to the crossroads with Jiminy once again in hot pursuit. When on the Coachman's Stagecoach , Pinocchio meets a kid named Lampwick , who tells him that Pleasure Island is a "swell joint" where boys can run riot without fear of reprimand from authority figures and everything is freely available. The coach reaches the shore, where the boys board a boat which takes them to the island.
Pleasure Island
As the boys enjoy themselves at the fairground-like Pleasure Island, the Coachman orders his minions to close the doors, locking the unknowing boys in. Later that night, Jiminy searches the now-deserted fairground for Pinocchio. He eventually finds him playing pool with Lampwick, who scoffs that Pinocchio "takes orders from a grasshopper" and laughs at Jiminy, shooting the cricket down the pool gutter when he admonishes him. Jiminy
loses his temper and attempts to leave, quitting as Pinocchio's conscience after discovering that Pinocchio is friends with Lampwick. He crawls under the main doors of the fairground to find the Coachman and his minions loading donkeys into crates going to places such as the Salt Mines and the Circus. One donkey, named Alexander , is able to speak. The Coachman throws Alexander into a pen of other donkeys that "can still talk". Jiminy realizes that the donkeys are the same boys that went to Pleasure Island, meaning that they were somehow transformed into donkeys and being sold into slavery. He rushes back to warn Pinocchio. Back in the pool hall, Lampwick is still laughing about Jiminy when he suddenly sprouts donkey ears. He then looks into the mirror and panics. He pleads Pinocchio for help, but the boy is only able to look on in fright. Lampwick's last words are a frantic call from his mother before he turns into a donkey completely. Losing his mind, Lampwick starts to kick everything in the pool hall, breaking a mirror and a table, and kicking his clothes off. A speechless Pinocchio hides behind a chair, and his panic increases when he himself sprouts ears and a tail, but Jiminy arrives just in time to tell him that Pleasure Island is cursed and takes him to an escape route in order to avoid the same terrible fate. Together, they swim to the shore of the mainland with Pinocchio only having a donkey tail and ears, leaving Lampwick and the others behind.
In the Belly of Monstro
Pinocchio and Jiminy arrive at Geppetto's workshop to discover the old woodcutter has left, along with Figaro and Cleo. A message from the Blue Fairy as a dove informs Pinocchio of his father's location: after venturing out to sea to find Pinocchio, he had been swallowed by Monstro , an enormous whale. Pinocchio resolves to save Geppetto; though Jiminy tries to warn him against it, he accompanies the boy. Tying a rock to his donkey tail, Pinocchio plunges to the bottom of the sea and he and Jiminy begin their search for Monstro. Any sea creatures they attempt to ask to flee at the mere mention of Monstro's name.
Inside the belly of the whale, Gepetto is in a small boat with Figaro and Cleo. They have nothing to eat; Geppetto fears that, unless Monstro opens his mouth soon, they will starve to death. Monstro then wakes from his slumber to surprise a school of tuna, who flee in all directions; Pinocchio and Jiminy see Monstro and, frightened, try to swim to escape; Pinocchio is swallowed but the sprightly Jiminy manages to escape. Pinocchio finds himself on Geppetto's boat, and the woodcarver is relieved to see his son again. Geppetto laments that they could not get out of the whale. However, Pinocchio has a plan; gathering some wood, he starts a fire, which causes Monstro to sneeze the boat out. Jiminy jumps on as they fly past. Furious, Monstro chases the boat and smashes it to pieces with his tail. Pinocchio grabs ahold of his father and paddles for a hole in the cliffs beyond as a means of escape. Monstro enraged as ever, continues to chase after them. Pinocchio succeeds in getting through the hole in the cliff just as Monstro crashes into it. Gepetto, Jiminy, Figaro, and Cleo wash up on shore alive, but Pinocchio is seen floating face down in a deep puddle, apparently having died to try to save his father.
Epilogue
In Gepetto's workshop, Jiminy, Gepetto, and his pets mourn Pinocchio's death. However, in saving his father, Pinocchio has proved himself; the Blue Fairy, from afar, grants him life, and he becomes a real boy. While the other characters celebrate, Jiminy, standing on the window ledge, gazes at the Wishing Star and thanks the Blue Fairy. As a reward, a gold medal declaring him an 'Official Conscience' appears on his front. As Jiminy leaves with his new badge, the Wishing Star still shines in the sky, protecting and illuminating the village forevermore.
Cast
|
Fox Broadcasting Company
|
The Festival of Britain was held in which park in 1951?
|
Disney Animated Canon (Franchise) - TV Tropes
Disney Animated Canon
You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account
Share
Timeline
"To think six years ahead - even two or three - in this business of making animated cartoon features, it takes calculated risk and much more than blind faith in the future of theatrical motion pictures. I see motion pictures as a family-founded institution closely related to the life and labor of millions of people. Entertainment such as our business provides has become a necessity, not a luxury... it is the part which offers us the greatest reassurance about the future in the animation field."
— Walt Disney
The animated feature films produced by Disney 's main feature animation studio, currently known as Walt Disney Animation Studios, has a long history.
In 1937, Walt Disney released the first feature-length animated film in the English-speaking world and the first feature film made completely with hand-drawn animation. However, it wasn't , as many claim , the first feature-length animated film ever. Foreign examples predating Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and using other kinds of animation include Argentina's The Apostle (combining hand-drawn with cutout animation
) in 1917, Germany's The Adventures of Prince Achmed (done with silhouette animation
) in 1926, and The Soviet Union's The New Gulliver (done with Stop Motion ) in 1935.
This category does not include Pixar productions, nor does it include every animated feature released by Disney (such as those created by DisneyToon Studios, Direct-to-Video Sequels, Studio Ghibli dubs, animated films made under a different Disney banner such as The Nightmare Before Christmas or animated films distributed by Disney but produced by non-Disney studios). There don't seem to be any hard-and-fast rules as to which movies get to be part of the canon and which don't, but generally, the canon films are made by the Disney feature animation unit (live-action/animation hybrids like Song of the South and Mary Poppins tend not to count unless the animation is the bulk of the film, as in The Three Caballeros , Fun and Fancy Free or Melody Time ). The Other Wiki has a set of lists
for both the canon and non-canon films.
See also Disney Princess , Enchanted (an Affectionate Parody of Disney's own films), Kingdom Hearts , a video game series which also seems to follow the rule of only using canonical characters from nearly all of these films ( and then so me! ), or House of Mouse which represents almost every canonical movie with at least a cameo appearance. Once Upon a Time is a live-action fairy tale Massive Multiplayer Crossover shown on Disney-owned ABC, with versions of the fairy tale characters heavily and obviously indebted to the Disney animated film versions. Descendants is a similar all-DAC crossover Disney Channel Original Movie, featuring the offspring of classic Disney characters in a live-action musical.
Who Framed Roger Rabbit and The Nightmare Before Christmas were both produced and released by Disney under its Touchstone Pictures banner (the latter's 3D re-releases were under the Disney banner). Compare the works of former Disney animator Don Bluth , as well as the two feature length animated films made by Fleischer Studios .
For notable Disney staff, go here . For when these movies become available for home viewing, go here.
The Films (In Chronological Order)
December 21, 1937 - Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (carries the honor of being the first full-length animated feature film in the English-speaking world)note Also became the highest grossing film of all time for a few years.
February 7, 1940 - Pinocchio note The sole canon film to have a perfect 100% on Rotten Tomatoes.
November 13, 1940 - Fantasia *
April 20, 1946 - Make Mine Music *
September 27, 1947 - Fun and Fancy Free * note The last time Walt voiced Mickey.
July 26, 1951 - Alice in Wonderland
February 5, 1953 - Peter Pan (last film to have all nine of Disney's Nine Old Men working together, along with the last entry to be distributed by RKO Radio Pictures)
June 22, 1955 - Lady and the Tramp (first entry filmed/projected in widescreen, and the first to be distributed by Buena Vista)
January 25, 1961 - 101 Dalmatians
December 25, 1963 - The Sword in the Stone (final animated film released before Walt died in 1966)
October 18, 1967 - The Jungle Book (final animated film produced before Walt died in 1966)
December 24, 1970 - The Aristocats (final film Walt personally green-lit, and the beginning of the Dork Age of Disney)note This is the final film released during the life of Walt's brother Roy O. Disney, co-founder and first CEO of the company.
March 11, 1977 - The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh * (partially made before Walt died in 1966)
June 22, 1977 - The Rescuers (end of the Dork Age /start of the Dark Age)
July 10, 1981 - The Fox and the Hound
July 24, 1985 - The Black Cauldron (the first animated Disney film to carry a PG rating due to violence and nightmarish imagery, and the first to open (and end) with a Vanity Plate for Walt Disney Pictures instead of the studio's distributornote a distribution credit for Buena Vista still appears during the end titles)
July 2, 1986 - The Great Mouse Detective (last film to have one of Disney's Nine Old Men directly credited; that was Animation Consultant Eric Larson, who retired this year and died soon after)
November 18, 1988 - Oliver & Company (the last film of the Dark Age)
November 17, 1989 - The Little Mermaid (the first film of the Disney Renaissance
)
November 16, 1990 - The Rescuers Down Under (first completely digital film ever produced)
November 22, 1991 - Beauty and the Beast (the only movie of the canon to be nominated for Best Picture so far)
November 25, 1992 - Aladdin (first animated film to gross $200 million)
June 24, 1994 - The Lion King (the most successful traditionally-animated film of all time and the third-highest grossing movie in the canon)
June 23, 1995 - Pocahontas
June 18, 1999 - Tarzan (the last film of the Disney Renaissance)
May 19, 2000 - Dinosaur (first hybrid-CGI movie done without Pixar )**
June 16, 2000 - Fantasia 2000 * (follow-up to Fantasia; first animated film initially released in IMAX theaters; the first film of Disney's "Post-Renaissance" era)
June 15, 2001 - Atlantis: The Lost Empire
June 21, 2002 - Lilo & Stitch (first entry to be nominated for Best Animated Feature; the most successful film of the "Post-Renaissance" era)note Bolt (2008) was a somewhat bigger box office success not adjusted for inflation than Lilo & Stitch ($310 million vs. $273.1 million), but that film had almost twice the budget ($150 million to Lilo & Stitch's $80 million). As for critical reception, Bolt has a higher "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes than Lilo & Stitch (89% based on 177 reviews vs. 86% based on 145 reviews), but Lilo & Stitch has a higher aggregated score on Metacritic (73 based on 30 reviews vs. 67 based on 29 reviews). Also, Bolt did not end up becoming a franchise like Lilo & Stitch did.
November 1, 2003 - Brother Bear
April 2, 2004 - Home on the Range (last traditionally-animated film until 2009)note This one is also one of at least six bombs in 2004 that derailed CEO Michael Eisner's Disney career.
November 11, 2005 - Chicken Little (first true CGI movie done without Pixar and the last movie with a variation of the original Walt Disney Pictures logo)
March 30, 2007 - Meet the Robinsons (the last entry to be distributed by Buena Vista, and the first to include a Vanity Plate for Walt Disney Animation Studios during the opening and closing)
November 28, 2008 - Bolt (usually considered the last film of the "Post-Renaissance" era, although it's sometimes considered the first film of the Disney Revival)
December 11, 2009 - The Princess and the Frog (first traditionally-animated film after 2004; usually considered the first film of the Disney Revival) note This is the final film released during the life of Walt's nephew Roy E. Disney, who served various positions for the company over the years, finally becoming a Director Emeritus from 2005-2009.
November 24, 2010 - Tangled (Disney released a rather nifty video
November 2, 2012 - Wreck-It Ralph
November 27, 2013 - Frozen (first entry to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature ; currently the most successful animated film of all time and the first film in the canon to gross a billion dollars worldwide)
November 7, 2014 - Big Hero 6 (won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature)
March 4, 2016 - Zootopia (the second-highest grossing film in the canon thus far and the second to gross a billion dollars worldwide)
November 23, 2016 - Moana
* Consists of several short films released as one feature.
** In Europe, this film is not considered part of the Canon. Instead, The Wild (2006) is in its place.
You can vote on your favorite entry HERE
!
Frozen 2 (planned for 2019)
Zootopia 2 (TBA)
King of the Elves (TBA; was announced in 2008, but has been in development hell since)
The Name Game (TBA)
Cancelled films
The Wizard Of Oz (the studio did some conceptual art for it shortly after Snow White but it was canceled in pre-production after MGM released their own version . Incidentally, Disney would much later release an "unofficial" sequel and prequel to the MGM version .)
Chanticleer (eventually retooled into Robin Hood ; some elements of the story migrated into Don Bluth 's Rock-A-Doodle )
The Gremlins (Based on Roald Dahl 's book. Questions of whether plane sabotaging creatures could be made sympathetic and development running late into the war leading to a cancellation due to possibly becoming dated. Some Gremlins would later appear in the 2010 video game Epic Mickey .)
Don Quixote (just like several other attempts to adapt that story into a movie have been cancelled)
Fraidy Cat (a homage to the work of Alfred Hitchcock focused around house pets, was supposed to be Ron Clement's and John Muskers' next film after Treasure Planet )
Wild Life (a Pygmalion-type story about a nightclub recruiting a singing zoo elephant to hype into the next big thing to discredit a critic, cancelled due to concerns about more mature content)
My Peoples (Loose Appalachian set adaptation of The Canterville Ghost , cancelled due to the closure of the Florida studio, which was the only one making the movie)
Fantasia 2006 (due to shifting management; several shorts were completed and released separately)
Mort (Disney couldn't get the adaptation rights, which were sold as one large package rather than individually)
The Search For Mickey Mouse (Was going to be Disney's first Crossover of all their characters, centering around Mickey getting kidnapped and Minnie recruiting a group to find him. It was also going to be their 50th animated film until new management restructured everything.)
Sequels were planned for films such as The Jungle Book and Bambi during earlier phases, though didn't get past early production stages (allegedly due to Walt not being a fan of sequels). Actual follow ups were made much later on, though are not made part of Disney canon. A Tangled sequel was also considered at one point.
In their line of Direct-to-Video sequels, Disney had plans to make Dumbo 2, The Jungle Book 3, The Aristocats 2, Chicken Little 2note Mentioned briefly in the Essential Guide book when the film came out., and Meet the Robinsons 2. Dumbo 2 was in on-and-off development for a while (even though it was promoted on the 2001 DVD of Dumbo ) before being cancelled altogether, while The Jungle Book 3 was cancelled after the under-performance of The Jungle Book 2. The remaining three projects were cancelled under order of John Lasseter after Walt Disney Animation Studios was given control over DisneyToon Studios (the division making the sequels) in 2007.
Kingdom of the Sun, an Inca-era prince and the pauper type Animated Musical , which was later retooled into The Emperor's New Groove , and the subject of the documentary The Sweatbox .
Tropes common to the Disney Animated Canon:
open/close all folders
Adaptational Alternate Ending :
Fun and Fancy Free : The original "Little Bear Bongo" short story by Sinclair Lewis does feature a happy ending, but is still more cynical and violent. Notably, Bongo never becomes accepted by the other bears, his beloved rejects him for Lumpjaw, and the happy ending comes from another circus troupe finding him and re-introducing him to civilization. In the movie, the other bears and his beloved accept him.
The book The Fox and the Hound ends with a full blown Downer Ending where Tod and both of his mates and his kits all die, and Copper gets shot in the head by Amos so he doesn't have to abandon him when he's taken to a nursing home. The Disney adaptation alters it into a Bittersweet Ending where Tod, his mate Vixie, and Copper survive , but are forced to go their seperate ways.
In The Little Mermaid , the mermaid gets to marry the prince and live Happily Ever After . In the original story by Hans Christian Andersen , she dies after refusing to kill the prince, and becomes an air spirit.
If The Lion King , as it commonly is, is taken as an adaptation of Hamlet , then the equivalents of Hamlet himself (Simba), Ophelia (Nala), Gertrude (Sarabi), Polonius (Zazu), and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (Timon and Pumbaa) all live, wheras the play has them all die in the end.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame heavily changes the ending of the story - in the original Victor Hugo novel , both Esmeralda and Quasimodo die; in the Disney version, they both survive, Esmeralda marries Phoebus and Quasimodo gets accepted by the society. Interestingly, the Screen-to-Stage Adaptation of the Disney movie brings back the Downer Ending .
Hercules completely changes the ending. In the original myths , Herakles dies, but after Philoctetes lit his funeral pyre, he ascended to godhood in Mount Olympus and stayed there. The Disney movie changes it to where Hercules earns his godhood by saving Meg from Hades and is allowed to come home to Olympus—but Hercules, who realizes Meg can't join him there, willingly gives up his godhood so that he can stay with Meg.
Fantasia 2000 : In the original Hans Christian Andersen story The Steadfast Tin Soldier , both the Tin Solider and the Ballerina he loves die in a fireplace. In the adaptation for Fantasia 2000, they both live. The main reason for this change in the Disney adaptation is because the writers of the film actually did not want to cause any Soundtrack Dissonance considering the fact that the musical piece accompanying this scene is an optimistic-sounding one.
Adaptational Comic Relief :
The Jungle Book was intended to be Lighter and Softer than the book it was based on. Baloo became a fun-loving character who has a scatting duel with an orangutan, rather than a serious law teacher. Most of the other characters underwent a similar evolution (with the possible exception of Shere Khan ).
The Genie in Aladdin becomes a Fun Personified , cartoony character in contrast to the original story, where he was basically just a magical prop character for Aladdin to use.
Big Hero 6 has three examples: Baymax in the comics was built by Hiro to act as his bodyguard. Movie!Baymax is a gentle and naive acrofatic healthcare robot who was built by Hiro's Canon Foreigner brother, Tadashi. Wasabi No Ginger goes from a quiet, disciplined warrior to a neurotic plasma engineer with Super OCD . Fred goes from The Stoic to a Fun Personified , Plucky Comic Relief character.
Adaptation Expansion :
All of the fairy tale-based films fall under this by default as the original fairy tales are typically rather short and simplistic, requiring a good amount of character and plot expansion to stretch them out to an hour and half. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs padded out its length with several dwarf-centric scenes, Sleeping Beauty greatly expanded the roles of the fairies and gave the prince something to do other than be lucky enough to be standing in front of the thorns just as the century-long spell expired, Tangled has Rapunzel spend more time outside her tower than inside it for the film's running time, etc.
Dumbo was based on a very short (thirty-six pages) children's book. Even with a decent amount of padding, the final film clocks in at only sixty-four minutes.
Meet the Robinsons added a whole time travel plot around the children's story A Day With Wilbur Robinson. The second act, where Lewis meets the Robinson family and looks for Grandpa's teeth, is the only part of the movie that's actually in the book
Adaptational Heroism : Disney tends to do this to certain characters in their adaptations as often as they'll make other characters into villains.
Pinocchio : Pinocchio was still the hero in the original, but was altered from a Bratty Half-Pint to a more innocent and merely easily misguided Cheerful Child . Geppetto is a milder example. He was similarly altered from a bad-tempered, antisocial crank to a kindhearted character who genuinely wants a son of his own — and something of a Badass Grandpa to boot.
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad : In the original The Wind in the Willows story, Mr. Toad was in fact guilty of stealing the car. The Disney adaptation changes it so that Toad, eccentric as he is, was framed for it and has to clear his name.
In the original stories and plays by J. M. Barrie, Peter Pan was one of The Fair Folk and came off as a Sociopathic Hero - he didn't show much concern for his "friends," took nightmarish pleasure in killing pirates, and even murdered Lost Boys just for growing up (or to make a battle against the pirates more interesting). The Disney version , understandably, left out this aspect of Peter.
Eeyore from Winnie-the-Pooh went from a melancholic and self-centered Jerkass in the books to a forlorn sweetheart who just needs a hug in the Disney films and associated media.
The Enchantress from Beauty and the Beast is a curious example. In the original tale, she was a wicked fairy who cursed the prince for no good reason. The film has her curse the prince after he refuses her shelter and shows himself to be selfish. While not presented as a heroic character, her spell served to teach the prince about love rather than anything malicious. Still pretty callous though in regards to the servants and castle staff who got transformed into sentient housewares because they happened to work for a guy who needed to learn a lesson about being selfish.
Similar to Pinocchio, Aladdin is a great deal more ruthless and unscrupulous in the original tale.
Captain Phoebus from The Hunchback of Notre Dame is transformed from a dishonest cad to a genuinely heroic figure, being a Jerk with a Heart of Gold at worst. And Quasimodo, while not being as mean as Phoebus in the book, is transformed from a rude and angry Jerkass to a timid and kind guy .
Hercules : By modern standards, the Hercules of Greek Myth wasn't exactly a paragon of heroic virtue . He killed more than one innocent person simply for being too close when his temper got the better of him (although he was always remorseful when this happened), and he would go stage a HUGE war for a mere verbal insult one day , although he did went to great lengths to help his friends and his deeds did the world a lot of good. The Hercules in this movie is a wide eyed boy scout who doesn't have much, if any, vices. The worst thing he does is lash out at Phil for trying to warn him about Meg being in league with Hades, but he immediately comes to regret that. Also, Hera is presented as Hercules's loving mother. In the myths, she was not his mother and did not like him one bit - it was her that made Herc go mad and murder his wife. The film omits that plot entirely and gives Adaptational Villainy to Hades . And anyone who knows their Greek myth knows that Zeus is a self-righteous, womanizing jerk and rapist . Here, he's pretty much a cross between Grandpa God and Bumbling Dad who certainly loves Hercules and stays loyal with Hera, making his status as a Top God of Mt. Olympus and Big Good of the series a lot more plausible.
In Tarzan , Kerchak is deeply suspicious of the title character, but only because he considers him a potential threat. Other than that, he's a heroic figure and good leader. In the original books , on the other hand, he was a straight-up Killer Gorilla who was responsible for the death of Tarzan's father.
Rapunzel's parents in Tangled . The father steals lettuce from a witch's garden in the original tale, simply because his pregnant wife had a craving for them. They also disappear from the story and never seem to bother about the whereabouts of the daughter they gave up. In the film, the mother is dying. And rather than knowingly stealing from the witch, they find a golden flower that the witch had been using to make herself young. And the witch kidnaps the baby. Rapunzel is also reunited with her parents at the end - and they're implied to have been searching for her all her life.
Elsa the Snow Queen from Frozen is Not Evil, Just Misunderstood , instead of the Designated Villain from the original tale .
Big Hero 6 has GoGo Tomago. Her comic counterpart was a criminal who was forced into the team to avoid imprisonment. In the film, she is a noble and kind Action Girl who willingly joined the team.
Adaptational Personality Change : Some characters in Disney's adaptations of a story have their personalities completely overhauled:
In The Jungle Book , Baloo and Bageehra essentially switch personalities (Baloo was a stern mentor and Bagheera was a laid-back friend in the book), Kaa becomes a clownish villain rather than a wise mentor for Mowgli, and Shere Khan is turned from a Smug Snake to a Faux Affably Evil villain.
In The Little Mermaid , the eponymous mermaid and one of her sisters change personalities—the most distinguishing traits of Andersen's heroine were that she was thoughtful, quiet, and pensive (quite unlike Ariel), and one of her sisters is actually said to be by far the most daring and boldest of the family (quite like Ariel). Also, the Sea Witch becomes a cunning, dishonest, power-hungry villain who tricks Ariel into signing a contract with her, rather than the neutral character in the original tale who warns the mermaid of the consequences of her magic.
In The Hunchback of Notre Dame , compared to their book counterparts, Quasimodo is much more gentle, Esmeralda is smarter and less naive, and Phoebus is more heroic, with his womanizer tendencies dropped. Meanwhile, Frollo gets Adaptational Villainy and loses all his redeeming traits (which are given to an original character, the Archdeacon of Notre-Dame).
Of course, in the book Frollo is the Archdeacon, making this a case of the Decomposite Character .
In Tarzan , Kerchak is a stern, but benevolent leader of the apes, rather than the violent, abusive character he is in the books.
Adaptational Villainy : A lot of their movie adaptations tend to do this to characters from their original stories;
Pinocchio : The puppeteer from Pinocchio (Mangiafuoco in the book, Stromboli in the film). In the film he was far more cruel and simply wanted to exploit Pinocchio and states that he'll use him as firewood after he can't perform anymore. In the book although he initially does want to use Pinocchio as firewood after the boy accidentally ruins one of his puppet shows, Pinocchio is able to convince him not to do so, and he even gives the talking puppet some coins to help Geppetto out . This is probably an influence from Alexey N. Tolstoy's book adaptation, Buratino, where the puppeteer, named Carabas Barabas, is the main villain and a very ominous person (although, incidentally, the scene mentioned above still happens anyways).
Fantasia : Chernabog in the Night on Bald Mountain sequence. While he was a black god, he wasn't evil as a pre-christian slavic deity. Though we don't really know enough about Chernobog to say whether he was or wasn't evil, it's certain he wasn't a giant Satanic figure who called up the spirits of the damned. The film works around this by referring to him as Satan himself, but Disney prefers to call him Chernabog these days.
Bambi : Ronno the deer is a jealous bully who spends much of his time antagonizing Bambi, culminating in their battle over Faline. In the original book, Ronno and Bambi were actually good friends instead of enemies, although this does change as they grow older and see each other as competition for does. Also, the human hunters in the book are ordinary people who are frightening and god-like from the perspective of the animals, although Bambi's father makes a point of showing Bambi a dead hunter to teach him that humans are subject to the same rules as the forest animals are. In the Disney movie, the hunters are explicitly reckless and careless, shooting everything that moves and setting the forest ablaze from a badly tended campfire. Bambi's mother is, judging from the time of her death in early spring, the victim of a poacher.
The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad : In the original story, Brom doesn't physically attack Ichabod, due to his rough sense of honor and fair play. He so thoroughly outclasses Ichabod physically that he might as well have two other guys there to hold him down as fight one on one, and limits himself to trying to hound him away from Katrina with practical jokes. In this version, however, he clearly was about to beat the snot out of him, and Ichabod only escaped due to Brom suffering a Wile E. Coyote -level bout of bad luck.
Alice in Wonderland : The Queen of Hearts is depicted as an Ax-Crazy villainess in the Disney adaptation. In the book by Lewis Carroll , while she does constantly order executions, the King quietly pardons everybody she sentences to death when she isn't looking and no real harm is done. She never notices this, and the inhabitants of Wonderland just choose to play along with her. Also, it's outright said by the Gryphon that she doesn't execute anyone. Part of the reason for this is because the Queen as depicted in the movie is a mash-up of three different characters from Alice's Adventure in Wonderland and Alice Through The Looking Glass (the Queen of Hearts, the Duchess and the Red Queen). The King himself goes from pardoning people to openly supporting the Queen's executions. The Cheshire Cat in the Disney movie is a Jerk Ass to Alice if not a villain, while in the book he was a more friendly character. And as a lesser example, the White Rabbit in the Disney version is a pompous servant of the Queen. In the book he's a little friendlier to Alice, advising her not to play well in the croquet game so the Queen can win. The Walrus in "The Walrus and the Carpenter" also goes through this. While neither he nor the Carpenter were particularly good people in the original poem (Alice notes that the Walrus showed remorse for his actions but still ate more oysters than the Carpenter, while the Carpenter ate as many as he could), he was much more remorseful in the poem. Here, however, he's depicted as an arrogant, manipulative , greedy , evil aristocrat . Also, this movie portrays the oysters as youngsters, making the Walrus seem even more monstrous!
The Sword in the Stone : While more along the lines of Took a Level in Jerkass , Kay, Wart's foster brother, is a surly, cynical bully and a lot meaner than he was in the original T.H. White book, where he and Wart were only a couple years apart in age and were companions and playmates.
The Jungle Book : Kaa the python. In the book, he is a mentor and friend of Mowgli as much as Bagheera and Baloo are and helps to save him when he is kidnapped by monkeys, engages him in friendly wrestling matches, and offers him advice for battle against the dholes, indeed never harming or threatening him in any way and saving his life more than once. The other animals in the jungle respect and fear him for his wisdom and powers of hypnosis, which only Mowgli, because he is human, is immune to. In the Disney movie, he is an Affably Evil villain whose only role in the plot is to serve as a minor nuisance. Apparently it was thought by Disney that audiences wouldn't accept a snake as a heroic character. This also applies to Shere Kahn; In the books he was an antagonist, but represented as somewhat pitiful (he has a bad leg, restricting his ability to hunt), is something of an arrogant fool , and is taken half-heartedly by a lot of residents of the jungle, including Bagheera. The other animals generally see him as a troublemaker and a coward because he attacks humans (something forbidden under the Law of the Jungle), and characters like Bagheera and Kaa command a lot more respect and fear. In the original Disney film, he is somewhat comedic and playful, but is genuinely feared and implied to be stronger than many animals put together.
The Black Cauldron : The three witches in the film are grasping and sneaky, if not evil, characters who try and trick Taran into giving up a treasure for the cauldron. In the book, they are neutral figures who bend their own rules to help Taran and the others get rid of it.
The Little Mermaid : The Sea Witch in the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale is a neutral character who shows no vindictive intentions toward the unnamed mermaid, only making the famous tongue-for-legs exchange, even warning the mermaid of the consequences of the transformation. She doesn't go back on the deal or interfere with her relationship with the prince until she is asked to by the mermaid's sisters, and only indirectly. In the Disney movie, she is named Ursula, is an out-and-out villain with a tendency toward Faustian deals , and gets in the way of Ariel's romance with Prince Eric far more than the character in the fairy tale did. Ursula also takes the place of the princess who the prince eventually marries in the original, who is innocent in Andersen's fairy tale and genuinely loves him.
Aladdin : While its far from the first adaptation to make Grand Vizier Jafar a villain, its probably the most well known example of it. In the Arabian Nights , Jafar was a minor character but generally a hero (although Sunni tradition, which thinks very highly of Harun al-Rashid, assumed that Ja'far must have been guilty of something if the great Caliph had him killed). And in the Aladdin story, the Grand Vizier (who is actually not the same character as Jafar, as Jafar did not appear in the Arabian Nights Aladdin story, but he is replaced by Jafar in the movie) is hostile to Aladdin at first, but then he has a point , and is actually The Good Chancellor in contrast to the Disney movies depiction of Jafar as an Evil Chancellor ; the real villain of the story is a magician from North Africa.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame : Claude Frollo was a more sympathetic character in the original novel by Victor Hugo . While driven to evil deeds later by his lust for Esmeralda, he willingly adopts and cares for Quasimodo, instead of threatening to throw him down a well as he did in the Disney version of the story. All while looking after his layabout of a brother, Jehan (who most movie adaptations composite with Claude ), and being orphaned himself to boot. He was also more tolerant of gypsies, asking only that they keep their activities away from the cathedral rather than actively hunting them down. Also, Frollo was originally archdeacon of Notre Dame; in the movie, the archdeacon is a seperate, kindly character , who induces a guilt trip on Frollo at the beginning and is beaten up by him at the end. In a sense, both these scenes depict the man struggling with himself. It's believed the reason for this Adaptational Villainy was due to Disney being concerned that having a priest for a Big Bad would offend people, and their solution was to divide the literary character in two and give one all the good qualities and the other all the bad.
Hercules : Hades is a Satan-like villain ( again ), intent on overthrowing Zeus and taking over Mount Olympus. In Classical Mythology , he was a neutral but just ruler of the dead and was downright nice compared to the other Greek gods . Hades had no antagonism towards Heracles, only meeting the hero when Heracles asked to borrow Cerberus for one of his twelve labors. Heracles's original divine enemy was Hera, his stepmother and Zeus's wife. As for overthrowing Zeus, Hades never tried that in the myths. While Hades did kidnap Persephone ( with Zeus's permission ), he was nowhere near as bad a husband as his brothers Zeus and Poseidon . In fact, Hades is probably the least antagonistic god Hercules ever met in the original myth; the entire obstacle Hercules has in borrowing Cerberus is that Hades politely asks Hercules to bring it back when he's done. His sidekicks, Pain and Panic, also go through this compared to Deimos and Phobos, who they were both very loosely based on. While neither of their original counterparts were exactly good guys, they were the son of Ares and definitely weren't evil, impish comic relief lackeys. In fact, Heracles worshiped Phobos as a god and had him depicted on his shield. And in the myths, the Cyclopes were Zeus' allies in the fight against the Titans, and they gave the thunderbolt to Zeus, the trident to Poseidon and the helmet of invisibility to Hades. The movie has one lone Cyclops who is in league in the Titans, and is sent by Hades to destroy Thebes and kill Hercules.
Tarzan : Clayton. In the novels, he is Tarzan's cousin who inherits the title after Tarzan's parents are presumed dead. His worst fault is that he is not as brave or capable as Tarzan, and his worst crime is concealing Tarzan's true identity after he figures out the truth so that he can keep the title. Other than that, he is a decent man who is willing to sacrifice himself for Jane. In the movie, he is an Egomaniac Hunter .
Fantasia 2000: In the story of "The Firebird Suite", the titular creature aids a Prince to defeating an evil wizard. In the animated segment at the end of the film, the Firebird is a destructive Eldritch Abomination in the shape of a bird that destroys an entire forest.
Wreck-It Ralph : A number of villains get together for a support group, and among them is Zangief , who isn't a villain in the games - though he is often a victim of this trope, being a villain in both the first live-action Street Fighter movie and Street Fighter American cartoon. This makes his comments toward Ralph during his sole scene all the more poignant.
Big Hero 6 : In the comics, Hiro Takachiho is an Ordinary High-School Student . At the start of the animated movie, Hiro Hamada partakes in illegal bot-fights before his brother shows him around his school.
An Aesop : Most of the films in the line-up have one, though how prevalent and deeply tied into the story it is varies from film to film.
Anachronism Stew : Several of their features deliberately employ this for laughs, most famously Aladdin, Hercules and The Emperors New Groove. Even the more serious features like The Hunchback of Notre Dame will employ anachronisms for laughs (most notably in the "A Guy Like You" musical number). Some features like Mulan and Atlantis: The Lost Empire employ it on purpose for the sake of atmosphere or story.
Beauty and the Beast , obviously.
In Brother Bear , your spirit evidently takes the form of your totem animal (good news if your totem is an eagle, maybe not so much if your totem is a salmon ). The protagonist Kenai is turned into a bear by the spirits to teach him a lesson. Kenai eventually gets over his angsting over being transformed and opts to stay a grizzly and adopt the cub Koda as his little brother.
The Emperor's New Groove 's features Yzma's potions which turn people into animals.
Animated Adaptation :
Most films in the canon are named after and based on a prior-existing story, though the degree to which they are faithful to the original varies from film to film. The bulk of the 19 animated features made in Walt Disney's own lifetime were based on pre-existing stories—the only features he made that weren't based on any pre-existing stories were Saludos Amigos and The Three Caballeros. The bulk of Make Mine Music and Melody Time consist of original story material as well, but have a couple segments based on pre-existing stories, such as Casey at the Bat, Johnny Appleseed, Little Toot and Pecos Bill.
Animated Musical : Most of the movies in the canon are this, though there are exceptions such as Tarzan, Lilo & Stitch, Wreck-It Ralph, and Zootopia.
Animation Bump : Generally in the musical numbers, the animation may change.
Every now and again, during the 2D era, some characters would get much better animation than their fellow cast (see Madame Medusa and Mr. Snoops , Genie or Helga ).
Anti-Villain : Several characters in the canon fall into this.
According to animators Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston in their book The Disney Villain , Man , the villain of Bambi is this, simply because he had no comprehension of the pain and terror he was inflicting on what he simply thought were mindless animals.
"The biggest threat, of course, is from the predator, man, and his gun. As victims, the deer have no way of combating this foe and must suffer the consequences. Man, for his part, has no thought or understanding of the pain he is inflicted on the wild animals bu pursing his own personal desires. There is no villainy in his heart when he kills Bambi's mother, yet to the audience, this is an event that stays with them for the rest of their lives."
Professor Terri Tatti from "The Whale Who Wanted to Sing at the Met" , since he has a somewhat justifiable reason for attacking Willie— whales normally don't sing opera , so he assumes the whale swallowed three whole opera singers to get his talent (it actually comes from the fact that Willie has three uvulas), so he kills Willie with a harpoon to free them. His act is described not as a villainous one, but a misguided one springing from his lack of understanding.
Brom Bones from The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad . The Sleepy Hollow segment goes out of its way to prove that while Brom is not above terrorizing the local schoolmaster to drive him out of town or bullying Katrina's other suitors, isn't really bad (just a bit of a Jerk Ass ), and may in fact be a better husband for Katrina (unlike Ichabod, who appears to care more about her money.)
Sir Ector of The Sword in the Stone . While he's a jerk to Wart , he's not evil, just a very strict and demanding Control Freak .
Edgar of The Aristocats is one of the few Disney Villains who is not exactly pure evil; while he is greedy, he does not seem to be cruel. It would have been easy for him to just kill Duchess and her kittens, but instead, he chose to kidnap them and release them into the wild�-and when that didn't work, he decides to send them to Timbuktu. Moreover, he's shown to have more redeeming features and is never willing to kill anyone.
Amos Slade is a more shaded antagonist than a typical Disney villain. He may be a curmudgeon who wants to kill Tod, but his true nature comes out when Copper convinces him not to kill Tod.
The Beast starts off as this. He acts malicious for the first part of the film, but he's not acting out of evil intentions as much as he's consumed by anger and despair at being trapped in the body of a beast while his chance to regain his humanity is slowly ticking away. The scene where he saves Belle from the wolves is the part that makes it clear to the audience that he's not a villain. Glen Keane , the lead animator of Beast, is quoted on this in The Disney Villain ;
"He probably wouldn't have minded killing Maurice. That was the extent where someone like the Beast, who had the potential to be good, could become a villain. The Beast was pitying himself, frustrated, so he felt justified in treating the father that way, and when he comes back, Belle is crying—his actions do cause people pain—and he starts to get a glimmer that he's not entirely comfortable with the role of a villain....He had incredible limitations—it's kind of like taking the villain and the hero and wrapping them up into one body."
In Treasure Planet , John Silver is supposed to be the bad guy ; and he does it pretty well, most of the time. But he also turns out to be a great father figure to Jim Hawkins and his soft spot for the lad pushes him to do the right thing now and then. His core motivation of wanting to get what is, in his eyes, rightfully owed to him, is more complex than just standard pirate-related greed.
Brother Bear : Denahi goes rather nuts after losing both his brothers.
Atlantis: The Lost Empire and Treasure Planet were designed to appeal to teenagers more than just children. Unlike the film released in between them , they did not do well at the box office.
The Great Mouse Detective , Oliver & Company and The Little Mermaid were intended by Roy E. Disney and (then-new) studio heads Jeffrey Katzenberg and Peter Schneider to take Disney animation in a lighter, more 1980s direction after former studio head Ron Miller's attempts in the late 1970s/early 1980s to take the studio in a darker and moodier direction with The Rescuers , The Fox and the Hound and The Black Cauldron pretty much ended in failure (Rescuers and Fox and Hound were still financial successes, with Rescuers getting a sequel from the new guard; Cauldron was NOT a success, and almost killed the canon off). The Great Mouse Detective itself was retitled from Basil of Baker Street after Michael Eisner decided that the original name was "too English" for American kids, which led to a major backlash from the animators who were working on the film; they protested with an infamous fake memo that Katzenberg got, and said memo made it to the press and on to Jeopardy! , embarrassing Schneider in the process; Schneider repaid the favor by ripping into the department in a meeting for the stunt (Katzenberg was also unamused with the decoy memo at first, but he lightened up to the situation according to the documentary Waking Sleeping Beauty ).
On a similar note, recently and not without backlash, Tangled and Frozen received their title changes from Rapunzel and The Snow Queen respectively as well as a whole new marketing strategy to make sure their more princess-central films can still net young males. Notably this came after the presumed failings of The Princess and the Frog . Though admittedly it was for the better as far as Frozen is concerned, seeing as the title fits the setting and theme a lot more than The Snow Queen does (it was also initially going to be an adaptation of The Snow Queen, but ended up being inspired by it instead).
Of course, the MPAA rating system didn't exist until 1968, so everything released before then (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs through The Jungle Book) had the G rating applied to them retroactively on their post-'68 re-releases.
Black and Gray Morality : In the more mature films.
Black Magic : Several of the villains are Evil Sorcerers , and Sleeping Beauty has an evil fairy.
Bookends : On a meta example; the first and the last releases in the original Walt Disney "Black Diamond" Classics video line were Dark Age Disney movies (Robin Hood in 1984, The Fox And The Hound in 1994, and these movies have similarly designed characters and Pat Buttram in them; in addition, the first (1985) and last (1993) movie made under Walt to be issued in the line is Pinocchio). This trope also applies to the Platinum Editions; Snow White and Pinocchio are the first and last titles in this line, and they are the early Golden Age since they're the first two installments in the canon. The Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection is a minor example because the first and last new releases in that line were two films Walt supervised; his original animated classic Snow White in 1994, and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad in 1999.
Bowdlerise : The company has been known to edit some of their films.
All of the home video releases of Fantasia censor the Pastoral Symphony sequence to remove the presence of Sunflower
, who is depicted as a degrading african american stereotype (rat tail hairs, subservient to another centaur, and being stylized as a donkey instead of a centaurette). The home video releases worked around her by digitally zooming in on the footage of the centaurettes she was near, and slightly rearranging one scene to cover up that they excised a brief scene with her that was impossible to pan away from. For other shots where it was both absolutely impossible to pan away from her and too crucial to remove, they digitally edited her out altogether, resulting in oddities like a red carpet that she pushed now magically rolling out on its own. The only way the original footage can be seen now is by finding bootlegs of very old TV recordings of Fantasia.
The first DVD release of Saludos Amigos edited out the cigarette Goofy was holding. The second printing included as an extra on Walt and El Groupo uses the uncut print.
The US DVD release of Make Mine Music removed the entire opening Martins and the Coys segment for excessive gunplay. The PAL DVD has the whole sequence intact. The All the Cats Join In segment also makes some small edits to the shower scene.
One of the DVD releases of Peter Pan makes a color timing edit to the Indians to make them look less, well, red.
The Rescuers originally had a topless woman photo in a background as a Freeze-Frame Bonus , but it was removed from almost all home video releases of the film.
The opening song of Aladdin , "Arabian Nights", had a line changed from "Where they cut off your ear if they don't like your face/It's barbaric, but, hey, it's home" in the original theatrical version to a more acceptable "Where it's flat and immense, and the heat is intense/It's barbaric, but, hey, it's home." for the home release when Disney received complaints that the ear-cutting part was offensive to those living in Arabic countries (despite that punishments like that do exist in Arabic countries). The original version made it to the early pressings of the soundtrack on CD, but later versions used the less offensive version. MTI's junior musical of the movie uses the less offensive version, but "It's barbaric" was replaced by "It's a furnace!".
Treasure Planet has one scene where Captain Amelia is injured and clutching her side. Her hand is covered in blood in the theatrical version however this was cut from home video releases of the film.
A developmental variant happened with Tangled . Early in the film, Rapunzel confronts Flynn with a frying pan when he hides in her tower. Originally she was meant to confront Bastion (the character Flynn replaced) with a crossbow.
Especially in The Hunchback of Notre Dame , The Emperor's New Groove , Wreck-It Ralph and Frozen but it might be apparent in other Disney movies too.
Though it's averted in Atlantis, Beauty and the Beast, Meet the Robinsons, The Great Mouse Detective, and Big Hero 6.
And it's actually reversed in The Sword in the Stone.
Broken Aesop :
Lady and the Tramp talks about the difference between rich and poor, or upper and lower class within the context of dogs. In the beginning the Tramp is seen as a scoundrel for not having a dog collar and being a stray dog. After having a romance with Lady and going out scaring chickens Lady is captured by the dog catcher, where she finds out the Tramp has had many lovers before. When freed again she refuses to see him again and the others dogs with a collar also look down up on him... until the Tramp saves the day by killing a rat that tried to get in the baby's room. At first this seems to be a decent aesop: "don't judge others for their appearance or poverty". But when you really think about it: no sane human would just accept a stray dog in their midst, certainly not in the presence of a baby. And the fact that he, within the context of the story, is only rewarded and accepted when he does something that benefits the rich people (saving the baby from a rat) is actually rather cynical.
The Sword in the Stone: The film tries to have a "Knowledge is the real power." message delivered by Merlin to Wart both throughout the film and in the ending, but almost nothing in the film supports it because Wart is a Pinball Protagonist who has no control over anything that's going on around him, and his problems are almost always solved by Merlin's magic anyway despite Merlin saying magic can't solve all his problems (even if they do unwittingly tend to cause as many hardships as they solve, Merlin is basically doing the real work for Wart, even if he sincerely is trying to make a point to him) and he doesn't even get his happy ending by using anything he learned from Merlin—in fact, Wart ends up doing the exact opposite of what Merlin wanted by willingly accepting a degrading position as Kay's squire instead of focusing on an education. It was by sheer luck that he ends up going to London and turns out to be the one worthy of pulling out the sword, making him King of England right then and there.
The Lion King: In what is probably one of the most infamous cases, Simba the lion thinks he killed his own father and runs off to another land. Eventually people tell him to confront his fears and he goes back to challenge Scar, who took over his kingdom in his abscence and turned it into a tyranny. Yet when Scar again puts the blame on him for causing his fathers' death Simba starts to doubt himself again and the other lions doubt him too. It's only when Scar has Simba in a situation where he will probably die that he confesses that he was the actual murderer. This gives Simba the confidence to finally defeat Scar and when he does this, all the others finally accept him in their midst.
Meet the Robinsons is particularly Anvilicious about its Aesop: don't worry about making mistakes because you can always learn from them and fix them later. The movie contains two plot-stopping lectures and a musical number to hammer it in. So, when confronted with DOR-15, Lewis solves the problem by declaring he will never invent her, causing a Temporal Paradox and removing her from existence. A quick and easy way to end the movie, but at the cost of undermining its Aesop. Right from the beginning, DOR-15 was still fully-functional, if only disobedient. The movie's solution prevents a viable third option: Instead of writing DOR-15 off as a failed invention too early, Lewis could remind his future self to either correct DOR-15's behavior or outright build a better one, allowing him to dispatch DOR-15 while still having his Helping Hat invention. Lewis also never demonstrates that he learned his roommate had needs and would be more conscientious about it. Meanwhile, the two characters who DO follow the Aesop's advice don't exactly get rewarded for it: Wilbur scrambles around trying to fix his careless mistake but only ends up making things worse and is eventually punished by his mother when he admits to it, while the Bowler Hat Guy keeps trying new schemes when the old ones fail and is consistently chewed out for his incompetence by DOR-15 and everyone else around him. The short version: The film's Aesop is about getting better through learning from your mistakes. While Lewis laments that he makes the same mistakes over and over again, he ends up solving his problems by denying his mistakes (and potentially repeating them), rather than identifying and improving on them. Conversely, when Wilbur and Bowler Hat Guy do try and learn from their own mistakes, they end up making things worse for themselves.
Canines Primary, Felines Secondary : The Canon as a whole has more movies featuring dogs in lead roles than housecats in lead roles. The movies with a dog or dogs in lead and major roles are Lady and the Tramp , 101 Dalmatians , The Fox and the Hound , and Bolt . The only movies with a cat or cats in a lead role are The Aristocats and Oliver & Company .
Canon Discontinuity : Despite many of the films in the canon getting direct-to-video sequels (and in the cases of The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh , The Little Mermaid , Aladdin , Hercules , Tarzan , The Emperor's New Groove , and Lilo & Stitch , sometimes even getting full-fledged TV shows), none of them are considered canon to the original movies.note Well, maybe Lilo & Stitch: The Series and its two movies are if Splodyhead (Experiment 619)'s cameo in Big Hero 6 counts, especially since Stitch's cousins were briefly alluded to in the beginning of Lilo & Stitch. There's also Disney's current marketing and merchandising for the Lilo & Stitch franchise involving Stitch's love interest, Angel (Experiment 624). To date, the only canonical sequel is The Rescuers Down Under, although this will change with the planned upcoming Wreck-It Ralph 2 and Frozen 2.
Killed Off for Real : The films tend to avoid this with good guys , and greatly enforce this with villains.
Disney Villains who play it straight: click here The Evil Queen, Maleficent, possibly Madame Medusa, The Horned King, Ratigan, Sykes, Ursula, Percival McLeach, Gaston, Scar, Frollo, Shan-Yu, Clayton, The Carnotaurs, Rourke, Helga, Scroop, Dr. Facilier, Mother Gothel, King Candy a.k.a. Turbo.
Disney Villains who avert it ( Karma Houdini examples marked with *): click here Honest John and Gideon*, Stromboli*, the Coachman*, Monstro, Chernabog*, Man*, The Wolf, Willie the Giant, Mr. Winky, The Headless Horseman*, Lady Tremaine* (she got her karma in Cinderella III, though), Queen of Hearts*, Captain Hook, Si and Am*, Cruella, Madam Mim, Shere Khan (until the sequel came around), Edgar, Prince John, Jafar (again, until the sequel), Governor Ratcliffe, Hades, Yzma (is stuck as a cat at the end, and possibly gets more karmic backlash in the sequel), Gantu (who suffers even more karma in the sequel films and TV series before turning good in the final one), Alameda Slim, Bowler Hat Guy, The Backson, Prince Hans, The Duke of Weselton, Yokai/Professor Callaghan, Dawn Bellwether.
Some non-villainous Disney characters (heroic, neutral and villainous alike) who really did bite the dust: Bambi's mom , Willie the Whale , Slew Foot Sue , Cinderella's dad , Tod's mother , Bartholomew the mouse and Felicia the cat , Flotsam and Jetsam , Mufasa , Kocoum , Quasimodo's mother , Kerchak , Mr. Arrow , Sitka , Tiana's father , Ray the Firefly , King Agdar and Queen Idun , and Tadashi Hamada .
Knight of Cerebus : Though some may still be somewhat comedic, a lot of villains have a very menacing tone (especially in the earliest examples) and are responsible for a lot of Mood Whiplash away from Disney's usual whimsy. See this page for their rather haunting effect on many audiences.
Lighter and Softer : Some of the Disney Animated Films tend to be much, much lighter than others, in addition to some of their adaptations being lighter than their source material, despite the franchise generally being for young children.
Dumbo is this in comparison to Fantasia. It was produced on a lower budget with less intricate animation, intended mainly to generate money and therefore more catered toward children, which resulted in (while still emotionally heavy compared to today's kids films) a more kid aimed film than Fantasia. Dumbo does an excellent job of proving Tropes Are Not Bad in this case, however.
The Aristocats , as both movies preceding and succeeding have antagonists who are far more threatening.
The Fox and the Hound , seeing as in the original book the title pair aren't friends and die at the end.
The original Hans Christian Andersen version of The Little Mermaid ends on a by far darker note than the Disney version . The Prince marries another woman. The Mermaid is given a Last-Second Chance to return to the sea by murdering him with an enchanted knife, but unable to murder the man she loves she throws herself into the sea and turns into foam. That's right, she dies.
Although Hercules has some dark moments, it was created as a lighter followup to the infamously edgy The Hunchback of Notre Dame .
Home on the Range is very lighthearted and comedic, even by Disney film standards.
The second Winnie-the-Pooh movie in the Disney Animated Canon is this towards The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh , faithful as both adaptations are to their source material.
Light is Not Good : This and Dark is Not Evil are in Beauty and the Beast , The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Tarzan , Wreck-It Ralph , Frozen , and Zootopia .
Limited Special Collector's Ultimate Edition : The "Black Diamond" Classics , the Masterpiece Collection , the Gold Classic Collection , the Platinum Editions , the Diamond Editions and the Signature Collection , all of these sets being released in a wide variety of home video formats, with VHS, DVD, Blu-ray, and LaserDisc being the most popular. And of course, the Disney Vault that these all get shoved into if you don't buy them now!
Special mention goes to the Masterpiece Collection, which included nearly every VHS release at the time that was part of the Canon, including the stuff nobody remembers (like the compilation films) and the brand-new movies note Fantasia, The Rescuers Down Under, The Great Mouse Detective, Beauty and the Beast, Pinocchio, Aladdin, The Fox and the Hound, Saludos Amigos, and Make Mine Music were the only canon films at the time that were never issued under the Masterpiece Collection; all but the last two of these made up the majority of the back half of the Walt Disney "Black Diamond" Classics series that predated the Masterpiece Collection; the other two wouldn't be released until 2000. . From Tarzan on, they just put "Walt Disney Pictures Presents" on new releases until about 2011, after which only "Disney" was used (on virtually every release as well, including Walt's films).
Treasure Planet : Sarah to Jim.
Tangled : Invoked by Gothel, who uses Rapunzel's hair to keep herself looking young while posing as her mother. Played straight for her birth mother, who has no such round-the-clock access to de-aging hair, yet barely ages a day eighteen years after Rapunzel's birth. Their resemblance is especially pronounced after Rapunzel's Important Haircut .
Frozen : Elsa's and Anna's mother looks to be a brunette version of her 21- and 18-year-old daughters , even when she lived to see them reach 18 and 15 in the prologue .
Never a Self-Made Woman : Surprisingly often, the hero/heroine or heroes have a connection to a relative who is greatly revered (in most cases, a royal parent; but in other cases, a war hero dad or a renowned scientist grandfather will do just as well.
Only a handful Disney movies subvert or avert this trope. In some examples, John Smith (explorer), Taran (pigkeeper/peasant) and the main characters of The Hunchback of Notre Dame (soldier, son of a gypsy, gypsy performer) are self made heroes.
No Antagonist : There are several films with no real villains in them:
Dumbo : Dumbo has no clear cut villains; the conflict came about mainly because Dumbo's ears made him a target for mockery�Dumbo lived in a selfish, rather than hostile, world that causes his problems. The other elephants simply looked down on him and his mother, the ringmaster had no idea what to do with Dumbo once he's forced to lock up his mother, the clowns had their own problems to deal with, and the kids that got Dumbo into the whole mess were just insensitive, not outright malicious.
Neither The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh nor Winnie-the-Pooh (2011) have a real villain in them—they're just figments of the characters imaginations.
Brother Bear : Kenai blames a bear for the death of one of his brothers and kills her in revenge, but his own experience as a bear helps him realize that the bear was just a mother trying to get food and that killing her was a prime case of Revenge Before Reason . Denahi, Kenai's own brother, keeps on trying to kill Kenai for most of the film, but that's because he doesn't know the bear he saw next to Kenai's empty clothes was Kenai and instead jumped to the logical conclusion that the bear must have killed his one remaining brother. The plot's major conflicts are essentially the product of multiple misunderstandings.
Bolt : Meddlesome TV executives and dog catchers cause problems for the main heroes, and Bolt initially blames " Dr. Calico " for everything, but in reality there is no central villain.
Non-Human Sidekick : Most of the main characters and/or their love interests have one, as do some villains.
No Smoking : Since July 2007, Disney has banned on-screen smoking from being depicted in any of their films. Even before they enforced the ban, they edited a couple (but not all) of their older films to remove instances of smoking, such as Goofy lighting up a joint in Saludos Amigos (the uncut version was eventually released as a bonus feature on the Walt and El Groupo documentary) and any instance of Pecos Bill with a cigarette in Melody Time.
Obviously Evil : A great many of these films do this, even going so far as to base their color and shape schemes around it (as talked about in the Aladdin DVD documentaries). Just take one look at a character sheet for an average Disney film and you can immediately pick out the villains. This is kind of odd when it's done with Animal Stereotypes and say - bears are painted as horrible, deadly, kaiju-like monstrous demons in The Fox and the Hound and as friendly and lovable heroes in The Jungle Book and Brother Bear . However, there have been subversions of this in their more recent films, such as Disney/Frozen.
One-Winged Angel : Their use of this trope is only surpassed by Square Enix .
Outside-Context Problem : Prince Hans from Frozen is this for the entire canon. Unlike every other villain in the canon, there is no indication whatsoever that he is even morally suspect until the Motive Rant at the climax. In a canon defined by hammy Classic Villains , he is entirely defined by Pragmatic Villainy , a flawless mask and skill at manipulation to which even the audience is not immune.
Hans would be followed by the villains of Disney's next two movies, Robert Callaghan from Big Hero 6 and Dawn Bellwether from Zootopia , both of which are revealed as being the main antagonist after only brief prior appearances in which they were helpful and supportive to the main protagonist, were not particularly hammy, and did nothing that would directly indicate anything morally suspicious about their character, and Callaghan was even presumed dead by the time of his reveal as Yokai.
Parental Abandonment : At least 28 of the features either have their parents missing, dead, or separated from their kids.
Period Piece : Most of the films in the canon take place at some time in the past. Only eleven films are set in The Present Day of when they were made: Dumbo (early 1940s; dated only by the modern-ish train car at the end), 101 Dalmatians (early 1960s), The Rescuers (1970s), Oliver & Company (1980s), The Rescuers Down Under (early 1990s), Lilo & Stitch (early 2000s), Chicken Little (mid-2000s), Meet the Robinsons (mid-2000s when not in the future), Bolt (late 2000s), Wreck-It Ralph (early 2010s), and Zootopia (mid-2010s). And then there are the relative indeterminates: Bambi and The Lion King take place in an unknown time period (Bambi can be narrowed down to anytime in the last 2-3 centuries), and Treasure Planet and Big Hero 6 are set in a constructed universe.
Sissy Villain :
Scar from The Lion King is easily the most limp-pawed feline ever to grace the big screen. This becomes a Parental Bonus for the Swedish Viewers where Scar is dubbed by the Very Gay and Very Out Actor/Singer Richard Wolff. How out is he? He penned a song describing his Coming-Out Story titled "Beautiful Boys, Beautiful Men."
Don't worry, Scar is still awesome.
Robin Hood 's anthropomorphic depiction of Prince John out-swishes Scar to such a degree, the Lion King villain looks positively Leatherman by comparison.
Sure, they take the cake for the felines, but what about The Great Mouse Detective 's Ratigan? Until he drops the veneer and goes feral during the climactic Clock Tower scene, anyway. (He was still rather imposing even before then, due to his enormous size and strength compared to the other characters. Well, as imposing as a big mouse can get, at least.)
"Honest" John Worthington Foulfellow in Pinocchio has his moments, though it may be more of a Large Ham persona thing. See the bit where he prances around and mimes throwing flowers while describing Pleasure Island "where every day is a holiday!"
Disney's human villains aren't immune either. Take Pocahontas 's mincing, flouncing, bow-wearing villain Governor Ratcliffe, for one. Most of that facade was forced on him by his assistant, Wiggins, who was extremely effeminate. Ratcliffe had his boisterous and rowdy side on occasion, though it was often just an act as well, when his men stood up to him, he folded.
"Nothing says sinister like little pink bows on your pigtails!" — The Nostalgia Chick
Stock Footage : Since Disney often ran into financial trouble from trying so much to show off with their animation, this became a vital cost saver. See this video
for examples, with Robin Hood being the most extreme.
Storybook Opening : Many of their animated films and shorts opened this way, from Snow White to Beauty and the Beast.
Strictly Formula : During the 1990s, Disney had a very successful run from 1989 till 1994, but after that they were often accused of enforcing this trope. Rebellious princesses who want to marry for love, heroines looking for something beyond what they know, bumbling or fantasy-forbidding fathers, bad guys falling off great heights . Pocahontas especially was accused of adhering to Disney formula, which does have some merit as a complaint. Ironically though, the problem seems to have been that all these movies came out in succession, as every single movie of the Disney Renaissance has been Vindicated by History and is now well-loved (some more than others: Pocahontas is still not thought of as a great movie, and The Rescuers Down Under has gained a cult following but isn't anywhere near mainstream).
Many viewers are starting to notice a distinct pattern among Revival films, especially princess movies. (From The Princess and the Frog to what's revealed about the upcoming Moana.) That is, slap-stick Road Trip Romance musicals where the main couple Meet Cute , engage in some Slap-Slap-Kiss , then find a Commonality Connection , then later have a Love Epiphany , then end up together ; all over the course of a few days at most. Brave (an Honorary Disney Princess film) averts the romance bit, but then Merida's mother functions as The Not-Love Interest anyway; the formula still holds sans the romantic element. Only Wreck-It Ralph and Big Hero 6 seem to avert it thus far.
Talking Animal : From the mice in Cinderella to the swamp creatures in The Princess and the Frog.
|
i don't know
|
Which is the smaller of Mars' moons?
|
Deimos: Facts About the Smaller Martian Moon
Deimos: Facts About the Smaller Martian Moon
By Nola Taylor Redd, Space.com Contributor |
June 21, 2016 11:48pm ET
MORE
Images captured by NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, reveal that the surface of Deimos is mostly smoooth, marred only by recent impact craters.
Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona
Mars is the only terrestrial planet to host multiple moons. The smaller of the two, the lumpy moon Deimos, bears more resemblance to an asteroid than to most of the moons in the solar system, a similarity that raises questions about its formation.
Discovery and nomenclature
On August 12, 1877, the focused search for Martian moons by American astronomer Asaph Hall resulted in the discovery of Deimos. Six days later, he identified the second Martian moon, Phobos .
The existence of the moons had been suggested years before, when Johannes Kepler proposed that since Earth hosted one moon and Jupiter four (as only the Galilean moons were known at the time), Mars might have two moons in orbit around it. However, no signs of such moons existed until Hall undertook his careful search.
Using a 26-inch refractor at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., Hall made a methodical study of the region around the red planet. Peering closer to Mars than previous astronomers, he found Deimos circling only 14,576 miles (23,458 kilometers) from the center of the planet, traveling around its equator. Phobos orbited even closer in. Their close proximity and small size had kept them hidden in the glare from the planet.
Like many objects in the solar system, the Martian moons take their names from Greek mythology. In Homer's ancient poem, "The Iliad," Deimos (Flight) and Phobos (Fear) were the twin sons of Mars (Ares to the Greeks), and accompany him into battle.
Exploring the moons
Deep space mission planners are eying Deimos, a moon of Mars, as an exploration target for humans. Here, the path to reach the Martian moon is laid out.
Credit: Lockheed Martin
It took almost another century for scientists to begin to understand the two tiny Martian moons. In 1971, NASA's Mariner 9 spacecraft became the first manmade satellite to orbit another planet. Images from the craft revealed that both Deimos and Phobos have lumpy, potato-like shapes, rather than being spherical like Earth's moon. Observations of Deimos were limited by the tidal locking of the moon to the planet, resulting in the same side always facing outward.
As the exploration of continued, scientists were able to glean more information about the two tiny moons. The Viking orbiters flew by in the late 1970s, with the second orbiter passing within 19 miles (30 km) of Deimos. The Soviet Phobos 2 mission, NASA's Mars Global Surveyor , and the European Mars Express all provided more clues about the two curious moons. Rovers from the planet's surface even got in on the act, with Spirit and Opportunity and Curiosity all providing images from the ground .
Formation and composition
All of this information combined created a puzzling picture. The dark moons are made up of material similar to Type I or II carbonaceous chondrites, the substance of asteroids and dwarf planets such as Ceres. They are tiny, with the smaller Deimos having a radius of only 3.9 miles (6.2 km). This, combined with their potato-like shape, hints that both moons might be asteroids, pushed by Jupiter from the asteroid belt and snatched up by the gravity of Mars.
But this is far from conclusive. The close orbit of Deimos is nearly circular. It travels around the equatorial plane of Mars in 30 hours, a little over a Martian day. To reach such a stable orbit would require braking by the atmosphere, but the atmosphere on the red planet is thinner than on Earth.
Another possible origin for the moons is that dust and rock could have accreted, or drawn together, while in orbit around Mars. A third possibility includes a collision, much like the one that formed Earth's moon , with most of the large debris being shed from the planet's orbit, leaving behind only Deimos and Phobos.
Mars is the only terrestrial planet to host multiple moons. The smaller of the two, the lumpy moon Deimos, bears more resemblance to an asteroid than to most of the moons in the solar system, a similarity that raises questions about its formation.
Discovery and nomenclature
On August 12, 1877, the focused search for Martian moons by American astronomer Asaph Hall resulted in the discovery of Deimos. Six days later, he identified the second Martian moon, Phobos .
The existence of the moons had been suggested years before, when Johannes Kepler proposed that since Earth hosted one moon and Jupiter four (as only the Galilean moons were known at the time), Mars might have two moons in orbit around it. However, no signs of such moons existed until Hall undertook his careful search.
Using a 26-inch refractor at the U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., Hall made a methodical study of the region around the red planet. Peering closer to Mars than previous astronomers, he found Deimos circling only 14,576 miles (23,458 kilometers) from the center of the planet, traveling around its equator. Phobos orbited even closer in. Their close proximity and small size had kept them hidden in the glare from the planet.
Like many objects in the solar system, the Martian moons take their names from Greek mythology. In Homer's ancient poem, "The Iliad," Deimos (Flight) and Phobos (Fear) were the twin sons of Mars (Ares to the Greeks), and accompany him into battle.
Exploring the moons
It took almost another century for scientists to begin to understand the two tiny Martian moons. In 1971, NASA's Mariner 9 spacecraft became the first manmade satellite to orbit another planet. Images from the craft revealed that both Deimos and Phobos have lumpy, potato-like shapes, rather than being spherical like Earth's moon. Observations of Deimos were limited by the tidal locking of the moon to the planet, resulting in the same side always facing outward.
As the exploration of continued, scientists were able to glean more information about the two tiny moons. The Viking orbiters flew by in the late 1970s, with the second orbiter passing within 19 miles (30 km) of Deimos. The Soviet Phobos 2 mission, NASA's Mars Global Surveyor , and the European Mars Express all provided more clues about the two curious moons. Rovers from the planet's surface even got in on the act, with Spirit and Opportunity and Curiosity all providing images from the ground .
NASA's next Discovery-class mission (a low-cost mission) has several competitors for selection, and expected to be announced in 2016. One of them would explore both Martian moons. The mission is called PADME (Phobos And Deimos and Mars Environment) and among its major aims is to characterize where Deimos and Phobos came from — whether they were created at the same time as Mars, or captured from the asteroid belt, or somewhere else.
NASA is considering sending humans to Mars in the 2030s, which led some scientists to suggest a mission to one of its moons instead might be beneficial. It would reduce the complication of landing on a surface with an atmosphere, although humans would need to be tethered to the surface of Deimos or Phobos if they wanted to stay put.
Formation and composition
The dark moons are made up of material similar to Type I or II carbonaceous chondrites, the substance of asteroids and dwarf planets such as Ceres. They are tiny, with the smaller Deimos having a radius of only 3.9 miles (6.2 km). This, combined with their potato-like shape, hints that both moons might be asteroids, pushed by Jupiter from the asteroid belt and snatched up by the gravity of Mars.
But this is far from conclusive. The close orbit of Deimos is nearly circular. It travels around the equatorial plane of Mars in 30 hours, a little over a Martian day. To reach such a stable orbit would require braking by the atmosphere, but the atmosphere on the red planet is thinner than on Earth.
Another possible origin for the moons is that dust and rock could have accreted, or drawn together, while in orbit around Mars. A third possibility includes a collision, much like the one that formed Earth's moon , with most of the large debris being shed from the planet's orbit, leaving behind only Deimos and Phobos.
From the surface of Mars, the tiny moon appears star-like. At full moon, Deimos shines about as brightly as Venus. When the moon eclipses the sun , it appears as a small dot crossing its surface.
But the pair won't shine in the sky forever. Within 100 million years, the closer Phobos will collide with the red planet. Deimos will suffer the opposite fate. Its orbit is slowly drawing it away from Mars, and eventually the moon will be cast off into space.
Deimos has a number of craters caused by impact from meteorites. But craters on Deimos look different from those on most bodies in the solar system. When a rock collides with another body, material from the impact tends to fly up in the air and fall back to the surface, creating ejecta deposits. But the small size of the moon means that objects only need to travel 13 mph (20 km/h) to fly off into space. Although the moon is covered with regolith that may lie as deep as 328 feet (100 meters), it is created by meteorites pulverized by impact, rather than by castoff material.
Only two of the craters on Deimos are named. In 1726, English author Jonathan Swift cited Kepler when he referred to two Martian moons in his fictional work, "Gulliver's Travels." A few years later, the French writer Voltaire referenced two moons in a short story. The two craters bear the names of these authors.
Facts about Deimos:
Radius of moon: 3.9 miles (6.2 km)
Semi-major axis around Mars (distance from planet's center): 14,576 miles (23,458 km)
Closest approach: 14,576 miles (23,458 km)
Farthest approach: 14,576 miles (23,458 km)
Orbit eccentricity: 0.0002
Time to make one orbit: 30 hours
Mass: 1.4762 x 10^15 kg
Density: 1.471 g/cm^3
Surface gravity: 0.003 m/s^2
Escape velocity: 13 mph (20 km/h)
Additional reporting by contributor Elizabeth Howell.
Editor's Recommendations
|
Deimos
|
Who painted 'A Bar At The Folies Bergere'?
|
Mars
Of all of the planets, Mars has always been the one place in the solar system where scientists speculate we might find life. Mars is much smaller than the Earth, having an equatorial radius of 3,397 km (about 1/2 that of Earth):
The density of Mars is 3.9 gm/cm3, just a bit higher than the Earth's Moon (3.34 gm/cm3). It orbits the Sun at an average distance of 1.52 AU (227,940,000 km). Mars takes 687 days (1.88 Earth years) to orbit the Sun. The length of the Martian "day" is nearly the same as Earth, as Mars rotates once per 24 hours and 37 minutes. The spin axis of Mars is even tilted at similar angle, 25o, to that of Earth, so it has four seasons just like Earth (a "sol" is a Martian day):
Note the the dramatic difference in season length. This is due to the fact that Mars' orbit is much more eccentric than Earth. Remember that the quantity "eccentricity" measures how out-of-round an orbit is. For the Earth, e = 0.017, almost circular. For Mars e = 0.093, five times larger. This results in interesting effects. The winters in the north are warm and short, as Mars is near perihelion. Obviously, this means that the winters in the South are long and cold. The opposite is true for the summers. During the Southern winters, the atmospheric pressure can drop by 30% as the carbon dioxide freezes-out onto the polar cap. Even though it is much smaller than the Earth, because of our oceans, the total land surface area of Mars is just about the same. Mars has many familiar features that make it almost "feel like home".
Mars has a dramatic topography, with low parts (blue) in the north, higher regions (reddish) in the south, and a large volcanic plateau (Tharsis):
Mars has numerous impact craters that allow us to date the various types of terrain (though some show evidence for subsurface ice/mud--splat!):
Mars has a very tenuous atmosphere, composed mostly of carbon dioxide:
Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 95.32%
Water (H2O): 0.03%
Neon (Ne): 0.00025 %
Martian air contains only about 1/1,000 as much water as our air, but even this small amount can condense out, forming clouds that ride high in the atmosphere or swirl around the slopes of towering volcanoes. Local patches of early morning fog can form in valleys. At the Viking Lander 2 site, a thin layer of water frost covered the ground each winter.1
The Martian polar cap and thin, high clouds in its atmosphere.
Snow and Ice
The atmosphere is thick enough to allow snow and frost, but not liquid water (it might just be possible that at high noon, in mid-summer, water could exist in the deepest parts of the Hellas basin). There is certainly abundant ice on Mars.
Frost at the Viking lander site.
The average temperature on Mars is -63 C (210 K, -81o F) with a maximum temperature of 20 C (293 K, 68o F) and a minimum of -140 C (133 K, -220o F). Carbon dioxide freezes at 195 K.
Barometric pressure varied at each landing site on a semiannual basis. Carbon dioxide, the major constituent of the atmosphere, freezes out to form an immense polar cap, alternately at each pole. The carbon dioxide forms a great cover of snow and then evaporates again with the coming of spring in each hemisphere. When the southern cap was largest, the mean daily pressure observed by Viking Lander 1 was as low as 6.8 millibars; at other times of the year it was as high as 9.0 millibars. The pressures at the Viking Lander 2 site were 7.3 and 10.8 millibars. In comparison, the average pressure of the Earth is 1000 millibars.2
There is certainly water on Mars, some of it locked into the polar caps (though much of what we see in the Martian polar caps is actually frozen carbon dioxide--"dry ice"):
An (exaggerated) 3D view of the polar cap.
During the darkness of winter, carbon dioxide freezes out on these poles, and they quickly grow in size and depth. The total amount of ice in the polar caps of Mars is similar in mass to the Greenland ice sheet. As soon as "spring" arrives, this carbon dioxide quickly "sublimates", and strong winds (up to 400 km/hr) blow off of the poles. Glacial activity:
A glacier--presumably covered by dust
There is now proof that just below the Martian surface, there are considerable amounts of frozen water (go here for a press release). Here is a picture of a trench dug in the polar region ( Mars Phoenix lander ):
This, combined with the abundant evidence for water at earlier times in the history of Mars, suggests that it might have been possible for life to have evolved on Mars. We discuss this shortly.
Another glacial flow.
Caves on Mars!
Water on Mars:
There are a large number of features on Mars which indicate that there was flowing water in its past:
And there is some evidence that small water flows on Mars are occuring during the present time:
For more on these features go here .
Dust and Sand
Here is an image of a dust storm rolling across a small region of Mars:
Dune fields.
A collapse of rock from a cliff.
Dark "sand slides"
In general, the darker surface markings are regions that have little dust, or where the dust has been blown away. The reddish regions are those covered in dust.
Volcanoes and Lava Flows
As we have just seen, Mars has a surface that spans features common to the Moon and Earth. For example, like the Moon, there are many impact craters on Mars. But Mars has some of the forces of erosion like those seen on Earth (wind, freezing-thawing cycles), so these features are slowly eroded away. In addition, in the distant past Mars had volcanoes. In fact, the largest volcano in the solar system is on Mars, Olympus Mons:
Olympus Mons ( has dedicated webpages! ) has a diameter of more than 500 km, and towers to 25 km above the surrounding terrain (note that the Martian volcano Alba Mons covers a larger area--2,000 km in diameter, but is not as high: 6.8 km). It is a lot like the Hawaiian volcanoes, but Olympus Mons is much larger. For example, the "Big Island" (Hawaii) is only about 120 km across, and only rises 9 km (from the ocean floor). The lower gravity on Mars (due to its small mass) allows the volcanoes to grow beyond what is possible on the Earth:
Olympus Mons is part a complex of volcanoes located in the "Tharis bulge". It is an enormous volcanic plateau. You can explore this region using Google Mars . The Tharis region is believed to have formed much like the Hawaiian volcanoes--but instead of forming a chain due to the movement of the Pacific plate, the lava kept pouring out of the same place. It is so massive, it actually means that Mars is "lopsided" in the sense of mass or gravitational pull. Mars has two distinctive types of topography---southern highlands, with numerous impact craters, and a smooth, northern region covered by lava flows. It has been suggested that the northern hemisphere depression is actually a huge impact crater (or several such features). It has also been suggested that the Martian crust is much thinner here, and that an epoch of plate tectonics resurfaced the region, creating the large, smooth plain. Recent studies indicate that there are large impact features below the lava plains, suggesting that the great depression is at least as old as the southern highlands. These northern plains are lower than the highlands by a few kilometers. To the east of Tharsis is the huge canyon known as "Valles Marineris". It is 4,000 km in length, 200 km wide, and 7 km deep. It is the largest canyon system in the solar system. It is believed to be a rift valley (not unlike the Rio Grande rift), a region of broken crust due to the mass of the Tharsis bulge cracking the crustal surface ( go here for more ). Here is the scale of this feature:
A crater that landed near the edge of a lava flow.
Lava tubes on Mars.
As we found out when discussing the lunar surface, the presence of many craters can be used to estimate ages, but the erosion, and large scale lava eruption events that have occurred on Mars can make life difficult. Here is the most recent calibration of number of craters vs. age for Mars:
Note that in the plot above, there is evidence for fairly recent volcanic activity ("I", about 100,000 years ago). This is the age of the youngest features seen on Olympus Mons. Most of the Tharis bulge volcanoes seem to have ages that date back to between 1 and 3.5 billion years ago. So these volcanoes stayed active for quite some time.
Martian Miscellany
Because its atmosphere is so thin, an efficient greenhouse effect does not operate on Mars. There may have been periods in the past when Mars was warmer where much of the carbon dioxide locked into the poles (and elsewhere) was released, making it possible for this to happen. This may happen again in the future, but the exact mechanisms driving these long term climatic cycles have not yet been identified. Many people, however, are now proposing the idea of turning Mars into a warmer, wetter place. This is the concept of "terraforming". Through various means, much of the carbon dioxide locked away in the crust/poles is released, creating a thicker atmosphere with a more efficient greenhouse effect. The planet would thus warm up, and the atmosphere would become even denser. Eventually, it should support liquid water. Here is an academic thesis on terraforming Mars (showing how seriously some people take this), and here is a down-to-Earth description of how it might work.
Here is the temperature profile of Mars' atmosphere (remember, 1 Bar is the Earth's mean sea level air pressure):
Mars has a crust, mantle and core similar to the other terrestrial planets:
Like Venus, the magnetic field of Mars appears to be extremely weak, and thus the atmosphere and surface are not buffered from the effects of the solar wind. Many believe that the thin atmosphere on Mars is the result of erosion by the solar wind.
There is evidence, however, that Mars once had a magnetic field, and that it also exibited "flips": There are regions of alternating magnetic polarity frozen-in to the crust ("paleomagnetism"). When we talked about ice ages on Earth, we noted that changes in the tilt of the spin axis of Earth, and how its orbit might change over time, could be the culprits for enhancing ice ages. The Earth is much more stable than Mars, and we find that Mars' spin axis has had huge changes in the past which probably caused enormous glaciation events:
It is believed that the Earth's moon helps keep our spin axis stable. Mars doesn't have a big moon to stabilize it. Given the large eccentricity of the Martian orbit, and the fact that the orbit precesses, and this eccentricity can also change, means that Martian climatic excursions are much larger than seen on Earth.
For Mars, Earth is an "inferior planet, and is only visible in the east before sunrise, or in the west following sunset, here is Earth as a morning star from Mars:
To the naked eye, it would be easy to see the Moon going around the Earth from Mars, but you'd need a telescope to see the phases:
The Moons of Mars
Mars has two tiny moons, Phobos and Deimos (11 and 6 km in radius, respectively). These moons are so small that gravity cannot force them to be spherical, and they look like potatoes, here is Deimos:
An extreme close-up of the surface of Deimos shows that it is covered with a thick layer of dust, burying many of the craters (the smallest features in this photo are about the size of a car):
Even though the moons of Mars are very small, they are also very close to Mars. Phobos orbits at a distance of 9,377 km from the center of Mars. It is almost skimming over the surface of the planet. The orbital period of Phobos, 7 hr 39 min, is shorter than the Martian day, so Phobos would rise in the west, take about 4 hrs to cross the sky, and then set in the East! It would rise in the west again, about 11 hrs later. Deimos, on the other hand, has an orbital period (30 hr) that is very similar to the rotation period of Mars. This results in Deimos keeping up with the rotation, and thus it is visible (above the horizon) for almost three (2.7) straight days! Then it disappears for an equal amount of time. Here is a time lapse (an image every ~ 3 minutes) showing their motion across the Martian sky:
While Phobos is only about 11 km in radius, it is so close to Mars, it almost is as bright as the Earth's moon (when full). Remember, the Earth's moon has a radius of 1738 km, 150X that of Phobos, but it orbits at 384,000 km from the Earth! There are even "eclipses": Phobos Transit
While the two moons of Mars are hard to see, Mars itself is one of the brightest planets in the sky (when it is close to Earth). Because Mars has a similar orbit to Earth, it is a long time between closest approaches. Right now, Mars sets in the west right after sunset, and will soon not be visible from Earth. It will next be bright, and high in the sky when it reaches "opposition" in July 2018 when it will be 0.39 AU from Earth. This is a very close approach, so Mars will be an excellent sight in a small telescope.
Life on Mars?
As we mentioned above, Mars was always thought to be a possible host of life. Part of this is historical, but we have also begun to realize how adaptable--and tough---life actually is, and even in a hostile place like Mars (dry and very cold) there may be a small chance of finding life. First the historical:
Percival Lowell really got the ball rolling on Mars as having life. Lowell was born into a wealthy New England family. As a kid, he was given a small telescope that he set up in his home, and began to observe the heavens. After his college days and some traveling, Lowell returned to the US in 1877, the year of Schiaparelli's discovery of the "canali" (Italian for "channels") on Mars. After 15 years dabbling in far-eastern culture, Lowell returned to his interest in Mars. After becoming energized by the gift of a book about the planet Mars, he began corresponding and talking to astronomers. This lead to an expedition to observe Mars where he founded a new observatory near Flagstaff, Arizona in 1894 ("Lowell Observatory", and it is still in operation). He quickly began his observations of Mars. He was now able to see for himself the canali described by Schiaparelli--but he now permuted that into "canals"(!), and found many more:
When astronomers demonstrated that the darker regions on Mars were not due to oceans, speculation grew as to their nature. Lowell found that these canals, and the "oases" where two canals intersected, seemed to get darker with the coming of the Martian summer. This led him to propose that that the canals were due to intelligent beings that constructed them to channel water from the Martian polar region (where there was clearly ice), to the arid and warmer equatorial regions:
"Speculation has been singularly fruitful as to what these markings on our next to nearest neighbor in space may mean. Each astronomer holds a different pet theory on the subject, and pooh-poohs those of all the others. Nevertheless, the most self-evident explanation from the markings themselves is probably the true one; namely, that in them we are looking upon the result of the work of some sort of intelligent beings. . . . [T]he amazing blue network on Mars hints that one planet besides our own is actually inhabited now."5
Lowell subsequently published a book entitled "Mars" where all of these ideas were laid out, with illustrations to back up his discoveries. We now know that what Lowell was seeing was probably an optical illusion due to a "connecting of the dots" between craters just below his visibility level. Regardless of its real value, Lowell's work certainly made him famous, and surely influenced H. G. Wells who wrote the infamous "War of the Worlds".
If you go back up to the first whole-disk image of Mars, you can see that there are no linear dark features on the surface of Mars, so we can clearly put these ideas to bed. As we have noted above, Mars has very little water, and is very cold---but Mars does have large amounts of water frozen beneath its surface. It is quite possible that early in its history, Mars had significant bodies of water, or even oceans. In fact, the northern hemisphere of Mars is much lower than the southern, as shown in this topgraphic map:
It is possible that this was once the site of a large ocean, and that this water remains frozen beneath the surface. It is clear (as the images above have shown) that Mars certainly had flowing water at sometime in its history. The rovers (see below) have also found evidence for standing basins of water. The question is to whether life had sufficient time to evolve on Mars before it became so cold and dry---perhaps there is life just below the surface. Many of the ideas about present life on Mars are summarized in this document. Strangely, sources of methane have been recently detected on Mars, and some researchers think the only possible source for this methane is life.
Methane map of Mars
To examine the possibilty of life on current Mars, we must return back to Earth. In the regions of the Earth which you and I are familiar, life abounds. But life can stand much tougher environments. These extremely hardy types of life are often referred to as "extremophiles". The native flora and fauna of New Mexico are incredibly hardy---they live in a harsh environment compared to most of the rest of North America: Very little precipitation with hot summers, and relatively cold winters. These plants and animals have evolved to the point where they have little trouble living here. This is the power of evolution. But there are life forms that are even more amazing in their adaptability. These lifeforms exist where there is little free water, extremely high or low temperatures, in highly alkaline or acidic water, with no sunlight and sometimes in environments where there is very little oxygen--the true extremophiles.
The most amazing of these extremophiles are comprised of different types of microorganisms. For example, one family of "archaeal" microorganisms is able to survive and prosper in boiling water ! At the opposite extreme are bacteria that have been found growing in the ice in frozen lakes in Antarctica . There are a number of extremophiles that might have played a role in the earliest history of life on Earth. One of these types of bacteria, the "iron eaters" , might have been one of the first forms of life on the planet--they truly appear to be able to use iron to metabolize their food in the absence of oxygen. It now appears that these type of bacteria ( the "endoliths" ) survive throughout the crust of the Earth, and have been found in rock that is two miles below the Earth's surface! Some researchers suggest that these microscopic creatures comprise nearly all of the biotic mass of the Earth.
Other researchers suggests that life on Earth may have begun near "black smokers ", thermal vents deep in the ocean:
Near these vents, whole ecosystems have developed based on primitive bacteria that eat the abundant sulfur that is spewed out of these vents. Other plants and animals live on the bacteria, and these in-turn are eaten by larger creatures such as the giant tube worms:
Other species such as shrimps, lobsters, crabs, mussels, and clams also live here. The reason these are such important findings is that the early Earth contained little food, or free oxygen. So when life arose, it had to find other sources of food such as iron and sulfur.
Perhaps the most striking evidence for how robust microscopic life can be was demonstrated in 1969. Before the manned Apollo missions to the Moon, NASA launched several unmanned missions that successfully landed on the Moon. Surveyor 3 landed on the Moon in April of 1967. In November of 1969, the astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean landed the lunar module of Apollo 12 within 500 ft of the Surveyor 3 landing site:
As part of this mission, they recovered the camera of Surveyor 3 and brought it back to Earth (taking care to be sterile). When the camera lens was analyzed in the lab, they found that 50 to 100 microorganisms had survived! This was after nearly three years in a complete vacuum, high exposure to radiation, and incredibly cold temperatures with no water and no food. Clearly, life is not as fragile as one might first suspect.
The Martian Meteorite
In 1996, a stunning announcement was made by a group of NASA researchers: they had found fossil evidence for life inside a Martian meteorite--that is a rock from the surface of Mars that had found its way to Earth:
First, how do we know its from Mars? Analysis of the gases within the meteor show they are identical with the composition of the Martian atmosphere as revealed by the two US Viking probes that landed there. The chemical composition of the rock itself is also consistent with what we know about the Martian surface (for more on these aspects of martian meteorites go here , or here . This piece of Martian crust appears to have been traveling for about 16 million years in space on its eventual voyage to the Earth, landing in Antartica about 13,000 years ago.
When the researchers looked deep inside the rock, they found peculiar chemical structures that not only looked like fossilized forms of earthly bacteria, but also had chemical compositions consistent with these types of bacteria:
Bacteria-like Structures in the Martian Meteorite.
More Bacteria-like Structures in the Martian Meteorite.
Some similar looking Earthly bacteria:
Obviously, it remains difficult to completely prove that these structures are due to fossilized microscopic life, and the debate about their true nature lives on---though most scientists do not believe these structures have anything to do with life anymore. It will take future missions to Mars to retrieve rock samples that have led a little less eventful life--more sedentary sedimentary rocks--not one that had to be blasted off of Mars to get here in the first place. Clearly, however, we have found that there are forms of life on Earth that live inside rock, and that finding these types of structures in rocks from elsewhere in the solar system would no longer be the least bit surprising. We will again return to these ideas next week when we talk about life in the moons that orbit Jupiter and Saturn.
1From Mars
The Mars Rovers and the Search for Life
The search for life, or at least evidence that Mars could once support life, has led us to land "rovers" on Mars. Some images from these rovers.
Some of the famous "blueberries" found by one of the rovers--these must have formed in water.
Mars also has something we are familiar with in NM: dustdevils. Here is a Dustdevil movie (#1) , Dustdevil movie (#2) , link.
Comparison of the recent rovers to the first one sent to Mars:
|
i don't know
|
"Whose tomb bears the inscription ""Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you""?"
|
Epitaphs - Wikiquote
Epitaphs
Jump to: navigation , search
Epitaphs are the inscriptions on headstones.
As many epitaphs are not written by the person who is being honoured, the format shall be as follows:
Honouree (author) - Year of birth - Year of Death
Text of Epitaph
Citation to a published source
More explanation text
Sorted alphabetically by lastname.
"A tomb now suffices him for whom the world was not enough"
Ayrton Senna (Extracted from the Holy Bible)
"Nada pode me separar do amor de Deus"
Translation: "Nothing can separate me from the love of God".
Robert Baden-Powell (by himself) 1857 - 1941
"Chief Scout of the World"
This is followed by the trail sign for "gone home" (a circle with a dot in the middle).
Buried beside, and sharing a tombstone with, his brother Marvin (aka "Buck").
Outlaw, bank robber and partner of Bonnie Parker
"When I am dead, I hope it may be said: His sins were scarlet, but his books were read."
From Sonnets and Verse 'On His Books'
"Eadem mutata resurgo"
Translation: "Though changed I shall arise the same"
Referring to the accompanying inscription of a logarithmic spiral, which remains the same after mathematical transformations. He considered it a symbol of resurrection. CLARIFICATION: Bernoulli called the logarithmic spiral Spira mirabilis, "the marvelous spiral", and wanted one engraved on his headstone. Unfortunately, an Archimedean spiral was placed there instead ( picture ).
Vice Admiral Of The Blue,
The Celebrated Navigator
Who First Transplanted The Breadfruit Tree
From Otahette To The West Indies,
Bravely fought The Battles Of His Country
And Died Beloved, Respected, And Lamented
On The 7th Day Of December, 1817
Aged 64"
Ludwig Boltzmann (by himself) - 1844 - 1906
"S = k log W"
The formula for entropy of a system. Boltzmann committed suicide after failing to convince contemporary scientists of the validity of the formula. Grave in the Zentralfriedhof, Vienna.
John Brown (unknown)
"Stranger! Approach this spot with gravity!
John Brown is filling his last cavity."
Referencing his occupation in life as a dentist: [1]
"While Butler, needy wretch, was yet alive,
No generous patron would a dinner give;
See him, when starv'd to death, and turn'd to dust,
Presented with a monumental bust.
The poet's fate is here in emblem shown,
He ask'd for bread, and he received a stone."
George Carlin (suggested by himself)
"Jeez, he was just here a minute ago."
This was his suggestion for an epitaph. In reality he was cremated and his ashes scattered.
"Stop, Christian Passer-by! - Stop, child of God,
And read with gentle breast. Beneath this sod
A poet lies, or that which once seem'd he.
O, lift one thought in prayer for S.T.C.;
That he who many a year with toil of breath
Found death in life, may here find life in death!
Mercy for praise - to be forgiven for fame
He ask'd, and hoped, through Christ. Do thou the same!"
Singer/Songwriter of the band Joy Division
Chosen for his headstone by his wife Deborah Curtis.
Somebody's Darling (William Rigney)
"Somebody's Darling Lies Buried Here"
In February 1865 a body was found at Horseshoe Bend in the Clutha River (in the South Island of New Zealand).
Sammy Davis Jr. (by Altovise Davis and his children)
"The Entertainer. He Did it All."
In addition to Altovise Davis, his children-Tracey, Mark, Jeff and Manny--are also mentioned in his grave.
"Shall I be gone long?
For ever and a day.
To whom there belong?
Ask the stone to say.
Ask my song."
"He lies here in the dust but beholds Him
whose name is Rising."
"Here lies Duvall; Reader, if male thou art,
Look to thy purse; if female, to thy heart."
Diophantus of Alexandria (unknown)
"This tomb holds Diophantus. Ah, what a marvel! And the tomb tells scientifically the measure of his life. God vouchsafed that he should be a boy for the sixth part of his life; when a twelfth was added, his cheeks acquired a beard; He kindled for him the light of marriage after a seventh, and in the fifth year after his marriage He granted him a son. Alas! late-begotten and miserable child, when he had reached the measure of half his father's life, the chill grave took him. After consoling his grief by this science of numbers for four years, he reached the end of his life."
Nothing's So Sacred As Honor
And
"Hic est Edwardvs Primus Scottorum Malleus"
Translation: "Here is Edward I, Hammer of the Scots"
W.C. Fields (unknown)- 1880 - 1946
"W. C. Fields 1880 - 1946"
In a 1925 article in Vanity Fair Fields had proposed the epitaph "Here lies W.C. Fields. I would rather be living in Philadelphia." because of his long-standing jokes about Philadelphia (he was actually born there), and the grave being one place he might actually not prefer to be. This is often repeated as "On the whole, I'd rather be in Philadelphia." which he might have stated at other times, and sometimes is distorted into a last dig at Philadelphia: "Better here than in Philadelphia." His actual tomb at Forest Lawn in Glendale, California simply reads as above.
"So we beat on, boats against
the current, borne back
"The Body of B. Franklin, printer
Like the Cover of an old Book
Its Contents torn out
And stripped of its Lettering & guilding
Lies here food for worms
For, it will as he believed appear once more
In a new and more elegant edition
Corrected and improved by the Author."
R. Buckminster Fuller (himself)
"Call Me Trimtab"
A trimtab is the smallest part of a rudder for a ship or airplane, and controls the direction of the craft.
"For God And His Country
He Raised Our Flag In Battle
And Showed A Measure Of His
Pride At A Place Called "Iwo Jima"
Where Courage Never Died"
"Life's a jest, and all things show it;
I thought so once, and now I know it."
Mahatma Gandhi 1869 - 1948
"Hey Ram"
Translated "O, lord!", supposed last words after being shot. As he was cremated, the epitaph appears on his samadhi, a black marble platform that marks the site of his cremation.
Betty Grable (Victoria James, her daughter) 1916 - 1973
"Betty Grable James, 1916-1973"
Betty Grable was married to bandleader Harry James from 1943 until 1965. She is buried at Inglewood (California) Park Cemetery, between her parents. Her father, Conn Grable, is buried below her, while her mother is buried above her crypt.
"So the lively force of her mind
Has broken down all barriers,
And she has passed far beyond
The limited hold of human existence;
Forever now, in mind and spirit...
She traverses the boundless universe."
Merv Griffin (by himself)
"I will not be right back after this message"
He ended the final episode of his talk show, which ended in 1986, with these words.
"I dont regret anything, thanks"
In reference to his wild lifestyle.
"Beloved mother
To yesterday's companionship and tomorrow's reunion"
Rita is buried at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. Rebecca Welles is the daughter of Hayworth from her marriage to Orson Welles.
Henry II (by Ralph of Diceto)
"I was Henry the King
To me Diverse realms were subject, I was duke and count of many provinces.
Eight feet of ground is now enough for me, whom many kingdoms failed to satisfy.
Who reads these lines, let him reflect, upon the narrowness of death.
And in my case behold, the image of our mortal lot.
This scanty tomb doth now suffice,
For whom the Earth was not enough."
Werner Heisenberg (unknown)
"He lies here, somewhere."
This is a joke about the famous Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which implies that one may not know the position and momentum of a particle simultaneously.
George Hill
When it happen'd is not known,
Therefore not mentioned on this stone."
"Here lies the body of Richard Hind,
Who was neither ingenious, sober, nor kind."
"God give me work while I may live, and life till my work is done."
Robin Hood (mythological; sometimes identified with Robert of Huntingdon)
Inscription on a grave in Kirklees Priory, attributed to Robin Hood:
"Hear underneath dis laitl stean
Laz robert earl of Huntingtun
Ne’er arcir ver as hie sa geud
An pipl kauld im robin heud
Sick utlawz as he an iz men
Vil england nivr si agen."
Modern English equivalent:
"Here underneath this little stone
Lies Robert, Earl of Huntingdon.
No archer were as he so good
And people called him Robin Hood.
Such outlaws as he and his men
Will England never see again."
Jack Horkheimer , presenter of the popular astrononomy programme Star Gazer
"Keep Looking Up was my life's admonition. I can do little else in my present position." [2]
śa da ʔa-k̥ʌ ʔeja ʔälä
ja-k̥o pele t̥uba wete"
A poem in Proto-Nostratic language, probably spoken several millennia ago, which was reconstructed by Illich-Svitych.
English translation:
"Language is a ford through the river of time,
It leads us to the dwelling of those gone before;
But he cannot arrive there,
Who fears deep water".
"Author of the Declaration of American independence
of the statute of Virginia for religious freedom
and father of the University of Virginia"
Despite his being the 2nd Vice-President and 3rd President of the USA, these are not mentioned. He had said that he wanted to be remembered for what he gave to America, and not what America had given to him.
George Johnson (unknown)
But we strung him up
And now he's gone"
Found on Boot Hill, Tombstone, AZ
Jeremiah Johnson (unknown)
"I told you I was sick."
John Jones (by Himself)
"Then elpizo tipota. The fovamai tipota. Eimai eleftheros." ("Δεν ελπίζω τίποτα. Δε φοβάμαι τίποτα. Είμαι ελεύθερος")
Translation: "I hope for nothing. I fear nothing. I am free."
John Keats (by himself and his friends) - 1795 - 1821
"This Grave contains all that was mortal, of a Young English Poet, who on his Death Bed, in the Bitterness of his heart, at the Malicious Power of his enemies, desired these words to be Engraven on his Tomb Stone: Here lies One Whose Name was writ in Water."
Keats desired only the phrase "Here lies one whose name was writ in water" to be on his tombstone. However his friends, Joseph Severn and Charles Brown, added the rest.
"K-eats! if thy cherished name be "writ in water"
E-ach drop has fallen from some mourner's cheek;
A-sacred tribute; such as heroes seek,
T-hough oft in vain - for dazzling deeds of slaughter
S-leep on! Not honoured less for Epitaph so meek!"
Written on a small plaque, on the cemetery wall nearby.
"Free at last. Free at last. Thank God Almighty I'm Free At Last."
Lyrics of an old African American Spiritual he frequently quoted.
Ernie Kovacs (by Edie Adams ) 1919 - |1962
"Nothing in Moderation. We all loved him."
Kovacs, Adams and their daughter, Mia Susan, are interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles. Their epitaphs are variations of the second sentence as above; Mia Susan's epitaph reads, "Daddy's girl. We all loved her too."
"Because we do not know when we will
die, we get to think of life as an
inexhaustible well. And yet everything
happens only a certain number of times,
and a very small number really.
How many more times will you
remember a certain afternoon of your
childhood, an afternoon that is so
deeply a part of your being that you
cannot conceive of your life
without it? Perhaps four, or five times
more. Perhaps not even that. How
many more times will you watch the
full moon rise? Perhaps twenty. And
yet it all seems limitless.
For Brandon and Eliza
Ever Joined in True Love's Beauty."
From the 1949 novel The Sheltering Sky by Paul Bowles , quoted by Lee in an interview shortly before his death.
"If I take the wings of the morning
and
dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea"
From Psalm 139:9.
I know there is truth opposite to
falsehood that it may be
found if people will
& is worth the
seeking
Nearby the following appears: "Stop Traveller! Near this place lieth John Locke. If you ask what kind of a man he was, he answers that he lived content with his own small fortune. Bred a scholar, he made his learning subservient only to the cause of truth. This thou will learn from his writings, which will show thee everything else concerning him, with greater truth, than the suspect praises of an epitaph. His virtues, indeed, if he had any, were too little for him to propose as matter of praise to himself, or as an example to thee. Let his vices be buried together. As to an example of manners, if you seek that, you have it in the Gospels; of vices, to wish you have one nowhere; if mortality, certainly, (and may it profit thee), thou hast one here and everywhere." (translated from the original Latin).
Rob Roy MacGregor (unknown)
"Despite them"
At the time of Rob Roy's fame, the MacGregor name became banned and was never allowed to be heard or seen by law. The epitaph phrase in full, "Rob Roy MacGregor, despite them" is a last standing testament to defy that law.
Jayne Mansfield (either her fans or family) 1933 - 1967
"We live to love you more each day"
Appears at her headstone at the Pen Argyl (Pennsylvania) Cemetery and at her cenotaph at Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles.
"Groucho Marx - 1890 - 1977
In an interview, he jokingly suggested his epitaph read "Excuse me, I can't stand up.", but his mausoleum marker bears only his stage name and years of birth and death.
"Workers of all lands unite. The philosophers have only
interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it."
Free your body and soul
Unfold your powerful wings
Climb up the highest mountains
Kick your feet up in the air
You may now live forever
Or return to this earth
Unless you feel good where you are!
—Missed by your friends"
Mr. McCaffery is buried in Montreal. The epitaph is an acrostic poem, in that the first letters of each line spell out, "F-U-C-K Y-O-U" The motive of his "'friends'" is unknown. However, the Montreal Mirror quoted the gravestone's engraver as saying that the stone was ordered by McCaffery's "ex-wife and mistress... They said the message represented him. It was a thing between the three of them." [3]
I Was Glad to Do It
FILM PRODUCER AND DIRECTOR"
Dúirt mé leat go raibh mé breoite.
Translation from Irish: "I told you I was ill."
no Les
no more"
On Grave stone in Idaho State Penitentiary, Lester Moore died while attempting escape. Lester Moore is the only Inmate buried on the grounds of the Idaho State Pen.
Jim Morrison (unknown) - 1943 - 1971
"ΚΑΤΑ ΤΟΝ ΔΑΙΜΟΝΑ ΕΑΥΤΟΥ"
Translation from Greek: "Truth to your own spirit" His body is buried in Paris's famous Père LaChaise cemetery in the company of many other celebrities. Next to him in the "Poet's Corner" are buried many celebrated writers, including Balzac, Molière, Oscar Wilde and Frédéric Chopin.
Matthew Mudd (unknown) from Massachusetts:
"Here lies Matthew Mudd,
Death did him no hurt;
When alive he was only Mudd,
But now he's only dirt."
On his tombstone, "Hic depositum est, quod mortale fuit Isaaci Newtoni," which is translatable as "here is deposited what was mortal of Isaac Newton"
On the adjacent monument "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night:
God said, 'Let Newton be!' and all was light."
Emperor of the United States
and
Osho
"Never Born // Never Died // Only Visited this Planet Earth between // Dec 11 1931 – Jan 19 1990".
As quoted in Laughing Gods, Weeping Virgins : Laughter in the History of Religion (1997) by Ingvild Sælid Gilhus, p. 143.
"It distresses us to return work which is not perfect."
Written when O'Toole was still alive, possibly a planned epitaph.
O'Tool's wife sent an old and much stained leather jacket to the cleaners and they returned it, having done their best, with a note pinned to the lapel which read, "It distresses us to ect..." This amused O'tool so much he declared it would be on his "tomb stone".
"As the flowers are all made sweeter by
the sunshine and the dew, so this old
world is made brighter by the lives
of folks like you."
Outlaw, bank robber and partner of Clyde Barrow
Reportedly taken from one of Bonnie's poems.
Dorothy Parker - 1893 - 1967
"Here lie the ashes of Dorothy Parker (1893 - 1967) Humorist, Writer, Critic, Defender of human and civil rights. For her epitaph, she suggested "Excuse My Dust". This memorial garden is dedicated to her noble spirit which celebrated the oneness of humankind and to the bonds of everlasting friendship between Black and Jewish people. Dedicated by The National Association of the Advancement of Colored People, October 20, 1988." (On a memorial plaque).
Rosa Parks (by herself)
"Mother of the Civil Rights Movement"
Parks is remembered for her involvement in the Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott, which began the Civil Rights movement. In her last decades she lived in Detroit, Michigan; she is buried as Oakwood Cemetery in that city.
Penn and Teller (by themselves)
"Is this your card?" and a graphic of a card of the 3 of clubs.
From the Book "Penn and Teller's How to play in traffic" ISBN 1572972939 - Penn and Teller bought a cenotaph (an epitaph without a grave beneath it) and placed it in Forest Lawn Cemetery in Hollywood. They invite people touring there to use it to surprise their friends as a punchline for a card trick.
"Fui o que não sou"
Translation: "I was what I am not."
"In the admiration of his Peers;
In the respect of his People,
In the affection of his Family,
His was the highest place."
"Even amidst fierce flames the golden lotus can be planted."
Variously attributed to Journey to the West and the Bhagavad Gita
Edgar Allan Poe (himself) 1809 - 1849
"Quoth the Raven, 'Nevermore.'"
From his poem "The Raven". This inscription appears on his original grave marker. The current marker, in the same cemetery, bears just his name.
Fritiof Nilsson Piraten (by himself) - 1895 - 1972
"Här under är askan av en man som hade vanan att skjuta allt till morgondagen. Dock bättrades han på sitt yttersta och dog verkligen den 31 januari 1972."
Roughly translated: "Here lie the ashes of a man who had the habit of postponing everything until tomorrow. However, at the end of his life he improved, and actually died on the 31st of January 1972."
Dee Dee Ramone (aka Douglas Glen Corvin)
"O.K. … I gotta go now."
Johnny Ramone (aka John Cummings)
"If a man can tell he's been successful in his life by having great friends, then I have been very successful."
"If you live life right
death is a joke
as far as fear is concerned"
William P. Rothwell (unknown) from Rhode Island:
(carved into a boulder) "This is on me."
Seikilos , between 200 BC and 100 AD
"Ὅσον ζῇς φαίνου
πρὸς ὀλίγον ἐστὶ τὸ ζῆν
τὸ τέλος ὁ xρόνος ἀπαιτεῖ.
"While you live, shine
Don't suffer anything at all;
Life exists only a short while
And time demands its toll."
Parallel with the text, the stone also contains the oldest surviving complete notated musical composition
William Shakespeare - baptized April 26, 1564 - April 23, 1616
"Good frend, for Iesvs sake forbeare
To digg the dvst encloasèd heare.
Bleste be
"Good friend, for Jesus' sake forebear
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blessed be the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones."
Sam Suryawanshi AKA Vazir (by himself) - 1985 - 2011
"I forgive everything you did to me, but I never forgot anything.
You never cared for what I did for you
I was obedient to my word; everything I said still stands true"
- To his beloved"
"The best is yet to come."
Title of one of his trademark songs.
Harry Edsel Smith (unknown) - 1903 - 1942
"Looked up the elevator shaft
To see
If the car was on the way down.
It was."
"Ω ΞΕΙΝ ΑΓΓΕΛΛΕΙΝ ΛΑΚΕΔΑΙΜΟΝΙΟΙΣ ΟΤΙ ΤΗΔΕ ΚΕΙΜΕΘΑ ΤΟΙΣ ΚΕΙΝΩΝ ΡΗΜΑΣΙ ΠΕΙΘΟΜΕΝΟΙ"
Translation: "Go Tell the Spartans, Stranger passing by, that here, obedient to their laws, we lie."
"Under the wide and starry sky
Dig the grave and let me lie,
Glad did I live and gladly die
And I laid me down with a will.
This be the verse you grave for me:
Here he lies where he longed to be.
Home is the sailor, home from the sea,
And the hunter home from the hill."
This epitaph also prefaces the Robert Heinlein story "Requiem" and serves as the protagonist's epitaph; use for Stevenson reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Harold J. Story ( 1919 - 1993 )
"Before you jump in here with me,
make sure you bring good memories.
For here they're all we have to trade,
and where you are is where they're made."
If so it must befall
That death when e're he call
Must call too soon."
This epitaph is on the monument to Sullivan in Victoria Embankment Gardens, not on his grave in St Paul's Cathedral.
"Here lies the body of Jonathan Swift,
Professor of Holy Theology, for thirty
years Dean of this cathedral church,
where savage indignation can tear his
heart no more. Go, traveller, and if you
can imitate one who with his utmost
strength protected liberty. He died in the year 1745, on the 19th of October,
aged seventy-eight"
And one clear call for me!
And may there be no moaning of the bar,
When I put out to sea,
But such a tide as moving seems asleep,
Too full for sound and foam,
When that which drew from out the boundless deep
Turns again home.
And after that the dark!
And may there be no sadness of farewell,
When I embark;
For tho' from out our bourne of Time and Place
The flood may bear me far,
I hope to see my Pilot face to face
When I have crossed the bar."
This poem ("Crossing the Bar") is included at the end of every collection of his works.
Studs Terkel (Suggested by himself)
"Curiosity did not kill this cat."
In Memory of Thomas Thetcher
a Grenadier in the North Reg.
of Hants Militia, who died of a
violent Fever contracted by drinking
Small Beer when hot the 12th of May
1764. Aged 26 Years.
In grateful remembrance of whose universal
good will towards his Comrades, this Stone
is placed here at their expence, as a small
testimony of their regard and concern.
Here sleeps in peace a Hampshire Grenadier,
Who caught his death by drinking cold small Beer,
Soldiers be wise from his untimely fall
And when ye're hot drink Strong or none at all.
This memorial being decay'd was restord
by the Officers of the Garrison A.D. 1781.
An Honest Soldier never is forgot
whether he die by Musket or by Pot.
The Stone was replaced by the North Hants
Militia when disembodied at Winchester,
on 26th April 1802, in consequence of
the original Stone being destroyed.
And again replaced by
The Royal Hampshire Regiment 1966.
J.R.R.Tolkien and his wife's tomb.
J. R. R. Tolkien :
"Beren"
Beren was a famous human hero during the First Age of Tolkien's fictional world Middle-earth. Beren's love was the immortal Elven maid Lúthien who chose the fate of mortality to be able to follow Beren after he died. The name "Lúthien" is inscribed underneath the name Edith Tolkien on the pair's headstone.
Unknown- As you are now, I once was As I am now, you will be
Hic situs est Rufus, pulso qui Vindice quondam imperium asseruit non sibi sed patriae.
"Here lies Rufus, who after defeating Vindex, did not take power, but gave it to the fatherland"
From: Plinius Secundus Minor, Epistulae, liber VI, 10.
"Looking into the portals of eternity teached that
The Brotherhood of Man is inspired by God's Word;
Then all prejudice of race vanishes away."
"And alien tears will fill for him
Pity's long-broken urn,
For his mourners will be outcast men,
And outcasts always mourn."
"I'm a writer, but then
nobody's perfect.
"Thank you for the love you gave me
There could be nobody stronger
Thank you for many beautiful songs
They will live long, and longer"
Christopher Wren (by his son)
"Lector, si monumentum requiris circumspice."
Translation: "Reader, if you seek his monument, look around."
Wren is buried in St Paul's Cathedral, London, which he designed.
"Against you I will fling myself
unvanquished and unyielding, O Death!"
On life, on death.
Horseman, pass by!"
This epitaph is from Under Ben Bulben, one of Yeats' last poems. The last section of Under Ben Bulben describes Yeats' resting-place-to-be. See W.B. Yeats at Wikisource and Wikipedia
Epitaphs in fiction[ edit ]
Jean Valjean, Les Misérables, Victor Hugo
"Il dort. Quoique le sort fût pour lui bien étrange,; Il vivait. Il mourut quand il n’eut plus son ange,; La chose simplement d’elle-même arriva,; Comme la nuit se fait lorsque le jour s’en va."
He sleeps. Although his fate was very strange, he lived. He died when he had no longer his angel. The thing came to pass simply, of itself, as the night comes when day is gone.
King Menethil II
Here lies King Terenas Menethil II -- Last True King of Lordaeron.
Great were his deeds -- long was his reign -- unthinkable was his death.
"May the Father lie blameless for the deeds of the son.
May the bloodied crown stay lost and forgotten."
Source: WarCraft
"A Jacobite's Epitaph" ( Thomas Babington Macaulay )
To my true king I offer'd free from stain
Courage and faith; vain faith, and courage vain.
For him I threw lands, honours, wealth, away,
And one dear hope, that was more prized than they.
For him I languish'd in a foreign clime,
Gray-hair'd with sorrow in my manhood's prime;
Heard on Lavernia Scargill's whispering trees,
And pined by Arno for my lovelier Tees;
Beheld each night my home in fever'd sleep,
Each morning started from the dream to weep;
Till God, who saw me tried too sorely, gave
The resting-place I ask'd, an early grave.
O thou, whom chance leads to this nameless stone,
From that proud country which was once mine own,
By those white cliffs I never more must see,
By that dear language which I spake like thee,
Forget all feuds, and shed one English tear
O'er English dust. A broken heart lies here."
"Stranger, Tread this ground with gravity
Dentist Mark B is filling his last cavity."
Bonduca.
Lie lightly on my ashes, gentle earthe.
John Fletcher , Bonduca (1611–14; published 1647), Act IV, scene 3. ("Sit tibi terra levis," familiar inscription).
Scrooge McDuck (Keno Don Rosa)
"Fortuna favet fortibus"
Translation: "Fortune favours the brave"
Appears on an (unpublished) drawing by author Keno Don Rosa
"Here lies David St. Hubbins...and why not?"
From "This is Spinal Tap". Suggested when asked what he'd want as his epitaph.
Buffy Summers (unknown) - 1981–2001
Beloved sister
"Blimey it's darker than I thought in here."
"No man can hold his breath for ten minutes."
"What you lookin' at?"
"You're standing on my head."
"Rover was a true friend and pet, but ran in thunderstorms when wet."
"Not dead only sleeping, buried me anyway. Unlucky."
"I finished before you in the human race."
"Anyone want to swap places?"
"Thank you for reading this grave now bugger off!"
"Let me out!"
"Here lies the bones of Senator Vrooman
Whose head was as hard as the heart of a woman
Whose heart was as soft as the head of a hammer
Dame Fortune inspired him to eminence, damn her!
Fictional future senator used as one of five examples under "Epitaph", from The Devil's Dictionary.
Van Ruijven
In reference to painter Jan Vermeer ; from the film Girl with a Pearl Earring.
Royal Tenenbaum (At his suggestion)
Royal O'Reilly Tenenbaum (1932–2001) Died Tragically Rescuing His Family From The Wreckage Of A Destroyed Sinking Battleship
From Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , quote from the Bible; Matthew 6:21.
Potter family's tomb
From Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , quote from the Bible: 1 Corinthians 15:26.
The Boss's grave
From Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater , in the game's final scene.
Big Boss's grave
"A hero, forever loyal to the flames of war, rests in Outer Heaven. 193X - 1999"
From Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots . PS: Big Boss grave is located next to The Boss's one.
Arcanum
"He had six bullets but he needed seven."
Charles Xavier (Age of Apocalypse version)
"Any dream worth having is a dream worth fighting for."
Balin
From a Canadian WWI Memorial (Rudyard Kipling)
"From little towns in a far land we came
To save our honour and a world aflame.
By little towns in a far land we sleep
And trust the world we won for you to keep."
From Ireland
From a grave in Muçum, Brazil
Do escuro vieram, nas trevas viveram e para o além se foram.
Translation: From the dark they've come, among obscurity they've lived and to the hereafter they've gone.
Adult's grave in Rome, Italy
"Quello che siete fummo, quello che siamo sarete"
Translation: "What you are we were and what we are you will become"
Child's grave in Miami, FL (by Edmund Waller)
"What small amount of time they share
Who are so wondrous sweet and fair"
From Waller's poem "Go, Lovely Rose"
Infant
"Since I am so quickly done for
I wonder what I was begun for?"
Infant in Vermont
"Here lies our darling baby boy
He never cries or hollers
He lived for one and twenty days
And cost us forty dollars."
From Tasmania, Australia
"Stop ye travellers as you pass by
As you are now, so once was I
As I am now, soon you shall be -
Prepare yourself to follow me."
Graffiti response:
"Reader one moment stop and think,
That I am in eternity and you are on the brink."
From Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia
"Death is a debt to Nature due
Which we have paid and so must you."
From Nanuet, New York
"Remember man as you walk by,
As you are now so once was I,
As I am now, so to you shall be,
Bow your head and pray for me."
From Évora, Portugal, in the Chapel of Bones
"Nós ossos que aqui estamos pelos vossos esperamos" - "We, bones that here lie, for yours we wait"
On a grave in a Kent cemetery
"Grim death took me without any warning
I was well at night and dead at nine in the morning"
On a grave in New York
"je ne me souviens pas - or, here lies one whose name was writ in air"
Unknown Soldiers[ edit ]
"Here rests in honored glory an American soldier known but to God."
Tomb of the Unknowns , Arlington National Cemetery, Arlington, Virginia; also used in other American War cemeteries, such as the ones in Normandy.
Their name liveth forevermore.
British Soldier, in Westminster Abbey
Beneath this stone lies the body
of a British warrior
Unknown by name or rank
brought from France to lie among
the most illustrious of the land
and buried here on Armistice Day
11 Nov: 1920, in the presence of
His Majesty King George V
His Ministers of State
the Chiefs of his Forces
and a vast concourse of the nation.
Thus are commemorated the many
multitudes who during the Great
War of 1914-1918 gave the most that
Man can give Life itself
for God
for loved ones, home and empire
for the sacred cause of Justice and
the Freedom of the world.
They buried him among the kings because he
had done good toward God and toward
his house.
British Soldier, Tobruk Commonwealth Cemetery, Libya
At the going down of the sun
And in the morning
We will remember them
Australian soldier whose body is held in the Australian War Memorial in Canberra , Australia . By former Australian Prime Minister Paul Keating
We do not know this Australian's name and we never will. We do not know his rank or battalion. We do not know where he was born, nor precisely how he died … We will never know who this Australian was … he was one of the 45,000 Australians who died on the Western Front … one of the 60,000 Australians who died on foreign soil. One of the 100,000 Australians who died in wars this century. He is all of them. And he is one of us.
Quotes about epitaphs[ edit ]
And be the Spartan's epitaph on me—
"Sparta hath many a worthier son than he."
Lord Byron , Childe Harold's Pilgrimage , Canto IV (1818), Stanza 10.
Shrine of the mighty! can it be,
That this is all remains of thee?
Lord Byron , The Giaour (1813), line 106.
After your death you were better have a bad epitaph than their ill report while you live.
William Shakespeare , Hamlet (1600-02), Act II, scene 2, line 548.
Either our history shall with full mouth
Speak freely of our acts, or else our grave,
Like Turkish mute, shall have a tongueless mouth,
Not worshipp'd with a waxen epitaph.
William Shakespeare , Henry V (c. 1599), Act I, scene 2, line 230.
You cannot better be employ'd, Bassanio,
Than to live still and write mine epitaph.
William Shakespeare , The Merchant of Venice (late 1590s), Act IV, scene 1, line 117.
On your family's old monument
Hang mournful epitaphs.
William Shakespeare , Much Ado About Nothing (1598-99), Act IV, scene 1, line 208.
And if your love
Can labour aught in sad invention,
Hang her an epitaph upon her tomb
And sing it to her bones, sing it to-night.
William Shakespeare , Much Ado About Nothing (1598-99), Act V, scene 1. I,. 291.
Of comfort no man speak:
Let's talk of graves, of worms and epitaphs.
William Shakespeare , Richard II (c. 1595), Act III, scene 2, line 144.
Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations[ edit ]
Quotes reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229-35.
Here lies the remains of James Pady, Brickmaker, in hope that his clay will be remoulded in a workmanlike manner, far superior to his former perishable materials.
Epitaph from Addiscombe Church-yard, Devonshire; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Stavo bene; per star meglio, sto qui.
I was well, I would be better; I am here.
Addison's translation of the epitaph on the monument of an Italian Valetudinarian. Spectator. No. 25. Boswell's Life of Johnson (April 7, 1775); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Sufficit huic tumulus, cui non suffecerit orbis.
A tomb now suffices him for whom the whole world was not sufficient.
Epitaph on Alexander the Great; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
If Paris that brief flight allow,
My humble tomb explore!
It bears: "Eternity, be thou
My refuge!" and no more.
Matthew Arnold , Epitaph; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Here lies who, born a man, a grocer died.
Translation of a French epitaph: Né homme—mort épicier. Alfred Austin, Golden Age; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Here lies Anne Mann; she lived an
Old maid and died an old Mann.
Bath Abbey; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
And the voice of men shall call,
"He is fallen like us all,
Though the weapon of the Lord was in his hand:"
And thine epitaph shall be—
"He was wretched ev'n as we;"
And thy tomb may be unhonoured in the land.
Robert Buchanan , The Modern Warrior, Stanza 7; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Kind reader! take your choice to cry or laugh;
Here HAROLD lies—but where's his Epitaph?
If such you seek, try Westminster, and view
Ten thousand, just as fit for him as you.
Lord Byron , Substitute for an Epitaph; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Yet at the resurrection we shall see
A fair edition, and of matchless worth,
Free from erratas, new in heaven set forth.
Joseph Capen , lines upon Mr. John Foster. Borrowed from Rev. B. Woodbridge; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Loe here the precious dust is layd;
Whose purely-temper'd clay was made
So fine that it the guest betray'd.
Else the soule grew so fast within,
It broke the outward shell of sinne
And so was hatch'd a cherubin.
Thomas Carew , inscription on tomb of Lady Maria Wentworth. In Toddington Church, Bedfordshire, England; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
This Mirabeau's work, then, is done. He sleeps with the primeval giants. He has gone over to the majority: "Abiit ad plures."
Thomas Carlyle , Essay on Mirabeau, Close; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
It is so soon that I am done for,
I wonder what I was begun for!
Epitaph in Cheltenham Church-yard; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Ere sin could blight or sorrow fade,
Death came with friendly care;
The opening bud to Heaven conveyed,
And bade it blossom there.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge , Epitaph on an Infant; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Peas to his Hashes.
Epitaph on a Cook (London); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
Underneath this crust
Well versed in the arts
Of pies, custards and tarts,
And the lucrative trade of the oven.
When she lived long enough,
She made her last puff,
A puff by her husband much praised,
And now she doth lie
And make a dirt pie,
In hopes that her crust may be raised.
Epitaph on a Cook (Yorkshire); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229.
What wee gave, wee have;
What wee spent, wee had;
What wee left, wee lost.
Epitaph on Edward Courtenay, Earl of Devon. (1419). In Cleveland's Geneal. Hist. of the Family of Courtenay, p. 142. Said to be on a tomb in Padua. Attributed to Carlyle; not found. Like inscriptions are found on many old tombstones. The oldest is probably the one in the choir of St. Peter's Church at St. Albans; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 229-230.
Praised, wept,
And honoured, by the muse he loved.
Lines from the epitaph of James Craggs in Westminster Abbey; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
And when I lie in the green kirkyard,
With the mould upon my breast,
Say not that she did well—or ill,
"Only, She did her best."
Dinah Craik (Miss Mulock). Given in her obituary notice in the Athenæum (Oct. 22, 1887); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
O man! whosoever thou art, and whensoever thou comest, for come I know thou wilt, I am Cyrus, founder of the Persian empire. Envy me not the little earth that covers my body.
Plutarch , Life of Alexander, Epitaph of Cyrus; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
Full many a life he saved
With his undaunted crew;
He put his trust in Providence,
And Cared Not How It Blew.
Epitaph in Deal Churchyard; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
His form was of the manliest beauty,
His heart was kind and soft,
Faithful, below, he did his duty;
But now he's gone aloft.
Charles Dibdin , Tom Bowling. Written on the death of his brother. Inscribed on Charles Dibdin's gravestone, in the cemetery of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Camden Town; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
For though his body's under hatches,
His soul has gone aloft.
Charles Dibdin , Tom Bowling. Written on the death of his brother; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
This comes of altering fundamental laws and overpersuading by his landlord to take physic (of which he died) for the benefit of the doctor—Stavo bene (was written on his monument) ma per star meglio, sto qui.
John Dryden , Dedication of the Æneid (29-19 BC), XIV. 149; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
Here lies Du Vall; reader, if male thou art,
Look to thy purse; if female, to thy heart.
Claude Du Vall's Epitaph in Covent Garden Church. Found in Francis Watt's Law's Slumber Room. 2nd Series; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
If e'er she knew an evil thought
She spoke no evil word:
Peace to the gentle! She hath sought
The bosom of her Lord.
Ebenezer Elliot , Hannah Ratcliff; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
"Let there be no inscription upon my tomb. Let no man write my epitaph. No man can write my epitaph. I am here ready to die. I am not allowed to vindicate my character; and when I am prevented from vindicating myself, let no man dare calumniate me. Let my character and motives repose in obscurity and peace, till other times and other men can do them justice."
Robert Emmet , speech on his trial and conviction for high treason (September, 1803); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
Nemo me lacrumis decoret neque funera fletu faxit.
Let no one pay me honor with tears, nor make for me a weeping funeral.
From Ennius' self-writ epitaph.
Under this stone, reader, survey
Dead Sir John Vanbrugh's house of clay:
Lie heavy on him, earth! for he
Laid many heavy loads on thee.
Dr. Abel Evans , epitaph on the architect of Blenheim Palace. (Vanbrugh is buried in St. Stephen's Church, Walbrook, England); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
Lie light upon him, earth! tho' he
Laid many a heavy load on thee.
As quoted by Snuffling—Epitaphia; Architects. Box, Elegies and Epitaphs. Voltaire , Letters (1733), p. 187; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
The body of Benjamin Franklin, Printer, (Like the cover of an old book, its contents torn out and stript of its lettering and gilding), Lies here, food for worms ; But the work shall not be lost, for it will (as he believed) appear once more in a new and more elegant edition, revised and corrected by the author.
Benjamin Franklin , Epitaph on Himself. Written in 1728. Revised by himself from an earlier one.
John Davis, in Travels of Four Years and a Half in the United States of America, gives similar epitaph in Latin, said to have been written by "An Eton scholar"; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
Quand je serai la, je serai sans souci.
When I shall be there, I shall be without care.
Frederick the Great . His inscription written at the foot of the statue of Flora at Sans Souci, where he wished to be buried. His body lies in the church at Potsdam; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
Here lies Fred,
Who was alive and is dead.
Had it been his father,
I had much rather.
Had it been his brother,
Still better than another.
Had it been his sister,
No one would have missed her.
Had it been the whole generation,
Still better for the nation.
But since 'tis only Fred,
Who was alive, and is dead,
There's no more to be said.
Epitaph to Frederick, Prince of Wales (Father of George III), as given by Thackeray—Four Georges. Probably version of a French epigram "Colas est morte de maladie," found in Les Epigrammes de Jean Ogier Gombauld. (1658). Several early versions of same. See Notes and Queries. May 3, 1902, p. 345; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
"Fuller's earth."
Thomas Fuller , Epitaph written by Himself; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 230.
Here lies Nolly Goldsmith, for shortness called Noll,
Who wrote like an angel, and talked like poor Poll.
David Garrick ; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Here lie together, waiting the Messiah
The little David and the great Goliath.
Note in Thespian Dictionary appended to account of Garrick, whose remains lie close to those of Johnson, in Westminster Abbey; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Life is a jest, and all things show it,
I thought so once, but now I know it.
John Gay , My Own Epitaph; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Like a worn out type, he is returned to the Founder in the hope of being recast in a better and more perfect mould.
Epitaph on Peter Gedge; Parish church, St. Mary, Bury St. Edmund's; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
I have expended; I have given; I have kept;
I have possessed; I do possess; I have lost;
I am punished. What I formerly expended, I have; what I gave away, I have.
Gesta Romanorum, Tale XVI; Found on the golden sarcophagus of a Roman Emperor; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
What we say of a thing that has just come in fashion
And that which we do with the dead,
Is the name of the honestest man in the nation:
What more of a man can be said?
Oliver Goldsmith , Punning epitaph on John Newbery, the publisher; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Qui nullum fere scribendi genus non tetigit; nullum quod tetigit non ornavit.
Who left nothing of authorship untouched, and touched nothing which he did not adorn.
Goldsmith's Epitaph in Westminster Abbey; Written by Samuel Johnson; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
And many a holy text around she strews
That teach the rustic moralist to die.
Thomas Gray , Elegy in a Country Churchyard, Stanza 21; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Balnea, vina, Venus corrumpunt corpora nostra;
Sed vitam faciunt baldea, vina, Venus.
Baths, wine and Venus bring decay to our bodies; but baths, wine and Venus make up life.
Epitaph in Gruter's Monumenta; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Beneath these green trees rising to the skies,
The planter of them, Isaac Greentree, lies;
The time shall come when these green trees shall fall,
And Isaac Greentree rise above them all.
Epitaph at Harrow; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
His foe was folly and his weapon wit.
Anthony Hope Hawkins , Inscribed on the bronze tablet placed in memory of Sir William Gilbert on the Victoria Embankment (Aug. 31, 1915); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231. Bronze is by Sir George Frampton.
Farewell, vain world, I've had enough of thee,
And Valies't not what thou Can'st say of me;
Thy Smiles I count not, nor thy frowns I fear,
My days are past, my head lies quiet here.
What faults you saw in me take Care to shun,
Look but at home, enough is to be done.
Epitaph over William Harvey in Greasley Churchyard, England (1756); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231. A travesty of the same is over the tomb of Phillis Robinson, in that churchyard (1866). See Alfred Stapleton , The Churchyard Scribe, p. 95.
Man's life is like unto a winter's day,
Some break their fast and so depart away,
Others stay dinner then depart full fed;
The longest age but sups and goes to bed.
Oh, reader, then behold and see,
As we are now so must you be.
Joseph Henshaw , Horæ Succisivæ; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
But here's the sunset of a tedious day.
These two asleep are; I'll but be undrest,
And so to bed. Pray wish us all good rest.
Robert Herrick , Epitaph on Sir Edward Giles; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Here she lies a pretty bud,
Lately made of flesh and blood;
Who, as soone fell fast asleep,
As her little eyes did peep.
Give her strewings, but not stir
The earth that lightly covers her.
Robert Herrick , Upon a Child that Dyed; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Under the shadow of a leafy bough
That leaned toward a singing rivulet,
One pure white stone, whereon, like crown on brow,
The image of the vanished star was set;
And this was graven on the pure white stone
In golden letters—"WHILE SHE LIVED SHE SHONE."
Jean Ingelow , Star's Monument, Stanza 47; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
The hand of him here torpid lies,
That drew th' essential form of grace,
Here closed in death th' attentive eyes
That saw the manners in the face.
Samuel Johnson , Epitaph for Hogarth; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Sleep undisturbed within this peaceful shrine,
Till angels wake thee with a note like thine.
Samuel Johnson , Epitaph on Claude Phillips; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Underneath this stone doth lie
As much beauty as could die;
Which in life did harbor give
To more virtue than doth live.
If at all she had a fault,
Leave it buried in this vault.
Ben Jonson , Epigram CXXIV, To Lady Elizabeth L. H.; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231.
Underneath this sable herse
Lies the subject of all verse,—
Sydneye's sister, Pembroke's mother.
Death, ere thou hast slaine another,
Faire and learn'd and good as she,
Tyme shall throw a dart at thee.
Attributed to Ben Jonson , Epitaph on the Countess of Pembroke; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 231-232. Claimed for Sir Thomas Browne by Sir Egerton Brydges. It is in Lansdowne Manuscript No. 777, in British Museum. Poems by Browne, Volume II, p. 342. Ed. by W. C. Hazlitt for the Roxburghe Library.
Here lies one whose name was writ in water.
Engraved on Keats' tombstone at his own desire; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232. Phrase "writ in water" in Hakewell's Apologie (1635), p. 127. William Shakespeare , King Henry VIII, Act IV, scene II.
I conceive disgust at these impertinent and misbecoming familiarities inscribed upon your ordinary tombstone.
Charles Lamb ; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Satire does not look pretty upon a tombstone; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Charles Lamb ; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
I strove with none, for none was worth my strife;
Nature I loved, and after Nature, Art;
I warmed both hands before the fire of life;
It sinks, and I am ready to depart.
Walter Savage Landor , Epitaph on Himself; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Emigravit, is the inscription on the tombstone where he lies;
Dead he is not, but departed,—for the artist never dies.
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , Nuremberg; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Here lie I, Martin Elginbrodde:
Have mercy o' my soul, Lord God;
As I wad do, were I Lord God,
And ye were Martin Elginbrodde.
George McDonald , David Elginbrod, Chapter XIII; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
The shameless Chloe placed on the tombs of her seven husbands the inscription, "The work of Chloe." How could she have expressed herself more plainly?
Martial , Epigrams (c. 80-104 AD), Book IX, Epigram 15; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
This work, newly revised and improved by its great Author, will reappear in a splendid day.
Epitaph on Oscar Meader in a church in Berlin.
Ci gît l'enfant gâté du monde qu'il gâta.
Here lies the child spoiled by the world which he spoiled.
Baronne de Montolieu , Epitaph on Voltaire; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Requiescat in pace.
May he rest in peace.
Order of the Mass; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Beneath this stone old Abraham lies;
Nobody laughs and nobody cries.
Where he is gone, and how he fares,
Nobody knows and nobody cares.
On the monument of Abraham Newland, principal cashier of the Bank of England (Died, 1807; his own lines); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Jacet ecce Tibullus;
Vix manet e toto parva quod urna capit.
Here lies Tibullus; of all that he was there scarcely remains enough to fill a small urn.
Ovid , Amorum (16 BC), Book III, 9, 39; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Molliter ossa cubent.
May his bones rest gently.
Ovid , Heroides, VII, 162; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
"In his last binn Sir Peter lies."
* * * *
He kept at true humour's mark
The social flow of pleasure's tide:
He never made a brow look dark,
Nor caused a tear, but when he died.
Thomas Love Peacock , To Sir Peter; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Postquam est mortem aptus Plautus: comœdia luget
Scena deserta, dein risus ludus jocusque
Et numeri innumeri simul omnes collacrumarunt.
Plautus has prepared himself for a life beyond the grave; the comic stage deserted weeps; laughter also and jest and joke; and poetic and prosaic will bewail his loss together.
Epitaph of Plautus , by himself; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Under this marble, or under this sill,
Or under this turf, or e'en what they will,
Whatever an heir, or a friend in his stead,
Or any good creature shall lay o'er my head,
Lies one who ne'er car'd, and still cares not a pin
What they said or may say of the mortal within;
But who, living and dying, serene, still and free,
Trusts in God that as well as he was he shall be.
Alexander Pope , Epitaph; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Kneller, by Heaven and not a master taught
Whose art was nature, and whose pictures thought,
* * * * * *
Living great Nature fear'd he might outvie
Her works; and dying, fears herself may die.
Alexander Pope , Inscription on the monument of Sir Geofrey Kneller in Westminster Abbey; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232. Imitated from the epitaph on Raphael, in the Pantheon at Rome.
To this sad shrine, whoe'er thou art! draw near!
Here lies the friend most lov'd, the son most dear;
Who ne'er knew joy but friendship might divide,
Or gave his father grief but when he died.
Alexander Pope , Epitaph on Harcourt; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Nihil unquam peccavit, nisi quod mortua est.
She never did wrong in any way, unless in the fact that she died.
On a wife's tomb at Rome; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Calmly he looked on either Life, and here
Saw nothing to regret, or there to fear:
From Nature's temp'rate feast rose satisfy'd,
Thank'd Heaven that he had lived, and that he died.
Alexander Pope , Epitaph X; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 232.
Statesman, yet friend to truth! of soul sincere,
In action faithful, and in honour clear;
Who broke no promise, served no private end,
Who gained no title, and who lost no friend,
Ennobled by himself, by all approved,
And praised, unenvied, by the muse he loved.
Alexander Pope , Moral Essays, Epistle V, line 67 (to Addison); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Heralds and statesmen, by your leave,
Here lies what once was Matthew Prior;
The son of Adam and of Eve;
Can Bourbon or Nassau go higher?
Matthew Prior , Epitaph, Extempore (as given in original edition); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Johnny Carnegie lais heer
Descendit of Adam and Eve,
Gif ony cou gang hieher,
I'se willing give him leve.
Epitaph in an old Scottish Churchyard; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
In Fortunam
Inveni portum spes et fortuna valete
Nil mini vobiscum ludite nunc alios.'
Mine haven's found; Fortune and Hope, adieu.
Mock others now, for I have done with you.
Inscription on the tomb of Francesco Pucci in the church of St. Onuphrius, (St. Onofrio), Rome; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233. Translation by Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, Part II, Section III. Memb. 6. Quoted by him as a saying of Prudentius. Attributed to Janus Pannonius. See Jani Panuonii, Onofrio, Part II. Folio 70. Found in Laurentius Schradern's Monumenta Italiæ, Folio Helmæstadii, p. 164. Attributed to Cardinal, La Marck in foot-note to Le Sage's Gil Blas.
Jam portum inveni, Spes et Fortuna valete.
Nil mihi vobiscum est, ludite nunc alios.
Fortune and Hope farewell! I've found the port;
You've done with me: go now, with others sport.
Version of the Greek epigram in the Anthologia; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233. Translation by Merivale. Latin by Thomas More, in the Progymnasmata prefixed to first ed. of More's Epigrams. (1520).
Avete multum, Spesque, Forsque; sum in vado.
Qui pone sint illudite; haud mea interest.
Version of the Greek epigram in Dr. Wellesley's Anthologia Polyglotta, p. 464. Ed. 1849; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Speme e Fortuna, addio; che' in porto entrai.
Schernite gli altri; ch'io vi spregio omai.
Version of the Greek epigram by Luigi Alamanni; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
I came at morn—'twas spring, I smiled,
The fields with green were clad;
I walked abroad at noon,—and lo!
'Twas summer,—I was glad;
I sate me down; 'twas autumn eve,
And I with sadness wept;
I laid me down at night, and then
'Twas winter,—and I slept.
Mary Pyper , Epitaph, A Life. Same on a tombstone in Massachusetts. See Newhaven Magazine (Dec., 1863); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
The world's a book, writ by th' eternal Art
Of the great Maker; printed in man's heart;
'Tis falsely printed though divinely penn'd,
And all the Errata will appear at th' end.
Francis Quarles , Divine Fancies; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
The World's a Printing-House, our words, our thoughts,
Our deeds, are characters of several sizes.
Each Soul is a Compos'tor, of whose faults
The Levites are Correctors; Heaven Revises.
Death is the common Press, from whence being driven,
We're gather'd, Sheet by Sheet, and bound for Heaven.
She was—but room forbids to tell thee what—
Sum all perfection up, and she was—that.
Francis Quarles , Epitaph on Lady Luchyn; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Warm summer sun, shine friendly here;
Warm western wind, blow kindly here;
Green sod above, rest light, rest light—
Good-night, Annette!
Sweetheart, good-night.
Robert Richardson , in his collection, Willow and Wattle, p. 35; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Warm summer sun shine kindly here;
Warm southern wind blow softly here;
Green sod above lie light, lie light—
Good night, dear heart, good night, good night.
Richardson's lines on the tombstone of Susie Clemens as altered by Mark Twain ; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Quod expendi habui
That I spent that I had
That I gave that I have
That I left that I lost.
Epitaph under an effigy of a priest. T. F. Ravenshaw's Antiente Epitaphes, p. 5. Weever's Funeral Monuments. Ed. 1631, p. 581. Pettigrew's Chronicles of the Tombs; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Ecce quod expendi habui, quod donavi habeo,
quod negavi punior, quod servavi perdidi.
On Tomb of John Killungworth (1412), in Pitson Church, Bucks, England; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Lo, all that ever I spent, that sometime had I;
All that I gave in good intent, that now have I;
That I never gave, nor lent, that now aby I;
That I kept till I went, that lost I.
Translation of the Latin on the brasses of a priest at St. Albans, and on a brass as late as 1584 at St. Olave's, Hart Street, London; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
It that I gife, I haif,
It that I len, I craif,
It that I spend, is myue,
It that I leif, I tyne.
On very old stone in Scotland. Hackett's Epitaphs, Volume I, p. 32 (Ed. 1737); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 233.
Howe: Howe: who is heare:
I, Robin of Doncaster, and Margaret my feare.
That I spent, that I had;
That I gave, that I have;
That I left, that I lost.
Epitaph of Robert Byrkes, in Doncaster Church. Richard Gough, Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
The earthe goeth on the earthe
Glisteringe like gold;
The earthe goeth to the earthe
Sooner than it wold;
The earthe builds on the earthe
Castles and Towers;
The earthe says to the earthe
All shall be ours.
Epitaph in T. F. Ravenshaw's Antiente Epitaphes (1878), p. 158. Also in The Scotch Haggis. Edinburgh, 1822. For variation of same see Montgomery, Christian Poets, p. 58. 3rd ed. Note states it is by William Billyng, Five Wounds of Christ. From an old Manuscript in the possession of William Bateman, of Manchester. The epitaph to Archbishop of Canterbury, time of Edward III, is the same. See Weaver's Funeral Monuments (1631). Facsimile discovered in the chapel of the Guild of the Holy Cross, at Stratford. See Fisher's Illustrations of the Paintings, etc. (1802). Ed. by J. G. Nichols. Epitaph and citations reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
Earth walks on Earth,
Earth says to Earth,
Soon, all shall be ours.
Walter Scott , Unpublished Epigram, in Notes and Queries (May 21, 1853), p. 498; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
Traveller, let your step be light,
So that sleep these eyes may close,
For poor Scarron, till to-night,
Ne'er was able e'en to doze.
Scarron , epitaph written by himself; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
Sit tua terra levis.
May the earth rest lightly on thee.
Seneca , Epigram II. Ad Corsican. Martial—Epigram V. 35; IX. 30. 11.
Good Frend for Jesvs Sake Forbeare,
To Digg the Dvst Encloased Heare.
Blese be ye Man yt Spares Thes Stones.
And Cvrst be he yt Moves my Bones.
Epitaph on Shakespeare's Tombstone at Stratford-on-Avon (said to be chosen by him, but not original); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
These are two friends whose lives were undivided:
So let their memory be, now they have glided
Under the grave; let not their bones be parted,
For their two hearts in life were single-hearted.
Percy Bysshe Shelley , Epitaph; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
He will be weighed again
At the Great Day,
Epitaph at Staffordshire; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
Here lies one who meant well, tried a little, failed much.
Robert Louis Stevenson , Christmas Sermon; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
I, whom Apollo sometime visited,
Or feigned to visit, now, my day being done,
Do slumber wholly, nor shall know at all
The weariness of changes; nor perceive
Immeasurable sands of centuries
Drink up the blanching ink, or the loud sound
Of generations beat the music down.
Robert Louis Stevenson , Epitaph for himself; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 234.
Now when the number of my years
Is all fulfilled and I
From sedentary life
Shall rouse me up to die,
Bury me low and let me lie
Under the wide and starry sky.
Joying to live, I joyed to die,
Bury me low and let me lie.
Robert Louis Stevenson , poem written in 1879; probably original of his Requiem; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
To the down Bow of Death
His Forte gave way,
All the Graces in sorrow were drown'd;
Hallelujah Cresendo
Shall be his glad lay
When Da'Capo the Trumpet shall sound.
Epitaph to Samuel Taylor, in Youlgreaves Churchyard, Derbyshire, England; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Thou third great Canning, stand among our best
And noblest, now thy long day's work hath ceased,
Here silent in our minster of the West
Who wert the voice of England in the East.
Alfred Tennyson , Epitaph on Lord Stratford De Redcliffe; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Ne'er to these chambers where the mighty rest,
Since their foundation came a nobler guest;
Nor e'er was to the bowers of bliss conveyed
A fairer spirit or more welcome shade.
Thomas Tickell , Ode on the Death of Addison. Later placed on Addison's tomb in Henry the VII Chapel, Westminster; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Then haste, kind Death, in pity to my age,
And clap the Finis to my life's last page.
May Heaven's great Author my foul proof revise,
Cancel the page in which my error lies,
And raise my form above the etherial skies.
* * * * * * * *
The stubborn pressman's form I now may scoff;
Revised, corrected, finally worked off!
C. H. Timberley , ed. Songs of the Press (1845); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc
Parthenope. Cecini pascua, rura, duces.
Mantua bore me; the people of Calabria carried me off; Parthenope (Naples) holds me now. I have sung of pastures, of fields, of chieftains.
Virgil 's Epitaph; said to be by himself; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Here in this place sleeps one whom love
Caused, through great cruelty to fall.
A little scholar, poor enough,
Whom François Villon men did call.
No scrap of land or garden small
He owned. He gave his goods away,
Table and trestles, baskets—all;
For God's sake say for him this Lay.
François Villon , His own Epitaph; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
He directed the stone over his grave to be thus inscribed:
Hie jacet hujus Sententiæ primus Author:
Disputandi pruritus ecclesiarum scabies.
Nomen alias quære.
Here lies the first author of this sentence; "The itch of disputation will prove the scab of the Church." Inquire his name elsewhere.
Isaak Walton , Life of Wotton; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
The poet's fate is here in emblem shown,
He asked for bread, and he received a stone.
Samuel Wesley , Epigrams. On Butler's Monument in Westminster Abbey; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Here lies, in a "horizontal" position
The "outside" case of
He departed this life "wound up"
In hopes of being "taken in hand" by his Maker,
And of being thoroughly "cleaned, repaired" and "set a-going"
In the world to come.
C. H. Wilson , Polyanthea. Epitaph on a Watch-maker. Transcribed from Aberconway Churchyard; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
O what a monument of glorious worth,
When in a new edition he comes forth,
Without erratas, may we think he'll be
In leaves and covers of eternity!
Benjamin Woodbridge , Lines on John Cotton (1652); reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
He first deceas'd; she for a little tri'd
To live without him, lik'd it not, and died.
Sir Henry Wotton , Upon the Death of Sir Albertus Morton's Wife; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
Si monumentum requiris circumspice.
If you would see his monument look around.
Inscription on the tomb of Sir Christopher Wren in St. Paul's, London. Written by his son. Translation by Rogers, Italy, Florence; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 235.
|
Christopher Wren
|
Which Shakespeare play is subtitled 'All Is True'?
|
Your Life Is Your Message. How Do You Walk Your Talk? | The Patricia Spadaro blog ~ Inner Essentials
Go in Fear of Abstractions
“Go in fear of abstractions.”
—Ezra Pound
Abstraction: an idea or concept that is hard to understand or is theoretical, not practical.
It’s easy to talk in abstractions as we stand on our soap boxes, erupting passionately in front of the evening news or in the break room at work or at dinner with friends. It’s easy to be abstract while we’re pontificating or complaining about the latest atrocity in local or national or company politics. But do we walk our talk?
Actions always speak louder than words. The effects of our actions, our behavior, our attitude—how we treat ourselves and others every day—are what tell the tale of who we are when all is said and done. That will be our memorial and the monument to our life.
What good is it if we say we stand for peace or compassion yet don’t connect with others peacefully and compassionately? How can we advocate generosity if we sarcastically put down everyone who doesn’t agree with our approach to solving problems? How can we claim to have a more “enlightened” point of view when we haven’t even stepped across the aisle to listen, without prejudging, to what others are concerned about so we can find some common ground?
A good question to ask yo
urself: What memorial am I building and what will my monument look like?
A good analogy to help you reflect on that question: Sir Christopher Wren’s masterpiece, St. Paul’s Cathedral in London, and how Wren was “memorialized.”
What Will Your Monument Look Like?
I’ve been to London several times and seen St. Paul’s Cathedral from different vantage points, elegant amid the busy city landscape. But not until my latest trip there earlier this year did I explore the secrets inside this magnificent work of art.
When you stand inside beneath the incredibly beautiful dome and look up, you cannot help but be awestruck. Christopher Wren designed the cathedral after the catastrophic 1666 fire in London that destroyed over 13,000 houses and 87 churches. The original church had been standing for one thousand years before that fire.
The foundation stone for the new cathedral, a symbol of hope to the devastated city, was laid in 1675. Thirty three years later, on Wren’s 76th birthday, the final stone was laid by his son. Wren lived beyond 90 years of age and designed 51 other churches and many other noteworthy buildings in his stellar career, but St. Paul’s was his masterpiece.
He was buried there in the lower level of the cathedral. Without fanfare on the wall near his tomb—and now also on the church’s floor beneath the looming dome—is a very simple inscription in Latin that speaks volumes: “Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you.”
Oh yes. That is what gives me chills. A simple and sublime truth for all of us.
Our lives and our legacy are defined by what we do, not what we talk about. In other words: “If you want to truly know me and what I stand for, look around me. Look at what I am doing, at the people whose lives I have touched, at the impact my heart has made on others. There you will see my monument, the story of my life, my work of art.”
Each of us has the opportunity to leave behind our “monument,” the evidence of what we have stood for. Tangible, not abstract. Beyond the chatter and bluster to what’s real.
The poet William Blake spoke of this too. He wrote that the good we do is measured only in specific, definite ways:
He who would do good to another, must do it in Minute Particulars,
General Good is the plea of the scoundrel, hypocrite & flatterer . . . .
The Infinite alone resides in Definite & Determinate Identity.
Mohandas Gandhi echoed the same sentiment. When someone once asked him to send them a message, he simply responded, “My life is my message.”
Your life is your message. It will become your monument. Don’t let it be an abstraction.
Through the Smoke and Flames, What Stands Tall?
The history of St. Paul’s teaches us other lessons. One is memorialized in the famous image of St. Paul’s surrounded by smoke and fire in the 1940s. During World War II, when this photo was taken, the survival of St. Paul’s was threatened again, especially during the Blitz—eight months of sustained attacks and bombings on key cities.
Churchill ordered St. Paul’s Cathedral to be saved at all costs. While fires raged all around the City of London, fire battalions and volunteers with hoses and sandbags worked around the clock to save the cathedral. It was hit at one point, but miraculously escaped largely untouched. Once again, St. Paul’s—standing tall midst the smoke and fire—became a symbol of hope and the nation’s resurgent spirit.
This image is a wonderful analogy for our own lives. When things seem to be crumbling around us or going up in flames, there is something that remains. Look through the smoke and you will find it standing tall: your monument—what you stand for, who you truly are, your resilient spirit. Build on that to rise again.
Reflect on This:
“If you seek his monument, look around you.”
Look around yourself at those you interact with every day. What story does your life tell?
What are you passionate about? What do you stand for? How does it show in what you do and who you are?
Do you treat yourself and others in a way that is consistent with what you value?
What will the lasting “monument” of your life look like?
Do you have some thoughts on this? Share them with us…
|
i don't know
|
In reaction to which British Prime Minister's speech on African affairs was the 'Monday Club' formed?
|
Wind of Change (speech) - WOW.com
Wind of Change (speech)
For other uses, see Wind of Change (disambiguation) .
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page .
This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations.
(February 2011)
This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings about a topic. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style .
(November 2013)
Portrait of Harold Macmillan (1957)
The "Wind of Change" speech was a historically significant address made by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan to the Parliament of South Africa , on 3 February 1960 in Cape Town . He had spent a month in Africa visiting a number of what were then British colonies . The speech signalled clearly that the Conservative-led British Government intended to grant independence to many of these territories, which indeed happened subsequently, with most of the British possessions in Africa becoming independent nations in the 1960s. The Labour governments of 1945–51 had started a process of decolonisation but this policy had been halted by the Conservative governments from 1951 onwards.
The speech acquired its name from a now-famous quotation embedded in it. Macmillan said:
The wind of change is blowing through this continent. Whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact.
The occasion was in fact the second time on which Macmillan had given this speech: he was repeating an address already made in Accra , Ghana (formerly the British colony of the Gold Coast ) on 10 January 1960. This time it received press attention, at least partly because of the stony reception that greeted it.
Macmillan's Cape Town speech also made it clear that Macmillan included South Africa in his comments and indicated a shift in British policy in regard to apartheid with Macmillan saying:
As a fellow member of the Commonwealth it is our earnest desire to give South Africa our support and encouragement, but I hope you won't mind my saying frankly that there are some aspects of your policies which make it impossible for us to do this without being false to our own deep convictions about the political destinies of free men to which in our own territories we are trying to give effect. [1]
Contents
11 External links
Background
Harold Macmillan was the Conservative prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963. He presided over a time of prosperity and the easing of Cold War tensions. The dissolution of the British Empire was quite rapid in comparison to others in history, such as the Roman and Ottoman Empires. At the time of the collapse the Empire embodied the direct rule of foreign territories as an integral part of a supra-national enterprise, called the British Empire. Britain, as the colonizing power, directly controlled territories, in the partial, or complete, disregard to the will of the indigenous peoples of those territories, to rule themselves. This was especially true in the British Empire of Africa, which was falling apart in the years 1957–1965, [2] during the time when the United Kingdom was under Macmillan's leadership.
The Empire had begun its dissolution after the end of the Second World War. Many had come to the conclusion that running the empire had become more trouble than it was worth. There were many international fears contributing to this conclusion. For example, the fear of Soviet penetration into Africa and the Cold War politics was an international concern that helped initiate the dismantling of the British Empire. [3] The independence of British Somaliland in 1960, along with the "Wind of Change" speech that Macmillan delivered in South Africa earlier in the same year, is what started the decade when the dismantling of the British Empire reached its climax, as no fewer than twenty-seven former colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean left the empire and started their independence. [4] At the same time the African nationalists were becoming increasingly demanding in their initiative for self-rule. The path to independence in the Southern African states proved more problematic because the white settler population became hostile towards the majority rule. [5]
Gold Coast
The British West-African colony of the Gold Coast was, upon independence, renamed Ghana after the ancient African Empire in the area. This had become a place of great promise for the African independence movement in the 1950s. The education levels were highest in all of Sub-Saharan Africa there and the individuals were putting their weight behind the independence movement. The Gold Coast nationalists had campaigned for home rule even before the Second World War, and before the majority of the decolonization of the British Colonies had begun. [5] Under the leadership of Kwame Nkrumah the colony became the first to achieve independence in 1957. [6]
Cold War politics and the fear of communism
The United States was also putting pressure on the United Kingdom at this time. The American government both wanted Britain to decolonize so that they could gain access to new markets and resources, and believed that decolonization was a necessity to prevent communism becoming an attractive option to African nationalist movements of the day. [2]
African nationalism
African nationalism escalated during the Second World War. The British needed secure control over their African colonies for resources to fight the Axis powers . For their help throughout the war, the African colonies wanted to receive rewards in the form of political and economical opportunity. They became bitter when these rewards were not presented to them and they started rioting. The colonies stood on the edge of a revolution. In the West African colony of Gold Coast, political leader Kwame Nkrumah's Convention People's Party (CPP) orchestrated a campaign of civil disobedience in support of self-government. In the 1951 election, the CPP won thirty-four of thirty-eight seats and Nkrumah became prime minister, resulting in the colony's independence under Nkrumah's leadership as the state of Ghana in 1957.
Although this was a significant victory, there were many parts of Africa which desired a self-ruling nation but faced opposition from white settlers. These white settlers dominated the economic and political powers of the region at this time. They asserted this dominance by denying universal suffrage to Africans and through efforts to persuade the British government to consolidate colonial territories into federations. However, this minority of white settlers could not contain the sense of African nationalism. There were warnings that without a quick transfer of power that African nationalism would undermine British rule. In order to obtain cooperation from the new African governments, the British government would need to de-colonise and leave them to self-rule, which was thought to be a good substitute for direct and total control of the area.
By 1960, Macmillan's Conservative government was becoming worried about the effects of violent confrontations with the African nationalists in the Belgian Congo and French Algeria. The Conservatives were fearful of this violent activity spilling over into British colonies. This is when Macmillan went to Africa to circulate and deliver his famous speech "Wind of Change", which is named for its famous line: "The wind of change is blowing through this continent and whether we like it or not, this growth of national consciousness is a political fact. We must all accept it as a fact, and our national policies must take account of it." Following this speech with surprising speed, Iain Macleod , Colonial Secretary in 1959-1961, increased the original timetable for independence in East Africa by an entire decade. Independence was granted to Tanganyika in 1961, Uganda in 1962 and Kenya in 1963. [2]
Consequences
Besides restating the policy of decolonisation, the speech marked political shifts that were to occur within the next year or so, in the Union of South Africa and the United Kingdom. The formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 and the country's departure from the Commonwealth of Nations were the result of a number of factors, but the change in the UK's attitude to African self-government is usually considered to have been significant.
There was an extended backlash against the speech from the right of the Conservative Party , which wished Britain to retain its imperial possessions. The speech led directly to the formation of the Conservative Monday Club pressure group.
The speech is also popularly known as the "winds of change" speech. Macmillan himself, in titling the first volume of his memoirs Winds of Change (1966), misquoted the original text. [7]
The Portuguese Colonial War started in 1961 in Angola , and extended to other Portuguese overseas territories at the time, namely Portuguese Guinea in 1963 and Mozambique in 1964. By refusing to grant independence to its overseas territories in Africa, the Portuguese ruling regime of Estado Novo was criticized by most of the international community, and its leaders Salazar and Caetano were accused of being blind to the so-called "winds of change". After the Carnation Revolution in 1974 and the fall of the incumbent Portuguese authoritarian regime, almost all the Portugal-ruled territories outside Europe became independent. Several historians have described the stubbornness of the regime as a lack of sensibility to the "winds of change". For the regime those overseas possessions were a matter of national interest .
The original delivery and its impact in South Africa
The South African Houses of Parliament in Cape Town where the speech was originally delivered
The year 1960 was rife with change. Starting with the surprising announcement by Prime Minister Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd that a referendum would be held in regards to whether South Africa should become a republic; After that were Macmillan’s speech on 3 February, an attempt was made on Verwoerd’s life on 9 April, and the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC) were banned in a state of emergency, along with other controversies. [8] Harold Macmillan did not solely compose the speech commonly known as the "Winds of Change"; he had input from numerous friends and colleagues who helped derive the perfect wording for the delicate situation. The Prime Minister wanted to separate the British Nation, but also inspire the black nationalists there to pursue their freedom and equality subtly. The other hidden motive is that during this period there was much dissent amongst the powerful western nations over the level of involvement and the continued interference of Britain in her colonies. By separating themselves from the archaic practices that were condemned by their powerful allies they opened themselves up to more political opportunity. This was a bold attempt to address multiple parties and interests at once. [8]
Before he delivered the speech, Macmillan went on a six-week tour of Africa that began on 5 January. He began with Ghana, Nigeria, Rhodesia & Nyasaland and then South Africa where the meeting finally happened with Prime Minister Verwoerd. Macmillan tried to explain the necessity of change brought upon them by the two world wars. [3] When Harold Macmillan delivered his speech, it was done for multiple reasons. Although the main subject matter of the speech is relating to the separation of Britain from its South African colonies, it also made reference to their discontent with the apartheid and it held positive political results for the British nation. The speech held promise of major policy change on the topic of their decolonization, and was actually delivered twice in two different locations. First it was done in Ghana, but there was no press coverage and few people even attended the event in Accra. The second, more famous, telling was on 3 February in Cape Town and was met with very mixed reviews.
If the speech would be judged on its quality of deliverance and content it would be considered a success. When considering if this speech was successful one must place it next to its objectives. The speech did lay down a relatively clear understanding of Britain’s intended exit as a colonial power in Africa, so in the larger scheme it achieved its purpose. However, when considering there is indication that Macmillan’s intent was to sway white South African’s to abandon Verwoerd's apartheid dogma, that part of the speech was a failure. It was an important moment to have such a distinguished, powerful figure from the western world admonishing the practices and encouraging the black nationalists the achieve equality, but it still was not as ground breaking or immediately effective as was the implied intent. [8] There was some belief that the policy outlined in the speech was seen as ‘British abdication in Africa’ and ‘the cynical abandonment of white settlers’. [3] Not everyone felt that it was the right move for the nation to make. However, there was a slightly ambiguous reaction from some of the Black Nationalists; they had been prevented from meeting Macmillan – assumingly by Verwoerd – over the course of his visit and were skeptical about his speech at first. Small groups of ANC supporters gathered in both Johannesburg and Cape Town and stood in silence while holding placards with urgings directed at Macmillan. They wanted him to talk with Congress leaders, and reached out to him with banners saying: ‘Mac, Verwoerd is not our leader.’ It is even said that Mandela thought the speech was ‘terrific’ and he even made a speech in 1996 that specifically recalled this very address when he spoke to the British parliament in Westminster Hall. One ANC leader named Luthuli noted that in his speech Harold gave African people ‘some inspiration and hope.’ [8]
Some people indicated that the British Prime Minister was very nervous for the entire speech, with obvious struggle he would turn the pages. This could be because he knowingly was presenting a speech that he had intentionally withheld from the South African Prime Minister before. Macmillan had declined giving Verwoerd an advance copy, and merely summed up the main content to him. When the speech was complete there was visible shock on Verwoerd’s face. He apparently leapt up from his seat and immediately responded to the British Prime Minister. He was reportedly calm, and collected when he gave his response – something that was widely admired by the public. He had to save face when Macmillan had dropped a ticking time bomb into speech, yet he managed to respond quickly and well in a game of words he was not accustomed to. He famously responded by saying: "there must not only be justice to the Black man in Africa, but also to the White man". [8] He said that for these Europeans there had no real other home, for Africa was their home now too, and that they also were a strong stance against communism, for their ways were grounded in Christian values. A writer on the subject of this speech named Saul Dubow stated that "The unintended effect of the speech was to help empower Verwoerd by reinforcing his dominance over domestic politics and by assisting him make two hitherto separate strands of his political career seem mutually reinforcing: republican nationalism on the one hand and apartheid ideology on the other." [8]
Today, the draft and final copies of the speech itself are housed in Oxford University 's Bodleian Library . [9]
British reactions and attitudes at home
Most of the reaction following the speech can be seen as a direct response from conservatives within the British government at the time. Although Macmillan's speech can officially be seen as a declaration of a change in policy regarding British imperialism, prior government actions had already moved towards a slow process of decolonization in Africa. However, this gradual policy of relinquishing Federation-owned colonies was originally intended to only target areas within West Africa. [10] Areas outside of this particular confinement, with British and European inhabitants, were not seen as threatened at first by the gradual decolonization initiated by the British government. As such, the aftermath of Macmillan's speech brought not only great surprise but a feeling of betrayal and distrust by British conservatives at the time. Lord Kilmuir , a member of Macmillan's cabinet at the time of the speech went on to regard that:
Few utterances in recent history have had more grievous consequences...in Kenya the settlers spoke bitterly of a betrayal, and the ministers of the Federation approached the British government with equal suspicion [11]
These feelings not only resounded with European settlers in the African colonies, but were shared by British conservatives who felt that Macmillan had misled British interests. This was illustrated through the speed and scale with which decolonization occurred. Following this speech therefore, the British government felt pressure from within due to economic and political interests surrounding the colonies. Lord Salisbury, another member of the Conservative Party at the time of this speech, felt that European settlers in Kenya, alongside the African populace, would prefer to be under imperial rule regardless. [12]
Prior to the speech, Federation government had dismissed suggestions that African majority rule would be the best action in the colonies of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. Because the copperbelt ran through Northern Rhodesia, British interests would not as easily give up certain colonies. This example can help to illustrate some of the feelings of resentment and betrayal felt by British conservatives following Macmillan's speech. [11] Additionally, the fear that Britain would appear weak or unstable following a mass decolonization of territory was of great concern to many conservatives at the time of the speech. Although Macmillan argued in his oration that Britain's power had not faded, the economic effects if the empire was seen as weak would prove worrisome. [13]
On the other hand, other British sentiment was concerned with whether the speech truly carried an authentic tone. Although in the speech Macmillan addressed British notions of apartheid, the fact that the address was officially made in South Africa left media outlets in Britain to question whether there would be any sort of immediate change in policy. [13] Alongside the issue of apartheid, the process of decolonization as indicated by Macmillan greatly challenged sentiments of British imperialism and brought forth questions as for the legitimacy and responsibilities of colonial powers abroad. Many felt that countries like Ghana, which were among the first to be relinquished from British rule, were only decolonized so quickly due to a lack of economic assets or British settlers. These factors not only created a clash of ideals at home between conservative forces and those who wished to relinquish colonial power, but worked to complicate relations between Britain and other colonial powers.
The Conservative Monday Club
Main article: Conservative Monday Club
As a result of the 'Wind of Change' speech, British members of government formed the Conservative Monday Club in attempts to debate party policy change and protect and generate new imperial interests. In addition, the motivation behind the group also was founded on the notion that Macmillan had not accurately represented the party's original aims and goals. As a result, the members of this organization rigidly opposed decolonization in all forms and represented the feelings of betrayal and distrust following foreign policy changes after the 'Wind of Change' speech. Many conservatives saw the speech as another step towards a complete loss of empire. The Conservative Monday Club was formed as a direct result of Macmillan's address and as such the British conservative reaction at home can be seen as both resentful and mistrusted. [14]
See also
|
Harold Macmillan
|
How many inches are there in a 'Span'?
|
Conservative Monday Club : definition of Conservative Monday Club and synonyms of Conservative Monday Club (English)
12 External links
Overview
Founded in the early 1960s during the party's internal debate over decolonisation , its published aims state that "The Monday Club seeks to evolve a dynamic application of traditional Tory principles". [2] Roger Griffin referred to the Club as practising an anti-socialist and elitist form of conservatism . [3]
The club is notable for having promoted a policy of voluntary, or assisted, repatriation for non-white immigrants, [4] [5] which mirrored the pledge made in the Conservative Party's General Election Manifesto of 1970.
After its 1997 general election defeat, the Conservative Party began decisive moves towards becoming more centrist; the 2002–2003 party chairman, Theresa May , would later state that it had been perceived by voters as the "Nasty Party". The then party leader, Iain Duncan Smith , suspended the Monday Club's longstanding links with the party in October 2001, [6] saying his party would have nothing to do with the organisation unless it stopped making "distasteful" remarks on race and immigration. [7]
Since 1993 new full members of the club must be members of the Conservative Party, though there is no such requirement for associate membership. [8] Monday Club observers, such as Denis Walker , have attended Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) conferences.
Part of the club's agenda stresses support for what it calls "traditional Conservative values", including "resistance to ' political correctness '".
History
Foundation and early years
The club was founded on 1 January 1961, by four young Conservative Party members, Paul Bristol (a 24 year-old shipbroker and the Club's first Chairman, [9] who left the Club in 1968), Ian Greig (Membership Secretary until 1969), Cedric Gunnery (Treasurer until 1992) and Anthony Maclaren. The club was formed "to force local party associations to discuss and debate party policy". Its first general policy statement deplored the tendency of recent Conservative governments to adopt policies based upon expediency and demanded that instead Tory principles should be the guiding influence. It believed that the principles needing to be reasserted included the preservation of the constitution and existing institutions, the freedom of the individual, the private ownership of property, and the need for Britain to play a leading part in world affairs. [10] It disliked what it regarded as the expediency, cynicism and materialism which motivated Harold Macmillan 's government. In addition it was concerned that during this period "the left wing of the Party (had) gained a predominant influence over policy" and that as a result the Conservative Party had shifted to the left, so that "the floating voter could not detect, as he should, major differences between it and the Socialists" and, furthermore, "loyal Conservatives had become disillusioned and dispirited." [11]
The group initially brought together supporters of White Rhodesia and South Africa ; the main impetus for the group's formation was the Conservative's new decolonisation policies, in particular as a general reaction to Macmillan's ' Wind of Change ' speech made at Cape Town , South Africa. The club stated that Macmillan had "turned the Party Left", and their first pamphlet opposed these policies, as indicative of the Conservative Party's move towards liberalism. [12]
The 5th Marquess of Salisbury (1893–1972), who had resigned from Macmillan's Cabinet over the Prime Minister's liberal direction, became its first president in January 1962, when he stated "there was never a greater need for true conservatism than there is today". [13] By the end of 1963 there were eleven Members of Parliament in the Club, which then only had an overall membership of about 300. [14]
The Club was courted by many Conservative politicians, not least the Conservative Party leader Alec Douglas Home who was guest-of-honour at the Club's annual dinners of 1964 and 1969, and Enoch Powell , who, in a speech in 1968, claimed that "it was due to the Monday Club that many are brought within the Conservative Party who might otherwise be estranged from it". [15] Some argued that the Club had a disproportionate influence within Conservative circles, especially after six of its MPs joined the Cabinet in 1970. [16]
Harold Wilson , twice Labour Prime Minister , sarcastically described the club as "the guardian of the Tory conscience". [15]
Members
Ann Winterton ( Congleton )
A number of other Monday Club members contested Labour-held seats, some of which had large majorities, and although the challenge was unsuccessful the majorities were reduced. These included Tim Keigwin, who almost unseated the Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe at North Devon , and David Clarke who failed by only 76 votes at Watford . [19]
By 1971, the Club "undoubtedly had the largest membership of any conservative group and included 55 different groups in universities and colleges, 35 Members of Parliament with six in the government, and 35 Peers". [19] Enoch Powell was a constant supporter of the club until his death, although he never took up membership.
John Biggs-Davison , MP, in his Foreword to Robert Copping's second book on the history of the club, [20] stated that "by its principles [the club] has kept alive true Tory beliefs and held within its ranks many who contemplated defecting from the Conservative and Unionist Party". The club's Chairman, David Storey, described it in June 1981 as "an anchor to a ship", referring to the Conservative Party.
The Thatcher years
Three of the Young Members' Group at a Club Conference at Chilham Castle , 1980: John R. Pinniger (YMG Chairman), Richard Turnbull, & Gregory Lauder-Frost.
The club's revised Constitution (21 May 1984) stated that "the objects of the Club are to support the Conservative & Unionist Party in policies designed:
to maintain loyalty to the Crown and to uphold the sovereignty of Parliament, the security of the realm, and defence of the nation against external aggression and internal subversion;
to safeguard the liberty of the subject and integrity of the family in accordance with the customs, traditions, and character of the British people;
to maintain the British constitution in obedience and respect for the laws of the land, freedom of worship and our national heritage;
to promote an economy consistent with national aspirations and Tory ideals;
to encourage members of the club to play an active part, at all levels, in the affairs of the Conservative and Unionist Party."
Members gather for the Club's 20th anniversary riverboat party organised by the Young Members' Group, 15 July 1981.
During the period that Margaret Thatcher led the Conservative Party, the Monday Club were prolific publishers of booklets, pamphlets, policy papers, an occasional newspaper, Right Ahead, and a magazine Monday World edited for some years by Sir Adrian FitzGerald, Bart. , Sam Swerling, and later, Eleanor Dodd. In the October 1982 edition MP Harvey Proctor called for the scrapping of the Commission for Racial Equality , Sir Patrick Wall commented on the ' Falkland Islands Campaign ', James Molyneaux had an article 'What Future for Ulster', and Dr. Harvey Ward had an article on 'Zimbabwe Today'. The September 1984 edition of Monday News carried the headline 'Kinnock Talks to Terrorists', quoting former Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock 's declaration to the South African African National Congress 's Oliver Tambo that the ANC in South Africa could expect financial and material assistance from a future Labour government. Other attacks were made upon then- Greater London Council leader Ken Livingstone inviting Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams to visit London in 1982.
Old Guard departs
The Foreign Affairs Committee were responsible for the Club's Russia Dinner on 11 January 1990, with Vladimir Cyrillovich, Grand Duke of Russia , pretender to the Imperial throne, being the guest-of-honour. [21] [22]
In 1988–9, a group of longstanding members led by Gregory Lauder-Frost, the club's Foreign Affairs Committee chairman, succeeded in getting elected to the key posts on the Executive Council, with Dr. Mark Mayall as Deputy Chairman, and Lauder-Frost as the Political Secretary.
Executive Committee members Gregory Lauder-Frost, Denis Walker, Sam Swerling, Dr.Mark Mayall, April 1991.
At the beginning of January 1991, the Monday Club News announced the abolition of the only salaried position, that of Director (then held by the Club's Treasurer, Cedric Gunnery, one of the Club's founders). Although this was entirely due to the Club's precarious financial state, [23] some felt more sinister moves afoot. Negative news stories began emerging [24] [25] and resignations followed. An internal investigation followed. The chairman, David Storey, lost an almost unanimous vote of no confidence on 17 January 1991, and his membership was terminated by the Club's Executive Council on 11 February on the grounds that "he has engaged in behaviour prejudicial to the best interests, reputation, objects, and other members of the Monday Club; by abusing his position as Chairman in encouraging members to leave the Monday Club and to join a new political group". [26] [27] Dr. Mayall became Acting Chairman until the May AGM when he was confirmed in that post by election. By 1992, the new team had the national (as opposed to branches) membership over 1600 again.
Personal legal problems forced Lauder-Frost's departure on 31 May 1992 and subsequently the Club descended into in-fighting, with more departures and failed expulsion attempts resulting in huge legal bills. Dr. Mark Mayall's term as Chairman expired in April 1993 and he left the group. Control passed effectively into the hands of Denis Walker , a former Minister for Education in the Rhodesian government. He changed the role of the club from a pressure group to a Conservative Party support group, bringing in a rule that all members must firstly be members of the party, something that prior to 1992 had been constantly opposed.
Organisation
Premises
The national club established itself in offices at 51-53 Victoria Street, a few minutes walk from the Palace of Westminster . The club was, however, always a pressure group, remaining separate from the Conservative Party organisation. Around 1980, the Victoria Street building was cleared for demolition, and the club moved its offices to 122 Newgate Street, London, EC1, opposite the Old Bailey . High rents forced another move to 4 Orlando Road, Clapham Common, and finally, in 1991, the club's office was moved to an office belonging to W. Denis Walker , opposite Highams Park railway station , with new telephone numbers, and a new Post Office Box number in central London. The newsletter stated that "it is our long-term aim to relocate back to the very heart of London".
Branches
In addition to the national club, which operated through an elected Executive Council and numerous policy groups or committees, there were semi-autonomous county branches, a Young Members Monday Club, and numerous university Monday Clubs, the most prominent and active being at the University of Oxford .
Policy committees
The Monday Club had various study groups (later renamed policy committees) including:
Defence: The Hon. Archibald Hamilton , MP, Patrick Wall , MP, and Commander Anthony Courtney (former MP for Harrow East ); and
Foreign Affairs: Geoffrey Stewart-Smith , MP (joined Club 1964), John Carlisle , MP, and Gregory Lauder-Frost.
Foreign affairs
Anti-communism
At the Western Goals Institute 's 'El Salvador' Dinner, London, 25 September 1989. L to R: Denis Walker , Lord Sudeley , El Salvador 's Foreign Minister, Andrew Smith (yellow tie), Dr. Harvey Ward
The Club was anti-communist and had an active Defence Committee chaired for over 15 years by Sir Patrick Wall , MP, MC, and produced much literature on the perceived threat posed by Soviets and communists everywhere.
When it appeared that communism was failing in the Eastern Bloc , the Club's Foreign Affairs Committee called upon Members of Parliament to be ready and to argue for the German borders to be restored to the position they stood at on 1 January 1938, saying there must be no gains for communism. [28]
Club officers attended a Western Goals Institute dinner in September 1989 in honour of Salvadorian president Alfredo Cristiani , whose military was at the time fighting the FMLN . [29]
The Club also took a hard line on the return of White Russians by the British Army to Stalin's forces in 1945–6, who executed nearly all of them. In this respect they gave their support to Count Nikolai Tolstoy , historian and author of Victims of Yalta and The Minister and the Massacres, who was then being sued for libel, by holding a major dinner for him at London's Charing Cross Hotel on 26 October 1988. [30]
Africa
Ian Smith makes a point at a dinner organised in his honour by The Hon. Denis Walker (far left) at Lympne Castle , Kent, 23 July 1990. Smith is flanked by Nicholas and Ann Winterton , both MPs, and Rhodesian flags.
The club opposed what it described as the "premature" independence of Kenya , and the breakup of the Central African Federation , which was the subject of its first major public meeting in September 1961. [31] It was fundamentally opposed to decolonisation, and defended white minority rule in South Africa and Rhodesia .
During the Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) period in Rhodesia , the club strongly backed the government of Ian Smith and the Rhodesian Front , being seen as its strongest supporters in Britain. In November 1963, the club had hosted a large reception for Smith at the Howard Hotel in London. That was followed the next year by receptions for Clifford Dupont and Moise Tshombe . The Club continued its support for white minority rule in South Africa with Lauder-Frost organising a large dinner in central London, on 5 June 1989, for their guest-of-honour Dr. Andries Treurnicht , Leader of the Conservative Party of South Africa , and his delegation. Tim Janman , MP, and the Lord Sudeley were amongst those present from parliament. [32]
Croatia
Meet the President: The Monday Club delegation to Croatia, 12 October 1991: L to R: Roger Knapman , MP, Andrew Hunter , MP, Count Nikolai Tolstoy , President Franjo Tuđman , Gregory Lauder-Frost, The Hon. Denis Walker , Rod Morris.
The government of Franjo Tuđman in Croatia invited the Monday Club to send a delegation to observe their conflict with Serbia , in October 1991, when the Serbian Orthodox minority in the Roman Catholic -dominated country refused to recognise Tuđman's nationalist government. [33] [34] It was the first British political delegation to go to Croatia during the conflict. [35]
The Hon. Denis Walker & Andrew Hunter MP on the Croatia-Serbia front line as part of the Monday Club delegation, 12 October 1991
European Union
Debate within the Club was intense on the European issue. In the early days of the EEC one of the Club's MPs, Geoffrey Rippon , was so pro-EEC that he was known as 'Mr Europe'. Because of the divisions within the Club on this issue the decision was taken not to have a policy on it. However, by 1980 the mood had changed. A Club Discussion Paper in October 1980 was entitled Do Tories Really want to Scrap 80% of Britain's Fishing Fleet, and the Club adopted a firm anti- EU position . Teddy Taylor MP, an anti EEC man, became Chairman of the Club's EEC Affairs Policy Committee and authored a Club Policy Paper in December 1982 entitled Proposals to Rescue the British Fishing Industry. The Club's Scottish branch's newspaper, The Challenger, carried a further article against the EU by Taylor in September 1985 entitled Swallowing the Nation, and Enoch Powell also spoke against the EU at one of the Club's fringe meetings at the Conservative Party Conference at Blackpool on 8 October 1991, with Lauder-Frost presiding, which was filmed and broadcast on BBC TV 's Newsnight that night. In 1992 the Chairman, Dr. Mark Mayall, authored another Club booklet entitled: Maastricht: The High Tide of European Federalism, a fierce attack on the EU.
Immigration
In September 1972, the club held a "Halt Immigration Now!" public meeting in Westminster Central Hall , opposite Parliament, at which the speakers Ronald Bell , QC, MP, John Biggs-Davison , MP, Harold Soref , MP, and John Heydon Stokes , MP, (all club members) called on the government to halt all immigration, repeal the Race Relations Act , not the separate Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968 , and start a full repatriation scheme. A resolution was drafted, approved by the meeting, and delivered to the Prime Minister, Edward Heath , who replied that "the government had no intention of repealing the Race Relations Act". When Reginald Maudling resigned from the Cabinet, the Liberal leader, Jeremy Thorpe , commented that "Mr. Heath has been left to wrestle with the Monday Club single-handed." [36]
In October 1982, the Monday Club published its latest, slightly revised, policy on immigration. It called for:
Scrapping of the Commission for Racial Equality and Community Relations Councils.
Repeal of the race relations laws.
An end to the use of race or colour as criteria for the distribution of state benefits & loans.
An end to positive discrimination and all special treatment based upon race or colour.
An end to all further large-scale permanent immigration from the New Commonwealth .
An improved repatriation scheme with generous resettlement grants for all those from New Commonwealth countries who wish to take advantage of them.
The redesignation of the Ministry of Overseas Aid as a Ministry for Overseas Resettlement.
The Club's position on immigration was reiterated in a letter in The Times from Lauder-Frost on the Club's behalf in October 1991 where he stated that the annual levels of immigration "were unacceptable" and called for "the strictest possible entry to Britain for those of other cultures." [37]
Northern Ireland
Following an Official Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombing at Aldershot , Hampshire , in February 1972, club member and MP Jill Knight called for legislation to outlaw the Official IRA and its political wing, Official Sinn Féin . The club was opposed to the dismantling of the Stormont government in Northern Ireland and the imposition of direct rule. [38] On 7 September 1989, Lauder-Frost, on behalf of the Club, denounced "the disgraceful Anglo-Irish Agreement " in The Sun .
Controversies and criticism
The club has been described as "far-right" by journalists in newspapers across the political spectrum from The Daily Telegraph to The Guardian and, in 2002, as a "bastion on the Tory hard right" by the British Broadcasting Corporation . [39] The Guardian claimed in 1968 that the organisation was "probably the nearest British equivalent to the American John Birch Society ". [40]
It was claimed by opponents of the club that many members had drawn closer to the National Front , it being reported as early as 1973 that NF members were moving to take over branches of the club. [41] Thurlow, however, stated that it was doubted that members of the Monday Club were secret or even potential nazis . [42] Nevertheless the bad publicity led to a series of purges, mainly in Club branches. [43]
On 24 February 1991, The Observer ran a lengthy article entitled "Far Right takes over the Monday Club", stating that a number of senior members had tendered their resignations in protest at the Club's "takeover" by "extreme right-wingers", some of whom were associated with the Western Goals Institute . The Club's solicitors, Rubenstein, Callingham & Gale, sent a formal letter of protest to the editor of the Observer about the article, and demanded a right-of-reply for the Club. The editor agreed and Lauder-Frost, writing on behalf of the Club, subsequently challenged the article's accusations in a Letter to the Editor , which was published the following Sunday. He denied that a takeover had occurred, and claimed that none of the Club's policies had changed and that its direction was consistent with its aims and historical principles.
The playwright David Edgar described the Monday Club in an academic essay as "proselytis[ing] the ancient and venerable conservative traditions of paternalism , imperialism and racism ." [44]
Suspension of links by the Conservative party (2001)
Regardless of the fact that the Monday Club was a completely autonomous pressure-group and not part of the Conservative Party organisation, in 2001, Conservative Party chairman David Davis informed the club's National Executive that links between it and the party were being severed until it stopped promoting several of its (long-held and established [45] ) policies such as the voluntary repatriation of ethnic minorities. Davis later told the media: "I have told them that until a number of things are concluded—particularly some concerns about the membership of the club, and a review of the club's constitution and a requirement that the club will not promulgate or discuss policies relating to race—the club is suspended from any association with the Conservative party". [46] Three MPs, Andrew Hunter , Andrew Rosindell and Angela Watkinson , were ordered to resign from the club.
On the 10 May 2002, the British Broadcasting Corporation reported that the club sought to restore its links with the Conservative Party. [7] At the following Club Annual General meeting in April 2002, members approved two motions proposed by Michael Keith Smith , (also Chairman of the Conservative Democratic Alliance ); one reaffirming the Club's opposition to mass immigration, and another empowering Club officers to institute legal action against the Conservative Party following the Club's 'suspension' by them. A third motion, asking the Club to call for the sacking of John Bercow , then Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury , and former Monday Club member, for his "hypocrisy", was defeated. [47]
The Times reported (2 June 2006) that, as the club "is now slowly nudging back into the mainstream, many members feel that it is time to return to the fold".
The Monday Club, having changed its original raison d'être as a pressure group, and whose membership is now said to be back below 600, now has very little influence on the agenda of the Conservative Party. Many of its former members subsequently joined the Conservative Democratic Alliance .
Monday Club publications
Further information: List of Conservative Monday Club publications
Notes
^ Thurlow, Richard, Fascism in Britain, London, 1st edition 1987, revised reprint 2006, p.246, ISBN 1-86064-337-X where the author also refers to "traditional party supporters feeling intensly alienated by the Heath administration and made their opposition felt through their support of Enoch Powell ".
^ The Monday Club - Organization & Membership published on the back cover of the Club's 1968 booklet Student Power by Patrick Wall , MC, MP.
^ Seyd, Patrick, Factionalism within the Conservative Party: The Monday Club in Government and Opposition, volume 7, no. 4., 1972.
^ Policy and Aims. The Monday Club, December 1961.
^ The Aims of the Monday Club, Executive Council publication, Monday Club, 1970, p. 1.
^ Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade, Current Affairs Information Unit, London, April 1972: 5.
^ Copping, 1972, p. 5.
^ The Independent , 18 May 2002.
References
Copping, Robert, No Punches Pulled - Britain Today, Current Affairs Information Service (CAIS), Ilford, Essex, n/d but probably circa 1970 (P/B).
Copping, Robert, The Story of The Monday Club - The First Decade, (i) (Foreword by George Pole ), Current Affairs Information Service, Ilford , Essex, April 1972 (P/B).
Copping, Robert, The Monday Club - Crisis and After, (foreword by John Biggs-Davison , MP), (ii) CAIS, Ilford, May 1975 (P/B).
Rose, Professor Richard, Politics in England - Persistence and Change, London, 1st published 1965. 4th edition 1985, p.301, ISBN 0-571-13830-6
Heffer, Simon , Like the Roman - The Life of Enoch Powell, London, 1998, ISBN 0-297-84286-2 (many references to the Monday Club).
Coxall, Bill, and Lynton Robins, Contemporary British Politics, Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, 1993 reprint, (P/B), Monday Club profile on p.239. ISBN 0-333-34046-9
External links
|
i don't know
|
What is the collective noun for a group of bishops?
|
List of collective nouns for bishops
bishops - collective nouns for bishops
bench
|
Bench
|
Who was the wife of 'King Priam of Troy' and the mother of 'Hector', 'Paris', 'Troilus' and 'Cassandra'?
|
List of collective nouns for bishops
bishops - collective nouns for bishops
bench
|
i don't know
|
In 1995 the group 'Secret Garden' won the Eurovision Song Contest with 'Nocturne'. Which country did they represent?
|
Eurovision Song Contest 1995 - YouTube
Eurovision Song Contest 1995
Want to watch this again later?
Sign in to add this video to a playlist.
Need to report the video?
Sign in to report inappropriate content.
Rating is available when the video has been rented.
This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.
Uploaded on Jan 26, 2012
The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the 40th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 13 May 1995 in the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. The presenter was Mary Kennedy. This contest broke the chain of victories that Ireland enjoyed in 1992, 1993, and 1994. This was Ireland's 3rd year in succession to host the contest - and to mark the 40th show, it was opened with a 4-minute retrospective showing images from the contest's history. The Norwegian group Secret Garden was the winner of this contest with the mostly instrumental song, "Nocturne". Incidentally, Secret Garden's violinist was Fionnuala Sherry, who is Irish.
Two of Ireland's winners attended the contest; Dana, who was Ireland's first winner, winning the contest in 1970 with "All Kinds of Everything", and Mr Eurovision himself, Johnny Logan, winning the contest as a singer in 1980 and 1987 ("What's Another Year?" and "Hold me Now" respectively), and also for writing Linda Martin's 1992 winning song "Why Me?". It was his birthday that night, but according to host Kennedy, "He wouldn't say which one"! Nonetheless, the audience sang "Happy Birthday" for him, assisted by the orchestra.
After winning the 1994 contest, RTÉ were worried about whether they could afford to host a third consecutive contest in 1995. The BBC had offered to take on the responsibility of hosting the contest, and had even proposed that the contest be staged as a joint production in Belfast, capital of Northern Ireland. In the end RTÉ decided to stage the contest on its own. However they did ask the EBU that, should Ireland win once more, that they would not be expected to host the event for a fourth year in a row.
The full contest in British Commentary
Category
|
Norway
|
Which English sculptor, engraver, writer, and typographer, who died in 1940, invented a classic typeface which was named after him?
|
Eurovision Song Contest 1995 Dublin, Ireland - YouTube
Eurovision Song Contest 1995 Dublin, Ireland
Last updated on Nov 5, 2013
DATES
Final date: 13 May 1995
HOST
Venue: Point Theatre (Dublin, Ireland)
Presenter(s): Mary Kennedy
Director: John Comiskey
Host broadcaster: Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ)
Opening act: Video montage commemorating the history of the Eurovision Song Contest for its 40th edition.
Interval act: Lumen
Returning countries: Belgium, Denmark, Israel, Slovenia & Turkey
Withdrawing countries: Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia & Switzerland
VOTE
Voting system: Each country awarded 12, 10, 8-1 points to their 10 favourite songs
Nul points: None
Winning song: Norway "Nocturne"
The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the 40th Eurovision Song Contest and was held on 13 May 1995 in the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. The presenter was Mary Kennedy. This year's competition was the last with only one host until 18 years later in 2013 in Malmö, Sweden . This contest broke the chain of victories that Ireland enjoyed in 1992, 1993, and 1994. This was Ireland's 3rd year in succession to host the contest - and to mark the 40th show, it was opened with a 4-minute retrospective showing images from the contest's history. The Norwegian group Secret Garden was the winner of this contest with the mostly instrumental song, "Nocturne". Incidentally, Secret Garden's violinist was Fionnuala Sherry, who is Irish.
Two of Ireland's winners attended the contest; Dana, who was Ireland's first winner, winning the contest in 1970 with "All Kinds of Everything", and Mr Eurovision himself, Johnny Logan, winning the contest as a singer in 1980 and 1987 ("What's Another Year?" and "Hold me Now" respectively), and also for writing Linda Martin's 1992 winning song "Why Me?". It was his birthday that night, but according to host Kennedy, "He wouldn't say which one"! Nonetheless, the audience sang "Happy Birthday" for him, assisted by the orchestra.
After winning the 1994 contest, RTÉ were worried about whether they could afford to host a third consecutive contest in 1995. The BBC had offered to take on the responsibility of hosting the contest, and had even proposed that the contest be staged as a joint production in Belfast, capital of Northern Ireland. In the end RTÉ decided to stage the contest on its own. However they did ask the EBU that, should Ireland win once more, that they would not be expected to host the event for a fourth year in a row.
The favourite to win the contest, according to bookmakers, was Sweden with the pop-ballad "Se på mej". Other countries in contention for the win were Croatia, Denmark, Israel, Spain, and the eventual winner, Norway. The winning song was something new at Eurovision in that it contained only 24 words accompanied by long violin solos. The United Kingdom contributed a modern rap number, while the previous year's runner-up, Poland, went for something that completely contrasted with their début entry.
After the voting was completed, Norway was the winner with 148 points, followed by Spain's "Vuelve conmigo" with 119 points, and Sweden gaining 100 points.
The stage was designed by Alan Farquharson who also designed the set of the 1993 contest that took place in Millstreet, Ireland. Although it was quite dark and often gloomy in appearance, it did form the basis for a spectacular opening whereby a giant screen rotated to reveal the presenter who descended a stairway which ultimately disappeared to allow for the arrow shaped stage to come together amid fireworks. The interval act consisted of several well known Irish performers including Clannad, Brian Kennedy (who would go on to actually represent Ireland 11 years later as well as collaborate with the winning group) and was composed by leading musician Michael O'Suilleabhan.
The EBU decreased the number of participants back to 23 to make sure the show wouldn't last longer than 3 hours. 5 of the 6 countries that were relegated the previous year came back to the contest, Luxembourg decided to stop participating completely and Italy withdrew voluntarily, as in 1994.
There was much speculation in Ireland as to whether RTÉ had deliberately chosen a song perceived as not having a good chance of winning in order to avoid hosting the contest for a fourth time in a row - although this was never verified. This rumour did, however inspire a popular episode of Father Ted. In any event, RTÉ ended up hosting the contest once again in 1997.
less
Final date: 13 May 1995
HOST
Venue: Point Theatre (Dublin, Ireland)
Presenter(s): Mary Kennedy
|
i don't know
|
'Epidemic parotitis' is better known as what?
|
Epidemic parotitis - definition of epidemic parotitis by The Free Dictionary
Epidemic parotitis - definition of epidemic parotitis by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/epidemic+parotitis
Related to epidemic parotitis: epidemic parotitis virus
epidemic parotitis
(Pathology) another name for mumps
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
Noun
1.
epidemic parotitis - an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever and by swelling of the parotid glands
infectious disease - a disease transmitted only by a specific kind of contact
parotitis - inflammation of one or both parotid glands
Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content .
Link to this page:
Copyright © 2003-2017 Farlex, Inc
Disclaimer
All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
|
MUMPS
|
Al Martino's 'Here In My Heart' was the first ever UK number one single, but in which year?
|
Parotitis - Symptoms, Causes, Treatments - Healthgrades.com
Treatments
What is parotitis?
Parotitis is the name given to inflammation and infection of the largest of the salivary glands known as the parotid glands. Inflammation results in swelling of the tissues that surround the salivary glands, redness, and soreness. Salivary glands are responsible for producing saliva in the mouth, which has the important function of cleansing the mouth. Inflammation of the salivary glands reduces their ability to function properly and may lead to infections within the mouth.
The inflammation of parotitis may result from many causes, including infection, drugs, radiation, and various diseases. Mumps was once the most common viral cause of parotitis, but vaccination has made mumps a rare disease today. Parotitis caused by bacterial infection is somewhat common in the United States.
Looking for a Doctor?
Search Now
Find a Great Dentist Near You
Bacterial infection in parotitis results from the accumulation and growth of bacteria within the salivary glands. Among the most common causes of parotitis is obstruction of the salivary duct or poor oral hygiene. Drugs that cause dry mouth such as some antihistamines can increase the risk of parotitis, as can cancer treatments such as radiation therapy.
Dental Care Tips for People With Diabetes
You might know that diabetes affects your nerves, eyes, kidneys, heart and other organs. But did you know it can also impact your teeth?
The signs and symptoms of parotitis can vary among individuals. Some people with parotitis may not realize they have a disease, while others may have severe swelling and pain. Fortunately, parotitis can be treated successfully with medications. You can reduce your risk of developing parotitis by practicing good oral hygiene, drinking plenty of fluids, washing your hands, and receiving the MMR vaccine to prevent mumps.
Seek immediate medical care (call 911) for serious symptoms such as a high fever (higher than 101 degrees Fahrenheit) and difficulty breathing or swallowing.
Seek prompt medical care if you are being treated for parotitis but mild symptoms recur or are persistent.
|
i don't know
|
In which Dickens novel do 'Lord George Gordon', 'Simon Tappertit'and 'Dolly Varden' appear?
|
Factacular : Fictional Characters - Dickens
Fictional Characters - Dickens
Your overall rating on Fictional Characters - Dickens =
0%
This list is reproduced with kind permission from David Perdue's Charles Dickens Page . Excellent resource, check it out.
424 facts:
Great Expectations
A convict who Pip helps in the marshes after his escape from the prison ship. He is recaptured and transported to Australia where he gains a fortune which he secretly uses to increase Pip's "expectations". He secretly returns to England as Provis and confronts Pip with the secret source of his good fortune. Magwitch is recaptured and dies before he can be executed. Magwitch is also the father of Estella.
Pickwick Papers
A wandering rascal who befriends Mr Pickwick and accompanies the group to the Wardle home at Dingley Dell. He entices Miss Rachel to elope with him and is run down and bought off by Rachel's brother. Pickwick later finds a penitent Jingle in the Fleet Prison, pays his debt, and sends him and his servant, Job Trotter, off to Demerara, an area of Guyana, to turn over a new leaf.
Bleak House
A young surgeon who falls in love with Esther Summerson before going away as ship's doctor to India. On his return to England he learns that Esther is engaged to John Jarndyce. When Jarndyce learns that Esther is in love with Woodcourt he releases her to marry him.
Little Dorrit
Daughter of William Dorrit, born in the Marshalsea debtor's prison. She works for Mrs Clennam and befriends Arthur. Her father inherits a fortune and they leave the prison and travel abroad. After her father's death she discovers that the fortune has been lost in a banking scam. She nurses Arthur in the Marshalsea when his fortune is lost in the same banking scam. The novel ends with the marriage of Arthur and Amy at St. Georges Church, next to the prison, the same church where she was christened.
Little Dorrit
Returns to England from abroad where he has spent years with his father in the family business. On his father's death he falls out with his mother and gives up his share of the family business. He befriends Amy Dorrit at the Marshalsea and becomes business partner to Daniel Doyce. After losing everything in a banking scam by Merdle he is himself imprisoned in the Marshalsea. His health fails and Amy cares for him in the prison. The novel ends with Arthur and Amy's marriage.
Nicholas Nickleby
Old moneylender who develops a scheme, along with fellow usurer, Ralph Nickleby, to get Walter Bray consent to give his daughter, Madeline's, hand for the forgiveness of debts to Gride and Ralph. Gride's plan is undone when Bray dies on the morning of the wedding and his old housekeeper, Peg Sliderskew, jealous of the young wife, steals documents that reveal his scheme. Gride is murdered by burglars before he can be prosecuted.
Bleak House
Musical, military family headed by Matthew, an old army friend of George Rouncewell. Bagnet's wife, the old girl, knows Matthew so well that he always calls upon her to supply his opinion. The Bagnet children: Quebec, Malta, and Woolwich are named for the military bases where the family have been stationed. Matthew is guarantor to George's loan from Smallweed, when Smallweed calls in the debt George is forced to deliver a document Smallweed needs to help lawyer Tulkinghorn learn Lady Dedlock's secret.
Our Mutual Friend
Girl specified in old Harmon's will that his son John should marry in order to gain his inheritance. When John disappears and is presumed drowned she is left " a widow without ever being married". She leaves her home and goes to live with the Boffins where she is wooed by John Rokesmith, alias of John Harmon. She refuses him at first but later falls in love with him and they marry. She finds out later that he is really John Harmon and that they have gained his inheritance.
Martin Chuzzlewit
Day nurse and friend of Mrs Gamp. "Mrs Prig was of the Gamp build, but not so fat; and her voice was deeper and more like a man's. She had also a beard." Betsy and Mrs Gamp later have a falling out, Betsy questioning the existance of Gamp's imaginary friend Mrs Harris.
David Copperfield
David Copperfield's great aunt. David runs away from London, when he is installed at Murdstone and Grinby's warehouse, and goes to Dover to live with Betsy. She helps David get a start in life and, when she loses her fortune, goes to London to live with David. David describes her as "A tall, hard-featured lady, but by no means ill-looking. There was an inflexibility in her face, in her voice, in her gait and carriage, amply sufficient to account for the effect she had made upon a gentle creature like my mother; but her features were rather handsome than otherwise, though unbending and austere". Dickens' friend and biographer John Forster called Betsy "a gnarled and knotted piece of female timber, sound to the core".
Oliver Twist
A vicious thief working on the fringes of Fagin's band of pickpockets. He uses Oliver in an attempt to burglarize the Brownlow home. When Nancy tries to help Oliver she is found out by Fagin who relates the information to Sikes who murders Nancy. While fleeing police after the murder he accidentally hangs himself.
Our Mutual Friend
A school teacher and master of the boys department of a school on the borders of Kent and Surrey. Charley Hexam becomes Headstone's pupil and Bradley becomes obsessed with Charley's sister Lizzie. Lizzie wants nothing to do with him and he becomes jealous of Eugene Wrayburn who also has eyes for Lizzie. He attempts to murder Wrayburn and believes he has been successful. Rogue Riderhood discovers the supposed murder and attempts to blackmail Headstone. In a later confrontation Riderhood and Headstone are both drowned.
Oliver Twist
Beadle at the workhouse where Oliver is born. He mistreats the residents in his care and becomes the symbol of Dickens' distaste for the workhouse system. Marries Mrs Corney and later is disgraced and becomes a resident in the same workhouse.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Minor canon of Cloisterham Cathedral. "Mr Crisparkle, Minor Canon, early riser, musical, classical, cheerful, kind, good-natured, social, contented, and boy-like". He takes Neville Landless as a pupil and helps Neville flee to London when suspicion is cast on him for the disappearance of Edwin Drood.
Dombey and Son
Seafaring friend of Sol Gills, whose shop he cares for when Sol goes in search of his lost nephew, Walter Gay. Quote: When found, make a note of. Dickens describes Captain Cuttle as "a gentleman in a wide suit of blue, with a hook instead of a hand attached to his right wrist; very bushy black eyebrows; and a thick stick in his left hand, covered all over (like his nose) with knobs. He wore a loose black silk handkerchief round his neck, and such a very large coarse shirt collar, that it looked like a small sail".
Martin Chuzzlewit
Seth Pecksniff's older daughter and sister of Mercy. Haughty and ill-tempered, without her younger sister's playful nature. She is infuriated when passed over for marriage by Jonas Chuzzlewith who chooses her sister. She later promises herself to Mr Moddle, who leaves her at the alter. Charity has a disposition "which was then observed to be of a sharp and acid quality, as though an extra lemon (figuratively speaking) had been squeezed into the nectar of her disposition, and had rather damaged its flavour."
A Tale of Two Cities
Son of Marquis St. Evremonde. He is tried for treason in London and is acquitted due to his resemblance to Sydney Carton. He marries Lucie Manette, daughter of Dr. Manette. He returns to Paris to help a friend imprisoned there and is arrested by the revolutionaries. His life is saved when look-alike Carton takes his place on the guillotine.
David Copperfield
Assistant Schoolmaster at Salem House Academy attended by David Copperfield. David befriends Mell and finds that Mell's mother lives in an almshouse which he innocently tells Steerforth. Steerforth uses this information to discredit Mell and have him dismissed. Mell later emigrates to Australia and becomes headmaster at Colonial Salem House Grammar School in Port Middlebay.
David Copperfield
David's devoted nurse and sister to Daniel Peggotty. After the death of David's mother she is discharged and marries Barkis. When Barkis dies she goes to live with David and Betsy Trotwood. David comically describes getting a hug from Peggotty: "She laid aside her work (which was a stocking of her own), and opening her arms wide, took my curly head within them, and gave it a good squeeze. I know it was a good squeeze, because, being very plump, whenever she made any little exertion after she was dressed, some of the buttons on the back of her gown flew off. And I recollect two bursting to the opposite side of the parlour, while she was hugging me".
Great Expectations
Con man who deceives Miss Havisham, with the help of Miss Havisham's brother Arthur, to get her money with a promise of marriage, and then leaves her at the altar. He is an accomplice of Magwitch in the original prison break. He later exposes Magwitch and accidentally drowns when Magwitch is recaptured.
Little Dorrit
Inventor of an unspecified mechanical wonder which he is unable to get a patent for in the Circumlocution Office. He partners with Arthur Clennam who loses the firm's money in the Merdle scandal. Doyce later sells the invention abroad and returns to liberate Arthur from the Marshalsea.
David Copperfield
Crotchety fisherman brother of Clare. He lives in an overturned boat on the beach at Yarmouth with Emily, Ham, and Mrs Gummidge. When Emily abandons them to elope with Steerforth, Daniel vows to find her. Steerforth later leaves Emily and she is re-united with Daniel. At the end of the novel Daniel, Emily, and Mrs Gummidge resettle in Australia.
The Old Curiosity Shop
An evil dwarf who lends money to Nell's grandfather who gambles it away and flees London with Nell in an attempt to avoid Quilp. Quilp attempts to find the pair as they travel through the country. Later Quilp is pursued by the police and, lost in the fog, drowns in the Thames.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Deputy (Winks) is a boy hired by Durdles to throw stones at him when he is wandering drunk at night. "Sometimes the stones hit him, and sometimes they miss him, but Durdles seems indifferent to either fortune. The hideous small boy, on the contrary, whenever he hits Durdles, blows a whistle of triumph through a jagged gap, convenient for the purpose, in the front of his mouth, where half his teeth are wanting; and whenever he misses him, yelps out 'Mulled agin!' and tries to atone for the failure by taking a more correct and vicious aim". Deputy resides at the Traveler's Twopenny.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Mysterious visitor to Cloisterham whose "white head was unusually large, and his shock of white hair was unusually thick and ample". Datchery keeps an eye on John Jasper after the disappearance of Edwin Drood. The true identity of Datchery is one of the most contested points of the uncompleted mystery. It is widely believed that Datchery is one of the characters in the book in disguise, most likely candidates include Neville, Bazzard, Tartar, Helena, or even Edwin Drood himself.
The Old Curiosity Shop
Friend of Fred Trent who has designs to marry Fred's sister Nell Trent but is encouraged to wait until Nell has inherited her grandfather's money. When Nell and her grandfather leave London Swiveller is befriended by Quilp who helps him gain employment with the Brasses. While at the Brasses he meets their little half-starved servant the Marchioness. He becomes aware of the Brasses villainy and, with the Marchioness' help, exposes a plot to frame Kit Nubbles. Swiveller later inherits money from his aunt, puts the Marchioness through school, and later marries her.
David Copperfield
Daughter of David's employer, Francis. She and David are married and David tries to teach her to keep house, but she has no head for it. She becomes ill with an unspecified illness and dies young. Dickens based Dora on Maria Beadnell, his first love.
A Tale of Two Cities
A prisoner in the Bastille in Paris for eighteen years. He is released and accompanies his daughter, Lucie, and Jarvis Lorry to England. He returns to Paris after the outbreak of the revolution and, as a former prisoner, is able to secure Darnay's release from the revolutionaries. However, a statement written during Manette's long incarceration in the Bastille is later discovered and incriminates Darnay's family. Darnay is again imprisoned and later escapes when Sydney Carton takes his place.
Dombey and Son
Headmaster of the school in Brighton where Paul Dombey Jr attends. Blimber is assisted at the school by his wife and daughter Cornelia. Dickens describes Blimber as "a portly gentleman in a suit of black, with strings at the knees, and stockings below them. He had a bald head, highly polished; a deep voice; and a chin so very double, that it was a wonder how he ever managed to shave into the creases.
Little Dorrit
Doctor at the Marshalsea prison who delivers Amy Dorrit, described as 'amazingly shabby, in a torn and darned rough-weather sea-jacket, out at elbows and eminently short of buttons (he had been in his time the experienced surgeon carried by a passenger ship), the dirtiest white trousers conceivable by mortal man, carpet slippers, and no visible linen.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Drunken stonemason who engraves tombstones for Cloisterham Cathedral. John Jasper is interested in Durdles ability to tap on the tombs and discover their contents. Durdles hires Deputy to throw stones at him when he catches him wandering about drunk at night. "No man is better known in Cloisterham. He is the chartered libertine of the place. Fame trumpets him a wonderful workman - which, for aught that anybody knows, he may be (as he never works); and a wonderful sot - which everybody knows he is".
Oliver Twist
Villainous son of Edwin and half-brother of Oliver Twist who plots with Fagin to corrupt Oliver, in which case Leeford will inherit all of their father's property. After the plan is foiled Leeford is forced to emigrate to America where he dies in prison.
Cricket on the Hearth
Son of Caleb and sister to Bertha. Edward was the former lover of May Fielding, went away to sea, and was supposed dead. With the help of Mary Peerybingle, he is reunited with May on the day she is supposed to marry Tackleton.
David Copperfield
Mr Peggotty's niece and David's childhood friend. She is later engaged to Ham but is lured away by the charms of David's friend Steerforth. Mr Peggotty is heartbroken and searches for her, finally finding her when Steerforth tires of her and she leaves him. She later emigrates to Australia with her uncle, Mr Peggotty.
David Copperfield
Long suffering wife of Mr Micawber whom she swears she will never leave despite his financial difficulties. David describes her as "a thin and faded lady, not at all young, with a baby at her breast. This baby was one of twins; and I may remark here that I hardly ever, in all my experience of the family, saw both the twins detached from Mrs Micawber at the same time. One of them was always taking refreshment".
Great Expectations
Adopted as a child by Miss Havisham who teaches her to break men's hearts as revenge for Compeyson having left Miss Havisham at the altar years before. Pip meets Estella at Satis House and falls in love with her but she is cruel to him. Pip goes to London and becomes a gentleman and continues to adore Estella but she warns him that she is incapable of love. She later marries Bentley Drummle who mistreats her and she leaves him. Drummle dies and Estella and Pip meet two years later and vow to remain together. Estella is the daughter of Magwitch and Jagger's maid Molly.
Bleak House
Principal character in the story. She is brought up an orphan by her aunt, Miss Barbery. On her aunt's death she is adopted by John Jarndyce and becomes companions to his wards, Ada Clare and Richard Carstone. Later in the story it is revealed that Esther is the illegitimate daughter of Captain Hawdon and Lady Dedlock. John Jarndyce falls in love with her and asked her to marry him. She consents out of respect for Jarndyce but during the engagement she falls in love with Allan Woodcourt. When Jarndyce learns of her feelings for Allan he releases her from the engagement and she marries Woodcourt.
Our Mutual Friend
Lawyer and friend of Mortimer Lightwood. He becomes interested in the Harmon case and meets Lizzie Hexam and falls in love with her. She loves him also but tries to distance herself from him because they come from different classes of society. Lizzie leaves London to get away from Bradley Headstone, the school teacher who also loves her, and Wrayburn. Eugene finds her and is followed by Headstone who attempts to murder him. Lizzie nurses Wrayburn back to health and they are married.
Oliver Twist
A crafty old Jew who runs a thieve's school near Field Lane in Saffron Hill. Oliver falls in with Fagin's band when he runs away from the workhouse. When Fagin attempts to help Monks destroy Oliver's reputation he is arrested and executed at Newgate. Fagin was based on real-life Jewish fence (receiver of stolen property), Ikey Soloman (1758-1850).
A Christmas Carol
Scrooge's sister, mother of his nephew Fred. She has died before the story begins but lives again in the 'shadows' shown to Scrooge by the Ghost of Christmas Past. She is based on Dickens' own sister Fanny who died of consumption at age 38.
Nicholas Nickleby
Daughter of Wackford Squeers. Described as "not tall like her mother, but short like her father; from the former she inherited a voice of harsh quality; from the latter a remarkable expression of the right eye, something akin to having none at all". When Nicholas Nickleby becomes her fathers assistant she falls madly in love with him, telling her friend Matilda Price that they are practically engaged. Nicholas wants nothing to do with her.
Little Dorrit
Daughter of Casby and former sweetheart of Arthur Clennam who reappears 20 years later and "grown to be very broad, and short of breath". Dickens modeled the character of Flora after his own early sweetheart, Maria Beadnell, who reappears later in Dickens life not quite the way he remembered her.
David Copperfield
Proctor at Doctor's Commons where David is apprenticed and father of Dora. David says of him: "He was a little light-haired gentleman, with undeniable boots, and the stiffest of white cravats and shirt-collars. He was buttoned up, mighty trim and tight, and must have taken a great deal of pains with his whiskers, which were accurately curled".
Barnaby Rudge
Lord George Gordon's hypocritical secretary. He urges the rioters to exact revenge on Geoffrey Haredale who had exposed his treacherous ways. He abandons Lord Gordon when the riots are suppressed by soldiers and becomes a government spy. He later poisons himself.
Martin Chuzzlewit
Introduced to Martin Chuzzlewit in America by the Norris family. While condemning the class system in Europe he is so outraged to be considered a fellow passenger to America with Martin, who made the trip in steerage, that "he almost laid his hand upon his sword".
Barnaby Rudge
Brother of the murdered Reuben and uncle of Emma. Suspected of being responsible for the murder of his brother, he spends his life in pursuit of the real killer. A Catholic, his house is burned in the Gordon Riots. He fights a duel with Sir John Chester, kills him, and leaves the country.
Bleak House
Son of the Dedlock's housekeeper Mrs Rouncewell. George ran away to join the army and cut himself off from his mother. After leaving the army George buys a shooting gallery in London with money borrowed from Smallweed. Smallweed pressures George to give over examples of Capt Hawdon's handwriting in order to help Tulkinghorn learn Lady Dedlock's secret. George is charged with the murder of Tulkinghorn by Bucket. Later George is exonerated of the crime and is reunited with his mother.
Dombey and Son
An ugly old rag and bone vendor and mother of Alice Marwood (Brown). She kidnaps Florence Dombey and steals her clothes. Later she helps Dombey find out where Carker and Edith have eloped to. Dickens describes Good Mrs Brown as a "very ugly old woman, with red rims round her eyes, and a mouth that mumbled and chattered of itself when she was not speaking".
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Guardian of Rosa Bud. He is upset at John Jasper's advances to Rosa and finds her lodging in London at an apartment owned by Mr's Billickin. He later investigates the disappearance of Edwin Drood and is suspicious of Jasper. "An angular man with no conversational powers".
David Copperfield
Orphaned nephew of Daniel Peggotty and fiance of Emily. A fisherman and boatbuilder. He drowns trying to rescue Steerforth. "He was a huge, strong fellow of six feet high, broad in proportion, and round-shouldered; but with a simpering boy's face and curly light hair that gave him quite a sheepish look. He was dressed in a canvas jacket, and a pair of such very stiff trousers that they would have stood quite as well alone, without any legs in them. And you couldn't so properly have said he wore a hat, as that he was covered in a-top, like an old building, with something pitchy".
Bleak House
Friend of John Jarndyce who claims he is a mere child who understands nothing of money, and through this smooth act manages to have everyone else pay his way through life. Dickens modeled Skimpole on Leigh Hunt, causing a stir among Hunt and his friends.
Great Expectations
Pip goes to London to begin his education and meets Herbert, whom he discovers is the "pale young gentleman" with whom he fought with at Miss Havisham's as a child. Pip and Herbert become best friends and share chambers at Barnard's Inn and at the Temple. Herbert helps teach Pip "city manners". Pip helps Herbert become a partner in the firm of Clarriker and Co. which enables Pocket to marry Clara Barley. "What a hopeful disposition you have!" said I, gratefully admiring his cheery ways. "I ought to have," said Herbert, "for I have not much else".
Bleak House
Lady Dedlock's French maid. She is dismissed in favor of Rosa and aids lawyer Tulkinghorn in discovering Lady Dedlock's secret. When Tulkinghorn spurns her she murders him. Hortense is based on Mrs Manning, a murderer whose execution Dickens witnessed in 1849.
Dombey and Son
Seafaring friend of Captain Cuttle whom is always called in times of crisis for advise. The advise given confounds everyone listening except his friend Cuttle, who values it immensely. Bunsby is later trapped into marriage by Mrs MacStinger. Bunsby's ship is the Cautious Clara. Bunsby is described by Dickens as having "one stationary eye in the mahogany face, and one rovolving one, on the principle of some lighthouses".
A Christmas Carol
Scrooge's former partner, who died seven Christmas Eves ago. Jacob, in life, was a penny-pinching miser like Scrooge and is suffering for it in the afterlife. His ghost comes to haunt Scrooge hoping to change Scrooge's life and therefore avoid Marley's fate.
Dombey and Son
Opportunistic manager at Dombey and Son. Brother of John and Harriet Carker, he elopes with Dombey's wife and is later killed when struck by a train. Dickens describes Carker as "a gentleman thirty-eight or forty years old, of a florid complexion, and with two unbroken rows of glistening teeth, whose regularity and whiteness were quite distressing. It was impossible to escape the observation of them, for he showed them whenever he spoke; and bore so wide a smile upon his countenance (a smile, however, very rarely, indeed, extending beyond his mouth), that there was something in it like the snarl of a cat".
Hard Times
A Parliamentary candidate visiting Coketown, he befriends Tom Gradgrind in an attempt to seduce his sister, Louisa, who is in an unhappy marriage to Bounderby. As a result of the attempted seduction Louisa runs home to her father and refuses to return to Bounderby and is later disowned by him.
David Copperfield
Friend of David at the Salem House school where his engaging charm makes him everyone's favorite. David later runs into him again in London and he accompanies David on a trip to Yarmouth where he charms Emily into eloping with him. They go abroad and Steerforth soon tires of Emily and deserts her. He is later drowned in a shipwreck where Ham Peggotty, from whom Steerforth stole Emily away, dies trying to save him.
David Copperfield
Sister of Edward Murdstone who moves in with David and his mother after her marriage to Murdstone. David describes her as "a gloomy-looking lady she was; dark, like her brother, whom she greatly resembled in face and voice; and with very heavy eyebrows, nearly meeting over her large nose. She kept the purse in a very jail of a bag which hung upon her arm by a heavy chain, and shut up like a bite. I had never, at that time, seen such a metallic lady altogether as Miss Murdstone was". She surfaces again in the novel as the "confidential friend" of Dora Spenlow.
A Tale of Two Cities
A clerk in Tellson's bank who is instrumental in bringing Dr. Manette, who is imprisoned in Paris, back to England. He returns to Paris to look after the bank's interest after the Revolution starts and while there helps Lucie and Charles Darnay, bringing them back to England after Sydney Carton sacrifices his life to save Darnay.
Bleak House
The crossing sweeper. When Jo shows Lady Dedlock the haunts of Captain Hawdon lawyer Tulkinghorn has Jo kept moving from place to place. He befriends Esther Summerson at Bleak House and communicates smallpox to Charlie, and then Esther. Jo later dies at the shooting gallery of George Rouncewell.
Dombey and Son
Older brother of James although called "the Younger" because of his low position at the firm of Dombey and Son. He is looked upon with scorn by his older brother because he embezzled money from the firm when a young man. Harriet Carker is his sister.
Our Mutual Friend
Son of a wealthy dust contractor and heir to his fortune if he agrees to marry Bella Wilfer. He is away from England when his father dies and on the way home he is supposed drowned in a case of mistaken identity. With his supposed death the dust fortune goes to Boffin. John gets himself hired into the Boffin home as secretary John Rokesmith. Here he meets Bella and, with the help of the Boffins, wins her love as Rokesmith, and marries her. He later reveals his true identity and regains his fortune.
Bleak House
Owner of Bleak House and party in the Chancery suit of Jarndyce and Jarndyce.He adopts Esther Summerson who becomes close friends with John's cousins, Ada Clare and Richard Carstone. John hates the lawsuit which has gone on for so long with no end in sight. Richard, however, becomes consumed with the case hoping it will make him his fortune. This obsession causes Carstone and Jarndyce suffer a falling out. Jarndyce falls in love with Esther and asked her to marry him, she accents because of her respect for him. Jarndyce later finds that Esther is in love with Woodcourt and releases her from their engagement.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Uncle of Edwin Drood who has an opium habit. He cares for his nephew but harbors secret feelings for Edwin's fiance Rosa Bud. Edwin disappears and the story ends prematurely with Dickens death but many believe that it was Jasper who killed Edwin Drood. "Mr Jasper is a dark man of some six-and-twenty, with thick, lustrous, well-arranged black hair and whiskers. He looks older than he is, as dark men often do. His voice is deep and good, his face and figure are good, his manner is a little sombre. His room is a little sombre, and may have had its influence in forming his manner".
Great Expectations
Jagger's confidential clerk, friend of Pip who lives in a delightfully strange house with the Aged Parent. "A dry man, rather short in stature, with a square wooden face, whose expression seemed to have been imperfectly chipped out with a dull-edged chisel. There were some marks in it that might have been dimples, if the material had been softer and the instrument finer, but which, as it was, were only dints. The chisel had made three or four of these attempts at embellishment over his nose, but had given them up without an effort to smooth them off. I judged him to be a bachelor from the frayed condition of his linen ... He had glittering eyes-small, keen, and black- and thin wide mottled lips. He had had them, to the best of my belief, from forty to fifty years."
Barnaby Rudge
Proprietor of the Maypole Inn and father of Joe. Father and son quarrel when John treats the adult Joe as a child and Joe leaves, joining the army. John witnesses the destruction of the Maypole by the rioters. He is later reconciled with his son who, along with wife Dolly, become proprietors of the rebuilt Maypole.
Hard Times
Coketown Banker, mill owner and "self-made man" proud that raised himself in the streets after being abandoned as a child. His story is exposed as a sham when Mrs Pegler, his loving mother whom he has discarded, is found. Bounderby marries his friend Gradgrind's daughter, Louisa and later discards her.
Nicholas Nickleby
Sister of Nicholas. She is placed by her uncle, Ralph Nickleby, with Madame Mantalini. She is the object of the undesirable attentions of some of the evil-minded clients of her uncle who is using her to his advantage. She is rescued by Nicholas with the help of Newman Noggs. Later she marries Frank Cheeryble.
Nicholas Nickleby
Neighbors of Newman Noggs. Nicholas tutors their three daughters. Mrs Kenwigs uncle, Mr Lillyvick, is a well-to-do collector of water rates and the family hopes to eventually profit from this relation. Their expectations are dashed when Lillyvick marries actress Henrietta Petowker and are revived when she runs away with a retired navy captain.
Bleak House
Drunken and illiterate proprietor of a rag and bottle shop. Known as the 'Lord Chancellor', Krook collects court documents. A will instrumental in the Jarndyce and Jarndyce court case is found among his holdings by Mr Smallweed who inherits Krook's possessions after his demise by spontaneous combustion. Krook is Mrs Smallweed's brother.
Bleak House
Wife of Sir Leicester Dedlock and, unknown to her husband, mother of Esther Summerson. When Tulkinghorn, the family lawyer, learns the secret she runs away and is found dead by Esther at the gates of the cemetery in which Esther's father, Captain Hawdon, lies buried.
Martin Chuzzlewit
Medical man and old schoolmate of John Westlock. Westlock hires Mrs Gamp to nurse Lewsome through a serious illness. Lewsome has provided poison to Jonas Chuzzlewit who intends using it to kill his father, Anthony. His later confession helps lead to Jonas' arrest.
David Copperfield
Manservant to Steerforth, involved in the concealment of the elopement of Steerforth and Emily. He is later guilty of embezzlement and is captured with the help of Miss Mowcher. David says of him "I believe there never existed in his station a more respectable-looking man. He was taciturn, soft-footed, very quiet in his manner, deferential, observant, always at hand when wanted, and never near when not wanted; but his great claim to consideration was his respectability".
Our Mutual Friend
Daughter of waterman Gaffer Hexam and sister of Charlie. She is opposed to her father's business of combing the Thames looking for drowned bodies but is true to him. When her father drowns she goes to live with Jenny Wren. Lizzie rejects the advances of schoolmaster Bradley Headstone and opposes the attention of Eugene Wrayburn, although she loves him, because they come from different classes of society. She runs away from London to a mill up the river. Wrayburn succeeds in finding her and is followed by Headstone who attempts to murder Wrayburn. Lizzie rescues Wrayburn and later marries him.
A Tale of Two Cities
Daughter of Dr. Manette. She is taken to Paris by Jarvis Lorry when her father is released from prison. She marries Charles Darnay but is adored from afar by Sydney Carton who feels unfit for her. When Darnay is imprisoned in Paris by the revolutionaries Carton helps him escape, taking Darnay's place due to their resemblance. As Darnay and Lucie escape to England, Carton makes the supreme sacrifice.
Dombey and Son
Paul Dombey Sr's sister, Mrs Chick's, friend. She has designs to marry Paul Sr. after his first wife dies. Paul marries Mrs Granger instead, breaking Miss Tox's heart, but she stays loyal to him through later hardships. Dickens describes her as "a long lean figure, wearing such a faded air that she seemed not to have been made in what linen-drapers call 'fast colours' originally, and to have, by little and little, washed out".
Pickwick Papers
Landlady of Samuel Pickwick in Goswell Street. Mrs Bardell is duped by unscrupulous lawyers, Dodson and Fogg, into bringing a breach of promise to marry suit against Pickwick. When Pickwick refuses to pay damages and is consigned to the Fleet prison, Dodson and Fogg sue Mrs Bardell for costs and have her consigned to the Fleet. Pickwick pays the penitent Bardell's costs to get her released.
Cricket on the Hearth
Mary is the much younger wife of John. She is called Dot due to her small size and dumpling shape. Her parents are Old Dot and Mrs Dot, both also small. Mary works to reunite old lovers May Fielding and Edward Plummer. Mary.
Martin Chuzzlewit
Mary cares for old Martin Chuzzlewit with the knowledge that she will not profit from Martin's wealth after his death. Chuzzlewit's grandson, Martin, falls in love with Mary which displeases his grandfather who disinherits young Martin. Young Martin goes to America to seek his fortune. Finding only sickness and misery in America, Martin returns to England, is reconciled with his grandfather and marries Mary.
Great Expectations
Father of Herbert and cousin of Miss Havisham. He is the only one of Miss Havisham's relatives who speaks honestly of her and has been banished from her presence. Matthew is Pip's tutor in London. He has no control over his large family and has a habit of pulling himself up by his hair in frustration. Pip tells Miss Havisham of Matthew's good character and she leaves him 4000 pounds in her will. Matthew's wife, Belinda, is obsessed with social position, having been the daughter of a knight, and pays no attention to housekeeping or her young children who are left to "tumble up" by themselves. Many believe Dickens modeled the Pocket household after his own large family.
The Haunted Man
Wife of William and the only member of the family not touched by Redlaw's gift of forgetting past sorrows. Her inherent goodness, based on remembrance of her lost child, reverses the effects of this curse in her family, the Tetterby family, and Edmund Longford.
Great Expectations
A very rich and grim old woman who lives in seclusion at Satis House. She is the adopted mother of Estella who she teaches to break men's hearts to avenge her own being left at the altar by Compeyson years before. She continues to wear her wedding dress and her room contains the yellowing remnants of the wedding day including the mouldy wedding cake. Pip goes to Miss Havisham's to play and meets Estella. Pip believes Miss Havisham is his secret benefactor as he goes to London and becomes a gentleman, finding out later that the convict Magwitch has supplied his "Expectations". Miss Havisham dies when her house burns down and leaves her fortune to Estella.
David Copperfield
Dwarf hairdresser and manicurist of Steerforth. David, expecting to meet Miss Mowcher for the first time reports: "I looked at the doorway and saw nothing. I was still looking at the doorway, thinking that Miss Mowcher was a long while making her appearance, when, to my infinite astonishment, there came waddling round a sofa which stood between me and it, a pursy dwarf, of about forty or forty-five, with a very large head and face, a pair of roguish grey eyes, and such extremely little arms, that, to enable herself to lay a finger archly against her snub nose, as she ogled Steerforth, she was obliged to meet the finger half-way, and lay her nose against it. Her chin, which was what is called a double chin, was so fat that it entirely swallowed up the strings of her bonnet, bow and all". See sidebar on Copperfield page.
Little Dorrit
Companion to Flora Finching (Aunt to her late husband) and one of the funniest characters in Dickens. Dickens describes her as "an amazing little old woman, with a face like a staring wooden doll too cheap for expression, and a stiff yellow wig perched unevenly on the top of her head, as if the child who owned the doll had driven a tack through it anywhere, so that it only got fastened on". She has an amazing capacity for uttering totally non-sensical barbs which "being totally uncalled for by anything said by anybody, and traceable to no association of ideas, confounded and terrified the mind".
Nicholas Nickleby
Daughter of Vincent Crummles and actress in his traveling stage troupe. Billed as the Infant Phenomenon, her acting capability is greatly over-rated by her father. She is listed as 10 years old but is apparently much older: "though of short stature, had a comparatively aged countenance, and had moreover been precisely the same age -- not perhaps to the full extent of the memory of the oldest inhabitant, but certainly for five good years. But she had been kept up late every night, and put upon an unlimited allowance of gin-and-water from infancy, to prevent her growing tall, and perhaps this system of training had produced in the infant phenomenon these additional phenomena."
Dombey and Son
Powerful head of the House of Dombey. He wants a son, and when a daughter (Florence) is born he despises her. His second child, a son (Paul), is weak and sickly and dies a child. Paul's first wife dies with the birth of Paul Jr and he remarries. His second wife, Edith Granger, does not love him and eventually runs away with Carker, a manager at the firm. With Carker gone, Paul is incapable of managing the business and it fails. Paul ends his days reconciled with his daughter and doting on his grandchildren, little Paul, but especially little Florence.
Dombey and Son
The long hoped-for heir to the house of Dombey and Son. His mother dies at his birth leaving him a frail and sickly child. His father sends him to Brighton in the care of Mrs Pipchin hoping the sea air will bolster his failing health. He then attends Dr. Blimber's school and his health continues to decline. Paul returns home to London and dies in the care of his sister, Florence, leaving the firm of Dombey and Son without an heir. Dickens modeled Paul (and also Tiny Tim) on his sister Fanny's crippled son Henry Burnett Jr.
Great Expectations
Principal character of the book. Brought up "by hand" by his sister, Mrs Joe Gargery, twenty years his senior, who mistreats him along with her husband, Joe Gargery. Pip meets Magwitch on the marshes after his escape from the prison ship and brings him food. Magwitch is recaptured and sent away to Australia where he prospers. Pip is introduced to Miss Havisham, an eccentric old woman, and her charge, Estella, who Pip falls in love with. Estella has been taught by Miss Havisham to break men's hearts as restitution for Miss Havisham's having been left at the altar years before. Pip begins to receive money through an unknown source. He becomes a gentleman, goes to London, and drifts away from early friends. Pip eventually learns that his benefactor is not Miss Havisham, as he believes, but the convict, Magwitch.
The Mystery of Edwin Drood
Betrothed to Edwin Drood in childhood, they later agree that they cannot marry. Edwin disappears and John Jasper declares his love for Rosa. In terror she flees to London to her guardian, Grewgious. "The pet pupil of the Nuns' House is Miss Rosa Bud, of course called Rosebud; wonderfully pretty, wonderfully childish, wonderfully whimsical. An awkward interest (awkward because romantic) attaches to Miss Bud in the minds of the young ladies, on account of its being known to them that a husband has been chosen for her by will and bequest, and that her guardian is bound down to bestow her on that husband when he comes of age".
David Copperfield
Companion to Mrs Steerforth, jealously in love with Steerforth, who has marked her face when a child by throwing a hammer in a fit of temper. Rosa hates Emily for running away with Steerforth. "A slight short figure, dark, and not agreeable to look at, but with some appearance of good looks too... She had black hair and eager black eyes, and was thin, and had a scar upon her lip. It was an old scar, I should rather call it seam, for it was not discoloured, and had healed years ago, which had once cut through her mouth, downward towards the chin, but was now barely visible across the table, except above and on her upper lip, the shape of which it had altered. I concluded in my own mind that she was about thirty years of age, and that she wished to be married. She was a little dilapidated, like a house, with having been so long to let; yet had, as I have said, an appearance of good looks. Her thinness seemed to be the effect of some wasting fire within her, which found a vent in her gaunt eyes".
Martin Chuzzlewit
Sanctimonious surveyor and architect "who has never designed or built anything", and one of the biggest hypocrites in fiction. Father of daughters Mercy and Charity. In an effort to gain old Martin's money he embraces then throws out young Martin at old Martin's wish. When long time servant Tom Pinch learns of Pecksniff's treachery he is also thrown out. Pecksniff's self-serving designs are eventually exposed by Old Martin who reconciles with his grandson, young Martin. Dickens' description of Pecksniff's hypocrisy is telling: "Some people likened him to a direction-post, which is always telling the way to a place, and never goes there".
Nicholas Nickleby
Abandoned as a child at Dotheboys Hall in the care of the evil Squeers, Smike is mistreated for years before being rescued by Nicholas. He travels to Portsmouth with Nicholas and performs in Crummles stage troupe and is welcomed as part of the family when he and Nicholas return to London. He is briefly retaken in London by Squeers and escapes with the help of John Browdie. Smike later dies from the treatment he received as a child. After his death it is discovered that he was Ralph Nickleby's son, making him the cousin of Nicholas and Kate.
David Copperfield
A hypocritical clerk of Mr Wickfield's who is continually citing his humbleness. He deviously plots to ruin Wickfield but is later undone by Mr Micawber. On their first meeting, David describes him as "a red-haired person - a youth of fifteen, as I take it now, but looking much older - whose hair was cropped as close as the closest stubble; who had hardly any eyebrows, and no eyelashes, and eyes of a red-brown, so unsheltered and unshaded, that I remember wondering how he went to sleep. He was high-shouldered and bony; dressed in decent black, with a white wisp of a neckcloth; buttoned up to the throat; and had a long, lank, skeleton hand, which particularly attracted my attention, as he stood at the pony's head, rubbing his chin with it, and looking up at us in the chaise. He had a way of writhing when he wanted to express enthusiasm, which was very ugly" Uriah Heep, wonderfully hideous, is one of Dickens' greatest triumphs in character creation. His description of Heep's writhing and scheming, and his cold, clammy nature, makes one's skin crawl.
David Copperfield
Enters the story when David takes lodging at his home. Continually in debt and looking for "something to turn up" he ends up in debtor's prison. On his release he rambles through the story in various occupations eventually employed at Mr Wickfield's office where he exposes the dastardly deeds of Uriah Heep. In gratitude for this his debts are paid and he emigrates to Australia, where he prospers. David describes him as "a stoutish, middle-aged person, in a brown surtout and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one, and very shining) than there is upon an egg, and with a very extensive face. His clothes were shabby, but he had an imposing shirt-collar on. He carried a jaunty sort of a stick, with a large pair of rusty tassels to it; and a quizzing-glass hung outside his coat, - for ornament, I afterwards found, as he very seldom looked through it, and couldn't see anything when he did". The character is drawn heavily on Dickens' father.
|
Barnaby Rudge
|
What is another name for the star we know as 'Sirius'?
|
Full text of "The Charles Dickens originals"
See other formats
\ STUDIA IN THE LIBRARY of VICTORIA UNIVERSITY Toronto THE CHARLES DICKENS ORIGINALS CHARLES DICKENS Hy Daniel Maclisc, R.A. THE CHARLES DICKENS ORIGINALS BY EDWIN PUGH AUTHOR OF "CHARLES DICKENS THE APOSTLE OF THE PEOPLE" T. N. FOULIS LONDON fer EDINBURGH 1912 Pa Published November 1912 \o- <c>- Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & Co. At the Ballantyne Press, Edinburgh PREFACE I AM glad of this opportunity to offer my sincere thanks to all those who have so kindly and cour- teously assisted me in the making of this book : to my friend, Mr. Nat Simmonds, to Sir Melville Macnaghten, C.B.,The Assistant Commissioner of Police, to the Rev. Hume Elliot, The Biblio- phile Society of Boston, U.S.A., Mr. Arthur Humphreys, Switzerland, to Messrs. Atwood & Sons, and especially to the members of the Dick- ens family, Henry Fielding Dickens, Esq., K.C., Mrs. Perugini, and Miss Georgina Hogarth. I am also deeply indebted to Mr. B. W. Matz for the care and pains he has taken in revising the proofs of this book. E. P. ST. ELLAR'S, HARROW WEALD. October 1912. THE LIST OF CHAPTERS i. THE IMMORTAL CHILD PAGE I ii. OF Two WOMEN : I. MARIA BEADNELL . . .21 in. OF Two WOMEN : II. MARY HOGARTH . 57 iv. SOME PICKWICKIANS . . . . . ., . 81 v. ABOUT SQUEERS AND MR. FANG 99 vi. THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE AND OTHERS . . .121 VH. RELICS FROM THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP . . . 145 viii. FAMILY PORTRAITS 165 ix. OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY 197 x. CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES 235 xi. THE GREAT GROTESQUES 265 xii. MINOR CHARACTERS 285 xin. SOME DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES 311 xiv. DICKENS HIMSELF 331 INDEX 341 THE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CHARLES DICKENS Frontispiece By DANIEL MACLISE, R.A. CHARLES DICKENS FACE 8 Silhouette by permission of the Connoisseur. LEIGH HUNT . 16 Engraved by H. MEYER from a drawing by J. WAYTER. WALTER SAVAGE LANDOR 24 The original of LAWRENCE BOYTHORN in Bleak House. MARIA BEADNELL 40 Reproduced by kind permission of the Bibliophile Society, Boston, U.S.A. MARY HOGARTH 56 By H. K. BROWN. By permission of Miss GEORGINA HOGARTH. HENRY BURNETT, BROTHER-IN-LAW OF CHARLES DICKENS 72 The original of NICHOLAS NICKLEBY. JUDGE L. GAZALEE 80 SAM VALE 88 The original of SAM WELLER. THE HONOURABLE Miss MONCKTON, AFTERWARDS LADY COOK 96 Mezzotint by J. JACOBS after REYNOLDS. The original of MRS. LEO HUNTER in Pickwick. SERJEANT BOMPAS 104 The original of SERJEANT BUZFUZ. THE RIGHT HONOURABLE LORD BROUGHAM . . . .112 Engraved by D. J. POUND from a photograph by MAYALL. WILLIAM GRANT 128 DANIEL GRANT 136 THE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS JOHN DICKENS PAGE 144 By JOHN W. GILBERT. By permission of N. P. DICKENS, K.C. MRS. COOPER (LITTLE DORRIT) . . . . . .152 "THE DUET" 168 Picture by FRANK STONE, father of MARCUS STONE, R.A. Introducing TENNYSON resting chin in hand gazing at performers, with DICKENS in foreground. Miss HO- GARTH is one of the figures at the piano. MRS. JOHN DICKENS 184 By JOHN W. GILBERT. By permission of N. P. DICKENS, K.C. THE CHILDREN OF CHARLES DICKENS WITH GRIP THE RAVEN 200 From a drawing by DANIEL MACLISE, R.A. By permis- sion of Miss PERUGINI. PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, EARL OF CHESTERFIELD . .216 LORD MANSFIELD 224 LORD GEORGE GORDON 232 BRYAN WALLER PROCTER (BARRY CORNWALL) . . . 248 LORD GRENVILLE 256 SAMUEL CARTER HALL 264 SIR ROBERT PEEL 272 MRS. HAYES (POLLY TOODLE) 280 INSPECTOR FIELD 296 The original of INSPECTOR BUCKETT. JUDGE TALFOURD 3 12 JOHN FORSTER 3 28 By C. B. PERUGINI. Bequeathed by MRS. JOHN FORSTER to the Victoria and Albert Museum. CHAPTER ONE THE IMMORTAL CHILD CHARLES DICKENS ORIGINALS CHAPTER ONE THE IMMORTAL CHILD THERE ARE MANY PORTRAITS OF Charles Dickens ; but that portrait which photo- graphy has made most familiar to the world is perhaps the least expressive of his personality. It shows him as a worn and haggard man, with scanty grizzled locks, and a deeply-lined face. It is the portrait of a man prematurely old and wise and tired. It as little reflects the character of the author of Pickwick and all that magnificent sequ- ence of books which culminated in DavidCopper- field^ the bald head and fat flaccid face of Shak- espeare thefaceofoneenjoyingasleek,prosper- ous,and smug middle-age reflects thecharacter of the author of Romeo and Juliet, or A Midsum- mer Nighf s Dream. But you will observe here certain reservations. It is not suggested that this portrait of Dickens at fifty does not look like the portrait of the author of Bleak House or Hard Times or Little Dorrit. And the original of that bourgeois Shakespeare of the Stratford-on-Avon bust might quite con- ceivably have written The Tempest or King Lear or Coriolanus. We have only a feeling of vague disillusion when we try to realise that men of such a commonplace exterior were the mighty genius- es who have created a new world for us. And here, I think, our instinct is right. These 3 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS bored-looking, sophisticated men of affairs are not the men who penned those flaming masterpieces which have so stirred and thrilled us. These men are as the shrivelled husks of that immortal shin- ing soul which once irradiated the beautiful bloomy flesh and fired the rich red blood of appropriate youth. There was a time when the treasures that these god-like beings by nature divine, human only by grace poured forth in such rare abund- ance, were as diamonds flashing on the fair skin of a young girl's delicate bosom ; now they are as pearls concealed in the craggy rugged oyster- shell. Dickens himself was acutely, whimsically con- scious of this sad difference between the Ideal and the Real which does so plague and vex the inveter- ate hero- worshipper. Whilst on a visit to Edin- burgh he wrote : " Walking up and down the hall of the courts of law (which was full of advocates, writers to the signet, clerks, and idlers) was a tall, burly, handsome man of eight and fifty, with a gait like O'Connell's, the bluest eyes you can imagine, and long hair longer than mine falling down in a wild wayunder the broad brimof his hat. He had on a surtout coat, a blue checked shirt ; the collar standing up and kept in its place with a wisp of black neckerchief ; no waistcoat, and a large poc- ket-handkerchief thrust into his breast, which was all broad and open. At his heels followed a wiry, 4 THE IMMORTAL CHILD sharp-eyed, shaggy devil of a terrier, dogging his steps as he went slashing up and down, now with one man beside him, now with another, and now quite alone, but always at a fast, rolling pace, with his head in the air, and his eyes as wide open as he could get them. I guessed it was Wilson, and it was. A bright, clear-complexioned, mountain- looking fellow, helooks as though he had just come down from the Highlands, and had never in his life taken pen in hand. But he has had an attack of paralysis in his right arm within this month. He winced when I shook hands with him, and once or twice when we were walking up and down slipped as if he had stumbled on a piece of orange-peel. He is a greatfellowto look at, and to talk to ; and, if you could divest your mind of the actual Scott, is just the figure you would put in his place." And, echoing Dickens, theportrait that I would put in the place of that well-known latter-day photograph is the portrait of himself at twenty- seven, painted byMaclise : a portrait that justifies Mrs. Carlyle in saying that his face was as if made of steel. More soberly Forster describes him as one whose "look of youthfulness first attracted you, and then a candour and openness of expression which made you sure of the qualities within. The features were very good. He had a capital fore- head ; a firm nose, with full, wide nostril ; eyes wonderfully beaming with intellect, and running 5 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS over with humour and cheerfulness ; and a rather prominent mouth, strongly marked with sensi- bility. The head was altogether well-formed and symmetrical, and the air and carriage of it were extremely spirited. The hair . . . was then of a rich brown and most luxuriant abundance, and the face . . . had hardly a vestige of hair or whisker ; but there was that in the face as I first recollect it which no time could change, and which remained implanted on it unalterably to the last. This was the quickness, keenness, and practical power, the eager, restless, energetic outlook on each several feature, that seemed to tell so little of a student or writer of books, and so much of a man of action and business in the world. Light and motion flashed from every part of it. ... * What a face is his to meet in a drawing-room ! ' wrote Leigh Hunt to me, the morning after I had made them known to each other. ' It has the life and soul in it of fifty human beings.' In such sayings are expressed not alone the restless and resistless vivacity and force of which I have spoken, but that also which lay beneath them, of steadiness and hard endurance." Yes, that was indeed the typeof face which one would associate with all, except perhaps three or four, of the Dickens books. But it was not the face of the man who wrote in the preface to his next book after David Copperfield, when his high spirits had begun to flag and the fount of his 6 THE IMMORTAL CHILD inspiration to bubble up a little less freely and brightly: "InBleakHouscl have purposely dwelt upon the romantic side of familiar things. "It had never before been necessary for him to dwell, of deliberate set purpose, upon any particular aspect of life. All aspects of life had been alike gilded and glorified by theruddyglowofhisradiantfancy. Even the essential repulsiveness of such human monsters as Fagin,Squeers, Quilp, Sampson and Sally Brass, Pecksniff, Carker, and Uriah Heep, had been veiled and tempered by the merry gleam and twinkleof hisindomitablehumourthat played about their hideousness like summer lightning. There is romance and to spare in Bleak House ; but it is dingy and grotesque romance. Even the boisterous fierce sweetness and gentleness of Boythorn seems to lack something of convic- tion : it is a little hard and flat ; whilst the sly, self- seeking dilettantism of Skimpole is as differ- ent from the reckless florid Bohemianism of Mic- awber as the acrid taste of Marah- water is differ- ent from the mellow flavour of the famous bowl of punch. It was Dickens' consciousness of a de- cline in power which impelled him to insist upon that note in his work which had hitherto been its chief distinguishing note. And the chief distinguishing note of Dickens' work, until the hour of his apogee, was clear and bell-like as the laughter of a child. Dickens was 7 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS the immortal boy whom Mr. Barrie has redis- covered in Peter Pan. Perhaps it was because Dickens' best childhood had not happened to him in his earliest years that he remained a child so long and indeed never grew up altogether. Writing in 1853 in the editorial plural he says : " We have never grown the thousandth part of an inch out of Robinson Crusoe. He fits us just as well, and in exactly the same way, as when we were among the smallest of the small. We have never grown out of his parrot or his dog, or his fowling-piece, or the horrible old staring goat he came upon in the cave, or his rusty money, or his cap, or umbrella. There has been no change in the manufacture of telescopes, since that blessed ship's spy-glass was made, through which, lying on his breast at the top of his fortification, with the ladder drawn up after him and all made safe, he saw the black figures of those cannibals mov- ing round the fire on the sea-sand, as the monsters danced themselves into an appetite for dinner. We have never grown out of Friday, or the excel- lent old father he was so glad to see, or the grave and gentlemanly Spaniard, or the reprobate Will Atkins, or the knowing way in which he and those other mutineers were lured up into the Island when they came ashore there and their boat was stove. We have got no nearer heaven by the altitude of an atom, in respect of the tragi-comic bear whom Friday caused to dance upon a tree, 8 CHARLKS DICKENS THE IMMORTAL CHILD or the awful array of howling wolves in the dismal weather, who were mad to make good entertain- ment of man and beast, and who were received with trains of gunpowder laid on fallen trees, and fired by the snapping of pistols; and who ran blaz- ing into the forest darkness, or were blown up famously. Never sail we, idle, in a little boat, and hear the rippling water at the prow, and look upon the land, but we know that our boat-growth stopped for ever, when Robinson Crusoe sailed round the Island, and, having been nearly lost, was so affectionately awakened out of his sleep at home again by that immortal parrot, great pro- genitor of all the parrots we have ever known. . . . " We have never grown out of the real original roaring giants. We have seen modern giants, for various considerations ranging from a penny to half-a-crown ; but, they have only had a head apiece, and have been merely large men, and not always that. We have never outgrown the putting to ourselves of this supposititious case : Whether, if we, with a large company of brothers and sisters, had been put in his (by which we mean, of course, in Jack's) trying situation, we should have had at once the courage and the pre- sence of mind to take the golden crowns (which it seems they always wore as night-caps) off the heads of the giant's childrenas they lay a-bed, and put them on our family ; thus causing our treacher- ous host to batter his own offspring and spare us. 9 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS We have never outgrown a want of confidence in ourselves, in this particular. . . . " We have never outgrown the whole region of Covent Garden. We preserve it as afine, dissi- pated, insoluble mystery. We believe that the gentleman mentioned in Colman's Broad Grins still lives in King Street. We have a general idea that the passages at the Old Hummums lead to groves of gorgeous bedrooms, eating out the whole of the adjacent houses : where Chamber- lains who have never been in bed themselves for fifty years, show any country gentleman who rings at the bell, at any hour of the night, to luxu- rious repose in palatial apartments fitted up after the Eastern manner. (We have slept there in our time, but that makes no difference.) There is a fine secrecy and mystery about the Piazza ; how you get up to those rooms above it, and what reckless deeds are done there. (We know some of these apartments very well, but that does not signify in the least.) We have not outgrown the two great Theatres. Ghosts of great names are always getting up the most extraordinary panto- mimes in them, with scenery and machinery on a tremendous scale. We have no doubt that the critics sit in the pit of both houses, every night. Even as we write in our commonplace office, we behold from the window, four young ladies with peculiarly limp bonnets, and of a yellow or drab style of beauty, making for the stage-door of the 10 THE IMMORTAL CHILD Lyceum Theatre, in the dirty little fog-choked street over the way. Grown-up wisdom whispers that these are beautiful fairies by night, and that they will find Fairyland dirty even to their splashed skirts, and rather cold and dull (not- withstanding its mixed gas and daylight), this easterly morning. But, we don't believe it. "... We have never outgrown the rugged walls of Newgate, or any other prison on the out- side. All within is still the same blank of remorse and misery. We have never outgrown Baron Trenck. Among foreign fortifications, trenches, counterscarps, bastions, sentries, and what not, we always have him, filing at his chains down in some arched darkness far below, or taming the spiders to keep him company. We have never outgrown the wicked old Bastille. Here, in our mind at this present childish moment, is a distinct ground-plan (wholly imaginative and resting on no kind of authority), of a maze of low-vaulted pass- ages with small black doors ; and here, inside of this remote door on the left, where the black cob- webs hang likeaveilfrom thearch,and the jailer's lamp will scarcely burn, was shut up, in black silence through so many years, that old man of the affecting anecdote, who was at last set free. But, who brought his white face, and his white hair, and his phantom figure, back again, to tell them what they had made him how he had no wife, no child, no friend, no recognition of the light and 1 1 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS air and prayed to be shut up in his old dungeon till he died. " We received our earliest and most enduring impressions among barracks and soldiers, and ships and sailors. We have outgrown no story of voyageand travel, nolove of adventure, no ardent interest in voyagers and travellers. We have out- grown no country inn roadside, in the market- place, or on a solitary heath; no country land- scape, no windy hillside, no old manor-house, no haunted place of any degree, not a drop in the sounding sea. Though we are equal (on strong provocation) to the Lancers, and may be heard of in the Polka, we have not outgrown Sir Roger de Coverley, or any country dance in the music- book. We hope we have not outgrown the capa- city of being easily pleased with what is meant to please us, or the simple folly of being gay upon occasion without the least regard to being grand." There speaks the immortal child : the boy who never grew up ... until, as we shall see, he met with his first great disillusion. We average folk view the world with the eyes of use and wont. We see things as we expect or desire or have been taught to see them. Our vision is clouded by mists of prepossession or pre- judice; it isdistorted bysomemoral ormental bias that causes us to squint and blink at the facts of life instead of looking them fairly and squarely in the 12 THE IMMORTAL CHILD face. As little children we lived in a new amazing world, staring with grave curiosity at all the queer objects that surrounded us, wondering what they all meant, form ing our own ideas about them, and giving forth our judgments in regard to them with that simple directness which is at once so scath- ing and so apposite. It is out of the mouths of babes and sucklings (in the Biblical phrase) that praise is indeed perfected. For children praise only that which is good in their eyes, and not, as men do, that which they think they ought to praise. And as in approval so in condemnation : the criticisms of children are always at least honest. They do not admire a picture because it bears a famous name, but because its colour or its subject appeals to their unsophisticated taste. They will only consent to be nursed by Uncle Midas because he tips them shillings, and not even his shillings can bribe them to silence on the subject of his funny nose. They go about asking all manner of questions about all manner of things in a most disconcerting way. And they are not to be put off or turned aside by any equivocations. It is not enough to tell them that certain things have always been so, they want to know why they have always been so, why people have put up with them so long, and why they cannot be altered. In this they are extraordinarily like Charles Dickens. And they are like Charles Dickens in their 13 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS acute perception of the grotesque and the humor- ous, the hideous and the fantastic, aspects of life. They believe in devils and fairies, ghosts and bogeys, as he did. They have in excess the ele- mental twin senses of horror and fun that cause them to scream in the dark at the figments of their own imagination, and to laugh at the spec- tacle of a fat pompous old gentleman who has tripped on a piece of orange peel and fallen in the mud. It does not matter to them that the dream which frightened them is so improbable as to be merely absurd : one thinks of the Spontaneous Combustion of Krook in this connection. Nor does it matter to them that the fat pompous old gentleman is, say, the Lord High Chancellor, or a bishop, or the Prime Minister, or even a king. They do not understand social values. They do not see why, because an undersized, coarse, puny, stupid old gentleman, or an idle, vain, insipid, selfish ladyhasmoneyorrank, he or she should be served and waited on and bowed down to by big, fine, strong, clever men, or hard-working, gentle, loving, lovable, and unselfish women. They can- not grasp the significance of that parental decree which ordains that they may play only with certain stiff, starchy children whom they detest, instead of with far jollier, dirtier, noisier children whom they consider charming. And they flatly refuse to believe that cookie who makes such delicious confections, and Annie the housemaid who knows THE IMMORTAL CHILD such heaps on heaps of nursery rhymes, and Or- son the groom who can whistle through his fingers, are not more wonderful and admirable persons than Aunt Alicia and Lady Disdain and the Hon- orable Archie Purdew. In these particulars also they are very like Dickens; or, one should rather say, he is very like them. It is sometimes urged against Dickens that he labelled his characters, and from start to finish forced them to live up to their label. I think it would be truer to say that it is we, the average folk, who label our friends and acquaintances and neighbours, and refuse to believe in anything about them that seems to contradict the label. We take people for granted. Dickens did not. He looked at people, as children do, with ever fresh frank interest ; and he saw that they were, all of them, really very funny, or very pathetic, or very good, or very bad. He seized on theirsalient peculiarities, and by a sort of sublime logic de- duced the whole man from the cast and texture of his face, the colour of his hair or eyes, the cut of his clothes, his idiosyncracies of manner or speech, and the general effect of his personality. He did believe that that outward seeming reflected the inner spirit. "There is (he says) no- thing truer than physiognomy, taken in connec- tion with manner. The art of reading that book of which Eternal Wisdom obliges every human creature to present his or her own page with the 15 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS individual character written on it, is a difficult one, perhaps, and is little studied. Itmay require some natural aptitude, and it must require (for every- thing does) some patience and some pains. That these are not usually given to it, that numbers of people accept a few stock commonplace ex- pressions of the face as the whole list of charac- teristics, and neither seek nor know the refine- ments that are truest, that You, for instance, give a great deal of time and attention to the reading of music, Greek, Latin, French, Italian, Hebrew, if you please, and do not qualify yourself to read the face of the master or mistress looking over your shoulder teaching it to you, I assume to be five hundred times more probable than improb- able. Perhaps a little self-sufficiency may be at the bottom of this ; facial study requires no study from you, you think ; it comes by nature to you to know enough about it, and you are not to be taken in. I confess, for my part, that I have been taken in, over and over again. I have been taken in by acquaintances, and I have been taken in (of course) by friends ; far oftener by friends than by any other class of persons. How came I to be so deceived? Had I quite misread their faces? No. Believe me, my first impression of those people, founded on face and manner alone, was invari- ably true. My mistake was in suffering them to come nearer tome and explain themselves away." In this sense, then, Dickens drew from life as 16 LEIGH HUNT "Skimpole" THE IMMORTAL CHILD the painter draws from the model. But it is a poor painter who paints only portraits of models. The true creative artist inevitably and invariably endows all his subjects with some vague elusive quality of his own genius which uplifts them from the commonplace, transfigures and glorifies them. He paints not individuals but types. He shows us men and women, scenes and incidents, which suggest to us men and women we have known, scenes and incidents we have ourselves beheld or taken part in. He shows us old familiar things in a new unfamiliar light, and so reveals their inner meaning to us. It may be that hitherto these things have seemed to bear no definite signifi- cance; but never again shall we see them, or ex- perience them, or remember them, or come into close contact with them, without feeling that they have in some mysterious way been invested with a new poignant interest. In short, the artist has opened our eyes to the truth. And this is the daily miracle of art : making the blind to see. It was a miracle that only Dickens, after Shak- espeare, was able to perform with consistent suc- cess. We have grown so used to Shakespeare's people that we never think of them'as caricatures. We accept them as universal types. Yet theyare, in numberless instances, quite as grotesque, quite as highly coloured, and quite as improbable to the average purblind intelligence as Dickens' people. Set Malvolio against Pecksniff, or Fal- 17 B THE DICKENS ORIGINALS staff against M ica wber to choose two rough-and- ready examples and you will see that they are all four alike incredible and yet living figures. The truth is, of course, that whole masses of people approximate more or less to one type, and that to express that type the artist must sum up all the variations from it in one colossal archetype. In this way, and in this way only, is it possible to create characters that shall become immortal. (Sherlock Holmes, alone among modern crea- tions, is likeliest to become immortal, and for this reason.) For we are, most of us, so much alike, we differ so little from others of our own kidney, that it would be possible to marshal a succession of individuals who, beginning with Quilp, evolved by infinitesimal gradations, into the saintly, pre- posterous Tom Pinch. The two extremes of the line are in such violent contrast as to seem irre- concilable with the fact of their common human nature ; and yet at no point in the line could you point to any member of that close-packed pha- lanx and say : " It is here that one type ceases and another type comes into being." But you could set Dickens' characters in a row and say just that. You can quite easily perceive the difference be- tween Skimpole and Micawber, or Sam Weller and Mark Tapley. And it is precisely because of this stark rawness in depiction that Dickens' people, by virtue of their very eccentricity, live. But apologists of Dickens, jealous for his re- 18 THE IMMORTAL CHILD putation, have been at considerable pains un- necessary pains, perhaps to prove that many of his characters had actual prototypes ; that the originals of Mrs. Nickleby and Mr. Micawber were Dickens' own mother and father; that Skim- pole and Boythorn were recognisable caricatures of Leigh Hunt and Walter Savage Landor, and so on. And even to-day there are certain obscure Dickens-lovers who will tell you with obvious conviction that they have met and talked to people who might have sat to Dickens as models for the Artful Dodger or Young Mr. Chivery : which seems quite likely, but which proves no- thing, since the merit of Dickens' creations lies, not in their fidelity to any individual, but in their approximation to type. In the case of Dickens, as in the case of Scott, it is safe to say, as Mr. W. S. Crockett has said in a previous volume in this series, that "the whole question is a somewhat thorny one ; " that Dickens, like Scott, had often " an individual in view, no doubt, but his identity was veiled by the addition of characteristics belonging to a total- ly different personage or (as often happened) personages" ; that Dickens, like Scott, " paint- ed in ' composites.' The living person he never transferred to his pages simply as he was. That were a violation of the technique of the novelist's art, impossible to a great creative genius ; " that Dickens' characters were like Scott's, "his own 19 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS matchless creation. He first lived among them. He had gone through the length and breadth of the country and had met after a friendly fashion with all the conditions of life which are so happily reflected in his resplendent mirror. That every- thing is so real, so true tolife, soexquisitely touch- ed with the * rare sweet glamour of humanity/ " But that Dickens was deeply influenced by certain persons with whom he had been on terms of intimacy in his earlier days, that his outlook upon life was affected by his feelings toward those persons, and that, finally, he did use and exploit the superficial mannerisms of some of his acquaintances and friends, is, I think, demons- trably true. At any rate, it is the purpose of this book to establish that theory. CHAPTER THE SECOND OF TWO WOMEN : I. MARIA BEADNELL CHAPTER THE SECOND OF TWO WOMEN : I. MARIA BEADNELL THERE ARE SOME JOLTERHEADS who hold that Realism and Idealism are as the poles asunder; that no Realist can be an Idealist; that every Realist is of necessity a Pessimist and every Idealist a heaven-born Optimist ; that the Real is always depressing and unlovely and the Ideal always exhilarating and visionary. As if there were not such real things in the world as mother-love and moonshine, sunshine and the way of a man with a maid, art and music, the call of the sea, friendship, heroism, faith, hope and charity ! Dickens was at once a Realist and an Idealist. He onlydiffered from some English dis- ciples of the French Naturalistic School of Fic- tion in that whilst they seem to prefer to stoop and sniff and examine the manure at the root of the tree he preferred to stand erect and rejoice in the beauty and inhale the perfume of the rose. There are no villains more villainous than his ; yet even to Quilp he gives a sense of humour ; and I have always felt that Bill Sikes could not have been wholly bad, or he would not have kept a dog, and that he must have had hisrare moments of tenderness (of which, no doubt, he was heartily ashamed) or Nancy would not have loved him so. Dickens onlyfailed as a Realist when his sense of humour failed, as it did sometimes in the ardour of propaganda, in the lame conclusions of most of 23 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS his novels, and in his depiction of some of his heroes and heroines. Harry and Rose Maylie, Nicholas Nickleby and Madeline Bray, Edward Chester and Emma Haredale, Walter Gay and Florence Dombey : these are all lay figures, mere walking gentlemen and leading ladies of melodrama, the conventional dummies of tradi- tion, conventionally fine, conventionally beauti- ful, conventionally eloquent, and like most con- ventions utterly unconvincing. They moveam- ong the other characters, all vital and arrestive, like grey shadows. They are indeed the shadows of a dream : a dream that Dickens implicitly believed in : a dream that was to him no dream but a reality. Dickens was a man of few illusions : therein lay the strength of his realism ; but such illusions as he had he clung to with the tenacity of a child : and therein lay the weakness of his idealism. He clung to the illusion that there did exist in the world women who were, humanly speaking, per- fect. He was firmly convinced that he had met at least one, and perhaps two such women in his youth. And out of thisconvictiongrew his almost pathetic faith in the idea that some where, in some undiscovered corner of the earth, there might be a perfect man also. " At least," he seems to have said to himself, " I will give mankind the benefit of the doubt. It can at any rate do no harm to assume the existence of my ideal. There were 24 WAI.TKR SAV UiK LAMJOK " Boythorn" MISS MARIA BEADNELL great men before Agamemnon ; there may have been good men since Christ." That was in the first flush of his manhood. But presently, as his circle of acquaintance widened, as his field of observation was enlarged, as his knowledge of human nature increased, and still his ideal man refused to materialise, his faith in that glorious figment began to droop and lan- guish. After Edward Chester, who hardly con- trives to breathe, there is only Walter Gay and he was meant.to be somebody else. Thence- forth, from the birth of Martin Chuzzlewit to the supposed death of John Harmon on the cold slimy stones of the riverside causeway, we have only the most fleeting glimpses of this ideal man. Itis true that he flickers up into a feeble semblance of life in the resurrection of John Rokesmith, but only to be ruthlessly murdered as Edwin Drood. So he died and was buried. But one of Dickens' ideal women, though she died died without ever having lived was never buried. The other ideal woman had the misfortune to descend from heaven to earth; and, meeting her old admirer for the first time in the flesh, was at one stroke made both mortal and immortal by his genius. Her name was Maria Beadnell, and she was a very real person indeed. Her father, George Beadnell, had two other daughters, Margaret and Anne. He was one of two brothers, the other 25 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS named John. They were bankers who, in 1830, lived and carried on their trade at No. 2 Lombard Street. I have a fancy, based on a pretty extensive knowledge of Dickens' well-known passion for authenticity in the matter of backgrounds and his meticulous methods in describing them, that this old-fashioned business house figures, in regard to the official part of it, as Tellson's Bank in A Tale of Two Cities, and also, in regard to its domestic side, as the Aladdin's palace occupied for one night only by Ralph Nickleby. It is true thatneither of these interiors belongs to the locality of Lombard Street : but then it was Dickens' way to take liberties with topography, as with the physical peculiarities of people, in his desire to achieve certain effects. There is at least this circumstance in support of my theory : that the Beadnell's bus- iness house was the only old-fashioned business house of that particular type which Dickens knew intimately ; and that, when he knew it, he had had so little experience of luxury, and was, moreover, in such a state of exaltation, as to be unduly im- pressed by its magnificence. He describes the official premises thus : " Tellson's Bank by Temple Bar was an old- fashioned place It was very small, very dark, very ugly, very incommodious. It was an old- fashioned place, moreover, in the moral attribute that the partners in the House were proud of its 26 MISS MARIA BEADNELL smallness, proud of its darkness, proud of its ugli- ness, proud of its incommodiousness. They were even boastful of its eminence in those particulars, and were fired by an express conviction that, if it were less objectionable, it would be less respect- able. This was no passive belief, but an active weapon which they flashed at more convenient places of business. Tellson's (they said) wanted no elbow room, Tellson's wanted no light, Tell- son's wanted no embellishment. NoakesandCo.'s might, or Snooks Brothers' might ; but Tellson's thank Heaven ! " Any one of these partners would have disin- herited his son on the question of rebuilding Tell- son's. . . . Thus it had come to pass that Tellson's was the triumphant perfection of inconvenience. After bursting open a door of idiotic obstinacy with a weak rattle in its throat, you fell into Tell- son's down two steps, and came to your senses in a miserable little shop, with two little counters, where the oldest of men made your cheque shake as if the wind rustled it, while they examined the signature by the dingiest of windows, which . . . weremade the dingier by their own iron bars. . . . If your business necessitated your seeing 'the House,' you were put intoaspecies of Condemned Hold at the back, where you meditated on a mis- spent life, until the House came with its hands in its pockets, and you could hardly blink at it in the dismal twilight. Your money came out of, or 27 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS went into, wormy old wooden drawers, particles of which flew up your nose and down your throat when they were opened or shut. Your banknotes had a musty odour, as if they were fast decom- posing into rags again. Your plate was stowed away among the neighbouring cesspools, and evil communications corrupted its good polish in a day or two. Your deeds got into extemporised strong-rooms made of kitchens and sculleries, and fretted out all the fat from their parchments into the banking-house air. Your lighter boxes of fa- mily papers went upstairs into a Barmecideroom, that always had a great dining-table in it, and never had a dinner." It was very likely in this Barmecide room that Dickens first met Maria Beadnell ; but to him the whole house may have reeked of opulence, and he, like Kate Nickleby,may have been "perfectly absorbed in amazement at the richness and splen- dour of the furniture. The softest and most ele- gant carpets, the most exquisite pictures, the cost- liest mirrors ; articles of richest ornament, quite dazzling from their beauty and perplexing from the prodigality with which they were scattered around. . . . The very staircase nearly down to the hall door, was crammed with beautiful and luxuri- ous things, as though the house were brim-full of riches, which, with a very trifling addition, would fairly run over into the street." 28 MISS MARIA BEADNELL The Beadnells seem to have been hospitable folk who loved to entertain their friends. And pro- bably it was for the sake of the three girls that most of the guests who came to that queer old house were young. Margaret, the eldest daughter, was courted byone David Lloyd, who eventually married her in 1831. The second girl, Anne, espoused a friend of Dickens, Henry Kolle, and became Mrs. Kdlle in 1833. Both these young men were of the prosperous middle-class, steady, diligent, eager to get on in the world, and so likely to find favour in the eyes of the well-to-do banker. Both their love-affairs were in the budding stage when Kolle introduced his friend, Charles Dick- ens, to the Beadnell household. At that time Dickens was a mere youth of seven- teen or eighteen. Having grown dissatisfied with his prospects in the law, he had recently made up his mind to qualify himself for the vocation that his father had lately adopted : that of a newspaper parliamentary reporter. " He set resolutely therefore to the study of shorthand ; and, for the additional help of such general information about books as a fairly edu- cated youth might be expected to have, as well as to satisfy some higher personal cravings, he became an assiduous attendant at the British Museum reading-room. ... Of the difficulties that beset his shorthand studies, as well as of what first turned his mind to them, he has told some- 29 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS thing in Copperfield. He had heard that many men distinguished in various pursuits had begun life by reporting debates in Parliament, and he was not deterred by a friend's warning that the mere mechanical accomplishment for excellence in it might take a few years to master thoroughly, * a perfect and entire command of the mystery of shorthand writing and reading being about equal in difficulty to the mastery of six languages.' Un- daunted, he plunged into it, self-teaching in this as in graver things ; and, having bought Mr. Gur- ney's half-guinea book, worked steadily his way through its distractions. "'The changes that were rung upon dots, which in such a position meant such a thing,and in such another positionsomething elseentirely different; the wonderful vagaries that were played by circles; the unaccountable consequences that resulted from marks like flies' legs ; the tremendous effects of a curve in the wrong place, not only troubled my waking hours, but reappeared before me in my sleep. When I had groped my way, blindly, through these difficulties, and had mastered the alphabet, there then appeared a procession of new horrors, called arbitrary characters, the most despotic characters I have ever known, who in- sisted, for instance, that athing like the beginning of a cobweb meant expectation, and that a pen- and-ink skyrocket stood for disadvantageous. When I had fixed these wretches in my mind, I 30 MISS MARIA BEADNELL found that they had driven everything else out of it ; then, beginning again, I forgot them ; while I was picking them up I dropped the other frag- ments of the system ; in short, it was almost heart- breaking.' " But " what it was that made it not quite heart- breaking to the hero of fiction its readers know (says Forster in his only mention of Miss Bead- nell, whose name he seems never to have heard). And something of the same kind was now to enter into the actual experience of its writer. ... He, too, had his Dora, at apparently the*same hope- less elevation ; striven for as the one only thing to be attained, and even more unattainable, for neither did he succeednor happily didshedie ; but the one idol, like the other, supplying a motive to exertion at the time, and otherwise opening out to the idolater, both in fact and fiction, a highly unsubstantial, happy, foolish time. I used to laugh and tell him I had no belief in any but the book Dora, until the incident of the sudden reappear- anceof thereal onein his life, nearly six yearsafter Copperfield was written, convinced me there had been a more actual foundation for those chapters of his book than I was ready to suppose. Still I would hardly admit it; and, that the matter could possibly affect him then, persisted in a stout re- fusal to believe. His reply (1855) throws a little light on this j uvenile part of his career, and I there- fore venture to preserve it. THE DICKENS ORIGINALS " ' I don't quite apprehend what you mean by my overrating the strength of the feeling of five- and-twenty years ago. If you mean of my own feeling, and will only think what the desperate in- tensity of my nature is, and that this began when I was Charley's age ; that it excluded every other idea from my mind for four years, at a time of life when four years are equal to four times four ; and that I went at it with a determination to over- come all the difficulties, which fairly lifted me up into newspaper life, and floated me away over a hundred men's heads ; then you are wrong, be- cause nothing can exaggerate that. I have posi- tively stood amazed at myself ever since ! "' And so I suffered, andso worked, and so beat and hammered away at the maddest romances that ever got intoany boy's headand stayed there, that to see the mere cause of it all now loosens my hold upon myself. Without for a moment sin- cerely believing that it would have been better if we had never got separated, I cannot see the occasion of so much emotion as I should see in anyone else. No one can imagine in the most dis- tant degree what pain the recollection gave me in Copperfield. And just as I can never open that book as I open any other book, I cannot see the face (even at four-and-forty), or hear the voice, without going wandering away over the ashes of all that youth and hope in the wildest man- ner.' MISS MARIA BEADNELL More and more plainly seen, however, in the light of four-and-forty,the romanceglided visibly away, its work being fairly done ; and at the close of the month following that in which this letter was written, during which he had very quietly made a formal call at his youthful Dora's house, and contemplated with a calm equanimity, in the hall, her stuffed favourite Jip, he began the fiction in which there was a Flora to set against its prede- cessor's Dora, both derived from the same original. The fancy had a comic humour in it he found it impossible to resist, but it was kindly and pleasant to the last ; and if the later picture showed him plenty to laugh at in this retrospect of his youth, there is nothing he thought of more tenderly than the earlier, as long as he was conscious of any- thing." So, it is seen that Dickens had fallen in love with the dainty, petite Maria Beadnell, whoseems to have been in many respects a charming girl, but an inveterate coquette. She, attracted by this romantic boy of the glowing, flashing eyes, flirted with him, practised all her maiden arts upon his youthful susceptibility, led him on and eluded him, was towardly and coy, everything in turns and nothing long. What was she like? We catch our first glimpse of her, I think, in the sturdy staunch old lock- smith's house in Barnaby Rudge. Her roguish 33 c THE DICKENS ORIGINALS beauty beams at us from the looking-glass of Dolly Varden. She had "a face lighted up by the loveliest pair of sparkling eyes . . . the face of a pretty, laughing girl, dimpled and fresh and heal- thful the very impersonation of good-humour and blooming beauty." She strikes her admirer, Joe Willet, "quite dumb with her beauty . . in all the glow and grace of youth, with all her charms increased a hundredfold by a most becoming dress, by a thousand little coquettish ways which nobody could assume with a better grace . ." And " there she was again, the very pink and pattern of good looks, in a smart little cherry-coloured mantle, with a hood of the same drawn over her head, and upon the top of that hood a little straw hat trimmed with cherry-coloured ribbons and worn the merest trifle on one side just enough, in short, to make it the wickedest and most pro- voking head-dress that ever malicious milliner devised. And not to speak of the manner in which these cherry-coloured decorations brightened her eyes, or vied with her lips, or shed a new bloom on her face, she wore such a cruel little muff, and such a heartrending pair of shoes, and was so sur- rounded and hemmed in, as it were, by aggrava- tions of all kinds, that when Mr. Tappertit, hold- ing the horse's head, saw her come out of the house alone, such impulses came over him to de- coy her into the chaise and drive off like mad, that he would unquestionably have done it, but 34 MISS MARIA BEADNELL for certain uneasy doubts besetting him as to the shortest way to Gretna Green." Again, on a certain fine bright night, Dolly, for all her lowness of spirits, " kept looking up at the stars in a manner so bewitching (and she knew it) that Joe was clean out of his senses, and plainly showed -that if ever a man were not to say over head and ears, but over the Monument and the topof St.Paul'sinlove,thatmanwas himself. The road was a very good one; not at all a jolting road, or an uneven one; and yet Dolly held the side of the chaise with one little hand, all the way. If there had been an executioner behind him with an uplifted axe ready to chop off his head if he touched that hand, Joecouldn'thavehelped doing it. From putting his own hand upon it as if by chance, and taking it away again after a minute or so, he got to riding along without taking it off at all ; as if he, the escort, were bound to do that as an important part of his duty, and had come out for the purpose. The most curious circumstance about this little incident was that Dolly didn't seem to know of it She looked so innocent and unconscious when she turned her eyes on Joe, that it was quite provoking. " She talked though, talked about her fright, and about Joe's coming up to rescue her, and about her gratitude, and about her fear that she might not have thanked him enough, and about their always being friends from that time forth and 35 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS about all that sort of thing. And when Joe said, not friends he hoped, Dolly was quite surprised and said not enemies she hoped ; and when Joe said, couldn't they be something much better than either, Dolly all of a sudden found out a star which was brighter than all the other stars, and begged to call his attention to the same, and was ten thou- sand times more innocent and unconscious than ever." I think there can be no doubt that Dolly Varden was founded on Maria Beadnell. She was really the first girl, the first ingenue, that Dickens suc- ceeded in investing with any semblance of life. And she came into being just long enough after the period of his youthful infatuation to be hand- led with delicacy and at the same time with fond playfulness. Later on, when Dickens was at his apogee, he boldly, lovingly idealised her; and of all his idealised women Dora Spenlow is the only one who interests us. I twill be seen that she bears a close resemblance to Dolly Varden, although she is of altogether finer texture, simple and art- less, single-minded and sincere. " She was (says David Copperfield, Dickens' mouthpiece) more than human to me. She was a Fairy, a Sylph, I don't know what she was any- thing that no one ever saw, and everything that everybody ever wanted. . . I don't remember who was there, except Dora. I have not the least idea what we had for dinner, besides Dora. My im- 36 MISS MARIA BEADNELL pressionis that I dined off Dora entirely, and sent away half-a-dozen plates untouched. I sat next to her. I talked to her. She had the most delight- ful little voice, the gayest little laugh, the pleas- antest and most fascinating little ways that ever led a lost youth into hopeless slavery. She was rather diminutive altogether. So much the more precious, I thought. ... I never saw such curls how could I, for there never were such curls? as those she shook out to hide her blushes. As to the straw hat with blue ribbons which was on the top of the curls, if I could only have hung it up in my room in Buckingham Street, what a price- less possession it would have been. . . . "All was over in a moment. I had fulfilled my destiny. I was a captive and a slave. I loved Dora Spenlowto distraction! ... I was swallowed up in an abyss of love in an instant. There was nopausingon the brink ; no looking down or look- ing back ; I was gone, headlong. . . . " Within the first week of my passion I bought four sumptuous waistcoats not for myself ; /had no pride in them ; for Dora and took to wearing straw-coloured kid gloves in the streets, and laid the foundations of all the corns I have ev- er had. If the boots I wore at that period could only be produced and compared with the natural size of my feet, they would show what the state of my heart was in a most affecting man- ner. . . . 37 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS "I don't think I had any definite idea where Dora came from, or in what degree she was re- lated to a higher order of beings; but I am quite sure I should have scouted the notion of her being simply human, like any other young lady, with in- dignation and contempt. If I may so express it I was steeped in Dora. I was not merely over head and ears in love with her, but I was saturated through and through. Enough love might have been wrung out of me, metaphorically speaking, to drown anybody in ; and yet there would have remained enough within me, and all over me, to pervade my entire existence." So far the story follows the events of that peri- od of green-sickness ; but Dickens' imagination overleaps the bounds of actual cold experience and he pictures that impossibly ecstatic moment of the realisation of his boyish dream. " I don't knowhow I did it. I didit inamoment. I intercepted Jip. I had Dora in my arms. I was full of eloquence. 1 never stopped for a word. I told her how I loved her. I told her I should die without her. I told her that I idolised and wor- shipped her. . . . When Dora hung her head and cried and trembled, my eloquence increased so much the more. If she would like me to die for her she had but to say the word and I was ready. Life without Dora's love was not a thing to have upon any terms. I couldn't bear it, and I wouldn't. I had loved her every minute, day and night, since 38 MISS MARIA BEADNELL I first saw her. I loved her at that moment to dis- traction. I should always love her, every minute, to distraction. Lovers had loved before, and lovers would love again ; but no lover had ever loved, might, could, would, or should ever love, as I loved Dora ... I suppose we had some notion that this was to end in marriage. We must have had some, because Dora stipulated that we were never to be married without her papa's consent. But, in our youthful ecstasy, I don't think that we really looked before us or behind us ; or had any aspira- tion beyond the ignorant present. . . . What an idle time it was ! What an unsubstantial, happy, foolish time it was ! . . . Of all the times of mine that Time has in his grip, there is none that in one retrospect I can smile at half so much, or think of half so tenderly." We are vouchsafed other glimpses of this fairy-like figure, growing ever more and more unreal and indistinct, as the child-wife, trying to be a woman. " ' Oh, what a weary boy!' said Dora one night, when I met her eyes as I was shutting up my desk. " ' What a weary girl!' said I. ' That's more to the purpose. You must go to bed another time, my love. It's far too late for you/ " ' No, don't send me to bed ! ' pleaded Dora, coming to my side. ' Pray don't do that.' " ' Dora ! ' 39 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS " To my amazement she was sobbing on my neck. " ' Not well, my dear ! not happy ! ' "'Yes, quite well, and very happy!' said Dora. ' But say you'll let me stop and see you write.' " ' Why, what a sight for such bright eyes at midnight ! ' I replied. " ' Are they bright, though ? ' returned Dora, laughing. 'I'm so glad they're bright.' '" Little Vanity!' said I. " But it was not vanity; it was only harmless delight in my admiration. I knew that very well, before she told me so. " ' If you think them pretty, say I may always stop and see you write ! ' said Dora. ' Do you think them pretty ? ' " ' Very pretty.' " ' Then let me always stop and see you write.' 11 ' I am afraid that won't improve their bright- ness, Dora/ " ' Yes, it will ! Because, you clever boy, you'll not forget me then, when you are full of silent fancies. Will you mind if I say something very, very silly ? more than usual ? ' inquired Dora, peeping over my shoulder into my face. " ' What wonderful thing is that ?' said I. " ' Please let me hold the pens,' said Dora. ' I want to have something to do with all those many hours when you are so industrious. May I hold the pens ? ' " 40 MARIA BEADNELL 'Dolly Varden" and other characters MISS MARIA BEADNELL And in the end she fades away. She does not die, but rather seems to pass into the region of those radiant shadows to which she belongs. " It is night; and I am with her still. . . . We are now alone. ".Do I know now that my child-wife will soon leave me? They have told me so ; they have told me nothing new to my thoughts; but I am far from sure that I have taken that truth to heart. . . . " ' I am going to speak to you, Doady. I am going to say something I have often thought of saying, lately Doady, dear, I am afraid I was too young/ " I lay my face upon the pillow by her, and she looks into my eyes and speaks very softly. Gradually, as she goes on, I feel, with a stricken heart, that she is speaking of herself as past. " * I am afraid, dear, I was too young. I don't mean in yearsonly,butinexperienceand thoughts and everything. I was such a silly little creature ! I am afraid it would have been better if we had only loved one another as a boy and girl, and for- gotten it. I have begun to think I was not fit to be a wife.' * ' I try to stay my tears, and to reply, * Oh, Dora, love, as fit as I to be a husband ! ' " ' I don't know,' with the old shake of her curls. 'Perhaps! But if I had been more fit to be marri- ed, I might have made you more so, too. Besides, you are very clever, and I never was.' THE DICKENS ORIGINALS "' We have been very happy, my sweet Dora.' " ' I was very happy, very. But, as years went on, my dear boy would have wearied of his child- wife. She would have been less and less a com- panion for him. He would have been more and more sensible of what was wanting in his home. She wouldn't have improved. It is better as it is.' " * Oh, Dora, dearest, dearest, do not speak to me so. Every word seems a reproach.' . . . "'Oh, how my poor boy cries! Hush, hush! . . . I said that it was better as it is ! ' she whispers, as she holds me in her arms. ' Oh, Doady, after more years, you never could have loved your child- wife better than you do; and, after more years, she would so have tried and disappointed you, that you might not have been able to love her half so well ! I know I was too young and foolish. It is much better as it is.' " In the light of Dickens' later experience of his boyish ideal, Maria Beadnell, these last words seem prophetic. Itwasmuch better as it was. It was much better that not only should Maria's coquetry stand in the way of their union, but that her father should also look with disfavour upon the suit of a mere news- paper reporter. George Beadnell seems to have known his daughter well. He seems to have known that she was in no danger of succumbing to the fascinations of her comely but impecunious 42 MISS MARIA BEADNELL young wooer. So he permits the flirtation to go on fora time, standing aside and watching its pro- gress with cynical amusement. Then, suddenly, as the affair takes on a graver complexion, ceases to be merely amusing and threatens to become serious, he steps in, declares that all this folly must end, and forbids Dickens his house. Dickens, in exile, returns " the little present " that Maria had once given him, with these words: " A wish for your happiness, although it comes from me, may not be the worse for being sincere and heartfelt. Accept it as it is meant, and believe that nothing will afford me more real delight than to hear that you, the object of my first and my last love, are happy. If you are as happy as I hope you may be, you will indeed possess every blessing that this world can afford." For a while they corresponded, through the agency of Kolle, who acted as love's messenger and smuggled Dickens' letters past the parental barriers into the hands of Maria. Kolle, then, although he appears in none of the official bio- graphies, was a close friend of Dickens. He died thirty years ago, and only recently have Dickens' letters to him and to Maria Beadnell * been pub- lished in America. It is from these letters that * Charles Dickens and Maria Beadnell : Private Correspon- dence between Charles Dickens and Mrs. Henry Winter (nfa Maria Beadnell), the original of Dora Spenlow in David Copper- ficldm& Flora Finching in Little Dorrit.'Y'hz Earliest Letters of Charles Dickens : Written to his friend, Henry Kolle. 43 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS one learns of Dickens' early passion and blighted hopes. He opened his heart to Kolle. In the first letter of the former series he apologises to his friend for not having kept an appointment. He asks him to make another. " I fear, "he says, "until the House is up (Dickens was then in the press gallery of the House of Commons) I can name no certain night on which I can go to the play, except Saturday." The letter ends " with my best remem- brances to (?)." The letter was most likely written in thespringof i830,and soit is fairly evident that " (?) " means Maria Beadnell. In another letter to Kolle he says : " I would really feel some delicacy in asking you again to deliver the enclosed as addressed, were it not for two reasons. In the first place you know so well my existing situation that you must be al- most perfectly aware of the general nature of the note, and in the second I should not have written it, for I should have communicated its contents verbally, were it not that I lost the opportunity of keeping the old gentleman out of the way as long as possible last night. To these reasons you may add that I have not the slightest objection to your knowing its contents from the first syllable to the last. I trustunderthesecircumstancesthatyou will not object to doing me the very essential service of delivering the enclosed as soon this afternoon as you can, and perhaps you will accompany the 44 MISS MARIA BEADNELL delivery by asking Miss Beadnell only to read it when she is quite alone. Of course in this sense I consider you as nobody." That letter was answered by the coquette, who was still loth to relinquish her last hold upon her would-be lover. But the tone of her responses grows ever colder and colder, until in despair poor Dickens writes thus to Kolle : " I enclose a very conciliatory note, Sans Pride, Sans Reserve, Sans anything but an evidentwish to be reconciled. ... By the way, if I had many friends in the habit of marrying, which friends had brothers who possessed an extensive assortment of choice hock, I should be dead in no time. . . . Yesterday I felt like a maniac, to-day my interior resembles a lime-basket." To this " conciliatory note," which is not pre- served, the reply was "cold and reproachful." Dickens was finally dismissed by his captious mistress. " Least said soonestmended," he writes to Kolle in his only laconic comment on the un- happy termination of the affair. But, later on, he writes again to Maria out of the depths of his bruised heart : " I have never loved, and I never can love, any human creature breathing but your- self. We have had many differences, and we have lately been entirely separated. Absence, how- ever, has not altered my feelings in the slightest 45 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS degree, and the love I now tender you is as pure and as lasting as at any period of our former cor- respondence." So, one poor dream was ended, and another more splendid dream began ... to continue until the year 1855, when Dickens again met the lady of his early adoration, married now to a Mr. Henry Winter ; and then he awoke as with a start from his long beautiful dream to find himself, cold and alone and naked, a little ashamed of his former self and laughing fretfully, in the bleak outer darkness of disillusion. Mrs. Henry Winter, who had once been Miss Maria Beadnell, but who had never been the woman of Dickens' ideal, lives for the first time, as she lived in the flesh, as Flora Pinching in Little Dorrit. Dickens' new stalking-horse is now the rather shadowy and tedious Clennam. Clen- nam goes to the house of the Patriarchal humbug Casby, and there meets Flora aftermany years of separation. His "eyes no sooner fell upon the subject of his old passion, than it shivered and broke to pieces. " Mostmen (the narrative goes on) will befound sufficiently true to themselves to be true to an old idea. It is no proof of an inconstant mind, but exactly the opposite, when the idea will not bear close comparison with the reality, and the con- trast is a fatal shock to it. Such was Clennam's MISS MARIA BEADNELL case. In his youth he had ardently loved this woman, and had heaped upon her all the locked- up wealth of his affection and imagination. That wealth had been, in his desert home, like Robin- son Crusoe's money ; exchangeable with no one, lying idle in the dark to rust, until he poured it out for her. Ever since that memorable time ... he had kept the old fancy of the Past unchanged, in its old sacred place. And now, after all, the last of the Patriarchs coolly walked into the parlour, saying in effect, * Be good enough to throw it down and dance upon it. This is Flora/ " Flora, always tall, had grown to be very broad too, and short of breath ; but that was not much. Flora, whom he had leftalily, had becomeapeony ; but that was not much. Flora, who had seemed enchanting in all she said and thought, was diffuse and silly. That was much. Flora, who had been spoiled and artless long ago, was determined to be spoiled and artless now. That was a fatal blow." " This is Flora ! " Poor Flora ! Poor Dickens ! She ogles him, she angles for compliments (which he good-humouredlypays her), she tosses her head and giggles and bridles, is ridiculously arch and coy and girlish, dwells romantically upon the vanished past, and languishes at him. And all the while she talks and talks and talks, " run- ning on with astonishing speed, and pointing her 47 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS conversation with nothing but commas, and very few of them." " Was it possible (asks Dickens in the person of Clennam) that Flora could have been such a chatterer in the days she referred to ? Could there have been anything like her present disjointed volubility in the fascinations that had captivated him ? " " . . . I assure you, Flora (says her old lover), I am happy in seeing you once more, and in find- ing that, like me, you have not forgotten the old foolish dreams, when we saw all before us in the light of our youth and hope." "You don't seem so," pouted Flora, " you take it very coolly, but however I know you are dis- appointed in me . . . perhaps I am the cause my- self. It's just as likely." " No, no," Clennam entreated, "don't say that." " Oh, I must, you know," said Flora, in a posi- tive tone, " what nonsense not to, I know I am not what you expected, I know that very well." In the midst of her rapidity she had found that out with the quick perception of a cleverer woman. The inconsistent and profoundly un- reasonable way in which she instantly went on, nevertheless, to interweave their long-abandon- ed boy and girl relations with their present inter- view, made Clennam feel as if he were lighthead- ed He tried at parting to give his hand in frank- ness to the existing Flora not the vanished MISS MARIA BEADNELL Flora . . but Flora wouldn't have it, couldn't have it, was wholly destitute of the power of separating herself and him from their bygone characters. He left the house miserably enough. . . . He could not walk on thinking for ten minutes, without recalling Flora. She necessarily recalled to him his life, with all its misdirection and little happiness ... so long, so bare, so blank. No child- hood, no youth, except for one remembrance ; that one remembrance proved only that day to be a piece of folly. It was a misfortune to him, trifle as it might have been to another. For while all that was hard and stern in his recollection remained reality on being proved was obdurate to the sight and touch, and relaxed nothing of its old indomitable grimness the one tender recollection of his ex- perience would not bear the same test, and melted away. . . . He was a dreamer in such wise, because he was a man who had, deep-rooted in his nature, a belief in all the gentle and good things his life had been without . . . and . . . this had rescued him to judge not, and in humility to be merciful, and have hope and charity. And this saved him still from the whimpering weakness and cruel selfishness of holding that because such a happiness or such a virtue had not come into his little path, or worked well for him, therefore it was not in the great scheme, but was reducible, when found in appear- 49 D THE DICKENS ORIGINALS ance,to the basest elements. A disappointed mind he had, but a mind too firm and healthy for such unwholesome air. Leaving himself in the dark, it could rise into the light, seeing it shineon others and hailing it. Therefore he sat before his dying fire, sorrow- ful to think upon the way by which he had come to that night, yet not strewing poison on the way by which othermen hadcometoit. That heshould have missed so much, and at his time of life should look so far about him for any staff to bear him company upon his downward journey and cheer it, was a just regret. He looked at the fire from which the blaze departed, from which the after- glow subsided, in which the ashes turned grey, from which they dropped to dust, and thought, " How soon I too shall pass through such changes and be gone ! " To review his life was like descending a green tree in fruit and flower, and seeingall the branches wither and drop off one by one, as he came down towards them. From that moment of his great disillusion Dickens was a changed man. He was so greatly changed that his art was perceptibly affected. Never again does he recapture his old careless mastery over his material. It is as if, from that time onward, he is forced, almost against his will, to examine and criticise the healthy, hearty ideals MISS MARIA BEADNELL of his youth : his youth that has lasted in the full bloom of its virginal innocence until now, and ev- en now is only a little faded, a little sere. But what he has lost in buoyancy he has gained in steadi- ness ; what he has lost in lightness of heart he has gained in depth of insight and intensity of feeling. He does not forget that idyll of his youth, or the wanton maid who was its heroine ; but he re- members, he wears his rue, with a difference. He remembers the pain as well as the ecstasy, and he raises the corpse of his old love from the dead in the person of Estella in Great Expectations, which was his next novel as distinct from his romance A Tale of Two Cities and his later Christmas stories after Little Dorrit. Pip is Estella's victim. She scorns him in his coarse boyhood, on one occasion slaps his face, and on every occasion flouts him. Hemeets her again in early manhood in the house where he had first made her acquaintance. He believes that it was reserved for him to marry Estella and to "restore the desolate house, admit the sunshine into the dark rooms, set the clocks a-going and the cold hearths a-blazing ... in short, do all the shining deeds of the young Knight of Romance, and marry the Princess "... Estella ! He pauses to look at the house. ... its seared red brick walls, blocked windows, and strong green ivy clasping even the stacks of THE DICKENS ORIGINALS chimneys with its twigs and tendons, as if with sinewy old arms, had made up a rich attractive mystery, of which I was the hero. Estella was the inspiration and the heart of it, of course. But, though she had taken such strong possession of me, though my fancy and my hope were so set upon her, though her influence on my boyish life and character had been all powerful, I did not, even that romantic morning, invest her with any attributes save those she possessed. I mention this in this place, of a fixed purpose, because it is the clue by which I am to be followed into my poor labyrinth. According to my experience, the conventional notion of a lover cannot be always true. The unqualified truth is that when I loved Estella with the love of a man, I loved her simply because I found her irresistible. Once for all, I knew to my sorrow, often and often, if not always, that I loved her against reason, against promise, against peace, against hope, against happiness, against all discouragement that could be. Once for all, I loved her none the less because I knew it, and it had no more influence in restraining me than if I had devoutly believed her to be human perfection. And in the record of what happened between Pip and his Estella we catch an echo of the story of those sad relations which had once existed be- tween Charles Dickens himself and Maria Bead- nell. 5 2 MISS MARIA BEADNELL I suffered (says Pip) every kind and degree of torture that Estella could cause me. The nature of my relations with her, which placed me on terms of familiarity without placing me on terms of favour, conduced to my distraction. She made use of me to tease other admirers, and she turned the very familiarity bet ween herself and me to the account of putting a constant slight on my devotion to her. If I had been her secretary, steward, half- brother, poor relation if I had been a younger brother ot her appointed husband I could not have seemed to myself further from my hopes when I was nearest to her. The privilege of call- ing her by her name and hearing her call me by mine became under the circumstances an aggra- vation of my trials ; and while I think it likely that it almost maddened her other lovers, I knew too certainly that it almost maddened me. She had admirers without end. No doubt my jealousy made an admirer of everyone who went near her ; but there were more than enough of them without that. I saw her often . . . there were picnics, fete days, plays, operas, concerts, parties, all sorts of plea- sures, through which I pursued her and they were all miseries to me. I never had one hour's happiness in her society, and yet my mind all round the four-and-twenty hours was harping on the happiness of having her with me unto death. 53 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Dickens wrote one more novel, Our Mutual Friend, and therein paints his first really consis- tent portrait of an average young and pretty girl of the middle class. Bella Wilfer is quite human : the most human of all his heroines. She is not a vain toy like Dolly Varden, or a dainty imposs- ible fairy like Dora Spenlow. She palpitates with life. She is the inevitable product of her environ- ment and her peculiar circumstances. From the moment when she is first presented, " seated on the rug to warm herself, with her brown eyes on the fire and a handful of her brown curls in her mouth," laughing, pouting, and half crying, dis- contented and rebellious, whimsical and peevish, inclined to be selfish and self-willed ; in all her comically pathetic adventures with her cherubic father ; and throughout her gradual development into a fond and loving wife ; until at last she lays her little right hand on her husband's eyes and says : " Do you remember, John, on the day we weremarried,Pa'sspeakingoftheshipsthatmight be sailing towards us from the unknown seas ? " " Perfectly, my darling ! " "I think . . . among them . . . there is a ship upon the ocean . . . bringing ... to you and me ... a little baby, John." Always Bella Wilfer is alive. She rescues Dickens from the reproach that he could not de- pict a typical English girl. For so much added strength and wisdom, so much perfected artistry, 54 MISS MARIA BEADNELL had his Disillusion taught Dickens in the last few years of his life. For so much, then, should we be grateful to the lady of his first great passion, Maria Beadnell, the memory of whom kept bright so many years his ideal of womanhood, and only shattered that ideal when he was old enough to have acquired a little philosophy. MARY HOGARTH 'Kate Nickleby" and other characters CHAPTER THE THIRD OF TWO WOMEN: II. MARY HOGARTH CHAPTER THE THIRD OF TWO WOMEN; n. MARY HOGARTH MARIA BEADNELL, DICKENS' LESS- er ideal woman, as we have seen, came to earth in his later years, and shattered the golden web of illusion that he had spun about her. But Dickens' greater ideal woman died in her girl- hood. Her epitaph, written by Dickens, is still to be seen upon her gravestone in the cemeteryat Kensal Green, and runs: " Young, beautiful, and good, God numbered her among his angels at the early age of seventeen." Her name was Mary Hogarth. She was the next youngest sister of Dickens' wife. Immedi- ately after the young couple's honeymoon, Dick- ens and his bride returned to London and made their home at No. 15 Furnival's Inn. There Mary Hogarth often stayed, indeed practically lived, with them, her bright wit and amiable disposition proving an inexhaustible source of joyful refresh- ment in the little household. Herpremature death so unnerved Dickens that the course of Pickwick and Oliver Twist (produced almost simultane- ously) was temporarily interrupted. Writing some few weeks afterwards to Mrs. Hogarth from his next abode, he said : " I wish you could know how I weary now for the three rooms in Furni- val's Inn, and how I miss that pleasant smile and those sweet words which, bestowed upon our eve- ning's work, on our merry banterings round the 59 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS fire, were more precious to me than the applause of a whole world would be." "His grief and suffering were intense (says For- ster, corroboratively),and affected him, as will be seen, through many after years." In 1841 his wife's younger brother " died with the same unexpected suddenness that had at- tended her younger sister's death ; and the event had folio wed close upon the decease of Mrs. Hog- arth's mother while on a visit to her daughter and Mr. Hogarth." In reference to these fresh bereavements Dic- kens wrote : As no steps had been taken towards the funeral, I thought it best at once to bestir myself . . . It is a great trial to me to give up Mary's grave ; greater than I can possibly express. I thought of moving her to the catacombs, and sayingnothingabout it; but then I remembered that the poor old lady is buried next her at her own desire, and could not find it in my heart, directly she is laid in the earth, to take her grandchild away. The desire to be buried next her is as strong upon me now as it was five years ago; and I know (for I don't think there ever was love like that I bear her) that it will never diminish. I fear I can do nothing. Do you think I can ? They would move her on Wednes- day, if I resolved to have it done. I cannot bear the thought of being excluded from her dust; and yet I feel that her brothers and sisters, and her 60 MISS MARY HOGARTH mother, have a better right than I to be placed beside her. It is but an idea. I neither think nor hope (God forbid) that our spirits would ever mingle there. I ought to get the better of it, but it is very hard. I never contemplated this and coming so suddenly, and after being ill, it disturbs me more than it ought. It seems like losing her a second time. . . There is no ground on either side to be had. I must give it up. I shall drive over there, please God, on Thursday morning, before they get there ; and look at her coffin. A year later, during his first tour in America, Dickens visited Niagara, and from an hotel there writes thus : " What would I give if the dear girl, whose ashes lie in Kensal Green, had lived to come so far along with us but she has been here many times, I doubt not, since her sweet face faded from my earthly sight." Again, two years later, he writes from Venice, telling how he fell asleep, during an attack of sick- ness, and dreamed a dream. In an indistinct place, which was quite sublime in its indistinctness, I was visited by a Spirit. I could not make out the face, nor do I recollect that I desired to do so. It wore a blue drapery, as the Madonna might in a picture by Raphael ; and bore no resemblance to anyone I have known except in stature. I think (but I am not sure) that I re- cognised the voice. Anyway, I knew it was poor Mary's spirit. I was not at all afraid, but ina great 61 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS delight, so that I wept very much, and stretching out my arms to it called it " Dear." At this, I thought it recoiled ; and I felt immediately, that not being of my gross nature, I ought not to have addressed it so familiarly, "Forgive me!" I said. " We poor livingcreatures are only able to express ourselves by looks and words. I have used the word most natural to our affections ; and you know my heart." It was so full of compassion and sorrow for me which I knew spiritually, for, as I have said, I did not perceive its emotions from its face that it cut me to the heart; and I said, sobbing, " O ! give me some token that you have really visited me." " Form a wish," it said. I thought, reasoning with myself: "If I form a selfish wish it will vanish." So I hastily discarded such hopes and anxieties of my own as came into my mind, and said, " Mrs. Hogarth issurrounded with great distresses " observe, I never thought of saying "your mother" as to a mortal creature "will you extricate her?" "Yes." "And her extrication is to be a certainty to me that this has really happen- ed?" "Yes." "Butanswermeoneotherquestion!" I said, in an agony of entreaty lest it should leave me. " What is the true religion?" As it paused a moment without replying, I said Good God, in such an agony of haste, lest it should go away ! "You think as I do that the Form of religion does not so greatly matter, if we try to do good ? or," I said, observing that it still hesitated, and was 62 MISS MARY HOGARTH moved with the greatest compassion for me, " per- haps the Roman Catholic is the best ? perhaps it makes one think of God oftener, and believe in him more steadily ? " " For you" said the Spirit, full of such heavenly tenderness for me that I felt as if myheartwould break, "ioryou it is thebest!" Then I awoke, with the tears running down my face, and myself in exactly the condition of the dream. And again, from Devonshire Terrace, in the midst of a letter on indifferent topics, he revertsto his sorrow with tragic suddenness, in the words : " This day, eleven years ago, poor Mary died." And yet again, in the very year of his death, her influence is proved to be as potent upon him as ever. Again he speaks of her in that tone of unconquerable regret. She is so much in my thoughts at all times (he says), especially when I am successful, and have greatly prospered in anything, that the recollec- tion of her is an essential part of my being, and is as inseparable from my existence as the beating of my heart is. To some it may seem that there is a taint of morbidity in all this gloomy obsession. But . . . was it a gloomy obsession ? " It is not in the nature of pure love (says Dic- kens in Dombey and Son) to mourn so fiercely and unkindly long." 63 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Dickens cherished and guarded the memory of this beautiful girl, who had come into and passed out of his life like a visitant from another world, as we cherish and guard the innocence of our chil- dren. Her radiant figure stood to him as a type of all the highest possibilities ofwhich mankind, and especially womankind, is capable. " I have said that Dickens clung to his illusions with all the tenacity of a child. He was a man of narrow but acute perceptions. H e saw things clear- ly ; but as a rule he saw only one aspect of most things. Wilfully he shut his eyes to the worse side of human nature and life generally. Thus the very squalor of his backgrounds is invariably pictures- que; and the very vileness of his evil characters grotesque or whimsical. He could not, would not, dare not believe that there was anything or any- body wholly bad. He fought with all the vigour and earnestness of his sanguine temperament for his conception of a world in which goodness tri- umphed over badness. He needed always some standard of perfection by which to measure the moral stature of his fellow creatures; and his ideal- ised memory of Mary Hogarth provided him with that standard. As, one by one, his illusions faded, withered, and died ; as, one by one, theuglier facts of life obtruded themselves more and more insist- ently upon him, so he clung the more tenaciously to his faith in the existence of an ideal human be- ing . . . somewhere! It was as necessary to his MISS MARY HOGARTH art, as to his perfervid nature, that he should hold that faith unflinchingly. I think that Dickens was not much given to in- trospection. He was not of that school of writers which is forever taking out its heart and examin- ing its works and passing it round for others 1 in- spection, like a boy with a new watch. He lived in other, simpler times than these. He worshipped other, simpler gods than the grim forces which the theory of evolution has created . H is was a religion of symbols : the symbol of the shrouded body, with its calm still face drained of all grossness, set in an expression of eternal peace ; the symbols of the grave, and the Last Great Day of universal re- surrection, the pale shadows of wandering souls in the twilight of that bourne from whence no travel- ler returns, the Judgment and the shining hosts of Heaven, the lost legionsof Hell, God enthron- ed among his angels, discoursing celestial music. I think it was all as simple, or almost as sim- ple, as that to the immortal child Dickens. In the dream that he dreamed in Venice, when the Spirit of Mary Hogarth appeared to him in the guise of a conventional Madonna, it may be that we glim- pse darkly the gaunt spectres of doubt, misgiving, and inquiry that even in his crowded, hurried life, could not always be gainsaid. But, you will ob- serve that he was ill when that dream came tohim. 1 1 was only when his brain was sick that his thoughts revolved about the mysteries of Here and Here- 65 E THE DICKENS ORIGINALS after. At all other times, at all such times as his thoughts ran easily and smoothly along the old ac- customed grooves, he took for granted all that he could not understand, and accepted without cavil or question what was beyond his ready comprehen- sion. His mind worked as an infinitesimal part of a vast and intricate machine with theulterior parts of which he had no earthly concern. And some sort of spiritual ideal is as necessary to the health of simple souls of that calibre as oxygen is neces- sary to the health of the body. The analogue of the parent and child recurs and clamours for further consideration. To the best types of father and mother there is no more agon- ising moment than that in which the child ceases tobeachild, discards its last vestures of childhood, and suddenly becomes a queer sort of stranger stalking the house in the likeness of its former self. For the younger generation is always so much more terribly wise than the old. It begins where the old generation ends. The mother, beholding a daughter for the first time in the place of her baby-girl, has an irreparable sense of loss. The father, watching the new-born son that was once his little laughing boy, feels naked as Elijah must have felt after he had cast his mantle upon Elisha. It is a change worse than death. The lost child lies more deeply buried than in the silence of the tomb. And that is why the child, who dies as a child, lives forever as a child in the hearts of its 66 MISS MARY HOGARTH parents. That is why the children who die are al- ways so much more beautiful and bright and good than the children who live. That is why, if they had not died, they would have grown into men and women whose like the world has never looked upon. Dickens believed in the perfect woman because M ary H ogar th died in the dawn of her womanhood . Dickens left hisheroinesonthe stepsof the marri- age-altar, and fled from the vision of them as wives and mothers, because Mary Hogarth had never husband or child. His heroines, having existed as shadows, stiffened at the last into cold stark out- lines, as the shadowy figure of Mary Hogarth, hav- ing passed away, stiffened in his memory into a pure cold unearthly thing in a coffin. In vain he protests that he neither thinks nor hopes that their spirits would ever mingle in the grave. In spite of himself, as it were sub-consci- ously, he does somehow contrive to think and hope that their spirits will so mingle ; or he would not long so passionately to be laid beside her, or so dread thethoughtof being excluded from her dust. He would not feel so much satisfaction in the pros- pect of looking once again upon her coffin. In his dream of her she bears no resemblance to the bodily form of Mary Hogarth. He is not even sure that he recognises her voice. And this is sig- nificant as suggesting that his recollection of her face and form and manner had long since become THE DICKENS ORIGINALS vague. H e remembered only the aura of her youth and gaiety and beauty and goodness that had once pervaded his home like a heavenly presence. H is fancy could only visualiseherinthe guiseof a con- ventional Madonna, just as in his novels he could only depict her in the guise of the simpering dolls with whose stereotyped prettiness and colourless- ness and mindlessness the fashionable Books of Beauty of that artificial period had no doubt made him familiar. In his types of folly and wickedness, of jollity, eccentricity, whimsicality, grotesquerie, and hear- ty simplicity, he was triumphantly successful, be- cause such types did not clash withhis ideals. But he could not graft folly on to both dignity and good- ness, or beauty on to both wickedness and folly. He could blend niceness with nastiness, as in the caseofCarker; he could make his rascals eccentric or whimsical or grotesque ; but he could not make them hearty or simple or jolly. To have done any of those things would have been to debase his ideals : to forfeit that most blessed heritage of im- mortal childishness which made him a genius. And so he presents to us that galaxy of amaz- ing dolls variously christened Rose Maylie, Kate Nickleby, Madeline Bray, Little Nell, Emma Haredale, Mary Graham, Florence Dombey, Ag- nes Wickfield, Ada Clare, and LucyManette. On the subject of these femininanities much bitter black ink has been shed ; there has been much 68 MISS MARY HOGARTH laughter like the crackling of thorns under the pot of the pot-boiler. Modern criticism has exhausted itself in scathing denunciation of these poor pup- pets. And yet there is perhaps something to be said in defence of the convention that created them. Dickens was never a self-conscious artist. He had indeed no use for the word Art. And all classicism was Greek to him. Nevertheless, as I say, in this vexed matter of his heroines he proved himself one of the Greeks. They are goddesses all: not the goddesses of the Greek mythology, of course, but the angels of Christianity. Theytower above the dear sweet women whom we know and love andreverence as thehugestone effigiesinthe grounds of the Crystal Palace tower above the little Cockney girls in their sweethearts' arms under the moonofa Bank Holiday night. Devoid of all colour and movement and warmth, gazing out upon the world with sightless eyes, immune from the ills that flesh and blood is heir to, aloof from the petty con- cerns of every day, immutable, unapproachable, severely correct, at once supremely perfect and supremely uninteresting: they are as inhuman and repellent as they are beautiful, and as little like humanityas theyare like the seraphim. But this, which is accounted as a fault in Dickens, is hailed as sublimity in ^Eschylus or Sophocles. So inevit- ably does distance lend enchantment to the view. Yet it must be confessed that these Dickens heroines are great bores, when they are not some- THE DICKENS ORIGINALS thing infinitely worse : that is to say, when they are not used as vehicles for the expression of Dickens' incurable sentimentality. Their only merit consists in their author's ingenuous belief in their inherent attractiveness or in their power of pathetic appeal. And this belief is founded on the solid rock of his faith in a perfected woman- hood: a faith that grew out of his illusive memo- ries of that fair frail girl, who died without ever having lived the Mary of his boyish dream! She makes her first appearance as Rose May- lie. She is described as being ... in the lovely bloom and springtime of womanhood ; at that age when, if ever angels be for God's good purposes enthroned in mortal forms, they may be without impiety supposed to abide in such as hers. She was not past seventeen. Cast in so slight and ex- quisite a mould ; so mild and gentle ; so pure and beautiful; that earth seemed not her element, nor its rough creatures her fit companions. The very intelligence that shone in her deep blue eye, and was stamped upon her noble head, seemed scarce- ly of her age, or of the world ; and yet the chang- ing expression of sweetness and good humour, the thousand lights that played about the face, and left no shadow there ; above all, the smile, the cheerful, happy smile, were made for Home, and fireside peace and happiness She playfully put back her hair, which was simply braided on 70 MISS MARY HOGARTH her forehead ; and threw into her beaming look such an expression of affection and artless love- liness, that blessed spirits might have smiled to look upon her. That reads uncommonly like a fanciful por- trait of Mary Hogarth. She falls ill. And then in- deed one finds it hard to forgive Dickens for pil- ing on the agony, as he does, in this wise : Oh ! the suspense, the fearful, acute suspense, of standing idly by while the life of one we dearly love is trembling in the balance ! Oh, the rack- ing thoughts that crowd upon the mind, and make the heart beat violently, and the breath come thick, by the force of the images they con- jure up before it; the desperate anxiety to be do- ing something to relieve the pain, or lessen the danger, which we have no power to alleviate; the sinking of soul and spirit, which the sad remem- brance of our helplessness produces ; what tor- tures can equal these; what reflections or endeav- ours can, in the full tide and fever of the time, allay them! Morning came, and thelittle cottage was lonely and still. People spoke in whispers ; anxious faces appeared at the gate, from time to time ; women and children went away in tears. . . . "It is hard," said the good doctor, turning away as he spoke ; " so young, so much beloved ; but there is very little hope." THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Another morning. The sun shone brightly : as brightly as if it looked upon no misery or care; and, with every leaf and flower in full bloom about her : with life and health and sounds and sights of joy surrounding her on every side : the fair young creature lay, wasting fast. . . . There was such peace and beauty in the scene ; so much of brightness and mirth in the sunny landscape ; such blithesome music in the songs of the summer birds ; such freedom in the rapid flight of the rook, careering overhead ; so much of life and joyousness in all ; that < . . the thought instinctively occurred . . . that this was not a time for death ; that Rose could surely never die when humbler things were all so glad and gay ; that graves were for cold and cheerless winter ; not for sunlight and fragrance . . . that shrouds were for the old and shrunken ; and that they never wrapped the young and graceful form in their ghastly folds. A knell . . . Another! Again! It was tolling for the funeral service. A group of humble mour- ners entered the gate : wearing white favours ; for the corpse was young. They stood uncovered by a grave ; and there was a mother a mother once among the weeping train. But the sun shone brightly, and the birds sang on. It is all very crude and unnecessary and rather nauseous. But perhaps Mr. Percy Fitzgerald is 72 HENRY BURNETT "Nicholas Nickleby" MISS MARY HOGARTH right when he says : " There is such a feeling real- ity in the author's account of the illness of Rose Maylie that I am convinced the character was drawn from the Mary Hogarth whose loss he had felt so deeply and mourned so passionately. . . . These anxieties that he describes were surely his own personal ones." That he certainly had Mary Hogarth in his mind when he wrote of the death of Little N ell in The Old Curiosity Shop is plain from his own references to that incident. Writing in anticipation of the chap- ter in which the death is to be described he says : . . . this part of the story is not to be galloped over, I can tell you. I think it will come famously but I am the wretchedest of the wretched. It casts the most horrible shadow upon me, and it is as much as I can do to keepmoving at all. I tremble to ap- proach the place a great deal more than Kit ; a great deal more than Mr. Garland ; a great deal more than the S ingle Gentleman. I shan't recover it for along time. Nobody will miss her like I shall. It is such a very painful thing to me that I really cannot express my sorrow. Old wounds bleed afresh when I only think of the way of doing it : what the actual doing it will be, God knows. I can't preach to myself the schoolmaster's consolation, though I try. Dear Mary died yesterday when I think of this sad story. And, five days later, the deed done, he writes 73 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS that he had " resolved to try and do something which might be read by people about whom death had been, with a softened feeling, and with con- solation." And certainly he has this justification that, among the more unsophisticated of his read- ers, he succeeded in his endeavour. But there is no purpose to be achieved in en- larging unduly upon this theme, now that the identity of Mary Hogarth with Rose Maylie, Little Nell, and a whole train of similar characters has been established. Skipping the intervening books, all of which are haunted more or less by the ghost of Mary Hogarth, reference need only be made, I think, to the book in which it is said that her sister, Georgina Hogarth, takes her place. In the Agnes Wickfield of David Copperfield we have her apotheosis: the apotheosis of the female prig and bore. This pale feeble figment whom he apostrophises thus : " Oh, Agnes, oh my soul, so may thy face be by me when I close my life indeed; so may I, when Realities are melting from me like the shadows which I now dismiss, still find thee near me, pointing upward ! " this bloodless creature, who never told her love, but let conceal- ment, like a worm in the bud, prey on her damask cheek ; this pale shadow of an outworn ideal, "pointing ever upward," is the last word in insi- pidity. Fortunately she was not sufficiently alive to die in the book. But which is even more for- tunate neither was she sufficiently alive to sur- 74 MISS MARY HOGARTH vive the interval between that book and Dickens' next. Ada Clare of Bleak House is indeed a poor thing ; butscratch herand she does seemtobleed a sort of thin milky fluid ; and Lucy Manette of A Tale of Two Cities, on one occasion at least, shows distinct signs of animation. Butthe influence of Mary Hogarth upon Dick- ens' art made itself felt in other directions. We have seen how it inspired his ideal of womanhood, and how it stultified his genius by warping his conception of the Eternal Feminine. Because of that youthful illusion which wove a spell about his heroines as Harlequin with his magic wand weaves a spell about poor Columbine and changes her into a pantomime fairy, all glitter and pose ; because of this perversion of his innate sense of proportion, Dickens remained for the greater part of his life blind to the better part of woman's nature: that better part which makes her a help- meet fit for man, an equal partner in his joys and sorrows, his lordly lusts and slavish weaknesses, his proud ambitions and his secret sins, a sympa- thetic companion and good comrade rather than a guardian angel. And the mischief did not end there. Having conceived his perfect woman he must needs conceive a perfect man to match her and mate with her. He seems to have argued that if such radiant creatures as Mary Hogarth were, as he expressed it, "made for Home and fireside 75 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS peace and happiness," it behove him to evolve an appropriate demi-god to share that rarefied at- mosphere with her. The heroine must have her hero, fashioned of the same ethereal stuff. And so he cast about him for some high-falutin' male upon whom to found his ideal man. We do not know why he should have hit upon his brother-in-law, Henry Burnett. Weknowvery littleof Mr. Burnett beyondthat hemarried Dick- ens'sister Fanny, and that he was a dissenter. Yet he was commonly accepted by Dickens' intimates as the original of Nicholas Nickleby ; and if of Nicholas Nickleby why not the original also of Harry Maylie, Edward Chester, Tom Pinch, Wal- ter Gay, and the rest of those walking gentlemen whoalljinmoments of acute crisis, fell into Nicho- las Nickleby 's offensive habit of indulging in wild heroics of the ' ' Whence- will-come-curses-at-y our- command?" brand. Still it is hard to believe that any young man of this type ever existed even in those stilted times except as a gorgeous figment of a raw young novelist's imagination. Thetruthis, I think, that Dickens, in thefever and rush of over- production, only too readily accepted certain sta- gey conventions of melodrama in lieu of the real stuff of life. He had not yet arrived at that stage of mental development which instinctively mis- trusts the grandiose and is very much more inclin- ed to seek for romance by the wayside than in the limelight. MISS MARY HOGARTH And yet Dickens was at all times so eager to justify the extravagances and excesses into which his buoyant fancy did so often betray him that even in the depiction of his preposterous her- oes he must draw from some living model that he could point to as the prototype of his most im- probable character. So, it may be that he copied the features, the manner, the style and the tone of his brother-in-law, and in the ardour of crea- tion lost sight of the real man. Then, the puppet that he had fashioned out of that incongruous material becoming to him more real than the actual figure upon whom it was founded, he had breathed into it some semblance of life, had in- vested it with strange bombastic qualities lack- ing in the model, and at last got its machinery to work, if a little awkwardly and jerkily. Inevitab- ly an automaton resulted. But Dickens loved the automaton as children love their dolls. It matter- ed nothing to him that it was with his own voice the automaton spoke ; that its every movement was imparted to it by his own hands, that no- thing changed it, and that nothing came out of it, except sawdust : to him it was real and vital, not so much a speaking likeness of the man upon whom it was modelled as the man himself, a little sublimated, translated from the commonplace atmosphere of everyday into the glamorous twi- light of romance. There is no doubt that Dickens thought to pay 77 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS his brother-in-law a handsome compliment by turning him to suchqueer uses. Heliked Burnett and continued to like him, even after he had shed some illusions abouthim. Rewrites to Forster in May 1 848 telling him that Mrs. Burnett (his sister Fanny) is dangerously ill. And two months later he writes again : A change took place in poor Fanny, about the middle of the day yesterday, which took me out there last night. Her cough suddenly ceased al- most, and, strange to say, she immediately became aware of her hopeless state ; to which she resign- ed herself, after an hour's unrest and struggle, with extraordinary sweetness and constancy. ... I had a long interview with her to-day alone. . . . I asked her whether she had any care or anxiety in the world. She said no, none. It was hard to die at such a time, but . . . Burnett had always been very good to her; they had never quarrelled; she was sorry to think of his going back to such a lonely home; and was distressed about her chil- dren, but not painfully so. . . . Her husband be- ing young, she said, and her children infants, she could not help thinking sometimes that it would be very long in the course of nature before they were reunited. . . . All that we know of Mr. Henry Burnett is con- tained in that brief reference to him. The curtain rises and falls on that sad vision of the husband MISS MARY HOGARTH and the brother drawn together by a common sor- row, revealing themselves to one another for the first time, perhaps. At any rate it is significant that in his next book,David Copperfield, Dickens definitely abandons his old banal convention of the stereotyped hero of melodrama. His new hero David in his childhood, boyhood, youth, and early manhood has an air of authenticity. We are interested in him, as we have never been interested in any of his predecessors. It is as if Dickens, seeing Burnett for the first time as he really was, sees also that he is a man very like other men, very like Dickens himself, "\ithis this homely, kindly, simple, companionable man this man who is so much like me if this is a hero," says Dickens in effect, " then /have been a sort of hero all my life without knowing it." And forthwith he proceeded to evolve his next hero out of his own inner consciousness. JUDGE GAZALEE u Justice Starelcigh" CHAPTER THE FOURTH SOME PICKWICKIANS CHAPTER THE FOURTH SOME PICKWICKIANS I IT WAS IN 1836 THAT MR. HALL (OF Messrs. Chapman and Hall) approached the young author of Sketches by Boz with a project for a humorous serial, to be published in monthly parts. Dickens himself has described what passed at this momentous interview. The idea propounded to me (he says) was that the monthly something should be a vehicle for cer- tain plates to be executed by Mr. Seymour ; and there was a notion, either on the part of that ad- mirable humorous artist, or of my visitor, that a NIMROD CLUB, the members of which were to go out shooting, fishing, and so forth, and getting themselves into difficulties through their want of dexterity, would be the best means of introducing these. I objected, on consideration, that although born and partly bred in the country, I was nogreat sportsman, except in regard to all kinds of loco- motion ; that the idea was not novel, and had al- ready been much used ; that it would be infinitely better for the plates to arise naturally out of the text ; and that I would like to take my own way, with a freer range of English scenes and people, and was afraid I should ultimately do so in any case, whatever course I might prescribe to myself atstarting. My viewsbeing deferred to, I thought of Mr. Pickwick and wrote the first number, from 83 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS the proof-sheets of which Mr. Seymour made his drawing of the club and his happy portrait of its founder. I connected Mr. Pickwick with a club because of the original suggestion, and I put in Mr. Winkle expressly for the use of Mr. Seymour. Dickens wrote thus, thirteen years later, inreply to some foolish statements made by members of Mr. Seymour's family in which they claimed that it was the artist and not the author who had been responsible for the creation of the Pickwick Club. Mr. Hall was dead when this controversy arose; but Mr. Chapman " clearly recollected his part- ner'saccount of the interview, and confirmed every part of it . . . with one exception. In giving Mr. Seymour credit for the figure by which all the habitable globe knows Mr. Pickwick, and which certainlyat theoutset helped to make him a reality, it had given the artist too much. The reader will hardly be so startled as I was (says Forster in his Life) on coming to the closing line of Mr. Chap- man's confirmatory letter. * As this letter is to be historical, I may as well claim what little belongs to me in the matter, and that is the figure of Pick- wick. Seymour's first sketch was of a long thin man. The present immortal one he made from my description of a friend of mine at Richmond afat old beau whowould wear, in spiteof theladies' protests, drab tights and black gaiters. H is name was John Foster." 1 84 SOME PICKWICKIANS The name, Pickwick, Dickens took from that of acelebrated coach-proprietor, Moses Pickwick, of Bath. This Mr. Pickwick was also the landlord of the White Hart Hotel in Bath, which stood "opposite the great Pump Room, where the wait- ers, from their costume, might be mistaken for Westminster boys, only they destroy the illusion by behaving themselves so much better." * "The White Hart flourished in Stall Street, and until 1864 (when the house was given up) the waiters wore knee-breeches and silk stockings, and the women-servants donned neat muslin caps. The old coaching inn no longer exists, and its site is indicated by the Grand Pump Room Hotel, the or- iginal carved sign of a white hart being preserved and still used over the door of an inn of the same name in Widcombe, a suburb of Bath." Thus we see that in Pickwick Papers Dickens did not scruple to avail himself of the assistance that any handy ready-made material might afford him. The truth was, of course, that he began by regarding this comic serial as a mere job just as his Life of Grimaldi was a job ; that he entered upon hispartof theenterprise lightheartedly, with no serious artistic purpose, his sole aim being to amuse the many-headed and thus justify his pub- lishers' faith in him . H e borrowed names, he bor- rowed personalities, he borrowed backgrounds, he accepted certain suggestions : and this was all 1 The Dickens Country, by F. G. Kitton. 85 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS quitelegitimate. Butit haslately been said, rather spitefully, that he also borrowed and this, if true, would be hardly as defensible from at least one of his contemporaries. Let us examine into the truth of this charge. II In May, 1822, Edmund Kean appeared at the Drury Lane Theatre as Cardinal Wolsey mHenry VIII. I n those spacious days an entire programme did not consist merely of three short acts, begin- ning at nine o'clock and lasting, with intervals, until eleven o'clock, as it does now sometimes. Theatrical managers offered far more generous fare to their patrons in the early nineteenth cen- tury. Tragedy, melodrama, comedy, and farce were often represented in the course of one even- ing's entertainment. And so it was at Drury Lane in May, 1822. Henry VII L was followed by The Boarding House, an uproarious farce of the broadest and most rollicking kind, of which, however, nothingis remembered save one character. This character, bearing the name of S imon Spatterdash, was origi- nallyplayed by a forgotten actor, Knight. Knight doesnot seem to have scored any very notable suc- cess in the part ; but, some years later, the farce was revived at the Surrey Theatre, and the character of Simon Spatterdash was then made hugely popu- lar by another comedian named Sam Vale. It is claimed that this Sam Vale was the original of Sam 86 SOME PICKWICKIANS Weller, and that the name " Weller " was suggested by Vale ; but this at least is unlikely since we know that the Dickens family once employed a nurse named Mary Weller. Ithasalsobeenclaimed that he invented what we know now as Wellerisms. And he certainly did give off a good number of those quaint sayings. Here are a few of his best ; and it must be admitted that they are, some of them, quite as good as Dickens' own. I know the world, as the monkey said when he cut off his tail. I am down upon you, as the extinguisher said to the rushlight. Let everyone take care of himself, as the jackass said when he danced among the chickens. Come on, as the man said to the tight boot. I am turned soger, as the lobster said when he popped his head out of the boiler. I am all of a perspiration, as the mutton-chop said to the gridiron. But to whomsoever the credit of inventing Wel- lerisms is due it is certainly not due to Sam Vale, nor tothe author of The Boar ding House. Walter Scotthad discovered thepeculiar virtue of a Wel- lerism as long before as 1 8 1 8. In Rob Roy, written in that year, Andrew Fairservice says : " Ower mony maisters as the paddock said totheharrow when every tooth gae her a tig." And in Kenil- worth, published three years later, Michael Lam- bourne says : " The hope of bettering myself, to THE DICKENS ORIGINALS be sure, as the old woman said when she leaped over the bridge at Kingston." Moreover there was a certain periodical entitled The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, Instruc- tion, &c., published weekly at twopence, in which appeared, on May 2 1, i823,mostoftheWellerisms uttered and popularised by Sam Vale, and several more besides. And finally, to emphasise the dubiety of this vexed question, we find Longfellow, in The Span- ish Student, published in 1 840, just after Pickwick Papers had finished its course, putting similar say- ings into the mouth of the man-servant, Chispa. Says Chispa : Peace be with you, as the ass said to the cabbages. And a good beginning of the week it is, as he said who was hanged on Monday morning. And so we plough along, as the fly said to the ox. From these instances, then, it will be seen that this kind of jesting was the commonestform of cur- rentwit during thefirst part of the nineteenth cen- tury. For there are fashions in humour as in most other things. Just now the mode is to affect the Yankee idiom and a Yankee accent, because it is so much easier to be funny in American. Fifteen, twenty, twenty-five years ago, we all talked epi- gram and paradox. A little earlier there was a plague of puns. And before then practical joking wasrife. So we might go back, skipping the Dick- ens period, to the coarse heavy buffoonery that pre- 88 SAM VALE ' Sam Weller" SOME PICKWICKIANS ceded his gaiety of highspirits, to the stilted witof the Addison period, to the lewdnessof the Wych- erley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar school, to the foul greasy japes of Dekker and his filthy tribe, and at last to the sturdy hearty bawdiness of the Elizabethans. It hadhappened that Wellerisms were in vogue at the time when Dickens began to write; and so of course he had to try his hand at them, like any other smart young man. For it is to be borne in mind that Dickens was, in all salient aspects of his character at least, essentially aman who belonged to hisown period. He reflected the ideaand opin- ions, the tastes and the foibles, the prejudices and the prepossessions of the moment to a most re- markable degree. He did this consistently, in his work, passing from phase to phase of social deve- lopment as his art grew and matured, and so pre- senting us with a series of reviews of the manners and customs, not only in dress and habits but in thought and feeling, of the half-century during which he lived and of which he wrote. The delicate art of Great Expectations (which may be accounted his last worthy book) is in as di- rect contrast to the happy-go-lucky methods of the PickwickPapers&sthe railway train of the Seven- ties was to the old postchaise. The only real dis- tinction between Dickens and his contemporaries consists in that instinctive faculty of selection which does always stamp even his most haphaz- 89 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS ard and seemingly casual work with the hall-mark of genius. I think it isoftentoo lightly assumed that Dick- ens was very ill-acquainted with the work of his im- mediate predecessors and contemporaries in the higher walks of literature; though, beyond ques- tion, there was never anything of the mere book- man about him at any time. And probably, in his early days, he knew surprisingly little of the great poets and philosophers who had attained their apo- gee when he was only j ust emerging from his swad- dling-clothes. And yet, despite this limitation, he had as I say an instinctive faculty of selection that saved him from the very pitfalls into which the mere academic critic would say that he was bound to fall. This faculty saved him from the thin fla- vourless mode of the pun. It saved him from the brutal rough-and-tumble of the practical joke. It saved him from the fustian and bombast of the mid- Victorian school of fiction, as exemplified in Bul- wer Lytton. It saved him from coarseness and grossnessandcrudenessinthemidstofgrotesque- rie and eccentricity. Itdidnotsavehiminhisyouth from the influence of the prevalent Wellerism ; and for this good reason : that he did not need to be saved from a form of humour sorichin possibilities to one of his quick fancy and inimitable drollery. HeliftedtheWellerismoutofthegutterasShake- speare lifted the Chronicles! Holinshedoutofthe dust to breathe into them the breath of life. H e 90 SOME PICKWICKIANS did what every triumphant genius has done and been carped at for doing; he took an ugly shapeless lump of clay and fashioned it into form and come- liness. I have seen it gravely stated that Dickens owed his first great inspiration to Sam Vale, the comic actor of the Surrey Theatre. It would be as true to say that Sam Vale invented the Cockney. Whereas we know that the Cockney invented himself. And so likewise did Dickens. Ill But apart from these very doubtful prototypes of Mr. Pickwick himself and Sam Weller and one other exception it is fairly well established that Pickwick Papers does contain several auth- entic portraits, whimsically, and in one case cruelly, caricatured. To speak of old Tony Weller, the other excep- tion, first. Mrs. Lynn Linton declared, in that tone of settled conviction for which she was ever remark- able, as well in small things as in great, that " Old Weller was a real person and we knew him. He was ' Old Chumley ' in the flesh and drove the stage daily from London to Rochester and back again . . . a good-natured, red-faced old fellow." But it is also claimed that the real original of Tony Weller was one Cole, driver of the " Shan- non " coach between London and Ipswich. A few quaint say ings are attributed to Cole. On one occa- THE DICKENS ORIGINALS sion he was asked about an old companion of his named Stedman, and replied : " Stedman ? Law bless you, sir ; he's been dead this many a year. Leastways, if he ain't, they've used him werry bad, for they've buried him ! " Which is quite in the Tony Weller vein. Butthen the fashion of speech, the slow dry wit, the manner, and the outward appearance of the old stage-coach-driver would very fitly haveapplied to someof theold London bus-driversof not so many years ago. He was a " stout, red-faced, elderly man . . . smoking with great vehemence, but between every half-dozen puffs he took his pipe from his mouth, and looked first at Mr. Weller and then at Mr. Pickwick. Then, he would bury in a quart pot as much of his countenance as the dimensions of the quart pot admitted of its receiving, and take another look at Sam and Mr. Pickwick. Then he would take another half-dozen puffs with an air of profound meditation and look at them again. At last the stout man, putting up his legs on the seat, began to puff at his pipe without leaving off at all, and to stare through the smoke at the new-comers as if he had made up his mind to see the most he could of them." His swaddlings in layer on layer of shawls and wraps and rugs, his hoarse voice, 11 like some strange effort of ventriloquism," and hishabitofphilosophisingatgreatlength on things in general: all these are peculiarities that old Tony Weller shared with several bus-drivers of my ac- 92 SOME PICKWICKIANS quaintance, beside whom I havesatupon the box- seat, and to whose discourse I have listened as to the words of anoracle,onmanylongcold journeys in the E ighties. I think that Tony Weller was just a good sample of Dickens' skill, already referred to, in summing up all the variations from one well- known national type in one colossal archetype ; and that is all. But elsewhere in Pickwick there can be little doubt that Dickens drew from the actual living model. Serjeant Buzfuz, for instance, really existed in the person of Serjeant Bompas, whose son is the eminent K.C.stillliving. Skimpinmay very likely have been Wilkins; and Snubbin, Arabin, both of them well-known counsel in their day. Of Snub- bin, who may pose as a specimen barrister of that time, and of whom we are given a full-length por- trait, we are told that he was a lantern-faced, sallow-complexioned man, of about five-and-forty, or as the novels say he might have been fifty. He had that dull-looking boiled eye which is often to be seen in the heads of people who have applied themselves during many years to a weary and laborious course of study ; and which would have been sufficient, without the additional eyeglass which dangled from a broad blackribbon round his neck,towarn a stranger that he was very near-sighted. H is hair 93 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS was thin and weak, which was partly attributable to his never having devoted much time to its ar- rangement, and partly to his having worn for five- and- twenty years the forensic wig which hung on a block beside him. The marks of hair-powder on his coat-collar, and the ill-washed and worse tied white neckerchief round his throat, showed that he had notfoundleisuresinceheleftthecourt tomake any alteration in his dress : while the slovenly style of the remainder of his costume warranted the in- ference that his personal appearance would not have been very much improved if he had. Books of practice, heaps of papers, and opened letters, were scattered over the table, without any attempt at order or arrangement ; the furniture of the room was old and rickety ; the doors of the bookcase were rotting in their hinges ; the dust flew out of the carpet in little clouds at every step; the blinds were yellow with age and dirt; the state of every- thing in the room showed, with a clearness not to be mistaken, that Mr. Serjeant Snubbin was far too much occupied with his professional pursuits to take any great heed or regard of his personal comforts. There are slovenly barristers nowadays ; but none in general practice quite so careless of their person and surroundings, I should say. But that their methods have not greatly changed, in spite of the changes in their appearance, Mr. Fitz- 94 SOME PICKWICKIANS gerald points out in the following passage in his book, Bozland: Notlongsince,inabreach of promise casein Mr. Justice Lawrence's Court, the late Serjeant Buz- f uz reappeared in the flesh, and began his speech by declaring that "not merely in * the whole course of his professional experience, but never at anytime, had facts more painful been brought before a jury. The plaintiff, gentleman, the plain tiff was a young lady, the daughter of a gentleman deceased, who was at one time in the War Office. She lived with her mother and her two sisters, Kate and Jessie, in the peaceful and innocent atmosphere of a small preparatory school at Thornton Heath. Gentle- men/' Mr. went on, in tender accents, " she was ayoung girl ; she knew nothing of London life ; she had been delicately and tenderly nurtured by a loving mother, and had lived a quiet country life athome, beloved of her two younger sisters. Vir- tuous, poor but, gentlemen, though poor, happy knowingnothingand suspecting nothingof evil and deceit. Gentlemen, she got in the train for London Bridge, not knowing thatin the same car- riage was a person whom, for brevity, I will call amanl . . ." Mr. Justice Stareleigh was in real life Mr. Jus- tice Gazalee, of whom we have thisportrait, which is said to resemble the original closely : "a most 95 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS particularly short man, and so fat that he seemed all face and waistcoat. He rolled in, upon two little turned legs, and having bobbedgravelyto the bar, who bobbed gravely to him, put his little legs un- derneath his table, and his little three-cornered hat upon it ; and when Mr. Justice Stareleigh had done this, all you could see of him was two queer little eyes, one broad pink face, and somewhere about half of a big and very comical-looking wig. One other lawyer in Pickwick Papers, Mr. Perker,issaid to have been founded on Mr. Ellis, of Blackmoreand Ellis, solictors, for whom Dick- ens worked in his youth as a clerk. Of the other characters there remains Mr. Dow- ler, ' ' a stern- eyed man of about fi ve-and-forty , who had a bald and glossy forehead, with a good deal of black hair at the sides and back of his head, and large black whiskers," who had "a fierce and per- emptory air, which was very dignified," and who "hummeda tunein a manner which seemed to say that he rather suspected someone wanted to take advantage of him, but it wouldn'tdo." Thisissaid to be an excellent description of Dickens' bio- grapher, John Forster ; but, for certain reasons to be mentioned later on,this seems doubtful. Then there are Doctor Slammer who bore a colourable resemblance to Dickens' uncle Dr. Lamert; Mrs. Leo Hunter, a recognizable caricature of the 96 THE HONOURABLE MISS MONCKTON "Mrs Leo Hunter" SOME PICKWICKIANS Honorable Miss Monckton (afterwards Lady Cook); the Fat Boy who, in real life, was "James Budden, and whose father kept the Red Lion Inn at the corner of High Street and Military Road, Chatham, where the lad's remarkable obesity at- tracted general attention;" and, lastly, Mr. Pott. Mr. Pott, editor of the EatanswilL Gazette, was unmistakably founded on Lord Brougham. His original description in a draft number of Pick- wick Papers might have been a description of the statesman himself. This was afterwards toned down a little ; but even so the likeness was in- stantly recognisable to Dickens' contemporaries. "... a tall, thin man, with a sandy-coloured head inclined to baldness, and a face in which solemn importance was blended with a look of unfathom- able profundity. He was dressed in a long brown surtout, with a black cloth waistcoat, and drab trousers. A double eyeglass dangled at his waist- coat; and on his head he wore a very low-crowned hat with a broad brim." And the personality of Mr. Pott bore, in some of its most salient pecu- liarities, a grotesque resemblance to that of the great Whig chancellor. No stronger and stranger a figure than his (says Mr. Justin McCarthy in A History of Our Own Times) is described in the modern history of England. . . . He might have been described as one possessed by a very demon of work. His physical strength never gave way. 97 G THE DICKENS ORIGINALS His high spirits never deserted him. His self- confidence was boundless. He thought he knew everything and could do everything better than any other man. He delighted in giving evid- ence that he understood the business of the specialist better than the specialist himself. His vanity was overweening, and made him ridicu- lous almost as often and as much as his genius made him admired. The comic literature of more than a generation had no subject more fruitful than the vanity and restlessness of Lord Broug- ham. ... He was not an orator of the highest class . . . his style was too diffuse and sometimes too uncouth . . . his action was wild, and some- times even furious ; his gestures were singularly ungraceful; his manners were grotesque. . . . Brougham's was an excitable and self-assertive nature . . . his personal vanity was immense . . . his eccentricities and his almost savage temper made him intolerable. . . ." This from an admirer ! Dickens, in his reporting days, must often have watched and listened to Lord Brougham ; and somehow he seems to have conceived a violent antipathy toward him. But in that cruel carica- ture of the statesman in the absurd person of Pott we have the only instance of his ever gratifying a personal dislike by putting his victim in the pillory. CHAPTER THE FIFTH ABOUT SQUEERS ftf MR. FANG CHAPTER THE FIFTH ABOUT SQUEERS AND MR. FANG DICKENS NEVER AGAIN GRATIFIED a personal dislike by pillorying the object of his aversion ; but he did great social service in pillory- ing the figureheads of systems and the upholders and exponents of laws of which he disapproved. I think he rejoiced in his power to do this ; and in the consciousness of his power and in the exuber- ance of his rejoicing it maybe that he was at times a little indiscriminate, a little too emphatic, a little unjust. But ... try to realise the position that this young man of twenty-four held in 1836. Try to realise how his lightest word was quoted and ac- claimed as wisdom by not only the scanty reading public of that illiterate time, but also by those who could not read, and so had to have his writings read to them. As Forster says of the reception of Pickwick Papers. Of what the reception of the book had been up to this time, and of the popularity Dickens had won as its author, this also will be the proper place to speak. For its kind, its extent, and the absence of everything unreal or factitious in the causes that contributed to it, it is unexampled in literature- Here was a series of sketches, without the pret- ence to such interest as attends a well-constructed 101 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS story; put forth in aform apparently ephemeral as its purpose; havingnone that seemed higher than to exhibit some studies of cockney manners with help from acomicartist ; andafter four orfiveparts had appeared, without newspaper notice or puff- ing, and itself not subserving in the public any- thingfalse or unworthy, it spranginto a popularity that each part carried higher and higher, until people at this time talked of nothing else, trades- men recommended their goods by using its name, and its sale, outstripping at a bound that of all the most famous books of the century, had reached to an almost fabulous number. Of part one, the binder prepared four hundred ; and of part fif- teen, his order was for more than forty thousand. Every class, the high equally with the low, were attracted to it. The charm of its gaiety and good humour, its inexhaustible fun, its riotous overflow of animal spirits, its brightness and keenness of observation, and above all, the incomparable ease of its many varieties of enjoyment, fascinated everybody. Judges on the bench and boys in the street, gravity and folly, the young and the old, those who were entering life and those who were quitting it, alike found it to be irresistible. " An archdeacon," wrote Mr. Carlyle . . . " with his own venerable lips, repeated to me the other night, a strange profane story : of a solemn clergyman who had been administering ghostly consolation to a sick person ; having finished, satisfactorily 102 ABOUT SQUEERS ftP MR. FANG as he thought, and got out of the room, he heard the sick person ejaculate: 'Well, thank God, Pick- wick will be out in ten days anyway ! ' Try to realise how this consciousness of power over the minds and hearts of the British public must have intoxicated the mere youth that Dick- ens was then, and wonder rather that he preserved so much of his level-headedness in the whirlwind of applause that surged about him, than that, oc- casionally, he was betrayed into any slight abuse of his power. One likes it is human ! to bring these great ones down to earth. One likes to feel one's kin- ship withthem,even in unworthy things. But one does not like, and one finds no difficulty in utterly disbelieving, the story that because, when Dick- ens and Mr. Hablot Browne went down to the neighbourhood of Barnard Castle to interview the notorious Yorkshire schoolmaster, William Shaw, they were received "with extreme hau- teur," Dickens took his revenge for that slight by lampooning him as Squeers. The whole story is rendered the more improbable by the assertion that " Phiz " (Halbot Browne) drew an instantly recognisable portrait of Shaw on his thumbnail. Shaw lacked an eye. A man of the same name and address had been twice tried, sixteen years before the publication of Nickleby, for atrocities similar tothose describedin theaccountof Dothe- 103 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS boys Hall. But, according to Shaw's old pupils, he was quite a nice man, really. And yet . . . Dickens. * . . . had gone down provided with some ficti- tious letters of introduction, which his friend Nit- ton had prepared " a pious fraud " he calls it. He was supposed to be looking for a suitable school wherein to place a widow's child. . . . Four miles away was Barnard Castle, which was to be his real hunting-ground. " All the schools are round about that place." . . . The visitors were only however to devote a day or two days, Thursday and Friday, to the investigation. They took a post-chaise Nicholas and Squeers drove over in a pony-cart . . . and arrived at a long, cold-looking house one storey high, with a few straggling outbuildings behind, and a barn and stable adjoining ... he (Dickens) had no time to waste . . . had to commence and introduce Squeers and his school scenes almost at once. . . . as to the original of Squeers. It was in- sisted that as the house was sketched from some- thing existing, so also must have been the school- master himself. The result was unfortunate, but Dickens wasnot in the least responsible. Squeers is wholly imaginary in appearance, manner, and diction, and for the purposes of fiction it was necessary that he should be so. It was enough * Bozland, by Percy Fitzgerald. 104 SERJEANT BOM PAS r.int Buzt'u? " ABOUT SQUEERS & MR. FANG for the author that the notorious system existed of which Squeers was a type. A wretched peda- gogue, exercising his sordid cruelties, however accurately drawn from life, would be no gain to a fiction. The author indeed declares positively in his original preface that Squeers is the represen- tative of a class and not of an individual. The subject had long been in his thoughts. Even when a child at Rochester he had been vividly impressed by a lad who had come from a York- shire school " with a suppurated abscess " which his master had "ripped open with an inky pen- knife." . . . Dickens, however, was not the first to attract the attention of the kingdom to these horrors. Some sixteen years before the appearance of Nickleby they had all been revealed in the course of some actions which were tried in London in October, 1823, before Judge Park Jones versus Shaw, and Ockerby against the same. These were the parents of the ill-used boy, and during the course of the trial many of the Squeers incidents were brought out. There can be no doubt that though Dickens did not sketch Squeers from Shaw, he certainly made use of many of the in- cidents which Shaw's case supplied. There was once sold by auction in London one of Shaw's cards, dating from near Greta Bridge, offering to teach young gentlemen Latin, English, arith- I0 5 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS metic, geography, and geometry, and to board and lodge them for 20 a year, which, it will be recol- lected, were Mr. Squeers' terms. A manuscript note states that Mr. Shaw " leaves the Saracen's Head, Snow Hill, at half-past seven o'clock, Thursday morning, July 25." Numbers of the boys, it seems, had lost their sight through a horr- ible neglect. One of the Jones boys told his story, and it certainly seemed like poor " Graymarsh " or one of his fellows, telling of his treatment by Squeers. "There were nearly three hundred boys in the schools. We had meat three times a week, and on the other days potatoes and bread and cheese. When any gentleman came to see his children, Mr. Shaw used to order the boys who were with- out trousers or jackets to get under the desks; we were sometimes without our trousers for four or five days while they were being mended. The boys washed in a long trough similar to what the horses drink from ; the boys had but two towels, and the big boys used to take advantage of the little boys, and get to the towels first ; we had no supper; we had warm water and milk for tea and dry bread ; we had hay and straw beds, and one sheet to each bed, in which four or five boys slept; there were about thirty beds in one room, and a large tub in the middle ; there were only three or four boys in some of the beds ; we had fleas every other morning (a laugh) ; I mean, we had quills 106 ABOUT SQUEERS MR. FANG furnished us to flea the beds every othermorning, and we caught a good beating if we did not fill the quills with fleas; we had the skimmings of the pot every Sunday afternoon ; the usher offered a penny for every maggot, and the boys found more than a quart full, but he did not give them the money (a laugh) ; we had soap every Satur- day afternoon, but that was always used by the big boys, and we had no soap but what we bought ; on one occasion (in October) I felt a weakness in my eyes, and could not write my copy ; the defen- dant said he would beat me ; on the next day I could not see at all, and I told Mr. Shaw, who sent me, with three others, to the wash-house; he always sent those boys who were ill to the wash- house, as he had no doctor; those who were totally blind were sent into a room ; there were nine boys in this room totally blind ; a Mr. Ben- ning, a doctor, was sent for; while I remained in the wash-house no doctor attended us; I was in the room two months, and the doctor then dis- charged me, saying I had lost one eye ; in fact, I was blind with both; I went to the wash-house a second time, but no doctor attended me then." . . . Mr. Squeers, too, was in the habit of con- fiscating the boys' clothes, dressing them in old ragged garments that were too tight or too large, as the case might be. ... The strangest part, however, was the defence, which was that Shaw was rather a humane and 107 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS amiable man "in private life"at least and that it was the system of his school that was responsi- ble, "avowedlyfoundedon themost parsimonious principles, with a view to suit certain parties." He kept five ushers, and the doctor's charge for one year, it was sworn, was ^100. Mrs. Shaw was reported to be " tender-hearted." . . . The upshot of that trial was that Shaw was mulcted in heavy damages ; but continued his school. Then, when Nickleby appeared, Dick- ens' description of Dotheboys Hall revived all the old odium that had attached to the Yorkshire schoolmaster. It was insisted that the sketch of Squeers was intended for Shaw. " He became an object of ridicule to his thoughtless, or perhaps spiteful, neighbours, which, together with the ruin that soon after overtook him through loss of pupils, broke his spirit and hastened his death." Certainly it was a good thing that Shaw should die, and with him his infamous kind of school. But one is somehow intrigued to consider whether Dickens was actuated by a pure zeal for reform, or by the exigencies of his story, to journey so far afield and find material for those chapters on Mr. Squeers' establishment which gave weight to Nickleby and attracted to it that kind of attention which the methods of Mr. Hall Caine and Miss Marie Corelli attract to their novels. I think that there is something valid in my suspicion that 108 ABOUT SQUEERS & MR. FANG Dickens, in his earliest period, vamped so heavily on the strain of public abuses in order to lam- poon individuals for whom he had conceived a dislike. But, at any rate, he abandoned this un- worthy habit in Nicholas Nickleby ; and thence- forward devoted himself not to the derision, de- nunciation, and destruction of individuals by means of gross caricature, but to the abolition of social evils such as his inimitable combination of talents in indignation and ridicule enabled his mind to compass. But there is at least one wholly authentic por- trait, as to the identity of which there can be no possible question, in one of Dickens' books. This is the portrait of Mr. Fang in Oliver Twist. Mr. Fang was drawn with meticulous care from a living original. Dickens himself was always de- lighted to admit this. Wanting (says Forster) an insolent and harsh police-magistrate, he bethought him of an original ready to his hand in one of the London offices ; and instead of pursuing his later method of giving a personal appearance that should in some sort render difficult the identification of mental pecu- liarities, he was only eager to get in the whole man complete upon his page, figure, and face as well as manners and mind. He wrote accordingly ... to Mr. Haines, a gentleman who then had 109 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS general supervision over the police-courts for the daily newspapers. " In my next number of Oliver Twist I must have a magistrate ; and cast- ing about for a magistrate whose harshness and insolence would render him a fit subject to be shown up, I have as a necessary consequence stumbled upon Mr. Laing of Hatton Garden celebrity. I know the man's character perfectly well ; but as it would be necessary to describe his personal appearance also, I ought to have seen him, which (fortunately or unfortunately as the case may be) I have never done. In this dilemma it occurred to me that perhaps I might under your auspices be smuggled into the Hat- ton Garden office for a few moments some morn- ing. If you can further my object I shall be really very greatly obliged to you." The opportunity was found; the magistrate was brought up before the novelist. . . . And Dickens got him down on paper, thus : Mr. Fang was a lean, long-backed, stiff-necked, middle-sized man, with no great quantity of hair, and what he had growing on the back and sides of his head. His face was stern, and much flushed. If he were really not in the habit of drinking rather more than was exactly good for him, he might have brought an action against his counte- nance for libel and recovered heavy damages. no ABOUT SQUEERS ftf MR. FANG The old gentleman (Mr. Brownlow) bowed respectfully ; and advancing to the magistrate's desk, said, suiting the action to the word : " That is my name and address, sir." He then with- drew a pace or two ; and, with another polite and gentlemanly inclination of the head, waited to be questioned. Now it so happened that Mr. Fang was at that moment perusing a leading article in a newspaper of the morning, adverting to some recent decision of his, and commending him for the three hun- dred and fiftieth time to the special and particular notice of the Secretary of State for the Home De- partment. He was out of temper ; and he looked up with an angry scowl. 11 Who are you ? " said Mr. Fang. The old gentleman pointed, with some sur- prise, to his card. " Officer!" said Mr. Fang, tossing the card con- temptuously away with the newspaper. " Who is this fellow ? " " My name, sir,"saidthe old gentleman, speak- ing like a gentleman, " my name, sir, is Brownlow. Permit me to inquire the name of the magis- trate who offers a gratuitous and unprovoked in- sult to a respectable person, under the protec- tion of the bench." Saying this, Mr. Brownlow looked round the office as if in search of some person who would afford him the required information, in THE DICKENS ORIGINALS " Officer!" said Mr. Fang, throwing the paper on one side, "what's this fellow charged with ?" "He's not charged at all, your worship," re- plied the officer. " He appears against the boy, your worship." His worship knew this perfectly well; but it was a good annoyance, and a safe one. "Appears against the boy, does he?" said Fang, surveying Mr. Brownlow contemptuously from head to foot. " Swear him ! " " Before I am sworn I must beg to say one word," said Mr. Brownlow; "and that is, that I never, without actual experience, could have believed " " Hold your tongue, sir ! " said Mr. Fang, per- emptorily. " I will not, sir," replied the old gentle- man. " Hold your tongue this instant, or I'll have you turned out of the office ! " said Mr. Fang. " You are an insolent, impertinent fellow. How dare you bully a magistrate ! " " What! " exclaimed the old gentleman, red- dening. " Swear this person ! " said Fang to the clerk. " I'll not hear another word. Swear him." Mr.Brownlow's indignation was greatly roused; but reflecting perhaps that he might only injure the boy by giving vent to it, he suppressed his feelings and submitted to be sworn at once. 112 LORD BROUGHAM "Mr Potts" ABOUT SQUEERS ftP MR. FANG "Now," said Fang, "what's the charge against this boy ? What have you got to say, sir ? " "I was standing at a bookstall " Mr. Brown- low began. "Holdyourtongue,sir,"saidMr.Fang. "Police- man! Where's the policeman ? Here, swear this policeman. Now, policeman, what is this ? " Thepoliceman, with becominghumility, related howhe had taken the charge ; how he hadsearched Oliver and found nothing on his person ; and how that was all he knew about it. "Are there any witnesses?" inquired Mr. Fang. " None, your worship," replied the policeman. Mr. Fangsat silent for some minutes,and then, turning round to the prosecutor, said in a tower- ing passion : " Do you mean to state what your complaint against this boy is, man, or doyounot? You have been sworn. Now if you stand there, refusing to give evidence, I'll punish you for disrespect to the bench, I will, by " As a direct result of that scathing indictment Mr. Laing was removed from the bench by the Home Secretary, very shortly afterward, on the occasion of some fresh outbreak of foul ill-temper and intolerable brutality. And whilst we are on this theme it may profit 113 H THE DICKENS ORIGINALS us, perhaps, to consider how it came about that Dickens did always show this fierce hostility to all sorts and conditions of lawyers. In all his amazing gallery of legal figures there is hardly one, from Messrs. Dodson and Fogg to the stately Mr. Tulkinghorn, who is not in some way a repellent figure. I think the explanation of this antagonism is to be found in the circumstance that Dickens had once been a solicitor's clerk. As a solicitor's clerk it was his misfortune to be- come too early acquainted with the sadder, shad- ier side of human nature ; and so he had con- ceived one of his peculiar aversions to all that reminded him of that period of his career : an aversion which included all the people for whose interests and advantages the lawyer stands. As I have said elsewhere : if there had ever been any tendency in Dickens' nature to associate gentlehood with the class that consists of "gentle- men " and " ladies," his experiences in Mr. Mol- loy's and Mr. Blackmore's offices must assuredly have dispossessed him of it. One can hardly ap- preciate at its true value the goodness of the Have-Nots until one has traded in the badness of the Haves. It may be urged that a lawyer's ex- perience is confined solely to the worst and not necessarily most typical cases. That notion falls to the ground, however, when one remembers that the whole fabric of the law is built upon the principle of mutual mistrust. Every clause, every 114 ABOUT SQUEERS ftP MR. FANG article, every stipulation and condition ; every enactment, rule, and precedent is drafted and re- drafted and re-drafted again, and rough-copied and fair-copied and fair-copied again, is settled and re-settled and copied and re-copied, and settled and yet again re-settled, and bandied from hand to hand and argued and 'squabbled and fought over, and finally engrossed and signed and sealed and delivered in every stage of its pro- gress on the frank assumption that either of the parties concerned is entirely bent on cheating and robbing all or any of the others if it is barely possible for him to do so. The whole practice of the law is an exercise in cunning and chicanery. Truth and honour, good faith and charitableness, mercy and kindness: theseare the instinctsagainst which it wages unremitting war. To be generous is to be madly foolish. To be fair-minded is to be quixotic. To forego the seizing of any advantage offered by another's innocence or ignorance or oversight is to write yourself down an ass. To voice scruples against suppressing ugly facts and distorting equivocal circumstances is to forfeit the respect of your legal advisers. To confound law with equity is to amuse them. Dickens' experience of the law was the one thing needed to add to the effect upon his tem- perament of his other varied experiences, just that salutary touch of hard sophistication which conduces to perfect clearness of vision. He knew THE DICKENS ORIGINALS the law and lawyers far too well to have any re- spect for anything or anyone connected with its practice. So, throughout his whole life, he kept handy a whip with which to thrash the myrmidons of the law whensoever they seemed to him to deserve chastisement. In August 1855 ne wrote : It is altogether a mistake to suppose that if a magistrate wilfully deliver himself of a slander- ous aspersion, knowing it to be unjust, he is unfit for his post. It is altogether a mistake to suppose that if a magistrate, in a fit of bile brought on by recent disregard of some very absurd evidence of his, so yield to his ill-temper as to deliver himself, in a sort of mad exasperation, of such slanderous as- persion as aforesaid, he is unfit for his post. It is altogether a mistake to suppose it to be very questionable whether, even in degraded Naples at this time, a magistrate could from the official bench insult and traduce the whole people, without being made to suffer for it. It is altogether a mistake to suppose that it would be becoming in some one individual out of between six and seven hundred national repre- sentatives, to be so far jealous of the honour of his country, as indignantly to protest against its being thus grossly stigmatised. 116 ABOUT SQUEERS ftf MR. FANG It is altogether a mistake to suppose that the Home Office has any association whatever with the general credit, the general self-respect, the general feeling in behalf of decent utterance, or the general resentment when the same is most discreditably violated. The Home Office is mere- ly an ornamental institution supported out of the general pocket. It is altogether a mistake to suppose that Mr. Hall (Chief Police Magistrate, sitting at Bow Street at that time) is anybody's business, or that we, the mere bone and sinew, tag rag and bobtail of England, have anything to do with him, but to pay him his salary, accept his justice, and meekly bow our heads to his high and mighty reproof. And again in March 1856 he wrote : I wonder why I feel a glow of complacency in a court of justice, when I hear the learned judges taking uncommon pains to prevent the prisoner from letting out the truth. If the object of the trial be to discover the truth, perhaps it might be as edifying to hear it, even from the prisoner, as to hear what is unquestionably not the truth from the prisoner's advocate. I wonder why I say, in a flushed and rapturous manner, that it would be " un-English " to examine the prisoner. I sup- pose that with common fairness it would be next to impossible to confuse him, unless he lied ; and 117 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS if he did lie, I suppose he could hardly be brought to confusion too soon. Why does that word "un- English" always act as a spell upon me, and why do I suffer it to settle any question ? Twelve months ago it was un-English to abstain from throttling our soldiers. Thirty years ago it was un-English not to hang people up by scores ev- ery Monday. Sixty years ago it was un-English to be sober after dinner. A hundred years ago it was un-English not to love cock-fighting, prize- fighting, dog-fighting, bull-baiting, and other sav- ageries. Why do I submit to the word as a clin- cher, without asking myself whether it has any meaning ? I don't dispute that I do so, every day of my life ; but I want to know why I do so ? On the other hand, why am I meek in regard of really non-English sentiments, if the potent bugbear of that term be not called into play ? Here is a magistrate tells me I am one of a nation of drunkards. All Englishmen are drunkards, is the judicial bray (of Mr. Hall). Here is another magistrate propounding from the seat of justice the stupendous nonsense that it is desirable that every person who gives alms in the streets should be fined for that offence. This to a Christian people, and with the NewTestamentlying before him as a sort of Dummy, I suppose, to swear witnesses on. Why does my so-easily-frightened nationality not take offence at such things ? My hobby shies at shadows ; why does it amble so 118 ABOUT SQUEERS &P MR. FANG quietly past these advertising-vans of Block- heads seeking notoriety ? Why, indeed ? And why have we no modern Dickens to deal thus faithfully with the Shallows of our own time? CHAPTER THE SIXTH THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE OTHERS CHAPTER THE SIXTH BROTHERS CHEERYBLE & OTHERS IN SOME RESPECTS OLIVER TWIST is the most remarkable of Dickens' books. The same might be said, perhaps, of all Dickens' books, since each is remarkable in some way which distinguishes it from every other. But of Oliver Twist it can be said with peculiar force, because in no other book did Dickens depart al- together from his usual style, and deal with his characters and his theme so entirely from the ob- jective point of view, as distinct from the subjec- tive ; and in no other book did he write of things and people that he had so little first-hand know- ledge of. In Oliver Twist he went for his facts behind the figures of a Royal Commission appointed in 1832 to inquire into the operation of the Poor Laws, and the evils that had grown out of the mal- administration of the old Act of 1796, in spite of the two subsequent Vestry Acts of 1817, which had been passed on the report of an earlier Com- mission in order to check them. This report was issued in 1834. As a piece of officialdom it was admirable. As an unconscious revelation of the spirit of the times it was piquant. But as an ex- pression of the attitude of those in authority to- ward the poor it was one of the most damning human documents ever written. Its cynicism, its 123 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS effrontery, its callousness, its brutality, are almost beyond belief in these so much more humanitarian days. Only a stupid and heartless rage for econ- omy in the outlay of money at any cost of suffer- ing seems to have guided the Commissioners to their ultimate conclusions and recommendations. Dickens, during the days of his Parliamentary reporting, had had some pretty extensive experi- ence of Royal Commissions. He realised that they were thenadays of as little avail in the ameli- oration of social injustices as they are now. His wrath was aroused, his sympathies kindled. He was aflame to right the fresh wrongs with which these vile enactments threatened the common people. So, in a white heat, regardless of the ex- pectations that Pickwick Papers was bound to have raised in the mind of his public, he cast aside the methods that had won him his first great suc- cess and wrote Oliver Twist. Out of the fire and fury of his indignation, but not out of his own ex- perience of the evils therein described, he wrote that astounding book. The whole workhouse gang and its infamous system : Bumble, Mr. Limbkins, Mr. Gamfield, the gentleman in the white waistcoat, Mr. Sower- berry, Mrs. Corney, and the rest : in all these he has created types so monstrous in their inhuman- ity that public opinion inevitably arose in revolt and insisted on the total abolition of a state of things that made such horrors possible. That 124 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE state of things has not been abolished yet. Per- haps it never will be utterly abolished. But if the existence of such a state of things ever had, or ever could have, any justification of any kind which seems hardly possible that justification is to be found, at present, only in the fact that it moved Dickens to embark upon his first crusade against established iniquity, and inspired him with that zeal for public service which burned in him throughout the rest of his career. So much for the propaganda side of Oliver Twist. As to the soundness of his other purpose, in depicting the infamous crew that circled around the Jew Fagin, I am not so well satisfied; be- cause to put it bluntly, he tried to depict what he had never seen, to describe a phase of life with which he was essentially unfamiliar, and so drew an unconvincing picture. Bill Sikes never was, or ever could be, a convincing type of the pro- fessional burglar. He is altogether too burly and coarse, too gross and clumsy as a visit to any of our police-courts will prove to the most scep- tical. And in Fagin, who was probably drawn from a notorious criminal of that time named I key Solomons (of whom there will be further men- tion) he sacrificed an effect of authenticity to his passion for the picturesque as in the case of Squeers. Neither do I agree with him that whilst " a 125 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Massaroni in green velvet is an enchanting crea- ture ... a Sikes in fustian is insupportable ; " or that "a Mrs. Massaroni,;. being a lady in short petticoats and a fancy dress ... a thing to imitate in tableaux and have in lithograph on pretty songs ... a Nancy, being a creature in a cotton gown and cheap shawl, is not to be thought of. It is wonderful (says Dickens in his preface to Oliver Twist) how virtue turns from dirty stock- ings ; and how Vice, married to ribbons and a little gay attire, changes her name, as wedded ladies do, and becomes Romance." It would be wonderful if it were true. But it is not true, or we should none of us be so hor- ribly fascinated, as deaf old Mrs. Wardle was, by the Fat Boy's desire to make our flesh creep, or so eager to listen to the fearsome tale that he has to unfold. I am inclined to think that deaf old Mrs. Wardle was a little disappointed in the Fat Boy's narrative. I have an idea that she ex- pected at least a little gore, and would have been vastly more thrilled if it had been a murder and not merely a projected elopement that the Fat Boy had to divulge. And I am irresistibly per- suaded to this belief by the fact that in all ages and in all climes human nature has never fail- ed to evince a similar intense interest morbid, if you like in the most foul and revolting of crimes, in the most raw and crude villainy, in viciousness the most naked and unashamed, in 126 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE degradation the most abject and nauseous. If this were not so, why should our present-day editors serve up for our delectation so many more columns of description, when they are dealing with some hideous story of murder and mutila- tion, than when they have only to tell us how some polite and genteel scoundrel has by devious courses succeeded in evading the Bankruptcy Court only to land himself at last in the abyss of gaol ? But at this early stage of his development Dickens was peculiarly susceptible unlike most sanguine, ardent young men to the influence of middle-class conventions : which is merely to say that, though he had learned to see aright, he had not yet learned to think aright to think for him- self, that is. According to the accepted convention of his day, the thief and the prostitute, the pickpocket and the murderer, and all the rest of the criminal hoi polloi, were to use a favourite word of that period "low"; and, being "low," they must needs be also dirty and violent, crapulous and ob- scene. A like convention ordained that all decent and law-abiding people were superior, not only in outward seeming, but in mental capacity and spiritual grace, to these bestial outlaws. Dickens accepted both conventions and subscribed to them heartily: it was all a part of his childlike inno- cence; with the result that all the villains in his 127 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS earlier booksare instantly recognisable as villains at first sight, whilst all his good people exhale an unmistakable odour of sanctity ; whereas the truth is, of course, that a villain's appearance of virtue is usually his best asset, and that if bad men went about like blind men, with descriptive labels attached to them, they would never be given a chance to do any wrong at all ; equally is it true that an odour of sanctity may be assumed to smother the evil odour of a mind festering and rotting with disease. Thus, in Oliver 7ttfefl,we have Dickens' burg- lars and his Nancys, his Artful Dodgers and his Noah Claypoles, and so on, all alike presented to us as beings from whom we should instinctively shrink in disgust ; and we have, on the other hand, his Brothers Cherry ble presented to us as two cherubic saints, whom to meet only once is to ac- cept as embodiments of goodness, whom to know for but an hour is to love. In his preface to Nicholas Nickleby he says, after having defended his delineation of Squeers and his denunciation of the whole race of school- masters for whom the figure of Squeers stands as the archetype: "To turn to a more pleasant sub- ject, it may be right to say, that there are two characters in this book which are drawn from life. It is remarkable that what we call the world, 128 WILLIAM GRANT One of the "Chceivble Brother*' THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE which is so very credulous in what professes to be true, is most incredulous in what professes to be imaginary ; and that, while, every day in real life, it will allow in one man no blemishes, and in another no virtues, it will seldom admit a very strongly-marked character, either good or bad, in a fictitious narrative, to be within the limits of probability. But those who take an interest in this tale will be glad to learn that the Brothers Cheeryble live ; that their liberal charity, their singleness of heart, their noble nature, and their unbounded benevolence, are no creations of the Author's brain ; but are prompting every day (and oftenest by stealth) some munificent and generous deed in that town of which they are the pride and honour. If I were to attempt to sum up the thousands of letters, from all sorts of people in all sorts of latitudes and climates, which this unlucky paragraph brought down upon me, I should get into an arithmetical difficulty from which I could not easily extricate myself. Suffice it to say that I believe the applications for loans, gifts, and offices of profit, that I have been re- quested to forward to the originals of the Brothers Cheeryble (with whom I never interchanged any communication in my life) would have exhausted the combined patronage of all the Lord Chan- :ellors since the accession of the H ouse of Bruns- wick, and would have broken the Rest of the Bank of England. The Brothers are now dead." 29 I THE DICKENS ORIGINALS One might add that they were never alive. Even the genius of their creator could not make them credible, implicitly as he believed in them. But, in another sense, one asks : Were they really dead at the time when Dickens wrote the above words ? Forster says very definitely : " A friend now specially welcome also, was the novelist, Mr. Ainsworth, who shared with us incessantly for the three following years in the companionship which began at his (Dickens') house (in Devon- shire Terrace) ; with whom we visited . . . friends of art and literature in his native Manchester, from among whom Dickens brought away his Brothers Cheeryble." Mr. Kitton says : In a literary sense Manchester can boast of . . . Dickensian associations, for here resided the originals of the delightful Cheeryble Brothers who (the author assures us in his preface to Nick- olasNickleby)wc. " very slightlyand imperfectly sketched" from life. . . . The actual models whence he portrayed the Cheery bles with approximate accuracy were the Brothers Grant, William and Daniel, merchants of Ramsbottom and Man- chester. . . . From evidence recently forthcoming . . . we learn that in 1838 (the year prior to the publication of Nickleby] he and Forster were the guests of Mr. Gilbert Winter, of Stocks House, 130 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE Cheetham Hill Road, Manchester, to whom they went with a letter of introduction from Harrison Ainsworth. It was at Stocks House that Dickens became acquainted with the Grants The Rev- erend Hume Elliott informs us that although William and Daniel Grant had residences in Manchester, they preferred to live together at Springside, Ramsbottom, " which they made a veritable home of hospitality and good works," and it is fair to assume that Dickens must have seen at their home the original of David, " the apoplectic butler," or ascertained from an auth- entic source the peculiarities of Alfred (Boot), who served the Grants in a like capacity and possessed similar idiosyncrasies. . . . The rare combination of the qualities of charity and hu- manity with sound business instincts such as are ascribed to the Cheeryble Brothers, was exactly trueof the Grants. On thedeath of William Grant, the elder brother, in 1842, the novelist, writing from Niagara Falls to his American friend, Pro- fessor Felton, said : "One of the noble hearts who sat for the Cheeryble Brothers is dead. If I had been in England I would certainly have gone into mourning for the loss of such a glorious life. His brother is not expected to survive him. ... I am told that it appears from a memorandum found among the papers of the deceased that in his life- time he gave away ,600,000, or three million dollars." There is a marble tablet to the memory 131 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS of William Grant in Saint Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Ramsbottom, recording his " vigour of understanding, his spotless integrity of character, and his true benevolence of heart. ... If you are in poverty," the inscription continues, "grieve for the loss of so good a friend ; if born to wealth and influence, think of the importance of such a trust, and earn in like manner by a life of charit- able exertion the respect and love of all who knew you, and the prayers and blessings of the poor." Honoured descendants of the two philanthropists are still surviving in the city which cherishes their memory. And Mr. Fitzgerald, who is equally circum- stantial, says : A portly volume of some 400 pages has been written on the subject of the Cheery ble Brothers whose real name was Grant most of which is devoted to an accountof a Dissenting chapel with which they were connected, the Dundee Chapel it was called. The brothers were William, Daniel, John, and I think Charles. In their early days they kept a shop at Bury St. Edmund's, but mi- grated to Manchester, where they became lead- ing merchants. The novelist's father always held them out to him as a pattern to imitate. They were well known for their philanthropic char- acter. A Liverpool merchant, who came to ask assistance at a crisis, was given ; 10,000 without 132 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE any security. One of the brothers was alive in 1855- This was the brother who, according to the re- port echoed by Dickens, was not expected to sur- vive his brother's death in 1 842. The brother who died in 1842 was William Grant, of whom the fol- lowing passage in Nickleby is said to give an ex- cellent description : He was a sturdy old fellow in a broad-skirted blue coat, made pretty large to fit easily, and with no particular waist; his bulky legs clothed in drab breeches and high gaiters, and his head pro- tected by a low-crowned, broad-brimmed white hat, such as a wealthy grazier might wear. He wore his coat buttoned ; and his dimpled double chin rested in the folds of a white neckerchief not one of your stiff-starched, apoplectic cravats, but a good easy old-fashioned white neck-cloth that a man might go to bed in and be none the worse for. But what principally attracted the at- tention of Nicholas was the old gentleman's eye never was such a clear, twinkling, honest, merry, happy eye as that. And there he stood, looking a little upward with one hand thrust into the breast of his coat, and the other playing with his old-fashioned gold watch-chain ; his head thrown a little on one side, and his hat a little more on one side than his head (but that was evi- dently accident ; not his ordinary way of wearing THE DICKENS ORIGINALS it), with such a pleasant smile playing about his mouth, and such a comical expression of mingled slyness, simplicity, kindheartedness, and good- humour lighting up his jolly old face, that Nicho- las would have been content to have stood there, and looked at him until evening, and to have for- gotten, meanwhile, that there was such a thing as a soured mind or a crabbed countenance to be met with in the whole wide world. Now I think the most significant sentence in all the above extracts is that which mentions that Dickens' father had always held the Grant Brothers out to his son Charles as a pattern to imitate. The time is not yet for us to consider Dickens' father in the character of Mr. Micaw- ber; but I think that these prosperous merchants would be just the kind of men that the John Dickenses of this world do always set up as heroes. Your incurably unsuccessful man is almost in- variably the warmest admirer of your successful man, so long as he does not come into personal contact with him. And so when the time came for the brilliant son of the poor failure to meet his father's ideal type in the flesh, it was natural that he should look at him with his father's eyes. Who and what were these men, these four Brothers Grant ? They were Scotsmen of El- chies. It is said that in their hot youth they tramped from their native place to Bury with all 134 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE their worldly possessions tied up in a bundle. It is more usual for the future millionaire to descend upon the unfortunate country or town in which he is to make his millions with only half a crown in his pocket ; and I have always been con- strained to wonder if he had also a hundred pounds or so tied up in the tail of his shirt, since the crowning mystery of his career is invariably that sudden accession of capital which enables him to spring from penury into prosperity at one bound. It is, then, so much the more satisfactory to learn that the Brothers Grant brought their half-crowns in a bundle. It absolves them from that suspicion of indulging in some sharp prac- tices such as robbing their masters 7 till or cook- ing his accounts which always does lurk at the back of my mind whenever I read the biographies of self-made men. These young men had been graziers in Scot- land, and had failed as graziers. Mr. Fitzger- ald mentions incidentally that, before coming to Manchester, they had kept a shop in Bury St. Ed- mund's and presumably again failed, this time as shopkeepers. But it is reassuring to know that, despite these and perhaps other early set-backs, they were miraculously enabled to set up as Woollen and Linen Drapers in their new domi- cile (no doubt on the contents of the bundle), and very soon were flourishing like the green bay tree : flourishing to such an extent that they could 135 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS afford at least two residences, and could also lend ten thousand pounds without security, but not without hope of advertisement, or that transac- tion would never have been made public. William Grant, who was obviously the chief moving spirit in thefirm, seems to have beenaman of character. He is said to have been extremely witty ; and so it is a pity that the only sayings of his which tradition has preserved are the usual insolences of the lucky, boastful speculator. He had a pet maxim : " Good masters make good workmen." And his other good thing was said in reply to a remark by some one: "I believe, Mr. Grant, you were very poor when you came to these parts ? " " Oh yes," replied William with a droll twin- kle of the eye that same twinkle which Dick- ens had observed " Oh yes. And if I had been you I should have remained poor ! " What the other man retorted is not on record, unfortunately ; but if I had been in his shoes I should have said : "Yes, poor but honest." Frankly, one does not like these Cheerybles or Grants. But then, as it is impossible for anyone to believe in them, no harm is done. And at least there is this beautiful aspect of their case, which is summed up in the surprising fact that Dickens did believe in them, in the simplicity of his glorious youth or, rather, believed in his father's belief in them. He did believe thanks to his father 136 DANIEL GRANT Onr of the "Chccryble Brother*" THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE that it is possible to be at once a millionaire and a humanitarian; and that it is a creditable thing for a man to laugh and grow fat whilst those out of whose labour he has made his riches do not laugh but oftener weep, and are mercifully saved from the vice of laziness by such hard work that they must remain of necessity thin. " The Brothers are now dead." Oh, no doubt they are dead very dead. And perhaps, after all, even Dickens' dear illusions about them had begun to fade a little by the time he wrote that sentence in his preface to Nicholas Nickleby. It would almost seem so ; for never ag- ain do their like appear in any of his later work, although we have recognisable variations on the Brothers Grant in the Gradgrinds, Bounderbys, Merdles the original of Merdle was the infam- ous John Sadlier, forger and swindler, a sort of Whitaker Wright Veneerings, and so on, of his final embittered period. Our pleasure is now to dwell upon the real triumphs of Nickleby: Newman Noggs and Miss La Creevy ; and upon those rather less likely characters, John Browdie and Smike: all four of whom are said to have been founded upon living prototypes. "My friends," wrote Sydney Smith, describing to Dickens the anxiety of some ladies of his ac- quaintance to meet him at dinner, " have not the 137 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS smallest objection to be put into a number, but on the contrary would be proud of the distinction; and Lady Charlotte, in particular, you may marry to Newman Noggs." History does not disclose the identity of this Lady Charlotte; but it is sufficiently revealed that she was a woman of nice discrimination and ex- quisite taste. Newman Noggs, whom we have all met in the flesh, and if wearediscerning pitied with the pity that is akin to love, is one of those unfortunates who, having been dowered with all the virtues, are cursed by the addition of one small vice that renders all their virtues absurd and holds them up for evermore to the coarse ridicule or the stern obloquy or the silent contempt of their im- measurable inferiors, the cruel, the self-righteous, and the purblind or unthinking. Newman Noggs was a tall man of middle age, with two goggle eyes whereof one was a fixture, a rubicund nose, a cadaverous face, and a suit of clothes (if the term be allowable when they suited him not at all) much the worse for wear, very much too small, and placed upon such a short allowance of buttons that it was marvellous how he contrived to keep them on. . . . He gave a peculiar grunt, as his custom was at the end of all disputes with his master, to imply that he (Noggs) triumphed ; and (as he rarely spoke to anybody unless some- 138 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE body spoke to him) fell into a grim silence and rubbed his hands slowly over each other : crack- ing the joints of his fingers, and squeezing them into all possible distortions. The incessant per- formance of this routine on every occasion, and the communication of a fixed and rigid look to his unaffected eye, so as to make it uniform with the other, and to render it impossible for anybody to determine where or at what he was looking, were two among the numerous peculi- arities of Mr. Noggs which struck an inexperi- enced observer at first sight. . . . " Don't cry," says Newman Noggs to Kate Nickleby on a certain pitiful occasion. " Don't," said he, gliding out of his recess and accompany- ing her across the hall. " Don't cry, don't cry." Two very large tears, by the by, were running down Newman's face as he spoke. " I see how it is," said poor Noggs, drawing from his pocket what seemed to be a very old duster, and wiping Kate's eyes with it as gently as if she were an infant. " You're giving way now. Yes, yes ; very good. That's right ; I like that. 1 1 was right not to give way before him. Yes, yes ! Ha, ha, ha! Oh, yes. Poor thing ! " With these disjointed exclamations, Newman wiped his own eyes with the aforementioned dus- ter, and, limping to the street door, opened it to let her out. " Don'tcry any more," whispered Newman. "I 139 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS shall see you soon. Ha, ha, ha! . . . Yes, yes. Ho, ho ! " " God bless you, "answered Kate, hurrying out. " God bless you." "Same to you," rejoined Newman, opening the door again a little way to say so. " Ha, ha, ha ! Ho, ho, ho!" And Newman Noggs opened the door once again to nod cheerfully, and laugh and shut it, to shake his head mournfully, and cry. But yes, she was a woman of infinite womanli- ness, that unknown Lady Charlotte ! The real Newman Noggs was a certain New- man Knott, a broken-down ne'er-do-weel who had seen better days as a tenant-farmer. He used to call at irregular intervals at the office of Messrs. Blackmore & Ellis, during the time that Dickens was working for them as a clerk, for a weekly dole of seven shillings allowed him by some wealthy relative as the price of his self-im- molation. He was apparently of that dissolute, queer, eccentric type which is still common enough in London. Like all his kind, having dis- sipated his past, he was ever eager to mortage his future by forestalling his weekly dole. He used to borrow small sums from the clerks ; and in lieu of interest they baited him. I daresay the boy Dickens baited him too, for boys are all imi- tative as monkeys ; but, if so, he atoned hand- 140 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE somely afterward by canonising him in the ab- stract. It seems to me (for I accept the reality of New- man Noggs as implicity as Lady Charlotte did) that this excellent creature, and not the Cheery- bles' jackal, Tim Linkinwater who, neverthe- less, was a hearty old cock should have married Miss La Creevy. He would have found ample consolation for his wasted life on the soft, if with- ered, bosom of that dear good little miniature painter, who, living by herself, overflowing with affections she had no one to enrich withal, was always cheerful by dint of industry and good- heartedness. The antic figure of that mincing young lady of fifty, in her preposterous yellow headdress recurs to the memory as one of the most winning in the gallery of Dickens' portraits. We see her, when she is disappointed in the char- acter of a woman she has been to visit, easing her mind by saying cutting things at the woman's expense in a soliloquy, thereby draining her heart of its gall ; and thereby, as she herself would have said, being a philosopher in her way, also illus- trating one of the advantages of having lived alone so long that she had always made a con- fidant of herself ; was as sarcastic as she could be, by herself, on the subject of people who offended her ; pleased herself and did no harm. She and Newman Noggs would have made a most excellent match ; for they had both in excess 141 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS the highest virtue beside which all other virtues are as naught the virtue of kindness. But she had, besides a certain measure of shrewdness and steadiness of purpose, which should have helped her heaven-sent consort to vindicate his man- hood. Miss La Creevy, it is said, was founded on a Miss Rose Emma Drummond,to whom Dickens sat for his portrait and to whom she sat for her portrait in 1 835. The portrait was done on ivory, and given to his future wife, Miss Hogarth, as an engagement present. I have an idea, based upon nothing more substantial than a whimsy, that that miniature was rather a poor thing as art, and yet possessed a certain value of quaintness that lifted it above utter mediocrity. There remain of this Nickleby group only Smike and John Browdie, neither of them very convincing figures. It is said, on the authority of a Mrs. Ewebank whose husband once kept the King's Head Hotel at Barnard Castle, that J ohn Browdie had a living original in one John F - or S - , of Broadis- wood, a farmer. In the last chapter it is told how Dickens had gone down to Barnard Castle provided with some bogus letters of introduction to inspect the York- shire schools. One of the persons to be victim- ised by this fraud was this same John F - or 142 THE BROTHERS CHEERYBLE Not being at home when the novelist called upon him, he journeyed through the snow to the inn where Dickens was staying, and entreated him to advise the (figmentary) widow (whom Dickens had invented for the occasion) to refrain from sending her boy to any of those wretched schools "while there's a harse to hoold in a' Lunnon, or a goother to lie asleep in ! " The old coaching-house where this memorable interview is believed to have taken place (says Mr. Kitton in the passage I am now quoting) was the still existing Unicorn at Bowes. Of the last of this group, Smike, it only remains to say that in 1889 an absurd old person, keeping a toyshop at Bury St. Edmund's, claimed to be the original of Crummies' ideal Apothecary. He is described as a tall, hatchet-faced, very aged and decrepit gentleman ; and his claim was based upon the circumstance that when he was a boy he was sent to a school in Yorkshire by a wicked uncle and ran away from it. As if he were the only nephew that ever ran away from school ! Moreover, this egregious old toy-seller seems hardly to have realised that by living to a ripe old age, and thus dispelling any atmosphere of pathos that may attach to S mike's death, he had robbed himself of his only possible claim upon our affec- tionate interest. 143 JOHN DICKENS "Mr Micawbrr" CHAPTER THE SEVENTH RELICS FROM THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP CHAPTER THE SEVENTH RELICS FROM THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP IN HIS NEXT BOOK AFTER NICHO- LAS NICKLEBY we find Dickens dipping a little deeper yet into the seemingly bottomless well of his early experiences. He was still work- ing at high pressure, turning from project to pro- ject with that restless hunger after new food for his genius which was one of his most amazing characteristics, and doing with all his might what- soever his hand found to do, as if it were the only thing to be done, with equally characteristic self- confidence and self-abandonment. The splendour of his achievements during the first six years of his career, during which period he published six immensely long books, certainly writing every word of five of them, besides en- gaging in all manner of outside tasks, editorial and other, is now a little dimmed by the mists of time ; but if we consider that not all Mr. J. M. Barrie's twenty-five years of labour has produced in mere bulk such an output of words, we get a little nearer perhaps to a realisation of the inex- haustible fecundity, the untiring industry, and the prodigious powers of application that would have made Dickens, had he been the veriest hack, a phenomenon of letters. Only the first Dumas can bear comparison with him in this particular regard ; and Dumas, we have reason to suspect, kept a kind of literary factory in which 147 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS he employed many hands for the turning out of romance, as if by machinery. Moreover, Dumas had his materials ready-made to draw upon at will ; whereas Dickens, at any rate until this time, had to spin his material out of his own in- terior like a spider. The Old Curiosity Shop was begun as a mere sketch, done in a hurry and without any thought of further development. From that tentative be- ginning it grew spontaneously out of the exub- erance of its author's fancy, taking on form and substance as it grew, budding and sprouting lux- uriantly, throwing out wide branches like a tree, bearing abundance of sweetest flowers and rip- est fruit, and at last, as it were, dying of its own furious energy, shedding its sere and withered leaves in whirling gringolades, that fell ever slower and more slowly until they rested on the melancholy earth, cold and dank as fresh-turned graves and sodden as with 'a rain of tears. D ickens' life was one long series of experiments. For it was at once his good fortune and his mis- fortune to serve his apprenticeship to his art in public. The slips arid trips, the fumblings and stumblings, the faulty workmanship of uncon- genial tasks hastily scamped and left half-finished with all their rawness and crudeness of outline stark to view : these inevitable blunders and mis- takes, these ghastly failures that usually are per- petrated in secrecy, in the agony and bloody 148 THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP sweat, the tears and bitter heartbreak of solitude : which solitude has nevertheless its compensa- tions in that it hides the shame of our defeat from other eyes than ours, and spares us many blushes in the future : all these ordeals by trial of faith which are incidental to the greatest of careers, Dickens had to undergo in the full glare of that fierce white light which beats upon the bays of fame. And Dickens was famous before he had cut his wisdom teeth. The world had discovered him before he had discovered himself. From that moment in which, lightheartedly, he accepted a commission for a "series of sporting sketches,' and set him down to fulfil a business contract in a business-like way, and yet in a sort of careless rap- ture, too, born of his youth : from that moment he was ordained to the religion of humanity as surely and irrevocably as any acolyte is ordained to the religion of the Church. From that moment his foot was set upon the slippery way. But he climb- ed the steep toilsome ascent not alone, as the vast majority of his fellows have done. He climbed in the full light of day with multitudes of spectators lining his path on either hand, with the gaze of countless eyes fixed intently upon him, with a babble and tumult of voices applauding, encour- aging, triumphing in his triumph nay, turning his very failures into triumphs by the din of their acclaim. 149 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS A spectacle for the gods ! A spectacle to bring tears into the eyes and misgivings into the hearts of those more staid and calm who stood aloof from the rabble, and to whom all such valorous displays of youthful daring are occasions for self- searching and regret. He stood forth before the thunderous throng, as of old the Roman gladiat- ors stood forth in the arena of death before their emperor and his glittering train of courtiers and satellites; but in no mood of Ave Cczsar! We who are about to die salute thee ! H is form was as the form of a child. His face was as a child's face, bright and happy in the sunshine of universal favour. There was the unconscious grace of childhood in his easy unaffected pose ; and the sublime graciousness of childhood in his gay ac- ceptance of these plaudits as his right. These reverend elders, these grave and wise seigneurs ! surely if they believed in him he must of sheer necessity believe in himself! . . . That, as it seems to me, was Dickens' attitude toward the world. That was why he failed so often, and never knew that he failed. That was why he failed so seldom, and never knew that he had attained greatness. . . . Fantastic, all this? Perhaps it is. A little be- side the point ? Maybe. But then, what would you ? I know it is a dreadful thing to be enthusi- astic in these bloodless days. I know that to be in earnest and to be carried away by your earnest- 150 THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP ness is a grievous fault, a fault never committed in the best society ; that to rejoice in your theme and to let the voice of your rejoicing rise to Heaven is a sin beyond say the pardon of Mr. St. Loe Strachey ; that to say what your heart, rather than your head, impels you to say, and that with- out regard to the formulas of the schoolmen is to outrage all the fair or is it unfair ? canons of art ; and that to be honest is to be indecent. . . . " Gentlemen," said a sportive sage, who had been playing leapfrog with some fellow-sages, or indulging in some similar flippancy ; " gentle- men, we must be serious. Here comes a fool." How can one be serious in the company of Dick Swiveller? One could conceivably have been se- rious in the company of Newman Noggs, Dick's father. There was that incident of the duster. . . . But with this tremendous fellow, this rakehell, this heart-breaker, this lineal descendant of the hosts of Rabelais, this more blithe and gay and reckless young Hopeful, this child of the devil and happiness, chip of the old block as he is, this humorous dog who greets us at the very outset of our acquaintance with the query, breathed in a sigh of resignation to the drabness of an every- day world after an evening red : " But what . . . is the odds so long as the fire of soul is kindled at the taper of conviviality, and the wing of friend- ship never moults a feather ! What is the odds so long as the spirit is expanded by means of rosy THE DICKENS ORIGINALS wine, and the present moment is the least happi- est of our existence ! " And again : " There is a proverb which talks about being merry and wise. There are some people who can be merry and can't be wise, and some who can be wise (or think they can) and can't be merry. I'm one of the first sort. If the proverb's a good 'un, I suppose it is better to keep to half of it than none ; at all ev- ents I'd rather be merry and not wise than be like you neither one nor t'other." Frankly, it seems to me to be impossible for anyone not a professional tea-taster to keep a straight face in the presence of this most repre- hensible person. So that if, as I do verily be- lieve, Dick Swiveller is the son and heir of New- man Noggs ; and if, as we are told, Newman Noggs was in real life Mr. Newman Knott ; and if Mr. Newman Knott embodied in himself only a suggestion of his offspring's gorgeous persona- lity, then I can only marvel at the stupidity, and be sorry for the meanness of that unfortunate gentleman's relatives, and most heartily approve the generosity and wisdom of Dickens' fellow- clerks' conduct in pandering to that immortal being's carnal lusts. Out of his past Dickens drew inspiration for at least three of the characters that illumine the gloom of The Old Curiosity Shop. There was, first of all, the Poet of Mrs. Jarley's 152 MRS COOPER "Little Dorrit" THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP Waxworks. Mr. Slum makes only a very brief ap- pearance upon the stage ; but I think he should be given his chance, as he belongs to a milieu that Dickens seems to have had a strange dis- taste for. He was ... a tallish gentleman with a hook nose and black hair, dressed in a military surtout very short and tight in the sleeves, and which had once been frogged and braided all over, but was now sadly shorn of its garniture and quite threadbare dressed too in ancient grey pantaloons fitting tight to the leg, and a pair of pumps in the winter of their existence. . . . He looked in at the door and smiled affably. Mrs. Jarley's back being then towards him, the military gentleman shook his forefinger as a sign that her myrmidons were not to apprise her of his presence, and stealing up close behind her, tapped her on the neck, and cried playfully " Boh ! " "What, Mr. Slum ! " cried the lady of the wax- work. " Lor! who'd have thought of seeing you here!" " Ton my soul and honour," said Mr. Slum, " that's a good remark. Ton my soul and honour that's a wise remark. Who would have thought it ! ... I came here . . . 'pon my soul and honour I hardly know what I came here for. It would puzzle me to tell you, it would by Gad. I wanted a little inspiration, a little freshening up, a little 153 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS change of ideas, and 'pon my soul and honour," said the military gentleman, checking himself and looking round the room," whatadevilish clas- sical thing this is! By Gad, it's quite Minervan !" " It'll look well enough when it comes to be finished," observed Mrs. Jarley. Well enough ! " said Mr. Slum. " Will you believe me when I say it's the delight of my life to have dabbled in poetry, when I think I've ex- ercised my pen upon this charming theme ? By the way any orders ? Is there any little thing I can do for you ? " "It comes so very expensive, sir," replied Mrs. Jarley, "and I really don't think it does much good." " Hush ! No, no ! " returned Mr. Slum, elevat- ing his hand. "No fibs. I'll not hear it. Don't say it don't do good. Don't say it. I know better ! " " I don't think it does," said Mrs. Jarley. 14 Ha, ha!" cried Mr. Slum, <l you're giving way, you're coming down. Ask the perfumers, ask the blacking-makers, ask the hatters, ask the old lottery-office-keepers ask any man among 'em what my poetry has done for him, and mark my words, he blesses the name of Slum. If he's an honest man he raises his eyes to heaven, and blesses the name of Slum mark that ! You are acquainted with Westminster Abbey, Mrs. Jarley?" " Yes, surely." 154 THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP " Then upon my word and honour, ma'am, you'll find in a certain angle of that dreary pile, called Poets' Corner, a few smaller names than Slum," retorted that gentleman, tapping himself expressively on the forehead to imply that there was some slight quantity of brain behind it. "I've got a little trifle here now, "said Mr. Slum, taking off his hat which was full of scraps of paper, " a little trifle here, thrown off in the heat of the mo- ment, which I should say was exactly the thing you wanted to set this place on fire with. It's an acrostic the name at this moment is Warren, but the idea's a convertible one, and a positive inspi- ration for Jarley. Have the acrostic." " I suppose it's very dear," said Mrs. Jarley. "Five shillings," returned Mr. Slum, using his pencil as a toothpick. " Cheaper than any prose." " I couldn't give more than three," said Mrs. Jarley. " Andsix,"retortedSlum. "Come. Three and six." Mrs. Jarley was not proof against the poet's insinuating manner, and Mr. Slum entered the order in a small note-book as a three-and-six- penny one. Mr. Slum then withdrew to alter the acrostic, after taking a most affectionate leave of his patroness, and promising to return, as soon as he possibly could, with a fair copy for the printer. 155 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS It is unworthy of me, but somehow I have an uneasy feeling that Mr. Slum did not return as soon as he possibly could; and that when he did return it was with something utterly unsuitable. But before giving reasons for this lack of faith, a digression. Dickens, in his early childhood as all the world knows, I suppose worked in a blacking factory. The firm for which he worked was an enterprising firm. It is in connection with one of their advertising dodges, by the way, that one of the neatest puns in existence was once made. They employed men to chalk on the pavement these words : " Warren's blacking is the best." But the authorities forbade this ; and so the work had to be done by stealth. One day a famous wit I forget his name was walking with a friend when he saw upon the flags the legend left thus by one of the chalkers in the hurry of flight from the powers that were "War- ren's B ." "The rest," said the wit, "is lack- ing." It was for this firm, then, that Dickens worked ; and attached to the staff were certain rhymsters. It was from one of these camp-followers that Dickens made his study of Mr. Slum. I can conceive that the tribe of Slum was un- savoury as any tribe of Bedouins. And yet, from the above-quo ted passage, it would seem that, bar- ringan extra shade of dinginess and disreputable- 156 THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP ness and shamelessness, its manners and habits have changed but little in a hundred years. And I speak as one having authority. I have sat in the editorial chair. I have had to interview these gen- try daily. I know their ways. And I aver that they are Slum-like, some of them, to the core. They are Slum-like in their airy playfulness, in their poor pathetic pretence at having no definite business on hand as they drift into your office, in their gamesome approach to the point and purpose of their visit, and in the jauntiness of their aspect thinly veiling a haggard solicitude. Above all are they akin in their lofty indifference to the sordid details of barter, in their aptness at improving on a price offered, in their prompt acceptance of the agreed terms, their alacrity in clinching a bargain, and their dilatoriness in fulfilling their part of it, after you have fulfilled your part. Beyond this, there is about Mr. Slum the unmistakable taint of the greasy, frowsy Bohemian, all the civilised world over, which endures even unto this day ; and which testifies alike to the truth and the skill of Dickens' solitary presentment of this type. For, as a rule, he abstained from " shop " even the big "shop" of literature. But . . . one wonders what he would have made of a novel in the vein of Pendennis, a Pendennis pitched a little lower in the social scale, of course. THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Of his sufferings during those dark years of his boyhood in which he worked in the blacking fac- tory Dickens has written thus feelingly in David Copperfield : No words can express the secret agony of my soul as I sank into this companionship ; compared these everyday associates with those of my hap- pier childhood ; and felt my early hopes of grow- ing up to be a learned and distinguished man crushed in my breast. The deep remembrance of the sense I had of being utterly without hope now ; of the shame I felt in my position ; of the misery it was to my young heart to believe that day by day what I had learned and thought and delighted in, and raised my fancy and my emula- tion up by, would pass away from me, little by little, never to be brought back any more, cannot be written. My whole nature was so penetrated with the grief and humiliation of such consider- ations that even now ... I often forget in my dreams that ... I am a man, and wander deso- lately back to that time of my life. . . . From Monday morning until Saturday night I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no con- solation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I can call to mind. ... I know that I lounged about the streets insufficiently and unsatisfactorily fed. I know that but for the mercy of God, I might easily have been, for any care that was taken of me, a little robber or a little 158 THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP vagabond. . . . That I suffered in secret, and that I suffered exquisitely, no one ever knew but I. How much I suffered, it is, as I have said already, utterly beyond my power to tell. No man's imagination can overstep the reality. But I kept my own counsel, and I did my work. . . . My rescue from this kind of existence I con- sidered quite hopeless and abandoned as such altogether ; though I am solemnly convinced that I never, for one hour, was reconciled to it, or was otherwise than miserably unhappy. At first, he writes in a letter to Forster refer- ring to the early days of his father's incarceration in the Marshalsea, " my mother and my brothers and sisters excepting Fanny in the Royal Ac- ademy of Music were still encamped, with a young servant-girl from Chatham Work-house, in the two parlours in the emptied house in Gow- er Street North." There were some feeble attempts to come to some arrangement with the creditors, which fail- ed. Then the establishment in Gower Street North was broken up, and the family, with the exception of Charles, went to live with John Dickens in the debtors' prison. Says Dickens : The key of the house was sent back to the land- lord, who was very glad to get it ; and I (small Cain that I was, except that I had never done harm to anyone) was handed over as a lodger to a reduced old lady, long known to our family, in THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Little College Street, Camden Town, who took children in to board. ... I felt keenly, how- ever, the being so cut off from my parents, my brothers, and sisters ; and, when my day's work was done, going home to such a miserable blank; and that, I thought, might be corrected. One Saturday night I remonstrated with my father on this head, so pathetically and with so many tears, that his kind nature gave way. He began to think that it was not quite right. I do believe he had never thought so before, or thought about it. It was the first remonstrance I had ever made about my lot, and perhaps it opened up a little more than I intended. A back-attic was found for me at the house of an insolvent court-agent, who lived in Lant Street in the Borough. Says Forster : What was to him (Charles) of course the great pleasure of his paradise of a lodging was its bring- ing him again, though after a fashion sorry en- ough, within the circle of home. From this time he used to breakfast "at home," in other words in the Marshalsea; going to it as early as the gates were open, and for the most part much earlier. They had no want of bodily comforts there. His father's income, still going on, was amply suffi- cient for that; and in every respect indeed but elbow-room, I have heard him say, the family lived more comfortably in prison than they had done for a long time out of it. They were waited 160 THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP on still by the maid-of-all-work from Bayham Street, the orphan girl from the Chatham Work- house, from whose sharp little worldly and also kindly ways he took his first impression of the Marchioness in the Old Curiosity Shop. She too had a lodging in the neighbourhood that she might be early on the scene of her duties ; and when Charles met her, as he would do occasion- ally, in his lounging-place by London Bridge, he would occupy the time before the gates opened by telling her quite astonishing fictions about the wharves and the Tower. " But I hope I be- lieved them myself," he would say. Besides breakfast, he had supper also in the prison ; and got to his lodging generally at nine o'clock. The gates closed always at ten. I must not omit (Forster goes on) what he told me of the landlord of this little lodging. He was a fat, good-natured, kind old gentleman. He was lame, and had a quiet old wife ; and he had a very innocent, grown-up son, who was lame too. They were all very kind to the boy. He (Charles) was taken with one of his old attacks of spasm one night, and the whole three of them were about his bed until morning. They were all dead when he told me this, but in another form they live still very pleasantly as the Garland family in the Old Curiosity Shop. So much and no more seems to be known of the Garlands and the Marchioness; but I have ielded to the temptation to include them in this THE DICKENS ORIGINALS chapter, and to dwell (I hope at not undue length) upon the circumstances in which Dickens made their acquaintance, because I feel that, alongside the figure of the Poet Slum, they stand for a good deal. They stand for the indomitable spirit of Dickens which even in his boyhood lifted him above the hardships and the uglinesses of life and enabled him to mingle some laughter with his tears. . . . For I cannot believe that his delight in these companions of that squalid time was wholly retrospective. In the same genre, but not nearly so closely re- lated to life as the real heroine of The Old Curi- osity Shop, is Little Dorrit. To believe in the humanity of the Marchioness is easy ; but to be- lieve in the humanity of Little Dorrit is to strain one's faith a little. Yet Little Dorrit had also has still, we hope a living prototype. Her name is Mrs. Mary Ann Cooper. She was the playmate and contemporary of Dickens, a re- cipient of some of his youthful confidences, and finally her supreme achievement the inspira- tion of his Child of the Marshalsea. She lives in the old-world village of Southgate, where, a year and a half ago, she was discovered by a journalist, and interviewed to this effect : * I marvelled at the facility with which this old lady of ninety-eight set back the hands of time. A short pause, a slight lifting of the forefinger, a * Evening Times, November 26, 1910. 162 THE OLD CURIOSITY SHOP roll of the eyes, and a puckering of the brow were all the external evidences of how the retrospect was being prepared. Half a century was annihilat- ed in this flash to the days of Dickens. She lived again in the *3o's and '40*5, and was able to roll out the drama of the past with a command of lan- guage astonishing to one of a modern education. Her story of Dickens Mr. Dickens, as she in- sists upon referring to the great novelist in com- pany dealtwith events andincidentsofahomely interest usually outside the scope of the biograph- er. She took me back to the days of imprisonment for debt, and to scenes in the Marshalsea prison, in which Dickens' father was lodging at the time she became acquainted with the family. Mrs. Cooper's family were farmers at Sun- bury, but owing to the illness of her mother, much of her youth was spent under the care of a nurse at a farm in Somers Town. . . . It was here . . . that the friendship with Dickens was established, and here that she was given the sobriquet of "Little Dorrit" long be- fore the name was immortalised by the pen of her companion. As is shown in the writings of his biographers, Dickens had a fondness for nicknames, some of which were created without the slightest regard to relation or applicability. What provoked the application of " Little Dor- rit" to the then Mary Ann Mitton is a matter f mystery to the lady herself. . . . With what enthusiasm Mrs. Cooper told of the 63 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS days when Dickens, who was four or five years her senior, used to visit her home at Sunbury for rest and recuperation ! After hard work in the gallery of the House of Commons or long hours of study in the chambers which he shared with young Mit- ton (Mary Ann Mitton's brother) he would rush off each Saturday for the Sunbury coach, and would spend a delightful week-end in ruraldom. It was at such times that he gave full play to the mischievous instincts of his boyhood. Bird- nesting, egg-stealing, rabbit-hunting, and bird- catching were mixed up with fishing, tramps over the fields, and story-telling round the fire- side. " Little Dorrit" was the co-partner in most of his antics and was always ready to join in any expedition of adventure. " Little Dorrit" tells how Dickens used to per- suade her to miss Sunday afternoon service at St. Pancras Church, in order to visit places of interest in the City. He would always foreshadow some al- luring treat in the way of a visit to the Tower, fun with the beadles, or adventures in the parks. Then (says the journalist) my Victorian hos- tess took me to the days when fame and fortune entered into the life of her hero, and with a touch of insouciance, remarked that he began to move in circles far away beyond the ken of asimple country girl. Her own marriage was the beginning of the severance in the long association, although the intimate companionship between Dickens and her_brother was maintained throughout his life. ! CHAPTER THE EIGHTH FAMILY PORTRAITS CHAPTER THE EIGHTH FAMILY PORTRAITS THE WORST THINGS THAT HAPPEN to us are sometimes the best for us. In the materialsenseitwasabadthingforDick- ens to have a M icawber for a father, a M rs. N ickle- by for a mother, and a pervasive atmosphere of shabby-genteel vagabondage in which to grow up. In the spiritual sense, however, it was a good thing; because such parents and such an envir- onment provided him with just the necessary in- centives to initiative and enterprise. A father of the Sir Austin Absworthy Bearne Feverel type might have made of Charles precisely what that gentleman of wealth and honour and a somewhat lamentable history made of his son Richard : a supercilious, cultured cad. He, like that unfortu- nate youth, would have been nourished on aphor- isms and moulded to a system which fitted him about as well as the original egg-shell fits the full- grown cockerel. Or, speaking more generally, he might have come into a world newly cushioned and upholstered and padded for his reception, in which to tumble about at his pleasure ; and, never having hurt himself in his tumbles, to lose alto- gether at last the knack of maintaining his equili- brium. Almost any kind of father would have been a better kind of father than John Dickens was: that is to say, a better kind of father for an aver- 167 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS age child. But for the child who is not average, for the child who is destined to be a genius, the less parental control and guidance the better. I think it is Mr. Zangwill who says, though I may be misquoting his exact words, that it takes a man of a certain talent to sire a genius. If Mr. Zangwill had said that it takes a man of an un- certain talent the sort of man who buries his talent in a napkin, thus hiding it from the world, and maybe from himself; and who, as a result goes about the world fluking things instead of doing them if Mr. Zangwill had said that it takes this kind of man to sire a genius I would be the more inclined to agree with him. A genius is the only free man. All other men one hates to have to use this kind of cliche, but in the present instance there seems to be no help for it all other men, then, are the slaves of their heredity and environment, instead of being the masters thereof. And not a thousand Max Nor- daus, nor a million of his disciples, shall convince me that genius is ever decadent. On the con- trary, genius is always the supreme expression of some one or other among the highest aspirations of which mankind is capable. And I am not now- narrowing genius down to the genius of art or literature or music, or even religion. There is a genius of devotion, of self-sacrifice, of martyr- dom. There is perhaps even that genius which Carlyle comically defines as an infinite capacity 168 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS for taking pains : that kind of genius which de- votes a lifetime to the study of (say) toxic alka- loids, and thus adds one more good grain of mor- tar to the Temple of Science. There are as many kinds of genius as there are fields of activity still left open for mankind to explore. And there, it may be, you have the secret of genius : the genius is an explorer, a pioneer. He follows his bent to its logical conclusion, often- times not knowing whither it will lead him, but following it resolutely, unfalteringly, until it brings him up against the mysterious Something he has been searching for. You know how the natural, simple, straightforward, innocent child will wander out into a wide field on tottering feet in quest of it knows not what, and moon along and re-discover all sorts of old things and exult in them as new miracles. To such a child the perpetual parental injunction: "Come back!" " Don't go there ! " " You must not do that, say that, touch that ! " is usually fatal. At first the child rebels, pursues his course, and then . . . is caught up and dragged away and perhaps knocked about . . . for its ultimate good, of course. The child thereupon begins to realise with a sort of weary bitter heart-sickness that this is a world of forbidden things, a world of prohibitions and denials. It is very annoying, very stultifying, very unsatisfactory. But being only a child he gives in at last to superior force 169 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS or for the sake of the loaves and fishes, acquiesces languidly in an accepted order of things, and gradually schools himself little by little to follow the line of least resistance. He is less fortunate than the child of the untutored savage who, being flung headlong into a deep pool, must needs swim by instinct for dear life. Little Charles Dickens, cursed and blessed with parents who had no guiding principles at all, who drifted before the winds of circumstance like balls of thistledown in a gale, was spared the iron hand of discipline, thwarting and crippling him. Some rudimentary morality, of course ; some glimmer- ings of a Most High; some conception of a co- ordinated scheme of things in which each human atom was cast to play its appointed part; somedim perception of a vast abstraction, vaguely and var- iously referred to as Civilisation, Decency, Re- spectability, Public Opinion, Right and Wrong, and so on : some sense of all these queer social anomalies was inevitably grafted upon his green bourgeoning mind, and duly fulfilled their function in colouring its tone and coarsening its texture. But apart from these limitations of his natural proclivities, he was mercifully exempt from those deadly restraining influences under which chil- dren more amenable to authority wilt into youth and fade into manhood or womanhood. Imagine Dickens as the only son of a Noncon- formist parson, with a Quakeress for a mother. 170 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS Even then he would, no doubt, being a genius, have achieved some measure of emancipation. He would have moved more freely than his fel- lows, but only within or only a little beyond their limits. As the twig is bent so is the tree inclined ; but the tree that stands alone stretches straight up toward the sky. " Pray, Mr. Dickens," someone asked of Char- les' father, " where was your son educated ? " " Why, indeed, sir ha, ha ! he may be said to have educated himself," was the reply. An apt rejoinder enough, in a way; but it would have been truer to say that " Life in her creak- ing shoes," with her cruel birch, had been his real schoolmistress. John Dickens was one of those men who are loved not for themselves, but for what they might have been if they were other than they are. This is not too clear, perhaps ; but I think it expresses the cloudy fact, which is, that there are certain of our fellow-creatures who seem to exhale a sort of aura of goodwill and good-humour through which it is well-nigh impossible to pierce to the sorry reality of flesh and blood, heart and mind. They not only deceive themselves, but in some indefinable way succeed in deceiving others also. They believe that they are wise ; and, though they are foolish, the world shares their belief. They believe that they are uniformly unfortunate 171 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS in all that they undertake ; and, although their repeated failures are obviously due to their own ineptitude the world sympathises with them, and agrees with them, " They mean well," it is said; and their good intentions count for more than other men's good deeds. I think that J ohn Dick- ens was that kind of man. At the time of Charles' birth he was a clerk, under Government, in the navy-pay office sta- tioned at Portsmouth. When Charles was two years old the family re- moved to Chatham. There they stayed for eight years, and then, in 1822, John Dickens was re- called to Somerset House. In the winter of that year he departed by coach for London, accom- panied by his wife and children, with the excep- tion of Charles, who was left behind for a few weeks longer in the care of a schoolmaster, Wil- liam Giles. It was during these few weeks of separation from his parents and brothers and sisters that the lonely little boy, probably in search of relief from his loneliness, made his first intimate acquain- tance with books. Says he : My father had left a small collection of books in a little room upstairs to which I had access (for it adjoined my own), and which nobody else in our house ever troubled. From that blessed little room, Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Hum- 172 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS phry Clinker, Tom Jones, The Vicar of Wakefield, Don Quixote, Gil Bias, and Robinson Crusoe came out, a glorious host, to keep me company. But very soon all too soon, perhaps, seeing what new friends Charles had lately made the day arrived for him to follow the rest of the Dick- ens family to London. It was in the early spring of 1823 that Charles Dickens entered London for the first time. His first impressions, how- ever, were not of the brightest, he having (as he afterwards observed) "exchanged everything that had given his ailing little life its picturesque- ness or sunshine " for the comparatively sordid environment of a London suburb, and suffered the deprivation of the companionship of his play- fellows at Chatham to become a solitary lad under circumstances that could not fail (says Mr. Kit- ton) to make sorrowful the stoutest heart, not the least depressing being his father's money involve- ment with consequent poverty at home. John Dickens, whose financial affairs demanded re- trenchment, had rented "a mean small tenement" in Bayham Street, Camden Town. The misery and depression of spirits from which Charles suffered whilst living here must be attributed (Mr. Kitton goes on to say) to family adversity and his own isolated condition rather than to the character of his environment. At this time his father's pecuniary resources 173 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS became so circumscribed as to compel the obser- vance of the strictest domestic economy, and pre- vented him from continuing his son's education. " As I thought," said Dickens on one occasion very bitterly, " in the little back-garret in Bay- ham Street, of all I had lost in losing Chatham, what would I have given if I had had anything to give to have been sent back to any other school, to have been taught something any- where ! " Instead of improving the elder Dickens' affairs went from bad to worse, and all ordinary efforts to propitiate his creditors having been exhausted, Mrs. Dickens laudably resolved to attempt a so- lution of the difficulty by means of a school for young ladies. Says Forster, of this desperate epoch : The time was now come for her to exert herself, she said; and she "must do something." The godfather down at Limehouse was reported to have an Indian connection. People in the East Indies always sent their children home to be educated. She would set up a school. They would all grow rich by it. And then, thought the sick boy, "perhaps even I might go to school my- self." A house wassoon foundat number four,Gower StreetNorth; abrass plate on thedoor announced 174 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS MRS. DICKENS' ESTABLISHMENT; and the result may be given in the exact words of the then small actor in the comedy, whose hopes it had raised so high. " I left, at a great many doors, a great many circulars calling attention to the merits of the establishment. Yet nobody ever came to school, nor do I recollect that anybody ever pro- posed to come, or that the least preparation was ever made to receive anybody. But I know that we got on very badly with the butcher and the baker ; that very often we had not too much for dinner ; and that at last my father was arrested." The interval between the sponging-house and the prison was passed by the sorrowful lad in running errands and carrying messages for the prisoner, delivered with swollen eyes and through shining tears ; and the last words said to him by his father before he was finally carried to the Marshalsea were to the effect that the sun had set upon him for ever. " I really believed at the time," said Dickens, "that they had broken my heart." Of Dickens' first visit to the Marshalsea he has written thus in a letter that was afterwards turn- ed to account in David Copperfield : My father was waiting for me in the lodge, and we went up to his room (on the top storey but one) and cried very much. And he told me, I remember, to take warning by the Marshalsea, 175 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS and to observe that if a man had twenty pounds a year, and spent nineteen pounds, nineteen shill- ings, and sixpence, he would be happy ; but that a shilling spent the other way would make him wretched. I see the fire we sat before, now; with two bricks inside the rusted grate, one on each side, to prevent its burning too many coals. Some other debtor shared the room with him, who came in by-and-by ; and as the dinner was a joint stock repast, I was sent up to " Captain Porter " in the room overhead, with Mr. Dickens' compliments, and I was his son, and could he, Captain P., lend me a knife and fork ? Captain Porter lent the knife and fork, with his compliments in return. There was a very dirty lady in his little room ; and two wan girls, his daughters, with shock heads of hair. I thought I should not have liked to borrow Captain Porter's comb. The Captain himself was in the last extre- mity of shabbiness ; and if I could draw at all, I would draw an accurate portrait of the old, old, brown great-coat he wore, with no other coat be- low it. His whiskers were large. I saw his bed rolled up in a corner ; and I knew (God knows how) that the two girls with the shock heads were Captain Porter's natural children, and that the dirty lady was not married to Captain P. This Captain Porter was, obviously, the origi- nal of Captain Hopkins in David Copperfield. And then the luck turned, as luck always does THE FAMILY PORTRAITS turn for men of the John Dickens type, though bet- ter men starve. A rather considerable legacy from a relative accrued to John Dickens. This, in addition to the official pension due for long service at Somerset House, enabled him to meet his financial respon- sibilities, with the result that the Marshalsea knew him no more. Charles, however, still remained in the black- ing business, until, as the result of a quarrel be- tween John Dickens and James Lamert, who had obtained the post for the boy, the father declared that his son should leave and go to school instead. He went to school, at Wellington House Aca- demy, in Granby Street, Hampstead Road. Wel- lington House Academy, and its proprietor, Mr. William Jones, are satirised as Salem House and W[r.Crz3k\.'mDavidCopperfielci. There Charles remained for two years, "without achieving any particular distinction as a pupil," which, in the circumstances, was not remarkable. And that was all the scholastic education Dickens ever re- ceived. On leaving school Charles was immediately sent to work. He went as office-boy to a Mr. Mol- loy, a solicitor. His father, however, presently transferred him to another firm, with whom he stayed for three or four years. Meanwhile John Dickenshad learnt shorthand and obtained an appointment as reporter on the 177 M THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Morning Herald. In the profession of journal- ism Charles followed him in 1828, and six years afterward achieved fame with Pickwick. Two years later we find him journeying to Exeter to make a new home for his prodigal parents in that locality, and there they settled. That he had done more than his duty by them is apparent from one of his letters in which he de- scribes the cottage he rented for them, and its surroundings. " I do assure you," he says, writing to his friend, Mr. Thomas Mitton, " that I am charmed with the place and the beauty of the country round about, though I have not seen it under very favourable circumstances. ... It is really delightful, and when the house is to rights and the furniture all in, I shall be quite sorry to leave it. ... The situation is charming; meadows in front; an orchard running parallel to the garden hedge, richly wooded hills closing in the prospect behind, and, away to the left, before a splendid view of the hill on which Exeter is situated, the cathedral towers rising up into the sky in the most picturesque manner possible. I don't think I ever saw so cheerful and pleasant a spot." Thus Mr. and Mrs. John Dickens rode safely into harbour, and so remained at anchorage at last until 1851, when the father died. He was buried in Highgate cemetery, and the tombstone placed over him by his illustriousson offers tribute THE FAMILY PORTRAITS to his "zealous, useful, cheerful spirit." His wife survived him twelve years. Such is the record of John Dickens, a typical Englishman, with the typical English habit of muddling along, of muddling through, somehow, anyhow. He was, essentially, you know, rather a rascal ; but a genial rascal, a rascal with a flourish and an air. He swindled poor tradesmen out of their store ; but he had a saving grace, which is lacking from some others of his kidney, in that he swindled them without at the same time patron- ising and scorning them. I am pretty sure that he addressed his infuriated bootmaker or tailor as " My dear Mr. Snob ... or Snip," as the case might be. I am pretty sure that when he called to give a fresh order for wine he was careful to be polite to the vintner's wife, paying her courtly compliments, and to take kindly notice of the vint- ner's children, patting them on the head, pinch- ing their cheeks, and even scattering largess of pennies among them. He was hail-fellow-well- met with all classes alike. He would be that kind of man. And there are many of his kind to be met with, nowadays as thenadays, at the clubs and elsewhere. But . . . the ugly doubt obtrudes : Was there not something rather mean and shabby and furtive beneath all this magnificence and magniloquence ? It is to be borne in mind that he started life as 179 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS a clerk under Government : as one of that species of superior being blessed above all that toil and spin : a Civil Servant and trebly blessed in those days, when an influential friend and not a vulgar competitive examination was the only Open Ses- ame to a fine fat sinecure. If he had been some poor devil of an artist or author, chopping his brains into faggots to keep the domestic pot a- boiling, there would have been some excuse for his thriftlessness. But he married on an assured income. He knew just exactly what his prospects were. He had a pension to look forward to. Moreover he had given hostages to Fortune, and it was his plain bounden duty to redeem his pledge by so ordering his life as to balance equit- ably his liabilities with his assets. Indeed he seems to have been wantonly and even wickedly reckless and improvident ; one suspects some gross and callous self-indulgence somewhere. He was "thoughtless," as we say, which, being interpreted, means " heartless," more often than not. He was one of those who can smile and smile and be a villain with impunity, with credit even. The base sordid fact of his being cravenly incapable of facing the world and holding him- self erect under the burden of his obligations he cloaked within a rare embroidery of fine words and swept aside with spacious gestures. His little boy he cast with one of those gestures to the winds of chance. And even when his fortunes 180 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS were retrieved, by no merit of his, he let his little boy drudge on in menial servitude, uncared for and alone, only withdrawing him from that de- grading employment, in order to vindicate his own flatulent dignity, after having had a tiff with the brother-in-law who had befriended him in his hour of need. For two years his sense of outraged dignity sustained him in the performance of his fatherly duty ; and then his child is once more pitched neck and crop into the world, to work again at the first sorry trade that offers : at any trade, it matters not what, so long as it brings in a few shillings a week, though by this time John Dickens was drawing his pension and earning other money besides by his reporting. Truly there is a touch of colossal selfishness, almost criminal, in this attitude of the improvident, indifferent fa- ther toward the eager, willing, loving child of light whom he has begotten. So, he runs or rather saunters easily along his flower-strewn course ; accepts the blessings that Fate in the person of his wonder-child drops into his lap ; accepts them as the tardy reward of his virtue, the compensation for his long-suffering ; and so dies at last in the patriarchal style, in an odour of sanctity, and is buried under a tribute of blind love and misguided devotion. Some of the great Micawber's more eccentric foibles were borrowed from the personality of a queer literary gent. , named Thomas Powell, whom 181 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Dickens met in America, arid many of whose strange idiosyncrasies were described at some length in the Boston Index some years ago. He also was a man with a large family. He also could be embarrassingly confidential on the smallest possible provocation. He also had a mania for writing letters in the flamboyant style; it is said that he would write them to people who were staying in the same hotel, the same house, and even in the same room with him. But Mr. Powell does not matter much, I think. The fact stands that essentially Micawber was deliberately and consciously founded on John Dickens by the one man who knew him best and least, his son. "The longer I live the better man I think him," said Dickens toward the end of his career, speaking of his father ; and at scattered intervals throughout his life he bore testimony to the affec- tionate esteem in which he held his father's mem- ory, thus : I knowmyfather to be as kind-heartedand gener- ous a man as ever lived in the world. Everything that I can remember of his conduct to his wife or children or friends, in sickness or affliction, is beyond all praise. By me, as a sick child, he has watched night and day,unweariedlyand pati- ently, many nights and days. He never under- took any business, charge, or trust, that he did notzealously,conscientiously,punctually,honour- 182 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS ably discharge. His industry has always been un- tiring. He was proud of me in his way, and had a great admiration of my comic singing. But, in the ease of his temper, and the straitness of his means, he appeared to have utterly lost at this time the idea of educating me at all, and to have utterly put from him the notion that I had any claim upon him, in that regard, whatever. So I degenerated into cleaning his boots of a morn- ing, and my own ; and making myself useful in the work of the little house ; and looking after my younger brothers and sisters (we were now six in all) and going on such poor errands as arose out of our poor way of living. That is in serious, these in lighter, vein : If you should have an opportunity, pendente lite, as my father would observe indeed did on some memorable ancient occasions when he informed me that the ban-dogs would shortly have him at bay. . . . There hasarrived a characteristic letterfor Kate from my father. He dates it Manchester, and says he has reason to believe that he will be in town with the pheasants, on or about the first of Oc- tober. He has been with Fanny in the Isle of Man for nearly two months ; finding there, as he goes on to observe, troops of friends, and every description of Continental luxury at a cheap rate. . . . THE DICKENS ORIGINALS I have a letter from my father lamenting the fine weather, invoking congenial tempests, and in- forming me that it will not be possible for him to stay more than another year in Devonshire, as he must then proceed to Paris to consolidate Augustus's French. . . . Describing the departure from Genoa of an English physician and acquaintance, he says : We are very sorry to lose the benefit of his advice or, as my father would say, to be deprived, to a certain extent, of the concomitant advantages, whatever they may be, resultingfromhis medical skill, such as it is, and his professional attendance, in so far as it may be so considered. In the same way also it delighted Dickens to recall that it was of one of his connections that his father wrote this truly wonderful sentence : And I must express my tendency to believe that his longevity is (to say the least of it) extremely problematical. It was to another connection, who had been in- sisting somewhat obtrusively on dissenting and nonconformist superiorities, that he addressed the following : The Supreme Being must bean entirely different 184 MRS JOHN DICKENS "Mrs Nieklebv" THE FAMILY PORTRAITS individual from what I have every reason to be- lieve him to be, if he would care in the least for the society of your relations. Comic, indeed ! Quite in the style, apart from its flashes of humour, of the most banal pomposi- ties of " that pot of flat porter," Doctor Johnson! But did not Dickens graft similar whimsicalities on to some of his most abandoned scoundrels ? And the wife of this unconscious humorist, whose oddities made you laugh until the tears came, distorting your vision, irradiating his out- lines until they became a mere blur of brightness: what of Mrs. Dickens, Charles Dickens' mother, upon whom it is said that Mrs. Nickleby, the fool- ish, vain, and flighty, frivolous and garrulous and more than slightly selfish Mrs. Nickleby is founded ? Dickens' only direct reference to his mother is in relation to his emancipation from the slavery of the blacking-factory. My father said I should go back no more, and should go to school. I do not write resentfully or angrily, for I know how all these things have worked together to make me what I am ; but I ne- ver afterwards forgot, I never shall forget, I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my be- ing sent back. 185 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS In this brief allusion is matter forconsideration, indeed ! First in Dickens' own frank acknow- ledgment of the debt that his successful career owed to his early experiences of hardship and poverty and suffering ; and again in the revelation it affords of the sort of woman his mother was. Now there is extraordinarily little known of the elder Mrs. Dickens. The many books written around her son contain only the most cursory mention of her name. But this fierce, bitter re- ference to her (for Dickens' natural protest of fealty may be ignored : he doth protest too much) throws a vivid sidelight on her character. It ex- plains a strange deficiency in all Dickens' books : a deficiency in the sense that whereas most men recall throughout their lives a feeling of intense love and duty and gratitude toward theirmothers' memory, Dickens' work is strikingly free from any expression, definite or implied, of this feel- ing. There is not a real mother in all his crowded gallery of immortal figures ; David Copperfield's mother is just an inane, pretty-pretty abstraction, and that is all. With two exceptions, in Nicholas Nickleby and Barnaby Rudge, his heroes have all been bereft of their mothers in their infancy. The mother of Barnaby Rudge is a mere melo- dramatic figure. Remains, then, Mrs. Nickleby, who we have the author's own word for it was his own mother in disguise : an empty- headed, foolish, vain gossip whom her children 186 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS have to humour and coax at every turn with the patient, long-suffering kindness that one shows toward a naughty, intractable child. But we have seen the kind of father Dickens had : a very poor kind ; yet Dickens loved him dearly, proving that he did not want in filial affection. May it not be, then, since he was habitually so reticent about his mother, and betrays in his writings so poor a sense of the inestimable bless- ing of a good mother, that he was unfortunate in this parent ; and that to the lack of a wise and worthy mother's influence is due one of the most serious defects in his mental equipment : a de- fect that manifests itself in his alternately maud- lin or cheapening or flippant treatment of the whole sex ? The mother of a great man is always import- ant. Her character cannot fail to have a vital effect on the character of her son. One might suggest, then, perhaps, that Dickens' always slightly contemptuous attitude toward the things he had not taken the trouble to understand was in fact an hereditary trait directly derived from his mother. The idea is put forward diffidently, but in all seriousness, as a possible explanation of Dickens' more obvious inconsistencies and limitations. " I know how all these things have worked to- gether to make me what I am," says Dickens. THE DICKENS ORIGINALS And there is a certain note of poignancy in that utterance, a certain abrupt trenchancy and depth of feeling, a warrant of acute perception, an evidence of profound philosophy, which Dick- ens is generally artist enough to keep out of his published work. You might read Dickens from end to end, as one reads idle tales, and never discover that he was a philosopher at all. Many have. Many do. There are some who deny him the possession of any cohesive philosophy ; be- cause, forsooth, he is not as one of those inferior flashy tradesmen who put all their wares in the window and keep nothing in the shop. But . . . there can be no philosophy without suffering ; and equally is it true that no one who has suffered and lived and come through can be other than a philosopher. To suggest, as some do, that Dickens, from first to last, maintained (as he did) his divinely sane standpoint toward all things of life and death and the Great Beyond by a series of gorgeous flukes : this is merely to foam at the mouth. Thomas Carly le could foam a little, at times ; but he was, after all, a keen judge of men, and af- ter Dickens' death he wrote, in a letter of condol- ence to his nearest and dearest : "It is almost thirty years since my acquaint- ance with him began ; and on my side, I may say, every new meeting ripened it into more and more 188 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS clear discernment of his rare and great worth as a brother man: a most cordial, sincere, clear-sight- ed, quietly decisive, just, and loving man: till at length he had grown to such a recognition with me as I have rarely had for any man of my time. This I can tell you three, for it is true and will be welcome to you : to others less concerned I had as soon not speak on such a subject." To one other less concerned he wrote: " I am profoundly sorry for you, and indeed for myself, and for us all. It is an event world-wide; a unique of talents sudden- ly extinct; and has eclipsed, we two may say, 'the harmless gaiety of nations.' No death since 1866 has fallen on me with such a stroke. No literary man's hitherto ever did. The good, the gentle, high-gifted, ever-friendly, noble Dickens every inch of him an honest man." I am a little impatient of thatlastflourish. "An Honest Man " savours somewhat of condescen- sion. It is beside the mark, too, as it affects the pub- lic sideof Dickens. Dickens was honest, of course. But he was not blatantly, indecently honest: nor did he flaunt his honesty in the face of his reader, as I think Thackeray, for instance, did sometimes. Dickens was not given to any overt form of self- revelation. Indeed there was never an author of his calibre who so persistently and consistently hid himself behind his characters as Dickens did. With the result that there are already almost as 189 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS many versions of the man Dickens as there are people who remember him in the flesh. I have talked with some of his contemporaries and have been amazed at the diversity of their varying im- pressions of his personality. In a few more de- cades I predict that he will be as much a mystery as Edgar Allan Poe. In a century or so he will have grown into the proportions of a myth. In two or three hundred years it may be abundantly proved that not only he, but George Eliot and Thackeray and Charlotte Bronte also, were Geo- rge Henry Lewes. But, seriously speaking, all this points, I think, to the truth that Dickens was essentially a self- contained and self-sufficient man. Underneath all that bubbling effervescence of his perennial youth, his high spirits and his gay insouciance, there was all the time the grave, sad, moody man who peers forth at us from those later portraits of him that photography has made the most familiar to us. And these innate powers of stern reserve and self-restraint which were never broken down in his moments of freest expansion, were fostered in him in his childhood: in that wonderful child- hood which he never quite outgrew: that child- hood of precocious knowledge and wise inno- cence, of incongruous kinship with the poor in- articulate victims of social injustice, of whom he too was one, in the dark days of his servi- tude. 190 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS "I know how all these things have worked to- gether to make me what I am." Father, mother, the blacking-factory, the drud- gery, the Marshalsea, the squalid lodgings and mean makeshifts, the uncouth companions and grotesque associates of his tender infancy : Mrs. Pipchin, who was really Mrs. Roylance, the lady of Little College Street who took children in to board, Charles among them ; Captain Porter, whom we have already glimpsed ; and Mealy Po- tatoes, BobFagin in the flesh, his chum and cham- pion at Warren's, of whom he writes in David Copperfield : Mick Waller . . . informed me that our princi- pal associate would be another boy whom he in- troduced by the to me extraordinary name of Mealy Potatoes. I discovered, however, that this youth had not been christened by that name, but that it had been bestowed upon him in the ware- house, on account of his complexion, which was pale or mealy. Mealy's father was a waterman, who had the additional distinction of being a fire- man, and was engaged as such at one of the large theatres ; where some young relation of Mealy's I think his little sister did Imps in the Panto- mimes. Of all that queer group there is only one who seems to have been in any sense a congenial com- 191 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS panion for little Charles. That one notable excep- tion was his sister Fanny. Of his other brothers and sisters we know curiously little; but some shadowylikenessof Fanny Dickens has been pre- served, it is said, in the figure of Fanny Dorrit, a vain, pretty, wilful, spoilt darling first of mis- fortune, and then of fortune. Fanny Dickens seems to have been in some sort a fellow-spirit. In Dickens' later youth she seems to have been keenly interested in his theatrical ambitions, and to have aided and abetted his attempts to go upon the stage as an actor. Charles had written to Barclay, who was stage manager at Covent Garden, telling him with the exquisite effrontery of youth how old he was, and exactly what he thought he could do : how that he believed he had a strong perception of character and oddity, and a natural power of reproducing in his own person what he observed in others. There must have been something in his letter that impressed the authorities, for they wrote to him with an ap- pointment, suggesting that he should do some- thing of Mathews'. " My sister Fanny was in the secret (he writes) and was to go with me to play the songs. " But when the day of trial came he was laid up with a terrible bad cold and inflamma- tion of the face ; and so somehow that particular ambition subsided. But the incident is significant as suggesting that Fanny Dickens had some glimmerings of 192 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS what I must call, for lack of a better phrase, the artistic temperament. Whilst he was still engaged at his drudgery at the blacking-factory, she had been elected as a pupil of the Royal Academy of Music ; and he has told what a stab to his heart it was, think- ing of his own disregarded condition, to see her go away to begin her education, amid the tearful good wishes of everybody in the house. A year or two later she won one of the prizes offered to the Academy pupils. Charles, still at his drudgery, went to see her receive the prize, and writes thus of his emotions at witnessing this event : "I could not bear to think of myself be- yond the reach of all such honourable emulation and success. The tears ran down my face. I felt as if my heart were rent. I prayed, when I went to bed that night, to be lifted out of the humilia- tion and neglect in which I was. I never had suffered so much before. There was no envy in this." " There was little need that he should say so," is Forster's comment. " Extreme enjoyment in witnessing the exercise of her talents, the utmost pride in every success obtained by them, he mani- fested always to a degree otherwise quite unusual with him." Soon afterward she married that Mr. Henry Burnett whom Dickenssostrangelyidealised; and with her marriage her serious career as an artist N THE DICKENS ORIGINALS may be said to have come to an end. Ultimately her health began to break down, and an inevit- able tragedy was foreshadowed. "There seemsto be no doubt whatever that Fanny is inaconsump- tion," wrote Dickens in 1 846. She had broken down in an attempt to sing at a party in Man- chester; and subsequent examination by a doctor revealed the sad cause. In 1848 she died; and her death opened the floodgates of reminiscence in her bereaved brother's heart. He recalled fondly how he and she had been used to wander at night, as children, in a grim old churchyard near their house, looking up at the stars, and talking in awed whispers about them. Something of the fancies that their childish ima- gination wove about the splendours of that glit- tering host, under cover of the stillness and the dark, Dickens afterward embodied in his "Child's Dream of a Star." This chapter may appropriately conclude, I think, withamorselof the dainty fabric of that tale, since it seems to me that therein is expressed, more frankly than anywhere else in Dickens' work, something of the wistfulness and vain longing that transformed the barren wilderness in which he lived as a child into a fairy playground. There was once a child, and he strolled about a good deal, and thought of a number of things. 194 THE FAMILY PORTRAITS He had a sister, who was a child too, and his con- stant companion. These two used to wonder all day long. They wondered at the beauty of the flowers; they wondered at the height and blue- ness of the sky ; they wondered at the depth of the bright water ; they wondered at the good- ness and the power of God who made the lovely world. They used to say to one another, sometimes, Supposing all the children upon earth were to die, would the flowers, and the water, and the sky be sorry. For, said they, the buds are the children of the flowers, and the little playful streams that gambol down the hillsides are the children of the water ; and the smallest bright specks playing at hide and seek in the sky all night, must surely be the children of the stars ; and they would all be grieved to see their playmates, the children of men, no more. There was one clear shining star that used to come out in the sky before the rest, near the church spire, above the graves. It was larger and more beautiful, they thought, than all the others, and every night they watched for it, standing hand in hand at a window. Whoever saw it first cried out, " I see the star ! " And often they cried out both together, knowing so well when it would rise, and where. So they grew to be such friends with it, that, before lying down in their beds, they always looked out once again, to bid it good-night ; and THE DICKENS ORIGINALS when they were turning round to sleep they used to say, " God bless the star ! " The sister of the story went to live in that star whilst she was yet a child. The sister of flesh and blood lived in it all her life, I think. CHAPTER THE NINTH ADVENTURES IN HISTORY CHAPTER NINE OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY MR. GILBERT CHESTERTON, WHO IS sometimes more dazzling than illuminative, says of the least known of Dickens' books: "It is called A Child's History of England, but the child is the writer and not the reader." Here, it seems to me, Mr. Chesterton speaks truth ; but it is not the truth about Charles Dickens : it is the truth about Gilbert Chesterton. Only once did Dick- ens consciously and deliberately adopt the atti- tude of the average adult toward children, and that was when he wrote the Child's History. At all other times he is the immortal child whose genius makes children of all of us altogether. At all other times he is the inspired boy telling fairy tales to the grown-ups. His Child s History was in some sort a fairy tale also ; but with this differ- ence that it is not inspired. It was indeed a labour of love, and the labour is very apparent ; in all Dickens' other works and they are every one of them labours of love it is the love and not the labour that vivifies them. But Mr. Chester- ton, being himself a child, refuses to be taken in by grandfather's top-hat, frock-coat, and specta- cles, even when worn by a grand father. H e knows the trick of that himself. He has often practised it himself, with huge success. He is in the posi- tion of a conjuror watching the sleight of hand of 199 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS another conjuror. " You can't deceive me, Mr. Dickens," he says, not realising that it is always unnecessary to deceive those who are only too eager to deceive themselves. In A Child's History of England Dickens for a time puts aside the child and definitely assumes the man. That this is so Mr. Chesterton, having made his point, admits when he says : A collection of the works of Dickens would be incomplete in an essential as well as a literal sense without his Child's History of England. 1 1 may not be important as a contribution to his- tory, but it is important as a contribution to bio- graphy ; as a contribution to the character and the career of the man who wrote it, a typical man of his time. That he had made no personal his- torical researches, that he had no special histori- cal learning, that he had not had, in truth, even anything that could be called a good education, all this accentuates not the merit but at least the importance of the book. For here we may read in plain popular language, written by a man whose genius for popular exposition has never been surpassed among men, a brief account of the origin and meaning of England as it seemed to the average Englishman of that age. But the average Englishman of any age is ne- ver a child. 200 THE CHILDREN OF CHAKLBS DICKENS WITH "GRIP" THE RAVEN OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY Writing of another of Dickens' adventures in history, Mr. Chesterton is, however, irrefutably right when he says : He wrote a book about two cities, one of which he understood ; the other he did not understand. And his description of the city he did not know is almost better than his description of the city he did know. This is the entrance of the unques- tionable thing about Dickens: the thing called genius ; the thing which everyone has to talk ab- out directly and distinctly because no one knows what it is. . . . His actual ignorance of France went with amazing intuitive perception of the truth about it. It is here that he has most clearly the plain mark of the man of genius ; that he can understand what he does not understand. Dickens was inspired to the study of the French Revolution and to the writing of a romance about it by the example and influence of Carlyle. . . . Carlyle had read a great deal about the French Revolution. Dickens had read nothing at all, ex- cept Carlyle. Carlyle was a man who collected his ideas by the careful collation of documents and the verification of references. Dickens was a man who collected his ideas from loose hints in the streets, and those always the same streets; as I have said, he was a citizen of one city. Carlyle was in his way learned ; Dickens was in every way ignorant. Dickens was an Englishman cut 201 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS off from France; Carlyle was a Scotsman histori- cally connected with France. And yet, when all this is said and certified, Dickens is more right than Carlyle. Dickens' French Revolution is probably more like the real French Revolution than Carlyle's. " It is difficult (Mr. Chesterton goes on), if not impossible, to state the grounds of this strong conviction." It is so difficult, if not impossible, that I am glad to be able to quote Mr. Chester- ton in this connection, though at the same time sorry that I have been forestalled in expressing a precisely identical view. Dickens was so bountifully endowed with the true historic sense that sense which visualises the public and divines the private life of a nation at each phase of its development that it seems a pity he should have made his History a history for children written by a man, instead of a history for men written by a child. There never has been an author more jealous for the dignity of his art than Dickens. And yet, because his art was so purely instinctive, because he was so truly inspir- ed, because(in short) he was a genius who achiev- ed his effects as it were by a series of gorgeous flukes, Dickens mistrusted his highest powers when he was tempted to match them against the Powers That Be in a new field of enterprise. Like all men who are uneasily conscious of gaps 202 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY and lesions in their armour of learning he hesi- tated to use his mighty weapons against the feeble weapons of those whose armour appeared sound. He did not realise that, once he had knocked these antagonists down, their armour would pre- vent them from ever getting up again without as- sistance. In writing Pickwick Papers, Barnaby Rudge, and A Tale of Two Cities, he seems to have been wholly unaware that he was writing his- tory ; and having no misgivings born of any more serious purpose than a desire to achieve certain picturesque effects, he succeeded, where the accredited historians had failed, in giving an air of absolute authenticity to his description of peoples and periods that he had no first-hand knowledge of and had never studied academic- ally. As I have said elsewhere, Pickwick Papers is in many respects the greatest of Dickens' novels, a quite unique masterpiece : unique if only in its blending together of the finest qualities of both the picaresque romance and the novel of man- ners ; in the evidences of unexampled high spirits that irradiate its pages ; in its inexhaustible viv- acity and stupendous comic force; its nimble wit and inimitable drollery; its prodigality of inven- tion in incident and character ; but, above all, in its fidelity to truth, which makes it perhaps the best mirror of an age an era--- extant in any lan- 203 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS guage, the value of which, to history alone, is in- calculable. In its portrayal of the manners and customs, the speech and opinions and everyday doings of the period and the people with which it deals, it is beyond question or cavil one of the most remarkable achievements in English litera- ture. It is all this, and yet it has to do with an epoch that had almost passed away when Dickens was quite a young man. But (it will be objected) he could remember it all. And that is so : he could remember it all but only because he was a genius, only because he remained a child all his life. The average man, you and I : what do we remember of the scenes and incidents, the com- panions and the experiences, of our childhood ? We remember many things, many people, that never were or ever could be in this world. The mists of time have distorted our vision so that, looking back, we see nothing aright. Many of us still think of our schoolmasters as men about nine feet high. Our growth has been so gradual that we do not seem to have grown at all. Thus we have lost our sense of proportion, which is only another name for that quality which makes one man in a million great, and the lack of which causes ninety-nine out of every hundred millions to misunderstand the great man. It is our lack of that sense which blinds us to the glory of Dick- ens' achievement in re-creating the environment 204 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY and the atmosphere of the days of his childhood, as he did in every one of his books, but most notably in the most carelessly written of them all, Pickwick Papers. Dickens would have been much surprised, as perhaps the reader is surprised, if you had told him that in writing Pickwick Papers he was writ- ing history. H e would have replied that the book was a purely imaginative account of the imagi- nary doings and sayings of imaginary people. And he would have been both right and wrong. He would have been right in so far as the actual adventures and adventurers were spun out of the stuff of his dreams ; but he would have been wrong in the implication that they were any less real than sheer realities. They were more real than any realities, because they were more pro- bable, and because they gave form and unity to a whole world : they expressed a world in minia- ture. Isolated scenes and characters, incidents and utterances, though they be literal transcripts from life, are never so true to life as typical things and happenings. You will find more typical John Bulls among the cab-drivers of Paris than throughout the length and breadth of England, which is not to say, however, that John Bull is a typical French- man : John Bull still remains a truer type of the Englishman than any individual English farmer. 205 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS And in the same way, though you search London, you shall not find a Cockney who is half such a Cockney as Sam Weller . . . who never existed, but who yet remains and will forever remain the typical Cockney. Dickens, in Pickwick Papers, created a milieu and set a group of puppets in the midst of it that were more eloquent of the life and times of the early nineteenth century than any collection of real men and women in any real surroundings could possibly have been. In that way he made history dance to hispiping; inthat way he clothed its dry bones with flesh and blood and breathed into it the breath of life and made of it a living thing. He discovered, by happy accident, that history, after all, should not be mainly a matter of dates and a record of the lives of kings and other exceptional people, but a survey of the gradual evolution of a nation from its primitive beginnings to its apogee. For just as a man is not to be known by his official biography, as set forth in the usual reference books, but by his home life, so it is with a nation. After a day spent in a cot- tage on the slopes of Plinlimmon, you will know far more about the Welsh than after many years spent in the British Museum. In Pickwick Papers Dickens wrote history but without knowing it because he wrote about the commonplaces of everyday existence : those commonplaces which are more momentous than 206 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY any wars and more significant than any changes of dynasty. In Barnaby Rudge and in A Tale of Two Cities Dickens wrote history still without knowing it because he wrote about the little people who make history and not about the big people who are made or marred by it. I f you set the real Lord George Gordon against the figmentary Simon Tappertit, and Dennis the hangman beside Hugh of the Maypole, and Fou- lon beside the Defarges, you will find the figments rather more alive than the realities, but all alike are stamped with the unmistakable hall-mark of the Dickens mintage. There was a poor unfortu- nate lunatic named Lord George Gordon, there was a hangman named Dennis, and there was a real Foulon. These people were born and lived and died. But there was never a Simon Tappertit or a Maypole Hugh or a Monsieur or Madame Defarge : that is to say, there were never any persons bearing those names, perhaps ; but cer- tainly there were countless hordes wearing their bodies, thinking with their brains, suffering as they suffered, feeling as they felt, moved by the same heart-stirrings. And when the scholiasts, like vultures, had done picking at their dead flesh, leaving only the dry skeletons; and when the skeletons, having been articulated by thepedants, had crumbled into dust, then it was the turn of genius, it was the heaven-appointed function of genius, to re-animate that dust. 207 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS In an American edition of A Tale of Two Cities there is an editorial note in which it is said that " one book for which Dickens is reputed to have had a special liking, and of which he never tired, was <Zzx\y\s History of the French Revolution, and while working on the Tale of Two Cities he asked Carlyle if he might see one of the works referred to in the History, whereupon Carlyle packed up and sent down to Gadshill all his re- ference volumes, and Dickens read them faith- fully and to profitable use." Did he ? I find no warrant for the statement. It is probable that Dickens read The French Revolution pretty thoroughly. We know that he did at least dip into Mercier's Tableau de Paris, and it is very likely that he read a good deal of Rousseau. But beyond those limits (I feel pretty sure) his study of the period did not extend. For the rest he re- lied on his natural powers of entering into and visualising the life of any people at any period. And why not ? If he had set himself to write The Last Days of Pompeii I have every reason to be- lieve that it would have been a far better romance than Bulwer Lytton's. Those of Dickens' Adventures in History which should, however, intrigue us most are con- cerned with his presentment of certain authentic historical figures, with Sir John Chester, who was obviously founded on Lord Chesterfield, with 208 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY Lord George Gordon, with Dennis, and in a les- ser degree, Foulon. Grip the raven, Stry ver, and Sydney Carton may also, for convenience' sake, I think be allowed to come within the scope of this chapter. It has been said that Sydney Carton was founded on another purely imaginary character, Richard Wardour, the hero of Wilkie Collins' play, The Frozen Deep, in which Dickens acted with his friends and his children during the sum- mer of 1857. Life is short, of making many books there is no end, and so I have never read The Frozen Deep. Nevertheless I scout the sugges- tion that Dickens could ever have been indebted to any other writer or indeed anybody for any least part of his material. That the notion for the book came to him whilst he was engaged in these amateur theatricals Dickens himself admits, and there was afterwards found this note in his manu- script book : " How as to a story in two periods with a lapse of time between, like a French Drama? Titles for such a notion." Follows a long list of titles. Then " The drunken ? dissipated ? What? LION and his JACKAL and Primer, stealing down to him at unwonted hours." And then, foreshadowing Jerry Cruncher and his wife : "A man, and his wife or daughter or niece. The man, a reprobate and ruffian; the woman (or girl) with good in her, and with compunctions. He believes nothing, and defies everything ; yet 209 o THE DICKENS ORIGINALS has suspicions always that she is praying against his evil schemes, and making them go wrong. He is very much opposed to this, and is always an- grily harping on it. ' If she must pray, why can't she pray in their favour, instead of going against 'em ? She's always ruining me she always is and calls that Duty ! There's a religious person ! Calls it Duty to fly in my face! Calls it Duty to go sneaking against me ! " It is enough. One has only to bring these rumours into the light of day to find that they crumble into just a little dirt upon our hands. Of Stryver, who is described as "a man of little more than thirty but looking twenty years older than he was, stout, loud, red, bluff, and free of any drawback of delicacy . . . (he) had a pushing way of shouldering himself (morally and physi- cally) into companies and conversations, that ar- gued well for his shouldering his way up in life;" of the prototype of Stryver Mr. Edmund Yates affirms that he was drawn from a Mr. Edwin James, a well-known legal functionary in his time. Says Mr. Yates: u One day I took Dickens who had never seen Edwin James to a consul- tation. Mr. James laid himself out to be speci- ally agreeable ; Dickens was quietly observant. About four months after appeared the early num- bers of A Tale of Two Cities, in which a promi- nent part was played by Mr. Stryver. After reading the description I said to Dickens: 'Stry- 210 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY ver is a good likeness!' He smiled. * Not bad, I think/ he said, ' especially after only one sit- ting.'" Between Mr. Stryver with his rusty robes and lurid face, and Grip the raven with his rusty plumage and lurid beak, I seem to discern a gro- tesque likeness. Of Grip Dickens writes in his Preface to Barnaby Rudge: The late Mr. Waterton having, some time ago, expressed his opinion that ravens are gradually becoming extinct in England, I offered the few following words about my experience of these birds. The raven in this story is a compound of two great originals, of whom I was at different times the proud possessor. The first was in the bloom of his youth when he was discovered in a modest retirement in London by a friend of mine, and given to me. He had from the first, as Sir Hugh Evans says of Anne Page, "good gifts," which he improved by study and attention in a most ex- emplary manner. He slept in a stable generally on horseback and so terrified a Newfoundland dog by his preternatural sagacity, that he has been known, by the mere superiority of his genius, to walk off unmolested with the dog's dinner from before his face. He was rapidly ris- ing in acquirements and virtues when in an evil hour his stable was newly painted. He observed 211 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS the workmen closely, saw that they were careful of the paint, and immediately burned to possess it. On their going to dinner he ate up all they had left behind, consisting of a pound or two of white lead ; and this youthful indiscretion terminated in death. While I was yet inconsolable for his loss, an- other friend of mine in Yorkshire discovered an older and more gifted raven at a village public- house, which he prevailed upon the landlord to part with for a consideration, and sent up to me. The first act of this sage was to administer to the effects of his predecessor by disinterring all the cheese and halfpence he had buried in the garden a work of immense labour and research, to which he devoted all the energies of his mind. When he had achieved his task, he applied him- self to the acquisition of stable language, in which he soon became such an adept that he would perch outside my window and drive imaginary horses with great skill, all day. Perhaps even I never saw him at his best, for his former master sent his duty with him, "and if I wished the bird to come out very strong, would I be so good as to show him a drunken man" which I never did, having (unfortunately) none but sober people at hand. But I could hardly have respected him more, whatever the stimulating influences of this sight might have been. He had not the least re- spect, I am sorry to say, for me in return, or for 212 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY anybody but the cook, to whom he was attached but only, I fear, as a Policeman might have been. Once I met him unexpectedly, about a mile from my house, walking down the middle of a public street, attended by a pretty large crowd, and spontaneously exhibiting the whole of his accomplishments. His gravity under these try- ing circumstances I can never forget, nor the ex- traordinary gallantry with which, refusing to be brought home, he defended himself behind a pump, until overpowered by numbers. It may have been that he was too bright a genius to live long, or it may have been that he took some pernicious substance into his bill, and thence into his maw which is not improbable, seeing that he new-pointed the greater part of the garden- wall by digging out the mortar, broke countless squares of glass by scraping away the putty all round the frames, and tore up and swallowed, in splinters, the greater part of a wooden staircase of six steps and a landing but after some three years he too was taken ill, and died before the kitchen fire. He kept his eyes to the last upon the meat as it roasted, and suddenly turned over on his back with a sepulchral cry of " Cuckoo ! " Since then I have been ravenless. In Barnaby Rudge, Lord George Gordon, and in A Tale of Two Cities, Foulon, are drawn directly from life. Let us contrast Carlyle's pre- 213 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS sentment of Foulon with that of Dickens'. First, Carlyle : This is that same Foulon named dme damnde du Parlement ; a man grown grey in treachery, in griping, projecting, intriguing, and iniquity: who once when it was objected, to some finance scheme of his, " What will the people do?" made answer, in the fire of discussion, " The people may eat grass : " hasty words, which fly abroad irrevocable, and will send back tidings. ... As for old Foulon, one learns that he is dead ; at least " a sumptuous funeral " is going on; the undertakers honouring him, if no other will . . . but ... hardly above a week since the Bastille fell ... it suddenly appears that old Foulon is alive ; nay, that he is here, in early morning, in the streets of Paris : the extortioner, the plotter, who would make the people eat grass, and was a liar from the beginning ! It is even so. The de- ceptive " sumptuous funeral " (of some domestic that died) ; the hiding-place at Vitry toward Fon- tainebleau, have not availed that wretched old man. Some living domestic or dependant, for none loves Foulon, has betrayed him to the Village. Merciless boors of Vitry unearth him ; pounce on him, like hell-hounds : Westward, old Infamy ; to Paris, to be judged at the Hotel-de-Ville ! His old head, which seventy-four years have bleach- ed, is bare ; they have tied an emblematic bundle 214 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY of grass on his back ; a garland of nettles and thistles is round his neck : in this manner ; led with ropes ; goaded on with curses and menaces must he, with his old limbs, sprawl forward ; the piti- ablest, most unpitied of all old men. Sooty Saint-Antoine, and every street, mus- ters its crowd as he passes ; the Hall of the Hotel-de-Ville, the Place de Greve itself, will hardly hold his escort and him. Foulon must not only be judged righteously, but judged there where he stands, without any delay. Appoint sev- en judges, ye Municipals, or seventy-and-seven ; name them yourselves, or we will name them : but judge him ! . . . " Friends," said u a person in good clothes," stepping forward , "what is the use of judging this man? Has he not been judg- ed these thirty years?" With wild yells, Sanscu- lottism clutches him in its hundred hands : he is whirled across the Place de Greve, to theLanterne, Lamp-iron which there is at the corner of the Rue de la Vannerie ; pleading bitterly for life to the deaf winds. Only with the third rope (for two ropes break, and the quivering voice still pleaded) can he be so much as got hanged ! His Body is dragged through the streets ; his Head goes aloft on a pike, the mouth filled with grass : amid sounds as of Tophet, from a grass-eating people. And now, Dickens, thus : The men were terrible in the bloody-minded 2I 5 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS anger with which they looked from windows, caught up what arms they had, and came pour- ing down into the streets ; but, the women were a sight to chill the boldest. From such household occupations as their bare poverty yielded, from their children, from their aged and their sick crouching on the bare ground famished and naked, they ran out with streaming hair, urging one an- other, and themselves, to madness with the wild- est cries and actions. Villain Foulon taken, my sister! Old Foulon taken, my brother! Miscreant Foulon taken, my daughter ! Then, a score of others ran into the midst of these, beating their breasts, tearing their hair, and streaming, Foulon alive ! Foulon who told the starving people they might eat grass ! Foulon who told my old father that he might eat grass, when I had no bread to give him ! Foulon who told my baby that it might suck grass, when these breasts were dry with want ! Oh, mother of God, this Foulon ! Oh, Heaven, our suffering ! Hear me, my dead baby and my withered father: I swear on my knees, on these stones, to avenge you on Foulon ! Hus- bands and brothers and young men, Give us the blood of Foulon, Give us the head of Foulon, Give us the heart of Foulon, Give us the body and soul of Foulon, Rend Foulon in pieces, and dighiminto the ground, that grass may grow from him ! With these cries, numbers of the women, lashed into blind frenzy, whirled about, striking 216 1HI1JP DORMER STANHOPE, KARL OK CHESTERFIELD "Sir John Chester" OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY and tearing at their own friends until they dropp- ed in a passionate swoon, and were only saved by the men belonging to them from being tram- pled under foot. They march to the Hotel de Ville, where the prisoner is on trial, and there wait impatiently, " during two or three hours of drawl and the win- nowing of many bushels of words," until at length the sun rose so high that it struck a kindly ray, as of hope or protection, directly down upon the old prisoner's head. The favour was too much to bear ; in an instant the barrier of dust and chaff, that had stood surprisingly long, went to the winds, and Saint Antoine had got him ! It was known directly, to the furthest confines of the crowd. Defarge had but sprung over a rail- ing and a table, and folded the miserable wretch in a deadly embrace Madame Defarge had but followed and turned her hand in one of the ropes with which he was tied The Vengeance and Jacques Three were not yet up with them, and the men at the windows had not yet swooped into the hall, like birds of prey from their high perches when the cry seemed to go up, all over the city, " Bring him out ! Bring him to the lamp ! " Down, and up, and head foremost on the steps of the building ; now on his knees ; now on his feet ; now on his back ; dragged, and struck at, 217 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS and stifled by the bunches of grass and straw that were thrust into his face by hundreds of hands ; torn, bruised, panting, bleeding, yet always en- treating and beseeching for mercy; now, full of ve- hement agony of action, with a small clear space about him as the people drew one another back that they might see ; now, a log of dead wood drawn through a forest of legs ; he was hauled to the nearest street-corner where one of the fatal lamps swung, and there Madame Defarge let him go as a cat might have done to a mouse and silently and composedly looked at him while they made ready and while he besought her : the women passionately screeching at him all the time, and the men sternly calling out to have him killed with grass in his mouth. Once he went aloft, and the rope broke, and they caught him, shrieking ; twice he went aloft, and the rope broke, and they caught him, shrieking ; then the rope was merciful and held him, and his head was soon upon a pike, with grass enough in the mouth for all Saint Antoine to dance at the sight of. Carlyle had dredged for his facts in all the seven seas of literature that had been poured forth on the subject of the F rench Revolution. H e had culled his knowledge of Foulon and the rest from a hundred abstruse and recondite sources. Dick- ens had read . . . only Carlyle, some fragments of De Mercier, and perhaps Rousseau. Yet his 218 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY pictures of that wild time are as full and complete and vivid in their truth as if he had steeped him- self in contemporary lore. Carlyle may indeed be said to have introduced the Spirit of the French Revolution to theEnglish people ; but it was Dickens who raised its body from the dead. " No account of the Gordon Riots has been to my knowledge introduced into any Work of Fic- tion, and the subject presenting very extraordi- nary and remarkable features, I was led to project this Tale, "says Dickens in his Preface to Barnaby Rudge. Of his description of the Riots Forster says, very justly and aptly : There are few things more masterly in any of his books. From the first low mutterings of the storm to its last terrible explosion, the frantic out- break of popular ignorance and rage is depicted with unabated power. The aimlessness of idle mischief by which the ranks of the rioters are swelled at the beginning; the recklessness induc- ed by the monstrous impunity allowed to the ear- ly excesses ; the sudden spread of drunken guilt into every haunt of poverty, ignorance, or mis- chief in the wicked old city, in which such rich materials of crime lie festering ; the wild action of its poison on all, without scheme or plan of any 219 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS kind, who come within its reach ; the horrors that are more bewildering for so complete an absence of purpose in them ; and, when all is done, the misery found to have been self-inflicted in every cranny and corner of London, as if a plague had swept over the streets ; these are features in the picture of an actual occurrence, to which the man- ner of thetreatmentgives extraordinary force and meaning. " Mr. Dennis the hangman (he adds) is a por- trait that Hogarth would have painted with the samewholesome severity of satireemployed upon it in Barnaby Rudge" From which it would ap- pear that Forster did not know, none of Dickens' commentators seem to know, that there was in- deed a real Dennis, a hangman of Newgate, who was executed for his share in the Riots of 1780. Of the unwitting instigator of those riots, Lord George Gordon, Dickens gives this impression which may be compared with the actual portrait of that poor misguided maniac : The lord, the great personage, who did the May- pole so much honour, was about the middle height, of a slender make, and sallow complexion, with an aquiline nose, and longhair of a reddish brown, combed perfectly straight and smooth about his ears, and slightly powdered, but withoutthe faint- est vestige of a curl. He -was attired, under his 220 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY greatcoat, in a full suit of black, quite free from any ornament, and of the most precise and sober cut. The gravity of his dress, together with a certain lankness of cheek and stiffness of deport- ment, added nearly ten years to his age, but his figure was that of one not yet past thirty. As he stood musing in the red glow of the fire, it was striking to observe his very bright large eye, which betrayed a restlessness of thought and purpose, singularly at variance with the studied composure and sobriety of his mien, and with his quaint and sad apparel. It had nothing harsh or cruel in its expression; neither had his face, which was thin and mild, and wore an air of melancholy ; but it was suggestive of an air of indefinable un- easiness, which infected those who looked upon him, and filled them with a kind of pity for the man : though why it did so, they would have been at some trouble to explain. A formal biography of the real Lord George Gordon is set forth in Chambers' Encyclopedia, thus : He was born in London, 26th December, 1751, the third son of the third Duke of Gordon. From Eton he entered the Navy, and rose to be lieuten- ant, but quitted the service during the American War, after a dispute with the Admiralty. Elected in I774M.P. for the pocket borough of Ludgers- 221 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS hall, Wiltshire, he presently attacked both sides with such freedom as to give rise to the saying that there "were three parties in parliament the ministry, the opposition, and Lord George Gordon." Still he displayed considerable talent in debate, and no deficiency of wit or argument. A bill having, in 1778, passed the legislature for the relief of Roman Catholics from certain penal- ties and disabilities, the Protestant Association of London was, among other societies, formed for the purpose of procuring its repeal, and in No- vember 1779 Lord George was elected its presi- dent. On 2nd June, 1780, he headed a vast and excited mob of 50,000 persons, who, decked with blue cockades, marched in procession from St. George's Fields to the House of Commons to present a petition for the repeal of the measure. Dreadful riots ensued in the metropolis, lasting five days, in the course of which many Catholic chapels and private dwelling-houses, Newgate prison, and the mansion of the chief-justice, Lord Mansfield, were destroyed. The magistrates feared to read the Riot Act, but at length, on the 7th, when thirty-six fires were blazing at once, the troops were called out by the king, and every- where drove the rioters before them, 210 being killed, 248 wounded, and 135 arrested, of whom 21 were afterwards executed. Property to the amount of 180,000 pounds had been destroyed in the riots. . . . Lord George himself was tried for 222 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY high treason ; but Erskine's defence got him off on the ground of absence of treasonable design. His subsequent conduct seemed that of a person of unsound mind. Having, in 1786, refused to come forward as a witness in a court of law, he was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Can- terbury for contempt. In 1 787 he was convicted, on two official informations, for a pamphlet re- flecting on the laws and criminal justice of the country, and for publishing a libel on Marie An- toinette and the French Ambassador in London. To evade sentence he retired to Holland, but was sent back to England, and apprehended at Bir- mingham. He died in Newgate of fever, i st No- vember 1793, having latterly become a proselyte to Judaism. In 1 795 \herzvtdiS2iLifeofLorclGeorge Gordon published. It was written by one Dr. Robert Watson, and some vindication of the hapless peer's character was attempted in the work. It does not seem likely that Dickens ever read this book ; but certainly his own kindly treatment of Lord George has long since superseded the more elaborate apologia. To mymind there is something almost eerie in the power that Dickens displays in limning this extraordinary figure of history. In hisPre/ace he goes out of his way to declare that It is unnecessary to say that those shameful tu- 223 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS mults, while they reflect indelible disgrace upon the time in which they occurred, and all who had act or part in them, teach a good lesson. That what we falsely call a religious cry is easily raised by men who have no religion, and who in their daily practice set at naught the commonest prin- ciples of right and wrong ; that it is begotten of intolerance and persecution ; that it is senseless, besotted, inveterate, and unmerciful, all History teaches us. But perhaps we do not know it in our hearts too well, to profit by even so humble an example as the "No Popery" riots of 1780. How- ever imperfectly these disturbances are set forth in the following pages, they are impartially painted by one who has no sympathy with the Romish Church, though he acknowledges, as most men do, some esteemed friends among the followers of its creed. I don't like that concluding sentence: it savours of pragmatism; but I do like, I do admire, and I do marvel at the boundless sympathy which could em- brace and understand and condone the strange self-sacrificial madness of a poor deluded fanatic. It would have been so fatally easy, you would think, for Dickens to perpetrate the most ghastly blunders inhis treatment of Lord George Gordon. If, in my cynical youth, I had not already read Barnaby Rudge, and yet happened to know its theme, I believe I should have hesitated to read 224 LORD MANSFIELD Barnaby Rudge OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY it. I should have been afraid of coming across yet another repetition in another guise of that offence which, in Pickwick Papers and The Old Curiosity Shop, has caused so much pain to countless thou- sands of splendid Puritans and for ever alienated them from Dickens. I should have dreaded to find him making hay of the most sacred and sol- emn convictions of more than half the population of Europe. A Father Melchizedec Howler, or a Monsignor Stiggins, would have been such an outrage upon an ancient, stately, and dignified faith as might have shattered even my fealty to- ward the greatest English novelist of any age. Stiggins and Howler and Chadband : all these, being new and raw, were fair butts for derision and ridicule ; but a Roman Catholic priest . . . ! I need have had no fears, however. I should have no fears now. Dickens is sometimes alittle coarse and even gross, but he is never in spite of all the New Criticisms vulgar. His sense of hu- mour fails him over and over again, most lament- ably, but never his sense of decency. He is often fierce and furious, wild and whirling ; but never hysterical. He is often loud, but never lewd ; often trite, but never banal. So, when he came to grips with this silly infatuate peer, and had to handle a type of mind with which his own essen- tially healthy mind could not possibly have any- thing whatever in common, it is his innate, in- domitable sanity, it is his immutable perception 225 p THE DICKENS ORIGINALS of the eternal fitness of things, that saves him, that does more than save him, that uplifts him to the level of the martyr on the cross and lends him divine insight into the meaning of those supernal dreams for the sake of which countless millions have poured out their blood like water totheglory, not so much of their gods, asof their owngod-like souls. History would try to persuade me that the secretary of Lord George Gordon was not such a man as Gashford ; that he was a man of probity and courage and intellect, a sort of sublimation of John Grueby, Lord George's sturdy henchman, of whom we have all too little in Barnaby Rudge. But this I steadfastly refuse to believe, I believe in Dickens' Gashford, tall . . . angularly made, high-shouldered, bony, and ungraceful. His dress, in imitation of his superior, was demure and staid in the extreme; his manner formal and constrained. This gentle- man had an overhanging brow, great hands and feet and ears, and a pair of eyes that seemed to have made an unnatural retreat into his head, and to have dug themselves a cave to hide in. His manner was smooth and humble, but very sly and slinking. He wore the aspect of a man who was always lying in wait for something that wouldn't come to pass; but he looked patient very patient and fawned like a spaniel dog. 226 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY Even now, while he rubbed and warmed his hands before the blaze, he had the air of one who only presumed to enjoy it in his degree as a com- moner ; and though he knew his lord was not re- garding him, he looked into his face from time to time, and with a meek and deferential manner, smiled as if for practice. That, or something akin to it, is the type that does invariably attach itself to the poor profligate and spendthrift, whoever he may be, and whether he be prodigal of his money, or of his manhood, of his faith, or of his unfaith. Gashford is a living symbol of the evil genius that waits upon the generous weakness of all good men who have anything to lose. It is the slimy cunning of the Gashfords of this world that exploits the folly and the goodness of simpler, nobler natures, turns their potential beneficence into active mischief, covers their innocence with shame, and corrupts their purity. Dickens never evinced a nicer ap- preciation or a more acute perception of the sort of combinations that do usually go to the mak- ing of colossal ruin and disaster than in this strik- ing juxtaposition of Gashford with Lord George. History denies the truth of this presentment of the secretary. That only proves that these Gash- fords, as well as being consummate rascals, are consummate hypocrites also. It is History that has been deceived, not Dickens. 227 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Remains to be considered the figureof Sir John Chester, who is, transparently, Lord Chester- field. He was a staid, grave, placid gentleman, some- thing past the prime of life, yet upright in his carriage for all that, and slim as a greyhound. He was well mounted upon a sturdy chestnut cob, and had thegraceful seatof an experienced horse- man ; while his riding gear, though free from such fopperies as were then in vogue, was handsome and well chosen. He wore a riding-coat of a somewhat brighter green than might have been expected to suit the taste of a gentleman of his years, with a short black velvet cape, and laced pocket-holes and cuffs, all of a jaunty fashion ; his linen too was of the finest kind, worked in a rich pattern at the wrists and throat, and scrupu- lously white. Although he seemed, judging from the mud he had picked up on the way, to have come from London, his horse was as smooth and cool as his own iron-grey periwig and pigtail. Neither man nor beast had turned a single hair ; and savingfor his soiled skirts and spatterdashes, this gentleman with his blooming face, white teeth, exactly-ordered dress, and perfect calmness, might have come from making an elaborate and leisurely toilet, to sit for an equestrian portrait at old John Willet's gate. In the privacy of his apartments in the Temple 228 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY he muses upon the graces and the virtues of his famous prototype. " My Lord Chesterfield," he said ... u if I could but have profited by your genius soon enough to have formed my son on the model you have left to all wise fathers, both he and I would have been rich men. Shakespeare was undoubtedly very fine in his way; Milton good, though prosy; Lord Bacon, deep, and decidedly knowing ; but the writer who should be his country's pride is my Lord Chesterfield. . . . " 1 thought I was tolerably accomplished as a man of the world," he continued, " I flattered myself that I was pretty well versed in all those little arts and graces which distinguish men of the world from boors and peasants, and separate their character from those intensely vulgar sen- timents which are called the national character. Apart from any natural prepossession in my own favour, I believed I was. Still, in every page of this enlightened writer, I find some captivating hypocrisy which has never occurred to me before, or some superlative piece of selfishness to which I was utterly a stranger. I should quite blush for myself before this stupendous creature, if, re- membering his precepts, one might blush at any- thing. An amazing man ! a nobleman indeed ! any King or Queen may make a Lord, but only 229 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS the Devil himself and the Graces can make a Chesterfield." Men (adds Dickens in a bitter commentary) who are thoroughly false and hollow, seldom try to hide these vices from themselves ; and yet, in the very act of avowing them, they lay claim to the virtues they feign most to despise. " For," say they, " this is honesty, this is truth. All man- kind are like us, but they have not the candour to avow it." The more they affect to deny the existence of any sincerity in the world, the more they would be thought to possess it in its boldest shape; and this is an unconscious compliment to Truth on the part of these philosophers which will turn the laugh against them to the Day of Judgment. Thereis something hereof that narrow-minded intolerance which is very characteristic of a cer- tain type of demagogue all the world over. And Dickens belonged to that type. He had all the average demagogue's cocksureness and impa- tience of what he does not understand, together with the good-humoured disdain born of self- complacency that commonly accompanies it and vents itself in vigorous ridicule. Yet he does suc- ceed in getting Sir John Chester down on paper, and the philosophy of the elegant man of fashion, cynic, and wit is as appropriate to a certain mod- ern type as it was, in a way, to its first exponent, 230 OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY Lord Chesterfield, on whom Sir John Chester is reputably founded. But . . . Dickens is so obsessed by a melo- dramatic convention that he draws Lord Ches- terfield or Sir John Chester as an extremely handsome and debonair gentleman, ignoring the fact (if he ever knew it) that the real Lord Chesterfield, in spite of his courtly accomplish- ments, was of unimposing presence and rather distinctly plain-looking, a man whose career was uniformly mediocre, and whose ambitions were gratified neither by success in public life nor in court society. He was, according to his contem- poraries, an enlightened statesman, an orator, a conspicuous wit, and a man of almost universal talents ; and yet he is only remembered as the author of the famous letters written to his natural son, Philip Stanhope. Son of the third Earl of Chesterfield, he studied at Cambridge, made the grand tour, and sat in the House of Commons as member for Saint Germans in Cornwall from 1716 to 1726, when he succeeded his father as fourth earl. In 1 730 he was made Lord Steward of the Household. Until then, as a Whig, he had supported Walpole ; but being ousted from office for voting against an excise bill, he went over to the opposition, and was one of Walpole's bitter- est antagonists. He was above bribes, and, ac- cording to his lights, an honest statesman and a true patriot. He joined the Pelham Ministry in 231 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS 1744 ; in 1745-6 was a judicious, able, and con- ciliatory Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; and was in 1 746 one of the principal Secretaries of State, but in 1/48 was compelled by ill-health and deaf- ness to retire from public life. During the brief period of his political power he was on terms of some intimacy with Pope, Swift, and Bolingbroke, and he patronised Colley Gibber and many other men of letters. He died, a lonely, neglected, for- gotten old man, in 1773. But it was of course to be expected that Dick- ens, knowing nothing of the class to which Lord Chesterfield belonged, and being utterly incap- able of appreciating the aristocraticpoint of view, should have been taken in by Lord Chesterfield's pose, should have accepted him at his own valua- tion, and confounded the purely artificial writer with the natural man. But that he did catch the tone of his Letters I think may be established by the following medley of original and parody : Men who converse only with women are frivolous, effeminate puppies ; and those who never con- verse with them are bears. The world is a lively place enough, in which we must accommodate ourselves to circumstances, sail with the stream as glibly as we can, be con- tent to take froth for substance, the surface for the depth, the counterfeit for the real coin. I wonder 232 LORD GEORGE GORDON OF ADVENTURES IN HISTORY that no philosopher has ever established that our globe itself is hollow. It should be, if Nature is consistent in her works. Dissimulation to a certain degree is as necessary in business as clothes are in the common inter- course of life ; and a man would be as imprudent who should exhibit his inside naked, as he would be indecent if he produced his outside so. All men are fortune-hunters, are they not ? The law, the church, the court, the camp see how they are all crowded with fortune-hunters, jostling each other in the pursuit. The Stock Exchange, the pulpit, the counting-house, theroyal drawing- room, the senate what but fortune-hunters are they filled with ? Advice is seldom welcome ; and those who want it the most always like it the least. CHAPTER THE TENTH CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES CHAPTER THE TENTH CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES MR. ARNOLD BENNETT HAS SAID somewhere that he never realised there was any- thing picturesque about the Five Towns until he read an impression of them in one of Mr. George Moore's novels. And Mr. J. M. Barrie was aston- ished to find that anybody could be interested in his native place, Kirriemuir. I n these confessions both these authors are merely restating one of those elusive truths that only artists seem to be able to lay firm hold upon. A lover cannot tell you what his sweetheart is like so that you would recognise her in the street. He could as easily describe his boots or his mother. The things with which we are most familiar are always the hardest to describe. The things we know best the things we cherish and believe in our more intimate hopes and fears and doubts the emotions we hold most sacred the strongest passions that actuate us none of these can we translate quite adequately into words. There would seem to be an undiscovered language. It is perhaps the lan- guage that all artists spend their lives in learning, and die without mastering. The other day I was arguing with a friend about Mr. Harry Lauder. I had read, or been told, that he was born in Lancashire. And my friend, a Scotsman, said that that was manifestly impossible. Only a Scotsman (said he) could 237 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS sing Scotch songs as Mr. Lauder sings them. I asked, then, why Mr. Lauder had started his career by singing Irish songs ? And from that I got to considering why it was that a man has to get away from a thing in order to see it properly, as it actually is, in due proportion and perspec- tive. Mr. Lauder mayor may not have been born in Scotland. But of one thing I am sure, which is that, in either case, he spent some years of his childhood or youth in Scotland, that he then left Scotland, and then, returning to it, saw Scotsmen for the first time as they really are. If he had lived in Scotland all his life he never would have been able to impersonate Scotsmen as he does. Many a Cockney can give an excellent imitation of a yokel ; but never a Cockney could imperson- ate a Cockney on the stage. The only good stage Cockney I have ever seen, Mr. Albert Chevalier, is half a Frenchman and.half a Welshman, I be- lieve. And as in the art of acting, so it is in the art of writing. It is not until you have got out of the environment in whichyou were born that you can depict that environment convincingly. Dickens, in his two first books, Pickwick Papers and Oliver Twist, writes of people and in- cidents that had only come casually and superfi- cially within his own experience, if at all. What did he know of country-house life? of leisure- ly travelling in England? of sport? He knew a great deal about country inns, stage-coaches 38 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES and stage-coach-drivers and inn-keepers and waiters and ostlers and so on, and about Parlia- mentary elections, and the processes of the law, and lawyers and lawyers' clerks and all that entour- age; he knewof these things because he had come fresh to the study of them in his impression- able youth or early manhood. He was familiar with, and he could describe, a debtors' prison. But, he had not got sufficiently far away from the Marshalsea to be able to describe that. So, he elected to describe the Fleet Prison, which he did not know very intimately, rather than the Mar- shalsea, which he did know very intimately in- deed. And in Oliver Twist, though he knew no more than the average man about criminals and work- houses, we find him choosing his chief characters from among the criminal classes and from among the inmates of a workhouse. It was not until he was fairly launched on his third book, Nicholas Nickleby, that he began to deal faithfully with the kind of people he had been brought up amongst ; and by that time his fame and prosperity had lifted him high enough out of his original environment to enable him to perceive its artisticpossibilities. In the Kenwigs group he gives us his first full-length portraits of the kind of grotesques whom we most commonly think of nowadays as Dickensy types. Bill Sikes, the Artful Dodger, and Fagin are 239 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS all lay-figures : mere dummies that Dickens somehow contrives to galvanise into horrible life. I have said before that there never was a pro- fessional burglar who remotely resembled Bill Sikes. And never was there an expert pickpocket who remotely resembled the Artful Dodger. A pickpocket who wore a suit of clothes several sizes too large for him, with long sleeves clumsily turned up at the cuffs so that they must have hampered the free movement of his hands, and whose whole appearance was conspicuous and suspicious, never did or could or would attain to any proficiency in his nefarious calling. Thieves of all kinds have to look, if possible, more honest than honest men if they are to achieve any suc- cess. They must be, in all outward seeming, so ordinary as never to attract a second glance from any one ; least of all the policeman. And Fagin the fence . . . ? Receivers of stolen property are more likely to be found on view behind their counters all the week, and in chapel on Sundays, than in foul dens in evil neighbourhoods. Dickens, in Oliver Twist, projected his den of thieves out of his in- ner consciousness. Obviously he had no first- hand knowledge whatever of any kind of criminal. He knew nothing of their habits or manners or customs. Even their speech he was unfamiliar with, or he would never have made Sikes utter such preposterous oaths as "Wolves tear your 240 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES throats!" H chad got his details all wrong ; and yet had got his effects so marvellously right, somehow, that his very blunders are more con- vincing than all the meticulous accuracies of the modern realist. Fagin was, I think, founded on the personality of a famous rogue named Ikey Solomons; and as no other Dickens commentator seems to have discovered the identity of this gentleman I pro- pose to quote Major Arthur Griffiths sometime Governor of Newgate Prison concerning his career. At no period (says Major Griffiths 1 ) could thieves in London or elsewhere have prospered had they been unable to dispose of their ill-gotten goods. The trade of fence or receiver, therefore, is very nearly as old as the crimes which it so obviously fostered. One of the most notorious, and for a time most successful practitioners in this illicit trade, passed through Newgate in 1831. The name of Ikey Solomons was long remembered by thief and thief-taker. He began as an itine- rant street vendor at eight, at ten he passed bad money, at fourteen he was a pickpocket and a "duffer," or a seller of sham goods. He early saw the profits to be made out of purchasing stolen goods, but could not embark in it at first 1 Chronicles of Newgate. 2 4 I Q THE DICKENS ORIGINALS for want of capital. He was taken up when still in his teens for stealing a pocket-book, and was sentenced to transportation, but did not get be- yond the hulks at Chatham. On his release an uncle, a slop-seller in Chatham, gave him a situa- tion as " barker," or salesman, at which he real- ised ^150 within a couple of years. With this capital he returned to London and set up as a fence. He had such great aptitude for business and such a thorough knowledge of the real value of goods, that he was soon admitted to be one of the best judges known of all kinds of property, from a glass bottle to a five hundred guinea chro- nometer. But he never paid more than a fixed price for all articles of the same class, whatever their intrinsic value. Thus a watch was paid for as a watch, whether it was of gold or silver ; a piece of linen as such, whether the stuff was coarse or fine. This rule of dealing with stolen goods con- tinues to this day, and has made the fortune of many since I key. Solomons also established a system of pro- vincial agency, by which stolen goods were passed on from London to the seaports, and so abroad. Jewels were re-set, diamonds re-faced ; all marks by which other articles might be identi- fied, the selvages of linen, the stamps on shoes, the numbers and names on watches, were care- fully removed or obliterated after the goods passed out of his hands. On one occasion the 242 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES whole of the proceeds of a robbery from a boot- shop was traced to Solomons ; the owner came with the police, and was morally convinced that it was his property, but could not positively identify it, and I key defied them to remove a single shoe. In the end the injured bootmaker agreed to buy back his stolen stock at the price Solomons had paid for it, and it cost him about a hundred pounds to re-stock his shop with his own goods. As a general rule Ikey Solomons confined his purchases to small articles, mostly of jewellery and plate, which he kept concealed in a hiding- place with a trap-door just under his bed. He lived in Rosemary Lane, and sometimes had as much as ,20,000 worth of goods secreted on the premises. When his trade was busiest he set up a second establishment, at the head of which, al- though he was married, he put another lady, with whom he was on intimate terms. The second house was in Lower Queen Street, Islington, and he used it for some time as a depot for valuables. But it was eventually discovered by Mrs. Solo- mons, a very jealous wife, and this, with the danger arising from an extensive robbery of watches in Cheapside, in which Ikey was impli- cated as a receiver, led him to think seriously of trying his fortunes in another land. He was about to emigrate to New South Wales, when he was arrested at Islington and committed to New- 243 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS gate on a charge of receiving stolen goods. While thus incarcerated he managed to escape from custody, but not actually from gaol, by an ingenious contrivance which is worth mention- ing. He claimed to be admitted to bail, and was taken from Newgate on a writ of habeas before one of the judges sitting at Westminster. He was conveyed in a coach driven by a confederate, and under the escort of a couple of turnkeys. Solo- mons, while waiting to appear in court, persuaded the turnkeys to take him to a public-house where all might " refresh." While there he was joined by his wife and other friends. After a short ca- rouse the prisoner went into Westminster, his case was heard, bail refused, and he was ordered back to Newgate. But he once more persuaded the turnkeys to pause at the public-house, where more liquor was consumed. When the journey was resumed, Mrs. Solomons accompanied her husband in the coach. Half-way to Newgate she was taken with a fit. One turnkey was stupidly drunk, and I key persuaded the other, who was not much better, to let the coach change its route to the gaol, and pass Petticoat Lane, where the suffering woman might be handed over to her friends. On stopping at a door in this low street, Ikey jumped out and ran into the house, slam- ming the door behind him. He passed through and out at the back, and was soon beyond pur- suit. By-and-by the turnkeys, sobered by their 244 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES loss, returned to Newgate alone, and pleaded in excuse that they had been drugged. I key left no traces, and the police could hear nothing of him. He had in fact gone out of the country, to Copenhagen, whence he passed on to New York. There he devoted himself to the cir- culation of forged notes. He was also anxious to do business in watches, and begged his wife to send him over a consignment of cheap "right- eous" watches, or such as had been honestly obtained, and not ''on the cross." But Mrs. Solo- mons could not resist the temptation to dabble in stolen goods, and she was found shipping watches of the wrong category to New York. For this she received a sentence of fourteen years' trans- portation, and was sent to Van Diemen's Land. I key joined her at Hobart Town, where they set up a general shop, and soon began to prosper. He was, however, recognised, and ere long an order came out from home for his arrest and transfer to England, which presently followed, and he again found himself an inmate of New- gate, waiting trial as a receiver and a prison- breaker. He was indicted on eight charges, two only of which were substantiated, but on each of them he received a sentence of seven years' transportation. At his own request he was re- conveyed to Hobart Town, where his son had been carrying on the business. Whether I key was " assigned " to his own family is not re- 245 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS corded, but no doubt he succeeded to his own property when the term of servitude had ex- pired. Dickens began Oliver Twist in 1 838, at a time when the name of I key Solomons was no doubt as well-known as that of Charles Peace a genera- tion ago. The likeness between Ikey Solomons and Fagin is not too apparent perhaps ; but it happened that at the beginning of the nineteenth century there seems to have been a very plague of Jews engaged in receiving stolen property. There was another Solomons who was not above reproach, and an Abrahams, and Money Moses, a publican, who kept the Black Lion in Vinegar Yard, Drury Lane, where secretly he did busi- ness as one of the most daring and successful fences in London. Manyof these fences are rum- oured to have trained children in crime, not in the preposterous way of Fagin that is presently to be described, but not less efficiently. To quote Major Griffiths again : A peculiar feature in the criminal records of the early part of the (nineteenth) century was the general increase in juvenile depravity. This was remarked and commented upon by all concerned in the administration of justice ; magistrates of all categories, police officers, gaolers, and philan- thropists. It was borne out, moreover, by the 246 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES statistics of the times. There were in the various London prisons, in the year 1816, three thousand inmates under twenty years of age. Nearly half of this number were under seventeen, and a thou- sand of these alone were convicted of felony. Many of those sent to prison were indeed of tender years. Some were barely nine or ten. Chil- dren began to steal when they could scarcely crawl. Cases were known of infants of barely six charged in the courts with crimes. This deplor- able depravity was attributable to various causes : to the profligacy prevailing in the parish schools; the cruel and culpable neglect of parents who de- serted their offspring, leaving them in a state of utter destitution, or were guilty of the no less dis- graceful wickedness of using them as instruments for their nefarious designs; the artfulness of astute villains prototypes of old Fagin who trained the youthful idea in their own devious ways. The last-named was a fruitful source of juvenile crime. Children were long permitted to commit small thefts with impunity. The offence would have been death to those who used them as catspaws ; for them capital punishment was humanely nearly impossible. The education in iniquity continued steadily. They went from bad to worse, and ere long became regular inmates of " flash houses," where both sexes mixed freely with vicious companions of their own age, and the most daring enjoyed the hero-worship of their 247 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS fellows. When thus assembled, they formed them- selves into distinct parties or gangs, each choos- ing one of their number as captain, and dividing themselves into reliefs to work certain districts, one by day and one by night. When they had " collared their swag," they returned to divide their plunder, having gained sometimes as much as three or four hundred pounds. A list of these horrible dens prepared about this date showed that there were two hundred of them, frequented by six thousand boys and girls, who lived solely by this way, or were the associates of thieves. These haunts were situated in St. Giles, Drury Lane, Chick Lane, Saffron Hill, the Borough, and Ratcliffe Highway. Others that were out of luck crowded the booths of Covent Garden, where all slept promiscuously amongst the rotting garbage of the stalls. During the daytime all were either actively engaged in thieving, or were revelling in low amusements. Gambling was a passion with them, indulged in without let or hindrance in the open streets; and from tossing buttons there they passed on to playing in the low public-houses at such games as " put," or " the rocks of Scylla," " bumble puppy," " tumble tumble," or "nine holes." These infamies, as a result of recent exposures, were matters of general knowledge at the time when Oliver Twist was written. What Dickens 248 BRYAN WALLKR PROCTER THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES knew about them he knew in common with most other people. But he knew about them with a difference. He knew about them as the small boy knows about the black void behind the cellar- door. His elders call it the coal-hole. He knows that it is a cave of demons, the very porch of Hell. When his elders open that door only coals come out. But when he opens it just an inch or two and peeps in, he sees ghastly, lowering faces, grim and hideous, gibbering at him out of the darkness. He passes that door on tiptoe, and bears it in mind as he goes up to bed, and dreams about it in his sleep. So did Dickens dream of the mean squalor of the criminal haunts whose secrets were daily castup on the bare bleak shores of the police-office. So did he invest that squalor and its denizens with a quality of picturesque horror that lent them something of the hectic effect of leering, grinning devils in red torment. Fagin, the arch-devil, though he is limned in in the fewest possible words, stands forth lurid and malignant as the figure of Satan in mediaeval pageantry. He appears, like that typical mythi- cal Satan, with his toasting-fork, and the firelight playing over him. For the rest he is just " a very old shrivelled Jew, whose villainous-looking and repulsive face was obscured by a quantity of matted red hair. He was dressed in a greasy flannel gown, with his throat bare." Dickens christens him " the old gentleman," " the pleas- 249 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS ant old gentleman/' " the merry old gentleman." Old Gentleman is still a euphemism for the devil in the more select lower-class circles. When the breakfast was cleared away, the merry old gentleman and the two boys played at a very curious and uncommon game, which was per- formed in this way. The merry old gentleman, placing a snuff-box in one pocket of his trousers, a note-case in the other, and a watch in his waist- coat-pocket, with a guard-chain round his neck, and sticking a mock-diamond pin in his shirt : buttoned his coat tight round him, and putting hisspectacle-caseandhandkerchiefinhispockets, trotted up and down the room with a stick, in imitation of the manner in which old gentlemen walk about the streets any hour in the day. Sometimes he stopped at the fire-place, and sometimes at the door, making believe that he was staring with all his might into shop- windows. At such times he would look constantly round him, for fear of thieves, and would keep slapping all his pockets in turn, to see that he hadn't lost anything, in such a very funny and natural manner that Oliver laughed till the tears ran down his face. All this time the two boys followed him closely about : getting out of his sight so nimbly every time he turned round that it was impossible to follow their motions. At last the Dodger trod upon his toe, or ran upon his boot accidentally, 250 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES while Charley Bates stumbled up against him be- hind ; and in that one moment they took from him, with the most extraordinary rapidity, snuff- box, note- case, watch-guard, chain, shirt-pin, pocket-handkerchief, even the spectacle-case. If the old gentleman felt a hand in any one of his pockets he cried out where it was ; and then the game began all over again. Throughout the book, until the final catas- trophe, Fagin is usually presented as this kind of horribly amusing person; he is like some frowsy, obscene bird that seems to chuckle and mock in a secret language of its own. He shares with the rest of Dickens' really great villains that saving grace of humour, that grace which saves them from utter absurdity, utter unreality. The real Jewfence of Dickens' early days: Ikey Solomons or Money Moses : was probably a pale and colourless creature of a familiar atavistic type : dull-eyed, dull-witted, dull-spirited, slinking, sheepish, sly, and furtive. Fagin, alike in that first moment of his appearance on the lime-lit stage, beating the boys, his victims, about the shoulders with his toasting-fork, and in his last moments of epileptic frenzy in the condemned cell, is consistently theatrical and thrilling. He is always (as actors say) getting the last ounce out of his part. His final outcry is splendidly in keep- ing with his character, as he laughs aloud in his 251 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS delirium of terror at the sad wistful ghost of Oliver, and exclaims : " Oliver, too, ha ! ha ! ha ! Oliver too quite the gentleman now quite the take that boy away to bed ! . . . Take him away to bed ! " cried Fagin. " Do you hear me, some of you ? He has been the the somehow the cause of all this. It's worth the money to bring him up to it Bolter's throat, Bill ; never mind the girl Bolter's throat as deep as you can cut. Saw his head off!" " Fagin," said the jailer. "That's me! " cried the Jew, falling instantly into the attitude of listening he had assumed upon his trial. " An old man, my lord ; a very old, old man ! " Old indeed ! Old as the devil. As incredible as the devil. And as immortal ! Dickens' books are full of violent criminals, several murderers among them ; but all of them accidental criminals, amateur rather than profes- sional criminals. Oliver Twist was his first and last excursus into that genre of the Underworld among the people of the abyss. In Nicholas Nickleby notably, but in each succeeding book ever less and less insistently, he clings to the old melodramatic conception of the villain as a per- son manifestly villainous in every aspect and nu- ance of his personality . . . until he is inspired to draw a murderer or two from life ; and then 252 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES we get a Mademoiselle H or tense and a Julius Slinkton. Mademoiselle Hortense, lady's maid to Lady Dedlock, is described in Bleak House as a Frenchwoman of two-and-thirty, from some- where in the southern country about Avignon and Marseilles a large-eyed brown woman with black hair ; who would be handsome but for a certain feline mouth, and general uncomfortable tightness of face, rendering the jaws too eager, and the skull too prominent. There is something indefinably keen and wan about her anatomy ; and she has a watchful way of looking out of the corners of her eyes without turning her head, which could be pleasantly dispensed with espe- cially when she is in an ill-humour and near kni- ves. Through all the good taste of her dress and little adornments, these objections so express themselves that she seems to go about like a very neat She-wolf imperfectly tamed. Besides being accomplished in all the knowledge appertaining to her post, she is almost an Englishwoman in her acquaintance with the language. Mademoiselle Hortense was founded on the notorious Mrs. Manning, who, with her husband, suffered the penalty of death at Horsemonger Lane Gaol in 1849. 253 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS The Mannings' victim was *a man named Patrick O'Connor, a Custom- House gauger, who had been a suitor of Marie de Roux before she became Mrs. Manning. Marie de Roux up to the time of her marriage had been in service as lady's maid to Lady Blan- tyre, daughter of the Duchess of Sutherland, and Manning hoped to get some small Government appointment through his wife's interest. He had failed in this as well as in the business of a publi- can which he had at one time adopted. After the marriage a close intimacy was still maintained between O'Connor and the Mannings. He lived at Mile End, whence he walked often to call at 3 Miniver Place, Bermondsey, the residence of his old love. O'Connor was a- man of substance. He had long followed the profitable trade of a money-lender, and by dint of usurious interest on small sums advanced to needy neighbours, had amassed as much as ^8000 or 1 0,000. H is wealth was well-known to " Maria," as he called Mrs. Manning, who made several ineffectual attempts to get money out of him. At last this fiendish woman made up her mind to murder O'Connor and appropriate all his possessions. Her husband, to whom she coolly confided her intentions, a heavy brutish fellow, was yet aghast at his wife's resolve, and tried hard to dissuade 1 Chronicles of New gate ^ by Major Arthur Griffiths. 254 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES her from her bad purpose. In his confession after sentence he declared that she plied him well with brandy at this period, and that during all the time he was never in his right senses. Meanwhile the woman, unflinching in her cold, bloody determi- nation, carefully laid all her plans for the consum- mation of the deed. One fine afternoon in August, O'Connor was met walking in the direction of Bermondsey. He was dressed with particular care, as he was to dine at the Mannings' and meet friends, one a young lady. He was seen afterwards smoking and talking with his hosts in their back-parlour and never seen again alive. It came out in the husband's confession that Mrs. Manning induced O'Connor to go down to the kitchen to wash his hands, that she followed him to the basement, that she stood behind him as he stood near the open grave she herself had dug for him, and which he mistook for a drain, and that while he was speaking to her she put the muzzle of a pistol close to the back of his head and shot him down. She ran upstairs, told her husband, made htm go down to look at her handiwork, and as O'Connor was not quite dead, Manning gave the coup de grace with a crowbar. After this Mrs. Manning changed her dress and went off in a cab to O'Con- nor's lodgings, which, having possessed herself of the murdered man's keys, she rifled from end to end. Returning to her own home, where Man- 255 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS ning meanwhile had been calmly smoking and talking to the neighbours over the basement wall, the corpse lying just inside the kitchen all the while, the two set to work to strip the body and hide it under the stones of the floor. This job was not completed till the following day, as the hole had to be enlarged, and the only tool they had was a dust-shovel. A quantity of quicklime was thrown in with the body to destroy all identifica- tion. This was on a Thursday evening. For the remainder of that week and part of the next the murderers stayed in the house and occupied the kitchen close to the remains of their victim. On the Sunday Mrs. Manning roasted a goose at this same kitchen fire and ate it with relish in the afternoon. This cold-blooded indifference after the event was only outdone by the premeditation of this horrible murder. The holemust havebeen excavated and the quicklime purchased quite three weeks before O'Connor met his death, and during that time he must frequently have stood or sat over his own grave. The murder was discovered. Mr. and Mrs. Manning were arrested. The prisoners were in due course transferred to Newgate to be put upon their trial at the Central Criminal Court. A great number of distinguished people assembled as usual at the Old Bailey on the day of the trial. The Mannings were ar- 256 LORD GRENVILLE Barnaby Rudjc THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES raigned together : the husband standing at one of the front corners of the dock, his wife at the other end. . . . Mrs. Manning was not without personal charms : her face was comely, she had dark hair and good eyes, and was above the middle height, yet inclined to be stout. She was smartly dressed in a plaid shawl and a white lace cap ; her hair was dressed in long bands. She had lace ruffles at her wrists, and wore primrose- coloured kid gloves. The case rested upon irre- futable evidence, and was proved to the satisfac- tion of the jury who brought in a verdict of guilty . . . when sentence of death was passed . . . Mrs. Manning, speaking with a foreign accent, addressed the court with great fluency and vehe- mence. She complained that she had had no jus- tice ; there was no law for her ; she had found no protection either from judges, the prosecutor, or her husband. She had not been treated like a Christian but like a wild beast of the forest. . . . When the judge assumed the black cap Mrs. Manning became still more violent, shouting, " No, no, I will not stand it ! You ought to be ashamed of yourselves ! " and would have left the dock had not Mr. Cope, the governor of Newgate, restrained her. After judgment was passed she repeatedly cried out Shame ! and stretching out her hand she gathered up a quantity of the rue which, following ancient custom, dating from the days of the gaol fever, was strewn in front of the 257 R THE DICKENS ORIGINALS dock, and threw it towards the bench with a con- temptuous gesture. On being removed to Newgate from the Court Mrs. Manning became perfectly furious. She uttered loud imprecations, cursing judge, jury, barristers, witnesses, and all who stood around. Her favourite and most often-repeated expres- sion was, " D n seize you all." They had to handcuff her by force against the most violent re- sistance, and still she raged and stormed, shaking her clenched and manacled hands in the officers' faces. From Newgate the Mannings were taken in separate cabs to Horsemonger Lane Gaol. On this journey her manner changed completely. She became flippant, joked with the officers, asked how they liked her " resolution " in the dock, and expressed her utmost contempt for her husband, whom she never intended to acknow- ledge or speak to again. Later her mood changed to abject despair. On reaching the condemned cell she threw herself upon the floor and shrieked in an hysterical agony of tears. After this until the day of execution she recovered her spirits and displayed reckless effrontery, mocking at the chaplain, and turning a deaf ear to the counsels of a benevolent lady who visited her. Now she abused the jury, now called Manning a vaga- bond, and through all ate heartily at every meal, slept soundly at nights, and talked with cheerful- ness on almost any subject. Nevertheless she 258 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES attempted to commit suicide by driving her nails, purposely kept long, into her throat. She was discovered just as she was getting black in the face. Charles Dickens, who witnessed the execution of the Mannings, wrote to The Times saying that he believed that "a sight so inconceivably awful as the wickedness and levity of the immense crowd collected at the execution this morning could be imagined by no man, and presented by no heathen land under the sun. The horrors of the gibbet, and the crime which brought the wretched murderers to it, faded in my mind be- fore the atrocious bearing, looks and language of the assembled spectators. When I came upon the scene at midnight, the shrillness of the cries and howls that were raised from time to time, de- noting that they came from a concourse of boys and girls already assembled in the best places, made my blood run cold." As a result of this passionate protest public executions were abandoned in England. The prototype of Julius Slinkton in Dickens' short story Hunted Down was Thomas Griffiths Wainewright, essayist, forger, and poisoner, who was born at Chiswick in October, 1794. Left an orphan he was brought up at Turnham Green by his grandfather, Doctor Ralph Griffiths, the 259 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS founder of The Monthly Review, and was edu- cated under Charles Burney. He held a commis- sion in the Guards when, about 1820 or earlier, he took to writing tawdry art criticisms and mis- cellaneous articles for the periodicals, especially the London Magazine, under the pseudonym of Janus Weathercock. He married on ^200 a year, and soon outrunning his means first com- mitted a forgery, and then poisoned with strych- nine his uncle, his mother-in-law, his sister-in- law, and a Norfolk acquaintance at Boulogne. The sister-in-law (Wainewright's wife was an ac- complice in her murder) had been fraudulently insured for ; 18,000, but two actions to enforce payment failed ; and Wainewright, venturing backfrom France to London in 1 837, was arrested for his old forgery, and sentenced to life trans- portation. Even in Newgate he bragged of still holding " the position of a gentleman," and in Van Diemen's Land canted about Art and the Ideal. There he painted portraits, ate opium, and at last died of apoplexy at Hobart Town in 1852. During his early manhood he exhibited fre- quently at the Royal Academy, and also pub- lished one book entitled Some Passages in the Life of Egomet Bonmot, besides acting as editor of the London Magazine for a time. Indeed Wainewright did cut something of a figure among the notabilities of his brief day ; and does seem to have strangely interested, fav- 260 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES ourablyor otherwise, many of his contemporaries. Hazlitt, Lamb, Bryan Waller Procter (" Barry Cornwall"), Lytton, and Dickens all wrote about him. Lytton made him the central figure of his forgotten novel, Lucretia, wherein, as Gabriel Varney, he is more orless faithfully mirrored from his childhood up. Lamb seems to have had a real affection for him, refers to him as the kindly, light-hearted Janus, and mentions him as having wept at the false news of Elia's death. But Procter describes him scathingly as " short and fattish, with mincing steps and tremulous words, his hair curled and full of unguents, and his cheeks painted like those of a demirep." And there are passing allusions to this horrible creature in Forster's Life which tend to support Procter's view of his character. Forster and Dickens, in 1838 or 1839, made a circuit of nearly all the London prisons ; " and in coming to the prisoners under remand, while going over Newgate, accompanied by Macready (the actor) and Mr. Hablot Browne ('Phiz'), were startled by a sudden tragic cry of ' My God, there's Wainewright ! ' In the shabby-genteel creature, with sandy, disordered hair and dirty moustache, who had turned quickly round with a defiant stare at our entrance, looking at once mean and fierce, and quite capable of the cowardly murders he had committed, Macready had been horrified to recognise a man familiarly known to 261 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS him in former years, and at whose table he had dined." We find Dickens' ultimate use of this poor tawdry villain foreshadowed in the following note from his manuscript book : " Devoted to the De- struction of a man. Revenge built up on love. The secretary in the Wainewright case, who had fallen in love (or supposed he had) with the mur- dered girl. . . . The man with his hair parted straight up the front of his head, like an aggra- vating gravel-walk. Always presenting it to you. ' Up here, if you please. Neither to the right or left. Take me exactly in this direction. Straight up here. Come off the grass.' ' In Hunted Down this same character is pre- sented as a man of " about forty or so, dark, ex- ceedingly well dressed in black being in mourn- ing and the hand he extended with a polite air had a particularly well-fitting black kid glove upon it. His hair, which was elaborately brushed and oiled, was parted straight up the middle; and he presented this parting to the clerk, exactly (to my thinking) as if he said in so many words : 'You must take me, if you please, my friend, just as I show myself. Come straight up here, follow the gravel path, keep off the grass, I allow no trespassing.' ' Hunted Down does not matter much, in a liter- ary sense. It is, I think, the only real pot-boiler Dickens ever wrote, a very poor story, utterly 262 THE CRIMINAL PROTOTYPES unworthy of its author ; but I cite it in this con- nection as an apt illustration of the difference be- tween Dickens' earliest and latest methods of dealing with criminal types. Julius Slinkton is so very much more probable than Fagin or Quilp or Jonas Chuzzlewit and so infinitely less con- vincing. SAML'KL CARTKR HALL "Pecksniff" CHAPTER THE ELEVENTH THE GREAT GROTESQUES CHAPTER THE ELEVENTH GREAT GROTESQUES IT SEEMS A PITY THAT MOST OF Dickens' characters should have had no recog- nisable prototypes in real life ; or, if they had prototypes, that so little should be known about them, and that that little should be so vague and unsatisfactory. It seems all the more a pity be- cause there is often plentiful information about many of his minor characters ; and the sum of that information is increasing almost daily. In every issue of The Dickensian, and in every new review of Dickens' life and work, there is gener- ally to be found an item or so dealing with the newly-discovered prototypes of this or that figure from one or other of his novels, or touching on some fresh fact concerning the old accepted pro- totypes. Thus it is that writing a book about Dickens is like writing an encyclopaedia. As soon as you think that you have definitely and finally settled some matter relating to him some new develop- ment of that matter crops up, and you find that you are out of date almost before the ink has dried on the paper. Dickens, like Shakespeare, is in- exhaustible. The more you write or think about him the more there is to think and write about. Which is merely to say, perhaps, that he is like life itself. And just herethe NewCriticismgets its hackles 267 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS up. " Like life! "says the New Criticism. "There is nothing so unlike life as Dickens. His people are preposterous. His incidents are incredible. His pathos is a thing of gulps and snuffles like a cold in the head. And his humour ... his humour is no laughing matter." But I have taken New Critics to see the late Dan Leno. And they have laughed at him con- sumedly. They did not know that Dan Leno was just a character not always the same character out of Dickens. He was a preposterous per- son, if you like. The incidents he described were usually incredible. His voice was one of the most pathetic voices I have ever heard : hoarse and plaintive ; and his humour was so far from being a laughing matter (to him) that he gave it forth in a series of moans and sobs. I have seen Mr. Bransby Williams in his impersonations of Dick- ens characters, and though I respect and admire his sincere conscientiousness and his obviously deep feeling for Dickens I have never seen any- thing less like any character out of Dickens than Mr. Williams' interpretation of Dickens charac- ters. I have seen Miss Lee as Poor Jo, and Mr. Charles Wilmot as Chadband. I have seen Sir Herbert Tree and his company in Oliver Twist ; I have seen Mr. Martin Harvey as Sydney Car- ton in The Only Way, and Mr. Cyril Maude as Sairey Gamp. And they have all been hope- 268 THE GREAT GROTESQUES lessly out of the picture. But Mr. Dan Leno . . . I feel, somehow, that if Dickens had only lived long enough he would have been bound in the in- evitable nature of things to create " Mrs. Kelly," and The Proprietor of The Nineteenth Century Stores, and The Shopwalker, and the Leader of The Midnight March. For these preposterous people that Dan Leno put upon the stage in his own person, and the incredible tales that he told about them ; these people with their sad humour and their humorous pathos: these were in the very vein of Dickens. And one had only to glance round the house at the audience, to see their laughing faces and to hear the thunder of their mirth, to discover the secret of Dickens' popu- larity. The fact is that when any man says of litera- ture or art that it presents a false picture of life he is talking like a fool, not a nice silly fool, but a conceited fool. He is arrogating to himself all wisdom and all knowledge. He is claiming to have plumbed and scaled all the depths and heights of human nature. And obviously he has to be very young or very ignorant, or both, to ad- vance such a gigantic claim. Older, wiser folk know that, in a manner of speaking, there are as many different worlds as there are people in the world. Things exist, not in themselves, but in the eyes of the beholder. To all true women all 269 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS babies are beautiful, and to everybody else they are ugly. The tragedy of the young man in the new pair of trousers who is going to meet his sweetheart, and who slips upon a piece of orange- peel and sits down in a puddle, is the onlookers' comedy. One man's humour is another man's boredom, and a third man's exasperation. We cannot all laugh at the same thing ; we must laugh at one another, or, better still, at ourselves. Dickens taught us to laugh at the whole human race, villains and ourselves included ; and those of us who don't who can't or won't laugh with us, must expect to have the laughter turned against them. There is nothing that so infuri- ates the average man as the dolt who cannot see his jokes. And the average man is quite right. He who never sees a joke never sees anything ; and he who never sees anything denies that any- thing is there. Dickens in himself provides the finest answer to the critics who say that what does not seem true to them must of necessity be false. Dickens was a supreme type of the average man. He was the average man grown to the proportions of a giant. There never was any individual average man in the least like Dickens ; and yet Dickens expresses all average men. And in the same way and this is the point I would make he ex- presses all sorts of average people by investing them with his own proportions, by drawing them 270 THE GREAT GROTESQUES to his own scale, and so sublimating them that they become supreme types also. The original of Mrs. Gamp was in reality a person hired by a most distinguished friend of Dickens, a lady, to take charge of an invalid very dear to her ; and the common habit of this nurse in the sick-room, among other Gampish peculi- arities, was to rub her nose along the top of the tall fender. From that trick of rubbing her nose along the top of the fender Dickens built up one of his most colossal figures. " Mrs. Gamp (says Dickens in his Preface to Martin Chuzzlewif) was, four-and-twenty years ago, a fair representation of the hired attendant on the poor in sickness. The Hospitals of London were, in many respects, noble Institutions ; in others, very defective. 1 think it not the least among the instances of their mismanagement that Mrs. Betsy Prig was a fair specimen of a Hospital Nurse." That is Dickens in judicial mood, when his transports have died down, and the morning has turned a cold eye upon the visions of the night. But Dickens in that mood is seldom convincing. Hitherto we have had no doubts whatever as to the reality of Sairey Gamp and Betsy Prig ; but now we have an uneasy conviction that we should not find a Sairey Gamp at any lying-in or laying- out, or a Betsy Prig in any of the hospitals, though we searched London through. I f we made 271 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS that search, however, I think, at the end of it, we should bring home with us an impression of dozens of different hospital nurses that formed a sort of composite portrait of Betsy Prig ; and we should bring home with us impressions of dozens of private nurses that, in bulk and being subtly blent together, were somehow quite adequately expressed in the personality of Mrs. Gamp. The chief fault of the modern realist is that he whittles away all eccentricities to get at the normal type, instead of adding eccentricity to eccentricity. He forgets that it is by a man's eccentricities that we remember him and recog- nise him again; and that as the vast majority of men have some eccentricity or other, that man cannot possibly be normal who has none. We believe in Dickens' great grotesques because they are so compact of eccentricities which re- mind us of the eccentricities of our friends and acquaintances. There were, in Dickens' day, fat nurses, nurses with pimply faces, nurses with red and swollen noses, nurses who smelt of spirits, nurses who carried pattens, who carried a species of gig umbrella, who had a husky voice, who had a moist eye, who had a remarkable power of turn- ing up that eye and showing only the white of it, nurses with the strange idioms and turns of speech that Mrs. Gamp affected. And though it is extremely unlikely that you would have found any one nurse with all these peculiarities, it is 272 SIR ROBERT PEEL A possible original of ** Prckj>nirf THE GREAT GROTESQUES extremely likely that among them you would have found them all. In this way in the way, I mean, by which he achieved his effects Dickens was a better real- ist than Zola. In France I have met many men and women who reminded me irresistibly at first sight of people in Zola's books ; but very soon I found that they all possessed some distinctive quality or idiosyncrasy that made them quite dif- ferent. Of course ; for there are no two of us alike. The majority of Thomas Hardy's peas- ants might conceivably change minds with one another, and no one, not even themselves, be any the wiser ; but the peasants of Dorsetshire could not change minds with one another without going mad. You could not say this of the char- acters of Meredith, who was a contemporary and a disciple of Dickens. Sir Willoughby Patterne would be laughed out of Society; yet I find it easier to believe in him than in all Mr. John Galsworthy's Men of Property who somehow re- fuse to sort themselves out in my mind, who lurk in the background of my memory like shadows, like the rows of people I never get a chance to talk to in a crowded drawing-room, and whose salient features are as hard for me to remember as their names, which I have never heard. Side by side with Mrs. Gamp, in the book called Martin Chuzzlewit, there is the hardly less strik- 273 s THE DICKENS ORIGINALS ing figure of Pecksniff. By some (Forster among them) Pecksniff is said to have been founded on Sir Robert Peel ; by others, on Samuel Carter Hall, who is best remembered as the husband of Mrs. Samuel Carter Hall. Mr. Hall, author and editor, was the fourth son of Colonel Robert Hall. He was born at Geneva Barracks, County Waterford, gth May 1 800. Coming to London from Ireland in 1822, he studied law, and became a gallery reporter for the New Times. He esta- blished The Amulet in 1825, an annual which he edited for several years ; succeeded the poet Campbell as editor of the New Monthly Maga- zine; was sub-editor of the John Bull; and did other journalistic work before he founded and edited the Art Journal 'in 1839, which has done so much to create a public for art. He was a per- tinacious and indefatigable worker and skilful compiler, the joint works written and edited by Mr. and Mrs. S. C. Hall exceeding five hundred volumes. A testimonial of 1 600 was presented to him by friends in 1874, and in 1880 he re- ceived a civil list pension of ^150 a year. He died 1 6th March 1 889. He went to lecture in the United States at one period of his life, and was invidiously heralded by some American papers as "the original of Pecksniff." "Having heard the novelist speak of this writer (says Mr. Fitz- gerald) I might be inclined to think the theory is not so far-fetched." 274 THE GREAT GROTESQUES As to Sir Robert Peel we only know that Dickens' description of Pecksniff, though bear- ing some resemblance to the outward appear- ance of the statesman, is not much like any de- scription of him that his contemporaries have preserved. Pecksniff was a most exemplary man : fuller of virtuous pre- cepts than a copy-book. Some people likened him to a direction-post, which is always telling the way to a place and never goes there : these were his enemies; the shadows cast by his bright- ness; that was all. His very throat was moral. You saw a good deal of it. You looked over a very low fence of white cravat (whereof no man had ever beheld the tie, for he fastened it behind) and there it lay, a valley between two jutting heights of collar, serene and whiskerless before you. It seemed to say, on the part of Mr. Peck- sniff, "There is no deception, ladies and gentle- men, all is peace, a holy calm pervades me." So did his hair, just grizzled with an iron-grey, which was all brushed off his forehead, and stood bolt upright, or slightly drooped in kindred with his heavy eyelids. So did his person, which was sleek though free from corpulency. So did his manner, which was soft and oily. I n a word, even his plain black suit, and state of widower, and dangling double eyeglass, all tended to the same purpose, and cried aloud, "Behold the moral Pecksniff!" 2 75 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS But Sir Robert Peel (says Mr. Justin M'Carthy in A History of Our Own Times), the leader of the opposition (in 1837), was by far the most power- ful man in the House of Commons. Added to his great qualities as an administrator and a Parlia- mentary debater, he had the virtue, then very rare among Conservatives, of being a sound and clear financier, with a good grasp of the funda- mental principles of political economy. His high austere character made him respected by oppo- nents as well as by friends. His temperament was cold, or at least its heat was self-contained ; he threw out no genial glow to those around him. He was by nature a reserved and shy man, in whose manners shyness took the form of pomp- ousness and coldness. Something might be said of him like that which Richter said of Schiller : he was to strangers stony and like a precipice from which it was their instinct to spring back. It is certain that he had warm and generous feel- ings, but his very sensitiveness only led him to disguise them. The contrast between his emo- tions and his lack of demonstrativeness created in him a constant artificiality which often seemed mere awkwardness. No ; the more closely we compare Sir Robert Peel with Pecksniff the more fantastic seems the theory that there was any but a superficial resem- blance between them. 276 THE GREAT GROTESQUES The notion of taking Pecksniff for a type of char- acter (says Forster, writing of Martin Chuzzle- wif] was really the origin of the book ; the design being to show, more or less by every person in- troduced, the number and variety of humours and vices that have their root in selfishness. And never was any purpose more supremely consummated. The Americans need not have been so indignant against Dickens for what they stigmatised as his gross libels upon them and their country. They had no Pecksniff, at any rate. Bred in a more poisonous swamp than their Eden, of greatly older standing and much harder to be drained, Pecksniff was all our own. The confession is not encouraging to national pride, but this character is so far English that though our countrymen as a rule are by no means Pecksniffs, the ruling weak- ness is to countenance and encourage the race. When people call the character exaggerated, and protest that the lines are too broad to deceive anyone, they only refuse, naturally enough, to sanction in a book what half their lives is passed in tolerating, if not worshipping. Dickens, illustrat- ing his never-failing experience of being obliged to subdue in his books what he knew to be real for fear it should be deemed impossible, had already made the remark in his Preface to Nickleby that 277 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS the world, which is so very credulous in what pro- fesses to be true, is most incredulous in what pro- fesses to be imaginary. Theyagree to be deceived in a reality, and reward themselves by refusing to be deceived in a fiction. That a great many people who might have sat for Pecksniff should condemn him for a grotesque impossibility, as Dickens av- erred to be the case, was no more than might be expected. A greater danger he has exposed more usefully in showing the larger numbers who, de- siring to be thought better than they are, support eagerly pretensions that keep their own in coun- tenance, and without being Pecksniffs, render Pecksniffs possible. All impostures would have something suspicious or too forbidding in their look if we were not prepared to meet them half- way. And Pecksniffianism is still at the head of af- fairs in many of our national institutions. The intolerable cant of godliness that emanates from our blood-sucking millionaires ; the pious horror of our sleek prelates confronted with elemental facts of human nature ; the lip-service that is paid by our aristocracy to our plutocracy ; the tender solicitude of the sweater, the usurer, and the slum-owner for the poor and helpless, which goes with uplifted hands and a roll of white eye- balls ; the pestiferous hypocrisy of vote-catching politicians ; the smug self-complacency of well- paid charity-mongers : all these are unmistak- 278 THE GREAT GROTESQUES able manifestations of the true Pecksniffian spirit that is as rife to-day as in Dickens' day. Pecksniff, of course, like all the other great grotesques, was merely another of the monsters that Dickens created out of the sheer exuber- ance of his immortal childhood. To the eyes of children all things are exaggerated ; and being exaggerated are more easily and clearly observed in detail. To say that there never was such a man as Pecksniff is no doubt true enough ; yet it is equally true to say that there are thousands of men like him. To say that there never was a man so vile as Carker, or a man so innocent as Boffin, is merely to say that you have forgotten your own childhood, when everyone was good or bad, kind or unkind, beautiful or ugly to you. There is something Olympian, god-like, in the judg- ments of childhood. Except ye become as little children ye shall not enter into the kingdom of Heaven. Dickens entered into his kingdom be- cause he remained a child. It was as a child of tender years that he saw Mrs. Roy lance whom he afterwards turned into Mrs. Pipchin. It was as a child that he saw Mary Weller, who became the Peggotty of David Cop- perfield. But it was also with the eyes of a child, though he had long since attained to manhood, that he watched the goings-on of a certain un- pleasant and rather mysterious individual with 279 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS large prominent teeth, who was connected through his father with an eminent engineering firm, and who lived in the Oxford Road, and haunted that neighbourhood o' nights, prowling about and og- ling and frightening all the servant girls. This man, probably a harmless neurotic maniac, was a notorious character : notorious in Leamington as well as in London; but nobody seems to have interfered with him except Dickens. Dickens interfered with him to the extent of christening him "Carker,"and following him to Leamington, and pestering him with gipsies, and playing the very devil with him generally. To Dickens this poor wretch was not a plain case for the hospi- tal or the mad-house ; he was a highly-coloured death's-head and skeleton masquerading as a man and behaving like a fiend. So with Boffin and Weggand Mr. Venus. Bof- fin was founded on a Mr. Dodd, a dust contrac- tor. A Mr. Braye,ofthe Kensington Vestry, who knew him well, says of him : As to the healthiness of the calling, I have the authority of a gentleman descended from a long line of dust contractors, and a near relation of Mr. Boffin, immortalised by Dickens in Our Mutual Friend as "The Golden Dustman." This gentle- man, who is still slightly connected with the dust business, I will call Boffin junior ; he was well acquainted with the great novelist, made a for- 280 MRS HAYES "Polly Toodle" THE GREAT GROTESQUES tune in the family business, devotes his time, and, I should think, a considerable sum of money, to the study of natural history (his place is a sort of zoological and botanic garden combined) ; and he is as conversant with Darwin and the great men of science as he is with the best means of making money out of dust- bin refuse. So, such is the force of habit, that he has set aside a cor- ner of his park for the neighbouring townsfolk to shoot their dust. He says he likes the smell ; it reminds him of old times. The story told by Dickens is substantially correct. Mr. Boffin had one daughter ; she was sought in marriage by a gentleman of aristocratic connections. On the wedding morn the Golden Dustman, instead of coming down with a big cheque, to the dismay of the gentleman, said the only present he could make the bride would be one of his dust-heaps. The bridegroom accepted, as he thought, a bad bargain ; but he sold it to the brickmakers for ; I O,000. Mr. Boffin lived in a corner house not far from Cavendish Square, which was likely enough in one of those long genteel streets Wimpole Street or Harley Street which were Dickens' pet aversion. Here the famous Silas Wegg had his post. Denizens of the Pimlico district, who dwell " not a hundred miles from Eccleston Square," know well a sort of replica of this per- sonage, one-legged also, who strangely, and of 281 ^ THE DICKENS ORIGINALS course unconsciously, reproduced many traits of the original. He is a perfect character has his privileges, his chair, in defiance of street regula- tions, knows everyone in the street, and I dare- say talks of "our house." Like his predecessor, he at one time had literary tastes, and I recall his showing me verses of a pious cast which he pro- fessed to be of his own " engendure." . . . The original of Mr. Venus was a Mr. J. Willis, of 42 Saint Andrew's Street, Seven Dials, whom Mr. Fitzgerald' (to whose admirable book Boz- landl am indebted for the foregoing particulars) discovered on his own account. He said to Dick- ens: "I am convinced I have found the original of Venus," and proceeded to describe Willis. " You are right," said Dickens. Mr. Venus's extraordinary establishment (Mr. Fitzgerald goes on to say) where he pursued his articulation of skeletons, &c., was fixed in Clerk- en well where were the " poorer shops of small retail traders in commodities to eat and drink and keep folks warm, and of Italian frame-makers, and of barbers, and of brokers, and of dealers in dogs and singing-birds. From these, in a narrow and dirty street devoted to such callings, Mr. Wegg selects one dark shop-window with a tal- low candle dimly burning in it, surrounded by a muddle of objects vaguely resembling pieces of 282 THE GREAT GROTESQUES leather and dry stick, but among which nothing is resolvable into anything distinct, save the candle itself in its old tin candlestick, and two preserved frogs, fighting a small-sword duel." I seize eagerly upon these last details of that extraordinary establishment in Clerkenwell, be- cause I believe I have seen it. But (Mr. Fitz- gerald notwithstanding) I did not see it in Clerk- enwell. I saw it, as a tiny boy, in Great Portland Street, near the old Orthopaedic Hospital. I used to gaze into that window with the eyes of Dick- ens, for I was then the only kind of child I have ever been and that for only a few years ; but Dickens was the same kind of child all his life. He could go, at fifty-five years old, and see just exactly what I saw at five years old. At five years old I saw infinities of mystery and horror and dark romance in that window ; now I should look into it and see nothing. I should say : " It is so badly lighted I can see nothing in it." At five it was so badly lighted that I could see everything in it. And so, at fifty-five, could Dickens. His all-seeing eye was not so much an eye as a star, a star that contained a whole world. His eyes were the eyes of childhood, the clear bright eyes of childhood that reflect the pure blue of a spring sky, that reflect the floor of that kingdom of Heaven into which we cannot enter except we become as little children. CHAPTER THE TWELFTH MINOR CHARACTERS CHAPTER THE TWELFTH MINOR CHARACTERS THERE ARE VERY FEW MINOR characters in Dickens. Many of his people whom we only speak in passing we seem to know better than we know the man next door, with whom we have chatted over our garden-fence for seven years past. There is, for example, Master Hum- phrey, who also appears in The Old Curiosity Shop as the Single Gentleman. Speaking for himself Master Humphrey says : I am not a churlish old man. Friendless I can never be, for all mankind are my kindred, and I am on ill terms with no one member of my great family. But for many years I have led a lonely, solitary life; what wound I sought to heal, what sorrow to forget, originally, matters not now ; it is sufficient that retirement has become a habit with me, and that I am unwilling to break the spell which for so long a time has shed its quiet influence upon my home and heart. I live in a venerable suburb of London, in an old house which in bygone days was a famous re- sort for merry roysterers and peerless ladies, long since departed. It is a silent, shady place, with a paved courtyard so full of echoes, that sometimes I am tempted to believe that faint responses to the noises of old times linger there yet, and that these ghosts of sound haunt my footsteps as I 287 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS pace it up and down. . . .Those who like to read of brilliant rooms and gorgeous furniture would derive but little pleasure from a minute descrip- tion of my little dwelling. It is dear to me for the same reason that they would hold it in slight regard. Its worm-eaten doors, and low ceilings crossed by clumsy beams ; its walls of wainscot, dark stairs, and gaping closets ; its small cham- bers communicating with each other by winding passages or narrow steps; its many nooks, scarce larger than its corner-cupboards ; its very dust and dulness are all dear to me. The moth and spider are my constant tenants ; for in my house the one basks in his long sleep, and the other plies his busy loom secure and undisturbed. I have a pleasure in thinking on a summer's day how many butterflies have sprung for the first time into light and sunshine from some dark corner of these old walls. When I first came to live here, which was many years ago, the neighbours were curious to know who I was, and whence I came, and why I lived so much alone. As time went on and they still remained unsatisfied on these points I be- came the centre of a popular ferment, extending for half a mile round, and in one direction for a full mile. Various rumours were circulated to my prejudice. I was a spy, an infidel, a conjurer, a kidnapper of children, a refugee, a priest, a mon- ster. . . . But when in course of time they found 288 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS I did no harm, but on the contrary inclined to- wards them despite their unjust usage, they began to relent . . . And now I never walk abroad but pleasant recognitions and smiling faces wait on Master Humphrey. Dickens got his first hint for the character of Master Humphrey from seeing the name and description " Humphreys, clockmaker," over a shop-window in Barnard Castle, on his visit to that town in search of information about the Yorkshire schools. It was in that way that Dick- ens got many of his best inspirations ; though Master Humphrey can hardly be reckoned am- ong his best, perhaps. And yet . . . there is in Master Humphrey's ;ztfz/"introduction of himself something richly suggestive. " I have a pleasure in thinking on a summer's day how many butter- flies have sprung for the first time into light and sunshine from some dark corner of these old walls," says he. How many indeed that Dickens started, that took wing, with him in hot boyish pursuit, and at last soared into the empyrean and were lost to view, leaving him gazing upward un- til his eyes were tired, and then gazing around him at the fairyland into which his pursuit had led him. All his butterflies lured him into fairy- land, as butterflies do lead boys over hedges and through ditches, in and out of the copse, by the side of twinkling, tinkling streams, across the 289 T THE DICKENS ORIGINALS meadows, into a new strange territory that they sit down contentedly to play in, and straightway make their own. Dickens always suggests to me a little child playing all by himself: a child clear eyed and smooth of brow, taking himself very seriously, aping the grown-ups, putting all his heart and soul into each fresh elaborate make-believe. He is surrounded by the creatures of his imagination that nevertheless bear a whimsical likeness to people he has known and half forgotten until this moment. " Let me see," he seems to say at a certain stage of the game, " I want a funny old learned schoolmaster who was never young and yet is rather childish. Come here you and you and you." He summons the ghost of Dr. Everard, a worthy pedagogue of Brighton (where Dickens was at one time fond of spending week-ends), whose celebrated seminary was locally known as the " Young House of Lords," because of the aristocracy of its pupils. " You be Doctor Blim- ber," says Dickens. " And you be Mrs. Blimber, madam. And you, my dear young lady, if you really don't mind, be Miss Cordelia." At another stage of the same game he is in urgent need of a nasty stiff proud man, and look- ing round him, hails a friend. " You, Chapman, be Mr. Dombey," says he. And forthwith Mr. 290 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS Thomas Chapman is Mr. Dombey. He is so much like Mr. Dombey that Dickens had con- siderable trouble with the Phiz pictures ; he was so fearful of giving offence to his friend. That, of course, was after the game was over. And it some- how seems quite unnecessary for Forster to say of such high-spirited fun that " few things more absurd or unfounded have been invented, even of Dickens, than that he found any part of the original of Mr. Dombey in the nature, the ap- pearance, or the manners of his excellent and much-valued friend, Mr. Thomas Chapman, the chairman of Lloyd's, with whom he held frequent kindly intercourse . . . that . . . amiable and ex- cellent city-merchant . . . might with the same amount of justice or probability be supposed to have originated Coriolanus orTimon of Athens." Of course he might ! In children's games the most inappropriate persons are invariably cast for the various parts, and it does not matter whe- ther they play their parts well or ill, so long as a child with the imagination and the verve of Dick- ens directs and controls the revelry. There was a Mrs. Campbell, also well-known in Leamington, whom a local jeweller describes as " laced up to the nines," and who bore such a close resemblance to Dickens' famous character that the jeweller once addressed her, absent- mindedly, as " Mrs. Skewton." " I am not Mrs. Skewton,"she is said to have replied indignantly. 291 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS She had a daughter, who was probably as unlike the second Mrs. Dombey as only one beautiful young woman can be unlike another beautiful young woman. But Dickens said to her, in his usual light-hearted irresponsible way : "I want you. You must be Edith. And you, Mrs. Camp- bell, must be the faded Cleopatra. . . . Advance your shrivelled ear a little more this way, please. Thank you." And it was so. There was also a Mrs. Hayes, of Manchester, who died only a few years ago, aged ninety. Her maiden name was Littlefair ; and with such a Dickensy name as that it seems inevitable that in her youth she should have been a domestic servant in the household of Mr. Henry Burnett, Dickens' brother-in-law, whom he idealised as Nicholas Nickleby. And this dear old lady, un- like Mrs. Campbell of Leamington, always re- called with delight " wot larx " she had had in her girlhood with that there dreadful boy, Charles Dickens, who himself had often reminded her how he had used her for a character in more than one of his books, but most notably as Mrs. Polly Toodle, otherwise Richards, in Dombey and Son. Three other pleasant people Dickens made to play with him : Miss Strong, Mr. Jennings or Jennens, and Captain Morgan, who figures in A Message from the Sea as Captain J organ, and who in real life was an American sailor for whom Dickens had conceived a great liking. 292 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS Miss Strong was allotted the "fat" part of Betsy Trotwood, David Copperfield's delightful aunt. Mr. Ashby S terry has taken great pains to identify Miss Trotwood's house at Dover, and believes that he has done so. One is, however, disinclined though regretfully to accept his evidences. One is more inclined to accept those of Mr. Kitton, who boldly affirms that the ori- ginal of Betsy Trotwood lived at Broadstairs. " She was a Miss Strong (says Mr. Kitton). She occupied a double-fronted cottage in the middle of Nuckell's Place, on the sea-front ; and like the admirable Betsy, she was firmly convinced of her right to stop the passage of donkeys along the road opposite her door, deterring their proprie- tors by means of hostile demonstrations with a hearth-broom." The original of Mr. Jarndyce was a Mr. Jenn- ings or Jennens. In Jarndyce v. Jarndyce, as is well known, Dick- ens had in view a monstrous Chancery suit re- lating to the Jennings property, which had drag- ged on in the Courts for years, and in the end left nothing. The house was a deserted mansion at Acton, in Suffolk, which belonged to a notor- ious old miser Jennings or Jennens, who died in 1798, when ninety-seven years old. He made a will, but neither it nor executors could be found. At last the heir-at-law was traced in the person 293 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS of the great-great-grandson of one C. Jennens, of Gopsal, the eldest uncle of the deceased and who then entered into possession of the property. So lately as the year 1878 the case was in the Courts just eighty years after the owner's death (says Mr. Fitzgerald in Bozland). But Dickens, as boys will, played a little care- lessly and clumsily and roughly sometimes, some- times even a little spitefully ; and then any girls who happened to be playing with him were likely to get hurt. In illustration of this there is, not- ably, the sad case of Miss Mowcher, who was in- troduced to David Copperneld by Steerforth,and who is described as a pursy dwarf, of about forty or forty-five, with a very large head and face, a pair of roguish grey eyes, and such extremely little arms that to enable herself to lay her finger archly against her snub nose as she ogled Steerforth, she was obliged to meet the finger half-way and lay her nose against it. Her chin, which was what is called a double-chin, was so fat that it entirely swal- lowed up the strings of her bonnet, bow and all. Throat she had none ; waist she had none ; legs she had none worth mentioning ; for though she was more than full-sized down to where her waist would have been, if she had had any, and though she terminated, as human beings generally do, 294 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS in a pair of feet, she was so short that she stood at a common-sized chair as at a table, resting a bag she carried on the seat. This lady, dressed in an off-hand easy style, bringing her nose and her forefinger together with the difficulty I have described ; standing with her head necessarily on one side, and with one of her sharp eyes shut up making an uncommonly knowing face, after ogling Steerforth for a few moments, broke into a torrent of words. " What ! My flower ! " she pleasantly began, shaking her large head at him. " You're there, are you ! Oh, you naughty boy, fie for shame ! what do you do so far away from home ? Up to mischief, I'll be bound. Oh, you're a downy fel- low, Steerforth, so you are, and I'm another, ain't I ? Ha, ha, ha ! You'd have betted a hundred pound to five now, that you wouldn't have seen me here, wouldn't you? Bless you, man alive, I'm everywhere. I'm here, and there, and where not, like the conjurer's half-crown in the lady's hand- kercher. Talking of handkerchers and talking of ladies what a comfort you are to your blessed mother, ain't you, my dear boy, over one of my shoulders, and I don't say which ! " That was the Miss Mowcher of Dickens' fic- tion ; but there was also a real Miss Mowcher : her name was Mrs. Seymour Hill; and Dickens writes to Forster on 28th December 1 849, whilst he was 295 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS still in the throes of David Copperfield : " I have had the queerest adventure this morning, the re- ceipt of the enclosed from Miss Mowcher ! It is serio-comic, but there is no doubt one is wrong in being tempted to such a use of power." How like the small boy, who having shown off his strength to the girls is stricken with compunction, and says : " I didn't mean to hurt you, really." Forster remarks upon this unfortunate inci- dent : Thinking a grotesque little oddity among his ac- quaintance to be safe from recognition, he had done what Smollett did sometimes, but never Fielding, and given way, in the first outburst of fun that had broken out around the fancy, to the temptation of copying too closely peculiarities of figure and face amounting in effect to deformity. He was shocked at discovering the pain he had given, and a copy is before me of the assurances by way of reply which he at once sent to the com- plainant. That he was grieved and surprised be- yond measure. That he had not intended her altogether. That all his characters, being made up out of many people, were composite and never individual. That the chair (for table) and other matters were undoubtedly from her, but that other traits were not hers at all ; and that in Miss Mowcher's " Ain't I volatile " his friends had quite correctly recognised the favourite utter- 296 DETECTIVE FIELD "Inspector Bucket" SOME MINOR CHARACTERS ance of a different person. That he felt never- theless he had done wrong, and would now do anything to repair it. That he had intended to employ the character in an unpleasant way, but he would, whatever the risk or inconvenience, change it all, so that nothing but an agreeable impression should be left. The other instance of a girl who might have got very badly hurt whilst playing with Master Dickens, but who apparently escaped by a mir- acle of un-self-consciousness, was she who was cast for the part of that most unpleasant young lady, Miss Rosa Dartle. " There are (says For- ster) some natural traits in her which Dickens' least lifelike people are never without ; and it was from one of his lady friends, very familiar to him indeed, that he copied her peculiarity of never saying anything outright, but hinting it merely, and making more of it that way." Miss Rosa Dartle is described by David as being of a slight short figure, dark, and not agreeable to look at, but with some appearance of good looks too, who attracted my attention : perhaps because I had not expected to see her : perhaps because I found myself sitting opposite to her : perhaps because of something really remarkable in her. She had black hair and eager black eyes, and was thin, and had a scar upon her lip. It was 297 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS an old scar I should rather call it seam, for it was not discoloured and had healed years ago which had once cut through her mouth, down- ward towards the chin, but was now barely vis- ible across the table, except above and on her upper lip, the shape of which it had altered. I concluded in my own mind that she was about thirty years of age, and that she wished to be married. She was a little dilapidated like a house with having been so long to let ; yet had, as I have said, an appearance of good looks. Her thinness seemed to be the effect of some wasting fire within her, which found a vent in her gaunt eyes. Now, do you know, whenever I read that de- scription that description barbed and tipped with caustic I always feel that Dickens had some living person in his mind whom he viru- lently disliked ; and I have always a sense of re- lief at the thought that his lady friend, mentioned by Forster, never realised how her own trivial peculiarities of speech had been grafted on to this object of Dickens' profound dislike. I am always very glad to know that the lady did not know how terribly near she was to getting very badly hurt indeed. Of the other characters which belong to this chapter, and which (for convenience' sake) I have 298 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS dubbed " minor," though few of them are in any sense " minor," I would mention, first, Gaffer Hexam and Charlie Hexam, who exhibit in their two personalities one of the most effective studies in contrast that even Dickens conceived. And they were derived from a mere passing glimpse of two commonplace figures in the street. " I must use somehow," says Dickens in one of his letters to Forster, " the uneducated father in fustian and the educated boy in spectacles whom Leech and I saw at Chatham." He did use them in Our Mutual Friend, used them as the lever and the fulcrum upon which to raise the whole weighty question of popular edu- cation. Between the wild fierce man, with the hooked nose, the bright glancing eyes, and the ruffled head, that gave him a certain likeness to a bird of prey : between that coarse ignorant man, and that insufferable prig, his son, whose scholar- ly attainments only served to afflict him with a worse coarseness and a more grievous ignorance : a coarseness of soul far worse than any coarse- ness of fibre, a coarseness that blunted all his finer feelings, and an ignorance of the heart far worse than any ignorance of the mind, an ignor- ance that left him in the outer darkness and lone- liness of utter separation from his kin : between these two there is a contrast struck, there is a great gulf fixed, that all the Education Acts of the last forty years have been powerless to bridge. 299 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS It needed the eyes of a prophet to see the signi- ficance of those two figures of the uneducated father in fustian and the educated boy in specta- cles, already in his childhood taking short views of life. Dickens did see the significance of that queer unnatural and yet natural juxtaposition of two alien minds in two bodies thatwere one flesh. He had, when he saw this, grown up a little ; but there was still enough of the immortal child left in him to exaggerate these figures into gigantic portents. One has not to go far to find the origi- nals of Gaffer Hexam and his boy, Charlie ; the Gaffer is in every slum, Charlie in every suburb. It was from similar fleeting impressions of small things involving great issues that Dickens spun the filaments of the tangle of Edwin Drood, and created the atmosphere of such fine moral tales as Tom Tiddler s Ground. Mr. Mopes the Hermit was founded on a poor besotted wretch, James Lucas, known as Mad Lucas, of Kneb- worth, a miser who lived in the kitchen of his house, Elmwood House,at Redcoats Green, near Stevenage. James Lucas, "the Hertfordshire Hermit," was really a well-educated and highly intellectual man, who inherited the estate of his father, a prosperous West India merchant, and it is conjectured that his distress at the death of his widowed mother (who lived with him) was pri- marily the cause of that mental aberration which assumed such an eccentric form. Heeven refused 300 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS to bury her corpse, so that the local authorities were compelled to resort to a subterfuge in order to perform themselves the last rites. He objected to furnish his rooms, and, attired simply in a loose blanket fastened with a skewer, preferred to eat and sleep amidst the cinders and rubbish-heaps (a sanctuary for rats) which accumulated in the kitchen. Although his diet consisted of bread- and-cheese, red herrings, and gin, there were choice wines available for friendly visitors, a spe- cial vintage of sherry being reserved for ladies who thus honoured him. The hermit* sfenc&ant for tramps attracted all the vagabonds in the neighbourhood, so that it became necessary for him to protect himself from insult by retaining armed watchmen and barricading the house. That he sat for Mr. Mopes is certain from the fact that, on reading Tom Tiddler s Ground, he expressed great indignation at what he consider- ed to be a much exaggerated account of himself and his environment. Dickens describes him, and denounces his cult, thus : Mr. Traveller . . . betook himself towards the ruined hermitage of Mr. Mopes the hermit. For Mr. Mopes, by suffering everything about him to go to ruin, and by dressing himself in a blanket and skewer, and by steeping himself in soot and grease and other nastiness,had acquired 301 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS great renown in all that countryside far greater renown than he could ever have won for him- self, if his career had been that of any ordinary Christian or decent Hottentot. He had even blanketed and skewered and sooted and greased himself into the London papers. And it was curious to find, as Mr. Traveller found by stop- ping for a new direction at this farmhouse or at that cottage as he went along, with how much accuracy the morbid Mopes had counted on the weakness of his neighbours to embellish him. A mist of home-brewed marvel and romance sur- rounded Mopes, in which (as in all fogs) the real proportions of the real object were extravagantly heightened. . . . Even as to the easy facts of how old he was, or how long he had held vermin- ous occupation of his blanket and skewer, no consistent information was to be got, from those who must know if they would. He was repre- sented as being all the ages between five-and- twenty and sixty, and as having been a hermit seven years, twelve, twenty, thirty, though twenty on the whole appeared to be the favourite term. 1 ' Well, well ! " said Mr. Traveller. " At any rate let us see what a real live hermit looks like." So Mr. Traveller went on, and on, and on, until he came to Tom Tiddler s Ground. It was a nook in a rustic by-road, which the genius of Mopes had laid waste, as if he had been 302 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS born an Emperor and a Conqueror. Its centre object was a dwelling-house, sufficiently sub- stantial, all the window-glass of which had been long ago abolished by the surprising genius of Mopes, and all the windows of which were barred across with rough-split logs of trees nailed over them on the outside. A rickyard, hip-high in vegetable rankness and ruin, contained outbuild- ings, from which the thatch had lightly fluttered away, on all the winds of all the seasons of the year, and from which the planks and beams had heavily dropped and rotted. The frosts and damps of winter, and the heats of summer, had warped what wreck remained, so that not a post or a board retained the position it was meant to hold, but everything was twisted from its pur- pose, like its owner, and degraded and debased. In this homestead of the sluggard, behind the ruined hedge, and sinking away among the ruined grass and the nettles, were the last perish- ing fragments of certain ricks : which had gradu- ally mildewed and collapsed, until they looked like mounds of rotten honeycomb, or dirty sponge. Tom Tiddler's Ground could even show its ruined water ; for there was a slimy pond into which a tree or two had fallen one soppy trunk and branches lay across it then which in its accumulation of stagnant weed, and in its black decomposition, and in all its foulness and filth, was almost comforting, regarded as the only 33 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS water that could have reflected the shameful placewithout seeming polluted by that low office. The Traveller opens the outer gate of these premises. Swung upon its rusty hinges, it admitted him into a yard in which there was nothing to be seen but an outhouse attached to the ruined building, with a barred window in it. As there were traces of many recent footsteps under this window, and as it was a low window, and unglazed, Mr. Traveller made bold to peep within the bars. And there to be sure he had a real live Hermit before him, and could judge how the real dead Hermits used to look. He was lying on a bank of soot and cinders, on the floor, in front of a rusty fireplace. There was nothing else in the dark little kitchen, or scullery, or whatever else his den had been originally used as, but a table with a litter of old bottles on it. A rat made a clatter among these bottles, jumped down, and ran over the real live hermit on his way to his hole, or the man in his hole would not have been so easily discernible. Tickled in the face by the rat's tail, the owner of Tom Tiddler's Ground opened his eyes, saw Mr. Traveller, started up, and sprang to the window. " Humph ! " thought Mr. Traveller, retiring a pace or two from the bars. " A compound of Newgate, Bedlam, a Debtor's Prison in the worst 34 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS time, a chimney-sweep, a mudlark, and the Noble Savage ! A nice old family, the Hermit family ! Hah!" Mr. Traveller thought this, as he silently con- fronted the sooty object in the blanket and skewer (in sober truth it wore nothing else), with the matted hair and the staring eyes. Further, Mr. Traveller thought, as the eyes surveyed him with a very obvious curiosity in ascertaining the effect they produced, " Vanity, vanity, vanity ! Verily, all is vanity ! " I have dwelt thus upon this study of Mr. Mopes, because it seems to me to illustrate once again, with profound truth and irresistible force, Dickens' almost preternatural sense of the deep significance of things that to the casual observer seem merely crazy and unmeaning. Dickens re- alised, when he saw Mr. Mopes if he had never realised it before that there is a pride of sin and silliness and sloth, filth and ugliness and beastli- ness, as well as a pride of goodness and wisdom and endeavour, beauty and cleanliness and god- liness. That Dickens should exclaim : " Vanity! Verily, all is vanity ! " on beholding the spect- acle of this abandoned wretch's degradation, tes- tifies to the penetrating quality of his genius as perhaps no other passage in all his more impor- tant work does. From another side of his many-sided genius 305 u THE DICKENS ORIGINALS he flashes a light upon the possibilities of ro- mance that lie hidden from the eyes of us aver- age folk amid the most squalid and revolting surroundings. From a glimpse into the interior of an opium-den fte drew inspiration for that shin- ing chain of weird imaginings only a few links of which he forged in the unsolved Mystery of Edwin Drood. The scene of John Jasper's horrible de- bauches was just beyond the churchyard of Saint George's-in-the-East, at Stepney. The Rever- end Harry Jones, rector from 1873 to 1882, men- tions that the old crone was known as Lascar Sal, and was living at the time he wrote, 1875. " In a miserable court at night," writes Mr. James T. Fields, who was Dickens' companion on the occasion of his visit to this opium-den, " we found a haggard old woman blowing at a kind of pipe made of an old ink-bottle ; and the words that Dickens puts into the mouth of this wretched creature in Edwin Drood, we heard her croon as we leaned over the tattered bed in which she was lying." But it would be only too easy to multiply in- stances from Dickens' books of great events springing from the most trivial causes, of fine effects achieved by dint of sheer imagination ap- plied to the most commonplace incidents and accidents of everyday life. 306 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS " Even the catastrophe in Little Dorrit is evi- dently borrowed from the recent fall of houses in Tottenham Court Road, which happens to have appeared in the newspapers at a convenient period," says the Edinburgh Review of August 1857. Could pompous inanity bray more discord- antly, more flatulently? Even. . . . Here as- suredly is a case of the fool that came to scoff remaining if not to pray to pay the highest possible tribute that ever egregious ignorance and purblind superciliousness ever did pay to the greatness that it was far too little to comprehend. The crowning wonder and glory of Dickens lay in his power of transmuting the commonest ma- terial into purest gold. The news of the day, the gossip of an hour, he laid under the spell to his genius, and retold as a fairy tale. He transmuted that most wooden and unmal- leable of all English types, the policeman turned detective, into an immortal, named him Bucket, and as it were in his stride invented the whole art and craft of detective-story-writing as it is practised to-day. Inspector Bucket of the De- tective was founded on Inspector Field, who also figures as Detective Wield in Reprinted Pieces, and is therein described as "a middle-aged man of portly presence, with a large, moist, knowing eye, a husky voice, and a habit of emphasising his conversation by the aid of a corpulent forefinger, which is constantly in juxtaposition with his eyes 307 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS or nose," and in Bleak House as " a sharp-eyed man a quick keen man who takes in every- body's look at him, all at once, individually and collectively, in a manner that stamps him a re- markable man. . . . Mr. Bucket and his fat forefinger are much in consultation together. . . . When Mr. Bucket has a matter of pressing in- terest under his consideration, the fat forefinger seems to rise to the dignity of a familiar demon. He puts it to his ears, and it whispers informa- tion ; he puts it to his lips, and it enjoins him to secrecy ; he rubs it over his nose, and it sharpens his scent ; he shakes it before a guilty man, and it charms him to his destruction. The Augurs of the Detective Temple invariably predict that when Mr. Bucket and that finger are in much conference, a terrible avenger will be heard of before long." But all that Inspector Field pro- vided was the clothes, which he doubtless wore with the air of wearing a uniform ; it was Dickens who filled those clothes with the concentrated es- sence of that modern wonder-worker who bulks so large in so many tales, and whom we know most familiarly as Sherlock Holmes. And then there is Gridley, the Man from Shropshire, also, whose " case (says Dickens in his preface to Bleak House] is in no essential altered from one of actual occurrence, made pub- lic by a disinterested person who was profession- ally acquainted with the whole of the monstrous 308 SOME MINOR CHARACTERS wrong from beginning to end." He, like that other obscure litigant Jennens, like the unedu- cated father in fustian and the educated boy in spectacles, like Mad Lucas of Knebworth and that other nameless madman of the Oxford Road, like Lascar Sal and Miss Strong and Mr. Willis ; all these are as shadows or names : as shadows on a blind, without colour or substance; as names in a directory . . . until Dickens chances upon them. And then his genius transforms them into beings of more than flesh and blood, huge crea- tures that fill the purview like a mountain and touch the clouds, as the smoke that poured out from the fisherman's pot, in the Arabian Nights, filled the air and darkened the sky, and then, im- perceptibly, invested itself with the magic and the charm of genius. CHAPTER THE THIRTEENTH DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES JUDGE TALFOURD "Tommv Traddles" CHAPTER THE THIRTEENTH SOME DICKENS'CONTEMPORARIES IT IS ODD THAT DICKENS, IN HIS attempts to draw the portraits of some of his con- temporaries, should have only succeeded (as it were by inadvertence) in lampooning two men whom he liked extremely, and have failed to flatter a man whom he did not like nearly so well. But before we approach the vexed question of the identities of Leigh Hunt, Walter Savage Landor, and John Forster, there are Miss Har- riet Martineau, Judge Talfourd, and Sir Peter Lawrie to be considered. Of Sir Peter Lawrie it is enough to say that he was instantly recog- nised as the original of Alderman Cute in The Chimes, a magistrate who, like Sir Peter himself, expressed a strong determination to put down all offences in general, and suicide in particular, by the most drastic methods. In April 1844, writing to Tom Hood, whose Song of the Shirt had appeared in the last Christ- mas number of Punch, Dickens calls his atten- tion to the case of an unfortunate sempstress " making shirts at three-halfpence apiece," who, being robbed of her wretched earnings, attempted to drown herself, and was told from the bench, among other cruel things, that she had " no hope of mercy either in this world or in the world to come." Very shortly afterward The Bridge of Sighs was published in Hood's Magazine. THE DICKENS ORIGINALS But to take the next name on our list it would never have been assumed, I think, that Miss Martineau had any least affinity with Mrs. Jellyby if she had not gone out of her way to attack Dickens for his satire upon the Borrio- boola Gha type of philanthropy. Certainly be- tween the plucky, afflicted, learned, and inde- fatigable author of so many and such various works as Deerbrook, The Hour and the Man, The Peasant and the Prince, Eastern Life, Past and Present, and countless other volumes of fic- tion, theology, history, criticism, and philosophy, which poured from her untiring pen, there is little apparent resemblance to the "pretty, very dimi- nutive, plump woman, of from forty to fifty, with handsome eyes, though they had a curious habit of seeming to look a long way off. As if . . . they could see nothing nearer than Africa ! . . . Mrs. Jellyby had very good hair, but was too much occupied with her African duties to brush it. The shawl in which she had been loosely muffled, dropped on to her chair . . . and as she turned to resume her seat, we could not help noticing that her dress didn't nearly meet up the back, and that the open space was railed across with a lattice-work of staylace like a summer- house." It really was something of an outrage to com- pare the neat, prim, patient, and rather severe Miss Martineau with this little, fat, comely, smil- 3*4 DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES ing, placid, preoccupied, good-natured mother of a swarming progeny in which she took no least in- terest. In Tommy Traddles, however, Dickens did in- dicate something of the fine pathetic quality of his friend, Judge Talfourd. His public tribute to the memory of his friend may be quoted in this connection, quite appropriately, I think. This upright judge and good man died suddenly at Stafford in the discharge of his duties. Merci- fully spared protracted pain and mental decay, he passed away in a moment, with words of Chris- tian eloquence, of brotherly tenderness and kind- ness towards all men, yet unfinished on his lips. As he died he had always lived. So amiable a man, so gentle, so sweet-tempered, of such a noble simplicity, so perfectly unspoiled by his labours and their rewards, is very rare indeed upon this earth. . . . The chief delight of his life was to give delight to others. His nature was so exquisitely kind that to be kind was its highest happiness. Those who had the privilege of seeing him in his own home when his public successes were greatest so modest, so contented with little things, so in- terested in humble persons and humble efforts, so surrounded by children and young people, so adored in remembrance of a domestic generosity THE DICKENS ORIGINALS and greatness of heart too sacred to be unveiled here, can never forget the pleasure of that sight. . . . Thehandthat laysthis poor flower on his grave was a mere boy's when he first clasped it newly come from the work in which he himself began life little used to the plough it has follow- ed since obscure enough, with much to correct and learn. Each of its successive tasks through many intervening years has been cheered by his warmest interest, and the friendship then begun has ripened to maturity in the passage of time ; but there was no more self-assertion or conde- scension in his winning goodness at first than at last. The success of other men made as little change in him as his own. But we do seem to get a glimpse of Traddles in the more comic and sincere, loyal and lovable Talfourd, in the Talfourd whom Forster de- scribes in his more prosaic fashion as "facile and fluent of kindliest speech," and as assuming nothing with the ermine but the privilege of more frequent intercourse with the tastes and friends he loved, but continuing to be the most joyous and least affected of companions. " Such small oddities or foibles as he had (says Forster) made him secretly only dearer to Dickens, who had no friend he was more attached to ; and the many happy nights made happier by the voice so DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES affluent in generous words, and the face so bright with ardent sensibility, come back to me sorrow- fully now." It was in 1844 that Talfourd assisted Dickens to put an end to the piracy of his writings, every one of which had been reproduced with merely such colourable changes of titles, incidents and names of characters, as were believed to be suf- ficient to evade the law, and adapt them to "penny" purchasers. So shamelessly had this been going on ever since the days of Pickwick, in so many outrageous ways and with all but im- punity, that a course repeatedly urged by Tal- fourd and Forster was at last taken in this year with the Christmas Carol and the Chuzzlewit pirates. Upon a case of such peculiar flagrancy, however, that the vice-chancellor would not even hear Dickens' counsel; and what it cost our dear friend Talfourd (says Forster) to suppress his speech exceeded by very much the labour and pains with which he had prepared it. "The pirates," wrote Dickens. . "are beaten flat. They are bruised, bloody, battered, smashed, squelched, and utterly undone. Knight Bruce would not hear Talfourd, but instantly gave judgment. He had interrupted Anderton constantly by asking him to produce a passage which was not an expanded or contracted idea from my book. And at every successive passage he cried out, ' That is Mr. Dic- kens' case. Find another ! Oh, the agony of Tal- THE DICKENS ORIGINALS fourd at Knight Bruce's not hearing him! He had sat up till three in the morning, he says, prepar- ing his speech." There were few finer characters in real life than Judge Talfourd, as there are few finer char- acters in Dickens than Tommy Traddles. Poor Traddles! In a tight sky-blue suit that made his arms and legs like German sausages, or roly-poly puddings, he was the merriest and most miserable of all the boys. He was always being caned . . . and was always going to write to his uncle about it, and never did. After laying his head on the desk for a little while, he would cheer up somehow, begin to laugh again, and draw skeletons all over his slate, before his eyes were dry. I used at first to wonder what comfort Traddles found in drawing skeletons; and for some time looked upon him as a sort of hermit, who reminded himself by those symbols of mor- tality that caning couldn't last for ever. But I be- lieve he only did it because they were easy, and didn't want any features. He was very honourable, Traddles was, and held it as a solemn duty in the boys to stand by one another. He suffered for this on several occasions ; and particularly once, when Steer- forth laughed in church and the Beadle thought it was Traddles, and took him out. I see him now, going away in custody, despised by the congrega- DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES tion. He never said who was the real offender, though he smarted for it next day, and was im- prisoned so many hours that he came forth with a whole churchyardful of skeletons swarming all over his Latin dictionary. "But he had his re- ward," says Dickens. Ay, verily, he had his reward! " Mis-ter and Mis-sis Podsnap!" 11 My dear," says Mr. Veneering to Mrs. Veneer- ing, with an air of much friendly interest, while the door stands open, "the Podsnaps." A too, too smiling large man, with a fatal fresh- ness on him, appearing with his wife, instantly de- serts his wife and darts at Twemlow with : "How do you do ? So glad to know you. Char- ming house you have here. I hope we are not late. So glad of this opportunity, I am sure." When the first shock fell upon him, Twemlow twice skipped back in his neat little shoes and his neat little silk stockings of a bygone fashion, as if impelled to leap over a sofa behind him; but the large man closed with him and proved too strong. " Let me," says the large man, trying to attract the attention of his wife in the distance, " have the pleasure of presenting Mrs. Podsnap to her host. She will be," in his fatal freshness he seems to find perpetual verdure and eternal youth in the THE DICKENS ORIGINALS phrase, " she will be so glad of this opportunity, I am sure ! " . . . In this complicated dilemma, Mr. Veneer- ing approaches the large man with extended hand, and smilingly assures that incorrigible per- sonage that he is delighted to see him : who in his fatal freshness instantly replies : " Thank you. I am ashamed to say that I can- not at this moment recall where we met, but I am so glad of this opportunity, I am sure ! " . . . The great looking-glass above the sideboard reflects . . . Podsnap, preposterously feeding, two little light-coloured, wiry wings, one on either side of his else bald head, looking as like his hair- brushes as his hair, dissolving view of red beads on his forehead, large allowance of shirt-collar up behind. . . . Mr. Podsnap was well-to-do, and stood very high in Mr. Podsnap's opinion. Beginning with a good inheritance, he had married a good inherit- ance, and had thriven exceedingly in the Marine Insurance way, and was quite satisfied. He never could make out why everybody was not quite satisfied, and he felt conscious that he set a brilliant social example in being particularly well satisfied with most things, and above all other things, with himself. Thus happily acquainted with his own merit and importance, Mr. Podsnap settled that whatever he put behind him he put out of existence. There 320 DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES was a dignified conclusiveness not to say a grand convenience in this way of getting rid of disagreeables, which had done much towards establishing Mr. Podsnap in his lofty place in Mr. Podsnap's satisfaction. " I don't want to know about it ; I don't choose to discuss it ; I don't admit it ! " Mr. Podsnap had even acquired a peculiar flourish of his right arm in often clear- ing the world of its most difficult problems by sweeping them behind him (and consequently sheer away) with those words and a flushed face. For they affronted him. Mr. Podsnap's world was not a very large world, morally; no, nor even geographically: seeingthat although his business was sustained upon com- merce with other countries, he considered other countries, with that important reservation, a mis- take, and of their manners and customs would conclusively observe, " Not English ! " when, PRESTO ! with a flourish of the arm, and a flush of the face, they were swept away. . . . As a so eminently respectable man, Mr. Podsnap was sensible of its being required of him to take Providence under his protection. Consequently he always knew exactly what Providence meant. Inferior and less respectable men might fall short of that mark, but Mr. Podsnap was always up to it. And it was very remarkable (and must have been very comfortable) that what Providence meant was invariably what Mr. Podsnap meant. 321 x THE DICKENS ORIGINALS A really repellent monster, this Podsnap. And yet . . . intimates recognised in this ugly pic- ture a portrait of Dickens' chosen friend, close confidant, and official biographer, John Forster himself. To his friend, John Forster (says Mr. Fitz- gerald, who was pretty well acquainted with both Forster and Dickens) was submitted everything he wrote, who conscientiously exercised his office of reviser and suggester of improvements during a long course of years a troublesome and laborious task when thoroughly carried out. Forster had often a substantial share in directing the course of the stories, and we find passages omitted and phrases altered at his suggestion. It was a bold thing, therefore, under such condi- tions, to introduce his friend in a shape that was recognisable. It may be thought that this was hardly a " correct " thing, but I really believe Dickens was helpless in the matter, and was all but compelled by the pressure of his story, and its situations, to introduce such a character. It was a general type, of which Forster's was the species. A professional observer as he was, he relished any of the specially humorous traits of his friend with the keenest enjoyment ; and these certainly belonged to the highestform of comedy. Forster, it would appear, was not very popu- lar among his contemporaries ; and if he did 322 DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES indeed resemble Podsnap or Doctor Johnson, whom he is said also to have resembled one cannot wonder at his unpopularity. Whatever else he may have been, however, he was a con- stant and devoted friend to Dickens ; and if my opinion counts for anything in this connection, I think that his biography stands as a monument of staunch, deep, and discerning friendship. When he died it was said by The Times that, al- though many were disposed at first sight to think him obstinate and overbearing, they were bound in the long run to confess that they had in reality found him to be one of the tenderest and most generous of men. I am well satisfied to let The Times have the last word. But . . . there are some who say that in depict- ing Podsnap Dickens was unconsciously depict- ing himself, as he was in the latter part of his life. I don't think it really matters; but certainly some of Dickens' public utterances might have been put into the mouth of Podsnap without any glar- ing incongruity. Though this is merely to state the obvious, after all, since there must always be something of the author in every one of his characters. I think it most unlikely that Dickens had any thought of his friend Forster in his mind when he projected Podsnap. But I do think it most likely that he had Leigh Hunt in his mind when he pro- 323 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS jected Harold Skimpole ; and that he lampooned Leigh Hunt, as it were in his own despite. But Dickens himself, writing in All the Year Round on the Christmas Eve of 1859, and in a letter to Leigh Hunt himself, has said all that needs to be said on this point. Four or five years ago, the writer of these lines was much pained by accidentally encountering a printed statement, " that Mr. Leigh Hunt was the original of Harold Skimpole in Bleak House" The statement came from America. It is no dis- respect to that country, in which the writer has perhaps as many friends and as true an interest as any man that lives, good-humouredly to state the fact that he has now and then been the sub- ject of paragraphs in Transatlantic newspapers, more surprisingly destitute of all foundation in truth than the wildest delusions of the wildest lunatics. For reasons born of this experience, he let the thing go by. But since Mr. Leigh Hunt's death the statement has been revived in England. The delicacy and generosity evinced in its revival arefor the rather late consideration of its revivers. The fact is this : Exactly those graces and charms of manner which are remembered . . . were remembered by the author of the work of fiction in question, when he drew the character in question. Above all other things, that sort of gay and ostentatious 324 DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES wilfulness in the humouring of a subject, which had many a time delighted him, and impressed him as being unspeakably whimsical and attrac- tive, was the airy quality he wanted for the man he invented. Partly for this reason, and partly (he has since often grieved to think) for the plea- sure it afforded him to find that delightful manner reproducing itself under his hand, he yielded to the temptation of too often making the character speak like his old friend. He no more thought, God forgive him ! that the admired original would ever be charged with the imaginary vices of the fictitious creature, than he has himself ever thought of charging the blood of Desdemonaand Othello, on the innocent Academy model who sat for lago's leg in the picture. Even as to the mere occasional manner, he meant to be so cautious and conscientious, that he privately referred the proof sheets of the first number of that book to two intimate literary friends of Leigh Hunt (both still living), and altered the whole of that part of the text on their discovering too strong a resem- blance to his " way." His letter to Leigh Hunt himself is as follows: Separate in your own mind what you see of your- self from what other people tell you that they see. As it has given you so much pain, I take it at its worst, and say I am deeply sorry, and that I feel I did wrong in doing it. I should otherwise have 325 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS taken it at its best, and ridden off upon what I strongly feel to be the truth, that there is nothing in it that should have given you pain. Every one in writing must speak from points of his experi- ence, and so I of mine with you : but when I have felt it was going too close I stopped myself, and the most blotted parts of my MSS. are those in which I have been striving hard to make the im- pression I was writing from unlike you. The diary writing I took from Haydon, not from you. I now first learn from yourself that you ever set anything to music, and I could not have copied that from you. The character is not you, for there are traits in it common to fifty thousand people besides, and I did not fancy you would ever re- cognise it. Under similar disguises my own fa- ther and mother are in my books, and you might as well see your likeness in Micawber. This chapter begins by saying it is odd that Dickens, in his attempts to draw the portraits of some of his contemporaries, should have only succeeded (as it were by inadvertence) in lam- pooning two men whom he liked extremely, and have failed to flatter a man whom he did not like so well. The man last referred to is Walter Sav- age Landor. I have already said that I think it is often too lightly assumed that Dickens was very ill-ac- quainted with the work of his immediate prede- 326 DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES cessors and contemporaries in the higher walks of literature; though, beyond question, there was never anything of the mere bookman about him at any time. And that probably, in his early days, he knew surprisingly little of the great poets who had attained their apogee when he was only just emerging from his swaddling-clothes. But we do know that he was intimate with Walter Savage Landor during the latter part of his life, and liked him. At the same time it cannot be gainsaid that his liking was tinctured with a feeling of some- thing perilously akin to good-natured tolerance. In one of his letters to Forster this significant reference occurs : " As Landor would say, ' most woonderful"'; and somehow that seems to sug- gest rather a keen sense of the humour of the personal friend's peculiarities and mannerisms than any very adequate appreciation of the great poet and satirist's superb qualities of mind. Now Landor was a born rebel. Because of his outspoken sympathies with the French Revolu- tionaries he had been known at Oxford as the " mad Jacobin," and eventually rusticated there- from. All his life he had held the most hetero- dox views on every conceivable subject among others, that Napoleon was a ridiculously over- rated man. He was indeed as much an insurgent in temperament as either Shelley or Byron, whose unpopular views on politics and religion he shared and espoused. But it is plain that 327 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS Dickens miraculously escaped these influences which so deeply affected other young men of his age and time. He could hardly have been entire- ly ignorant of the existence of these turbulent spirits ; but presumably he was not attracted by their mutinous methods, and did not trouble to investigate for himself their claims to a fair and impartial hearing. In short, it is most likely that if he considered them at all, he adopted the con- ventional thin attitude toward them of scornful indifference, shot with bewilderment and horror. Thus he was never in sympathy with Landor ; he could not understand him ; and so he failed woefully in his attempt to draw a flattering por- trait of him as Lawrence Boy thorn. He failed to make Lawrence Boy thorn live. You don't really believe in Boythorn. He is too harshly col- oured, too flat, too opaque, too loud, too crude altogether. You feel that you don't know Boy- thorn, and don't very much want to know him : certainly he never comes within leagues of in- teresting you as Skimpole does. For he does not seem to be himself at all. He seems to be all the time trying to impersonate some one else. He is as much zposeurm his way as Major Bagstock. At least that is how he appears to one reader of Dickens. And I am encouraged in this view by Dickens' own words when he says : " He was one of the few men of whom you might always know the whole : of whom you might always 328 JOHN FORSTER "Dowler." "I'odsnap" DICKENS' CONTEMPORARIES know the worst, as well as the best. He had no reservations or duplicities. 'No, by Heaven ! ' he would say (with unimaginable energy) if any good adjective were coupled with him which he did not deserve : ' I am nothing of the kind. I wish I were ; but I don't deserve the attribute, and I never did, and I never shall ! ' His intense consciousness of himself never led to his poorly excusing himself, and seldom to his violently as- serting himself." But it was precisely because Dickens accepted Landor at his face value that he deceived him- self about Landor. Landor was a man of infinite subtlety. Only a man of infinite subtlety could have written the dialogues between Bossuet and the Duchess de Fontanges, and Peter the Great and his son, in which the pungent irony stings upon the palate like strong wine. Only a man of infinite subtlety could, with such adroit art and consummate mastery of his means, have belittled Plato and extolled Alfieri as the greatest man of his time. His Imaginary Conversations stand as the product of thoughts as intricate and delicate as the convolutions of the human brain itself. Dickens respected Landor for the qualities that they shared in common : for his " noble scorn of all littleness, all cruelty, oppression, fraud, and false pretence." It was on the score of those quali- ties that Dickens tried to glorify Landor in Bleak House. But these were merely the qualities that 329 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS made Landor a gentleman. The qualities that made him a genius Dickens did not understand. Thus it is that Landor, as Boythorn, seems to be something of a gentleman, certainly ; but at the same time rather an old fool. CHAPTER THE FOURTEENTH DICKENS HIMSELF CHAPTER THE FOURTEENTH OF CHARLES DICKENS HIMSELF THAT LIVELY PERCEPTION OF THE ludicrous which we all possess in greater or smal- ler measure, has been very rightly called the sav- ing sense of humour. It saves our souls alive. It saves our hearts from breaking. It saves us from all manner of folly and wickedness and sorrow and despair. In effect, it saves us from our worst enemy, who is oftenest ourself. But the humour sense manifests itself in vastly dissimilar ways. There are many kinds and de- grees of the sense. It varies in different climes and in different ages. It waxes and wanes with our growth and decline, and assumes as many colours and forms in the course of a life as the procession of the seasons assumes in the course of a year. It is raw and crude in our infancy, full-blooded and flamboyant and boisterous in the hot summer of our lusty youth, ripe and mel- low and kindly in our autumnal prime, and cold and bleak and comfortless in the wintry cynicism of old age. It has been asserted that most men would rather plead guilty to every crime in the Deca- logue than to a lack of humour. " A man without humoiir in himself," Shakespeare might have said, just as aptly, if he had thought of it, "is only fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils ; let 333 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS no such man be trusted." And Emerson does say that " a man alive to the ludicrous is still con- vertible," and further that " when that sense is lost his fellow-men can do little for him." Against this latter saying, however, I can foresee that some one may set the authentic quotation from Hamlet to the effect that "one may smile and smile, and be a villain." And so one may. But then one might as easily smile, and smile, and be a hero, and still have as little sense of humour as a sane man can have. For to be devoid of all sense of humour is to be mad. The simple truth seems to be that the humour sense has nothing whatever to do with a man's capacity for laugh- ter, or for making other people laugh. I dare say Dickens has caused as much mirth as any other author, and yet his sense of humour was curi- ously defective. It seems to have played hardly any part in his private life. Certainly, it did not save him from taking himself far too seriously at times, or from occasionally making himself rather absurd, as a fuller sense of humour would. He had exuberant animal spirits, and that fondness for practical joking and buffoonery which one usually associates with that least humorous of young animals, the schoolboy ; but he had not, as Thackeray had, that faculty of self-criticism and self-restraint, and that half-sad, half- whim- sical attitude toward life-in-the-large which be- tokens a richer and profounder sense of humour, 334 CHARLES DICKENS HIMSELF and which is, indeed, more rarely found in the professional funny man than in the man of the world. The humour sense is at once a stultifying and an enlarging sense. Its possession would have stultified Napoleon by enabling him to realise his physical insignificance and the magnificent fatuity of his ambitions. It would have helped the Little Corporal to see himself as his comrades saw him, and then he could not have gone on. Later, it would have forced him to consider, in their due proportions, the value of his victories as com- pared with the worthlessness of his crown. Fin- ally, after Elba, it would have saved him from St. Helena. But to such men as Shakespeare and Meredith to cite the Alpha and Omega of Eng- lish philosophy it was an enlarging sense in that it prevented them from ever becoming ridicu- lous in their quest after the sublime, and showed them how to be god-like without sloughing their humanity, how to be dignified without pompo- sity or bombast. Dickens' many limitations are mainly attribut- able to his lack of this saving sense; but then his many triumphs are due to his lack of it, too. My point is that because Dickens, until he ap- proached middle age, lacked that particular re- finement of the humour sense, he was always too much himself, he was always too much bound up 335 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS in himself, to get outside himself and see himself as he really was. Thus, in the autobiography of David Copper- field, wherein he figures as David, he gives an ever less clear and convincing presentment of David as he finds David becoming more and more a contemporary of Charles Dickens. As child, boy, youth, and young man, David is ex- cellent. We know him. We believe in him. We recognise ourselves in him. And we love him. Then, somehow, David begins to fade into a mere shadow of his former self. He becomes rather like Dickens' other woodenly impossible heroes: like Harry May lie, Nicholas Nickleby, Edward Haredale,and the rest. And as the flesh- and-blood reality of the child, the boy, the youth, the young man, melt away into the filmy inde- terminate outlines of the maturer David, we are sensible of losing all interest in him. The first part of David Copperfald'mtereste us because of David. The last part barely succeeds in interest- ing us in spite of him, as a moving record of the doings and sayings of other folk than David. Until Steerforth betrays Little Em'ly and dis- appears from the story, David is an ever fresh and diverting companion. After that, he becomes rather wearisome. We feel, somehow, that in the character of Steerforth, who, it is said, was found- ed on a certain George Stroughill, brother of Miss Lucy Stroughill, a winsome, golden-haired 336 CHARLES DICKENS HIMSELF maiden, who lived in the same street at Chatham in which the Dickens family lived when Charles was a tiny boy, whom Charles made childish love to, and who figures as Golden Lucy in The Wreck of the Golden Mary : in Steerforth we seem to feel that we have just that human heroic quality which David is so unnaturally deficient in. We are even fain to wonder whether, if David instead of Steerforth had betrayed Little Em'ly, we should not have been more interested in him, have even loved him a little better for the passion and the sin, the rapture and the agony, which Dickens might have been inspired to describe instead of the pretty- prettinesses of Dora and the insipid domesticities of Agnes. But Dickens never would have been inspired to any such artistic purpose, because of just that lack of the saving sense of humour which con- strained him to gloze and sublimate the facts of life, and to idealise all men, even himself. In Great Expectations he gives us again a pic- ture of himself as the love-lorn Pip; and again he baulks himself on the verge of a grand passion, again he pauses upon the edge of a great gulf into which he might have flung himself, and so re- mained with us for ever in the glittering simili- tude of a fallen angel hurtling down from Heaven into Hell. (Even to suggest the image is to pro- voke a smile.) He might have done that . . . if he had been 337 Y CHARLES DICKENS HIMSELF an altogether different type of man. But he was, emphatically, the type of man that would never dream of perpetrating romance in his own per- son. He was always acutely, nervously conscious that in David and in Pip he had revealed the child he used to be ; and that that child was henceforth himself, to be taken very seriously, very solemnly, to be kept apart and held invio- late from the common temptations, the sins and the lusts of the flesh, that poor average human- ity is heir to. Dickens' muse bore a strange like- ness to Mrs. Grundy. He was, however, far enough off from his childhood to tell us exactly what he was like as a child, what he, as a child, thought and felt and did and suffered. He was still far enough off from his boyhood to make David and Pip very human boys ; and still not so close to his own youth as to be afraid to give a very accurate impression of the wild dreams and desires and aspirations and vain longings of youth. But he was a good deal too close to the young man he had been not so many years ago : he was still a young man when he WQ\. David Copper fie Id: to be too frank about that part of his life. He seizes on its humours, its comic misgivings and doubts and ecstasies, and makes the most of them and the best of them, in default of anything better. Then . . . the young man is himself, Charles Dickens ; and he veils himself in mystery. 338 THE DICKENS ORIGINALS A change took place in Dickens after he had written David Copperfield. I have a suspicion that David Copperfield introduced him to him- self. Anyway, in all his later books he is far more worldly-wise. He seems to be developing a per- sonal sense of humour at last. There is more light and shade in his later character-drawing. William Dorrit,the Father of theMarshalsea,for instance, always seems to me to present a far more likely portrait of his own father, John Dickens, than Micawber though I infinitely prefer Mi- cawber, of course. But all his characters, with a few noble exceptions, are more probable. And this (I believe) because Dickens had come to a better understanding of himself, had sunk a little of the magician in the man of the world ; and so set up a new standard by which to judge his fellow-men. INDEX Y2 INDEX Agnes, 68, 74. Ainsworth, Harrison, 130. All the Year Round, 324. Arabin, 93. Artful Dodger, 19, 128, 239, 240, 250. Bagstock, Major, 328. Barnaby Rudge, 33, 186, 203, 207, 2ii, 213, 219, 220, 224. Barrie, J. M., 8, 147, 237. Bastille, n. Bates, Charley, 251. Beadnell, Maria, 25, 28, 29,31, 33, 36,42,43,44,45, 46, 52. Bennett, Arnold, 237. Blackmore, Mr. (of Blackmore Ellis), 114, 140. Blimbers, The, 290. Bleak House, 3, 7, 75. 253, 308, 329- Boffin, Mr., 279, 280, 281. Bompas, Serjeant, 93. Boot, Alfred, 131. Borough, 1 60. Bounderby, 137. Boythorn, 7, 19, 328, 330. Brass, Sally, 7. Sampson, 7. Bray, Madeline, 24, 68. Bronte, Charlotte, 190. Brougham, Lord, 97, 98. Browdie, John, 137, 142. Browne, HablotK., 103, 261, 291. Brownlow, Mr., in, 112, 113. Bucket, Inspector, 307, 308. Budden, James, 97. Bumble, 124. Burnett, Henry, 76, 78, 79, 193, 292 Buzfuz, Serjeant, 93, 95. Byron, Lord, 327. Caine, Hall, 108. Camden Town, 160, 161, 173, 174. Campbell, Mrs., 291, 292. Carker, 7, 68, 279, 280. Carlyle, Thomas, 102, 168, 188, 2OI, 2O2, 2O8, 214, 2l8, 219. Carton, Sydney, 209, 268. Casby, 46. 343 Chadband, Rev., 225, 268. Chapman & Hall, Messrs., 83, 84. Thomas, 290, 291. Chatham, 159, 161, 172, 173, 174. Cheeryble, Bros., 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136. Chester, Edward, 24, 25, 76. Sir John, 208, 228, 230, 231. Chesterfield, Lord, 208, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232. Chesterton, Gilbert K., 199, 200, 201, 202. Chevalier, Albert, 238. Chad's History of England, A, 199, 200, 202. Chimes, The, 313. Chivery, Young Mr., 19. Christmas Carol, The, 317. Chuzzlewit, Jonas, 263. Chuzzlewit, Martin, 25, 271, 273, 317. Clare, Ada, 68, 75. Claypole, Noah, 128. Clennam, Arthur, 46, 48. Collins, Wilkie, 209. Cook, Lady. See Mrs. Leo Hunter. Cooper, Mrs. Mary Ann, 162, 163. Copperjield, David. See David Copperfield. Corelli, Marie, 108. Corney, Mrs., 124. Cornwall, Barry, 261. Creakle, Mr., 177. Crockett, W. S., 19. Cruncher, Jerry, 209. Cute, Alderman, 313. Dartle, Rosa, 297. David, " the apoplectic butler," 131. David Copperfield, 3,6, 30, 31, 32, 36,74,79, 158,175,176,177, 186, 191, 294, 296, 333, 335, 336. Darwin, 281. Defarges, The, 207, 217, 218. Dennis the Hangman, 207,209,220. Dickens, Fanny, 76, 78, 159, 183, 192, 193, 194- John,i34, 159, 167, 171,172,173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 185,339. INDEX Dickens, Mrs. John, 174, 175,185, 1 86. Mrs. Charles (nee Miss Ho- garth), 142. Dickensian, The, 267. Dodd, Mr., 280. Dodger, Artful. See Artful Dodger. Dodson & Fogg, 114. Dolly Varden, 34, 35, 36, 54. Dombey 6 Son, 63, 292. Dombey, Edith, 292. Florence, 24, 68. Mr., 290, 291. Dora, 31, 33, 36,37,38,39,40,41, 42, 54- Dorrit, Little. See Little Dorrit. William, 339. Dotheboys Hall, 103, 104, 108 Dowler, 96. Drood, Edwin, 25, 298, 304. Drummond, Miss Rose Emma, 142. Dumas, Alexandre, 147, 148. Edinburgh, 4. Edinburgh Review, 305. Edwin Drood. See Drood, Edwin. Eliot, George, 190. Elliott, Rev. Hume, 131. Ellis, Mr. (of Messrs. Blackmore & Ellis), 96, 140. Emerson, 334. Em'ly, Little. See Little Em'ly. Estella, 51, 52, 53. Everard, Dr., 290. Fagin, 7, 125, 239, 240, 241, 246, 247,249,251,252,263. Bob, 191. Fang, Mr., 109, no, in, 112, ii3- Fat Boy, The, 97, 1 26. Field, Inspector, 308. Fields, James T. , 306. Fitzgerald, Percy, 72, 94, 132, 135, 274, 282, 283, 294, 3 22 - Fleet Prison, 239. Flora, 33, 46, 47, 48, 49. Forster, John, 5,31,78,84,96, 101, 130, 160, 161, 174, 193, 261, 291, 295, 298, 299, 313, 316, 317, 322, 323, 327. Foster, John, 84. I Foulon, 207, 209, 213, 214, 215, 216, 218. French Revolution, The, 201, 202, 208, 218. Gadshill, 208. Galsworthy, John, 273. Gamfield, 124. Gamp, Mrs. Sairey, 268, 271, 272. 273. Garlands, The, 73, 161. Gashford, 226, 227. Gay, Walter, 24, 25, 76. Gazalee, Mr. Justice, 95. Golden Lucy, 337. Golden Mary, The Wreck of the, ^7. Gordon, Lord George, 207, 209, 213, 220,221,222, 223,224, 226, 227. Gradgrind, 137. Graham, Mary, 68. Grant, Brothers, 130, 13 1, 132, 13 3, 134, 135, 136, 137- Great Expectations ; 51, 89, 337. Gridley, 308. Griffiths, Major Arthur, 241, 246. Grimaldi, Life of , 85. Grip the Raven, 209, 211. Grueby, John, 226. Hall, Mr. & Mrs. Samuel Carter, 274. Hard Times, 3. Hardy, Thomas, 273. Haredale, Emma, 24, 68. Harmon, John, 25, 55. Harvey, Martin, 268. Hayes, Mrs., 292. Hazlitt, William, 261. Heep, Uriah, 7. Hexams, The, 299, 300. Hill, Mrs. Seymour, 295. History of Our Own Times, A, 97, 276. Hogarth, Georgina, 74. Mary, 59, 60. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67 7L 73. 74- 75- Mr., 60. Mrs., 59, 60, 62. Hood, Tom, 313. Hopkins, Captain, 176. Hortense, Mademoiselle, 253. Howler, Rev. Melchizedec, 225. INDEX Hugh of the "Maypole," 207. Humphrey, Master, 287, 289. Hunt, Leigh, 6, 19, 313, 323, 324, 325- Hunter, Mrs. Leo, 96. Hunted Down, 259, 262. James, Edwin, 210. Jarley, Mrs., 152, 154, 155. Jarndyce, Mr., 293. Jasper, John, 306. Jellyby, Mrs., 314. Jennings or Jennens, Mr., 292, 293, 294, 309. Jo, Poor, 268. Johnson, Dr., 185, 323. Jones, William, 177. Jorgan, Captain, 292. Kenwigs, The, 239. Kit, 73. Kitton, F. G., Mr., 85, 130, 143, 173- 293- Knott, Newman, 140, 152. Kolle, Henry, 29, 43, 44, 45. Krook, 14. La Creevy, Miss, 137, 141, 142. Laing, Mr., no, 113. Lamb, Charles, 261. Lamert, Dr., 96. Landor, Walter Savage, 19, 313, 326, 327, 328, 329, 330. Lant Street. See Borough. Lascar Sal, 306, 309. Lauder, Harry, 237, 238. Lawrie, Sir Peter, 313. Lee, Miss Jenny, 268. Leno, Dan, 268, 269. Lewes, George Henry, 190. Limbkins, Mr., 124. Little Dorrit, 3, 46, 51, 162, 163, 164, 307. Little Em'ly, 336. Little Nell, 68, 73, 74. Littlefair. See Hayes. Linkinwater, Tim, 141. Linton, Mrs. Lynn, 91. Longfellow, 88. Lucas, (" Mad ") James, 300, 309. Lytton, Bulwer, 90, 208, 261. 345 McCarthy, Justin, 97, 276. Maclise, 5. Macready, 261. Manette, Lucy, 68, 75. Mannings, The, 253, 254, 255, 256,257,258, 259. Marshalsea, The, 160, 162, 175, 177, 191,239, 339. Marchioness, The, 161, 162. Martin Chuzzlewit. See Chuzzle- wit, Martin. Maude, Cyril, 268. Martineau, Harriet, 313, 314. Maylie, Harry, 24, 76, 336. Rose, 24, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74. Mealy Potatoes, 191. Mercier, 208, 218. Merdle, Mr., 137. Meredith, George, 273, 335. Micawber, Mr., 7, 18, 19, 134, 167, 181, 182, 326, 339. Molloy, Mr., 114, 177. Monckton, Hon. Miss. See Mrs. Leo Hunter, and Lady Cook. Moore, George, 237. Mopes the Hermit, 300, 301, 302, 303,305- Morgan, Captain, 292. Morning Herald, 178. Mowcher, Miss, 294, 296. Nancy, 23, 126, 128. Napoleon, 327, 335. Nell, Little. See Little Nell. Newgate, 1 1 . Nickleby, Kate, 28, 68, 139, 140. Mrs., 19, 167, 185, 1 86, 187. Nickleby, Nicholas, 24, 76, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 128, 130, 133, 137, 142, 147, 186, 239, 252, 277, 292, 336. Nickleby, Ralph, 26. Noggs, Newman, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 151, 152. Nordau, Max, 168. Old Curiosity Shop, The, 73, 148, 152, 161, 162, 225, 287. Oliver Twist, 59, 109, no, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 238, 239, 240, 246, 248, 252, 268. Only Way, The, 268. INDEX Our Mutual Friend, 54, 280, 299, Peace, Charles, 246. Pecksniff, 7, 17, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279. Peel, Sir Robert, 274, 275, 276. Peggotty, 279. Pendennis, 156. Perker, Mr. , 96. Phiz. See Browne, Hablot K. Pickwick, Mr., 83, 84, 85, 91, 92. Pick-wick Papers, 3, 59, 85, 88, 89, 91,93,96,97, ioi, 103,124, 178, 203, 205, 206, 225, 238, 317. Pinch, Tom, 18, 76. Pip, 51, 52, 53, 334, 337. Pipchin, Mrs., 191,279. Podsnaps, The, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323- Poe, Edgar Allan, 190. Porter, Captain, 176, 191. Portsmouth, 172. Pott, Mr., 97,98. Powell, Thomas, 182. Prig, Betsy, 271, 272. Procter, Bryan Waller. See Barry Cornwall. Quilp, 7, 18,23, 263. Reprinted Pieces, 307. Rochester, 105. Rokesmith, John, 25. Roylance, Mrs. See Pipchin, Mrs. Rousseau, 208, 218. Rudge, Barnaby. See Barnaby Sadleir, John. See Merdle. Sal, Lascar. See Lascar Sal. Salem House, 177. Scott, Sir Walter, 19, 87. Seymour, 83, 84. Shakespeare, 3, 1 7, 90, 267, 333. Shaw, William, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108. Shelley, 327- Sherlock Holmes, 18, 308. Sikes, Bill, 23, 125, 126, 239, 240. Sketches by Boz, 83. Skewton, Mrs. ("Cleopatra"), 291. Skimpin, Serjeant, 93. Skimpole, 7, 18, 19, 324, 328. Slammer, Dr., 96. Slinkton, Julius, 253, 259, 263. Slum, Mr., 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 162. Smike, 137, 142, 143. Smith, Sydney, 137. Snubbin, Serjeant, 93, 94. Solomons, Ikey, 125, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 251. Sowerberry, Mr., 124. Squeers, 7, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 125, 128. Stareleigh, Mr. Justice, 95, 96. Steerforth, 294, 295, 318, 336, 337. Sterry, J. Ashby, 293. Stiggins, 225. Strachey, J. St. Loe, 151. Strong, Miss, 292, 293, 309. Stroughill, George, 336. Lucy, 336. Stryver, 209, 210, 211. Swiveller, Dick, 151, 152. Tale of Two Cities, A, 26, 51, 75, 203, 207, 208, 210, 213. Talfourd, Judge, 313, 3 1 5, 316, 317, 3i8. Tapley, Mark, 18. Tappertit, Sim, 34, 207. Thackeray, 189, 190, 334. Tom Tiddler's Ground, 300, 301, 302. Toodle, Polly, 292. Traddles, Tommy, 315, 318. Tree, Sir Herbert, 268. Trotwood, Betsy, 293. Tulkinghorn, Mr., 114. Twemlow, Mr., 319. Vale, Sam, 86, 87, 88,91. Varden, Dolly. See Dolly Varden. Veneerings, The, 137, 319. Venus, Mr., 280, 282. Wainewright, Thomas Griffiths, 259, 260, 261. Waller, Mick, 191. Wardle, Mrs., 126. Waterton, Mr., 211. Wegg, Silas, 280, 281, 282. 34 6 INDEX Weller, Mary, 87, 279. Sam, 18, 87, 91, 92, 206. Tony, 91, 92, 93. Wield, Detective, 307. Wilfer, Bella, 55. Wilkins, 93. Willett, Joe, 34, 35, 36. Williams, Bransby, 268. Willis, J., 282, 309. Wilmot, Charles, 268. Winkle, Mr., 84. Winter, Mrs. Henry. See Maria Beadnell. Yates, Edmund, 210. Zangwill, Israel, 168. Zola, 273. APR2t>1988 VICTORIA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
|
i don't know
|
How many miles is the generally accepted boundary of Territorial Waters?
|
Legal provision: maritime law
in coastal regions and in small islands
Legal provision for integrated coastal zone management
Part 2
MARITIME LAW
Today the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 provides the necessary legal foundation for further development of the legislative basis for coastal zone management. The most significant, practical provisions of this Convention for a system of integrated coastal zone management are the following:
spatial limits of the coastal zone, in view of differences in borders of internal seawaters (including historic waters);
legal contents and regimes of the territorial sea and contiguous zone;
lawfulness of the extension of the coastal zone territory into a strait used for international navigation;
legal nuances of conventional terminology (�adjoining�, �adjacent�, �contiguous�);
international legal consequences of �narrow� and �wide� interpretation by the coastal state legislator of the notions of �coastal management� and �coastal zone�.
Chapter 2.1
Concept of Maritime Law: principles, rules, norms and sources of Maritime Law
At present, Maritime Law includes both norms of national law, referring to various branches of law (civil, administrative, criminal, etc.), and norms of international public and international private law.
Therefore it has been agreed that modern Maritime Law should have three constituents:
National law;
International private law.
National Maritime Law
National Maritime Law includes norms from various branches of the law. This is due to the complexity of maritime operations and the need to cover the broad set of questions linked to activities at sea.
It is obvious, that national Maritime Law should be part of the legal system of states that have coastal zones under their jurisdiction.
In the Russian Federation this provision can be illustrated by the following example. A contract to ship cargo, rescue at sea, marine insurance, etc., are regulated by norms of civil law (in particular, by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation ), the order of release for vessels to sail from ports of the Russian Federation is defined by norms of administrative law (Article 111, Administrative Code), and the responsibility of captains of Russian vessels to offer aid at a marine disaster is specified in the norms of criminal law (Article 270, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
Thus, national Maritime Law is made up of norms from various branches of national law, united by a common subject of legal regulation: the use of the sea in all its forms.
International public Maritime Law
International public Maritime Law is characterized by the quantity and complexity of regulations on the use of the World Ocean. It was not created as a whole, but developed gradually in response to prevailing conditions. There were two distinct stages in the history of its development.
The first Geneva Conference of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea in 1958 marked the beginning of the first phase. It resulted in four Conventions on: the territorial sea and the contiguous zone ; the continental shelf ; the high seas ; fisheries and the protection of the living resources of the high seas.
The second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea was held in 1960. Its aim was to establish a uniform width for territorial waters around the world. No agreement was reached.
The beginning of the second stage in development of Maritime Law was marked by the third United Nations Conference that was dedicated to the development and introduction into international practice of norms and rules on the use of the World Ocean resources and �rules of conduct� in the Ocean. The Conference lasted for an unusually long time - from 1973 to 1982 (the longest conference in the history of United Nations) and was very successful. It resulted in a comprehensive international legal act the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 . The convention of 1982 is unique in having a universal character. The Convention came into force on November 16, 1994. Initially 119 states were signatories to it. Russia ratified it on February 26, 1997 and there are now 126 parties to the convention including the EU.
What did this Convention contribute to the development of international Maritime Law?
It acknowledged, supplemented and developed a number of provisions stipulated in the Geneva Convention of 1958 . Thus it put into law rules and norms of Maritime Law that had already been verified in practice.
It introduced new provisions so that the Convention now consists of 17 parts including 320 articles and 9 appendices.
The 1982 Convention precisely defined, for the first time, the boundary of the territorial sea that can be claimed by coastal states. It is limited to 12 nautical miles.
A compromise on the demands by some states for territorial rights up to 200 miles offshore was embodied in the concept of the exclusive economic zone.
Laws to govern research and exploitation in areas of international seabed were established.
The concept of archipelagic waters was introduced for the first time.
In view of demands by coastal states for wider territorial seas the right of transit passage through international straits was defined.
The principle provisions of modern Maritime Law that constitute international public maritime law fall into three categories.
Although the conventions and agreements listed above are the source of most international public Maritime Law, there are also significant contributions from regional conventions and bilateral agreements.
Chapter 2.2
Maritime areas and the main provisions of their legal regime
According to the current international legal classification of maritime areas, the World Ocean is divided into three legal categories:
Maritime areas: being an integral part of a coastal state�s territory within the limits of its sovereignty (internal waters, territorial seas);
Areas, which are not included in the coastal state territory, but are under its jurisdiction (exclusive economic zone, contiguous zone, continental shelf);
Areas under neither sovereignty, nor jurisdiction of any state (high seas) ( Avramenko, 2001a , Foreword).
It is clear that the legal regimes of these basic categories of maritime areas cannot be uniform. So, for example, in territorial waters, in contrast to internal waters, there is the right of innocent passage. No less significant differences occur in relation to the jurisdiction of a coastal state in the contiguous and exclusive economic zone in comparison with the continental shelf. The use of maritime resources in special areas such as international straits, canals, rivers, archipelagic waters and the waters of the Arctic and the Antarctic regions pose particularly complex legal problems.
Internal waters
Internal waters are defined as waters on the landward side of the baseline, which is used for measuring the width of territorial waters. According to Maritime Law the following are included in internal waters:
Ports;
Waters between a shore and straight baselines, used to measure the breadth of the territorial waters;
Internal seas, i.e. the seas surrounded by the land territory of one or several states;
Bays with entrances not more than 24 nautical miles wide;
Historic waters, including historical bays irrespective of the width of the entrance.
Thus the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 treats a bay as a well-marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation. When the entrance to a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles, a straight baseline shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.
The restriction above does not apply to so-called �historic� bays. Where the use of the coast and coastal resources is of particular significance. Three factors serve as the basis for including bays and other �historic� waters in internal waters:
Sovereignty has been claimed by the coastal state for a long period of time;
The bay is of important economic, defensive and strategic significance to the coastal state;
The majority of states have implied recognition of the bay as internal water.
If certain specified factors are present it is accepted that a bay is not simply �historic�, but is under the jurisdiction of the corresponding state. Therefore countries, whose territory includes the coastal zone, have �historic� bays within their borders as a rule. Normally these bays are well known and consequently there is no necessity to mention their �historic� nature. The main ones are: in the Russian Federation Peter the Great Bay and Penzhin Bay in the Far East; in Europe the Bristol Channel, Moray Firth, Conception (Great Britain), Cancal (France); in North America Hudson Bay (Canada), Delaware Bay, Monterey Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Santa Monica Bay (USA).
Thus, if in general the legal regime of internal seawaters as parts of a state territory is determined mainly by the coastal state, it should be in agreement with regulations of international Maritime Law.
Territorial seas
Territorial seas are waters that form a belt around the land that is up to 12 nautical miles wide. They adjoin to internal seawaters, directly to the coast (where there are no internal waters) or to archipelagic waters depending on the circumstances. The breadth of the territorial sea is measured from baselines and being part of a state�s territory is under its sovereignty. Roadsteads that are normally used for loading, unloading and anchoring ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea ( Article 12 of the Convention of 1982 ).
The right to passage in territorial seas is determined and defined in International Maritime Law as navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of: traversing that sea without entering internal waters; proceeding to or from internal waters. According to the provisions of the Convention on Territorial Seas and the Contiguous Zone of 1958 (Article 14) the passage, taking place in conformity with articles of the Convention and with other rules of international law, is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of a coastal state. To avoid any confusion the notion of innocent passage was made explicit in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 .
At the beginning of the twenty first century 119 of the 151 coastal states worldwide had established 12-mile wide territorial seas. These states include the Russian Federation, the USA, China, India, France, Italy, Ukraine, Latvia and Lithuania. Some states have opted for territorial seas significantly less than 12 miles wide. Jordan and Singapore have limited it to 3 miles, Finland and Norway - to 4 miles, Greece and Turkey - to 6 miles. In signing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea some states (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ghana, etc.) agreed to reduce their territorial seas to the 12 nautical miles agreed by the world community in 1982. Currently 130 states have limited their territorial seas to 12 miles in accordance with the Convention.
Contiguous zone
Contiguous zone waters constitute a belt of sea, adjoining to the territorial waters of a coastal state which, according to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 , may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. In the contiguous zone the coastal state has the right to some defined kinds of control.
The use and control of the contiguous zone is defined in the Geneva Convention of 1958 on Territorial Seas and the Contiguous Zone . Article 24 of this Convention says, that:
In a zone of the high seas contiguous to its territorial sea, the coastal state may exercise the control necessary to:
Prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary regulations within its territory or territorial sea;
Punish infringement of the above regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea.
The contiguous zone may not extend beyond twelve miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Where the coasts of two states are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two states is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its contiguous zone beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of the two states is measured.
The current Russian Federation Law �On Internal Seawaters, Territorial Seas and Contiguous Zone of the Russian Federation� (adopted in 1998) defines the contiguous zone of the Russian Federation as a belt of sea disposed outside and adjacent to the territorial sea, whose external border is 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section II).
Fifty-five states have now established a contiguous zone of 24 nautical miles and less. Only Syria has declared a contiguous zone of more than 24 nautical miles (41 nautical miles).
Various countries have declared various other zones: sanitary zones by Arab countries; fiscal and immigration zones by India; security zones by Burma, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Vietnam. Zones of the criminal jurisdiction, neutrality, pollution prevention etc. have been established, often by states that have recently gained political independence.
High seas
International Maritime Law concerning the high seas has no direct relation to the coastal zone but knowledge of its basic provisions is necessary for complete understanding of the law governing the coastal zone.
The term �high seas� means all parts of the sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state. The high seas being open to all nations, no state may validly subject any part of them to its sovereignty.
Obviously, the legal regime of the high seas unlike other kinds of maritime areas is regulated only by norms of international law. Two of the sources of international law concerning the high seas are the Convention on the High Seas of 1958 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 .
One of the most important and distinctive features of the high seas is that it is open, in full sense of this word to all states, both coastal and land-locked.
According to Convention on the High Seas of 1958 freedom of the high seas includes:
Freedom of navigation;
Freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines;
Freedom to fly over the high seas.
The convention of 1982 extended the concept of freedom of the high seas to include two additional items:
Freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under international law;
Freedom to do scientific research.
Thus freedom of the high seas is not absolute. States may exercise the freedoms specified above, provided that they take into account the interests of other countries. Modern international law maintains the principle of freedom of the high seas, and this is the foundation of the legislation that governs navigation at sea. All states, whether coastal or not, have the right to allow ships to sail under their flag. Ships can only sail under the flag of one state and are subject exclusively to that state�s jurisdiction while at sea. However, naval vessels and other ships and aircraft on government service have the right of interference on the high seas if international maritime law is being violated. In other waters law enforcement is in the hands of the sovereign state.
The Convention on the High Seas of 1958 defines cases and rules when such interference can take place:
on the basis of an existing international treaty;
if the ship is engaged in piracy;
if the ship is engaged in the slave trade;
if though flying a foreign flag or refusing to show its flag, the ship is, in reality, of the same nationality as the warship;
in executing the right of hot pursuit.
In recent years an additional reason for interfering on the high seas appeared: pollution. In 1969 an International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties was adopted. Thus international Environmental Law as well as international Maritime Law apply to the high seas. The Convention gave coastal states the right to interfere on the high seas to prevent, reduce or eliminate the threat of oil pollution by a foreign vessel due to an accident on the high seas. As oil is not the only marine pollutant a Protocol on Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Pollution Casualties by Substances Other Than Oil was introduced in 1973.
Exclusive economic zone
The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea. It is subject to the specific legal regime established by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 . This means, that the regime of the exclusive economic zone cannot be established by the coastal state at its own discretion.
Specific features of the exclusive economic zone are:
The exclusive economic zone is beyond the territory of any state and not under the sovereignty of any state. The rights of a neighboring coastal state in this zone are exceptionally limited in character;
The exclusive economic zone is the result of a compromise between states interested in optimizing the use of their coastal resources. Special attention was given to the question of the exclusive economic zone during the preparation and course of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea;
Many states (particularly countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America have insisted on economic zones 200 nautical miles wide; increased from the normal 12 nautical miles). 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the width of the territorial sea is measured is now the limit for the exclusive economic zone.
The concept, rules of use and territorial limitations on the exclusive economic zone are fixed in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 .
According to the provisions of this Convention a coastal state has the following rights within the limits of the exclusive economic zone:
sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from water, currents and winds;
jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to:
establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures;
marine scientific research;
protection and preservation of the marine environment;
other rights and duties provided in the Convention.
While exercising these rights, the coastal state shall have due regard to rights of other states in their exclusive economic zone ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
Thus, the coastal state within the framework of the exclusive economic zone has:
first, not sovereignty, but sovereign rights, i.e. rights established for strictly defined purposes and in precisely limited amounts;
second, sovereign rights are established only for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing living or non-living natural resources, that, in particular, means the right of coastal states to exercise sovereignty on the use of all fish resources (including those attached to the seabed e.g., crustaceans etc.), mineral resources (oil, gas, etc.), and also energy produced from the water, currents and wind;
third, the specified rights have an exclusive character, no other state may engage in the activity, set out in the convention, in the exclusive economic zone of another state without that state�s permission.
fourth, the coastal state has exclusive jurisdiction over artificial islands, installations and structures.
The following rights are delegated to coastal states:
Only the coastal state has the right to exercise jurisdiction in relation to any violations of marine environmental protection within its exclusive economic zone;
Only the coastal state has the right to permit marine scientific research in its exclusive economic zone.
The coastal state can realize only those rights, and perform only those duties, which are stipulated in the Convention of 1982 . In other words, no coastal state can exercise any rights, which are not provided for in the Convention (for example, to control navigation of foreign ships, customs or medical controls, etc.).
So although coastal states have sovereign rights and jurisdiction in their exclusive economic zone, other states have the right to navigate, over fly, lay submarine cables and pipelines, and other internationally lawful uses of the sea related to these freedoms, such as those associated with the operation of ships, aircraft and submarine cables and pipelines, and compatible with the other provisions of the 1982 Convention (Article 58, Item 1) ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
Satellite communication between foreign merchant ships and coastal services using the international organization of maritime satellite communications (INMARSAT) system is also a right within the exclusive economic zone.
At the beginning of the XXI century 96 states had established exclusive economic zones, and 25 states had also declared fishing zones of up to 200 nautical miles around their coasts.
Chapter 2.3
International straits and canals
Straits are given special attention in international Maritime Law because they occupy such a significant part of the coastal zone.
They are the natural maritime passes connecting the high seas, or the seas and the oceans. Some straits due to their geographical position, scale and dynamics of use are used intensively for international navigation. In international Maritime Law they are called international straits.
Part III of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 , �Straits used for international navigation� optimizes the interests both of the countries using international straits, and the coastal states located along the straits. In particular, Article 34 of the Convention says, that the regime of passage through straits used for international navigation shall not in other respects affect the legal status of the waters forming such straits or the exercise by the states bordering the straits of their sovereignty or jurisdiction over such waters and their air space, bed and subsoil (International Maritime Law in Documents. Moscow, 2000, Section X, Part 3, p.431).
The definition of transit passage is given in Section 2, Part III, of the Convention : transit passage is the freedom of navigation or over flight of a strait solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of the strait.
The significance of the definition is evident in straits where territorial waters of more than one state overlap, as is the case in a significant number of major international straits. Free transit passage is essential to merchant shipping.
The 1982 Convention also provides for the interests of the states that border straits in terms of navigational safety, fishery, prevention of pollution, compliance with customs, fiscal, immigration and sanitary regulations. Vessels on transit passage should comply with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices for safety at sea, and with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices for prevention, reduction and control of pollution from ships.
Foreign vessels, while exercising the right of transit passage, should refrain from any activities leading to the violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations and to refrain from any activities, other than those incident to their normal modes of continuous and expeditious transit, unless rendered necessary by force majeure.
According to the Convention transit passage does not apply if there is a route through a strait that keeps to the high seas or the exclusive economic zone that is of similar convenience with respect to navigational and hydrographical characteristics.
States bordering straits may designate sea-lanes and prescribe traffic separation schemes within the straits to promote the safe passage of ships. The states should respect the following requirements:
sea-lanes and traffic separation schemes shall conform to generally accepted international regulations;
before designating or substituting sea lanes or prescribing or substituting traffic separation schemes, states bordering straits shall refer proposals to the competent international organization with a view to their adoption;
states bordering straits shall clearly indicate all sea lanes and traffic separation schemes designated or prescribed by them on charts to which due publicity shall be given.
The 1982 Convention does not cover the Black Sea and the Baltic Straits these are regulated by special international conventions.
Black Sea Straits
The Black Sea Straits is a major international shipping route that connects the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The Straits consist of the Bosporus Strait (length 31 km, width 0.7 km - 3.7 km), the Marmara Sea (length 222 km, width 27 km � 74 km) and the Dardanelles Strait (length 70 km, width 1.3 km � 2 km). It is regulated by the Montreux Convention of 1936 .
Baltic Straits
The Baltic Straits, or Danish Straits as it is sometimes called, consist of three straits - the Great Belt, the Little Belt and the Sound. It is the only waterway connecting the Baltic Sea with the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
The use of the Baltic Straits by merchant shipping has a long history. It is governed by the Copenhagen the Convention which came into force on March 14, 1857. Nowadays this document is recognized as the source of law.
International canals
Canals are accorded a special place in international maritime law because:
canals are artificially created shipping ways;
being artificial canals were dug at one time by someone and equipped for navigation;
canals are at key nodes of international shipping lanes and neighboring countries sometimes see opportunities to increase their role in world politics through their control of the canal;
canals connect the high seas and consequently are major waterways of international value and in this respect they differ significantly from other internal waters of a state, for example, national rivers;
canals have an important and significant status defined by their geographical position, as all of them form an immediate connection between vast areas of the high seas. For example, the Panama Canal links the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Suez Canal - the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The Kiel Canal connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean;
canals are of international important for navigation In this respect some canals are of greater importance than many international channels and straits.
Suez canal
In terms of commercial navigation and traffic density the Suez Canal is the most important canal in the world.
Regulations for the Suez Canal were established in 1888 by the Convention of Constantinople. This was the first treaty in the history of international maritime law to grant free passage within a canal. Article 1 prohibits interference with vessels in the canal and so guarantees free passage in peacetime and war. Article 2 prohibits obstruction and interference with the security of the canal and its branches.
Kiel Canal
The entire length of the Kiel Canal (98.7 km) is within German territory. It is 102 meters wide at the surface, 42 meters wide at its bed and the depth of the fairway is 11.3 meters. The canal connects the North Sea to the Baltic Sea and saves a journey of 685 km through the Baltic Straits.
Navigation in the Canal is regulated by the Navigation Rules of the Kiel Canal , which gives freedom of passage to merchant vessels of all countries after payment of transit fees and receipt of a passage certificate. Vessels not fit to sail in the Canal may be refused passage.
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal connects the Gulf of Panama in the Pacific Ocean with the Gulf of Mosquitoes in the Caribbean Sea.
The Panama Canal started to function as a shipping line on August 15, 1914, but was not open to international shipping until 1920. It is now a neutral international waterway open to vessels of all countries on conditions of full equality and non-discrimination.
On December 31, 1999 the Panama Canal passed under the sovereignty of Panama according to the Torrijos-Carter Treaty of 1977. At this point the Canal became a government enterprise.
Chapter 2.4
Archipelagic waters and the continental shelf
Archipelagic waters
Archepelagic waters are the waters inside and around an archipelago. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (Article 46) treats �archipelago�as a group of islands, including parts of islands, interconnecting waters and other natural features which are so closely interrelated that such islands, waters and other natural features form an intrinsic geographical, economic and political entity, or which historically have been regarded as such (International Maritime Law in Documents, 2000, Section X).
The largest and the most well known archipelagic states are Indonesia, the Philippines and Fiji. On attaining sovereignty many island states have became more interested in how to profit from the waters surrounding them and have in recent decades claimed sovereignty over waters traditionally recognized as the high sea.
Changes in international Maritime Law can only be made through multilateral negotiations. The III Conference on the Law of the Sea examined this issue of archepelagis states and the resulting 1982 United Nations Convention contains a number of special provisions on the legal regulation of archipelagic waters.
The Convention stipulates the right of an archipelagic state to draw straight archipelagic baselines joining the outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of the archipelago provided that these baselines include within them the main islands and an area in which the ratio of the area of the water to the area of the land, including atolls, is between 1 to 1 and 9 to 1. The length of such baselines shall not exceed 100 nautical miles, except that up to 3 per cent of the total number of baselines enclosing any archipelago may exceed that length, up to a maximum length of 125 nautical miles. Also these baselines shall not depart to any appreciable extent from the general configuration of the archipelago. The breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf shall be measured from archipelagic baselines ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
As archipelagic waters, as a rule, were widely used for international navigation, by analogy to territorial waters the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 reserves, that under the condition of respecting the regime of internal waters within the limits of archipelagic waters, ships of all states have the right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters.
Continental shelf
Much of the research and exploitation of the World Ocean is centered on the continental shelf. The continental shelf is extremely rich in various resources, among which oil is of special significance for the world economy.
According to the Convention of 1958 adopted by the first Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea, the continental shelf is the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast, but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of 200 meters or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of the said areas, and the seabed and subsoil of similar submarine areas adjacent to the coasts of islands. Thus the Convention of 1958 establishes two criteria for the definition of the external border of the continental shelf:
Depth of 200m;
Technical availability (so-called exploitability criterion).
The 1958 legal definition of the continental shelf favors some states and not others. The continental shelf adjacent to some states is wide, shallow and does not descend steeply. For such states (e.g. Argentina) the depth criterion is favorable in determining the extent of their shelf. Other states (e.g. Chile, Peru and Spain) have a very narrow shelf with deep water close to the shore. For these states the depth criterion is extremely unprofitable. The exploitability criterion is even more unfair as it favors technologically advanced states over those less able to exploit hard to reach natural resources
So during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea a new and more precise definition of the continental shelf was negotiated. This definition is included in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and states that: the continental shelf comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance. If the continental margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles from the shore, the outer limits of the continental shelf shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured or shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2500 meters isobath.
The 1982 Convention retained, practically unchanged, the 1958 Convention �s provisions on exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf by the sovereign state ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
However, the concept of the continental shelf exists not only in the legal meaning. In geographical science, for example, the continental shelf is defined as a �rather narrow band of the seabed framing a continental massif which external margin quickly steps towards the ocean deeps� (A Glossary of Geographical Terms, 1975, p.229).
From the geologic-morphological point of view the continental shelf is the flat part of a continent extending under seawater up to the place where it sharply transforms into the continental slope.
Thus, the legal concept of the continental shelf is wider than geographical and geologic-morphological ones, as it includes besides the shelf itself, coastal areas of the seabed where the continental shelf is absent in the direct sense, and also areas of the seabed beyond the limits of the continental shelf. Also, from the geographical point of view the shelf begins at the coast; from the legal point it begins at the outer boundary of the territorial sea, as the territorial sea, the seabed and subsoil within the territorial waters form part of the territory of the coastal state. The continental shelf outside territorial waters is not part of state territory, but coastal states enjoy certain rights within the continental shelf beyond their territorial waters.
Russia occupies the one-seventh of the world�s landmass and has the most extensive coastal zone in the world. As such it has always shown a considerable interest in the question of the continental shelf. The Russian Federation is subject to international law so in accordance with international agreements and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea the Law �On the Continental Shelf of the Russian Federation� was adopted in 1995.
According to this Law the continental shelf of the Russian Federation includes the seabed and subsoil of the underwater areas outside the territorial seas of the Russian Federation to the extent of the natural continuation of its land territory up to the outer boundary of underwater continental margin. This definition of the continental shelf also applies to all islands of the Russian Federation.
The outer boundary of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation is defined as 200 nautical miles from baselines, i.e. the lines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, provided that the outer boundary of the underwater continental margin does not extend beyond 200 nautical miles. If the underwater continental margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles from the specified baselines, the outer boundary of the continental shelf is said to coincide with the outer boundary of the underwater continental margin defined according to norms of international law.
This Law on the continental shelf the Russian Federation establishes the following rights:
Sovereign rights to explore the continental shelf and develop its mineral and living resources, being exclusive in the sense that if the Russian Federation does not exercise them, nobody else can do so without its consent;
Exclusive rights to permit and regulate drilling on the continental shelf for any purposes;
Exclusive rights to permit, regulate construction, operate and use artificial islands, installations and structures. The Russian Federation exercises jurisdiction over these including customs, fiscal, sanitary, safety and immigration laws and rules;
Jurisdiction in relation to:
Protection and conservation of the marine environment;
Laying and exploitation of submarine cables and pipelines.
The Law reserves, that Russia�s rights on the continental shelf do not touch upon the legal status of its waters or the airspace above these waters.
The Law also provides, that artificial islands, installations and structures cannot have the status of islands and have no territorial sea, exclusive economic area or continental shelf. Safety zones shall be established not exceeding a distance of 500 meters around artificial islands, installations and structures, measured from each point of their outer edge (International Maritime Law in Documents, 2000, Section X, pp.520-522).
Delimitation of the continental shelf between the Russian Federation and neighboring states is based on international treaties of the Russian Federation or norms of international law.
The outer boundaries of the continental shelf and lists of geographical coordinates with basic geodetic data and delimitation lines determined by Government of the Russian Federation are indicated on charts of appropriate scale and should be published in the �Notice for Navigators�.
Chapter 2.5
The Arctic
The polar or high-latitude regions occupy a special place in international Maritime Law. The two regions involved are the Arctic and the Antarctic; and it is the Arctic that is of interest to Russia.
The Arctic is the northern polar region of the globe. It is made up of the Arctic Ocean, parts of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and the edges of Eurasia and North America within the polar circle (66�33�N). Eight countries have territory in the Arctic: Russia, the USA (Alaska), Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Finland. These subarctic countries have contributed most to research and development in the region ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I) being unique in many respects: geopolitical, ecological, economic and military-political.
The Arctic is of global importance because it has a significant effect on the climate and weather of the northern hemisphere. More locally, its natural resources (including large, recently opened oil and gas fields) make it of economic importance. Its position means that it is both strategically important and a useful waterway and air route connecting the east and west. These factors explain the attention that is currently being paid to the legislation that governs the region.
Historically subarctic countries have claimed special interests in the Arctic. This was codified in international legal doctrine as the �sectoral theory�, which gave a subarctic state special rights in the polar �triangle� bounded by the state�s coast and the meridian lines to the North Pole. Canada was particularly active in defending this division of the Arctic. In a number of national legislative acts (for example, the Law on the Northern Territories of 1925), and in official declarations Canada defended its sovereignty to land, islands and even maritime areas to the north of the Canadian coast.
Maritime regions of the Arctic, including those permanently covered with ice, are governed by legal regimes based on the norms of international Maritime Law. So internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves and high seas are defined in the same way as in the rest of the world.
Northern Seaway lanes lie partially in the high seas and partly in Russian waters. This means that the Seaway is categorized as a national communication lane and that Russia, as the coastal state, has exclusive rights and duties. Legislation governing the use of the Seaway by foreign vessels is based on Russian Federation laws that govern access and navigation in internal waters, territorial seas and the exclusive economic zone.
At present, the Northern Seaway is regulated by Rules of Navigation on the Northern Seaway Lines, which came into force on July 1, 1991. The Rules allow vessels of any nationality access to the Seaway on a non-discriminatory basis. The Seaway is regulated by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation through the Administration of the Northern Seaway and is operated by Russian navigation services that draw staff from Murmansk and Far East maritime shipping companies.
|
twelve miles
|
"Which product used the catchphrase ""hold it up to the light, not a stain and shining bright""?"
|
Legal provision: maritime law
in coastal regions and in small islands
Legal provision for integrated coastal zone management
Part 2
MARITIME LAW
Today the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 provides the necessary legal foundation for further development of the legislative basis for coastal zone management. The most significant, practical provisions of this Convention for a system of integrated coastal zone management are the following:
spatial limits of the coastal zone, in view of differences in borders of internal seawaters (including historic waters);
legal contents and regimes of the territorial sea and contiguous zone;
lawfulness of the extension of the coastal zone territory into a strait used for international navigation;
legal nuances of conventional terminology (�adjoining�, �adjacent�, �contiguous�);
international legal consequences of �narrow� and �wide� interpretation by the coastal state legislator of the notions of �coastal management� and �coastal zone�.
Chapter 2.1
Concept of Maritime Law: principles, rules, norms and sources of Maritime Law
At present, Maritime Law includes both norms of national law, referring to various branches of law (civil, administrative, criminal, etc.), and norms of international public and international private law.
Therefore it has been agreed that modern Maritime Law should have three constituents:
National law;
International private law.
National Maritime Law
National Maritime Law includes norms from various branches of the law. This is due to the complexity of maritime operations and the need to cover the broad set of questions linked to activities at sea.
It is obvious, that national Maritime Law should be part of the legal system of states that have coastal zones under their jurisdiction.
In the Russian Federation this provision can be illustrated by the following example. A contract to ship cargo, rescue at sea, marine insurance, etc., are regulated by norms of civil law (in particular, by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation ), the order of release for vessels to sail from ports of the Russian Federation is defined by norms of administrative law (Article 111, Administrative Code), and the responsibility of captains of Russian vessels to offer aid at a marine disaster is specified in the norms of criminal law (Article 270, Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).
Thus, national Maritime Law is made up of norms from various branches of national law, united by a common subject of legal regulation: the use of the sea in all its forms.
International public Maritime Law
International public Maritime Law is characterized by the quantity and complexity of regulations on the use of the World Ocean. It was not created as a whole, but developed gradually in response to prevailing conditions. There were two distinct stages in the history of its development.
The first Geneva Conference of the United Nations on the Law of the Sea in 1958 marked the beginning of the first phase. It resulted in four Conventions on: the territorial sea and the contiguous zone ; the continental shelf ; the high seas ; fisheries and the protection of the living resources of the high seas.
The second United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea was held in 1960. Its aim was to establish a uniform width for territorial waters around the world. No agreement was reached.
The beginning of the second stage in development of Maritime Law was marked by the third United Nations Conference that was dedicated to the development and introduction into international practice of norms and rules on the use of the World Ocean resources and �rules of conduct� in the Ocean. The Conference lasted for an unusually long time - from 1973 to 1982 (the longest conference in the history of United Nations) and was very successful. It resulted in a comprehensive international legal act the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 . The convention of 1982 is unique in having a universal character. The Convention came into force on November 16, 1994. Initially 119 states were signatories to it. Russia ratified it on February 26, 1997 and there are now 126 parties to the convention including the EU.
What did this Convention contribute to the development of international Maritime Law?
It acknowledged, supplemented and developed a number of provisions stipulated in the Geneva Convention of 1958 . Thus it put into law rules and norms of Maritime Law that had already been verified in practice.
It introduced new provisions so that the Convention now consists of 17 parts including 320 articles and 9 appendices.
The 1982 Convention precisely defined, for the first time, the boundary of the territorial sea that can be claimed by coastal states. It is limited to 12 nautical miles.
A compromise on the demands by some states for territorial rights up to 200 miles offshore was embodied in the concept of the exclusive economic zone.
Laws to govern research and exploitation in areas of international seabed were established.
The concept of archipelagic waters was introduced for the first time.
In view of demands by coastal states for wider territorial seas the right of transit passage through international straits was defined.
The principle provisions of modern Maritime Law that constitute international public maritime law fall into three categories.
Although the conventions and agreements listed above are the source of most international public Maritime Law, there are also significant contributions from regional conventions and bilateral agreements.
Chapter 2.2
Maritime areas and the main provisions of their legal regime
According to the current international legal classification of maritime areas, the World Ocean is divided into three legal categories:
Maritime areas: being an integral part of a coastal state�s territory within the limits of its sovereignty (internal waters, territorial seas);
Areas, which are not included in the coastal state territory, but are under its jurisdiction (exclusive economic zone, contiguous zone, continental shelf);
Areas under neither sovereignty, nor jurisdiction of any state (high seas) ( Avramenko, 2001a , Foreword).
It is clear that the legal regimes of these basic categories of maritime areas cannot be uniform. So, for example, in territorial waters, in contrast to internal waters, there is the right of innocent passage. No less significant differences occur in relation to the jurisdiction of a coastal state in the contiguous and exclusive economic zone in comparison with the continental shelf. The use of maritime resources in special areas such as international straits, canals, rivers, archipelagic waters and the waters of the Arctic and the Antarctic regions pose particularly complex legal problems.
Internal waters
Internal waters are defined as waters on the landward side of the baseline, which is used for measuring the width of territorial waters. According to Maritime Law the following are included in internal waters:
Ports;
Waters between a shore and straight baselines, used to measure the breadth of the territorial waters;
Internal seas, i.e. the seas surrounded by the land territory of one or several states;
Bays with entrances not more than 24 nautical miles wide;
Historic waters, including historical bays irrespective of the width of the entrance.
Thus the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 treats a bay as a well-marked indentation whose penetration is in such proportion to the width of its mouth as to contain land-locked waters and constitute more than a mere curvature of the coast. An indentation shall not, however, be regarded as a bay unless its area is as large as, or larger than, that of the semi-circle whose diameter is a line drawn across the mouth of that indentation. When the entrance to a bay exceeds 24 nautical miles, a straight baseline shall be drawn within the bay in such a manner as to enclose the maximum area of water that is possible with a line of that length.
The restriction above does not apply to so-called �historic� bays. Where the use of the coast and coastal resources is of particular significance. Three factors serve as the basis for including bays and other �historic� waters in internal waters:
Sovereignty has been claimed by the coastal state for a long period of time;
The bay is of important economic, defensive and strategic significance to the coastal state;
The majority of states have implied recognition of the bay as internal water.
If certain specified factors are present it is accepted that a bay is not simply �historic�, but is under the jurisdiction of the corresponding state. Therefore countries, whose territory includes the coastal zone, have �historic� bays within their borders as a rule. Normally these bays are well known and consequently there is no necessity to mention their �historic� nature. The main ones are: in the Russian Federation Peter the Great Bay and Penzhin Bay in the Far East; in Europe the Bristol Channel, Moray Firth, Conception (Great Britain), Cancal (France); in North America Hudson Bay (Canada), Delaware Bay, Monterey Bay, Chesapeake Bay, Santa Monica Bay (USA).
Thus, if in general the legal regime of internal seawaters as parts of a state territory is determined mainly by the coastal state, it should be in agreement with regulations of international Maritime Law.
Territorial seas
Territorial seas are waters that form a belt around the land that is up to 12 nautical miles wide. They adjoin to internal seawaters, directly to the coast (where there are no internal waters) or to archipelagic waters depending on the circumstances. The breadth of the territorial sea is measured from baselines and being part of a state�s territory is under its sovereignty. Roadsteads that are normally used for loading, unloading and anchoring ships, and which would otherwise be situated wholly or partly outside the outer limit of the territorial sea, are included in the territorial sea ( Article 12 of the Convention of 1982 ).
The right to passage in territorial seas is determined and defined in International Maritime Law as navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of: traversing that sea without entering internal waters; proceeding to or from internal waters. According to the provisions of the Convention on Territorial Seas and the Contiguous Zone of 1958 (Article 14) the passage, taking place in conformity with articles of the Convention and with other rules of international law, is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of a coastal state. To avoid any confusion the notion of innocent passage was made explicit in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 .
At the beginning of the twenty first century 119 of the 151 coastal states worldwide had established 12-mile wide territorial seas. These states include the Russian Federation, the USA, China, India, France, Italy, Ukraine, Latvia and Lithuania. Some states have opted for territorial seas significantly less than 12 miles wide. Jordan and Singapore have limited it to 3 miles, Finland and Norway - to 4 miles, Greece and Turkey - to 6 miles. In signing the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea some states (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ghana, etc.) agreed to reduce their territorial seas to the 12 nautical miles agreed by the world community in 1982. Currently 130 states have limited their territorial seas to 12 miles in accordance with the Convention.
Contiguous zone
Contiguous zone waters constitute a belt of sea, adjoining to the territorial waters of a coastal state which, according to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 , may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. In the contiguous zone the coastal state has the right to some defined kinds of control.
The use and control of the contiguous zone is defined in the Geneva Convention of 1958 on Territorial Seas and the Contiguous Zone . Article 24 of this Convention says, that:
In a zone of the high seas contiguous to its territorial sea, the coastal state may exercise the control necessary to:
Prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary regulations within its territory or territorial sea;
Punish infringement of the above regulations committed within its territory or territorial sea.
The contiguous zone may not extend beyond twelve miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Where the coasts of two states are opposite or adjacent to each other, neither of the two states is entitled, failing agreement between them to the contrary, to extend its contiguous zone beyond the median line every point of which is equidistant from the nearest points on the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial seas of the two states is measured.
The current Russian Federation Law �On Internal Seawaters, Territorial Seas and Contiguous Zone of the Russian Federation� (adopted in 1998) defines the contiguous zone of the Russian Federation as a belt of sea disposed outside and adjacent to the territorial sea, whose external border is 24 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section II).
Fifty-five states have now established a contiguous zone of 24 nautical miles and less. Only Syria has declared a contiguous zone of more than 24 nautical miles (41 nautical miles).
Various countries have declared various other zones: sanitary zones by Arab countries; fiscal and immigration zones by India; security zones by Burma, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Vietnam. Zones of the criminal jurisdiction, neutrality, pollution prevention etc. have been established, often by states that have recently gained political independence.
High seas
International Maritime Law concerning the high seas has no direct relation to the coastal zone but knowledge of its basic provisions is necessary for complete understanding of the law governing the coastal zone.
The term �high seas� means all parts of the sea that are not included in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state. The high seas being open to all nations, no state may validly subject any part of them to its sovereignty.
Obviously, the legal regime of the high seas unlike other kinds of maritime areas is regulated only by norms of international law. Two of the sources of international law concerning the high seas are the Convention on the High Seas of 1958 and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 .
One of the most important and distinctive features of the high seas is that it is open, in full sense of this word to all states, both coastal and land-locked.
According to Convention on the High Seas of 1958 freedom of the high seas includes:
Freedom of navigation;
Freedom to lay submarine cables and pipelines;
Freedom to fly over the high seas.
The convention of 1982 extended the concept of freedom of the high seas to include two additional items:
Freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permitted under international law;
Freedom to do scientific research.
Thus freedom of the high seas is not absolute. States may exercise the freedoms specified above, provided that they take into account the interests of other countries. Modern international law maintains the principle of freedom of the high seas, and this is the foundation of the legislation that governs navigation at sea. All states, whether coastal or not, have the right to allow ships to sail under their flag. Ships can only sail under the flag of one state and are subject exclusively to that state�s jurisdiction while at sea. However, naval vessels and other ships and aircraft on government service have the right of interference on the high seas if international maritime law is being violated. In other waters law enforcement is in the hands of the sovereign state.
The Convention on the High Seas of 1958 defines cases and rules when such interference can take place:
on the basis of an existing international treaty;
if the ship is engaged in piracy;
if the ship is engaged in the slave trade;
if though flying a foreign flag or refusing to show its flag, the ship is, in reality, of the same nationality as the warship;
in executing the right of hot pursuit.
In recent years an additional reason for interfering on the high seas appeared: pollution. In 1969 an International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties was adopted. Thus international Environmental Law as well as international Maritime Law apply to the high seas. The Convention gave coastal states the right to interfere on the high seas to prevent, reduce or eliminate the threat of oil pollution by a foreign vessel due to an accident on the high seas. As oil is not the only marine pollutant a Protocol on Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Pollution Casualties by Substances Other Than Oil was introduced in 1973.
Exclusive economic zone
The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea. It is subject to the specific legal regime established by United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 . This means, that the regime of the exclusive economic zone cannot be established by the coastal state at its own discretion.
Specific features of the exclusive economic zone are:
The exclusive economic zone is beyond the territory of any state and not under the sovereignty of any state. The rights of a neighboring coastal state in this zone are exceptionally limited in character;
The exclusive economic zone is the result of a compromise between states interested in optimizing the use of their coastal resources. Special attention was given to the question of the exclusive economic zone during the preparation and course of the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea;
Many states (particularly countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America have insisted on economic zones 200 nautical miles wide; increased from the normal 12 nautical miles). 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the width of the territorial sea is measured is now the limit for the exclusive economic zone.
The concept, rules of use and territorial limitations on the exclusive economic zone are fixed in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 .
According to the provisions of this Convention a coastal state has the following rights within the limits of the exclusive economic zone:
sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from water, currents and winds;
jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with regard to:
establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures;
marine scientific research;
protection and preservation of the marine environment;
other rights and duties provided in the Convention.
While exercising these rights, the coastal state shall have due regard to rights of other states in their exclusive economic zone ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
Thus, the coastal state within the framework of the exclusive economic zone has:
first, not sovereignty, but sovereign rights, i.e. rights established for strictly defined purposes and in precisely limited amounts;
second, sovereign rights are established only for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing living or non-living natural resources, that, in particular, means the right of coastal states to exercise sovereignty on the use of all fish resources (including those attached to the seabed e.g., crustaceans etc.), mineral resources (oil, gas, etc.), and also energy produced from the water, currents and wind;
third, the specified rights have an exclusive character, no other state may engage in the activity, set out in the convention, in the exclusive economic zone of another state without that state�s permission.
fourth, the coastal state has exclusive jurisdiction over artificial islands, installations and structures.
The following rights are delegated to coastal states:
Only the coastal state has the right to exercise jurisdiction in relation to any violations of marine environmental protection within its exclusive economic zone;
Only the coastal state has the right to permit marine scientific research in its exclusive economic zone.
The coastal state can realize only those rights, and perform only those duties, which are stipulated in the Convention of 1982 . In other words, no coastal state can exercise any rights, which are not provided for in the Convention (for example, to control navigation of foreign ships, customs or medical controls, etc.).
So although coastal states have sovereign rights and jurisdiction in their exclusive economic zone, other states have the right to navigate, over fly, lay submarine cables and pipelines, and other internationally lawful uses of the sea related to these freedoms, such as those associated with the operation of ships, aircraft and submarine cables and pipelines, and compatible with the other provisions of the 1982 Convention (Article 58, Item 1) ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
Satellite communication between foreign merchant ships and coastal services using the international organization of maritime satellite communications (INMARSAT) system is also a right within the exclusive economic zone.
At the beginning of the XXI century 96 states had established exclusive economic zones, and 25 states had also declared fishing zones of up to 200 nautical miles around their coasts.
Chapter 2.3
International straits and canals
Straits are given special attention in international Maritime Law because they occupy such a significant part of the coastal zone.
They are the natural maritime passes connecting the high seas, or the seas and the oceans. Some straits due to their geographical position, scale and dynamics of use are used intensively for international navigation. In international Maritime Law they are called international straits.
Part III of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982 , �Straits used for international navigation� optimizes the interests both of the countries using international straits, and the coastal states located along the straits. In particular, Article 34 of the Convention says, that the regime of passage through straits used for international navigation shall not in other respects affect the legal status of the waters forming such straits or the exercise by the states bordering the straits of their sovereignty or jurisdiction over such waters and their air space, bed and subsoil (International Maritime Law in Documents. Moscow, 2000, Section X, Part 3, p.431).
The definition of transit passage is given in Section 2, Part III, of the Convention : transit passage is the freedom of navigation or over flight of a strait solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of the strait.
The significance of the definition is evident in straits where territorial waters of more than one state overlap, as is the case in a significant number of major international straits. Free transit passage is essential to merchant shipping.
The 1982 Convention also provides for the interests of the states that border straits in terms of navigational safety, fishery, prevention of pollution, compliance with customs, fiscal, immigration and sanitary regulations. Vessels on transit passage should comply with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices for safety at sea, and with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices for prevention, reduction and control of pollution from ships.
Foreign vessels, while exercising the right of transit passage, should refrain from any activities leading to the violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations and to refrain from any activities, other than those incident to their normal modes of continuous and expeditious transit, unless rendered necessary by force majeure.
According to the Convention transit passage does not apply if there is a route through a strait that keeps to the high seas or the exclusive economic zone that is of similar convenience with respect to navigational and hydrographical characteristics.
States bordering straits may designate sea-lanes and prescribe traffic separation schemes within the straits to promote the safe passage of ships. The states should respect the following requirements:
sea-lanes and traffic separation schemes shall conform to generally accepted international regulations;
before designating or substituting sea lanes or prescribing or substituting traffic separation schemes, states bordering straits shall refer proposals to the competent international organization with a view to their adoption;
states bordering straits shall clearly indicate all sea lanes and traffic separation schemes designated or prescribed by them on charts to which due publicity shall be given.
The 1982 Convention does not cover the Black Sea and the Baltic Straits these are regulated by special international conventions.
Black Sea Straits
The Black Sea Straits is a major international shipping route that connects the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The Straits consist of the Bosporus Strait (length 31 km, width 0.7 km - 3.7 km), the Marmara Sea (length 222 km, width 27 km � 74 km) and the Dardanelles Strait (length 70 km, width 1.3 km � 2 km). It is regulated by the Montreux Convention of 1936 .
Baltic Straits
The Baltic Straits, or Danish Straits as it is sometimes called, consist of three straits - the Great Belt, the Little Belt and the Sound. It is the only waterway connecting the Baltic Sea with the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.
The use of the Baltic Straits by merchant shipping has a long history. It is governed by the Copenhagen the Convention which came into force on March 14, 1857. Nowadays this document is recognized as the source of law.
International canals
Canals are accorded a special place in international maritime law because:
canals are artificially created shipping ways;
being artificial canals were dug at one time by someone and equipped for navigation;
canals are at key nodes of international shipping lanes and neighboring countries sometimes see opportunities to increase their role in world politics through their control of the canal;
canals connect the high seas and consequently are major waterways of international value and in this respect they differ significantly from other internal waters of a state, for example, national rivers;
canals have an important and significant status defined by their geographical position, as all of them form an immediate connection between vast areas of the high seas. For example, the Panama Canal links the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Suez Canal - the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The Kiel Canal connects the Baltic Sea with the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean;
canals are of international important for navigation In this respect some canals are of greater importance than many international channels and straits.
Suez canal
In terms of commercial navigation and traffic density the Suez Canal is the most important canal in the world.
Regulations for the Suez Canal were established in 1888 by the Convention of Constantinople. This was the first treaty in the history of international maritime law to grant free passage within a canal. Article 1 prohibits interference with vessels in the canal and so guarantees free passage in peacetime and war. Article 2 prohibits obstruction and interference with the security of the canal and its branches.
Kiel Canal
The entire length of the Kiel Canal (98.7 km) is within German territory. It is 102 meters wide at the surface, 42 meters wide at its bed and the depth of the fairway is 11.3 meters. The canal connects the North Sea to the Baltic Sea and saves a journey of 685 km through the Baltic Straits.
Navigation in the Canal is regulated by the Navigation Rules of the Kiel Canal , which gives freedom of passage to merchant vessels of all countries after payment of transit fees and receipt of a passage certificate. Vessels not fit to sail in the Canal may be refused passage.
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal connects the Gulf of Panama in the Pacific Ocean with the Gulf of Mosquitoes in the Caribbean Sea.
The Panama Canal started to function as a shipping line on August 15, 1914, but was not open to international shipping until 1920. It is now a neutral international waterway open to vessels of all countries on conditions of full equality and non-discrimination.
On December 31, 1999 the Panama Canal passed under the sovereignty of Panama according to the Torrijos-Carter Treaty of 1977. At this point the Canal became a government enterprise.
Chapter 2.4
Archipelagic waters and the continental shelf
Archipelagic waters
Archepelagic waters are the waters inside and around an archipelago. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 (Article 46) treats �archipelago�as a group of islands, including parts of islands, interconnecting waters and other natural features which are so closely interrelated that such islands, waters and other natural features form an intrinsic geographical, economic and political entity, or which historically have been regarded as such (International Maritime Law in Documents, 2000, Section X).
The largest and the most well known archipelagic states are Indonesia, the Philippines and Fiji. On attaining sovereignty many island states have became more interested in how to profit from the waters surrounding them and have in recent decades claimed sovereignty over waters traditionally recognized as the high sea.
Changes in international Maritime Law can only be made through multilateral negotiations. The III Conference on the Law of the Sea examined this issue of archepelagis states and the resulting 1982 United Nations Convention contains a number of special provisions on the legal regulation of archipelagic waters.
The Convention stipulates the right of an archipelagic state to draw straight archipelagic baselines joining the outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of the archipelago provided that these baselines include within them the main islands and an area in which the ratio of the area of the water to the area of the land, including atolls, is between 1 to 1 and 9 to 1. The length of such baselines shall not exceed 100 nautical miles, except that up to 3 per cent of the total number of baselines enclosing any archipelago may exceed that length, up to a maximum length of 125 nautical miles. Also these baselines shall not depart to any appreciable extent from the general configuration of the archipelago. The breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf shall be measured from archipelagic baselines ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
As archipelagic waters, as a rule, were widely used for international navigation, by analogy to territorial waters the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 reserves, that under the condition of respecting the regime of internal waters within the limits of archipelagic waters, ships of all states have the right of innocent passage through archipelagic waters.
Continental shelf
Much of the research and exploitation of the World Ocean is centered on the continental shelf. The continental shelf is extremely rich in various resources, among which oil is of special significance for the world economy.
According to the Convention of 1958 adopted by the first Geneva Conference on the Law of the Sea, the continental shelf is the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast, but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of 200 meters or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of the said areas, and the seabed and subsoil of similar submarine areas adjacent to the coasts of islands. Thus the Convention of 1958 establishes two criteria for the definition of the external border of the continental shelf:
Depth of 200m;
Technical availability (so-called exploitability criterion).
The 1958 legal definition of the continental shelf favors some states and not others. The continental shelf adjacent to some states is wide, shallow and does not descend steeply. For such states (e.g. Argentina) the depth criterion is favorable in determining the extent of their shelf. Other states (e.g. Chile, Peru and Spain) have a very narrow shelf with deep water close to the shore. For these states the depth criterion is extremely unprofitable. The exploitability criterion is even more unfair as it favors technologically advanced states over those less able to exploit hard to reach natural resources
So during the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea a new and more precise definition of the continental shelf was negotiated. This definition is included in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and states that: the continental shelf comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that distance. If the continental margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles from the shore, the outer limits of the continental shelf shall not exceed 350 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured or shall not exceed 100 nautical miles from the 2500 meters isobath.
The 1982 Convention retained, practically unchanged, the 1958 Convention �s provisions on exploration and exploitation of the continental shelf by the sovereign state ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I).
However, the concept of the continental shelf exists not only in the legal meaning. In geographical science, for example, the continental shelf is defined as a �rather narrow band of the seabed framing a continental massif which external margin quickly steps towards the ocean deeps� (A Glossary of Geographical Terms, 1975, p.229).
From the geologic-morphological point of view the continental shelf is the flat part of a continent extending under seawater up to the place where it sharply transforms into the continental slope.
Thus, the legal concept of the continental shelf is wider than geographical and geologic-morphological ones, as it includes besides the shelf itself, coastal areas of the seabed where the continental shelf is absent in the direct sense, and also areas of the seabed beyond the limits of the continental shelf. Also, from the geographical point of view the shelf begins at the coast; from the legal point it begins at the outer boundary of the territorial sea, as the territorial sea, the seabed and subsoil within the territorial waters form part of the territory of the coastal state. The continental shelf outside territorial waters is not part of state territory, but coastal states enjoy certain rights within the continental shelf beyond their territorial waters.
Russia occupies the one-seventh of the world�s landmass and has the most extensive coastal zone in the world. As such it has always shown a considerable interest in the question of the continental shelf. The Russian Federation is subject to international law so in accordance with international agreements and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea the Law �On the Continental Shelf of the Russian Federation� was adopted in 1995.
According to this Law the continental shelf of the Russian Federation includes the seabed and subsoil of the underwater areas outside the territorial seas of the Russian Federation to the extent of the natural continuation of its land territory up to the outer boundary of underwater continental margin. This definition of the continental shelf also applies to all islands of the Russian Federation.
The outer boundary of the continental shelf of the Russian Federation is defined as 200 nautical miles from baselines, i.e. the lines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, provided that the outer boundary of the underwater continental margin does not extend beyond 200 nautical miles. If the underwater continental margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles from the specified baselines, the outer boundary of the continental shelf is said to coincide with the outer boundary of the underwater continental margin defined according to norms of international law.
This Law on the continental shelf the Russian Federation establishes the following rights:
Sovereign rights to explore the continental shelf and develop its mineral and living resources, being exclusive in the sense that if the Russian Federation does not exercise them, nobody else can do so without its consent;
Exclusive rights to permit and regulate drilling on the continental shelf for any purposes;
Exclusive rights to permit, regulate construction, operate and use artificial islands, installations and structures. The Russian Federation exercises jurisdiction over these including customs, fiscal, sanitary, safety and immigration laws and rules;
Jurisdiction in relation to:
Protection and conservation of the marine environment;
Laying and exploitation of submarine cables and pipelines.
The Law reserves, that Russia�s rights on the continental shelf do not touch upon the legal status of its waters or the airspace above these waters.
The Law also provides, that artificial islands, installations and structures cannot have the status of islands and have no territorial sea, exclusive economic area or continental shelf. Safety zones shall be established not exceeding a distance of 500 meters around artificial islands, installations and structures, measured from each point of their outer edge (International Maritime Law in Documents, 2000, Section X, pp.520-522).
Delimitation of the continental shelf between the Russian Federation and neighboring states is based on international treaties of the Russian Federation or norms of international law.
The outer boundaries of the continental shelf and lists of geographical coordinates with basic geodetic data and delimitation lines determined by Government of the Russian Federation are indicated on charts of appropriate scale and should be published in the �Notice for Navigators�.
Chapter 2.5
The Arctic
The polar or high-latitude regions occupy a special place in international Maritime Law. The two regions involved are the Arctic and the Antarctic; and it is the Arctic that is of interest to Russia.
The Arctic is the northern polar region of the globe. It is made up of the Arctic Ocean, parts of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and the edges of Eurasia and North America within the polar circle (66�33�N). Eight countries have territory in the Arctic: Russia, the USA (Alaska), Canada, Denmark (Greenland), Norway, Iceland, Sweden and Finland. These subarctic countries have contributed most to research and development in the region ( Avramenko, 2001a , Section I) being unique in many respects: geopolitical, ecological, economic and military-political.
The Arctic is of global importance because it has a significant effect on the climate and weather of the northern hemisphere. More locally, its natural resources (including large, recently opened oil and gas fields) make it of economic importance. Its position means that it is both strategically important and a useful waterway and air route connecting the east and west. These factors explain the attention that is currently being paid to the legislation that governs the region.
Historically subarctic countries have claimed special interests in the Arctic. This was codified in international legal doctrine as the �sectoral theory�, which gave a subarctic state special rights in the polar �triangle� bounded by the state�s coast and the meridian lines to the North Pole. Canada was particularly active in defending this division of the Arctic. In a number of national legislative acts (for example, the Law on the Northern Territories of 1925), and in official declarations Canada defended its sovereignty to land, islands and even maritime areas to the north of the Canadian coast.
Maritime regions of the Arctic, including those permanently covered with ice, are governed by legal regimes based on the norms of international Maritime Law. So internal waters, territorial seas, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves and high seas are defined in the same way as in the rest of the world.
Northern Seaway lanes lie partially in the high seas and partly in Russian waters. This means that the Seaway is categorized as a national communication lane and that Russia, as the coastal state, has exclusive rights and duties. Legislation governing the use of the Seaway by foreign vessels is based on Russian Federation laws that govern access and navigation in internal waters, territorial seas and the exclusive economic zone.
At present, the Northern Seaway is regulated by Rules of Navigation on the Northern Seaway Lines, which came into force on July 1, 1991. The Rules allow vessels of any nationality access to the Seaway on a non-discriminatory basis. The Seaway is regulated by the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation through the Administration of the Northern Seaway and is operated by Russian navigation services that draw staff from Murmansk and Far East maritime shipping companies.
|
i don't know
|
'Frantic Elevators' was the previous name of which pop group?
|
Simply Red — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm
rock
Simply Red is an English pop band, formed in the mid 1980s.
Simply Red's roots originate from the notorious 1976 Sex Pistols gig at the Lesser Free Trade Hall in Manchester. Manchester art student Mick Hucknall was one of the many young music fans present (along with original members of The Fall , Joy Division , The Smiths and Buzzcocks ) who was inspired to form a band after witnessing that gig. The first incarnation of the band was a punk group called… read more
|
Simply Red
|
What was the former name of Kiribati?
|
Live Nation | Simply Red
Notify me when this artist is touring
Artist bio
The secret of the successful rock and soul group, Simply Red, lies in the quality of lead singer Mick Hucknall's high-reaching voice. This sublime instrument, married to bluesy rock music and superb songs, was a match made in heaven. The wonder of Hucknall's voice has never dimmed in the group's 25-year existence. It was evident at their 2010 exit concert in London's O2 Arena, when Hucknall sang the group's 1989 hit song, "Every Time We Say Goodbye." Members of the silent crowd shed tears as the voice, interwoven with notes from piano and violin, sounded round the performance space. However, more upbeat ballads, such as "The Right Thing," soon dispelled the melancholic mood of the crowd who rocked to the occasion. These songs are, of course, among the 61 definitive tracks on the group's exit album, the "Simply Red Song Book 1985 -- 2010."
Hucknall founded the group in 1985 with the help of music manager Elliot Rashman. The initial releases proved unremarkable until the group scored a hit with the single, "Holding Back The Years," a song that Hucknall had written for his earlier group, the Frantic Elevators. With songs like "If You Don't Know Me By Now" and "Money's Too Tight," hit followed hit for the remainder of the decade. Ever since, Simply Red has been a household name, with album sales in excess of 25 million, augmented by ticket sales for concert and tour venues. Hucknall has won a glass case of awards, including three Brit awards, two Ivor Novello awards and a MOBO. Simply Red may be no more as a group, but with a recording history like this, their music will always be evergreen.
|
i don't know
|
"""Like the brief doomed flare of exploding suns that register dimly on blind men's eyes, the beginning of the horror passed almost unnoticed"", is the first line of which book?"
|
May 2001
"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
The earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was moving over the surface of the waters.
Then God said, ""Let there be light''; and there was light."
-Genesis, Holy Bible, NASV-
"In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God.
All things came into being through Him, and apart from Him nothing came into being that has come into being."
-John, Holy Bible, NASV-
Location
Makati
"Choose life. Choose a job. Choose a career. Choose a family. Choose a ******* big television. Choose washing machines, cars, compact disc players and electrical tin openers... choose DIY and wondering who the **** you are on a Sunday morning. Choose sitting on that couch watching mindnumbing, spirit-crushing game shows, stuffing junk food into your mouth. Choose rotting away at the end of it all, pishing your last in a miserable home, nothing more than an embarrassment to the selfish, ****ed-up brats you spawned to replace yourself. Choose your future. Choose Life ...
But why would I want to do a thing like that?"
I chose not to choose life: I chose something else. And the reasons? There are no reasons. Who need reasons when you've got heroin?
-Mark Renton, TRAINSPOTTING by Irvine Welsh
Makati
Can I please please please include the closing lines? Please. Heck here it is
"So why did I do it? I could offer a million answers, all false. The truth is that I'm a bad person, but that's going to change, I'm going to change. This is the last of this sort of thing. I'm cleaning up and I'm moving on, going straight and choosing life. I'm looking forward to it already. I'm going to be just like you: the job, the family, the ******* big television, the washing machine, the car, the compact disc and electrical tin opener, good health, low cholesterol, dental insurance, mortgage, starter home, leisurewear, luggage, three-piece suite, DIY, game shows, junk food, children, walks in the park, nine to five, good at golf, washing the car, choice of sweaters, family Christmas, indexed pension, tax exemption, clearing the gutters, getting by, looking ahead, to the day you die."
-Mark Renton, Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh
May 2001
Keep it coming guys and gals, tanx.
Beginnings and/or endings can really make or break a book or any written work for that matter. Imagine someone's first cry right after birth or the final gasps for air in his/her death bed. How can someone not be intrigued to read a novel which starts like the following 2 examples? The first one portents extreme and sick obsession, the second on an unconditional love and friendship.
"Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta: the tip of the tongue taking a trip of three steps down the palate to tap, at three, on the teeth. Lo. Lee. Ta."
-Nabokov-
"I am doomed to remember a boy with a wrecked voice-not because of his voice, or because he was the smallest person I ever knew, or even he was the instrument of my mother's death, but because he was the reason I believe in God."
Prayer for Owen Meany, John Irving- [Not so original, pero ok na rin.]
***********
P.S. Unfortunately, good beginnings & endings like fine writing are rarities these days. But it's so delightful if you discover them. Don't settle for the mediocre; seek first the original and the shimmering works (or even the garish but never the dull) you can treasure like precious gems. Compare the two following quotes and decide why probably in lit-class, F.S.Fitzgerald is in the "how to write..." while D. Steele is in the "how not to write..."category.
"He loved her, and he would love her until the day he was too old for loving-but he could not have her. So he tasted the deep pain that is reserved only for the strong, just as he tasted for a little while the deep happiness"
vs.
"He entered her and they made love all night". [One can't get much worse than this and still be published].
Last edited by Joules; Dec 2, 2001 at 12:40 AM.
Join Date
May 2001
Good choices, people. I also like poems but can't recall many though; one pops to my mind now, well, anytime I walk to the woods. Here are the start and the last lines for Road Not Taken by Robert Frost . It's so simple and not even that lyrical, yet many love it. I like it how he had always intertwined nature or the surroundings with his insights on life.
"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth��
�.Two roads diverged in a wood, and I-
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference".
Location
almost found
here are some i found on the net... i haven't read all of it, but i hope to, if i ever get around to it...
What can you say about a 25 year old girl who died? - "love story" by erich segal (who can forget this?)
It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were striking thirteen. - "1984" by george orwell (i started but never finished this book. it was too creepy...)
Mr. Sherlock Holmes, who was usually very late in the mornings, save upon those not infrequent occasions when he was up all night, was seated at the breakfast table. "the hound of the baskervilles" by sir arthur conan doyle (one of the best mystery stories ever written, in my opinion)
Like the brief doomed flare of exploding suns that registers dimly on blind men's eyes, the beginning of the horror passed almost unnoticed; in the shriek of what followed, in fact, was forgotten and perhaps not connected to the horror at all. - the exorcist by william peter blatty (scary!)
The accused man, Kabuo Miyamoto, sat proudly upright with a rigid grace, his palms placed softly on the defendents table - the posture of a man who has detached himself insofar as this is possible at his own trial. - "snow falling on cedars" by david guterson (i love this book! haven't seen the film version though...)
Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much.
- "Harry Potter and the Sorceror's Stone" by J. K. Rowling (but of course...)
yun lang muna...
Location
Pacific Northwest
It was inevitable: the scent of bitter almonds always reminded him of the fate of unrequited love. - Love in the Time of Cholera, Gabriel Garcia Marquez
As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect. - The Metamorphosis, Franz Kafka
Love, if i weep it will not matter,
and if you laugh I shall not care;
foolish am i to think about it,
but it is good to feel you there.
The Dream, Edna St. Vincent Millay
I had a farm in Africa, at the foot of the Ngong Hills. Out of Africa, Isak Dinesen
I like for you to be still: it is as though you were absent,
and you hear me from far away and my voice does not touch you.
I like for you to be still, Pablo Neruda
I live my life in growing orbits
which move out over the things of the world.
Ancient Tower, Rainier Maria Rilke
|
The Exorcist
|
Whose second marriage was to actress Nancy Davis?
|
Best First Lines of Books - Straight Dope Message Board
Best First Lines of Books
User Name
Join Date: Mar 2000
Ok.. I know this is risky, me being a newbie and all.. starting a second thread in as many days. But I was inspired by the thread about best last lines of movies. So.. what are the best opening lines to books?
1. The story so far: In the beginning the Universe was created. -- Restaurant at the End of the Universe by Douglas Adams
2. The day had gone by just as days go by. -- Steppenwolf by Herman Hesse
3. An hour before sunset, on the evening of a day in the beginning of October, a man traveling on foot entered the little town of D---. -- Les Miserables by Victor Hugo
There's a couple to get the ideas going...
------------------
--I am Soren Kierkegaard.--
"People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid."
I.M.Kierkegaard
Lolita, light of my life, fire of my loins.
------------------
``You're just an empty cage girl if you kill the bird.'' -- Tori Amos.
xekul
Join Date: Mar 1999
We were somewhere around Barstow on the edge of the desert when the drugs began to take hold.
------------------
"His eyes are as green as a fresh-pickled toad,
His hair is as dark as a blackboard,
I wish he was mine, he's really divine,
The hero who conquered the Dark Lord."
Rilchiam
Location: Schenectady, NY, USA
Posts: 39,574
"Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Antonio B??? remembered the day his father took him to see the ice." One Hundred Years of Solitude.
I don't recall the last half of the sentence exactly, but the first half is enough. I once recited it in a roomful of writers, and they were awstruck.
------------------
Join Date: Mar 2000
"I'm not sure whether he was your A-No.1 over-the-top extreme lord high poo-bah-of-the-assholes type asshole, or he was one of your more average garden-variety assholes, but he obviously was an asshole of some sort."
Not familiar with this one? Look here , especially if you are an editor.
Green Bean
Join Date: Jan 2000
Just call me Ishmael.
I am sooo tempted to put Ishmael on my "possible names for possible future LittleRiddles." Right next to Wolfgang (Wolfie) for cool points.
SwimmingRiddles
Join Date: Feb 2000
"They call me Ishmael." Which Gary Larson did a terrific Far Side cartoon about...Melville is sitting at his desk with hundreds of sheets of paper strewn around reading "They call me Steve," "They call me Edgar," "They call me Bob," etc.
plnnr
'In a hole in the ground there lived a hobbit.'
------------------
If you believed in yourself, and tore enough holes
in your pants, there was always a mist-filled alley
right around the corner.
Join Date: Feb 2000
Also, "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth." A pretty good start even if it is a work of fiction.
plnnr
Join Date: Jan 2000
I thought it was "In the beginning, the earth was without form, and void." Also pretty snappy, though.
SwimmingRiddles
Join Date: Feb 2000
You may be right, I'm working from a my pretty fuzzy memory of the whole thing and didn't have a copy of the book at hand. And while I don't think its the actual first line, "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times," from A Tale of Two Cities is pretty good as well. Which got a great treatment by Woody in a Cheers episode.
plnnr
Quote:
Originally posted by SwimmingRiddles:
I thought it was "In the beginning, the earth was without form, and void." Also pretty snappy, though.
"GE 1:1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters."
At least that's how it is in the NIV version. I think different versions may well have your sentence as part of the very first sentence, though.
------------------
--I am Soren Kierkegaard.--
"People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid."
I.M.Kierkegaard
Join Date: Dec 1999
Well this is from memory, so I'm sure I dont have it exactly right, but it's from 1984:
"The clock in the square struck thirteen."
And SwimmingRiddles-
Isn't the line from Moby Dick "Call me Ishmael." ? Again, I'm going from memory here, so I may be mistaken.
Spoke
Join Date: Dec 1999
Oh yeah and a slight hijack here:
In addition to having one of the greatest first lines in literature, A Tale of Two Cities has one of the greatest last lines:
"'Tis a far, far greater thing I do than I have ever done before. 'Tis a far greater rest I go to than I have ever known."
Or something like that. I'm going from memory here.
Spoke
Join Date: Jul 1999
'When I finally caught up with Abraham Trahearne, he was drinking beer with an alcoholic bulldog named Fireball Roberts in a ramshackle joint just outside of Sonoma, California, drinking the heart right out of a fine spring afternoon.'
The Last Good Kiss by James Crumley
jcgmoi
Join Date: Mar 2000
"A general explanation of the world and of history must first of all take into account the way our house was situated, in an area once known as "French Point", on the last slopes at the foot of San Pietro hill, as though at the border between two continents."
--Italo Calvino, The Road To San Giovanni
Dr. Watson
"The past, at least, is secure." -- Daniel Webster
Dr.Watson
Join Date: Jul 1999
"As I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house, I had but two things on my mind, Paul Newman and a ride home."
The Outsiders, by S.E. Hinton.
kellibelli
Join Date: May 1999
"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a giant insect."
Kafka Metamorphosis
Join Date: Dec 1999
"There once was a saviour, born in the holy land of Indiana, raised in the mystical hills east of Fort Wayne."
Richard Bach - Illusions
** Kellibelli - haven't thought of that opening in a long time, but what a great line (and book).
------------------
But I don't want to pay the penalty.
I just want to go home.
cygnus
Join Date: Dec 1999
The magician's underwear has just been found in a cardboard suitcase floating in a stagnant pond on the outskirts of Miami.
Chrome Toaster
Well, thank you. I enjoyed it a great deal.
------------------
Sesquipedalophobia --fear of long words
kellibelli
Originally posted by spoke-:
Isn't the line from Moby Dick "Call me Ishmael." ?
That's what I always thought it was. The only reason I remember the phrase is because of an English teacher drilling into our little student heads that this was very significant, because the author never actually claimed that Ishmael was really his name. (I remember thinking that didn't seem to me to be all that significant, but hey, I was an engineering student...)
WillGolfForFood
"What's it going to be then, eh?"
- A Clockwork Orange - Anthony Burgess
------------------
"Organs gross me out. That's organs, not orgasms."
-the wallster
My favorite:
Quote:
No man is an island, entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main; if a clod be washed away by the see, Europe is the less, as well as if a promontorie were, as well as if a manot of thy friends and thine were; any man's death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankind; and therefore never send to know for whom the Bell tolls... It tolls for thee.
Man, that just kicks ass.
Another that Kicks ass is this:
Quote:
One evening, Arthur Lewisham looked through the keyhole of the back bedroom of his house, and regretted it ever after.
That is the best hook I have ever heard.
Lexicon
"'Tis a pity she's a whore,'" the Marine said.
"Don't bet your ass or your pension on it," the priest said. --Fuzzy Bones
------------------
Your Official Cat Goddess since 10/20/99.
I just washed my cat. It'll take me hours to get the hairs off my tongue.
                                        --100% certified genuine WallyM7� sig
Kat
Posts: 2,815
Here are a couple of my favorites:
"Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man skilled in all ways of contending, the wanderer, harried for years on end, after he plundered the stronghold on the proud height of Troy." The Odyssey, of course...Great opener.
"When I left my office that beautiful spring day, I had no idea what was in store for me." Where the Red Fern Grows. Every dog owner should read that.
"It was a dark and stormy night." Probably dozens of books start this way, but this one in particular is A Wrinkle In Time.
and maybe the best (and longest) of all:
"No one would have believed in the last years of the nineteenth century that this world was being watched keenly and closely by intelligences greater than man's and yet as mortal as his own; that as men busied themselves about their various concerns they were scrutinized and studied, perhaps almost as narrowly as a man with a microscope might scrutinize the transient creatures that swarm and multiply in a drop of water." The War Of The Worlds.
------------------
Join Date: Mar 2000
A couple of more I thought of...
"Where's Papa going with that ax?" said Fern to her mother as they were setting the table for breakfast. -- Charlotte's Web
"All happy families are alike, but an unhappy family is unhappy after its own fashion." -- Anna Karenina (Tolstoy)
"Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent picture in a book, called Stories From Nature, about the primeval forest." -- The Little Prince (de Saint Exupery)
"It was a dark and stormy night." -- A Wrinkle in Time (not to mention all the times Snoopy used it, of course.)
"I warn you that what you are about to read is full of loose ends and unanswered questions." -- Invasion of the Body Snatchers
------------------
--I am Soren Kierkegaard.--
"People demand freedom of speech to make up for the freedom of thought which they avoid."
I.M.Kierkegaard
Join Date: Mar 2000
The Edward Bulwar Lytton prize is awarded every year to the author of the worst possible opening line of a book. This has been so successful that Penguin now publishes five books' worth of entries. Some recent winners:
Quote:
"Like an overripe beefsteak tomato rimmed with cottage cheese, the corpulent remains of Santa Claus lay dead on the hotel floor."
and a fav...
Quote:
"The sun oozed over the horizon, shoved aside darkness, crept along the greensward, and, with sickly fingers, pushed through the castle window, revealing the pillaged princess, hand at throat, crown asunder, gaping in frenzied horror at the sated, sodden amphibian lying beside her, disbelieving the magnitude of the toad's deception, screaming madly, "You lied!"
CheapBastid
"I was not sorry when my brother died."
-Nervous Conditions by Tsitsi Dangarembga
"Like the brief doomed flare of exploding suns that registers dimly on blind men's eyes, the beginning of the horror passed almost unnoticed; in the shriek of what followed, in fact, was forgotten and perhaps not connected to the horror at all."
-The Exorcist by William Peter Blatty
and I know this is the first line of a poem, but I think it counts anyway:
"I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness, starving hysterical naked. . ."
-"Howl" by Allen Ginsburg
------------------
Rather, I was in the position of a spore which, having finally accepted its destiny as a fungus, still wonders if it might produce penicillin.
--Ayi Kwei Armah
This is the firstt sentence, not the first line. . ..
Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe,
With loss of Eden, till one greater Man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat,
Sing, Heavenly Muse, that on the secret top
Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That sheperd who first taught the chosen seed
In the beginning how the heavens and earth
Rose out of Chaos: or, if Sion Hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa's brook that flowed
Fast by the oracle of God, I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventersome song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above the Aonian mount, while it pursues
Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.
--John Milton. Paradise Lost, I:1-16. I do not believe that God wrote the bible, but I am pretty damn sure that mortal man alone could not have composed this work. . .it gives me the shivers.
Reality Chuck--the charecter in the first line of [1]One Hundred Years of Solitude [/i] (an awe inspiring work, itself)
is Auriliano Buendia. Marquez has a gift for first lines: Love in the Time of Cholera begins: "It was inevitable: the scent of bitter almonds always reminded him of the fate of unrequited love." Of course, he has hantasic second, third and forth lines as well. I have noticed that for young writers, the problem lies more often in these.
Manda JO
Ahhhhhhh...always good to see someone else cite the Jim Crumley on these threads!
Here's a few of my favorites, in more-or-less chronological order:
"At sunrise on a first of April, there appeared, suddenly as Manco Capac at the lake Titicaca, a man in cream-colors, at the waterside in the city of St. Louis."
--Herman Melville; THE CONFIDENCE-MAN
"To judge by such family portraits as were preserved in the Chateau de Lourps, the race of the Floressas des Esseintes had been composed in olden days of stalwart veterans of the wars, grim knights with scowling visages."
-- J.K. Huysmans; A REBOURS
"'You take the white omnibus in the Platz,' murmured the Princess, 'but do not forget to change into an ultramarine on reaching the Flower Market, or you will find youself in the "Abbatoirs."'"
-- Ronald Firbank; THE ARTIFICIAL PRINCESS
"I first heard Personville called Poisonville by a red-haired mucker named Hickey Dewey in the Big Ship in Butte."
-- Dashiell Hammett; RED HARVEST
-- Nelson Algren; THE MAN WITH THE GOLDEN ARM
------------------
Join Date: Dec 1999
The ``dark and stormy night'' line was actually first used by a guy named Bulwer-Lytton in a novel called Paul Clifford.
Every year, there's a Bulwer-Lytton Fiction Contest to create the best worst first line for an unwritten story. Some of the submissions are absolutely brilliant.
Quote:
The moment he laid eyes on the lifeless body of the nude socialite sprawled across the bathroom floor, Detective Leary knew she had committed suicide by grasping the cap on the tamper-proof bottle, pushing down and twisting while she kept her thumb firmly pressed against the spot the arrow pointed to, until she hit the exact spot where the tab clicks into place, allowing her to remove the cap and swallow the entire contents of the bottle, thus ending her life.
-- Artie Kalemeris, 1997 winner.
Here's the web page: http://www.bulwer-lytton.com/
------------------
``You're just an empty cage girl if you kill the bird.'' -- Tori Amos.
xekul
Join Date: Dec 1999
Quote:
"As I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house, I had but two things on my mind, Paul Newman and a ride home."
Kellibelli, I came into this topic specifically to mention that book, but didn't know the line at all, so I was going to ask if anyone else did. I read it when I was 12 or 13 years old, and memory fades, you know.
But I remember, even now, how it struck me that that book ended with the exact same sentence (paragraph?) that it started with. Great book.
And here's my other entry to this topic...
"I am doomed to remember a boy with a wrecked voice - not because of his voice, or because he was the smallest person I ever knew, or even because he was the instrument of my mother's death, but because he is the reason I believe in God; I am a Christian because of Owen Meany." -- A Prayer For Owen Meany by John Irving.
------------------
"How wonderful it is that nobody need wait a single moment before starting to improve the world." - Anne Frank
"Mom, he's a neo Nazi! He's a doctor also? Well..." - WallyM7
Shayna
|
i don't know
|
Which apostle wrote 'The Acts of the Apostles'?
|
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Acts of the Apostles
Home > Catholic Encyclopedia > A > Acts of the Apostles
Acts of the Apostles
Help support New Advent and get the full contents of this website as an instant download . Includes the Catholic Encyclopedia, Church Fathers, Summa, Bible and more all for only $19.99...
In the accepted order of the books of the New Testament the fifth book is called The Acts of the Apostles (praxeis Apostolon). Some have thought that the title of the book was affixed by the author himself. This is the opinion of Cornely in his "Introduction to the Books of the New Testament" (second edition, page 315). It seems far more probable, however, that the name was subsequently attached to the book just as the headings of the several Gospels were affixed to them. In fact, the name, Acts of the Apostles, does not precisely convey the idea of the contents of the book; and such a title would scarcely be given to the work by the author himself.
Content
The book does not contain the Acts of all the Apostles, neither does it contain all the acts of any Apostle. It opens with a brief notice of the forty days succeeding the Resurrection of Christ during which He appeared to the Apostles, "speaking the things concerning the Kingdom of God ". The promise of the Holy Ghost and the Ascension of Christ are then briefly recorded. St. Peter advises that a successor be chosen in the place of Judas Iscariot , and Matthias is chosen by lot. On Pentecost the Holy Ghost descends on the Apostles, and confers on them the gift of tongues. To the wondering witnesses St. Peter explains the great miracle , proving that it is the power of Jesus Christ that is operating. By that great discourse many were converted to the religion of Christ and were baptized , "and there were added unto them in that day about three thousand souls ". This was the beginning of the Judeo-Christian Church . "And the Lord added to them day by day those that were being saved." Peter and John heal a man, lame from his mother's womb, at the door of the Temple which is called Beautiful. The people are filled with wonder and amazement at the miracle and run together unto Peter and John in the portico that was called Solomon's. Peter again preaches Jesus Christ , asserting that by faith in the name of Jesus the lame man had been made strong. "And many of them that heard the word believed ", and the number of the men came to be about five thousand. But now "the priests , and the prefect of the Temple and the Sadducees came upon them, being sorely troubled because they taught the people, and proclaimed in Jesus the resurrection from the dead . And they laid hands on them, and put them in prison unto the morrow." On the morrow Peter and John are summoned before rulers, elders, and scribes, among whom were present Annas , the High-Priest , Caiphas , and as many as were of the kindred of the High-Priest . And when they had set Peter and John in the midst they inquired: "By what power, or in want name have ye done this?" Then Peter, filled with the Holy Ghost, answering gave utterance to one of the most sublime professions of the Christian faith ever made by man: "Be it known unto you all, and to all the people of Israel , that in the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth , whom ye crucified, whom God raised from the dead , in this name doth this man stand here before you whole. He [ Jesus ] is the stone which was set at naught by you the builders, which was made the head of the corner [ Isaiah 28:16 ; Matthew 21:42 ]. And in no other is there salvation : For neither is there any other name under Heaven , that is given among men, wherein we must be saved." The members of the council were brought face to face with the most positive evidence of the truth of the Christian religion . They command the two Apostles to go aside out of the council, and then they confer among themselves, saying "What shall we do with these men? For that indeed a notable miracle hath been wrought through them, is manifest to all that dwell in Jerusalem ; and we cannot deny it". Here is one of the splendid instances of that great cumulus of evidence upon which the certitude of the Christian Faith rests. A bitterly hostile council of the chief Jews of Jerusalem is obliged to declare that a notable miracle had been wrought, which it cannot deny, and which is manifest to all that dwell in Jerusalem .
With dreadful malice the council attempts to restrain the great movement of Christianity . They threaten the Apostles, and charge them not to speak at all or teach in the name of Jesus ; Peter and John contemn the threat, calling upon the council to judge whether it be right to hearken unto the council rather than unto God . The members of the council could not inflict punishment upon the two Apostles, on account of the people, who glorified God on account of the great miracle . Peter and John, being freed from custody, return to the other Apostles. They all give glory to God and pray for boldness to speak the word of God . After the prayer the place shakes, and they are filled with the Holy Ghost.
The fervour of the Christians at that epoch was very great. They were of one heart and soul ; they had all things in common. As many as were possessors of lands or houses sold them and delivered the price to the Apostles, and this money was distributed as anyone had need. But a certain Ananias, with Saphira his wife, sold a possession and kept back part of the price, the wife being accessory to the deed. St. Peter is inspired by the Holy Ghost to know the deception, and rebukes Ananias for the lie to the Holy Ghost. At the rebuke the man falls dead. Saphira, coming up afterwards, and knowing nothing of the death of her husband, is interrogated by St. Peter regarding the transaction. She also keeps back a part of the price, and lyingly asserts that the full price has been brought to the Apostles . St. Peter rebukes her, and she also falls dead at his words. The multitude saw in the death of Ananias and Saphira God's punishment, and great fear came upon all. This miracle of God's punishment of sin also confirmed the faith of those that believed and drew disciples to them. At this stage of the life of the Church miracles were necessary to attest the truth of her teaching, and the power of miracles was abundantly bestowed upon the Apostles . These miracles are not reviewed in detail in Acts, but it is stated: "And by the hands of the apostles were many signs and wonders wrought among the people" ( Acts 5:12 ). Multitudes both of men and women were added to the Christian community. The people of Jerusalem carried out the sick and laid them on beds and couches in the streets that the shadow of St. Peter might fall on them. They brought the sick from the cities round about Jerusalem , and every one was healed.
The most powerful sect among the Jews at this epoch were the Sadducees . They were especially opposed to the Christian religion on account of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead . The cardinal truth of the Apostles' teaching was: Life Everlasting through Jesus , Who was crucified for our sins , and Who is risen from the dead. The High-Priest Annas favored the Sadducees , and his son Ananus. who afterwards became High-Priest , was a Sadducee (Josephus, Antiq., XX, viii). These fierce sectaries made with Annas and Caiphas common cause against the Apostles of Christ , and cast them again into prison . The Acts leaves us in no doubt as to the motive that inspired the High-Priest and the sectaries: "They were filled with jealousy". The religious leaders of the Old Law saw their influence with the people waning before the power which worked in the Apostles of Christ . An angel of the Lord by night opened the prison doors, and brought the Apostles out, and bade them go and preach in the Temple. The council of the Jews , not finding Peter and John in the prison , and learning of their miraculous deliverance, are much perplexed. On information that they are teaching in the Temple, they send and take them, but without violence , fearing the people. It is evident throughout that the common people are disposed to follow the Apostles; the opposition comes from the priests and the classes, most of the latter being Sadducees . The council accuses the Apostles that, contrary to its former injunction not to teach in Christ's name, they had filled Jerusalem with Christ's teaching. Peter's defence is that they must obey God rather than men. He then boldly reiterates the doctrine of the Redemption and of the Resurrection . The council is minded to kill the Apostles . At this point Gamaliel , a Pharisee , a doctor of the Jewish law, held in honour of all the people, arises in the council in defence of the Apostles . He cites precedents to prove that, if the New Teaching be of men, it will be overthrown; and if it be of God , it will be impossible to overthrow it. Gamaliel's counsel prevails, and the council calls the Apostles, beats them, and lets them go, charging them not to speak in the name of Jesus . But the Apostles departed, rejoicing that they were counted worthy to suffer dishonour for the Name. And every day, in the Temple and privately they ceased not to teach and to preach Jesus the Christ .
A murmuring having arisen of the Grecian Jews , that their widows were neglected in the daily ministration, the Apostles, deeming it unworthy that they should forsake the word of God and serve tables, appoint seven deacons to minister. Chief among the deacons was Stephen, a man full of the Holy Spirit. He wrought great signs and wonders among the people. The anti-Christian Jews endeavour to resist him, but are not able to withstand the wisdom and the spirit by which he speaks. They suborn witnesses to testify that he has spoken against Moses and the Temple. Stephen is seized and brought into the council. False witnesses testify that they have heard Stephen say that "this Jesus of Nazareth shall destroy this place, and shall change the customs which Moses delivered to us". All who sat in the council saw Stephen's face, as it had been the face of an angel . He makes a defence, in which he reviews the chief events in the first covenant, and its relation to the New Law. They rush upon Stephen, drag him out of the city, and stone him to death. And he kneels down and prays : "Lord, lay not this sin to their charge", and dies. Beginning with the martyrdom of Stephen, a great persecution arose against the Church at Jerusalem ; all were scattered abroad throughout Judea and Samaria, except the Apostles . The leader of the persecution was Saul, afterwards to become the great St. Paul , the Apostle of the Gentiles . The deacon Philip first preaches in Samaria with great fruit. Like all the preachers of the first days of the Church , Philip confirms his preaching by great miracles . Peter and John go up to Samaria and confirm the converts whom Philip had made. Philip, commanded by an angel , goes down the road from Jerusalem to Gaza , and on the way converts and baptizes the eunuch of Candace Queen of Ethiopia . Philip is thence transported by Divine power to Azotus and preaches to all the coast cities until be comes to Cæsarea.
Saul, breathing threatening and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, sets out for Damascus to apprehend any Christians whom he may find there. As he draws near to Damascus , the Lord Jesus speaks to him out of the heavens and converts him. St. Paul is baptized by Ananias at Damascus , and straightway for some days abides there, preaching in the synagogues that Jesus Christ is the Son of God . He withdraws into Arabia; again returns to Damascus; and after three years be goes up to Jerusalem. At Jerusalem Paul is at first distrusted by the disciples of Jesus ; but after Barnabas narrates to them Paul's marvellous conversion , they receive Paul , and he preaches boldly in the name of Jesus , disputing especially against the Grecian Jews . They plot to kill him; but the Christians bring Paul down to Cæsarea, and send him forth to Tarsus , his native city.
At this epoch Acts describes the Church in Judea , Samaria , and Galilee as "at peace, being builded up, and walking in the fear of the Lord, and by the strength of the Holy Ghost it was multiplied". Peter now goes throughout all parts comforting the faithful . At Lydda he heals the palsied Æneas; and at Joppa he raises the pious widow Tabitha (Greek, Dorcas) from the dead. These miracles still more confirm the faith in Jesus Christ . At Joppa Peter has the great vision of the sheet let down from Heaven containing all manner of animals, of which he, being in a trance, is commanded to kill and eat. Peter refuses, on the ground that he cannot eat that which is common and unclean. Whereupon it is made known to him from God , that God has cleansed what was before to the Jew unclean. This great vision, revealed three times, was the manifestation of the will of Heaven that the ritual law of the Jews should cease; and that henceforth salvation should be offered without distinction to Jew and Gentile . The meaning of the vision is unfolded to Peter, when he is commanded by an angel to go to Cæsarea, to the Gentile centurion Cornelius , whose messengers were even then come to fetch him. He goes, and hears from Cornelius also the centurion's own vision. He preaches to him and to all assembled; the Holy Ghost descends upon them, and Peter commands that they be baptized . Returning to Jerusalem, the Jews contend with Peter that he has gone in to men uncircumcised, and eaten with them. He expounds to them his vision at Joppa, and also the vision of Cornelius , wherein the latter was commanded by an angel to send and fetch Peter from Joppa, that he might receive from Peter the Gospel. The Jews acquiesce, glorifying God , and declaring that "unto the Gentiles also hath God granted repentance unto life". Those who had been scattered abroad from Jerusalem at the time of Stephen's martyrdom had travailed as far as Phoenicia , Cyprus , and Antioch preaching Christ ; but they preached to none save the Jews . The calling of the Gentiles was not yet understood by them. But now some converts from Cyprus and Cyrene come up to Antioch , and preach the Gospel to the Gentiles . A great number believe, and turn to the Lord. The report of the work at Antioch comes to the ears of the Church in Jerusalem ; and they send Barnabas, "a good man full of the Holy Ghost and of faith ", to them. He takes Paul from Tarsus , and they both dwell at Antioch a whole year, and teach many people. The disciples of Christ are called Christians first at Antioch.
The rest of Acts narrates the persecution of the Christians by Herod Agrippa ; the mission of Paul and Barnabas from Antioch by the Holy Ghost , to preach to the Gentile nations; the labours of Paul and Barnabas in Cyprus and in Asia Minor , their return to Antioch; the dissension at Antioch concerning circumcision ; the journey of Paul and Barnabas to Jerusalem, the decision of the Apostolic Council of Jerusalem , the separation of Paul from Barnabas, in whose stead he takes Silas, or Silvanus; Paul's visit to his Asiatic Churches, his foundation of the Church at Philippi ; Paul's sufferings for Jesus Christ ; Paul's visit to Athens, his foundation of the churches of Corinth and of Ephesus; Paul's return to Jerusalem, his persecution by the Jews ; Paul's imprisonment at Cæsarea; Paul's appeal to Cæsar, his voyage to Rome ; the shipwreck; Paul's arrival at Rome , and the manner of his life there. We see therefore that a more proper title of this book would be "The Beginnings of the Christian Religion". It is an artistic whole, the fullest history which we possess of the manner in which the Church developed.
The origin of the Church
In Acts we see the fulfilment of Christ's promises. In Acts 1:8 , Jesus had declared that the Apostles should receive power when the Holy Ghost should come upon them, and should be His witnesses both in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth. In John 14:12 , Jesus had declared: "He that believeth in me, the works that I do, he also shall do, and greater works than these shall he do. Because I go to the Father". In these passages is found the key-note of the origin of the Church . The Church developed according to the plan conceived by Christ . There is, assuredly, in the narration evidence of the working out of a great plan; for the reason that the writer records the working out of the great design of Christ , conceived in infinite wisdom, and executed by omnipotent power. There is throughout a well-defined, systematic order of narration, an exactness and fullness of detail. After the calling of the first twelve Apostles, there is no event in the history of the Church so important as Paul's conversion and commission to teach in Christ's name. Up to Paul's conversion , the inspired historian of the Acts has given us a condensed statement of the growth of the Church among the Jews . Peter and John are prominent in the work. But the great message is now to issue forth from the confines of Judaism ; all flesh is to see the salvation of God ; and St. Paul is to be the great instrument in preaching Christ to the Gentiles . In the development of the Christian Church Paul wrought more than all the other Apostles; and therefore in Acts St. Paul stands forth, the prominent agent of God in the conversion of the world. His appointment as the Apostle of the Gentiles does not prevent him from preaching to the Jews , but his richest fruits are gathered from the Gentiles . He fills proconsular Asia , Macedonia , Greece , and Rome with the Gospel of Christ ; and the greater part of Acts is devoted exclusively to recording his work.
Division of book
In the Acts there are no divisions of the narration contemplated by the author. It is open to us to divide the work as we deem fit. The nature of the history therein recorded easily suggests a greater division of Acts into two parts:
The beginning and propagation of the Christian religion among the Jews (1-9);
The beginning and propagation of the Christian religion among the Gentiles (10-28). St. Peter plays the chief role in the first part; St. Paul , in the second part.
Object
The Acts of the Apostles must not be believed to be an isolated writing, but rather an integral part in a well-ordered series. Acts presupposes its readers to know the Gospels; it continues the Gospel narrative. The Four Evangelists close with the account of the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus Christ . St. Mark is the only one who essays to give any of the subsequent history, and he condenses his account into one brief sentence: "And they went forth and preached everywhere: the Lord working with them, and confirming the word by the signs that followed" ( Mark 16:20 ). Now the Acts of the Apostles takes up the narrative here and records succinctly the mighty events which were wrought by the Holy Ghost through chosen human agents. It is a condensed record of the fulfilment of the promises of Jesus Christ . The Evangelists record Christ's promises which He made to the disciples , regarding the establishment of the Church and its mission ( Matthew 16:15-20 ); the gift of the Holy Ghost ( Luke 24:49 ; John 14:16, 17 ); the calling of the gentiles ( Matthew 28:18-20 ; Luke 24:46, 47 ). Acts records the fulfilment. The history begins at Jerusalem and ends at Rome . With divine simplicity Acts shows us the growth of the religion of Christ among the nations. The distinction between Jew and Gentile is abolished by the revelation to St. Peter ; Paul is called to devote himself specially to the Gentile ministry, the Holy Ghost works signs in confirmation of the doctrines of Christ ; men suffer and die, but the Church grows; and thus the whole world sees the Salvation of God . Nowhere in Holy Writ is the action of the Holy Ghost in the Church so forcibly set forth as in the Acts. He fills the Apostles with knowledge and power on Pentecost; they speak as the Holy Ghost gave them to speak; the Holy Ghost bids Philip the deacon go to the eunuch of Candace; the same Spirit catches up Philip, after the baptism of the eunuch, and brings him to Azotus; the Holy Ghost tells Peter to go to Cornelius ; when Peter preaches to Cornelius and his family the Holy Ghost falls on them all; the Holy Ghost directly commands that Paul and Barnabas be set apart for the Gentile ministry; the Holy Ghost forbids Paul and Silas to preach in Asia ; constantly, by the laying on of the Apostles' hands, the Holy Ghost comes upon the faithful; Paul is directed by the Holy Ghost in everything; the Holy Ghost foretells to him that bonds and afflictions await him in every city; when Agabus prophesies Paul's martyrdom , he says: "Thus saith the Holy Ghost: 'So shall the Jews at Jerusalem bind the man that owneth this girdle, and shall deliver him into the hands of the Gentiles' ". Acts declares that on the Gentiles the grace of the Holy Ghost is poured out; in the splendid description of St. Stephen's martyrdom he is declared full of the Holy Ghost; when Peter makes his defense before rulers, elders, and scribes, he is filled with the Holy Ghost; often it is declared that the Apostles are filled with the Holy Ghost; Philip is chosen as a deacon because be is full of faith and the Holy Ghost; when Ananias is sent to Paul at Damascus he declares that he is sent that Paul may receive his sight and be filled with the Holy Ghost; Jesus Christ is declared to be anointed with the Holy Ghost; Barnabas is declared to be full of the Holy Ghost; the men of Samaria receive the Holy Ghost by the laying on of the hands of Peter and John. This history shows the real nature of the Christian religion ; its members are baptized in the Holy Ghost, and are upheld by His power. The source in the Church of infallible truth in teaching , of grace, and of the power that resists the gates of Hell is the Holy Ghost. By the power of the Spirit the Apostles established the Church in the great centres of the world: Jerusalem , Antioch Cyprus , Antioch of Pisidia , Iconium , Lystra , Derbe , Philippi , Thessalonica , Beræa, Athens , Corinth , Ephesus, and Rome . From these centres the message went to the surrounding lands. We see in the Acts the realization of Christ's promises just before his Ascension : "But ye shall receive power when the Holy Ghost is come upon you; and ye shall be my witnesses both in Jerusalem and in all Judea , and Samaria, and unto the uttermost parts of the earth". In the New Testament Acts forms a necessary connecting-link between the Gospels and the Epistles of St. Paul . It gives the necessary information concerning the conversion of St. Paul and his apostolate, and also concerning the formation of the great Churches to which St. Paul wrote his Epistles.
Authenticity
The authenticity of the Acts of the Apostles is proved by intrinsic evidence; it is attested by the concordant voice of tradition. The unity of style of Acts and its artistic completeness compel us to receive the book as the work of one author. Such an effect could never arise from the piecing together bits of writings of different authors. The writer writes as an eyewitness and compaction of Paul . The passages Acts 16:10-17 ; 20:5-15 ; 21:1-18 ; 27:1 ; 28:16 are called the We passages. In these the writer uniformly employs the first person plural, closely identifying himself with St. Paul . This excludes the theory that Acts is the work of a redactor. As Renan has well said, such use of the pronoun is incompatible with any theory of redaction. We know from many proofs that Luke was the companion and fellow-labourer of Paul . Writing to the Colossians, in his salutation Paul associates with himself, "Luke, the beloved physician" ( 4:14 ). In 2 Timothy 4:11 Paul declares: "Only Luke is with me". To Philemon ( 24 ) Paul calls Luke his fellow-worker. Now in this article, we may suppose the Lucan authorship of the third Gospel as proved . The writer of Acts in his opening sentence implicitly declares himself to be the author of the third Gospel. He addresses his work to Theophilus, the addressee of the third Gospel; he mentions his former work and in substance makes known his intention of continuing the history which, in his former treatise, he had brought up to the day when the Lord Jesus was received up. There is an identity of style between Acts and the third Gospel. An examination of the original Greek texts of the third Gospel and of the Acts reveals that there is in them a remarkable identity of manner of thinking and of writing. There is in both the same tender regard for the Gentiles , the same respect for the Roman Empire, the same treatment of the Jewish rites, the same broad conception that the Gospel is for all men. In forms of expression the third Gospel and the Acts reveal an identity of authorship. Many of the expressions usual in both works occur but rarely in the rest of the New Testament ; other expressions are found nowhere else save in the third Gospel and in the Acts. If one will compare the following expressions in the Greek, he will be persuaded that both works are of the same author:
Luke 12:56 , 21:35 - Acts 17:26 .
The last-cited parallel expression, to prosopon tes ges, is employed only in the third Gospel and in Acts. The evidence of the Lucan authorship of Acts is cumulative. The intrinsic evidence is corroborated by the testimonies of many witnesses. It must be granted that in the Apostolic Fathers we find but faint allusions to the Acts of the Apostles . The Fathers of that age wrote but little; and the injury of time has robbed us of much of what was written. The Gospels were more prominent in the teachings of that day and they consequently have a more abundant witness. The canon of Muratori contains the canon of Scriptures of the Church of Rome in the second century. Of Acts it declares: "But the Acts of all the Apostles are written in one book, which for the excellent Theophilus Luke wrote, because he was an eyewitness of all". In "The Doctrine of Addai" , which contains the ancient tradition of the Church of Edessa , the Acts of the Apostles are declared to be a part of the Holy Scripture (Doctrine of Addai, ed. Phillips, 1876, 46). The twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth chapters of St. Irenæus's third book "Against Heresies" are based upon the Acts of the Apostles . Irenæus convincingly defends the Lucan authorship of the third Gospel and Acts, declaring: "But that this Luke was inseparable from Paul , and was his fellow-labourer in the Gospel, he himself clearly evinces, not as a matter of boasting, but as bound to do so, by the truth itself. . . And all the remaining facts of his courses with Paul , he recounts. . . As Luke was present at all these occurrences, he carefully noted them down in writing, so that he cannot be convicted of falsehood or boastfulness, etc." Irenæus unites in himself the witness of the Christian Church of the East and the West of the second century. He continues unchanged the teaching of the Apostolic Fathers . In his treatise "On Fasting" Tertullian accepts Acts as Holy Scripture , and calls them the "Commentary of Luke". In his treatise On Prescription against Heretics 22 , Tertullian is strong in asserting the canonicity of Acts: "And assuredly, God fulfilled his promise, since it is proved in the Acts of the Apostles that the Holy Ghost did come down. Now they who reject that Scripture can neither belong to the Holy Ghost, seeing that they cannot acknowledge that the Holy Ghost has been sent as yet to the disciples, nor can they presume to be a church themselves, who positively have no means of proving when, and with what infant-nursings this body was established." Again, in chapter xxiii of the same treatise, he issues a challenge to those who reject Acts: "I may say here to those who reject the Acts of the Apostles : It is first necessary that you show us who this Paul was; both what he was before he became an Apostle, and how he became an Apostle" etc. Clement of Alexandria is a clear witness. In Stromata V.11 , he declares: "Most instructively, therefore, says Paul in the Acts of the Apostles : 'The God that made the world, and all things in it, being the Lord of Heaven and of earth, dwelleth not in temples made with hands'" etc. ( Acts 17:24, 25 ). Again, in chapter 12 , he states: "As Luke, in the Acts of the Apostles , relates that Paul said: 'Men of Athens , I perceive that in all things, ye are greatly superstitious' ". In Hom., xiii, on Genesis, ii, Origen asserts the Lucan authorship of Acts as a truth that all the world accepted. Eusebius ( Church History III.25 ) places Acts among ta homologoumena, the books of which no one has doubted . The authenticity of Acts is so well proved that even the sceptical Renan was forced to declare: "A thing beyond all doubt is that the Acts have the same author as the third Gospel, and are a continuation of the same. One finds no necessity to prove this fact, which has never seriously been denied. The prefaces of the two writings, the dedication of both the one and the other to Theophilus, the perfect resemblance of ideas and manner of expression furnish a convincing demonstration of the fact" (Les Apôtres, Introd., p. x). Again he says: "The third Gospel and the Acts form a well-ordered work, written with reflection and even with art, written by the same hand, and with a definite plan. The two works taken together form a whole, having the same style, presenting the same characteristic expressions, and citing the Scripture in the same manner" (ibid., p. xi).
Objections against the authenticity
Nevertheless this well-proved truth has been contradicted. Baur, Schwanbeck, De Wette, Davidson, Mayerhoff, Schleiermacher, Bleek, Krenkel, and others have opposed the authenticity of the Acts. An objection is drawn from the discrepancy between Acts 9:19-28 and Galatians 1:17-19 . In Galatians 1:17-18 , St. Paul declares that, immediately after his conversion , he went away into Arabia, and again returned to Damascus. "Then after three years, I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas." In Acts no mention is made of St. Paul's journey into Arabia; and the journey to Jerusalem is placed immediately after the notice of Paul's preaching in the synagogues . Hilgenfeld, Wendt, Weizäcker, Weiss, and others allege here a contradiction between the writer of the Acts and St. Paul . Their charge is vain: There is here verified what is the usual fact when two inspired writers narrate synchronistic events. No writer of either Testament had in mind to write a complete history. Out of the great mass of words and deeds they grouped together those things which they deemed best for their scope. They always concur on the great lines of the doctrines and the main facts; they differ in that one omits certain things which another relates. The writers of the New Testament wrote with the conviction that the world had already received the message by oral communication. Not all could have a manuscript of the written word, but all heard the voice of those who preached Christ . The intense activity of the first teachers of the New Law made it a living reality in every land. The few writings which were produced were considered as supplementary to the greater economy of preaching. Hence we find notable omissions in all the writers of the New Testament ; and every writer has some things proper to himself. In the present instance the writer of Acts has omitted St. Paul's journey into Arabia and sojourn there. The evidence of the omission is in the text itself. In Acts 9:19 , the writer speaks of St. Paul's sojourn in Damascus as covering a period of "certain days". This is the indefinite description of a relatively short space of time. In Acts 9:23 , he connects the next event narrated with the foregoing by declaring that it came to pass "after many days were fulfilled". It is evident that some series of events must have had place between the "certain days" of the nineteenth verse, and the "many days" of the twenty-third verse; these events are Paul's journey into Arabia, his sojourn there, and his return to Damascus. Another objection is urged from 1 Thessalonians 3:1-2 , compared with Acts 17:14-15 and 18:5 . In Acts 17:14-15 , Paul leaves Timothy and Silas at Beræa, with a commandment to come to him at Athens . In Acts 18:5 , Timothy and Silas come out of Macedonia to Paul at Corinth . But in 1 Thessalonians 3:1-2 , Timothy is sent by Paul out of Athens to Thessalonica , and no mention is made of Silas. We must appeal to the principle that when a writer omits one or more members in a series of events he does not thereby contradict another writer who may narrate the thing omitted. Timothy and Silas came down from Beræa to Paul at Athens . In his zeal for the Macedonian churches, Paul sent Timothy back from Athens to Thessalonica , and Silas to some other part of Macedonia . When they return out of Macedonia they come to Paul at Corinth . Acts has omitted their coming to Athens and their return to Macedonia . In Acts many things are condensed into a narrow compass. Thus, to the Galatian ministry of Paul , which must have lasted a considerable time, Acts devotes the one sentence: "They passed through the region of Phrygia and Galatia" ( Acts 16:6 ). The fourth journey of Paul to Jerusalem in described in one verse ( Acts 18:22 ). The objection is urged that, from Acts 16:12 , it is evident that the author of the Acts was with Paul in the foundation of the Church at Philippi . Therefore, they say that, since Luke was at Rome with Paul when he wrote thence to the Philippians, had Luke been the author of Acts, Paul would have associated Luke with himself in his salutation to the Philippians in the letter which he wrote them. On the contrary, we find in it no mention of Luke; but Timothy is associated with Paul in the salutation. This is a mere negative argument, and of no avail. The apostolic men of that day neither sought nor gave vain personal recognition in their work. St. Paul wrote to the Romans without ever mentioning St. Peter . There was no struggle for place or fame among those men. It may hare been that, though Luke was with St. Paul at Philippi , Timothy was the better known to that Church. Again, at the moment of St. Paul's writing Luke may have been absent from Paul .
The rationalists allege that there is an error in the discourse of Gamaliel ( Acts 5:36 ). Gamaliel refers to the insurrection of Theodas as a thing that had happened before the days of the Apostles, whereas Josephus (Antiq., XX, v, 1) places the rebellion of Theodas under Fadus, fourteen years after the date of the speech of Gamaliel . Here, as elsewhere, the adversaries of Holy Scripture presuppose every writer who disagrees with the Holy Scripture to be right. Every one who has examined Josephus must be struck by his carelessness and inaccuracy. He wrote mainly from memory, and often contradicts himself. In the present instance some suppose that he has confused the insurrection of Theodas with that of a certain Mathias, of whom he speaks in Antiq., XVII, vi, 4. Theodas is a contraction of Theodoros, and is identical in signification with the Hebrew name Mathias, both names signifying, "Gift of God". This is the opinion of Corluy in Vigouroux, "Dictionnaire de la Bible". Against Corluy's opinion it may rightly be objected that Gamaliel clearly intimates that the author of the insurrection of which he speaks was not actuated by holy motives. He speaks of him as a seditious man, who misled his followers, "giving himself out to be somebody". But Josephus describes Mathias as a most eloquent interpreter of the Jewish law, a man beloved by the people, whose lectures those who were studious of virtue frequented. Moreover, he incited the young men to pull down the golden eagle which the impious Herod had erected in the Temple of God . Certainly such an act was pleasing to God , not the act of an impostor. The argument of Gamaliel is based on the fact that Theodas claimed to be something which he was not. The character of Theodas as given by Josephus , XX, v, 1, accords with the implied character of the Theodas of Acts. Were it not for the discrepancy of dates, the two testimonies would be in perfect accord. It seems far more probable, therefore, that both writers speak of the same man, and that Josephus has erroneously placed his epoch about thirty years too late. Of course it is possible that there may have been two Theodases of similar character: one of the days of Herod the Great, whom Josephus does not name, but who is mentioned by Gamaliel ; and one in the days of Cuspius Fadus the procurator of Judea , whose insurrection Josephus records. There must have been many of such character in the days of Herod the Great , for Josephus , speaking of that epoch, declares that "at this time there were ten thousand other disorders in Judæa which were like tumults" (Antiq., XVII, x, 4).
It is urged that the three accounts of the conversion of St. Paul ( Acts 9:7 ; 22:9 ; 26:14 ) do not agree. In Acts 9:7 , the author declares that "the men that journeyed with Paul stood speechless, hearing the voice, but beholding no man". In Acts 22:9 , Paul declares: "And they that were with me beheld indeed the light; but they heard not the voice of Him that spake to me". In 26:14 , Paul declares that they all fell to the earth, which seems to contradict the first statement, that they "stood speechless". This is purely a question of circumstantial detail, of very minor moment. There are many solutions of this difficulty. Supported by many precedents, we may hold that in the several narrations of the same event inspiration does not compel an absolute agreement in mere extrinsic details which in nowise affects the substance of the narration. In all the Bible , where the same event is several times narrated by the same writer, or narrated by several writers, there is some slight divergency, as it is natural there should be with those who spoke and wrote from memory. Divine inspiration covers the substance of the narration. For those who insist that divine inspiration extends also to these minor details there are valid solutions. Pape and others give to the eistekeisan the sense of an emphatic einai, and thus it could be rendered: "The men that journeyed with him became speechless", thus agreeing with 26:14 . Moreover, the three accounts can be placed in agreement by supposing that the several accounts contemplate the event at different moments of its course. All saw a great light; all heard a sound from Heaven . They fell on their faces in fear; and then, arising, stood still and speechless, while Paul conversed with Jesus , whose articulate voice he alone heard. In Acts 9:7 , the marginal reading of the Revised Edition of Oxford should be accepted: "hearing the sound". The Greek is akoyontes tes phones. When the writer speaks of the articulate voice of Christ , which Paul alone heard, he employs the phrase outer phrase, ekousan phonen. Thus the same term, phone, by a different grammatical construction, may signify the inarticulate sound of the voice which all heard and the articulate voice which Paul alone heard.
It is urged that Acts 16:6 and 18:23 represent Paul as merely passing through Galatia, whereas the Epistle to the Galatians gives evidence of Paul's longer sojourn in Galatia. Cornely and others answer this difficulty by supposing that St. Paul employs the term Galatia in the administrative sense, as a province, which comprised Galatia proper, Lycaonia, Pisidia , Isauria, and a great part of Phrygia; whereas St. Luke employs the term to denote Galatia proper. But we are not limited to this explanation; St. Luke in Acts often severely condenses his narrative. He devotes but one verse (xviii, 22) to Paul's fourth journey to Jerusalem; he condenses his narrative of St. Paul's two years of imprisonment at Cæsarea into a few lines. Thus he may also have judged good for his scope to pass over in one sentence Paul's Galatian ministry.
Date of composition
As regards the date of the Book of Acts, we may at most assign a probable date for the completion of the book. It is recognized by all that Acts ends abruptly. The author devotes but two verses to the two years which Paul spent at Rome . These two years were in a certain sense uneventful. Paul dwelt peaceably at Rome , and preached the kingdom of God to all who went in unto him. It seems probable that during this peaceful epoch St. Luke composed the Book of Acts and terminated it abruptly at the end of the two years, as some unrecorded vicissitude carried him out into other events. The date of the completion of Acts is therefore dependent on the date of St. Paul's Roman captivity. Writers are quite concordant in placing the date of Paul's coming to Rome in the year 62; hence the year 64 is the most probable date for the Acts.
Texts of the Acts
In the Græco-Latin codices D and E of Acts, we find a text widely differing from that of the other codices , and from the received text. By Sanday and Headlam (Romans, p. xxi) this is called the delta text; by Blass (Acta Apostolorum, p. 24) it is called the beta text. The famous Latin Codex now at Stockholm , from its size called the Codex Gigas, also in the main represents this text. Dr. Bornemann (Acta Apost.) endeavoured to prove that the aforesaid text was Luke's original, but his theory has not been received. Dr. Blass (Acta Apost., p. vii) endeavours to prove that Luke wrote first a rough draft of Acts, and that this is preserved in D and E. Luke revised this rough draft, and sent it to Theophilus; and this revised copy he supposes to be the original of our received text. Belser, Nestle, Zoeckler, and others have adopted his theory. The theory is, however, rejected by the greater number. It seems far more probable that D and E contain a recension, wherein the copyists have added, paraphrased, and changed things in the text, according to that tendency which prevailed up to the second half of the second century of the Christian era.
The Biblical Commission
The Biblical Commission , 12 June, 1913, published the following answers to various questions about the Acts: The author of the Acts of the Apostles is Luke the Evangelist , as is clear from Tradition, internal evidence in the Acts themselves and in their relation to the third Gospel ( Luke 1:1-4 ; Acts 1:1-2 ). The unity of their authorship can be proved critically by their language, style and plan of narrative, and by their unity of scope and doctrine . The occasional substitution of the first person plural for the third person so far from impairing, only establishes more strongly their unity of composition and authenticity. The relations of Luke with the chief founders of the Church in Palestine, and with Paul , the Apostle of the Gentiles ; his industry and diligence as an eyewitness and in examining witnesses; the remarkable agreement of the Acts of the Apostles with the Epistles of Paul and with the more genuine historical records, all go to show that Luke had at his command most trustworthy sources, and that he used them in such a manner as to make his work historically authoritative. This authority is not diminished by the difficulties alleged against the supernatural facts he records, by his manner of condensing statements, by apparent disagreements with profane or Biblical history, or by apparent inconsistencies with his own or with other scriptural writings.
|
Luke the Evangelist
|
The cocktail containing Brandy, Cointreau and Lemon juice, is known as what?
|
The Acts of the Apostles | New Testament | Britannica.com
The Acts of the Apostles
New Testament
New Testament
The Acts of the Apostles, abbreviation Acts, fifth book of the New Testament, a valuable history of the early Christian church. Acts was written in Greek, presumably by the Evangelist Luke , whose gospel concludes where Acts begins, namely, with Christ’s Ascension into heaven . Acts was apparently written in Rome , perhaps between ad 70 and 90, though some think a slightly earlier date is also possible. After an introductory account of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles at Pentecost (interpreted as the birth of the church), Luke pursues as a central theme the spread of Christianity to the Gentile world under the guiding inspiration of the Holy Spirit. He also describes the church’s gradual drawing away from Jewish traditions. The missionary journeys of St. Paul are given a prominent place, because this close associate of Luke was the preeminent Apostle to the Gentiles. Without Acts, a picture of the primitive church would be impossible to reconstruct; with it, the New Testament letters of Paul are far more intelligible. Acts concludes rather abruptly after Paul has successfully preached the gospel in Rome, then the acknowledged centre of the Gentile world.
Learn More in these related articles:
Saint Luke
1st century ad in Christian tradition, the author of the Gospel According to Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, a companion of the Apostle Paul, and the most literary of the New Testament writers. Information about his life is scanty. Tradition based on references in the Pauline Letters has...
Holy Spirit
(from Old English gast, “spirit”), in Christian belief, the third person of the Trinity. Numerous outpourings of the Spirit are mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles, in which healing, prophecy, the expelling of demons (exorcism), and speaking in tongues (glossolalia) are particularly...
More about The Acts of the Apostles
17 References found in Britannica Articles
Assorted References
major treatment (in biblical literature: The Acts of the Apostles )
book of the Bible (in Bible )
writings of Saint Luke (in Saint Luke: Scriptural sources )
account of
Ascension of Jesus (in Ascension (Christianity) ) (in resurrection )
View More
Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article! Contact our editors with your feedback.
MEDIA FOR:
You have successfully emailed this.
Error when sending the email. Try again later.
Edit Mode
The Acts of the Apostles
New Testament
Submit
Tips For Editing
We welcome suggested improvements to any of our articles. You can make it easier for us to review and, hopefully, publish your contribution by keeping a few points in mind.
Encyclopædia Britannica articles are written in a neutral objective tone for a general audience.
You may find it helpful to search within the site to see how similar or related subjects are covered.
Any text you add should be original, not copied from other sources.
At the bottom of the article, feel free to list any sources that support your changes, so that we can fully understand their context. (Internet URLs are the best.)
Your contribution may be further edited by our staff, and its publication is subject to our final approval. Unfortunately, our editorial approach may not be able to accommodate all contributions.
Submit
Thank You for Your Contribution!
Our editors will review what you've submitted, and if it meets our criteria, we'll add it to the article.
Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed.
Uh Oh
There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later.
Close
|
i don't know
|
After six years of military occupation following World War II, which country regained self-government in 1951?
|
Treaty of Versailles | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Treaty of Versailles at Wikisource
The Treaty of Versailles (French: Traité de Versailles) was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I . It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties. [6] Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series .
Of the many provisions in the treaty, one of the most important and controversial required "Germany [to] accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage" during the war (the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles). This article, Article 231 , later became known as the War Guilt clause. The treaty forced Germany to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions , and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers. It liberated numerous nationalities in Central Europe from oppressive German rule. In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion Marks (then $31.4 billion or £6.6 billion, roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £284 billion in 2017). At the time economists, notably John Maynard Keynes predicted that the treaty was too harsh—a " Carthaginian peace ", and said the figure was excessive and counterproductive. However, many historians have judged the reparation figure to be lenient, a sum that was designed to look imposing but was in fact not, that had little impact on the German economy and analyzed the treaty as a whole to be quite restrained and not as harsh as it could have been. [7]
The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left none contented: Germany was not pacified or conciliated, nor permanently weakened. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties , which improved relations between Germany and the other European Powers, and the renegotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan , the Young Plan , and finally the postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932 . The reparations were finally paid off by Germany after World War II.
Contents
Main article: World War I
The borders of Eastern Europe, as drawn up in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
The First World War (1914–1918) was fought in Europe , the Middle East , Africa and Asia . Countries beyond the war zones were affected by the disruption of international trade, finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents. [8] In 1917, two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire , which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin . [9]
On 8 January 1918, the President of the United States Woodrow Wilson issued a statement which became known as the Fourteen Points , calling for a diplomatic end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of Central Power forces from the occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines and the formation of a League of Nations to afford "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike". [10] [11]
After Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the German Empire on 3 March 1918. Russia ceded Russian-Poland and the Baltic States to Germany, recognized the independence of Ukraine, and agreed to pay six billion Marks (ℳ) in reparations . [12]
In autumn 1918, the Central Powers collapsed and signed armistices while nationalist groups established successor states. [13] In Germany the army began to disintegrate, desertion increased and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production. [14] [15] On the Western Front , the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies. [16] Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied , which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the German Revolution . [17] [18] The German Government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points and was able to negotiate an armistice beginning on 11 November, when German forces were still in France and Belgium. [19] [20]
In late 1918, a Polish Government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed. In December, Poles launched an uprising in the Province of Posen which had been under German rule since the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795). Fighting lasted until February 1919, when an armistice was signed leaving the area under Polish control but technically still German. [21] In late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began an occupation of the Rhineland . [22] A Peace Conference was convened in Paris to formally end the war. The Treaty of Versailles was the name given to the settlement between German Reich and the Allies; treaties with the other former Central Powers were made and named after the Paris suburbs where they were signed. [23] [24]
Negotiations
Edit
Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry, on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. Initially, 70 delegates of 27 nations participated in the negotiations. [25] Having been defeated, Germany, Austria, and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations. Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace with Germany in 1918[ citation needed ], in which Germany gained a large fraction of Russia's land and resources . The treaty's terms were extremely harsh, as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out.
Signing in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles
At first A "Council of Ten" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan), met officially to decide the peace terms. It became the "Big Four" when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions, which were later ratified by the entire assembly. Apart from Italian issues, the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the by the leaders of the "Big Three" nations: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George , French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau , and American President Woodrow Wilson .
The minor nations attended a weekly "Plenary Conference" that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions. These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final Treaty. [26] [27]
French aims
Edit
As the only major allied power sharing a land border with Germany, France was chiefly concerned with weakening Germany as much as possible. The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau described France's position best by telling Wilson: “America is far away, protected by the ocean. Not even Napoleon himself could touch England. You are both sheltered; we are not.” [28] Clemenceau wished to bring the French border to the Rhine or to create a buffer state in Rhineland but this demand was not met by the treaty. Instead France obtained the demilitarization of the Rhineland, a mandate over the Saar and promises of Anglo-American support in case of a new German aggression, but the United States did not ratify the treaty. [29]
Keynes argued,
So far as possible, therefore, it was the policy of France to set the clock back and undo what, since 1870, the progress of Germany had accomplished. By loss of territory and other measures her population was to be curtailed; but chiefly the economic system, upon which she depended for her new strength, the vast fabric built upon iron, coal, and transport must be destroyed. If France could seize, even in part, what Germany was compelled to drop, the inequality of strength between the two rivals for European hegemony might be remedied for generations. [30]
France, which suffered much damage and the heaviest human losses among allies, was adamant on the payment of reparations. The failure of the Weimar Republic to pay reparations led to the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian forces.
British aims
Further information: Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe)
Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war and Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported reparations to a lesser extent than the French. Britain began to look on a restored Germany as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy. [31]
American aims
Main article: Fourteen Points
Before the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson put forward his Fourteen Points , which represented the liberal position at the Conference and helped shape world opinion. Wilson was concerned with rebuilding the European economy, encouraging self-determination, promoting free trade, creating appropriate mandates for former colonies, and above all, creating a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace. He opposed harsh treatment of Germany but was outmaneuvered by Britain and France, He brought along top intellectuals as advisors, but his refusal to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation made his efforts partisan and risked political defeat at home. [32]
Content
Edit
Article 227 charges the former German Emperor, Wilhelm II , with "supreme offence[s] against international morality and the sanctity of treaties", and that Allied and Associated Powers would "request ... the Government of the Netherlands [to] surrender to them of the ex- Emperor in order that he may be put on trial." [33]
Articles 228–230 of treaty note the right of the "Allied and Associated Powers to bring before military tribunals" people believe to have committed war crimes and compelled Germany to "furnish all documents and information of every kind, the production of which may be considered necessary to ensure the full knowledge of the incriminating acts, the discovery of offenders and the just appreciation of responsibility." The treaty also ensured that in all cases, the accused would have the right to choose their own consul. [34]
Article 231 (the so-called "War Guilt Clause") stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." [35] Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other Central Powers, having them accept responsibility for the damage they and their allies caused. [nb 1]
Occupation of the Rhineland
As a guarantee of compliance by Germany, Part XIV of the Treaty provided that the Rhineland would be occupied by Allied troops for a period of 15 years. [40]
Military restrictions
Part V of the treaty begins with the preamble, "In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of the armaments of all nations, Germany undertakes strictly to observe the military, naval and air clauses which follow." [41]
German armed forces will number no more than 100,000 troops, and conscription will be abolished.
Enlisted men will be retained for at least 12 years; officers to be retained for at least 25 years.
German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men, six battleships (no more than 10,000 tons displacement each), six cruisers (no more than 6,000 tons displacement each), 12 destroyers (no more than 800 tons displacement each) and 12 torpedo boats (no more than 200 tons displacement each). No submarines are to be included.[ Clarification needed ]
The import and export of weapons is prohibited.
Poison gas, armed aircraft, tanks and armoured cars are prohibited.
Blockades on ships are prohibited.
Restrictions on the manufacture of machine guns (e.g. the Maxim machine gun ) and rifles (e.g. Gewehr 98 rifles).
German armed forces were prohibited from entering or fortifying any part of German territory west of the Rhine or within 50 kilometres east of the Rhine.
Territorial changes
Weimar Germany
Germany′s borders in 1919 had been established nearly 50 years earlier, at the country′s official establishment in 1871 . Territory and cities in the region had changed hands repeatedly for centuries, including at various times being owned by the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Kingdom of Sweden , Kingdom of Poland, and Kingdom of Lithuania . However, Germany laid claim to lands and cities that it viewed as historically "Germanic" centuries before Germany′s establishment as a country in 1871. Other countries disputed Germany′s claim to this territory. In the peace treaty, Germany agreed to return disputed lands and cities to various countries.
Germany was compelled to yield control of its colonies , and would also lose a number of European territories. Most of the province of West Prussia would be ceded to the restored Poland, thereby granting it access to the Baltic Sea via the " Polish Corridor " which Prussia had annexed in the Partitions of Poland . This turned East Prussia into an exclave , separated from mainland Germany.
Alsace and much of Lorraine—both originally German-speaking territories—were part of France, having been annexed by France′s King Louis XIV , who desired the Rhine as a "natural border". After approximately 200 years of French rule, Alsace and the German-speaking part of Lorraine were ceded to Germany in 1871 under the Treaty of Frankfurt . In 1919, both regions were returned to France.
Northern Schleswig was returned to Denmark following a plebiscite on February 14, 1920 (area 3,984 km2 (1,538 sq mi), 163,600 inhabitants (1920)). Central Schleswig, including the city of Flensburg, opted to remain German in a separate referendum on 14 March 1920.
Most of the Prussian provinces of Province of Posen (now Poznan) and of West Prussia which Prussia had annexed in the Partitions of Poland (1772–1795) were ceded to Poland (area 53,800 km2 (20,800 sq mi), 4,224,000 inhabitants (1931)) without a plebiscite . Most of the Province of Posen had already come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–1919.
The Hultschin area of Upper Silesia was transferred to Czechoslovakia (area 316 km2 (122 sq mi) or 333 km2 (129 sq mi), 49,000 inhabitants) without a plebiscite.
The eastern part of Upper Silesia was assigned to Poland, as in the Upper Silesia plebiscite inhabitants of about 45% of communities voted for this (with general results of 717,122 votes being cast for Germany and 483,514 for Poland).
The area of Eupen-Malmedy was given to Belgium. An opportunity was given to the population to "protest" against the transfer by signing a register, which gathered few signatures. The Vennbahn railway was also transferred to Belgium.
The area of Soldau in East Prussia, an important railway junction on the Warsaw–Danzig route, was transferred to Poland without a plebiscite (area 492 km2 (190 sq mi)). [42]
The northern part of East Prussia known as the "Memelland" or Memel Territory was placed under the control of France and was later annexed by Lithuania. [43]
From the eastern part of West Prussia and the southern part of East Prussia, after the East Prussian plebiscite a small area was ceded to Poland.
The Territory of the Saar Basin was to be under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years, after which a plebiscite between France and Germany was to decide to which country it would belong. During this time, coal would be sent to France. The region was then called the Saargebiet (German: "Saar Area") and was formed from southern parts of the German Rhine Province and western parts of the Bavarian Palatinate under the "Saar statute" of the Versailles Treaty of 28. 6. 1919 (Article 45–50). [44]
The strategically important port of Danzig with the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea was separated from Germany as the Freie Stadt Danzig (Free City of Danzig).
Austria (see the Republic of German Austria ) was forbidden from integrating with/into Germany .
In article 22, German colonies were made trusteeships under the control of Belgium, Great Britain, and certain British Dominions, France, and Japan. [45]
In Africa, Britain and France divided German Kamerun (Cameroons) and Togoland . Belgium gained Ruanda-Urundi in northwestern German East Africa , Britain obtained by far the greater landmass of this colony, thus gaining the "missing link" in the chain of British possessions stretching from South Africa to Egypt (Cape to Cairo), Portugal received the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa. German South West Africa was mandated to the Union of South Africa. [46]
In the Pacific, Japan gained Germany’s islands north of the equator (the Marshall Islands , the Carolines, the Marianas, the Palau Islands) and Kiautschou in China. German Samoa was assigned to New Zealand; German New Guinea , the Bismarck Archipelago and Nauru [47] to Australia as mandatory. [48]
In China
Main article: Shandong Problem
Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference 1919
Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong, China, to Japan rather than returning sovereign authority to China. Chinese outrage over this provision led to demonstrations and a cultural movement known as the May Fourth Movement and influenced China not to sign the treaty. China declared the end of its war against Germany in September 1919 and signed a separate treaty with Germany in 1921 .
War Guilt and Reparations
Main article: World War I reparations
The Treaty in section 231 laid the guilt for the war on "the aggression of Germany and her allies." This provision proved humiliating for Germany. Article 232 of the treaty noted Germany would pay "compensation for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allied and Associated Powers and to their property during the period of the belligerency". Article 233 notes that the level of compensation to be paid would "be determined by an Inter-Allied Commission". The total sum of war reparations demanded from Germany—around 226 billion Marks (ℳ)—was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission.
In January 1921, the total sum due was decided by an Inter-Allied Reparations Commission and was set at 132 billion gold marks. This figure was divided into three categories. The A Bonds amounted to 12 billion gold marks and the B bonds a further 38 billion marks, which equated to around 12.5 billion dollars "an amount smaller than what Germany had recently offered to pay" [49] Class C bonds amounted for the remaining two-thirds of the total figure and were deliberately designed to be chimerical". "Their primary function was to mislead public opinion in the receiver countries into believing that the 132-billion mark figure was being maintained." [49] Therefore, the sum Class C bonds "amounted to indefinite postponement". [50] Germany was only obliged to pay the Class A and B bonds. [51] The actual total payout from 1920 to 1931 (when payments were suspended indefinitely) was 20 billion German gold marks, worth about 5 billion US dollars or one billion British pounds. Of this amount, 12.5 billion was cash that came mostly from loans from New York bankers. The rest was goods like coal and chemicals, or from assets like railway equipment. The total amount of reparations was fixed in 1921 on the basis of the German capacity to pay, not on the basis of Allied claims. The highly publicized rhetoric of 1919 about paying for all the damages and all the veterans' benefits was irrelevant to the total, but it did affect how the recipients spent their share. Austria, Hungary, and Turkey were also supposed to pay some reparations but they were so impoverished that they in fact paid very little. Germany was the only country rich enough to pay anything; it owed reparations chiefly to France, Britain, Italy and Belgium; the US received $100 million. [51] Historian Stephen Shucker notes how the overall payment amounts to "a unilateral transfer equal to a startling 5.3 percent of German national income for 1919-31." [52]
In 1932, due to international agreement at the Lausanne Conference Germany stopped paying reparations. In 2010, Germany finished paying off loans that had been taken out during the 1920s to aid in making reparation payments. [53]
The creation of international organizations
Edit
Part I of the treaty was the Covenant of the League of Nations which provided for the creation of the League of Nations, an organization intended to arbitrate international disputes and thereby avoid future wars. [54] Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Organization , to promote "the regulation of the hours of work, including the establishment of a maximum working day and week; the regulation of the labour supply; the prevention of unemployment; the provision of an adequate living wage; the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment; the protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of workers when employed in countries other than their own; recognition of the principle of freedom of association; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures" [55] Further international commissions were to be set up, according to Part XII, to administer control over the Elbe, the Oder, the Niemen (Russstrom-Memel-Niemen) and the Danube rivers. [56]
Other
Edit
The Treaty contained many other provisions (economic issues, transportation, etc.). One of the provisions was the following:
Article 246 states "Within six months ... Germany will restore to His Majesty the King of the Hedjaz the original Koran of the Caliph Othman, which was removed from Medina by the Turkish authorities and is stated to have been presented to the ex-Emperor William II." and that "Germany will hand over to His Britannic Majesty's Government the skull of the Sultan Mkwawa which was removed from the Protectorate of German East Africa and taken to Germany. [57]
Reactions
Edit
British officials at the conference declared French policy to be "greedy" and vindictive, with Ramsay MacDonald later announcing, after Hitler's re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936, that he was "pleased" that the Treaty was "vanishing", expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson". [58]
France
Edit
France signed the Treaty and was active in the League. Clemenceau had failed to achieve all of the demands of the French people, and he was voted out of office in the elections of January 1920. French Marshal Ferdinand Foch —who felt the restrictions on Germany were too lenient—declared (quite accurately), "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years ." [59]
United States
Edit
After the Versailles conference Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!" [60]
The Republican Party—led by Henry Cabot Lodge —controlled the U.S. Senate after the election of 1918, but the Senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty. [61]
An angry bloc of 12–18 " Irreconcilables ", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the Treaty. One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge. A second group of Democrats supported the Treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations. The largest bloc—led by Senator Lodge— [62] comprised a majority of the Republicans. They wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article X, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the U.S. Congress. [63] All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them. However, Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills. [64]
The closest the Treaty came to passage was on November 19, 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification.
Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the Treaty, saying it favored the British. [65]
After Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the League of Nations, Congress passed the Knox–Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the U.S. and the Central Powers . It was signed into law by Harding on July 21, 1921. [66]
The U.S.–German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921, the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921, and the US–Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921.
House's views
Edit
Wilson's former friend Edward Mandell House , present at the negotiations, wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919:
I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered, and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris. [67]
In Germany
German delegates in Versailles: Professor Dr. Walther Schücking , Reichspostminister Johannes Giesberts , Justice Minister Dr. Otto Landsberg , Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau , Prussian State President Robert Leinert , and financial advisor Dr. Carl Melchior .
On April 29, the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau arrived in Versailles. On May 7, when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called " War Guilt Clause ", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here. You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie." [68] Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands, and a "violation of honour", [69] soon afterward withdrawing from the proceedings of peace conference.
Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty—particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war—as an insult to the nation's honor. They referred to the treaty as "the Diktat " since its terms were presented to Germany on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Germany′s first democratically elected Chancellor , Philipp Scheidemann , resigned rather than sign the treaty. In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on March 21, 1919, he called the treaty a "murderous plan" and exclaimed,
Which hand, trying to put us in chains like these, would not wither? The treaty is unacceptable. [70]
After Scheidemann′s resignation, a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer . President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible position. As detested as the treaty was, he feared that the government was not in a position to reject it. With this in mind, he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies decided to renew hostilities, which he believed would be very likely if Germany refused to sign. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Hindenburg—after prodding from his chief of staff, Wilhelm Groener —concluded the army′s position was untenable. However, rather than inform Ebert himself, he had Groener cable the army′s recommendation to the government. Upon receiving this, the new government recommended signing the treaty. The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138, with five abstentions. Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell traveled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany. The treaty was signed on June 28, 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on July 9 by a vote of 209 to 116. [71]
Demonstration against the Treaty in front of the Reichstag .
Conservatives, nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the peace and democratic Weimar politicians, socialists, communists, and Jews were viewed by them with suspicion, due to their supposed extra-national loyalties.[ citation needed ] It was rumored that the Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling out Germany to its enemies. Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany, and the newly formed Weimar Republic, were regarded as having "stabbed Germany in the back" on the home front , by either opposing German nationalism, instigating unrest and strikes in the critical military industries or profiteering.[ citation needed ] These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918, its armies were still on French and Belgian territory. Furthermore, on the Eastern Front , Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk . In the West, Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918.[ citation needed ] Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive, leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel . The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors, with the Jews taking most of the blame.[ citation needed ]
Violations
Edit
This article does not contain any citations or references. Please improve this article by adding a reference. For information about how to add references, see Template:Citation .
The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency.[ citation needed ] Nonetheless, even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations (132 billion gold marks) still placed a significant burden on the German economy.[ citation needed ] Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed, Germans blamed the near-collapse of their economy on the Treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation.[ citation needed ]
In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with "passive resistance", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan , which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925.
Some significant violations (or avoidances) of the provisions of the Treaty were:
In 1919, the dissolution of the General Staff appeared to happen; however, the core of the General Staff was reestablished and hidden
In March 1935, under the government of Adolf Hitler , Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military conscription in Germany and rebuilding the armed forces.
In March 1936, Germany violated the treaty by reoccupying the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland .
In March 1938, Germany violated the treaty by annexing Austria in the Anschluss.
Historical assessments
Edit
According to David Stevenson , since the opening of French archives, most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference, though Stevenson notes that "[t]he jury is still out", and that "there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way." [72]
In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace , John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a " Carthaginian peace ", a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism , rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , which Germany had accepted at the armistice. He stated: "I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible." [73] Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others (including some US officials) had used at Paris. [74] He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay, and that these would produce drastic instability. [75]
French economist Étienne Mantoux disputed that analysis. During the 1940s, Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes' claims. More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments. [76]
It has been argued (for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book "A World At Arms" [77] ) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany. The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up, and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation (in contrast to the situation following World War II.) In a 1995 essay, Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria-Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe, that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe . [78]
The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was "extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in mind to impose on the Allies". Furthermore, he claimed, it was "hardly a slap on the wrist" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918, which had taken away a third of Russia's population (albeit of non-Russian ethnicity), one-half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an indemnity of six billion Marks. [79] Eventually, even under the "cruel" terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany′s economy had been restored to its pre-war status.
Barnett also claims that, in strategic terms, Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914. Germany′s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer, because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller, weaker states, Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war , and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany. In the West, Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium , both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany, the Treaty "much enhanced" German power. [80] Britain and France should have (according to Barnett) "divided and permanently weakened" Germany by undoing Bismarck's work and partitioning Germany into smaller, weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again. [81] By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe, Britain "had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War". [82]
The British historian of modern Germany, Richard J. Evans , wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa. Consequently, any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them. [83] Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles. [83] Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition , namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the social liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Christian democratic Centre Party , were all equally opposed to Versailles, and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equaled opposition to the Weimar Republic . [83] Finally, Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic, instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy. He also argued that Versailles was not the "main cause" of National Socialism and the German economy was "only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations". [83]
Ewa Thompson points out that the Treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule, a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography, more interested in understanding the German point of view. In nations that found themselves free as the result of the Treaty; such as Poles or Czechs, it is seen as symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbors. [84]
Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis, resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party .[ citation needed ] The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period , and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany. [85] Rather, Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty, and it was this "perception" rather than the "reality" of the Versailles treaty that mattered. [85] Peukert noted that because of the " millenarian hopes " created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe, any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash, and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash. [85] Having noted that much, Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe, and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles. [85] Finally, Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic, not the Treaty of Versailles. [85]
French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen-West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment, where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented. [86] Cartier asserts that, out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen-West Prussia in 1921, 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment. [86] In 1926, the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000.[ citation needed ] These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler′s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland . [86]
See also
↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Evans, Richard In Hitler's Shadow, New York: Panatheon 1989 page 107.
↑ The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University [2]
↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 Peukert, Detlev The Weimar Republic, New York: Hill & Wang, 1992 page 278.
↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 La Seconde Guerre mondiale, Raymond Cartier, Paris, Larousse Paris Match, 1965, quoted in: Pater Lothar Groppe (2004-08-28). "Die "Jagd auf Deutsche" im Osten: Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem "Bromberger Blutsonntag" vor 50 Jahren" (in German). Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung / 28. August 2004. http://www.webarchiv-server.de/pin/archiv04/3504paz38.htm . Retrieved 2010-09-22. "'Von 1.058.000 Deutschen, die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten', ist bei Cartier zu lesen, 'waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert. Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15. Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt.'"
References
Andelman, David A. (2008). A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today. New York/London: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-78898-0 .
Bell, Origins of the Second World War
Cooper, John Milton. Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (2010) excerpt and text search
Demarco, Neil (1987). The World This Century. London: Collins Educational. ISBN 0-00-322217-9 .
Herron, George D. (1924). The Defeat in the Victory. Boston: Christopher Publishing House. xvi, [4], 202 p.
Macmillan, Margaret (2001). Peacemakers. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-5939-1 . .
Also published as Macmillan, Margaret (2001). Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-76052-0 .
Markwell, Donald (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829236-8 .
Martel, Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered
Sharp, Alan (2011). Consequences of Peace: The Versailles Settlement: Aftermath and Legacy 1919-2010 . Haus Publishing. http://www.amazon.com/Consequences-Peace-Versailles-Settlement-Aftermath/dp/1905791747/ .
Sharp, Alan. The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking After the First World War, 1919-1923 (2008)
Stevenson, David (1998). "France at the Paris Peace Conference: Addressing the Dilemmas of Security". In Robert W. D. Boyce . French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-15039-2 .
Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (1972). The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932. New York: H. Fertig.
Further reading
The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years, Boemeke, Manfred F., Gerald D. Feldman, and Elisabeth Gläser, editors. Washington, DC: German Historical Institute, 1998.
External links
|
Japan
|
Resembling a long-tailed rabbit, which South American rodent is bred in captivity for its soft grey fur?
|
Japanese History/The American Occupation of Japan - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Japanese History/The American Occupation of Japan
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Jump to: navigation , search
General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito
At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions from Australia, India, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and subsequent to its coming into force on April 28, 1952, Japan was once again an independent country.
Contents
Post-Surrender[ edit ]
On V-J Day, United States President Harry Truman appointed General Douglas MacArthur as Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), to supervise the occupation of Japan. During the war, the Allied Powers had planned to divide Japan amongst themselves for the purposes of occupation, as was done for the occupation of Germany. Under the final plan, however, SCAP was given direct control over the main islands of Japan (Honshū, Hokkaidō, Shikoku and Kyūshū) and the immediately surrounding islands, while outlying possessions were divided between the Allied Powers as follows:
Soviet Union: North Korea (not a full occupation), Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands.
United States: South Korea (not a full occupation), Okinawa, the Amami Islands, the Ogasawara Islands and Japanese possessions in Micronesia.
China: Taiwan and Penghu.
It is unclear why the occupation plan was changed. Common theories include the increased power of the United States following development of the atomic bomb, Truman's greater distrust of the Soviet Union when compared with Roosevelt, and an increased desire to contain Soviet expansion in the Far East after the Yalta Conference.
The Soviet Union had some intentions of occupying Hokkaidō. Had this occurred, there might have been the foundation of a communist "Democratic People's Republic of Japan" in the Soviet zone of occupation. However, unlike the Soviet occupations of East Germany and North Korea, these plans were frustrated by the opposition of President Truman.
The Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council For Japan were also established to supervise the occupation of Japan.
Japanese officials left for Manila on August 19 to meet MacArthur and to be briefed on his plans for the occupation. On August 28, 150 U.S. personnel flew to Atsugi, Kanagawa Prefecture. They were followed by The "USS Missouri, whose accompanying vessels landed the US 4th Marine Division on the southern coast of Kanagawa. Other Allied personnel followed.
MacArthur arrived in Tokyo on August 30, and immediately decreed several laws: No Allied personnel were to assault Japanese people. No Allied personnel were to eat the scarce Japanese food. Flying the Hinomaru or "Rising Sun" flag was initially severely restricted (although individuals and prefectural offices could apply for permission to fly it). The restriction was partially lifted in 1948 and completely lifted the following year. The Hinomaru was the de facto albeit not de jure flag throughout World war II and the occupation period.
On September 2, Japan formally surrendered with the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender. On September 6, US President Harry S. Truman approved a document titled "US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan". The document set two main objectives for the occupation: (1) eliminating Japan's war potential and (2) turning Japan into a western style nation with pro-American orientation. Allied (primarily American) forces were set up to supervise the country, and "for eighty months following its surrender in 1945, Japan was at the mercy of an army of occupation, its people subject to foreign military control." At the head of the Occupation administration was General MacArthur who was technically supposed to defer to an advisory council set up by the Allied powers, but in practice did everything himself. As a result, this period was one of significant American influence, having been already identified in 1951, that "for six years the United States has had a freer hand to experiment with Japan than any other country in Asia, or indeed in the entire world."
MacArthur's first priority was to set up a food distribution network; following the collapse of the ruling government and the wholesale destruction of most major cities, virtually everyone was starving. Even with these measures, millions of people were still on the brink of starvation for several years after the surrender. As expressed by Kawai Kazuo, "Democracy cannot be taught to a starving people,"
Initially the US government provided emergency food relief through GARIOA funds. In fiscal year 1946, this aid amounted to US$92 million in loans. From April 1946, in the guise of LARA, private relief organizations were also permitted to provide relief. Once the food network was in place, at a cost of up to US$1 million per day, MacArthur set out to win the support of Hirohito. The two men met for the first time on September 27; the photograph of the two together is one of the most famous in Japanese history. However, many were shocked that MacArthur wore his standard duty uniform with no tie instead of his dress uniform when meeting the emperor. MacArthur may have done this on purpose, to send a message as to what he considered the emperor's status to be. With the sanction of Japan's reigning monarch, MacArthur had the ammunition he needed to begin the real work of the occupation. While other Allied political and military leaders pushed for Hirohito to be tried as a war criminal, MacArthur resisted such calls and rejected the claims of members of the imperial family such as Prince Mikasa and Prince Higashikuni and intellectuals like Tatsuji Miyoshi who asked for the emperor's abdication, arguing that any such prosecution would be overwhelmingly unpopular with the Japanese people.
By the end of 1945, more than 350,000 U.S. personnel were stationed throughout Japan. By the beginning of 1946, replacement troops began to arrive in the country in large numbers and were assigned to MacArthur's Eighth Army, headquartered in Tokyo's Dai-Ichi building. Of the main Japanese islands, Kyūshū was occupied by the 24th Infantry Division, with some responsibility for Shikoku. Honshū was occupied by the First Cavalry Division. Hokkaidō was occupied by the 11th Airborne Division.
The official British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF), composed of Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand personnel, was deployed on February 21, 1946. While U.S. forces were responsible for overall military government, BCOF was responsible for supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries. BCOF was also responsible for occupation of several western prefectures and had its headquarters at Kure. At its peak, the force numbered about 40,000 personnel. During 1947, BCOF began to decrease its activities in Japan, and officially wound up in 1951.
Japanese Reaction to the start of the Occupation[ edit ]
Hirohito’s surrender broadcast was a shock to Japanese citizens. After years of propaganda which had told them about Japan’s military might and the inevitability of victory, the suddenness of the revelation was a shock. But for many people, these were only secondary concerns since they were also facing starvation and homelessness.
Post-war Japan was chaotic. The air raids on urban centers left millions displaced and food shortages, created by bad harvests and the demands of the war, worsened when the importation of food from Korea, Taiwan, and China ceased. Repatriation of Japanese living in other parts of Asia only aggravated the problems in Japan as these displaced people put more strain on already scarce resources. Over 5.1 million Japanese returned to Japan in the fifteen months following October 1, 1945. Alcohol and drug abuse became major problems. Deep exhaustion, declining morale and despair was so widespread that it was termed the "kyodatsu condition." Inflation was rampant and many people turned to the black market for even the most basic goods. Prostitution also increased considerably.
The phrase "shikata ga nai", or "nothing can be done about it," was commonly used in both Japanese and American press to encapsulate the Japanese public's resignation to the harsh conditions endured while under occupation. However, not everyone reacted the same way to the hardships of the postwar period. While some succumbed to the difficulties, many more were resilient. As the country regained its footing, they were able to bounce back as well.
Outcomes of the Occupation[ edit ]
Disarmament[ edit ]
Japan's postwar constitution, adopted under Allied supervision, included a "Peace Clause" (Article 9), which renounced war and banned Japan from maintaining any armed forces. This was intended to prevent the country from ever becoming an aggressive military power again. However, within a decade, America was pressuring Japan to rebuild its army as a bulwark against Communism in Asia after the Chinese Civil War and the Korean War, and Japan established Self-Defense Forces. Traditionally, Japan's military spending has been restricted to about 1% of its GNP though this is by popular practice, not law, and has fluctuated up and down from this figure. Recently, past Prime Ministers Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzo Abe, and other politicians have tried to repeal or amend the clause. Although the intention of the American Occupation was to demilitarize the Japanese, due to the subsequent Asian threat of communism, and at American urging, the Japanese military was slowly restored to considerable strength. Japan currently has the seventh largest military budget in the world.
Liberalization[ edit ]
The Occupation was not the simple experiment in democracy it is often portrayed to be. With the intensification of the Cold War, SCAP reined in its reform initiatives. From late 1947, US Priorities shifted perceptibly from liberal social change to internal political stability and economic recovery. Demilitarisation and democratization lost momentum and then seemed to stall. Economic deconcentration, for example, was left uncompleted as GHQ responded to new imperatives. American authorities encouraged business practices and industrial policies that have since become sources of contention between Japan and its major trade partners, notably the United States." During the Occupation, GHQ/SCAP successfully (if not entirely) abolished many of the financial coalitions known as the Zaibatsu, which had previously monopolized industry. Along with the later American change of heart, however (due in part to the need for an economically stronger Japan in the face of a perceived Soviet threat), these economic reforms were also hampered by the wealthy and influential Japanese who obviously stood to lose a great deal. As such, there were those who consequently resisted any attempts at reform, claiming that the zaibatsu were required for Japan to compete internationally, and looser industrial groupings known as keiretsu evolved. A major land reform was also conducted, led by Wolf Ladejinsky of General Douglas MacArthur's SCAP staff. However, Ladejinsky has stated that the real architect of reform was Socialist Hiro Wada, former Japanese Minister of Agriculture. Between 1947 and 1949, approximately 5,800,000 acres of land (23,500 km2) (approximately 38% of Japan's cultivated land) were purchased from the landlords under the government's reform program and resold at extremely low prices (after inflation) to the farmers who worked them. By 1950, three million peasants had acquired land, dismantling a power structure that the landlords had long dominated.
Democratization[ edit ]
In 1946, the Diet ratified a new Constitution of Japan that followed closely a 'model copy' prepared by the GHQ/SCAP (namely the organization headed by Gen. MacArthur that was responsible for conducting the Occupation), and was promulgated as an amendment to the old Prussian-style Meiji Constitution. "The political project drew much of its inspiration from the US Bill of Rights, New Deal social legislation, the liberal constitutions of several European states and even the Soviet Union... (It) transferred sovereignty from the Emperor to the people in an attempt to depoliticize the Throne and reduce it to the status of a state symbol. Included in the revised charter was the famous 'no war', 'no arms' Article Nine, which outlawed belligerency as an instrument of state policy and the maintenance of a standing army. The 1947 Constitution also enfranchised women, guaranteed fundamental human rights, strengthened the powers of Parliament and the Cabinet, and decentralized the police and local government." On December 15, 1945 the Shinto Directive was issued abolishing Shinto as a state religion and prohibiting some of its teachings and rites that were deemed to be militaristic or ultra-nationalistic. On April 10, 1946, an election that saw 78.52% voter turnout among men and 66.97% among women gave Japan its first modern prime minister, Shigeru Yoshida.
Trade Union Act[ edit ]
In 1945 the Diet passed Japan's first ever trade union law protecting the rights of workers to form or join a union, to organize and take industrial action. There had been pre-war attempts to do so, but none that were successfully passed until the Allied occupation. A new Trade Union law was passed on June 1 1949, which remains in place to the present day. According to Article 1 of the Act, the purpose of the act is to "elevate the status of workers by promoting their being on equal standing with the employer".
Labor Standards Act[ edit ]
The Labor Standards Act was enacted on 7 April, 1947 to govern working conditions in Japan. According to Article 1 of the Act, it's goal is to ensure that "Working conditions shall be those which should meet the needs of workers who live lives worthy of human beings." While it was created while Japan was under occupation, the origins of the Act have nothing to do with the occupation forces. It appears to have been the brainchild of Kosaku Teramoto, a former member of the Thought Police, who had become the head of the Labor Standards section of the Welfare Ministry.
Education reform[ edit ]
Before and during the war, Japanese education was based on the German system, with "Gymnasium" (selective grammar schools) and universities to train students after primary school. During the occupation, Japan's secondary education system was changed to incorporate three-year junior high schools and senior high schools similar to those in the U.S.: junior high became compulsory but senior high remained optional. The Imperial Rescript on Education was repealed, and the Imperial University system reorganized. The longstanding issue of Japanese script reform, which had been planned for decades but continuously opposed by more conservative elements, was also resolved during this time. The Japanese written system was drastically reorganized with the Tōyō kanji-list in 1946, predecessor of today's Jōyō kanji, and orthography was greatly altered to reflect spoken usage.
Negative impacts of the occupation[ edit ]
Purging of war criminals[ edit ]
While these other reforms were taking place, various military tribunals, most notably the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Ichigaya, were trying Japan's war criminals and sentencing many to death and imprisonment. However, many suspects such as Tsuji Masanobu, Nobusuke Kishi, Yoshio Kodama and Ryoichi Sasakawa were never judged, while the Showa Emperor, all members of the imperial family implicated in the war such as Prince Chichibu, Prince Asaka, Prince Hiroyasu Fushimi, Prince Higashikuni and Prince Takeda, and all members of Unit 731 were given immunity from criminal prosecution by General MacArthur.
Before the war crimes trials actually convened, the SCAP, the IPS and Shōwa officials worked behind the scenes not only to prevent the imperial family from being indicted, but also to slant the testimony of the defendants to ensure that no one implicated the Emperor. High officials in court circles and the Shōwa government collaborated with Allied GHQ in compiling lists of prospective war criminals, while the individuals arrested as Class A suspects and incarcerated in Sugamo prison solemnly vowed to protect their sovereign against any possible taint of war responsibility. Thus, "months before the Tokyo tribunal commenced, MacArthur's highest subordinates were working to attribute ultimate responsibility for Pearl Harbor to Hideki Tōjō" by allowing "the major criminal suspects to coordinate their stories so that the Emperor would be spared from indictment."
For historian John W. Dower, "Even Japanese peace activists who endorse the ideals of the Nuremberg and Tokyo charters, and who have labored to document and publicize Japanese atrocities, cannot defend the American decision to exonerate the emperor of war responsibility and then, in the chill of Cold war, release and soon afterwards openly embrace accused right-wing war criminals like the later prime minister Kishi Nobusuke".
In retrospect, apart from the military officer corps, the purge of alleged militarists and ultranationalists that was conducted under the Occupation had relatively small impact on the long-term composition of men of influence in the public and private sectors. The purge initially brought new blood into the political parties, but this was offset by the return of huge numbers of formally purged conservative politicians to national as well as local politics in the early 1950s. In the bureaucracy, the purge was negligible from the outset... In the economic sector, the purge similarly was only mildly disruptive, affecting less than sixteen hundred individuals spread among some four hundred companies. Everywhere one looks, the corridors of power in postwar Japan are crowded with men whose talents had already been recognized during the war years, and who found the same talents highly prized in the "new" Japan.
Rape[ edit ]
While many Japanese civilians feared that the Allied troops were likely to rape Japanese women, the incidence of rape committed by members of the occupation force was low. Its incidence did increase after the criminalization of prostitution, however. Michael S. Molasky reports that while rape and other violent crime was widespread in naval ports like Yokosuka and Yokohama during the first few weeks of occupation, according to Japanese police reports, the number of incidents declined shortly after and were not common on mainland Japan throughout the rest of occupation.
According to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported on Okinawa during the first five years of occupation. However, this is probably not the true figure, as most cases went unreported.
Censorship[ edit ]
After the surrender of Japan in 1945, the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers abolished all forms of censorship and controls on Freedom of Speech, which was also integrated into Article 21 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan. However, press censorship remained a reality in the post-war era, especially in matters of pornography, and in political matters deemed subversive by the American government during the occupation of Japan.
The Allied occupation forces suppressed news of criminal activities such as rape; on September 10, 1945 SCAP "issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics 'inimical to the objectives of the Occupation'."
Comfort women[ edit ]
With the acceptance of the Allied occupation authorities the Japanese organized a brothel system for the benefit of the more than 300,000 occupation troops. "The strategy was, through the special work of experienced women, to create a breakwater to protect regular women and girls."
In December 1945 a senior officer with the Public Health and Welfare Division of the occupation's General Headquarters wrote regarding the typical prostitute:
"The girl is impressed into contracting by the desperate financial straits of her parents and their urging, occasionally supplemented by her willingness to make such a sacrifice to help her family," he wrote. "It is the belief of our informants, however, that in urban districts the practice of enslaving girls, while much less prevalent than in the past, still exists."
"The worst victims ... were the women who, with no previous experience, answered the ads calling for 'Women of the New Japan,"'
When MacArthur finally closed the brothels on March 25, 1946, it is estimated that more than 25% of the U.S. troops had sexually transmitted diseases.
Industrial disarmament[ edit ]
To further remove Japan as a potential future threat to the U.S., the Far Eastern Commission decided that Japan was to be partly de-industrialized. The necessary dismantling of Japanese industry was foreseen to have been achieved when Japanese standards of living had been reduced to those existing in Japan the period 1930 - 1934. In the end the adopted program of de-industrialisation in Japan was implemented to a lesser degree than the similar U.S. "industrial disarmament" program in Germany. In view of the cost to American taxpayers for emergency food aid to Japan, in April 1948 the Johnston Committee Report recommended that the economy of Japan should instead be reconstructed. The report included suggestions for reductions in war reparations, and a relaxation of the "economic deconcentration" policy. For the fiscal year of 1949 funds were moved from the GARIOA budget into an Economic Rehabilitation in Occupied Areas (EROA) programme, to be used for the import of materials needed for economic reconstruction.
Expulsions[ edit ]
The defeat of the Japanese Empire meant reversal of its previous annexations-Taiwan and Manchuria returned to China, while Korea regained its independence.
The Soviet Union claimed South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, with 400,000 Japanese fleeing or expelled. Similar actions happened in Taiwan and Manchuria after their return to China, while independent Korea saw flight of over 800,000 Japanese settlers—fearing reprisals for Japanese war crimes and decades of looting of the peninsula by settlers.
Soviet Attacks[ edit ]
In a bid to occupy as much Japanese territory as possible, Soviet troops continued offensive military operations after the Japanese surrender, causing large scale civilian casualties.
Politics[ edit ]
Unlike the case in Germany Japan retained a native government throughout the occupation, although its de facto authority was strictly limited at first and senior figures in the government such as the Prime Minister effectively served at the leisure of the occupational authorities prior to the first post-war elections being held.
Political parties had begun to revive almost immediately after the occupation began. Left-wing organizations, such as the Japan Socialist Party and the Japan Communist Party, having being banned by the Fascists, quickly reestablished themselves, as did various conservative parties. The old Seiyukai and Rikken Minseito came back as, respectively, the Liberal Party (Nihon Jiyuto) and the Japan Progressive Party (Nihone Shimpoto). The first postwar elections were held in 1946 (women were given the franchise for the first time), and the Liberal Party's vice president, Yoshida Shigeru (1878–1967), became prime minister. For the 1947 elections, anti-Yoshida forces left the Liberal Party and joined forces with the Progressive Party to establish the new Japan Democratic Party (Minshuto). This divisiveness in conservative ranks gave a plurality to the Japan Socialist Party, which was allowed to form a cabinet, which lasted less than a year. Thereafter, the socialist party steadily declined in its electoral successes. After a short period of Democratic Party administration, Yoshida returned in late 1948 and continued to serve as prime minister until 1954. However, because of a heart failure Yoshida was replaced by Shinto in 1955.
End of the occupation[ edit ]
In 1949, MacArthur made a sweeping change in the SCAP power structure that greatly increased the power of Japan's native rulers, and the occupation began to draw to a close. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8, 1951, marked the end of the Allied occupation, and when it went into effect on April 28, 1952, Japan was once again an independent state (with the exceptions of Okinawa, which remained under U.S. control until 1972, and Iwo Jima, which remained under US control until 1968). Even though some 31,000 U.S. military personnel remain in Japan today, they are there at the invitation of the Japanese government under the terms of the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960) and not as an occupying force.
|
i don't know
|
What is the state capital of Pennsylvania?
|
Pennsylvania - U.S. States - HISTORY.com
Motto: Virtue, Liberty and Independence
Tree: Hemlock
Bird: Ruffed Grouse
Interesting Facts
Named by Governor William Penn after his arrival in the New World in 1682, Philadelphia combined the Greek words for love (phileo) and brother (adelphos), engendering its nickname of “the city of brotherly love.”
Although born in Boston, Philadelphia claims Ben Franklin as one of its sons as the renowned statesman, scientist, writer and inventor moved to the city at the age of 17. Responsible for many civic improvements, Franklin founded the Library Company of Philadelphia in 1731 and organized the Union Fire Company in 1736.
On September 18, 1777, fearing that the approaching British army would seize and melt the Liberty Bell for ammunition, 200 cavalrymen transported the iconic symbol of freedom by caravan from the Philadelphia State House to the basement of the Zion Reformed Church in Allentown, where it remained until the British finally left in June of 1778.
Now the largest city in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia served as the nation’s capital from 1790 until a permanent capital was established in Washington, D.C., in 1800. Both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were signed in Philadelphia.
In July of 1952, Jonas Salk developed the first polio vaccine from the killed virus at the University of Pittsburgh. First tested on himself and his family, the vaccine was made available nation-wide a few years later, which reduced the number of polio cases from nearly 29,000 in 1955 to less than 6,000 in 1957.
In 1903, the Boston Americans and Pittsburgh Pirates competed against each other in the first official World Series of Major League Baseball at Exposition Park in Pittsburgh. In the best-of-nine series, Boston won five games to three.
The worst nuclear accident in United States history occurred on March 28, 1979, on Three Mile Island near Harrisburg. Caused by a series of system malfunctions and human errors, the plant’s nuclear reactor core partially melted, and thousands of residents were evacuated or fled the area, fearing exposure to radiation.
William Penn initially requested his land grant be named “Sylvania,” from the Latin for “woods.” Charles II instead named it “Pennsylvania,” after Penn’s father, causing Penn to worry that settlers would believe he named it after himself.
Tags
|
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
|
How many tiles are there in a game of 'Scrabble'?
|
Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg - TripAdvisor
Want the lowest hotel prices? You're in the right place. We check 200+ sites for you.
Pennsylvania State Capitol, Harrisburg
Is this an outdoor attraction or activity?
Yes
Would this be a good hot day activity?
Yes
Would this be a good cold day activity?
Yes
Is this attraction suitable for all ages?
Yes
Would this be a good sunny day activity?
Yes
Is this attraction good for couples?
Yes
Is this attraction pet friendly?
Yes
Does this activity require advanced planning, ticketing or reservations?
Yes
Is this activity accessible without advanced planning or reservations?
Yes
Is this attraction popular with tourists?
Yes
Map updates are paused. Zoom in to see updated info.
Reset zoom
Address: Third Street, ird Street d Street Street reet et, Harrisburg, PA 17101
Phone Number:
Description:
Teddy Roosevelt declared that this Italian Renaissance-style building was...
Teddy Roosevelt declared that this Italian Renaissance-style building was the handsomest building I ever saw. Indeed, the State Capitol, with its vaulted dome and grand staircase and the murals and painted floors inside, is thing to behold.
read more
Terrible
“Pennsylvania Pride”
The Capitol Building in Harrisburg is an architectural phenomenon. The free 45 minute tour is well worth it. From paintings to heavy light fixtures hung by Pa Steel, it is a... read more
Reviewed 1 week ago
629 Reviews from our TripAdvisor Community
Which Harrisburg hotels are on sale?
mm/dd/yyyy mm/dd/yyyy
Sponsored links *
Read reviews that mention:
All reviews beautiful building supreme court free tour guided tour gold leaf senate and house chambers every half hour amazing architecture grand staircase stained glass the paris opera house president theodore roosevelt floor tiles light fixtures beautiful capital dome fountain chandeliers paintings pennsylvania
Review tags are currently only available for English language reviews.
Start your review of Pennsylvania State Capitol
Click to rate
“Seemed A Pretty Average State Capitol To Us”
Reviewed 1 week ago
In spite of all the raving in the reviews on TA, this seemed a fairly average state capitol to us. Of course there are mosaics and paintings and a dome and everything else most of the other capitol buildings have. OK, the chandelier/s were impressive.
Helpful?
“Pennsylvania Pride”
Reviewed 1 week ago
The Capitol Building in Harrisburg is an architectural phenomenon. The free 45 minute tour is well worth it. From paintings to heavy light fixtures hung by Pa Steel, it is a beauty to behold.
Helpful?
Reviewed 2 weeks ago via mobile
Every minute detail of the original building is a work of expert craftsmanship. I stand in awe of the lasting testament to both ingenuity and creativity that went into this Capitol. The hand laid mosaics around the rotunda and base of the dome are unimaginable to think of someone hand setting each piece. It's opulent and we'll restored. The newer... More
Helpful?
Reviewed 2 weeks ago via mobile
Self tour very cool buldings some of the rooms where got open to public tours that kinda sucks but the rooms that were open are breath taking.
Reviewed 4 weeks ago via mobile
The PA state capitol is a beautiful building. We were there on a Saturday for the 3:00 tour. Due to the snow, they cancelled the tours. We were disappointed, but the guards let us walk around the rotunda and look at the great tree and the displays in the lobby. Lesson learned: call ahead to confirm that the tours aren't... More
Helpful?
“Historic, beautiful, educational”
Reviewed December 9, 2016
The capitol is beautiful, stand under the dome and see the intricacy of the mural, take a look down state street to the river or better yet, walk to the river and stop for coffee at little amps!
Helpful?
“Breath-Taking Architectural Beauty”
Reviewed December 7, 2016
Most state capitol buildings are ornate and designed to well represent the government and elements of that state. Few capitol buildings, however, are visited by other state planners when they are considering updating or adding to their capitol as has been the case many times for this magnificent structure. The Pennsylvania State Capitol building is stunning in its marble-work, impressive... More
Helpful?
“Most Beautiful Capital in US”
Reviewed December 6, 2016
We have the most Beautiful capital; From the ornate marble, beautiful wood tables, elegant chandeliers, stain-glass windows, art murals, gold-leaf dome to the floor tiles; it is one-of-a-kind, The cost was over a million dollars without tax-payers monies years ago. A great tour for locals and out-of-town guests. Visit at Christmas time< a treat to see the large tree decorated... More
Helpful?
|
i don't know
|
The characters 'Susan Meyer', 'Lynette Scavo', 'Gabrielle Solis', 'Bree Van De Camp', and 'Mike Delfino' appear in which television show?
|
Susan Delfino | Wiksteria Lane | Fandom powered by Wikia
Mary Alice Young
Susan Delfino (née Bremmer, previously Mayer) is one of the main characters of Desperate Housewives . Known for being a hopeless romantic and a klutz, as well as for her occasional portrayal of the "damsel in distress", is arguably the most fragile of all the housewives, and is often considered the nicest and most adorable one.
Contents
Biography
Early life
Susan Bremmer was born to Sophie Bremmer , a single mother who had conceived Susan with a feed store owner named Addison Prudy , who was at the time cheating on his wife . Sophie was given good money to stay quiet about the affair and raise the child by herself, and she did so by telling her daughter that her father had been a merchant marine who died at war, during the Battle of Hanoi .
(" Remember, Part 1 "/" Remember, Part 2 ")
Susan and Karl shared a blissful marriage until the fateful time when she found out he'd been cheating on her with his secretary , for whom he then left Susan. The couple divorced, and Susan spent her time feeling depressed and hoping for a man to come and sweep her off her feet.
(" Pilot "/" Come Back to Me "/" Is This What You Call Love? ")
Susan's only companion then became her precocious and smart teenage daughter, Julie, with whom she shared an amazingly tight relationship. In addition to that, during her time on the street, Susan became great friends with some of her neighbors, particularly Mary Alice Young , Bree Van de Kamp , Lynette Scavo and Gabrielle Solis .
(" Pilot "/" Remember, Part 1 ")
In 2003, when Susan and Karl were still married, Edie Britt moved to Wisteria Lane , and the two became friends. When Susan found out that Edie was sleeping with one of her friend's husbands, she ends their friendship. Later on, Edie confronts Susan that she caught Karl with his secretary, Brandi and they are having an affair. Susan didn't believe Edie, and thought she was trying to ruin her marriage, so they were never close friends again.
(" Pilot ")
The series begins a year after Susan's divorce from her first husband, Karl - the father of their daughter Julie .. Mary Alice 's unexpected suicide provokes Susan's suspicion about the Young family ; however, her attention re-shifts when she meets a plumber, Mike Delfino , who has recently moved across the street, and whom she meets at her friend's wake. Susan begins to pursue Mike, only to find that Edie Britt has also taken a liking to the new neighbor. In an attempt to discover if Edie is sleeping with Mike, Susan enters her home and overhears Edie having sex with someone upstairs. She accidentally burns down Edie's house , and flees the scene. Despite feeling guilty, Susan is pleased to learn that Mike was not in Edie's company. What she doesn't know is Mike is keeping a dark secret... Later, when she and her friends rummage through Mary Alice's belongings, they come across a note that indicates she had done something horrible and was being blackmailed for it... which may have constituted the reasons for her suicide.
(" Ah, But Underneath ")
The women gather the following evening at Susan's to discuss the mysterious note that was used to blackmail Mary Alice . Susan thinks that they should share the letter with Paul since it could be used as evidence to find the writer. Later, Susan decides to make her move on Mike by inviting him to one of her "annual" welcome dinners for the new neighbors. Mike accepts her offer. However, knowing that her cooking is bad, Mike agrees to cook and hold it at his house. Later, they are interrupted by Edie . Mike wants her to come, out of pity, and Susan ultimately decides to bring Julie along, for moral support. Susan tries to impress Mike's dog, Bongo , who has taken more of an interest in Edie. She decides to butter up the dog by putting drops of gravy on her hands and face. Susan successfully manages to get Bongo to like her, but he accidentally swallows her earring and begins to choke. Mike rushes out of the house with the dog to drive it to the veterinarian. There, Susan realizes that Mike still has feelings for his dead wife (Bongo was allegedly hers) and that he will not be available for a while.
(" Pretty Little Picture ")
Susan has the idea to have a dinner party dedicated to the memory of Mary Alice , as it was one of her final wishes to reunite all her friends for a dinner gathering. She wants to invite Mike to be her date, but he catches her engaging in a fight with her ex-husband, Karl , and worries that Mike now sees her in a negative light. Susan decides to let go of her anger, but in order to do so, she first needs an apology out of Karl. But he refuses to apologize to her, claiming that he cheated because "the heart wants what it wants", and this all leads to an embarrassing situation in which Susan finds herself locked out of her house... completely naked. She is discovered lying in the bushes of her house by Mike, who helps her break back in, and goes to the dinner party with her... and makes it clear that he's still interested. Later, Susan does get her apology, just not from Karl - from his girlfriend, Brandi .
(" Who's That Woman? ")
When Mrs. Huber finds out that Susan is into Mike, she gets the idea that Susan burnt down Edie's house to keep her rival off her track. Therefore, she subtly starts to blackmail Susan, using her burnt measuring cup (which Martha found in the ruins of Edie's home) as evidence. Susan manages to get her daughter to retrieve the cup from Martha's place, but meanwhile she has to distract Edie, and thus has the unfortunate idea to set her on a date with Mike. The cup is later destroyed, and Mrs. Huber is told by Susan that they are basically no longer friends from that moment on.
(" Running to Stand Still ")
When Susan realizes that Paul has sent his son Zach to be put in a mental institution, she tracks him down and goes on a covert operation to dig some information from Zach, with the aid of her daughter Julie . At the institution, Julie manages to sneak into Zach's room and finds out that he's there over something he did to 'Dana'. Susan tries to figure out who Dana is, but is unable to. Little does she realize at the time that the name 'Dana' is embroidered on a yellow baby blanket she unknowingly purchased at Paul's garage sale.
(" Anything You Can Do ")
Susan gets all pretty for her first dinner date with Mike, but when she gets to his house, she finds that he has an unexpected house guest, his old friend Kendra Taylor , whose ties to Mike are made a mystery to her, furthered by the fact that she is a knock-out. Susan tries to "spy" on Mike by going to the same place he is going to with Kendra, and Edie tags along. There, at the Saddle Ranch Chop House , Susan tries to impress Mike by riding the mechanical bull... which knocks her out. Later, Kendra reassures Susan that she is not interested in Mike, but adds that, even though he's a great guy, Susan should ask him why he moved to the street, because it's 'one hell of a story'.
(" Guilty ")
When Mike is in the process of restoring the plumbing in his house, he invites Susan to join him for a wine-tasting weekend away, and she agrees to come along. However, one afternoon when Mike has to be absent when the tile man comes over, Susan lets him in, but after he's gone, she discovers the stacks of money and the gun Mike had been keeping stored away and becomes suspicious. She later finds herself trapped midway through the house, in a hole on floor of the upstairs bathroom, and Mike has to come to her rescue... and he finds out she knows about his secret stash. Susan tries to explain herself, but Mike doesn't give her an opportunity to, and asks her to leave his house, because she went through his things without permission. Later, they have an argument over Mike's secrets and decide to part ways. However, this doesn't last for long, seeing as how later that night Mike comes over and tells Susan that she can ask him anything, because he doesn't want to lose her. They start making out and end up making love for the first time... unbeknownst to the fact that Martha Huber , Mary Alice 's blackmailer, is being murdered by Paul Young in the meantime.
(" Suspicious Minds ")
When Gabrielle Solis decides to host a charity fashion runway show, she witnesses Gabrielle fondling John Rowland 's crotch with her foot, under a table, and later learns they are having an affair. When Helen , John's mother, overhears that her son is sleeping with an older woman, she deduces it's Susan, after John comes to see her to discuss his case with Gaby. Helen attacks Susan at the fashion show and accuses her of sleeping with her child, ultimately tearing up her dress, which forces Susan to walk the runway in precarious conditions. Susan is angry with Gabrielle, who later comes clean to Helen. Meanwhile, Paul questions Susan regarding whether Julie, who had been trading correspondence with Zach , has seen him since he escaped from his mental institution. Julie denies this, but it turns out she is keeping Zach in her room... and he tells her he killed his baby sister Dana.
(" Come Back to Me ")
When Susan prepares to spend a romantic weekend with Mike but her plans are thwarted because her ex-husband won't be able to take Julie with him, she still sets up a sexy encounter... which is ruined by Zach being in the house. Susan decides he should get back with his father, who is worried about him, but Julie disagrees, telling Susan that Paul is creepy and that she had told Zach he could trust her mother. This leads the mother and daughter to have a falling out, as Julie tells her own mom that she always played the part of her daughter herself, nursing her mother after Karl had left her and she was a mess.
(" Move On ")
Some time later, Mike tells Susan he loves her, and Susan isn't ready to say it back. This leads him to think she might still have some feelings for her ex-husband, and Susan decides to prove him otherwise by inviting both Mike and Karl to Julie's birthday party. Susan is surprised, however, when Karl brings along a date: Edie Britt , the man predator. During the karaoke session, Susan finds out that Karl had cheated all the way through their marriage, including several naughty encounters with Edie. This prompts her to lash out at him during her performance of " New York, New York ", humiliating him publicly. Later, Karl meets with Susan and tells her he still wants to get back together with her, and this leads Susan to realize she feels nothing for Karl anymore, and is thus ready to tell Mike that she loves him back.
(" Every Day a Little Death ")
Following the discovery of Martha Huber 's dead body, Susan is told by the departed's sister, Felicia Tilman , that Martha had a journal in which she described every event of her life. Worried about Edie finding out that she set her house on fire, Susan decides to accompany the latter to the disposal of Martha's ashes, when no one else in the neighborhood volunteers. There, Susan tries to muster up the courage to come clean, but is unable to until the two of them (and the ashes) find themselves in the middle of a lake. Edie starts weeping about how Susan is a better friend than she deserved, and Susan, out of guilt (and awkwardness) finally tells Edie the truth... and gets a load of cadaver ashes in her face in return. Back on the lane , Edie decides not to tell the truth to anyone, seeing as how it would delay the insurance processes. However, there's still the matter of the disposal of Martha's ashes: Edie decides to hose down Susan, so that the ashes can rest on Wisteria Lane.
(" Your Fault ")
Susan comes home one day to find her daughter making out with Zach Young ; she immediately takes a stance against their relationship, on the grounds that Zach is... weird. When Susan confronts Paul about this, she is told that she needn't worry, because the Youngs will soon be moving. Zach overhears this and lashes out at his father, therefore putting Susan in an awkward position. When Zach calls Julie and they talk about 'Dana', Susan overhears their call. Later, during a school dance, Susan volunteers to become chaperone just so that she can check on Zach and Julie. However, before the party, Zach has a talk with his pa in which he reveals some things he said to Julie about 'Dana'. At the party, Paul shows up as a volunteer chaperon and asks to dance with Susan. As they dance, Paul tells her 'the truth': Zach murdered his baby sister, 'Dana', by accident, and he and Mary Alice covered it up so as to keep the boy from feeling guilty. However, later, Paul tells Zach that 'Dana' is 'very much alive'.
(" Love is in the Air ")
When Valentine's Day approaches, Susan and Mike prepare for their first Valentine's date, at a local fancy restaurant . When Mike finds the Scavo boys hiding from their mother , he lets out that he loves children and can't wait to have his own someday. This shocks and frightens Susan, who, despite having loved raising Julie , has found herself overwhelmed and done with the idea of having children. Julie tells her to come clean to Mike on the matter. What she doesn't know is, at about the same time, Mike was busy breaking into a person's home, searching for clues regarding the disappearance of Deirdre Taylor . After he gets shot by the house's owner, he still decides to go through with the date to keep Susan from getting suspicious. However, the wound opens up and he starts losing blood, causing him to try to leave and ultimately faint just as Susan expected a reply out of him over having children. The wound is revealed, and later, at the hospital, Mike claims the gunshot wound was self-inflicted, and the doctors and policemen aren't buying his story. Mike tells Susan he doesn't need children, he just wants her. But Susan is now very suspicious of her boyfriend...
(" Impossible ")
Following the gunshot wound incident, the ladies of the lane , with Susan's permission, decide to tell the police that Martha Huber 's blood-stained jewelry was found in Mike 's garage (having been planted there by Paul Young ). Later, the cops arrest Mike in front of Susan, and she is later questioned by Detective Copeland over whether she knows anything about the Huber murder. When the date of her death coincides with the date she and Mike first made love, Susan is very relieved, but she is later taken into further questioning, at the station, and learns of Mike's troubled past: he did time in jail for drug possession and manslaughter. When Susan starts tearing up, Detective Sullivan is convinced she doesn't have anything to do with Mike's possible illicit activities: she's just a 'sucker'. Meanwhile, Susan had forbidden Julie from attending Zach Young 's birthday party, but Julie goes anyway. When Susan tries to find her, she instead finds Andrew Van de Kamp in the swimming pool... naked and making out with Justin .
(" The Ladies Who Lunch ")
Susan is left in a bit of a state of depression after she learns of Mike 's past, and Edie , encouraged by Lynette to try and be closer with Susan, pays her a visit to try and cheer her up. The two of them go to a bar, but Susan won't let herself out of her funk, and starts going on about how she thinks Paul Young is Martha 's real murderer. Fueled by a revelation Edie makes about how Paul acted weird around Felicia , the two women break into his house , searching for incriminating clues. They find and watch part of a videotape labeled 'Angela's Award Party', that features Mary Alice ... receiving an award. Paul comes home, though, and Edie must distract him while Susan sneaks out. Outside, Mike finds her and tries to explain himself to her, but Susan tells him he had several opportunities to come clean before, but he didn't, and she can't believe him anymore. Mike kisses her and tells her she can at least believe that.
(" Children Will Listen ")
Later, Susan receives a surprise visit by her mother, Sophie Bremmer , and Mike is clued in as to why Susan acts the way she does: Sophie is as klutzy, airy, charming and hopelessly romantic. Sophie has just broken up with her long-time boyfriend, Morty , and is in need of a place to stay. Therefore, her visit with Susan might become a more permanent thing. Out of worry of having to care for her high-maintenance mother, Susan tries to get her and Morty back together, but to no avail, as the two engage in yet another fight. Therefore, Sophie must indeed stay with her daughter.
(" Live Alone and Like It ")
One night, Susan finds that her mother has brought home a date, a blue-collared man named Tim , and is shocked at Sophie's nerve, bringing a random stranger she hooked up with at a bar to the home where a teenager lives. Sophie is unapologetic about her behavior, claiming that she needs to have fun after breaking up with Morty , and so does Susan, following her breakup from Mike . A subsequent night, Sophie and Tim try to set Susan up with a friend, Lamont , but Susan won't budge, and breaks down to her mother that she is only interested in Mike. This leads to pay Mike a visit, and she finds him banged up (after being beat up by Detective Sullivan ), and tells him that Susan still loves him. Mike is quite unresponsive, and tells her he just learnt a friend died. Sophie tells this to Susan, seeing it as the perfect excuse for her to talk to him. However, the friend Mike had been alluding to was Deirdre Taylor , his former girlfriend, who'd been murdered... and her body stuffed in a chest once likely purchased by Paul Young .
(" Fear No More ")
When Zach decides to get Julie 's attention by throwing gravel at her window, he accidentally hits Susan in the eyes, and Julie uses this as an excuse to break off her ties with him for good. Later, Paul approaches Edie Britt in the hopes of learning why she was in his house some time earlier, and Edie explains it was all Susan's fault, as she has this theory that he's evil and that he murdered Martha . Mike overhears this and warns Susan to stay away from Paul, as he doesn't trust him. Later, at a party hosted by the Solises, Julie refuses to talk to Zach, which prompts him to leave, and Susan finds out that her friend Gabrielle is pregnant... and she doesn't know who the father is. Shortly after this, Susan's kitchen is blown up in an explosion. The firemen later claim someone left the gas running with a candle lit. Susan suspects her neighbor Paul, and seeks the services of a private investigator: Mr. Shaw .
(" One Wonderful Day ")
Following Rex Van de Kamp 's second heart attack, Susan shares with the ladies the story of Mrs. Huber 's blackmail and her journal at the local hospital where he is staying. Later that day, Susan tries to reach Mike over the phone and he tells her that Felicia was helping him with his search when she gave him the journal, and he agrees that they should hand it to the police. Mike, in the meantime, has Paul Young tied up and gagged in the backseat of his vehicle. When Susan heads over to Mike's house to feed Bongo , she finds Zach Young is there, with a gun , waiting for Mike to come home so he could kill him. Later, Edie Britt stops by and tells Susan that Felicia was attacked. Susan asks Zach why, and he says Felicia told him that Mike had taken Paul away to kill him, so now he has to kill Mike in return. Susan tries to talk him out of it, but it's to no avail, as the freaked out young man is tired of being 'lied' to. Meanwhile, Mike finds out from Paul, whom he meant to execute, that his girlfriend Deirdre had sold him and Mary Alice (back when she was Angela Forrest) a baby, named Dana... and when she tried to get him back, Mary Alice stabbed and killed her, and they chopped up the body and concealed it in a toy chest. This said, Mike leaves Paul unharmed, and walks away. When he comes home, Zach is still waiting to kill him...
(" You Could Drive a Person Crazy ")
One morning, Susan has a squabble with the local paper delivery boy Danny Farrell , and the morning worsens when she notices her ex-husband, Karl Mayer , walking out of Edie Britt 's house , in an open robe and boxer shorts, having spent the night there. She forbids him from sleeping with Edie, to no avail, and later learns from her daughter that they've been seeing each other since her birthday party. Susan remembers that time as one Karl said he still loved her and wanted her back, but she holds on to this information. Meanwhile, Mike comes over to her place to retrieve some of his stuff, and they decide to take things casual in their relationship, meaning they can occasionally date, but they have to keep it slow. Also, Susan has a talk with new neighbor Betty Applewhite , wondering why she keeps hearing an odd clanging noise coming from her house at all times, and Betty lies straight to Susan's face. Later, Edie finds a way to provoke Susan about having sex with her ex, while she is ready to go on a car ride, and Susan replies that Karl said he's still in love with her. Edie chases after her, on her rollerblades, and lashes out at Susan that she's only doing this because she and Mike are over and therefore she wants everyone else to be as miserable as she is. Edie rolls away, and Susan, demanding an apology, backs up her car... and hits her rival, causing her to break a leg. Later, Karl visits Susan and they have a talk in which the latter learns her ex is actually moving in with Edie, so they're not having a fling like she originally thought they were. Susan is mortified.
(" You'll Never Get Away from Me ")
Susan is none too happy when she finds out her daughter wants to perform at a local church's family spectacle... with Edie Britt . It turns out Edie is a telented guitar player, and even hails from a relatively musical family. Julie wants to sing Dorothy Norwood's "Let It Shine" at the presentation, with Edie accompanying her in the guitar. Jealousy erupts within Susan, who takes up piano lessons from a slightly reluctant Betty Applewhite (who is hoping to socialize in order to keep the neighbors from suspecting her). She tries to force herself into performing, usurping Edie's place. However, at the event, and following a sermon by her ex , Susan feels guilty and apologizes to Edie, and this ultimately leads to Edie taking her place back. Unfortunately, she doesn't know how to play the piano so well.
(" My Heart Belongs to Daddy ")
One night, after a "casual" date between Mike and Susan, she decides she is ready to accept the fact that Zach is Mike's birth son, and agrees to help him look after the young man, so as to move forward in their relationship. During a local hunt, Susan is actually able to find Zach and rushes after him, but he evades her and ultimately tries to attack her to keep her off his track. Susan flees the scene and neglects to tell Mike that she found his son. Later, when discussing what happened with the girls, Gabrielle can't blame her for what happened, but Bree reminds her that, despite everything, Zach is Mary Alice 's son, and he should return to where he belongs and be with the people he knows. Guilt-ridden, Susan goes back to finding Zach, who can't escape this time as he'd hurt his foot, and she buys him a meal. He has an idea to return to Utah and find Paul , but Susan starts easing him into the idea of returning to the lane... until he mentions Julie . Worried about having the disturbed young man around her daughter, Susan gives him some money instead and sends him off on his trip back to Utah.
(" They Asked Me Why I Believe in You ")
One morning, Susan receives a surprise visit from her old book agent, Lonny Moon . Lonny also happens to be one of Susan's closest and oldest friends, who'd been there for her during several hard trials of her life. They meet for drinks, and Lonny announces that he's starting his own agency and requests that Susan come with him. He starts being evasive and dismissive when she tells him she should talk to her current agency first, even after agreeing to join him, and she is then told by her friend that he embezzled some money from clients... even from her. Still, Susan agrees to come with him, until she pays him a domiciliary visit and learns his family left him and that he doesn't even have electricity left in the house. He comes clean about his bankruptcy, which started when he made some bad bank investments. Susan agrees to still be there for him... until he misinterprets this as a sign of her coming on to him and kisses her. Grossed out, Susan leaves for good, and Lonny is left to sort out his mess alone. Later, Susan joins the ladies at the re-burial of Rex Van de Kamp , and witnesses an angered Bree burying her late husband amongst unknown people, resenting the fact that he died thinking she'd murdered him.
(" I Wish I Could Forget You ")
Susan's mom, Sophie , gets prepared for her upcoming wedding, and she brings up the possibility of Susan and Mike soon getting married... a possibility Mike backs up, much to Susan's delight. Later, however, Susan's delight fades when she learns that Paul Young is back on the lane , and her girlfriends call the police. When they arrive on the street, Susan tells them that her boyfriend Mike was told by Paul the truth, and he is keeping a journal that belonged to Martha Huber , in which she confesses to having blackmailed Paul's wife, Mary Alice , which could constitute a motive for Paul having killed Mrs. Huber. Mike denies all of this, and he later explains to Susan it's because in the journal it also states that Susan burnt down Edie's home . When Paul questions Susan about Zach 's whereabouts, she tells him that she sent him to Utah looking for him. Paul then tells this to Mike, who seeks for confirmation from Susan, who, at the time, is trying on her mother's wedding dress. When Susan explains to him what happened, that she was only thinking of Julie , Mike is so frustrated with her that he leaves. Susan goes after him, wedding gown and all, begging for him to give her a second chance to fix things, but he is done with her and drives away, leaving a brokenhearted Susan crying in the middle of the street.
(" Color and Light ")
Following the break-up, Susan decides to maintain a ' zen ' attitude and acknowledge that everything that happened is all on her. Mike is apparently clearly filled with contempt for her, and down the street a similar situation seems to be occurring between Susan's ex, Karl , and Edie Britt . Edie ultimately kicks Karl out and he comes to stay with Susan for one night, in which they get drunk and discuss their recent mishaps. Susan reveals that she is planning to write an adult book about her tortuous love life, and Karl reveals to her that the reason Edie kicked him out is that he kept a picture of the two of them, from back when they were married, and he likes to look at it sometimes. Susan is somewhat moved by this, and the end result is that the two wind up having drunken sex. The following morning, their daughter Julie is horrified to find them both in bed together, and they feel terrible about it. Karl then wonders what will come next for the two of them, and Susan, nonchalantly, tells him what happened was a one-time thing and that it was good to help vent out, but that's it. Karl is somewhat dissatisfied with this. Later, he and Edie get back together, and the latter comes over to Susan and thanks her for doing whatever she did that helped her and Karl reunite. Edie then gives Susan the picture of her and Karl, unbeknownst to the fact that her lover now decides to conceal another picture of the formerly happilly married couple in his bartender bible.
(" The Sun Won't Set ")
Susan asks Mike whether he's still coming to her mother's wedding, and Mike says he won't be attending because it'd be weird. Susan goes on to say that she's planning on writing an adult book about her life, and somehow mentions to him that her father was a merchant marine who died in the Battle of Hanoi . Mike comments that this is weird, because merchant marines don't fight in battles, they just sell things. Susan decides to do some digging up and finds out that no one with her father's name even registered for the marines or any other military forces, and during her mom's wedding, she finally learns, when Sophie makes her speech, that her biological father is a local man who owns a supply and feed store - Addison Prudy . Susan is shocked beyond belief and decides to track down her father.
(" That's Good, That's Bad ")
Susan has the idea of asking for a job at her biological father's supply and feed store, hoping to charm him and to ease him into eventually revealing to him that she's his daughter. When she does ask for a job, he tells her she's overqualified, but is accepting of her, until Susan notices that Addison has nice eyes like hers and comments on this, which leads him to believe she is a ruse, in the form of a woman sent by his wife to see if he cheats on him. Susan finally reveals to him that she's his daughter just as he's trying to kick her out of the store, and this shocks and confuses him, and thus he leaves her be for a while. Susan goes to the storage room to find Addison collapsed. Later, at the hospital, it turns out he had a heart attack. Addison tells Susan that he is not interested in getting to know her, and his wife Carol shows up, so he and Susan can't really talk for much longer. Susan tells his wife that she is Addison's 'guardian angel', seeing as how she found him collapsed and gave him CPR and called the ambulance. Carol is thankful, and Susan leaves, but not before lowly telling her birth father that she's not giving up.
(" Coming Home ")
Susan starts demanding bonding time with her father, despite Addison 's reluctance. His wife Carol tracks him down once and finds him with Susan, so she writes the word 'Whore' in bold, capital letters, in red paint, on Susan's garage door. Addison confirms that that's his wife's handwriting, and thus Susan asks him to tell her the truth, but he is unwilling to. Later, Carol attacks the latter at a supermarket, assuming she is her husband's mistress. Susan breaks the news to her that she's actually his daughter, and Carol is horrified to find out that her husband has been cheating on her, going so far as to having illegitimate children, since the beginning of their marriage. Susan explains to her that she only wanted to find her father, and Carol tells her that she's glad she did, but warns her to be careful, because he's going to break her heart. Addison later meets with Susan as she's painting over the curse word on her garage, and tells her he's proud of her and of being her father.
(" One More Kiss ")
Susan finds out that Zach Young has moved back to the lane, and learns that Mike already knows this, but Paul prohibited him from seeing his biological son. Later, Zach apologizes to both Susan and Julie for all the wrong things he did to them in the past, and promises to behave from them on. Susan has an idea, which she shares with Mike: the four of them should go bowling, which they do. During the bowling game, Mike attempts to bond with Zach, the latter not knowing yet that he is Mike's son. Later, however, Paul, who had been trying to keep his foster son off limits, finds out that he went bowling with them, and assaults Mike as payback. Mike engages in a struggle with him, and Susan, distraught by their fight, accidentally rams her car into another car that was parked on the lane . The car's trunk pops open and everyone is surprised to see a cadaver inside - belonging to Curtis Monroe , who'd been there to retrieve Melanie Foster 's alleged murderer, Caleb Applewhite .
(" We're Gonna Be All Right ")
Susan goes out on a blind date with Jim Halverson , a jokester, and the evening is atrocious, seeing as how he keeps telling her awful jokes. Eventually, the two bang their heads by accident and Jim winds up losing consciousness. At the hospital, Jim won't cease telling bad jokes even whilst being treated by his phyisican, Dr. Ron McCready . Susan begs Dr. McCready to come up with an excuse for her to be admitted so that she can get out of this bad date, but the doctor won't budge... until he sits through a couple of Jim's bad jokes and sympathizes with Susan, telling him he's gonna have to stay there overnight to run some more testes. Later, Susan, charmed by Dr. Ron, comes to the hospital for a physical, pretending to exhibit several made up symptoms. The following morning Dr. Ron comes over to her house to announce to her that he is unclear of what her condition is, even though he spent all night looking it up. Susan confesses to him that she made all those symptoms up because she wanted to see him again. Ron is maddened by this, and leaves, telling her he doesn't like to have to tell people he likes that he thinks they're going to die. Susan is mostly caught by the part that he likes her, and asks if he'd like to go out on a date with her. Though still mad, he agrees to. He also sort of nonchallantly announces to her that she has a wandering spleen .
(" Silly People ")
Susan and Edie try to grill Bree on what happened with Betty Applewhite , but get nothing. Later, Susan finds out that she has no health insurance due to the fact that her former agent Lonny Moon embezzled from her, so she goes to her ex-husband Karl for help. Edie suggests that she get married to a guy with good health insurance, so that she can get her surgery, and Susan agrees. Edie sets her up with a gay man, Gary Grantham , whose dying mother doesn't know he's gay and says she's only holding on to her life to see her son getting married. Everything is set up, and Mike even agrees with Susan that it's a good idea, but at the wedding Gary's partner, Steven , who is pissy because he always wanted to marry Gary, makes a scene and thus the wedding is off. Susan is desperate, until her ex-husband shows up and tells her they can re-marry. Susan agrees, and they're good to go. Except for one thing... Edie, who mustn't know.
(" Thank You So Much ")
Susan starts planning her secret wedding to Karl . During breakfast, Karl warns her and Julie that they cannot tell anyone that they are getting married since they are committing insurance fraud. When Karl asks where Susan's wedding ring is, Susan tells him that she threw it out of her car on a dirt road not knowing that it was a family heirloom. Karl then makes Susan go searching through Route 7 until they find the ring. Later, Edie finds a pre-nup and Susan's ring in Karl's briefcase. Edie takes this as proof that Karl is going to propose that evening. At the restaurant, Edie thinks Karl ordering soufflé is proof of the proposal since he could put the ring in the cake. Edie then spots Susan and Dr. Ron eating at another table and drags Susan into the restroom with her. She tells Susan that she may be getting engaged and Susan tries to talk her down which causes Edie to leave the restroom still hopeful about what she thinks will happen. As the soufflés arrive, Edie sticks her hand in it and Karl asks her what she is doing. Edie finds no ring in the cake and leaves the restaurant in an angry mood. That evening, Susan meets Karl on the street where she starts to reconsider their deal since she doesn't want anyone to get hurt. Karl assures her that everything will be fine but that he still plans to marry Edie. The following day, Karl and Susan are married - for the second time - at the courthouse.
(" There is No Other Way ")
Susan is admitted into a local hospital for her splenectomy , and is soon showered with flowers by Dr. Ron , complete with a card he wrote himself in which he claims to want to hold her 'beating heart' in his hands. Nurse Hisel gets all emotional over the card, and it becomes apparent that she has a crush on Dr. Ron. After a visit to Susan, Karl tells Nurse Hisel to take care of his wife, and Hisel is distraught. She confirms through the records that Susan is married and therefore acts snidely towards her, outraged that the object of her crush's affection is apparently two-timing him. Susan comes clean to her about the insurance fraud and her second marriage to Karl, and Hisel accepts the explanation and tells her Ron is working up the courage to tell Susan he loves her. Susan realizes, after this, that she doesn't feel a 'spark' with Ron, not the way she did with both Karl and Mike . When she is later being wheeled off to her surgery, anesthetized and woozy, she notices that Mike came to see her, and is very happy about this. In the operating room, Ron tells the woozy Susan that he loves her, and Susan says, in reply, "Thanks. I love Mike." A shocked and confused Ron asks who Mike is, and Nurse Hisel somehow blurts out that she is married to a guy named Karl, and rushes out of the room in tears. Ron is nothing short of frustrated, as he tells Dr. Cunningham , "Let's cut this bitch open."
(" Could I Leave You? ")
After Susan is discharged from the hospital , Dr. Ron arrives in her hospital room to bring her home and to ask her a few questions. Ron asks if she happens to know anyone named Mike , because while under anesthesia Susan professed her love for Mike, much to Ron's chagrin. Susan lies and assures Ron that he is mistaken and that she is not seeing anyone. He then asks if she is married to Karl Mayer because of Nurse Hisel 's run-in with him. Susan tells Ron that the relationship is platonic and that Susan only re-married Karl because he has an excellent insurance plan. Ron feels sad that Susan could not afford medical care but is still upset that she did not tell him. Later, Susan invites Dr. Ron and Karl over for dinner where they actually have a good time in each other's company. The plot thickens when Karl purposely breaks a pipe which proceeds to leak. Karl then asks Ron to go across the street and alert the plumber, whom he refers to only as "Delfino". Ron then hurries across the street and explains the situation to Mike. As he gathers his tools, Mike tells Ron to call him by his first name. Immediately, Ron runs out of the house where Susan is already on the street chasing after. Susan then falls out of her wheelchair making it look as if Ron pushed her. Mike sees this and tells him threateningly to never to hurt her. While Mike walks away, Dr. Ron shoves him but the fight is soon broken up. Susan is then left on the street alone. Soon after, Mike tries to patch things up but only makes matters worse since Susan is still angered because of their break-up. She soon regrets her words when Dr. Ron breaks up with her over the phone.
(" Don't Look at Me ")
Following the revelation that he still loves her, Karl is constantly showing affection towards Susan . Angry at this, their daughter Julie refuses to go to the movies with her mother. There, just as Susan has taken her seat, she spots Mike coming in with an attractive date. She then rushes to sit next to the closest stranger and tells him to act like he knows her. The stranger immediately introduces himself as Orson Hodge , to Mike, but it turns out Dr. Hodge is there with another date too. Then later, he drops by Susan's house to return her purse that she left behind, and Susan ends up discussing her complicated love life with him. Orson tells Susan to get rid of her feelings for Karl because he just isn't a good guy. After a few more incidents where Karl tells Susan he still has feelings for her and would do anything if she told him to, Susan tells him off and returns home. Later, Karl visits Susan and tells her that he and Edie have broken up and the wedding's off. Feeling sympathetic in spite of herself, Susan invites Karl in for a bottle of wine. The two ultimately end up in bed. Susan tells Karl that she feels good about this too and she's not having any second thoughts. Just then, the phone rings. It's Edie. Edie wants Karl to get some juice. Suspicious, Susan immediately asks him why is she asking for juice from him when they've broken up. Karl tells Susan that the break-up is still a work in progress. Furious that he cheated on Edie with her, Susan throws Karl out for good.
(" It Wasn't Meant to Happen ")
After Karl leaves Edie unannounced, she seeks solace in her neighbors, and a guilt-ridden Susan reaches out to her. The two of them go out to a local restaurant, with Edie believing one of the waitresses to be the girl Karl presumably cheated on her with. Edie attacks the waitress in question, and is then attacked herself by all the other waitresses, who team up against her. Susan, rather reluctantly and awkwardly, swoops in in Edie's defense. The following day, Edie genuinely thanks Susan for having her back during her time of need. Susan's guilt is therefore soothed a bit, but she is unbeknownst to the fact that Edie has hired a private investigator, Oliver Weston , to track down the woman Karl cheated on her with.
(" No One is Alone )
After the fire at Susan's home , her friends try to help her to the best of their ability by clearing the remains of her home. Most of the neighborhood helps clear debris, and also Susan's new dentist friend, Orson . The 'wives then recommend Susan stay with Bree since she has more than enough room for both Julie and Susan. As this occurs, Edie Britt stands across the street watching as she eats a popsicle. When the insurance agent drops by to alert Susan that she will not be receiving her check, Susan asks the reason why. The broker then proceeds to tell her that the fire department ruled the fire arson and asks if she has any enemies. Susan declares she has none but then looks across the street and sees Edie with her popsicle. Hours later, Susan quietly visits Edie and asks if she was the culprit. Edie admits that she did and gloats that Susan cannot tell anyone since she has no witnesses. Susan then pays Mike a visit and asks if he can wire her so that she can catch a confession of Edie's on tape. Mike does so and asks if she would like to move in with him as friends. Susan considers the offer but declines since it would be odd. Another reason for declining is that Susan remembers Edie's words about Susan being weak, that being the reason people help her, not because they love her. Susan then visits Edie the next day and receives the confession she had desired. Edie quickly catches on and chases Susan down the block. Edie is halted when she is stung by a nest of yellowjackets. Susan later visits Edie in the hospital where Susan offers Edie a deal to keep her out of jail. Edie declines and swears ongoing revenge against Susan.
(" Remember, Part 1 ")
A blindfolded Julie is taken to see a surprise her mother has in store for her: a trailer, where they are to live. Julie is frustrated, but Susan soon talks her into it, by explaining to her that she wants to make it out of the mess she's currently in by herself. Mike stops by later with coffee and he and Susan have a chat, sitting on lawn chairs by the latter's burnt down house . Karl shows up, somewhat aggravated that Susan is forcing their daughter to live in a van, and thus interrupts Mike and Susan's conversation. When he is snidely towards Mike, the latter retaliates by planting a big kiss on Susan in front of her ex. Some time later, Karl spots Mike entering a jeweler's and goes in to find out he plans on proposing to Susan. Karl gives Mike his consent - a false one - and later makes his move by buying Susan and Julie a new house, 'no strings attached' (or so he claims). Julie is ecstatic about the house, and Karl explains to her mother that he is in debt to her, so Susan accepts it.
(" Listen to the Rain on the Roof ")
Susan Mayer is told about the condition of her boyfriend Mike , left in a comatose state after being run over by a hit-and-run driver . For the following six months, Susan stays by Mike's side at the hospital for almost all of the time, keeping him company and all the while waiting for him to wake up. In that time, she meets Ian Hainsworth , a charming and wealthy British publisher whose wife is also in a coma. Ian becomes smitten with Susan and offers to take her out on a date, and she is rather reluctant to do it, because she is still hopeful that Mike will wake up and she feels as though it constitutes 'cheating'. Therefore, a desperate and lonesome Susan turns to her comatose boyfriend and 'asks him' for permission to go out on a date with Ian. Getting no reaction whatsoever, Susan, still feeling somewhat guilty and saddened, appears to be ready to make her first step into moving on and letting go. Later, at her best friend Bree's engagement party, Susan, much like everyone else attending, is shocked to hear Orson's former neighbor, Carolyn Bigsby , telling everyone that he killed his first wife .
(" It Takes Two ")
Susan is none too excited about her friend Bree marrying a possible wife murderer, so she sets out to find out the truth about Orson , by grilling his former neighbor and accusator, Carolyn Bigsby , at her workplace. Susan thus finds out from Carolyn that Orson scrubbed his entire house clean with bleech, leaving behind no traces of DNA, skin cells, fingerprints, anything at all, which is suspicious. In the meantime, Ian takes Susan out on their first date, which is cut short when Jane's parents show up and Ian lies that Susan is a doctor new to Jane's neurology team. Later, he tries to make things up to her, asking her out again, but she tells him they should both just focus on their respective comatose better-halves, because otherwise they'll just feel guilty. Susan and her friends are unable to dissuade Bree from going through with the wedding, despite instilling in her some hesitation, and Ian crashes the reception in order to win Susan for himself, by convincing her that there is really no wrong in them reaching out for an opportunity to maybe find happiness together... all of this during a speech he makes, supposedly directed at the bride and groom. Susan caves, and gives him a chance, and thus the two wind up dancing together once the wedding reception is over.
(" Like It Was ")
Thew news of Mike's sudden awakening travels fast throughout the neighborhood , but has trouble reaching Susan up in the mountains. There, she and Ian are going out of their way coming up with flimsy excuses to prolong their stay at the cabin, and Ian tells Susan that when she smiles he feels as though he could love her. Susan is somewhat enchanted by this, and when they later make love he asks her to join him on a trip to Paris , an invite she accepts. However, shortly afterwards, Susan finally gets a call from her daughter telling her that Mike's awake. Susan is horrified to find that her boyfriend has finally woken up from his coma, while she's in bed with another man. A guilt-ridden Susan tries to rush Ian to get her back to Fairview and to the hospital so that she can be by Mike's side, and goes so far as telling him what happened between them should had never happened. Ian is extremely upset, and tells Susan that she can say she feels guilty, but she can never say it shouldn't have happened because she's the best thing that's happened to him in years. A disheartened Susan feels sorry for him, because she knows how he feels, but 'her' Mike is awake. An understanding Ian lets her go, and Susan is thankful. However, when she reaches the room, filled with excitement and happiness that her lover is finally awake, Mike treats her coldly, having lost two years worth of memories - thus having little recollection of Susan, and having been somewhat brainwashed by Susan's rival, Edie Britt , who'd been telling him that Susan was basically a conniving, lying bitch.
(" Nice She Ain't ")
Later, Susan attempts to jog Mike 's memory. In his hospital room, she starts playing and dancing to 'their' song, " Car Wash ", which they danced to some time ago at a local fish restaurant. Mike doesn't remember it at all. The following day, Susan brings her infamous maccaroni and cheese dish to the hospital, but the nurse tells her she can't come in. Susan claims to be Mike's girlfriend and to have visited him for six months, but the nurse only knows of Edie Britt as Mike's girlfriend. The nurse has Susan escorted off the building by security, siding with Edie. The following day, Susan tricks the nurse to tell Edie she has a phone call. While Edie goes to answer, Susan takes Mike out of the hospital, and back to Wisteria Lane . She tells him about accidentally locking herself outside naked, their first kiss in his pick-up truck, and meeting each other at Mary Alice's wake, but Mike remembers none of these stories. When Susan trips on the curb, Mike remembers her being a klutz. Susan is very happy, until the hospital security guard finds them. Susan and Edie butt heads yet again, with the latter telling her rival that Mike belongs to her now.
(" Bang ")
Before Susan prepares to fly off to Paris with Ian , she finds a beer can left on her house by Austin , Edie's rebellious nephew and Julie's recent 'friend'. Julie tries to brush this off, albeit with a bit of an attitude, and later heads to a local supermarket to buy her mother some toothpaste for her trip. There, she finds Austin, who slips a liquor bottle into her backpack without her knowing, and the two are eventually caught. Edie and Susan are both called in to the store, and a disappointed Susan leaves her daughter there alone and cancels her plans with Ian because she can't leave her seemingly rebellious child at the moment. However, Carolyn Bigsby , the betrayed wife of store owner Harvey Bigsby , shows up with a revolver and shoots up the place, with the intent of killing her husband, and takes the customers hostage, including Julie, Austin, Edie, and also Lynette , Nora and Art . Susan becomes horrified by the thought of her daughter trapped in the store with a crazy hostage taker, and goes so far as trying to switch places with her, to no avail. Eventually the hostage taker is killed, with the aid of Austin, and the hostages are let go. Susan and Julie thus reunite, much to the relief of both of them, and Julie is thankful towards Austin for keeping her calm during a crisis.
(" Children and Art ")
Susan and Ian come home from a dinner date one night to find Julie making out on the couch with Austin . A disgruntled and frustrated Susan forbids her daugher from seeing Edie's nephew, and Julie acts out against her own mother, disrespecting her grounding and insisting that Susan can't control who she dates. Susan reaches out to Edie, but the latter is none too willing to help break the two teens up, claiming that the more they try to keep them apart, the more they are going to want to stay together, and that when two people are meant to be, there's nothing anyone can do about that - the last part also referring to Edie's recent romantic relationship with Mike, which deeply upsets Susan. Later, Karl , Julie's dad, is brought into the picture, as Susan calls him over to play the part of the 'bad cop'. However, this all backfires, because when Karl tries to scare Austin off, the subject is somehow changed to cover the fact that Susan is now dating a British guy named Ian, which angers Karl, seeing as how he left Susan so that she could be with Mike and now she's with someone else. Later, Susan and Julie sort of make amends, with the mother telling her child that no matter how smart she is, love has nothing to do with that, and she could still end up getting hurt. Julie understands that her mother's uncertainty also derives from the fact that her heart is now somewhat broken over Mike.
(" Beautiful Girls ")
One lovely night, Ian brings Susan over to his mansion so that she can spend the night there for the very first time, and come the morning Susan accidentally flashes her naked body to Ian's loyal butler, Rupert Cavanaugh . Rupert doesn't seem too happy to meet Susan and to have her in the mansion, and Susan later learns that Rupert was very devoted to Jane . Susan has the idea of getting a drawer at the mansion to put some of her stuff in it for whenever she comes over, and Ian requests that Rupert get her a drawer, but the reluctant butler takes his time to do so, and meanwhile Susan tries to somehow win him over. When Rupert takes her to a rec room in which old things and furniture are stored (along with the cadaver of a deceased cat), Susan realizes that Rupert kind of hates her, and sees her not as Ian's girlfriend, but as his 'mistress'. Later, Ian brings up the drawer issue again, and explains to Susan that he feels as though when he makes room for her in his heart, he has to push Jane away from it to an extent, but Susan lets him know he doesn't have to do that, there should be room for the two of them. Ian says that if he can make room in his heart for Susan, then he can certainly make room on one of his drawers, and the matter is settled.
(" The Miracle Song ")
Before Christmas, Ian tells Susan that his parents are flying in from Chicago, Illinois , and he wants her to cook dinner for them, seeing as how they're old-fashioned people. Susan tries to convince him she lacks talent in the cooking department, but he is insistent and she reluctantly agrees. She asks Bree for help, and the latter agrees to cook on her behalf. The residents of Wisteria Lane are shocked when Mike is arrested for Monique's murder. The stains on Mike's wrench that Mrs. McCluskey advised him to clean off are revealed to be of Monique's blood. Edie breaks up with him, which leaves Mike helpless for bail. That is, until Susan offers to get him a lawyer, even when she learns it will cost a million dollars to do so. During the housewives' weekly poker game, which is being held at Bree's house , Susan and Bree have a fight. Susan wants Bree to tell the police that she thinks Orson killed Monique, but Bree counters that she had concerns, which disappeared when Mike was arrested. Bree tells Susan that she won't help her with dinner, and Susan storms out, but not before she steals the key to Orson's dental office. When she's snooping around the office, she learns that Orson was committed to a mental hospital starting in 1981 and lasting for about a year due to psychological depression. On the way home, Susan picks up fried chicken for Ian's parents. Ian is furious when she's 40 minutes late. His parents couldn't come because their flight was canceled due to a snowstorm. Ian promises to get Mike a lawyer and pay every cent of it, as long as Susan agrees to never have contact with him again, otherwise he'll just fall in love with her again. Susan reluctantly agrees.
(" No Fits, No Fights, No Feuds ")
When Alma Hodge , Orson's presumably deceased first wife, comes to Wisteria Lane to 'make things right', Bree invites Susan and the rest of their clique of friends over for a dinner party so that they can witness that Alma is alive and so that Susan can finally apologize to Bree for her recent behavior. However, prior to this, Susan calls Detective Ridley and tells him that she knows Orson was sleeping with Monique Polier , even though he seemed not to know her when he saw her body at the morgue. Meanwhile, Susan also visits Mike in jail to tell him that Ian will bail him out, but on the condition that the two of them not meet each other anymore. During the aforementioned dinner party, Susan and her friends are shocked to find that Alma is alive and well, but Bree is in for a bigger surprise when Ridley shows up and takes Orson to the local police station for some questions, and Bree discovers that Susan is behind all this. The redhead announces to her neighbor that their friendship is over, and all the while Ian leaves the party, angry with Susan, after finding out she saw Mike again even though they agreed she wouldn't see him anymore. Susan explains to her boyfriend that she only saw him to talk about the deal, and that she loves Ian and he has nothing to worry about. Ian is glad to hear her telling him she loves him for the first time, and the two quickly make amends.
(" Not While I'm Around ")
Susan overhears a conversation between her daughter Julie and the latter's boyfriend, Austin , in which the two discuss birth control. Susan confronts her child, who assures her that she and Austin are not having sex. Later, however, the young couple meet with Austin's aunt, Edie , wanting her help in getting Julie some birth control pills, seeing as how Julie learnt in health class that condoms are only 85% effective. Later on, Susan and her friend Gabrielle search Julie's room and find the pills, hidden on a hollow VCR cassette. An alarmed Susan calls the doctor who prescribed Julie the pill and confronts him, only to find that Julie met him with a blonde woman - whom Susan can make out to be Edie. The enraged mother confronts her arch-nemesis, who defends herself by saying that Julie came to her, evidently because Susan can't be depended on when it comes to sexual matters. Edie also tells Susan that Julie loves Austin and Austin loves Julie, so there is nothing she can do about that. However, this said, the two women enter Edie's house to find Austin making out with Danielle Van de Kamp on the couch... That night, Susan reveals to Julie that she knows about the pills and, very gently, assures her that she can always count on her and therefore what happened can never happen again, because their relationship has always been too good to now dissipate. She then is forced to tell her daughter about Austin's betrayal with her best friend, and Julie is devastated and cries by her mother's side.
(" I Remember That ")
Following Jane Hainsworth's demise, Susan is nervous about attending her funeral, but she wants to be there nevertheless to provide Ian some moral support. There, however, she finds out that one of Jane's alleged friends, Lynn Dean , has shamelessly decided to take advantage of Jane's passing to hit on Ian, going so far as flirting with him at the funeral and discussing with a friend her naughty intentions. Susan overhears this and reprehends the women, and is eventually forced to tell Lynn Dean that Ian is dating her, to keep her off his track. She then goes to sit elsewhere. Later, during the service, Lynn Dean gets up to deliver her eulogy, and uses this as a vehicle to get the information out to the audience that Ian was seeing another woman during his vigil. Susan is thus completely caught off-guard and embarassed, by being made into the center of attention. Ian later finds her crying at the morgue, and he cheers her up by telling her that she has nothing to be ashamed of, because she helped him through the most difficult time of his life, and he wants to marry. Susan stops him from proposing to her at an inappropriate place, but accepts his proposal to propose to her.
(" The Little Things You Do Together ")
When Susan and Ian come to the local hospital to retrieve Jane's belongings, Susan gets some news about her former best friend Bree , with whom she's feuding over Susan wanting to report Orson to the police for his involvement in Monique Polier's death, thus possibly exonerating Mike . Apparently Bree has been hospitalized following a bad fall, and she tells Susan that Mike is completely blameless for what happened and she will go to the police with some newly-acquired information. Their friendship resumes. Meanwhile, Ian finds out that Mike was planning to propose to Susan the night he was run over and left in a comatose state, which makes him rather anxious. Susan is then dissatisfied to learn that, even though Mike isn't to blame for Monique's death, he is apparently to blame for Orson's near-fatal fall. During the opening of the Scavo Pizzeria , Ian takes the opportunity to propose to Susan before the eyes of everyone attending, choosing that place as the 'perfect romantic spot'. Susan says 'yes', and the two kiss passionately, much to Mike's disdain.
(" My Husband, the Pig ")
Susan is over the moon when Ian gives her an engagement right with a large rock on it, even though she feigns some modesty and reluctance to take it at first. However, when she puts it on, it drops to the floor, as it is too big for her finger. Susan then heads to a local jewellery to get the ring resized, and runs into Mike , who is there to be given back the money he spent on his own engagement ring that he was gonna give to Susan the night he was run over. The clerk, unable to find her finger measurer, tries Mike's engagement ring on Susan and it fits perfectly, awkwardly so. Later, Mike finds out that Ian knew about that particular engagement ring, as his belongings at the hospital had been mixed up with those of Ian's late wife . Mike then theorizes that knowing that he was gonna propose to Susan is what made Ian so anxious to propose to her himself, at the opening of the Scavo Pizzeria . During a poker game at said pizzeria, Ian and Mike gamble for Susan: if Mike wins, he can tell her anything he wants; but if Ian wins, Mike must back off and leave the two of them alone. Ultimately, Ian wins the hand, and resumes his relationship with Susan.
(" God, That's Good ")
Following a general blackout on Wisteria Lane , Ian tries to get past his jealousy of Mike by inviting him over for dinner. Susan rushes over to Mike beforehand to try and get him to reject the invitation, but it's to no avail. Desperate to make things less awkward, Susan decides to also invite her single wedding caterer, Maggie Gilroy , to try to set her up with Mike. Mike sees right through this and decides to one-up Susan by selling himself to be a bad character, disclosing of his past incarcerations. Maggie is therefore creeped out by him. She then reveals a surprise she brought for dessert, two wedding cake samples, one that is typically British, 'rich and elegant' - thus representing Ian, and another one that is very American, 'down-to-earth and sweet' - representing Mike. The cakes clearly become a bit of a metaphor in Susan's head, and she can't choose between both cakes for her wedding, because she is obviously having a hard time choosing between Ian and Mike as it is. She freaks out a bit, and after the chaotic dinner party that traumatized Maggie, Ian finds Mike speaking shadily to Susan in the kitchen, and finds out from him that they kissed recently. Ian is angry at Mike and reminds him that they had a deal, and Mike downplays this by saying that he wasn't really gonna give up on Susan because Ian won her in a poker game. This last part surprises Susan, and she is angry to find out that they bet on her. She then breaks off her engagement and dismisses all of Mike's chances with her, frustrated with both of her suitors.
(" Into the Woods ")
Susan asks Carlos where Mike is, and he reluctantly tells her that he went hiking in the woods. Susan then decides to follow him, despite Julie's advice that Mike might not be interested, but she goes to the woods completely unprepared. She is then sent on her way along with a park ranger, Toni , a beefy woman who is annoyed by Susan's constant yacking about her love life. During the first night they camp out together in the woods, Toni tells Susan that even if Mike does take her back, which seems somewhat unlikely, she will never be just happy because she always has to kick up the dirt and invite the drama in. Susan is offended by this and leaves during the night without telling Toni, determined to find Mike on her own. However, she gets lost and ends up injuring herself from a trip and a fall. Back at the ranger cabin, Mike checks out, having finished his hike, and he overhears Toni and a co-worker talking about a klutzy brunette who's lost in the woods. He asks them whom they're talking about. Meanwhile, Susan, lost and frustrated, tries to leave Mike a message on his cell phone, in which she admits to him that she screwed up and that she still loves him, but the battery dies out before she can finish it and she goes to sleep. The following morning, Mike shows up next to her, and literally sweeps her off her feet, and thus the two of them can finally start living out their happy days together.
(" Getting Married Today ")
Susan's plans for her wedding with Mike appear to be a little extravagant, seeing as how she wants to be over-the-top and romantic, and doesn't want her friends to pass poor judgment on it. This all worries Mike, due to the financial forum of the plans. He starts advertising himself as a 24-hour plumber, who gets triple time after midnight, in order to make some extra money. When Susan finds out about this and asks why he seems upset, Mike tells her that he's not Ian and therefore he can't give her a sumptuous life, but he'll be damned if he can't give her the same kind of dream wedding he would have. This leaves Susan to ponder about her wedding. During the wedding of Gabrielle Solis , to Fairview Mayor Victor Lang , Susan and her friends are surprised to see that Bree is back in town, and with a bun in the oven. The four best friends are more than happy to be reunited again. After the ceremony, Susan notices that Mike is increasingly frustrated due to his exposure to Gabrielle's lavish reception, and Susan has an idea, which leads her to speak to the Minister who wed Gaby and Victor. That night, Mike gets a call from a Mrs. Emmeline Walcott, who has a plumbing job for him. However, once he's left the house , we find out that Mrs. Walcott was really Julie putting on an accent over the phone, and that the entire ordeal was set up by Susan. Mike arrives at the woods to find the minister waiting for him with a suit. He puts it on and meets with Julie and Susan, seen in a beautiful, simple white wedding dress, and holding a bouquet. Mike wonders if this is really what she wants, and the love of his life explains to him that even though her ideas for the perfect wedding keep changing, one thing remains the same, the groom. It turns out that downsizing can be romantic, and Mike tells Susan that he's never seen her look more beautiful. The minister asks if they are ready to start, and Julie jokes that the couple has been dragging this out for three years. Thusly, Mike and Susan finally get married in a small, private, romantic ceremony.
(" Now You Know ")
One month following their impromptu wedding in the woods, Susan gives her husband Mike a beautiful, hand-made commemoratory card. Susan then asks Mike if he's been happy, because it seems as though lately he seems to be a bit distracted sometimes. Mike tells her he is happy indeed, but she doesn't believe him, and starts thinking that their marriage is doomed. Mike then notices that there is a moving van across the street. Susan and her three best friends gather to get a glimpse of who is moving in, and the former is nothing short of surprised to find that it's one of her oldest friends on the lane , Katherine Mayfair , who lived there 12 years before but moved away suddenly. Katherine has all the ladies over immediately afterwards and they get acquainted to her family, including new, younger doctor husband Adam , and her daughter Dylan , who's grown into a beautiful young woman. Susan is very happy to see her, and tells Dylan that Julie , who used to be her best friend, will be very happy as well. Dylan, however, doesn't seem to remember Julie at all. The meeting of the ladies and Katherine becomes awkward instantly when Katherine tells Bree that she'll have to cut down her ficus tree, and Susan goes through yet another awkward situation when her gynecologist is replaced by Dr. Adam Mayfair... Following this routine check-up, Dr. Mayfair informs her that she might be going through menopause , an idea that aggravates Susan, for she feels she is too young for that. Later, during Katherine's barbecue party, Susan, feeling frustrated, finally tells Mike about her possible menopausal condition, and he assures her that he loves her and is happy with her, regardless of her menopause and whether or not they can have kids. Susan is not convinced, however, but her attention is then caught by the arrival of her suicidal friend, Edie Britt , who's back from the hospital. Later, Adam shows up at Susan's house and tells her that she is actually pregnant. Mike hears this and is ecstatic with the news, and Susan finally believes that he is happy. The following morning, when Julie gets ready to go to school, she tells her mother that the Dylan she's now hanging out with... is not the same girl whom she used to be best friends with.
(" Smiles of a Summer Night ")
Susan tells her friends about what Julie said regarding Dylan , about how she's changed and how she doesn't remember living on Wisteria Lane . The ladies theorize about what might be going, but Katherine cuts the topic short when she shows up and suggests that they throw a lunch for Lynette . Susan offers to lend Katherine her salad bowl, and when she does, she remembers the time Katherine moved away suddenly, nearly without telling Susan and Mary Alice . Meanwhile, Julie plans to attend a party that Mike worries could get out of hand. Susan is therefore put in an awkward position where she has to choose between her husband's advice and her daughter's wish. She chooses Mike, but then tells Julie that she can go to the party, but only if Mike doesn't find out. Later, as they prepare for an intimate evening together, Mike tells his wife that she did the right thing by not letting Julie go to said party because he drove past it and it had already gotten too wild, and thus the cops would probably bust in at any time. A worrisome Susan then rushes to the party to retrieve her daughter, still with her nightgown on, and is mistaken for a stripper by the birthday boy and his pals. She then learns that both Julie and Dylan were at their best behavior, but she takes them home nonetheless. Julie tells her mother that she doesn't mind her siding with Mike, but she should just stick to a decision after she's made it. They then find out that Mike is waiting for them, because a friend of Julie's called from the party, worried over seeing Julie leaving... with a stripper. Julie comes clean to Mike, and they both agree that they should all start being honest. She and Mike then resume their sexy time.
(" The Game ")
The time has come for Susan to host yet another one of her annual charades parties, an event frowned upon by all of her friends, albeit not openly so. However, and after Bree's told her friends about how she witnessed Katherine slapping her daughter , they suddenly gain a newfound interest in the party once they agree to make sure Katherine goes and to get her drunk so that she might spill her beans. Susan then asks Bree to hook her up with the latter's obstetrician, because Susan is embarrassed over having Adam as her gynecologist. Bree, faking a pregnancy, chooses a random OB/GYN contact off of the yellow pages, and Susan is later horrified to find out that it's a sleazy dive of a clinic. She becomes mad at Bree, but proceeds with the charades party after she arrives, late. It doesn't go very well, however, when Lynette shows up high on marijuana, Gaby flirts with Adam to make Carlos jealous and winds up making Katherine furious instead. Susan confronts Bree again, and ultimately the two get together and sit out on the front porch having dessert. Bree tells Susan that there were some complications with the child, which is why she didn't recommend her doctor to Susan, out of fear she'd find out. Bree tells Susan that because she's pregnant too she didn't want her friend to hear something that'd make her worried. Susan, a little freaked out, confides in her that Mike has been so anxious and making premature purchases that she worries he's jinxing it. The two make amends and cherish their little moment together.
(" If There's Anything I Can't Stand ")
Susan welcomes a new couple, Bob and Lee , to Wisteria Lane . She makes quite a mess of greeting them and ends up getting off on the wrong foot. She tries to make up for it and get the new neighbors to like her by heating up some cookies - since she cannot bake to save her life - and takes them over to their house , where she is greeted by Lee. She and her cookies are not received well, as Lee is allergic to nuts and Susan can't answer if there are any nuts in the cookies since she didn't make them herself, and she ends up with some very rude comments and the door shut in her face. Susan's daughter Julie later finds their dog running around in the street, and Susan decides to take the dog and keep it in her garage so she can be the “hero” and make Bob and Lee like her. When Lee notices the dog missing, Susan helps him look for it, temporarily winning his thanks and apologies for being so rude earlier on. However, when Susan's husband Mike returns home, he opens the garage door and the dog runs out with Susan and Mike's wet paint all over his paws, which not only ruins Bob's very expensive Dolce suit, but leaves a trail straight back to Susan's garage. Mike comes back after trying to do some damage control and tells Susan they have to pay $2000 to replace Bob's suit. Susan starts to figure out another way to get them to like her, but Mike snaps at her and tells her to let it go.
(" Art Isn't Easy ")
Even though Susan desperately wants Bob and Lee to like her, she is aggravated when she finds out that their front lawn statue is actually a water fountain that they choose to turn on at a very early time in the morning. The sound of the water running and hitting the parts of the metal fountain wakes up the Delfino couple, which is a pain because Mike needs as much sleep as he can get in order to prepare for his hard days of work. Katherine Mayfair decides to run for President of the Homeowners Association so that people can vote to get rid of the fountain, but Lynette , out of fear that her children's treehouse might be voted off too because it doesn't match the street's coding, decides to run against her. Susan is therefore torn between helping her best friend save the kids' treehouse, or helping to get rid of the fountain that bugs her husband so. Susan ultimately chooses Katherine, and Lynette resents her, until she realizes the predicament Susan was put in, and especially after her friend offers to help her try and keep the treehouse in its place. All's well that ends well when Katherine tells Lynette that her kids can keep the treehouse, and the fountain is permanently turned off.
(" Now I Know, Don't Be Scared ")
Susan and Mike have a meeting with a genetic counselor regarding the former's ongoing pregnancy, and Susan is shocked to learn that Mike's father is alive, seeing as how he'd told her on their very first date that he'd died. Mike later explains to Susan that he told her this because his father is in jail for homicide, and he didn't want her to get a bad impression of him and his roots on their first date. Susan wishes to meet her father-in-law, with the excuse that they need to get as much information as they possibly can about their families' illnesses and conditions, for the sake of their unborn son . Mike and Susan therefore meet with Nick Delfino at his prison, and Susan asks him why he is incarcerated for life. Nick explains to her that he killed his old colleague, because he had mouthed him off to a superior and gotten a promotion over Nick. Nick therefore snapped and killed him by strangulation with a tie some time later. Susan is horrified by the fact that her father-in-law shows no remorse over what he has done, and she later engages in a bit of an argument with her husband over this, because she is afraid their child might take after his grandfather. Susan revisits Nick at the prison and he tells her that he only feels remorse over one thing: scarring Mike's life. Being the son of a killer takes a toll on a person, and he always worried that Mike could snap sometime. Susan tells him that her husband is fine, but Nick tells her to keep an eye on him for he might act out on his pain eventually. Meanwhile, Mike starts abusing painkillers...
(" Something's Coming ")
A tornado makes its way to Wisteria Lane , but Susan and Mike are unfortunately occupied with their own in-doors storm when they square off against each other over the husband's recent pill-popping vice. Prior to that, Susan had confronted her neighbor Orson , having learnt from his wife Bree that he knew about Mike's narcotic addiction. Upset over him giving Mike access to drugs even though he knew about his vice. Orson is unable to explain himself and his actions, seeing as how he is with a patient, and Susan threatens to harm him should he prescribe Mike any more pills. Later, at home , Susan and Mike engage in the aforementioned fight, and she refuses to tell him what she's done with the drugs. Mike, visibly infuriated, refuses to reason with her and grabs a hold of her just as she is coming down the stairs with the laundries. She squirms away from him and falls down the stairs immediately afterwards. Mike rushes to her aid and then brings her to the local hospital, which is packed with victims of the tornado, that already passed through Mount Pleasant . They are told by a nurse that, since Susan isn't majorly injured or bleeding, she isn't considered an 'emergency case', and therefore it'll be a while before she can get checked out. This rubs Mike the wrong way, and he lashes out at a doctor, ultimately punching and engaging in a full-blown fight with him. He is later handcuffed to a chair by the hospital's security and Susan gets herself checked out. The baby is fine. Susan then tells Mike that she wants him to check into rehab and heal his current problem. Mike tries to convince her otherwise, but she threatens to take the baby and leave him if he doesn't commit himself into rehabiliation. Mike agrees to do this, for the sake of their family.
(" Welcome to Kanagawa ")
Following the devastating impact of the tornado, which victimized Wisteria Lane resident Ida Greenberg and partially destroyed the Hodge household , Susan invites her friend Bree and her family to stay with her and Julie until their house is fixed up. Both women aren't very ecstatic about doing this, however, seeing as how their most recent sleepover experience over at Bree's place - following the fire set to Susan's house - was a nightmare, made possible by Bree's extremely controlling and perfectionist ways. However, the experience turns out to be much more positive and satisfying than they ever thought it would be, once they realize that Bree has turned their house into a sort of Heaven, where the cooking is mouth-watering and the clean clothes smell divine and are folded neatly. Susan grows far more accostumed to having a home fairy around than she probably should, which is why she freaks out at the idea that Bree might be moving back out soon enough. This prompts Susan to put a crimp on Bree's plans to hook up her gay contractor with her son , in order to get him to resume working on their house. Susan later explains her actions to a livid Bree, telling her that she's been falling apart ever since Mike went to rehab, and Bree was the only one that made her forget about her misery by making their house a true home. Bree, finally realizing the impact of her stay on Susan, decides to help her out as best as she can in the coming times, and makes everything right in the end by preparing some cookies for her best friend.
(" Sunday ")
Susan and her friends stop by Katherine's house with gifts to help her get over the fact that Adam left her, but Katherine isn't willing to share her pain with them. Meanwhile, Susan's cousin Tim comes to stay with her for a while so that he can help with the Delfino family's finances, while Mike is in rehab. Susan soon learns that Tim was fired from his job for sleeping with his boss' 18-year-old cheerleading daughter, and when Katherine comes over to apologize for having been rude the other day, and brings Dylan , Susan becomes concerned that Tim might be developing a thing for Dylan, when he recognizes Katherine from when he once stayed there at age 16 and can't help but notice how old Dylan's gotten. Susan is further preoccupied when she spies Tim having a chat with Dylan. She then visits Mike in rehab with Julie , and calls Tim, and overhears that he is with a girl. Thinking it's Dylan, Susan rushes back home, only to find out that he is in bed with Katherine. A horrified Susan is told that Tim lost his virginity to Katherine when he was 16 after he comforted her following a fight she had with her first husband . Susan then has a talk with Tim during which he remembers that he had gone back one night to see Katherine again, but he was stopped by the sight of her having a fight with a man and hitting him with a candlestick, knocking him down. This worries Susan, who gets somewhat scared of her neighbor...
(" Hello, Little Girl ")
Susan becomes very emotional - in part due to her pregnancy and her hormones - when Bree and Orson start to move back to their house and Mike returns home from the rehabilitation center. Julie tells Mike about Orson's admitting that he ran over him during his sleepwalking. Mike learns the truth about his nearly fatal accident when he confronts Orson the next day, and the latter breaks into tears and asks Mike for his forgiveness. When Mike tells his wife about the incident, she storms into Orson's house and scolds him, and that news shocks Bree as well. Mike asks Susan to forgive Orson for his wrongdoings, as he has done a lot of regrettable things himself and she had forgiven him too. He also tells her that Orson has already suffered a lot and that his actions are understandable, and that reporting him to the police would leave Bree without a husband and Benjamin without a father. Susan reconciles with Bree the following day. However, she sees Orson packing his bags and leaving the house. Even though Susan and Mike have forgiven him, it turns out that Bree hasn't.
(" Opening Doors ")
Susan reconnects with ex-husband Karl while she is in Lamaze pregnancy class. She and Julie met Karl and his present wife Marisa at the class. Karl says offensive statements to Susan, like she has aged, gained weight and so on and brags about Marisa being a law professor. Furious, Susan brings Mike to the next class dressed in a suit. Mike lied about him now hiring people to do plumbing and having a great social life, but then he goes on and tells Karl and Marissa the reason he missed the previous class: He was getting the 30-day chip which signifies he has successfully been through 30 days without drugs. Susan is unhappy that Mike told them about his drug addiction, but Mike told her that he should be honest about who he is and he does not care what Karl thinks. The next class Karl told her that Mike tries to be honest as he loves her, unlike Karl who was always dishonest to her.
(" Mother Said ")
Mike's mother, Adele Delfino, comes for a visit. Adele brings Susan a recipe book as a present, since she had heard from Mike that Susan is not a good cook. Adele also offers herself to teach her to cook. Adele brought up their financial issues while she and Susan prepare for dinner one night, but Susan insists that they do not have any problems financially as they both have jobs, although Adele thinks Susan's job as a children's book illustrator does not pay much. When Adele, Mike and Susan go to a restaurant to lunch, Susan tells Mike not to complain to Adele about her, but Mike insists that his mother is trying to help. As Adele rambles on about Susan's shortcomings, deciding that she would stay to spruce up the house, Susan fakes labor by spilling her club soda on her leg. Susan then goes into labor for real later at home when Mike confesses to his mother that certain things she had said hurt Susan's feelings. Susan also shuns Edie to back up Bree who is being blackmailed.
(" Free ")
Susan helps Bree cater Bob and Lee's civil union ceremony. Julie tells Susan that she was excepted into Princeton Universality and that she is leaving the following week. Susan forbids this however leaving Julie devastated. Katherine later shows up at Susan's house asking if she has seen Dylan. Susan notices that Katherine is acting skidderish and asks if everything is alright. Katherine assures her that she is but Susan is still a little suspicious. Susan later decides that she'll let Julie move out and go to Princeton and she tells Julie that she'll miss her. After Katherine shoots her first ex-husband in the heart killing him instantly, Susan, Lynette, Bree, and Gaby back up Katherine when she is nearly arrested for murder but it is ruled as self defense.
Season 5
Susan is in a secret relationship with her house painter, Jackson Braddock , but it is purely sexual: she doesn't let him spend the night, as she says she isn't ready for a relationship. One day, Susan comes home to find Jackson, and just as they are about to have sex, Lynette barges in to complain about her problems. Jackson just avoids being seen by Lynette by climbing out the window, but Bob and Lee see him, and take a picture of Jackson shirtless. At the party, Jackson wonders why they can't see each other openly, to which Susan mentions the accident. That weekend, Mike suddenly appears outside the house in perfect condition. Susan has a flashback to the aftermath of the accident. Susan was shocked that Mike felt no empathy, while Mike insists it was merely an accident, and argues that Susan wants to suffer over it and everything else. The heated argument reaches a boiling point, with Mike storming out of the house. The flashback ends when Mike comes downstairs with Maynard (who has been nicknamed MJ). They leave and Mike says he'll bring him back Sunday evening. Due to Susan's relationship with Jackson and custody agreements with Mike, it is clear that Susan and Mike divorced after the accident.
(" You're Gonna Love Tomorrow ")
The episode begins with Jackson bringing in the newspaper one morning and he meets Mike , who stopped by to return MJ 's video game. When Mike suggests he should hang out with Jackson, Susan protests, but later agrees when he threatens to fight MJ's custody. Mike and Jackson become quick friends after they hang out one night. Susan is initially pleased, but is soon upset when she discovered Mike and Jackson exchanged sex tips with each other. One night, Susan met up with Mike at the bar and told him that she is uncomfortable seeing him and Jackson bond. Mike assures it is a good thing that he, Jackson and Susan are friends, especially for MJ's sake. When she returns home, she found out that Karl , her first ex-husband, drops by and he too had met Jackson. He'd come by because Julie needed some signatures for insurance purposes. Karl provokes Susan about the fact that she is currently dating yet another service provider. The latter quizzes her about whether there are any other exes he should know about.
(" Kids Ain't Like Everybody Else ")
At MJ ’s kindergarten class, Mike and Susan are surprised by a picture MJ drew that shows Jackson , Susan, and MJ at home while Mike’s a small, distant figure. Later, Mike brings MJ a new bike, and Susan correctly realizes he’s doing it because of MJ’s picture. When Mike calls Susan to say he’s coming over to teach MJ to ride the bike, Susan panics, as Jackson has just taught MJ everything he needs to know. Susan covers her son in protective gear, then tells him to fall while Mike teaches him how to ride the bike. MJ reluctantly falls, but hurts himself and has to be taken to the hospital. At the hospital, the doctor informs Mike that MJ fell on purpose. Susan admits what she did but says it wasn’t reasonable to make MJ wait to learn how to ride his bike. Still later, Mike shows up at Susan’s home to say he’s moving in to Mary Alice ’s old place so he can be close to his son.
(" Back in Business ")
Susan looks into the mirror; Jackson arrives, late. She agrees to give him space in the closet but he wants to move in. She looks into the mirror and flashes back to meeting Jackson as she showed him around her house where he could paint. He thinks her place has a good vibe but she mistakenly believes he’s coming on to her. He gets mad at her and is about to leave but she stops him and hires him. In another flashback, Susan and Mike are ready to sign their divorce papers. She asks and gets a moment alone with Mike. She wonders if they’re doing the right thing; he reminds her she’s the one who called a lawyer. They’ve been separated for a year. She thinks they can be good again, but he doesn’t think they can do it anymore. He signs the divorce papers and exits. In another flashback, Susan comes home to find Jackson painting. She asks him if he likes scotch and soon they’re in bed! He tells her he’s not looking to start anything; she’s happy about that but wants him to call her by her first name next time. She’s definite she just wants something casual. Back in the present, Susan tells Jackson she doesn’t want to move in together. He says he’s fallen in love with her. Susan opens the door to find Carlos and Gaby on the doorstep, exactly where they were when we last saw them.
(" There's Always a Woman ")
Susan and Jackson restart their relationship. They promise each other that they will not have sex until their 4th date, and in the meantime they get to know each other better. During their dates, there are various opportunities to have sex, but both Jackson and Susan resist the temptation. In their 4th date, Susan noticed the portrait of her painted by Jackson and she is touched by it.
(" What More Do I Need? ")
Julie Mayer returns to Wisteria Lane to introduce her boyfriend Lloyd to Susan. Susan disapproves of Lloyd due to the steep age difference between him and Julie, while Julie approves of Jackson. Susan becomes even more concerned when she learns Julie's boyfriend has been married three times. Susan is surprised to see he has a diamond ring and plans on surprising Julie with a proposal. She exposes Lloyd's plans, ruining the surprise. However Julie rejects his proposal, revealing that she does not ever intend to get married. Susan confronts Julie after the incident, and Julie confesses that she feels that marriage is a joke after witnessing Susan's two marriages fail. The night club catches on fire and Jackson gets stuck in the restrooms. Mike goes to save him.
(" City on Fire ")
Katherine brought Mike cookies and he realizes she hasn't told Susan yet about their relationship, as she is looking for the right time. Katherine walks out and runs into Susan, who says Jackson is just getting a few stitches and wonders who Katherine is visiting. Susan goes into Mike's room and wonders where the cookies came from. Mike refused to answer her question. Susan goes to Katherine and explains she's upset that a friend of hers is dating Mike. Katherine is uncomfortable throughout the conversation. Susan then discovers Katherine is the one who send Mike cookies and stalks out. Katherine charges after her and apologizes but to no avail. Susan then confronts Bree, who says she didn't think it was her place to tell Susan and that Katherine should tell her. Susan says that's not good enough and not telling is the same thing as lying to her face. Bree then tells Susan that she's mad at herself for letting her marriage fall apart during a rough patch, since she obviously still loves Mike. Susan wonders what she's supposed to do, Bree says tell Mike how she feels or move on. Susan calls Katherine after that to approve Katherine and Mike's relationship.
(" Me and My Town ")
M.J. Delfino goes to the Zoo with Mike and Katherine, but they return early because M.J. throws his ice cream at Katherine's head. Edie tells Susan that it's because he notices her feeling about the relationship, so she joins a bowling game to show M.J. there's nothing wrong with that. When M.J. sees Mike holding Susan's hands then leaving her when Kathrine calls for him, M.J. attacks Katherine again by dropping a bowling ball on her foot. Back at home, M.J. tells his parents that he is convinced that they will reconcile. Susan tells Mike she once said to M.J. that they were going to be back again because they never told each other that everything was over. Mike leaves after a couple of seconds without saying anything.
(" A Vision's Just a Vision ")
After Susan overhears Bob and Lee arguing that Bob doesn't have time to go clubbing with Lee, Susan offers to go with Lee. They enjoy themselves at a gay bar, where Susan tells Lee that she's thinking of moving out of town, as Jackson has found a job elsewhere. The next morning, Susan wakes up in bed with Lee, and believes she slept with him. When she finally confronts Lee, he says they didn't have sex. She confesses she doesn't love Jackson yet but doesn't want to lose him. Lee tells her to tell Jackson she's not ready.
(" Connect! Connect! )
At her home later that night, Susan opens a bottle of wine and looks at Eli's toolbox still on her kitchen table. She recalls how Eli changed the locks for her when Karl left her for Brandi and Mike left her after the car accident. Distraught at losing Mike, Eli comforts Susan by saying although he has little experience of love he is inspired by how Susan always manages to pick herself up again and move on after each failure with a man. Susan then recalls the day that Eli died, before he began working on her roof. Eli shows up with a spare set of keys he had cut for Jackson. Susan reveals that she has just broken up with Jackson but is remarkable calm about the situation. Eli then tells her that this is his last day as a handy man before he retires, so Susan's roof will be his last job. Susan rushes to the store to buy a bottle of wine so that she and Eli can toast to his retirement. When Susan returns, Eli has died. It is this wine that Susan is drinking and raises a glass in memory of Eli, the same wine she had bought in celebration of Eli's retirement.
(" The Best Thing That Ever Could Have Happened ")
Susan is anxious to get M.J. into a prestigious private school, but can't afford the tuition. She pressures Mike for money but he insists he has none to spare. When Susan finds out that Mike just bought Katherine a stunning pearl necklace, she's furious, assuming that he's blowing what money he has on his new girlfriend. Susan sneaks into Katherine's house to steal the necklace, but Katherine catches her and runs after her, clad only in a towel. Katherine is shocked to hear that Mike bought her jewelry when he can't afford M.J.'s tuition. Both women confront Mike about the necklace and he is forced to admit he only spent $129 on it. Mike asks her how she dares to think he'd put his girlfriend in front of his son, and tells her if they're falling short, it's not because of him. She goes back to the private school and offers to sign on as an art teacher, since faculty members receive a fifty percent discount. She makes such a heartfelt plea that they hire her as an assistant, even though she's overqualified for the job.
(" Mama Spent Money When She Had None ")
Susan starts working at MJ's new school to help pay the tuition and Susan needs Mike to watch him when he gets sick on her first day. Mike sends MJ to Katherine's house and the have binini's for dinner. Susan is upset with Mike and Katherine because Mike is supposed to watch him and not his girlfriend. Susan makes MJ a sandwich and goes to take a shower but he wanted a binini so he walks over to Katherine's house. Susan storms over and sends MJ home and is upset with them. Susan tells Katherine that she doesn't want MJ spending time there anymore but Katherine says that might be hard because Mike and Katherine are moving in together.
(" A Spark. To Pierce the Dark ")
Susan, along with the other Wisteria Lane residents run outside of their homes to find out what that large crash sound was. Susan is shocked to see that the crash was caused by her some-what friend, Edie Britt who was using her final breaths of air. Susan tells Edie that everything will be alright and that she has nothing to worry about. However, Edie takes her final breath of air and dies leaving Susan and the rest of the Wisteria Lane residents devastated. Edie's widower, Dave asks Susan, Lynette, Bree, Gaby, and Karen McCluskey to deliver Edie's ashes to her son, Travers , since they were her closest friends. Susan and the others are a bit reluctant at first, but agree to the task. As the five ladies are driving to Travers' school, they talk about important moments they've spent with Edie in their lives. Susan talks about the first time she met Edie. She thought they would be best friends, that is, until she learned Edie was a slut and was sleeping with one of her close friends' husband's. Ever since then, Susan reveals that she and Edie never had a stable friendship. The five ladies get to Travers' school, but he tells them to keep the ashes since they were closer to her than he ever was. They decide to split up her ashes and spread them over Wisteria Lane. Before the ashes are spread, the ladies decide to say one word describing Edie, Susan uses three words, "one of a kind."
(" Look Into Their Eyes and You See What They Know ")
Mike drops by Susan's to pick up M.J. He asks her to try and talk to Dave. On her way to work, Susan brings Dave a basket of store bought food. Dave tells her he is selling the house and putting the money in a trust for Travers. He goes on to say that "everything that ever mattered is gone" and the future is the last thing he is thinking about. Susan goes into the kitchen and sees his gun on his suitcase. Susan tells him she will clean up a little before the realtor comes. Susan puts the gun, all the knives, pills, and belts into her picnic basket. While leaving a message to Katherine about Dave being suicidal, she is pulled over for talking on a cellphone instead of a hands-free device. The officer sees the gun and knives sticking out of the basket and arrests her while Katherine drives by, answering her voice mail. Susan brings back Dave's belts, but the rest was kept by the police. Susan tells Dave about the accident that killed a mother and a child. Susan reveals that she was driving, but did not have her license as she switched purses, so Mike took the blame and she tells Dave she knows about guilt. Later, M.J. is playing with a ball and when it goes into the street, Dave picks it up and tells him he shouldn't be playing in the street because if he got hurt that would really tear Susan apart.
(" Rose's Turn ")
While driving Karen to the hospital, Susan runs into Jackson who wants to talk to her over dinner. At dinner, Jackson tells Susan that he wants her to marry him and she runs to the bathroom and confesses that she has been very lonely and hasn't stopped thinking about him and truly loves him only to find out that Jackson just wants to get married because his student visa has expired and will be deported back to Canada not because he loves her. The next day, Jackson apologizes and Susan decides to marry him. Now that he knows Susan is responsible for the death of his family, Dave calls Susan and invites her and MJ on a fishing trip the coming weekend, as a way of thanking her for helping him get through Edie's death, on a lake that has had several reports of accidents that resulted in death including a child. The two investigators in the club fire case visit Dave and ask him about Dr. Heller. They tell him he was the one who burned up in the fire and are trying to figure out what he was doing there and why he was backstage. They inform Dave that Jackson was locked in the bathroom minutes before the fire started and have been trying to contact him but he left town. Dave immediately calls Susan and tells her he will be picking her and MJ up at 6:00AM. When Dave drops by to give her a fishing pole he bought for MJ, Susan informs him that she will not be able to go as she is getting married to Jackson.
(" Bargaining ")
Susan and Jackson plan to marry at City Hall in a few days, but he suggests having a big engagement party to convince immigration that it's a legitimate marriage. She's taken aback when he insists she can't tell anyone, not even her friends, that the marriage is a fraud. Jackson and Susan tell Mike and Katherine the news: Katherine is thrilled and throws her arms around Susan but Mike is worried that it's all happening too fast. At Jackson and Susan's engagement party, Dave comments that he and Jackson probably haven't seen each other since the fire and Jackson mentions that he ran into a detective who wants to question him about that night. As Jackson starts to relate what he saw, Dave knocks over a tray of wine glasses. Mike is happy he no longer has to pay alimony since Susan is getting remarried. Susan drags Jackson aside to tell him how much she needs Mike's money, saying, "I'm sorry, but I can't marry you." He points out that he'll be sent back to Canada and she rolls her eyes and says, "It's Canada, not Iran. It's like America with free health insurance." She promises to talk to Mike to see if they can "work something out." Mike casually asks Katherine to marry him and she excitedly says yes. She wonders what brought on his proposal and he answers, "Just seems like the right time." But when she goes to hug him, she sees what he was just looking at: Jackson and Susan. Dave calls Katherine: he's getting back on the promotional speaking trail and wants her to look in on the house while he's gone. Just then, Susan knocks on Katherine's door. When she learns that Mike isn't home, Susan admits that the wedding is only to keep Jackson in the country and that it all hangs on whether Mike can keep paying her alimony. Realizing her own wedding depends on Susan's, Katherine blurts out, "You have to!" and offers to talk to Mike. Because Katherine put the phone on the table while she "got rid of" Susan, Dave heard the whole conversation. He hangs up the phone with a smile. Susan gets a text that reads, "I'll keep paying the alimony, Mike." Only the message isn't from Mike, but Katherine, who immediately deletes it. Susan and Jackson are on their way to get married, but before they can drive to City Hall, a car pulls up with two immigration officials who arrest Jackson. Katherine looks worriedly at Mike while Dave looks on and smiles.
(" Marry Me a Little ")
Jackson calls Susan to say goodbye and tells her that he believes Mike was the one who tipped off immigration. When Susan tells Katherine about Jackson blaming Mike, Katherine is forced to reveal that Mike has no idea about Susan marrying Jackson for his green card and she was the one who sent the message about getting the alimony. Katherine tells Susan that she can make Mike happy if he gets over Susan. Susan asks Mike if he loves Katherine. After hearing that he does love her, she says that's all she needed to hear. They tell Susan that they are flying to Vegas to elope so Susan tells them she and M.J. are going on a fishing trip with Dave.
(" Everybody Says Don't (season 5) ")
Susan, Dave, and MJ leave for the camping trip and Mike and Katherine say goodbye but Mike notices a suspecious expression on Dave's face. Susan, Dave, and MJ are driving when MJ has to use the restroom. He goes to the bushes. Meanwhile, Mike and Katherine are at the airport while waiting for their plane to Vagas to elope when Mike plays the tape Dave gave him. The tape reveals Dave's evil plans and how he is gonna kill MJ and why he married Edie just to move back to Wisteria Lane. Mike leaves the airport to save his ex-wife and son. Katherine comes back and see's he's gone and thinks he had cold feet. Katherine sits back down and starts to cry. Mike calls Susan and reveals Dave's plan. Susan gets Dave to stop and she and MJ run away but Dave catches them. He ties Susan to a pole at the street where is wife and daughter died. Dave plans to have Mike accidentally crash into him and MJ killing MJ and Susan has to watch it. When Mike is driving down the road, Dave looks to the back seat and instead of see's MJ he hallucinates his deceased daughter, Paige. Mike crashes into the car but it is revealed that Dave made MJ get out. Dave is put in a Boston mental hospital and Susan, Mike, and MJ share a reconciliation moment. Two monthes later, Mike is seen marrying an unidentifyed bride. It's either Susan or Katherine.
Susan Delfino to Angie Bolen
After Susan and Mike get back together, Mike apologizes to Katherine straight away. He then tells Susan to but she says that she can't because Julie who is returning home that day. Susan continues to make excuses for not apologizing to Katherine as she is terrified of what Katherine will do to her. 6 weeks before the wedding, Susan's wedding dress is delivered to her house but she is not home. The delivery man that gives the dress to Katherine to give to her. When Susan returns home she sees a notice on her door and goes to Katherine's house immediately. When Katherine anwers the door she is wearing Susan's wedding dress. Katherine invites Susan in and then walks over to a pot of sauce she is cooking. Katherine holds a spoon of sauce over the dress threateningly while talking to Susan. After a few moments, Susan has enough of Katherine's antics and demands that she take off the dress at once. Katherine agrees and crys quietly to herself as Susan unzips her dress. While Susan prepares for her wedding, Katherine storms into the church and demands that either Susan apologize to Katherine on the altar or she will make a scene so bad that everyone will be talking about it on Susan and Mike's golden anniversary. Susan then kicks Katherine into the closet and locks the door as she and Mike finally tie the knot. However, on their way down the aisle, Katherine breaks out of the closet and on storms into the church. Mike tells her that if she doesn't leave then he will drag her out himself. Susan then begins to feel bad for Katherine and goes back up on the altar and apologizes to Katherine for taking Mike in front of everyone. Susan and Katherine then hug but when Susan asks if what she did helped, Katherine replies "Obviously, it didn't.", and declares war against Susan. At the end of the episode, Julie takes the recyclables outside when an unseen person strangles Julie. Julie then collapses on to the ground leaving her status unknown.
(" Nice is Different Than Good ")
That morning, Susan awakes to her first morning of being married to Mike again. Susan is delighted and tells Mike that now that Julie is back and that they are married, she has everything she needs to be happy. They then hear Karen's screams. Susan runs out and sees Julie unconscious. She then travels to the hospital with her. The doctor tells Susan that Julie will be fine but they need to run some x-rays. Lynette and Gaby then enter and Lynette tells the doctor not to run any tests because Julie may be pregnant. Lynette then tells Susan that Julie told her this a few days previous. Susan is then furious with Lynette because she didn't tell her and storms off. Later, Susan is in Julie's room when Bree stops by. When Susan brings up the fact that Katherine stole Mike from Susan first, Bree asks Karl if it would have been any better if Katherine had started going out with Karl who Susan didn't love but Susan says it would have been worse after what Karl had put her through. Susan is later in the cafeteria when Lynette visits her. When Lynette asks her if she is mad, Susan tells her that she is just mad because Julie went to Lynette with her problems and not her. Lynette then tells Susan that the only reason she did that was because Julie found out that Lynette was pregnant. Lynette then tells her that she doesn't want her children because she is in her 40's and she is considering terminating the pregnancy. Susan tells Lynette that children are the best gifts you could ever get. Susan later watches Angie disapprovingly from across the street when Danny is arrested for attacking Julie.
(" Being Alive ")
When Susan sees that Danny has been released from jail she storms across the street. Bob tells her that he is Danny's lawyer and that he has been released because there is no proof to suggest that he did it. Susan becomes distraught and starts shouting at the top of her voice to the whole street that Danny attacked Julie. Susan is waiting in her car, watching Danny when Lynette enters. She tells Susan that less than a year previous the whole street thought that Porter set the fire in the club and they were wrong and maybe she is wrong about Danny. Susan tells her that she is not. Susan then sees Danny driving away in his car and speeds after him. Susan then tells all the residents on Wisteria Lane that Danny attacked Julie despite Mike's warnings not to. The next day, Danny is underneath his friend's car when Susan questions him. She says she knows that he attacked Julie. She then lets down the car so that Danny can't come out and demands that Danny admit what he did. Angie then comes out of her house with a baseball bat and threatens Susan with it, telling her that if she comes her near her family again she will kill her. That night, Mike arrives home and tells Susan that he just got off the phone from the police and they said that there is security footage of Danny drinking in a parking lot the same time that Julie was attacked. Susan tells Mike that she is sorry that the morning after their wedding, Mike woke up beside a crazy woman and she hasn't paid any attention to him since Julie's attack. Mike tells Susan that he said he would love her during the good and the bad. The next morning, Susan wakes up to see garbage all over the Bolen's garden as well as "leave" written in paint on their walls. Susan goes outside and helps Angie pick it up which is her way of saying that she is sorry.
(" Never Judge a Lady by Her Lover ")
Andrew visits Susan at the hospital to see how Julie is doing and she tells Andrew the swelling in her brain is gone and could wake up at any moment. Susan tells Andrew she loves that he and Julie have stayed close friends throughout the years and Andrew, thinking Susan knows, tells her they talk all the time since Julie quit medical school six months ago and has been waiting tables while figuring out what to do with her life. Since he and Julie talk all the time, Susan wants Andrew to tell her who Julie was seeing. Susan does not believe Julie would tell him she was seeing someone and not give a name but Andrew says it is because he is married. Later, Susan goes through Julie's diary and all she finds is that his name starts with the letter "D", and is curious as to why the name is kept secret in her journal. When the doctor calls to tell her Julie is awake, Susan tries to get Julie to reveal who she is having an affair with but Julie refuses. The next day, Julie tells Susan that she has grown up and is not the perfect girl she once knew. Susan is upset that Julie had an affair, and reminds her of the damage affairs do to people, especially as she has seen it first-hand. After she leaves the room, a man enters and it is revealed that she has been having an affair with Nick, who uses the name Dominick.
(' The God-Why-Don't-You-Love-Me Blues ")
Two weeks after being attacked, Julie returns home from the hospital and is greeted with a "Welcome Home" party by all the residents of Wisteria Lane. Nick tries to talk to Julie, but she tells him they are not doing that anymore and it's over. Danny saw Nick and Julie talking so when he tries to talk to Danny about it, he threatens to tell Angie if he ever saw the two of them together. Nick refuses to let him hold that over his head and tells Danny that the only thing that will hurt Angie is him knowing about the affair. While Julie is looking at the spot where she got attacked, Danny catches her by surprise and Julie tells him she knows he is not the one who attacked her. He asks her if the person she was seeing is the one who did it, but she thought about it and is sure he did not do it because he is not that kind of person. When Julie tells Danny she has not been able to sleep and is constantly worried the attacker will show up, he gives her their gun. That night, Susan is awakened by Julie claiming someone is outside and she is shocked that Julie has a gun. When the person walks past the window, Susan gets startled and the gun goes off. Susan looks out the window to see Katherine lying on the ground with a bullet wound on her shoulder. Hearing the gunshot, everyone runs over to Susan's and Katherine tells them Susan tried to kill her. When Nick tells Angie and Danny that Susan just shot Katherine, Danny tells them it was their gun. Since it is registered in their real name they cannot have the police investigating so Nick retrieves the gun and Angie convinces Katherine to not call the cops by telling her she believes Mike is in love with her also.
(" Careful the Things You Say ")
Susan is sentenced to pick up trash for community service as a result of shooting Katherine. While she is picking up trash, Katherine drives by and gloats about winning then as she leaves she throws her drink on the ground. Susan tells the supervisor that Katherine just littered and he tells her that she would have been in trouble if he got her license plate number so Susan gives him her home address, which results in Katherine joining Susan in picking up trash. Later, Katherine has a breakdown and admits defeat by telling Susan that the man she loved chose her. Susan tries to comfort Katherine but when she accidentally reveals that she and Mike once had sex five times in one day, Susan is shocked as she has never done that so Katherine rubs it in her face and decides she did not lose after all. Susan wants to beat Katherine so she tries to have sex with Mike five times in one day too but he tells her he can't. Susan is upset until she learns that he and Katherine only did that because they were snowed in and had nothing else in common except for having sex but with Susan they have everything.
(" The Coffee Cup ")
Upon hearing the news of Emily's death, several women rally together and consider taking up defense classes as a means of personal protection. Julie, shaken at the idea that a second strangulation victim is now dead while she remains alive, expresses her concern in that even with self-defense training, there is no true guarantee that one will remain truly protected from the supposed serial killer should he strike again. In sympathy, Julie's father Karl decides to let his daughter borrow his car in exchange for hers as an extra safety precaution. This leads to Susan eventually finding Julie's car, without her knowledge of the vehicle exchange between her ex-husband and her daughter, at a local motel. This observation leads Susan to initially believe that Julie is secretly continuing her relationship with a married man but instead discovers something far more shocking: Bree's affair with Karl. At the first defense class with the ladies of Wisteria Lane, Susan confronts Bree and tells her that she knows about the affair. After a comical tussle sparks between the pair, Bree leaves the class early out of frustration against Susan's insistent claims of betrayal towards both Orson as well as their friendship, all while defending her reasons for continuing her affair with Karl. Later that evening, Susan invites Karl and Bree over to discuss their relationship. Despite Susan's arguments towards Karl's shortcomings as an inconsiderate husband during their marriage, Bree blurts out she in fact does love Karl and truly believes that he can change into someone even better than the man that he once was. Susan, sensing Bree's sincerity towards her confession, ultimately yet awkwardly gives her blessing to hers and Karl's relationship. Meanwhile, Katherine tells MJ that Susan stole Mike from her and that makes her a bad person. Mike tells Katherine that if she ever goes near his son again, then that would be it. Katherine asks Mike to stab her in the heart and kill her but Mike refuses. Katherine stabbs herself and calls an ambulance. When they ask who stabbed her, she points at Mike.
(" Would I Think of Suicide? ")
At the hospital, Susan is accompanied by Bob who reminds her that she is to act like a best friend to Katherine for the latter's accusation against Mike for attacking her with a weapon could cost him a lengthy jail sentence. After some light convincing from Bob to not be hostile, Susan then enters Katherine's room just as she finishes talking to Dylan over the phone. Susan engages Katherine by trying to understand as to why she would believe that Mike would stab her. Katherine responds by telling her that Mike had become enraged after informing him that she was in love with another man. Upon her exit, Susan then tells Bob of her skepticism towards Katherine's intentions for her stories and simply expresses her desire to have Katherine "put away" in an institute. Bob informs Susan that only a family member can commit someone into a mental institution. With this idea in mind, Susan has the nurse at reception contact Dylan's number in Maryland through the hospital's incoming phone records and hands the connected call over to Susan. Susan then adopts the persona of a Fairview Memorial doctor, complete with a British accent, and informs Dylan that she is concerned about Katherine's well-being and recommends for her to visit her mother immediately. Upon Dylan's arrival to her old home on Wisteria Lane, Susan runs over in an attempt to talk to her, but is instead greeted with hostility. Susan is shocked to learn that for the last few months, Katherine had been imposing onto Dylan with the lie that she was Mike's wife and that Susan was the one who had stabbed her. Susan is then forced to reveal to Dylan her wedding album to which Dylan is left stunned at the fact that her mother had been lying to her this whole time. When Dylan visits her mother at her hospital, Katherine unfortunately finds herself caught up in her own lies when Dylan adds her input to her mother's stories. When Susan comes in, Katherine tries to run out of the hospital in an attempt to get to Mike. Susan and Dylan watch on as Katherine suffers a complete nervous breakdown while being restrained by hospital staff.
(" Boom Crunch ")
Upon hearing the news of Karl's death, Susan contemplates the possibility of a life with her late ex-husband had they remained together. Instead of allowing Karl walk out on their marriage, Susan envisions herself stopping Karl and requesting the two of them to reach a compromise, ultimately remaining together for the sake of their daughter, Julie. Susan begins the reparation of their marriage by prompting Karl to list all of the women that he had slept with during their marriage. Not realizing that Karl's list of lovers was longer than she had initially hoped, Susan expresses her discomfort at her own idea and argues that "sometimes, secrets between a couple can be a good thing". Unfortunately, due to her much inhibited personality and lack of initiative to confront Karl about his infidelities, Susan becomes overweight. After a horrendous failed attempt at seducing Mike - who dropped by to fix her sink - to get back at Karl, Susan resolves to shed her unsightly pounds in order to become attractive for her husband once again. Some time after Susan is nearing the last few stages of regaining her former body back, Karl unfortunately decides to walk out on their marriage officially. A sympathetic Karl tenderly informs a heartbroken Susan that she could "do better". Back in reality while being comforted by Mrs. McCluskey, Susan expresses both grief of her ex-husband's passing, but also gratitude towards him for allowing her to achieve the life that she has now.
(" If... ")
After his death, Karl leaves an interest in a strip club to Susan and she's astonished to find that Mike is a regular customer! Even though he's only there to work on the plumbing, she forbids him from ever going back. He bristles at being told what to do, so Susan decides to do her own strip routine after summoning Mike to the club for a bogus job. When he sees other men trying to slip dollars into her bra, he gets her point. Julie plans to leave town, as Karl has left her a substantial amount of money in his will, and she wants to visit with cousins on the East coast, "Until they catch the guy who attacked me, I just don't feel safe here," she tells Danny . She asks Danny about his suicide attempt and he assures her, "I'm better now." Ana convinces her she's serious about Danny, so Julie helps try to get them together. Danny shows no interest until Ana bluntly refers to his overdose as a "stupid stunt." He tells her he likes her better when she's blunt.
(" You Gotta Get a Gimmick ")
The Oakridge students are placed into learning groups named after animals. Gabrielle initially suspects her daughter Juanita , who is in the Leopards, is among the slow group, whereas Susan is pleased that her son M.J. is in the Giraffes, which she believes are advanced. This leads to competitive behavior between the two ladies. Eventually, by taking pictures of different students' homework and studying them, Gabrielle realizes the Leopards are actually advanced and the Giraffes are slow. When Susan realizes this, she confronts a teacher in public, and the secret code of the animal groups becomes widespread. While Susan and Gabrielle wait to talk to the principal, they both admit they got carried away and confess fears that they are letting their kids down. At the end of the episode, Susan, Lynette, Bree, Gaby, and Karen go to the mental institution Katherine has been locked up in to heel and Susan and Katherine finally reconcile.
(" How About a Friendly Shrink? ")
Susan sells off her share in the strip club, and encourages Robin, a stripper with an Education degree, to quit and find another job. She tries to get her a job at the school, but a father recognizes her from the club and informs Principal Hobson, who fires her. Susan then convinces Mike to let Robin stay with them for a while.
(" The Glamorous Life ")
Susan introduces Robin to the residents of Wisteria Lane, but the women aren't to thrilled with a stripper on the lane. Susan tells Lynette, Bree, and Gaby that she is helping Robin back onto her feet and that there is nothing to worry about. When Mike is having back pains, Robin gives him a back massage by walking on his back. Susan starts to get jealous that Mike is attracted to Robin. When Susan gets home and finds Mike in pain, and see's that Robin isn't there, she tries cracking his back, but the next scene shows Mike in the hospital with a neck cast. Susan talks to Robin, and they get into a fight since Robin thought Susan was different and wouldn't always refer to her as a stripper, but as a human. Susan and Robin make up, and then MJ runs outside and tells Susan that he needs help getting the bed back down.
(" Chromolume No. 7 ")
Oakridge Elementary School is hosting a fund-raising drive that consists of selling candy bars. The kid who can sell the most candy wins the chance to throw a big party and invite whomever he/she wants. Susan promises her son, MJ , that he will win, because he's never won anything before. What she doesn't know is that her best friend Gabrielle is determined on making her daughter Juanita win as well, because she is new to Oakridge and she hasn't made any friends yet. When the women get together to play poker, Susan and Gaby both reveal their intentions behind wanting their children to win, and the battle ensues. Gabrielle goes out of her way to play dirty, including wearing sexy clothes and seducing men at a construction site into buying candy. Susan decides to scooch down to her level and pretend that her son is a paraplegian, who needs the money from candy bars to get his surgery. Once Susan learns Juanita is still ahead of her own son, she makes it so that the young girl is grounded at school. Gaby gets a call from Principal Hobson telling her just this, and she practically kidnaps MJ in return, by locking him in her car. She then informs Susan that she's got MJ, and suggests a trade. At school, Juanita tells an annoyed Susan that she really has to win, and the latter tells her that other people want to win too. Juanita says she needs this party, because she hasn't made any friends yet, and her mother keeps pushing her to do so, but it's just too hard. Susan lets her know that her mother is just worried for her because she wants the best for Juanita, but the little girl says she just wishes she could make friends as easily as her mother can. Gaby arrives with MJ, and takes Juanita with her. Susan then has a talk with her son about what winning truly means. The following day, the fund-raising drive ends, and Juanita is declared the winner. Gaby is over the moon. She tells her daughter to go on and invite her new friends to the party, and then has a word with Mrs. Henderson, to learn if it was close. The latter tells her it was pretty close until the previous day, when MJ didn't sell a single bar. Gaby finds this odd, and has a word with Ma, to ask him why he didn't go out selling. MJ says he's not allowed to tell, because his mother claimed it was only a good deed if one doesn't brag about it. Gaby smiles as she watches her friend socialize with the fellow teachers, and turns to MJ and says he should always listen to his mother, because she's a winner, just like him. MJ smiles in return.
(" The Ballad of Booth ")
The Delfinos organize a yard sale in order to come up with some extra cash, by selling stuff they no longer need. They sell a T-Rex toy to Roy Bender , whose grandson is visiting. Mike tells Susan he just spoke to Lee and it looks as if he's found a renter. Susan is uncomfortable with the fact that someone will soon be living in her house. She is then provoked by her neighbor, Mitzi Kinsky , and lashes out at her, which is noticed by Mike. MJ asks for his T-Rex, and Susan reveals to him she sold it to Roy. It appears MJ never intended for the toy to be sold, and it was all a misunderstanding. Susan and Mike then head over to Roy and Karen's place, after Susan tells Mike that she feels like she needs to do this to make up to MJ the fact that they will soon be moving away from the only house he's ever lived in. At Roy's, they explain the whole situation, and Roy goes on to try and take the toy back. His grandson is sleeping while holding the T-Rex in his arms, and Roy tries to yank it out of his lap. The kid wakes up, and Roy communicates with him using sign language, which leads to Mike feeling even guiltier, as the boy is clearly deaf. The Delfinos return home empty-handed. MJ is upset over the fact that his parents couldn’t bring back his dinosaur, and Susan gives him a metaphorical speech about how unfair life is, regarding the dinosaur. MJ then goes, after Mike tries to make it up to him, and he lets Susan know he is aware of the resentment she’s feeling towards him. Mike then tells Susan to let it all out, to vent at him, and she does so, saying she still loves and respects him, but she resents the fact that he screwed up big time nonetheless. Susan is annoyed over the fact that because of her husband they have to move away from the house her children grew up in, a house where she marked their growth advances on the wall. Mike promises her they’ll be back, and in the meantime, they can hang on to the kids’ growth marks, after he takes the piece of the wall that has them, in order for the Delfinos to take it with them. Susan smiles at him whilst crying, and they hug.
This article or section is under construction
Expect many and frequent revisions to this content.
Don't eat the cookies, they're poisoned.
Susan Delfino
Susan, Mike , and MJ move into their new apartment across town, and Susan gets a phone call saying that Paul Young has rented her house. Susan drives to Wisteria Lane and meets up with Lynette , Bree , and Gaby and they confront Paul. Paul tells Susan, Lynette, Bree, and Gaby the story of how he was released from prison. Susan still doesn't trust Paul. Susan visits the apartment manager, Maxine Rosen to deliver the rent. Maxine offers Susan a job on her website, VaVaVaBroom.com as a lingerie model. Susan refuses at first, and storms out of the apartment. Susan sells some of her hand made jewelry to Lynette, Bree, Gaby, and new housewife, Renee Perry . Susan and Mike's money problems get worse, so she goes to Maxine's apartment and takes the job.
(" Remember Paul? ")
Susan doesn't do well at her new job as an internet 'model', so Maxine gives her so tips. The next morning, Susan bids her family a farewell as they leave for work and school. Once they're gone, she turns on her web cam, and starts 'performing'. Mike returns home when he forgets something, and catches her in the act. Susan seduces him, closing the web cam in the process in order to keep Mike from finding out. Later on, Mike comes home with flowers for Susan after learning his truck loan is paid off. He thanks her for being the perfect wife, but this leads her to feel guilty about her risky side job.
This article or section is under construction
Expect many and frequent revisions to this content.
For a month after making a pact with the girls; Susan started feeling the guilt of the secret so she started to stay inside and avoid her friends. Mike noticed something was up, but she assured him she was fine. However, Mike's questioning urged Susan to tell him her secret, but she decided not to, in order to protect Carlos and her friends.
When Susan's husband makes a fatal mistake by crossing with a loan shark, the loan shark returns the favor by shooting Mike in the heart, killing him instantly.
Susan feels sad staying in the house full of memories of her dead husband's life, so she decides to move with MJ somewhere else so Julie can finish her studies.
Relationships
For a full list of Susan's relationships, visit Susan's family and Susan's acquaintances .
Trivia
Susan was originally planned to be named Susan Meyer.
Susan has married both of her husbands twice.
She is one of only three characters to have appeared in every episode of the series, along with Lynette Scavo and Gabrielle Solis .
Actress Teri Hatcher is the first whose name appears in the credits. This has led to a lot of speculation over the years on whether she is the main actress of the series or not.
The character was allegedly considered to be killed off during season 5 , a claim series creator Marc Cherry downplays. [1]
Susan was the second housewife whose husband was murdered. The first was Bree's husband Rex who was murdered by George the pharmacist.
Susan was the third housewife to be widowed, the first being Bree Van de Kamp (her first husband Rex), and the second being Gabrielle Solis (her second husband Victor).
Susan was the first out of three housewives to be divorced, the second being Gabrielle Solis (her first husband Carlos), the third being Bree Van de Kamp (her second husband Orson).
Behind Closed Doors
While developing the series, Desperate Housewives creator Marc Cherry envisioned Susan as a girl-next-door type and chose her to convey this image. The character is a compendium of single mothers in Cherry's life "desperate to land a man." He also drew upon his own personal experiences while creating the character. Julia Louis-Dreyfus expressed interest in the role, but ABC executives felt she was not right for the part. Actors originally considered for the role include Courteney Cox , Calista Flockhart , Heather Locklear , Mary-Louise Parker , and Sela Ward . Cherry wrote the part with Parker in mind, but she rejected the offer, later explaining "it just didn't feel like I was gonna serve it as well as someone else might."
Teri Hatcher auditioned for the role in January 2004 and impressed Cherry immediately. After a second audition, Hatcher read for the role in front of network executives. Cherry praised her performance, saying "it was the best audition I've ever seen in network." Hatcher later commented, "I don't think they were hot to hire me for Susan... I was maybe on a B-list, certainly not an A-list." Despite her reservations, Hatcher was the third reported cast member to be cast in the series on February 18, 2004. The character has appeared on-screen in every episode of the series, one of only three characters to do so.
Although "unconfirmed", reports surfaced that an incident occurred on set during Season 5, causing the other actresses to dismiss Hatcher. Reports also stated that Hatcher would barely speak with actors and actresses during breaks and such. This "rumor" became highliighted once again after the series wrapped, when Hatcher was not involved in the buying of a gift for the crew members. Lastly, through twitter, actress Felicity Huffmann posted many photos detailing the final week of shooting. Hatcher did not appear in any of the photos.
Gallery
Gallery of photographic stills released to promote the character.
1 of 129
|
Desperate Housewives
|
In Paris, next to which bridge and tunnel of the same name is there a memorial to Princess Diana?
|
View All Photos (21)
Tv Season Info
Series 5 of "Desperate Housewives" begins five years in the future and explores changes in the lives of the women of Wisteria Lane. Gabrielle (Eva Longoria) is married to Carlos (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) and a mom to two young girls; Brie (Marcia Cross) runs a successful catering business with Katherine (Dana Delaney); Lynette (Felicity Huffman) deals with problems concerning her now-teenage twin sons; Edie (Nicollette Sheridan) returns after an absence with a new husband, Dave Williams (Neal McDonough); and Susan (Teri Hatcher) and Mike (James Denton) are now divorced.
Genre:
|
i don't know
|
Which carmanufacturer produces a model called 'Sonata'?
|
1990 Hyundai Sonata Sedan Used TMV from $2,000 Find Used Inventory
The Sonata is a comfortable and likable midsize sedan that proves Hyundai can build cars that are not just easy on the pocketbook, but easy to live with as well. Like most vehicles in the midsize sedan class, the Hyundai Sonata offers front-wheel drive, numerous safety features and a choice of trim levels that include sporty and plush variants. Lower pricing and outstanding warranty coverage has traditionally set the Sonata apart from its peers, but later versions of this car also stand out for their high-quality interiors.
Whether serving family car or commuter car duty, the Hyundai Sonata is a nice place to be thanks to its spacious cabin, comfortable seating for four or five and simple controls. In reviews, we've found that the Sonata provides acceleration ranging from solid to spirited, depending on the engine you choose. Steering and handling have steadily improved over the years, as has ride quality. Hyundai's midsize sedan might not have the cushiest ride in this class, but most buyers will find it plenty comfortable.
|
Hyundai
|
Who played scientist Barnes Wallis in the film 'The Dambusters'?
|
Hyundai Quality and Workmanship | HyundaiUSA
When it comes to quality and workmanship,
we only have one rule. Make it better.
Hyundai Assurance. Nothing's better than peace of mind.
It's more than a priority that all our vehicles are not only engineered and designed to inspire passion and excitement, but confidence as well. Our Hyundai Assurance program ensures that we'll be there down the road, always making the experience of owning a Hyundai a satisfying one. It begins with America's Best Warranty, which includes a 10-Year/100,000-Mile Powertrain Limited Warranty. You also get Car Care, which is complete and convenient vehicle service from authorized Hyundai dealers, including everything from oil and filter changes to complimentary multi-point inspections. And 24/7 Roadside Assistance is exactly what it says it is, round-the-clock help for things like towing, locking your keys in the car, a dead battery or a flat tire.
Legal
x
America's Best Warranty claim based on total package of warranty programs. See dealer for LIMITED WARRANTY details.
Learn more
Make things better and people notice.
The market for new vehicles is extremely competitive. But when drivers find products and services they like they'll stay for years. More consumers who buy one Hyundai buy another, and more than any other car at any price. In fact, for the last seven years Hyundai has been ranked the #1 automotive brand in the Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Engagement Index. Loyalty is something we are serious about. And our owners show their loyalty by buying another Hyundai.
Legal
x
Based on 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2016 Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Engagement Index®.
Lowest Projected 5-Year Ownership Cost.
For 2016, the Hyundai brand was named a winner of the annual Kelley Blue Book's KBB.com 5-Year Cost to Own Awards, recognizing new vehicles with the lowest projected ownership costs. The annual award takes into consideration depreciation, expected fuel costs, finance and insurance fees, maintenance and repair costs, and state fees.
Legal
x
2016 model-year vehicles' projected cost to own for the initial five-year ownership period is based on the average Kelley Blue Book 5-Year Cost to Own data which considers depreciation and costs such as fuel and insurance. For more information, visit www.kbb.com .
Learn more
Better by design.
When something is designed better aesthetically, it makes you feel better holistically. It's the job of design to inspire, stir emotions and awaken the senses. At Hyundai, we utilize a revolutionary design philosophy called Fluidic Sculpture that uses forms found in nature to create lines that flow and arouse. These lines are also more aerodynamic, making our vehicles not only more pleasing to the eye, but also more fuel-efficient. The same attention to detail is put into every interior, creating a cabin that's as pleasing to the eye and touch as it is to your sense of practicality.
It's not built well. It's built better.
Creating what we consider to be the best-built cars in the business is simple. You just spend countless hours, days and months pushing boundaries and rethinking every aspect of a vehicle. For instance, Hyundai is the only car company with our own steel plant. Why? Because it allows us to tailor the alloys to our own exacting specifications to produce advanced forms of steel that are ultra strong to improve safety, but at the same time lighter for better fuel efficiency. We also employ a one-of-a-kind paint dipping process combined with special compounds to produce a finish that not only protects against corrosion and rust, but helps scratches heal. Then there's the brutal amount of testing that takes place, everything from pushing the engine in triple-digit heat and subzero arctic conditions to crashing over 100 cars to ensure every measure of safety before production of the car even begins. Building better cars isn't easy, which is why we're so proud to be one of the few car companies actually doing it.
Better innovations for a better environment.
To do our part to help lessen the impact on the environment, devising new and innovative sustainable energy solutions is something we take very seriously. Our Blue Drive initiative represents this commitment, utilizing some of the most advanced high efficiency, low emission technology in the industry. Other earth friendly innovations include a telematics service that guides drivers to use the most energy-efficient routes and a regenerative braking system that captures and recycles energy created during deceleration.
|
i don't know
|
Who in 2003 was expelled from the Labour Party for his extreme criticism of the Iraq War made on Dubai television?
|
George Galloway - RationalWiki
George Galloway
— Christopher Hitchens
George Galloway is a carpet-bagging British politician, radio and television host and the leader of the British left-wing (lack of) Respect Party . He has been elected to the British Parliament five times, thrice as a Labour MP, and twice, subsequent to his expulsion from the Labour Party for his vehement opposition to the 2003 Iraq War , as a Respect MP. It appears his luck may have run out as he was not returned to Parliament in the General Election of 2015. It's fair to say that George is something of a carpetbagger. It's also fair to say that George Galloway never met an enemy of the West that he didn't like.
Contents
[ edit ] Political career
George Galloway has been politically active since the 1980s, and was first elected as a Labour MP in 1987. He has had a stormy relationship with the establishment, often voting against the party's policies and whips' instructions. In 2003, he was expelled from the Labour Party for his outspoken criticism of Tony Blair 's leadership and especially his opposition to the Iraq War , including an incitement for British troops to disobey orders. He would later obliquely call for Blair's assassination.
“”"Would the assassination of, say, Tony Blair by a suicide bomber, if there were no other casualties, be justified as revenge for the war on Iraq?"
The Respect MP replies: "Yes it would be morally justified. I am not calling for it, but if it happened it would be of a wholly different moral order to the events of 7/7.
It would be entirely logical and explicable, and morally equivalent to ordering the deaths of thousands of innocent people in Iraq as Blair did."
Galloway, using every carpet-bagging trick in the book, was re-elected to Parliament in 2005, standing for Respect. In 2006, he appeared in the reality TV show Celebrity Big Brother , where he pretended to be a cat at one point. In 2007, he was briefly suspended from the House of Commons for criticisms of the House and a Select Committee which had investigated his financial activities after The Telegraph alleged that he had received kickbacks from Iraqi sources under a UN aid programme (allegations which were found libelous after legal action by Galloway).
In March 2012, again, capitalising on religious tensions in the area, Galloway won a by-election in Bradford West, taking a seat from Labour's Imran Hussain with a 10,140 majority. [2] This election was fought partly with a bizarre campaign stressing that Galloway doesn't drink... vine , making him a better Muslim than Hussain; [3] and a speech in which Galloway implied that people who voted for his rival would be punished on Judgment Day . [4] As writer Nick Cohen pointed out, not even Rick Santorum went quite that far. [5]
In May 2015, Galloway lost his Bradford West seat to Labour candidate Naseem Shah. [6]
[ edit ] Support for repressive regimes
Galloway visited Iraq in 1994 and delivered a speech to Saddam Hussein, which ended with the statement: "Sir, I salute your courage, your strength, your indefatigability." [7] The use of the honourific "Sir" notwithstanding, George maintains that he was addressing the Iraqi people in the speech. [8]
Galloway is a supporter of Hezbollah . [9]
He has also defended the government of Iran , arguing that the country does not execute people for homosexuality and that the boyfriend of Mehdi Kazemi, a gay Iranian asylum seeker, was instead executed for " committing sex crimes against young men ." Galloway's argument was condemned by gay activist Peter Tatchell , who said that Galloway had provided no evidence for his claim and was merely purveying Iranian propaganda . [10] It doesn't hurt that Galloway is currently being paid by the Iranian government with his very own television show on
the Ministry of Truth
Press TV
, the Iranian version of RT.
Galloway describes Syria as "the last castle of Arab dignity" [11] and believes that Bashar al-Assad will be victorious in the current conflict. [12]
Galloway will support any regime, no matter how vile, to pander to his constituents. To wit: while the conflict in Darfur was still going on, he made excuses for Bashir's regime, claiming that the charges of genocide were actually part of an American conspiracy to stop Sudan from trading with China. [13] To the surprise of absolutely nobody, he has also said that the whole affair in Darfur is really Israel's fault . [14]
While Galloway usually relies on weasel words to defend dictators in Muslim countries, he makes no effort at all to hide his admiration of Fidel Castro . He has barked "viva Fidel!" during televised interviews. [15]
Galloway has been accused of supporting Saddam Hussein [16] and allegedly profited from Iraqi oil dealings, [17] [18] while decrying the US for doing the same . As such he opposed the Iraq War partly because he saw Iraq as a latter-day Soviet Union, claiming that the day the Soviet Union fell was "the worst day of his life." Galloway fell out with Christopher Hitchens because of this, having previously described Hitchens as "that great man of letters" and "the world's greatest polemicist." He went on to say that Hitchens was "the first ever metamorphosis from a butterfly back into a slug", [19] though he did not elaborate on when in natural history he had observed a slug transform into a butterfly as it tends to be caterpillars that do that. Galloway also described Hitchens as "a drink-sodden, ex- Trotskyist popinjay," prompting Hitchens to respond "Are you saying I can't hold my drink?" and "only some of which is true" [20]
[ edit ] Views on rape
Galloway has a history of making embarrassing statements, but he reached truly self-destructive levels in August 2012 when he weighed in on the accusations that Julian Assange is guilty of rape . Galloway said that "I think that Julian Assange's personal sexual behaviour is sordid, disgusting, and I condemn it" but also argued that Assange's alleged action - having sex with a sleeping woman after previously having consensual sex with her - did not constitute rape. [21] Galloway was widely criticised for this statement: Salma Yaqoob, then leader of Respect, left the party, [22] while the National Union of Students banned Galloway as a "rape denier." [23]
Despite condemning Assange's behaviour, Galloway later held him up - alongside the anti-Semite Gilad Atzmon - as "two of the world's greatest." [24]
[ edit ] Interesting quotes
“”I was re-elected despite all the efforts made by the British government, the Zionist movement and the newspapers and news media which are controlled by Zionism .
—George Galloway, MP. You'll be reassured to learn that he isn't an anti-Semite. [25]
“” South Korea exists because America invaded Korea, killed millions of people, divided the country and continues to garrison South Korea with military bases, nuclear weapons, and chemical and biological weapons.
“”There have been achievements in North Korea... They do have a cohesive, pristine actually, innocent culture . A culture that has not been penetrated by globalization and by Western mores and is very interesting to see.
—George Galloway, MP, praising North Korean cultural purity .
“”Two of your beautiful daughters are in the hands of foreigners — Jerusalem and Baghdad. The foreigners are doing to your daughters as they will. The daughters are crying for help, and the Arab world is silent. Some of them are collaborating with the rape of these two beautiful Arab daughters…
—George Galloway, MP, attempting to rile up the mob with rape metaphors. [27]
[ edit ] Things that make George happy
|
George Galloway
|
What is the name of the stadium where the French Open Tennis Championship is held?
|
George Galloway - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
George Galloway
Jump to: navigation , search
This article's introduction may be too long. Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. Read the layout guide and Wikipedia's lead section guidelines for more information. Discuss this issue on the talk page .
1 May 1997 – 5 May 2005
Preceded by
11 June 1987 – 1 May 1997
Preceded by
www.georgegalloway.com
George Galloway (born 16 August 1954) is a British politician , author , and broadcaster , who has been a Member of Parliament (MP) since 1987 and is known for his outspoken socialist and anti-Zionist views. He was a Labour Party MP for Glasgow Hillhead , and for Glasgow Kelvin , before his expulsion from the party in October 2003, [1] and his subsequently becoming a a founding member of Respect . He currently represents the Bethnal Green and Bow constituency, having been most recently elected to that seat in 2007.
Galloway is perhaps best known for his vigorous campaign to both overturn economic sanctions against Iraq in the 1990s and early 2000s, and to avert the 2003 invasion of that country, as well as for his speech before the then President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein , in which he appeared to praise the Iraqi dictator, [2] although Galloway actively opposed the regime until the United States -led Gulf War in 1991 and has always stated that he was addressing the Iraqi people. [3] [4] These ties to Iraq also led Galloway to be accused by a US Senate Committee of profiting from abuses of UN Oil-for-Food programme, although nothing was proven, and his activities in Gaza – in relation to Hamas , in particular – have resulted in a ban on Galloway entering Canada . [5] [6]
The House of Commons has also censured and suspended Galloway for insubordination [7] – he was last asked to leave the lower chamber on 23 July 2007 [8] – though the MP claimed that the officers of the house were simply upset by Galloway defending himself. [9]
Contents
11.4 US Congressional testimony & related
[ edit ] Early and personal life
Galloway was born in Dundee , Scotland, grew up in a Irish Catholic household, and was a keen amateur boxer. He attended Charleston Primary and Harris Academy , a non-denominational school. Galloway is opposed to abortion , although he supports Respect's pro-choice stance.
From 1979 to 1999, he was married to Elaine Fyffe, with whom he has a daughter, Lucy. In 2000, he married Amineh Abu-Zayyad . Zayyad filed for divorce in 2005. He married Rima Husseini, a Lebanese woman and former researcher, who In May 2007 gave birth to a son, Zein.
Galloway states that he is a non-drinker from a non-drinking family. "My father didn’t drink alcohol and his father didn’t and my daughter doesn’t. I think it has a very deleterious effect on people". [10]
[ edit ] Labour Party organiser
Galloway joined the Labour Party at 13 years old and within five years was secretary of the Dundee West constituency party. His enthusiasm led him to become vice-chairman of the Labour Party in the city of Dundee and a member of the Scottish Executive Committee in 1975. On 5 May 1977, he contested his first election campaign in the Scottish district elections but failed to hold the safe Labour seat at Gillburn, Dundee. He was beaten by the Independent candidate Bunty Turley, who was a trade unionist running on the campaign slogan "enough is enough" after allegations were made about Galloway's personal and financial behaviour. [11] Galloway became the secretary organiser of Dundee Labour Party—the youngest ever Scottish chairman—in March 1981 at 26 years old. [12]
His support for the Palestinian cause began in 1974 when he met a Palestinian activist in Dundee; he supported the actions of Dundee City council which flew the Palestinian flag inside the City Chambers . He was involved in the twinning of Dundee with Nablus in 1980, [13] although he did not take part in the visit of Lord Provost Gowans, Ernie Ross MP and three city councillors to Nablus and Kuwait in April 1981. [12]
In 1981, Galloway wrote an article in Scottish Marxist supporting Communist Party affiliation with the Labour Party. In response, Denis Healey , deputy leader of the Labour Party, tried and failed to remove Galloway from the list of Prospective Parliamentary Candidates. Galloway successfully argued that this was his own personal viewpoint, not that of the Labour Party. Healey lost his motion by 13 votes to 5. He once quipped that, in order to overcome a £1.5 million deficit which had arisen in the city budget, he, Ernie Ross and leading councillors should be placed in the stocks in the city square: "we would allow people to throw buckets of water over us at 20p a time." [14]
[ edit ] Parliamentary career and public profile
[ edit ] War on Want
From November 1983 to 1987, Galloway was General Secretary of War On Want , a British charity that campaigns against poverty worldwide. In this post he was much travelled, especially to areas suffering famine; he wrote eye-witness accounts of the famine in Eritrea in 1985 which were published in the Sunday Times and the Spectator. [15]
The Daily Mirror accused him of living luxuriously at the charity's expense. [16] An independent auditor cleared him of misuse of funds, [17] though he did repay £1,720 in contested expenses. [18] He later reportedly won £155,000 from the Mirror in an unrelated libel lawsuit. [19]
More than two years after Galloway stepped down as General Secretary to serve as a Labour MP, the UK government's Charity Commission investigated War on Want. It found accounting irregularities from 1985 to 1989, but little evidence that money was used for non-charitable purposes. Galloway had been General Secretary for the first three of those years. The commission said responsibility lay largely with auditors, and did not single out individuals for blame. [17]
[ edit ] Member of Parliament, Glasgow
Galloway was selected as Labour candidate for the Glasgow Hillhead seat, then held by Roy Jenkins of the Social Democratic Party . He fought for a place on the Labour Party National Executive Committee in 1986; in a large field of candidates he finished second from the bottom. At the 1986 Labour Party Conference , he made a strong attack on the Labour Party's Deputy Leader and Shadow Chancellor Roy Hattersley for not favouring exchange controls.
In the 1987 election , Galloway won Glasgow Hillhead from Jenkins with a majority of 3,251. Although known for his left-wing views, Galloway was never a member of Labour's main leftist grouping of MPs, the Campaign Group .
[ edit ] Troubles within the Labour Party
Asked about a War on Want conference on Mykonos , Greece during his previous job, the new MP Galloway notoriously replied "I travelled to and spent lots of time with people in Greece, many of whom were women, some of whom were known carnally to me. I actually had sexual intercourse with some of the people in Greece." [20] The statement put Galloway on the front pages of the tabloid press and in February 1988 the Executive Committee of his Constituency Labour Party passed a vote of no confidence in him. [20]
He went on to win re-selection over Trish Godman (wife of fellow MP Norman Godman ) in June 1989, but failed to get a majority of the electoral college on the first ballot. This was the worst result for any sitting Labour MP who was reselected; 13 of the 26 members of the Constituency Party's Executive Committee resigned that August, indicating their dissatisfaction with the result. [21]
In 1990, a classified advertisement appeared in the Labour left weekly Tribune headed "Lost: MP who answers to the name of George", "balding and has been nicknamed gorgeous", claiming that the lost MP had been seen in Romania but had not been to a constituency meeting for a year. A telephone number was given which turned out to be for the Groucho Club in London, from which Galloway had recently been excluded (he has since been readmitted). Galloway threatened legal action and pointed out that he had been to five constituency meetings. He eventually settled for an out-of-court payment by Tribune.
The leadership election of the Labour Party in 1992 saw Galloway voting for fellow Scot John Smith for Leader and Margaret Beckett as Deputy Leader. In 1994, after Smith's death, Galloway declined to cast a vote in the leadership election (one of only three MPs to do so). In a debate with the leader of the Scottish National Party Alex Salmond , Galloway responded to one of Salmond's jibes against the Labour Party by declaring "I don't give a fuck what Tony Blair thinks." [21]
Although facing a challenge for the Labour nomination for the seat of Glasgow Kelvin in 1997, Galloway successfully defeated Shiona Waldron. He was unchallenged for the nomination in 2001.
In the 1997 and 2001 elections Galloway was the Labour candidate for the seat of Glasgow Kelvin, winning with majorities of over 16,000 and 12,000 respectively. During the 2001 Parliament, he voted against the Whip 27 times. During the 2001-02 session he was the 9th most rebellious Labour MP.
[ edit ] Expulsion from the Labour Party
Galloway became Vice-President of the Stop the War Coalition (StWC). He is actively involved, often speaking on StWC platforms at anti-war demonstrations. From this position Galloway made many aggressive and controversial statements in opposition to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. These were the formal reasons for his expulsion from the Labour party. He reportedly said in a 28 March 2003 interview with Abu Dhabi TV that Tony Blair and George W. Bush had "lied to the British Air Force and Navy, when they said the battle of Iraq would be very quick and easy. They attacked Iraq like wolves...." and added, "... the best thing British troops can do is to refuse to obey illegal orders." [22] He called the Labour government " Tony Blair 's lie machine." [23] His most controversial statement from the interview may have been "Iraq is fighting for all the Arabs. Where are the Arab armies?". [24] The Observer reported in 2003 that the Director for Public Prosecutions was considering a request to pursue Galloway under the Incitement to Disaffection Act , 1934, [25] though no prosecution occurred.
On 18 April, The Sun published an interview with Tony Blair who said: "His comments were disgraceful and wrong. The National Executive will deal with it." The General Secretary of the Labour Party, citing Galloway's outspoken opinion of Blair and Bush in their pursuit of the Iraq war, suspended him from holding office in the party on 6 May 2003, pending a hearing on charges that he had violated the party's constitution by "bringing the Labour Party into disrepute through behaviour that is prejudicial or grossly detrimental to the Party". The National Constitutional Committee held a hearing on 22 October 2003, to consider the charges, taking evidence from Galloway himself, from other party witnesses, viewing media interviews, and hearing character testimony from Tony Benn , among others. The following day, the committee found the charge of bringing the party into disrepute proved, and so expelled Galloway from the Labour Party. Galloway called the Committee's hearing "a show trial" and "a kangaroo court ". [26]
Wikinews has related news: Surprise win for RESPECT Party in UK 2005 General Election
In January 2004, Galloway announced he would be working with members of the Socialist Alliance in England and Wales, and others, under the name Respect - The Unity Coalition , generally referred to simply as Respect. This was despite Galloway having a track record of antipathy toward Trotskyists , and the largest component of Respect was the Socialist Workers Party , which broadly identifies itself as part of the Trotskyist political tradition.
Some former members of the Socialist Alliance, including the Workers Liberty and Workers Power groups, objected to forming a coalition with Galloway, citing his political record, and his refusal to accept an average worker's wage , with Galloway claiming "I couldn’t live on three workers’ wages." [27]
He stood as the Respect candidate in London in the 2004 European Parliament elections , but failed to win a seat after receiving 91,175 of the 115,000 votes he needed.
After his expulsion, he had initially fuelled speculation that he might call a snap by-election before then, by resigning his parliamentary seat, saying:
“
If I were to resign this constituency and there was a by-election I can't guarantee that I would win, but I would guarantee that Tony Blair's candidate would surely lose.
”
Galloway later announced that he would not force a by-election and intended not to contest the next general election in Glasgow. Galloway's Glasgow Kelvin seat was split between three neighbouring constituencies for the May 2005 general election. One of these, the redrawn Glasgow Central constituency, might have been his best chance to win, but had his long-time friend Mohammad Sarwar , the first Muslim Labour MP and a strong opponent of the Iraq War in place; Galloway did not wish to challenge him. After the European election results became known, Galloway announced that he would stand in Bethnal Green and Bow , the area where Respect had its strongest election results and where the sitting Labour MP, Oona King , supported the Iraq War. On 2 December, despite speculation that he might stand in Newham , he confirmed that he would be the candidate for Bethnal Green and Bow.
The ensuing electoral campaign in the seat proved to be a difficult one with heated rhetoric. The BBC reported that Galloway had himself been threatened with death by extreme Islamists from the banned organisation al-Ghurabaa . All the major candidates united in condemning the threats and violence. [28]
On 5 May, Galloway won the seat by 823 votes and made a fiery acceptance speech, saying that Tony Blair had the blood of 100,000 people on his hands and denouncing the returning officer over alleged discrepancies in the electoral process. When challenged in a subsequent televised interview by Jeremy Paxman as to whether he was happy to have removed one of the few black women in Parliament, Galloway replied "I don't believe that people get elected because of the colour of their skin. I believe people get elected because of their record and because of their policies." [29] [30]
Oona King later told the Today programme that she found Paxman's line of question inappropriate. "He shouldn't be barred from running against me because I'm a black woman ... I was not defined, or did not wish to be defined, by either my ethnicity or religious background." [31]
Constitutional Affairs minister David Lammy later criticised Galloway for the "manner in which he won that seat, whipping up racial tensions, dividing some of the poorest people in this country, I think was obscene." Lammy further called him a "carpetbagger." [32]
"It's good to be back", Galloway said on being sworn in as MP for Bethnal Green after the May election. He pledged to represent "the people that New Labour has abandoned" and to "speak for those who have nobody else to speak for them."
[ edit ] Parliamentary participation statistics
After he was suspended and later expelled from the Labour Party, Galloway's participation in Parliamentary activity fell to minimal levels. After speaking in a debate on Iraq on 25 March 2003, Galloway did not intervene in any way in Parliamentary debates or ask any oral questions for the remainder of the Parliament and his participation in House of Commons Divisions was among the lowest of any MP (the website "They Work For You.com" [33] has more details).
Since the 2005 election, his participation rate has remained low, at the end of the year he had participated in only 15% of Divisions in the House of Commons since the general election, placing him 634th of 645 MPs - of the MPs below him in the rankings, one is the former Prime Minister Tony Blair, five are Sinn Féin members who have an abstentionist policy toward taking their seats, three are the speaker and deputy speakers and therefore ineligible to vote, and two have died since the election. Galloway claims a record of unusual activity at a "grass roots" level. His own estimate is that he has made 1,100 public speeches between September 2001 and May 2005. [34]
In November 2005, Galloway's commitment to Parliamentary activity was again called into question when he failed to attend the Report Stage of the Prevention of Terrorism Bill in the House of Commons, despite Respect having urged its members to put pressure on MPs to attend. [35] It was later confirmed that Galloway had been carrying out a speaking engagement in Cork , Ireland on the night (Galloway's spokesman asserted the performance was "uncancellable" [36] ).
Although that stage of the bill failed by two votes, it initially appeared that the government won by a majority of only one, in which Galloway's attendance would have tied the vote. However, even in the case of a tie the vote would not have resulted in defeat for the government, because the vote was on an amendment (tightening the standard on what constitutes incitement to terrorism) and the amendment would not have passed. It would have taken three more "aye" votes to pass the amendment. All the same, Respect later put out a statement stating that it regretted the vote had been missed. The statement further claimed that Galloway had cleared his diary for all the subsequent votes on the bill. [37] Galloway did attend a subsequent debate on the Bill, and voted against the final reading of the bill, which passed. [38]
Questioned about this in a Guardian interview, Galloway responded: "I am in the Commons every day, apart from when I was banned. What I don't do is vote in the Commons and the reason for that is really quite banal. Almost every vote there is a yes or no vote, for either the prime minister's motion or the opposition leader's amendment. I almost never wish to vote for either, and there is no provision for abstention." [39]
Galloway voted in support of the government's original draft of the religious hatred bill in 2006, which many people had feared would restrict artistic freedom and free speech. [40]
The only time he has voted so far in 2009 was on 11 February 2009 against a motion for rapid partial privatisation of Royal Mail Plc [41] and the last time he spoke in the House was 15 January 2009 [42]
[ edit ] Suspension from the House of Commons
On 17 July 2007, following a four-year inquiry, the House of Commons Select Committee on Standards and Privileges published its sixth report. The committee concluded that there was "no evidence" that Galloway gained any personal benefit from either the former Iraqi regime, or from the Oil-for-Food Programme . It did not examine the bank account of Galloway's former wife or their joint account.
“
I have not found evidence that Mr Galloway has, directly and personally, unlawfully received moneys from the former Iraqi regime. I have been given evidence by Dr Al-Chalabi of a payment by him of $120,000 to Mr Galloway's former wife, Dr Abu-Zayyad, which derived from a commission payment Dr Al-Chalabi received under the programme. As I do not have access to the bank accounts in question, I do not know whether Mr Galloway benefited in any way from this payment. Nor do I know whether Mr Galloway benefited from a payment of $150,000 to Dr Abu-Zayyad which the US Senate Permanent Sub-Committee on Investigations found to have been made by Mr Fawaz Zureikat out of oil contract commission [43]
”
However, it found that Galloway's use of parliamentary resources to support his work on the Mariam Appeal "went beyond what was reasonable" and recommended he be suspended from the House.
“
Had these been the only matters before us, we would have confined ourselves to seeking an apology to the House. However, Mr Galloway's conduct aimed at concealing the true source of Iraqi funding of the Mariam Appeal, his conduct towards Mr David Blair and others involved in this inquiry, his unwillingness to cooperate fully with the Commissioner, and his calling into question of the Commissioner's and our own integrity have in our view damaged the reputation of the House. In accordance with precedent, we recommend that he apologise to the House, and be suspended from its service for a period of eighteen actual sitting days. As the House is shortly to go into its Summer Recess, we further recommend that Mr Galloway's period of suspension should begin on 8 October, the day it resumes. [7]
”
In response, Galloway stated
“
The Committee appear utterly oblivious to the grotesque irony of a pro-sanctions and pro-war Committee of a pro-sanctions and pro-war Parliament passing judgement on the work of their opponents, especially in the light of the bloody march of events in Iraq since this inquiry began four years ago. They describe that as questioning their integrity and bringing Parliament into disrepute. The House would do well to honestly calibrate exactly how its reputation on all matters concerning the war in Iraq stands with the public before deciding who precisely has brought it into disrepute. [44]
”
At a press conference following publication of the report, Galloway stated "To be deprived of the company for 18 days of the honourable ladies and gentleman behind me [in parliament] will be painful ... but I'm intending to struggle on regardless... What really upset them [the committee] is that I always defend myself... I am not a punchbag. If you aim low blows at me, I'll fight back". [9]
[ edit ] The next General Election
On 10 August 2007, Galloway confirmed he would stand in Poplar and Limehouse [45] [46] where the Labour Party has a notional majority of 3,942. [47] The Labour candidate will be the current Poplar and Canning Town MP Jim Fitzpatrick . Galloway said he had planned to stand down from Parliament at the next election, but was prompted to stay on and fight to win the neighbouring East London constituency after he felt he was unfairly suspended from Parliament for 18 days in October 2007.
On 3 November 2007, the Socialist Workers Party claimed that Galloway had announced he was splitting from Respect after an internal dispute. [48] Galloway denied this, and together with Respect chair Linda Smith , Vice Chair Salma Yaqoob and 16 other members of the National Council, issued an invitation to a Respect Renewal conference, organised on the same day and time as the scheduled Respect conference. [49]
[ edit ] 'Stress ball' incident
On 22 April 2008, Galloway was campaigning in London from an open-top bus. While touring central London ahead of the next week's elections the MP was knocked unconscious by a rubber stress ball which was thrown at him from a first floor window of a nearby office building by an office worker. The ball, around the size of a tennis ball , hit Galloway on the side of the head which caused him to become dazed and, due to the force of the throw, lose his balance and hit the other side of his head on a part of the bus. After receiving medical treatment, Galloway began campaigning again, and the person who threw the ball was charged with assault. [50]
[ edit ] Political views
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards .
Galloway has a reputation as a left-winger and advocates redistribution of wealth , greater spending on welfare benefits , and extensive nationalisation of large industries. He opposes Scottish independence and supports the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament . He also supports Irish unification .[ citation needed ] In the 2007 Scottish Parliament election , George Galloway supported Solidarity , [51] despite not supporting all their policies, such as Scottish independence . Galloway has attracted most attention for his comments on foreign policy, taking a special interest in Libya , Pakistan , Iraq, and the Arab-Israeli conflict .
[ edit ] Iraq and Saddam Hussein
Galloway opposed the 1991 Gulf War and was critical of the effect the subsequent sanctions had on the people of Iraq. He visited Iraq twice and met senior government figures. His involvement caused some critics to deride him as the "member for Baghdad North". In 1994, Galloway faced some of his strongest criticism on his return from a Middle-Eastern visit during which he had met Saddam Hussein "to try and bring about an end to sanctions, suffering and war". At the meeting, he reported the support given to Saddam by the people of the Gaza Strip and ended his speech with the phrase "Sir, I salute your courage, your strength, your indefatigability," [52] although Galloway maintains that he was misinterpreted. Galloway's most recent public statement on the matter was in a January 2007 edition of the BBC's Hardtalk in which he states that he was saluting the "Iraqi people". [3] Galloway's speech was translated for Hussein, and Anasal-Tikriti, a friend of Galloways and a Respect candidate, spokesman for the Muslim Association of Britain said: "I understand Arabic and it [Galloway's salutation] was taken completely out of context. When he said "you" he meant the Iraqi people, he was saluting their indefatigability, their resolve against sanctions. Even the interpreter got it right and, in Arabic, says salutes the stand of the Iraqi people'." [53]
In 1999, Galloway was criticised for spending Christmas in Iraq with Tariq Aziz , then Iraq's Deputy Prime Minister. In the 17 May 2005, hearing of the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Galloway stated that he had had many meetings with Aziz, and characterised their relationship as friendly. [54] After the fall of Saddam, he continued to praise Aziz, calling him "an eminent diplomatic and intellectual person". In 2006 a video surfaced showing Galloway enthusiastically greeting Uday Hussein , Saddam's eldest son, with the title of "Excellency" at Uday's palace in 1999. [55] "The two men also made unflattering comments about the United States and joked about losing weight, going bald and how difficult it is to give up smoking cigars," according to The Scotsman . [56]
In a House of Commons debate on 6 March 2002, Foreign Office Minister Ben Bradshaw said of Galloway that he was "not just an apologist, but a mouthpiece, for the Iraqi regime over many years." Galloway called the Minister a liar and refused to withdraw: "[Bradshaw's] imputation that I am a mouthpiece for a dictator is a clear imputation of dishonour" he said, and the sitting was suspended due to the dispute. [57] Bradshaw later withdrew his allegation, and Galloway apologised for using unparliamentary language. In August 2002, Galloway returned to Iraq and met Saddam Hussein for a second time. According to Galloway, the intention of the trip was to persuade Hussein to re-admit Hans Blix , and the United Nations weapons inspectors into the country. [58]
Galloway signing an asylum seekers petition, sitting on the edge of the StWC stage at the 2005 Make Poverty History rally.
Giving evidence in his libel case against the Daily Telegraph newspaper in 2004, Galloway testified that he regarded Saddam as a "bestial dictator" and would have welcomed his removal from power, but not by means of a military attack on Iraq. Galloway also pointed that he was a prominent critic of Saddam Hussein's regime in the 1980s, as well as of the role of Margaret Thatcher 's government in supporting arms sales to Iraq during the Iran/Iraq war. durinLabour MP Tam Dalyell said g the controversy over whether Galloway should be expelled from the Labour Party that "in the mid-1980s there was only one MP that I can recollect making speeches about human rights in Iraq and this was George Galloway." [59] When the issue of Galloway's meetings with Saddam Hussein is raised, including before the U.S. Senate, Galloway has argued that he had met Saddam "exactly the same number of times as U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld met him. The difference is Donald Rumsfeld met him to sell him guns and to give him maps the better to target those guns." [60] He continued "I met him to try to bring about an end to sanctions, suffering and war".
During a 9 March 2005, interview at the University of Dhaka campus Galloway called for a global alliance between Muslims and progressives: "Not only do I think it’s possible but I think it is vitally necessary and I think it is happening already. It is possible because the progressive movement around the world and the Muslims have the same enemies. Their enemies are the Zionist occupation, American occupation, British occupation of poor countries mainly Muslim countries." [61]
[ edit ] Israel and the Palestinians
At a 22 July 2006 demonstration (and later in a Socialist Worker op-ed), [62] Galloway stated "Hezbollah has never been a terrorist organisation!"; to which the National Union of Students of the United Kingdom passed a motion condemning Galloway for this. The NUS motion said Galloway is "clearly not ignorant of Hezbollah’s history of violence and the killing of innocents..." [63] The NUS sent two letters to Galloway, explaining their condemnation for his praise of Nasrallah who "has called for the killing of Zionists" and "Hezbollah is an organisation with a history of terrorism ." The NUS also noted they are not "accusing [him] of being antisemitic or being a Holocaust denier. What we do condemn is your open support for a leader and an organisation that is antisemitic, terrorist and denies the holocaust." [64]
In an interview with the American paleoconservative radio host Alex Jones , Galloway blamed Israel for creating "conditions in the Arab countries and in some European countries to stampede Jewish people ... into the Zionist state". Jones then alleged that the "Zionists" funded Hitler, to which Galloway replied that Zionists used the Jewish people "to create this little settler state on the Mediterranean," whose purpose was "to act as an advance guard for their own interests in the Arab world..." [65] Engage included commentary on the interview that included: "Critically, however, this 21st century Protocols claims to be pro-Jewish; and has studiously replaced 'The Jews' with new bogeymen, 'The Zionists'," and that the interview is a "perversion of past and present Jewish Zionist life". [66] Labour Liverpool Riverside MP Louise Ellman , who has been derided by Galloway as “Israel’s MP on Merseyside,” said: “I think this is just another demonstration of George Galloway’s total hostility toward Jewish national identity and self-determination”. Eric Moonman , former Labour MP and president of the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland , characterised Galloway's comments as "manipulating many of the facts," and warned that "we must not underestimate the way in which he can influence groups of people who are somewhat naive about the Middle East and Zionism”. Stan Urman, Director of Justice for Jews from Arab Countries, a group which represents 856,000 Jewish refugees from Arab countries , said: “How does one explain pogroms in 1912 and 1932 well before the establishment of the State of Israel?... His comments do not stand the test of historical fact”. Galloway told the UK's Jewish News that he "[stands] by all those comments," and that Zionism "has turned the people of Einstein and Epstein into one apparently represented by Sharon and Netanyahu .” [67]
In a series of speeches broadcast on Arab television, Galloway described Jerusalem and Baghdad as being "raped" by "foreigners". Ronnie Fraser of the Academic Friends of Israel said his speech was an example of destructive incitement and proves Galloway does not understand history. [68]
Galloway was introduced as “a former member of the British Houses of Parliament” during a live interview with Qatari Al-Jazeera television, to which he responded: “I am still a member of parliament and was re-elected five times. On the last occasion I was re-elected despite all the efforts made by the British government, the Zionist movement and the newspapers and news media which are controlled by Zionism.” Mark Gardner, Director of Communications at the Community Security Trust , said, “This is despicable language for a Member of Parliament to use. Suggestions of Jewish media control can only give encouragement to anti-semites of every type". Ben Novick , Director of Media Relations at BICOM , dismissed Galloway’s allegations about "Zionist control" of the media, adding: “We hope that Al-Jazeera’s premonition of Galloway as a former MP will soon become a reality.” [69]
Galloway expressed support for the Syrian presence of Lebanon 5 months before it ended, telling the Daily Star of Lebanon "Syrian troops in Lebanon maintain stability and protect the country from Israel". In the same article he expressed his opposition to UN resolution 1559 which urged the Lebanese Government to establish control over all its territory. [70]
[ edit ] Blair and Bush
At the national conference of the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers , on 30 June 2003, he apologised for describing George W. Bush as a "wolf", saying that to do so defamed wolves:
“
No wolf would commit the sort of crimes against humanity that George Bush committed against the people of Iraq.
”
On 20 November 2004, George Galloway gave an interview on Abu Dhabi TV in which he said: [71]
“
The people who invaded and destroyed Iraq and have murdered more than a million Iraqi people by sanctions and war will burn in Hell in the hell-fires, and their name in history will be branded as killers and war criminals for all time. Fallujah is a Guernica , Falluaja is a Stalingrad , and Iraq is in flames as a result of the actions of these criminals. Not the resistance, not anybody else but these criminals who invaded and fell like wolves upon the people of Iraq. And by the way, those Arab regimes which helped them to do it will burn in the same hell-fires.
”
On 20 June 2005, he appeared on Al Jazeera English to lambast these two leaders and others. [71]
“
Bush, and Blair, and the prime minister of Japan , and Silvio Berlusconi , these people are criminals, and they are responsible for mass murder in the world, for the war, and for the occupation, through their support for Israel, and through their support for a globalised capitalist economic system, which is the biggest killer the world has ever known. It has killed far more people than Adolf Hitler . It has killed far more people than George Bush. The economic system which these people support, which leaves most of the people in the world hungry, and without clean water to drink. So we're going to put them on trial, the leaders, when they come. They think they're coming for a holiday in a beautiful country called Scotland; in fact, they're coming to their trial....Ancient freedoms, which we had for hundreds of years, are being taken away from us under the name of the war on terror, when the real big terrorists are the governments of Britain and the United States. They are the real rogue states breaking international law, invading other people's countries, killing their children in the name of anti-terrorism, when in fact, all they're achieving is to make more terrorists in the world, not less, to make the world more dangerous, rather than less.
”
On 3 February 2006, Galloway was refused entry to Egypt at Cairo Airport and was detained "on grounds of national security", where he had been invited to 'give evidence' at a 'mock trial' of Bush and Blair. After being detained overnight, he said Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak "apologised on behalf of the Egyptian people", and he was allowed to enter the country. After initial derogatory comments from Galloway and a spokesman from his Respect party regarding Mubarak's pro-Western stance and ties to Bush and Blair, Galloway later commented: "It was a most gracious apology which I accept wholeheartedly. I consider the matter now closed." [72] [73]
In an interview with Piers Morgan for GQ Magazine in May 2006, Galloway was asked whether a suicide bomb attack on Tony Blair with "no other casualties" would be morally justifiable "as revenge for the war on Iraq?". He answered "Yes it would be morally justified. I am not calling for it, but if it happened it would be of a wholly different moral order to the events of 7/7. It would be entirely logical and explicable, and morally equivalent to ordering the deaths of thousands of innocent people in Iraq as Blair did." He further stated that if he knew about such a plan that he would inform the relevant authorities, saying: "I would [tell the police], because such an operation would be counterproductive because it would just generate a new wave of anti-Muslim, anti-Arab sentiment whipped up by the press. It would lead to new draconian anti-terror laws, and would probably strengthen the resolve of the British and American services in Iraq rather than weaken it. So yes, I would inform the authorities." [74] Some news analysts, notably Christopher Hitchens , took this to be a call for an attack while appearing not to. [75]
[ edit ] The July 2005 London bombings
In the House of Commons , on the day of the 7 July 2005 London bombings that killed 52 people and injured hundreds, and following a visit to the Royal London Hospital in his constituency where many of the victims had been taken, Galloway condemned the attacks strongly, but argued that they could not be separated from the hatred and bitterness felt among Muslims because of injustices in Palestine, Iraq, and Afghanistan, including injustices, he said, suffered as a result of British foreign policy:
“
I condemn the act that was committed this morning. I have no need to speculate about its authorship. It is absolutely clear that Islamist extremists, inspired by the al-Qaeda world outlook, are responsible. I condemn it utterly as a despicable act, committed against working people on their way to work, without warning, on tubes and buses. Let there be no equivocation: the primary responsibility for this morning's bloodshed lies with the perpetrators of those acts... The hon. Member for North Durham (Mr. Jones), in an otherwise fine speech, described today's events as "unpredictable". They were not remotely unpredictable. Our own security services predicted them and warned the Government that if we [invaded Iraq] we would be at greater risk from terrorist attacks such as the one that we have suffered this morning... Despicable, yes; but not unpredictable. It was entirely predictable and, I predict, it will not be the last. [76] [77]
”
( See full text of Galloway's speech in Parliament .)
Winding up the debate for the government in the last moments allotted, Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram described Galloway's remarks as "disgraceful" and accused Galloway of "dipping his poisonous tongue in a pool of blood." [78] No time remained for Galloway to intervene and he ran afoul of the Deputy Speaker when trying to make a point of order about Ingram's attack. He later went on to describe Ingram as a "thug" who had committed a "foul-mouthed, deliberately timed, last-10-seconds smear." [79] The men had previously clashed over claims in Galloway's autobiography (see below ).
[ edit ] Pakistan coup of 1999
At the time of the 1999 Musharraf coup in Pakistan, he wrote, "In poor third world countries like Pakistan, politics is too important to be left to petty squabbling politicians. Pakistan is always on the brink of breaking apart into its widely disparate components. Only the armed forces can really be counted on to hold such a country together... Democracy is a means, not an end in itself and it has a bad name on the streets of Karachi and Lahore." [80] Nonetheless, on his TalkSport talk radio show, Galloway has been outspoken in criticising the former Pakistani leader Pervez Musharraf .
[ edit ] Record on LGBT issues
In 1994, Galloway voted in support of the equalisation of the age of consent for homosexuality (which was then 21 years) with that for heterosexuality at 16 years. [81] He also voted against a reduction of the homosexual age of consent to 18. [82] He voted in favour of permitting unmarried and gay couples to adopt children. [83] Critics have claimed that his involvement in the leadership of Respect - which made no explicit mention of gay rights in its 2005 election manifesto [84] and accepted donations from certain homophobic sources [85] - raise questions about commitment to those issues, as does his rather poor voting record in parliamentary divisions, 80% of which he missed, during the 2001-5 parliament while still a Glasgow MP. [86] However, Respect's 2005 conference, in which Galloway took part, resolved that explicit defence of equal rights and calls for the end to all discrimination against lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender people would be made in all of its manifestos and principal election materials. [87]
Galloway's assertion on The Wright Stuff chat show (13 March 2008) that the executed boyfriend of gay Iranian asylum seeker Mehdi Kazemi was a sex offender rather than a homosexual [88] received criticism from Peter Tatchell , among others. [89] Galloway also stated on The Wright Stuff that the case of gay rights in Iran was being used by supporters of war with Iran.
[ edit ] Mariam Appeal
In 1998 Galloway founded the Mariam Appeal , intended "to campaign against sanctions on Iraq which are having disastrous effects on the ordinary people of Iraq". The campaign was named after Mariam Hamza, a child flown by the fund from Iraq to Britain to receive treatment for leukaemia . The intention was to raise awareness of the suffering and death of hundreds of thousands of other Iraqi children due to poor health conditions and lack of suitable medicines and facilities, and to campaign for the lifting of the Iraq sanctions that many maintained were responsible for that situation.
The fund received scrutiny during the 2003 invasion of Iraq , after a complaint that Galloway used some of the donation money to pay his travel expenses. [90] Galloway said that the expenses were incurred in his capacity as the Appeal's chairman. Although the Mariam Appeal was never a registered charity and never intended to be such, it was investigated by the Charity Commission . The report of this year-long inquiry, published in June 2004, [91] found that the Mariam Appeal was doing charitable work (and so ought to have registered with them), but did not substantiate allegations that any funds had been misused.
A further Charity Commission Report published on 7 June 2007 found that the Appeal had received funds from Fawaz Zureikat that originated from the Oil For Food programme, and concluded that: "Although Mr Galloway, Mr Halford and Mr Al-Mukhtar have confirmed that they were unaware of the source of Mr Zureikat’s donations, the Commission has concluded that the charity trustees should have made further enquiries when accepting such large single and cumulative donations to satisfy themselves as to their origin and legitimacy. The Commission’s conclusion is that the charity trustees did not properly discharge their duty of care as trustees to the Appeal in respect of these donations." They added: "The Commission is also concerned, having considered the totality of the evidence before it, that Mr Galloway may also have known of the connection between the Appeal and the Programme". [92] Galloway responded: "I've always disputed the Commission's retrospective view that a campaign to win a change in national and international policy—a political campaign—was, in fact, a charity." [93]
[ edit ] Viva Palestina aid convoy
Main article: Viva Palestina
In response to the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict , in January 2009 Galloway instigated the Viva Palestina aid convoy to the Gaza Strip . On 14 February 2009, after raising over £1 million-worth of humanitarian aid in four weeks, Galloway and hundreds of volunteers launched the convoy comprising approximately 120 vehicles intended for use in the Strip, including a fire engine donated by the Fire Brigades Union (FBU), 12 ambulances, a boat and trucks full of medicines, tools, clothes, blankets and gifts for children. The 5,000-mile route passed through Belgium , France , Spain , Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya and Egypt . [94]
On 20 February, Galloway condemned Lancashire Police after they arrested nine of the volunteers under the Terrorism Act a day before the convoy's launch. Galloway said: "The arrests were clearly deliberately timed for the eve of the departure of the convoy. Photographs of the high-profile snatch on the M65 were immediately fed to the press to maximise the newsworthiness of the smear that was being perpetrated on the convoy." Viva Palestina reported an 80% drop in donations following the broadcast of the arrests and the police allegations on the BBC . [95]
The convoy arrived in Gaza on 9 March, [96] accompanied by approximately 180 extra trucks of aid donated by Libya's Gaddafi Foundation . All the British aid was delivered with the exception of the fire engine and boat which were blocked by the Egyptian government. The boat is to be delivered later in a flotilla of craft which Viva Palestina! intends to take into Gaza harbour. [97]
The Charity Commission opened a statutory inquiry into Viva Palestinia! on 23rd March 2009, citing concerns over the finances, use of funds for non-charitable purposes, and the lack of "substantive response" to their repeated requests. [98] George Galloway admitted that the appeal had not responded to the requests, but argued that a substantive response was anyway due to be passed to the Charity Commission only hours after they launched the inquiry. He argued that the Charity Commission's actions were suspicious, hinting that they might be politically motivated. [99]
[ edit ] Corruption allegations and other controversies
[ edit ] Oil for Food
[ edit ] Daily Telegraph libel case
On 22 April 2003, the Daily Telegraph published an article describing documents found by its reporter David Blair in the ruins of the Iraqi Foreign Ministry. The documents purport to be records of meetings between Galloway and Iraqi intelligence agents, and state that he had received £375,000 per year from the proceeds of the Oil for Food programme . Galloway completely denied the story, and pointed to the nature of the discovery within an unguarded, bombed-out building as being questionable. He instigated legal action against the newspaper, which was heard in the High Court from 14 November 2004. [100]
On 2 December, Justice David Eady ruled that the story had been "seriously defamatory", and that the Telegraph was "obliged to compensate Mr Galloway ... and to make an award for the purposes of restoring his reputation". Galloway was awarded £150,000 damages plus costs estimated to total £1.2 million. The court did not grant leave to appeal; in order to appeal in the absence of leave, the defendants would have to petition the House of Lords.
The libel case was regarded by both sides as an important test of the Reynolds qualified-privilege defence. [101] The Daily Telegraph did not attempt to claim justification (a defence in which the defendant bears the onus of proving that the defamatory reports are true): "It has never been the Telegraph's case to suggest that the allegations contained in these documents are true". [102] Instead, the paper sought to argue that it acted responsibly because the allegations it reported were of sufficient public interest to outweigh the damage caused to Galloway's reputation. However, the court ruled that, "It was the defendants' primary case that their coverage was no more than 'neutral reportage' ... but the nature, content and tone of their coverage cannot be so described."
The issue of whether the documents were genuine was likewise not at issue at the trial. However, it later transpired that the expert hired by Galloway's lawyers, a forensic expert named Oliver Thorne, said "In my opinion the evidence found fully supports that the vast majority of the submitted documents are authentic." [103] He added "It should be noted that I am unable to comment on the veracity of the information within the disputed Telegraph documents, whether or not they are authentic."
The Telegraph lost their appeal on 25 January 2006, the same day as Galloway's Big Brother eviction, and on 15 February 2006, the newspaper announced it would not be seeking leave to appeal.[ citation needed ]
[ edit ] Others
The Christian Science Monitor also published a story on 25 April 2003, stating that they had documentary evidence that he had received "more than ten million dollars" from the Iraqi regime. However, on 20 June 2003, the Monitor reported [104] that their own investigation had concluded the documents were sophisticated forgeries, and apologised. Galloway rejected the newspaper's apology, asserted that the affair was a conspiracy against him, and continued a libel claim against the paper.
The Christian Science Monitor settled the claim, paying him an undisclosed sum in damages, on 19 March 2004. [105] [106] It emerged that these documents had first been offered to the Daily Telegraph, but they had rejected them. The documents' origin remains obscure.
In January 2004, a further set of allegations were made in al-Mada , a newspaper in Iraq. The newspaper claimed to have found documents in the Iraqi national oil corporation showing that Galloway received (through an intermediary) some of the profits arising from the sale of 19.5 million barrels (3,100,000 m³) of oil. Galloway acknowledged that money had been paid into the Mariam Appeal by Iraqi businessmen who had profited from the UN-run programme, but denied benefiting personally, and maintained that, in any case, there was nothing illicit about this:
“
It is hard to see what is dishonourable, let alone "illicit", about Arab nationalist businessmen donating some of the profits they made from legitimate UN-controlled business with Iraq to anti-sanctions campaigns, as opposed to, say, keeping their profits for themselves.
”
The report of the Iraq Survey Group published in October 2004 claimed that Galloway was one of the recipients of a fund used by Iraq to buy influence among foreign politicians. Galloway denied receiving any money from Saddam Hussein's regime. The Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards had begun an investigation into George Galloway but suspended it when Galloway launched legal action. On 14 December, it was announced that this investigation would resume[ citation needed ].
Wikinews has related news: U.S. Senate subcommittee accuses UK and French politicians of accepting Iraqi oil vouchers
Evidence presented to the Committee (contract M/9/23); George Galloway's name appears next to Fawaz Zureikat in a different font and at an angle to the rest of the text on that line (number 23 in the list). [107]
In May 2005, a U.S. Senate committee report [108] accused Galloway along with former French minister Charles Pasqua of receiving the right to buy oil under the UN's oil-for-food scheme. The report was issued by the US Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations , chaired by Senator Norm Coleman , a Republican from Minnesota . The report cited further documents from the Iraqi oil ministry and interviews with Iraqi officials.
Coleman's committee said Pasqua had received allocations worth 11 million barrels (1,700,000 m3) from 1999 to 2000, and Galloway received allocations worth 20 million barrels (3,200,000 m3) from 2000 to 2003. The allegations against Pasqua and Galloway, both outspoken opponents of U.N. sanctions against Iraq in the 1990s, have been made before, including in an October report by U.S. arms inspector Charles Duelfer as well as in the various purported documents described earlier in this section. But Coleman's report provided several new details. It also included information from interrogations of former high-ranking officials in U.S. custody, including former Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz and former Vice President Taha Yassin Ramadan . Among the claims is that there is new evidence to suggest that the Mariam Appeal, a children's leukaemia charity founded by Galloway, was in fact used to conceal oil payments. The report cites Ramadan as saying under interrogation that Galloway was allocated oil "because of his opinions about Iraq."
Detail of contract M/12/14 (click on image for high-resolution version)
Socialist Worker [109] reported what they say is evidence that the key Iraqi oil ministry documents regarding oil allocations, in which Galloway's name appears six times (contracts M/08/35, M/09/23, [110] M/10/38, M/11/04, [111] M/12/14, M/13/48 [112] ) have been tampered with. They published a copy of contract M/09/23 and allege that George Galloway's name appears to have been added in a different font and at a different angle to the rest of the text on that line. In these documents (relating to oil allocations 8-13), Galloway is among just a few people whose nationality is never identified, whilst Zureikat is the only one whose nationality is identified in one instance but not in others. [113] Socialist Worker is a publication of the Socialist Workers Party, which at the time was in alliance with Galloway in RESPECT - the Unity Coalition.
Galloway combatively countered the charges by accusing Coleman and other pro-war politicians of covering up the "theft of billions of dollars of Iraq's wealth... on your watch" that had occurred under a post-invasion Coalition Provisional Authority , committed by " Halliburton and other American corporations... with the connivance of your own government." [114] [115]
[ edit ] Galloway's response
On 17 May 2005, the committee held a hearing concerning specific allegations (of which Galloway was one part) relating to improprieties surrounding the Oil-for-Food programme. [116] Attending Galloway's oral testimony and enquiring of him were two of the thirteen committee members: the chair (Coleman) and the ranking Democrat ( Carl Levin ). [117]
Upon Galloway's arrival in the US, he told Reuters, "I have no expectation of justice from a group of Christian fundamentalist and Zionist activists under the chairmanship of a neo-con George Bush". Galloway described Coleman as a "pro-war, neo-con hawk and the lickspittle of George W. Bush", who, he said, sought revenge against anyone who did not support the invasion of Iraq.
In his testimony, Galloway made the following statements in response to the allegations against him: [118]
“
Senator, I am not now, nor have I ever been, an oil trader, and neither has anyone on my behalf. I have never seen a barrel of oil, owned one, bought one, sold one - and neither has anyone on my behalf. Now I know that standards have slipped in the last few years in Washington, but for a lawyer you are remarkably cavalier with any idea of justice. I am here today but last week you already found me guilty. You traduced my name around the world without ever having asked me a single question, without ever having contacted me, without ever written to me or telephoned me, without any attempt to contact me whatsoever. And you call that justice.
”
He questioned the reliability of evidence given by former Iraqi Vice President Taha Yassin Ramadan, stating that the circumstances of his captivity by American forces call into question the authenticity of the remarks. Galloway also pointed out an error in the report, where documents by The Daily Telegraph were said to have covered an earlier period from those held by the Senate. In fact the report's documents referred to the same period as those used by the The Daily Telegraph, though Galloway pointed out that the presumed forgeries pertaining to the Christian Science Monitor report did refer to an earlier period.
Galloway also denounced the invasion of Iraq as having been based on "a pack of lies" in his Senate testimony. The U.S. media, in reporting his appearance, emphasised his blunt remarks on the war. The British media gave generally more positive coverage; TV presenter Anne Robinson said Galloway "quite frankly put the pride back in British politics" when introducing him for a prime time talk show. [119] [120]
[ edit ] Alleged false or misleading testimony
A report by the then-majority Republican Party staff of the United States Senate Committee on Investigations published in October 2005 asserted that Galloway had given false "or misleading" [121] testimony under oath when appearing before them. The report exhibits bank statements it claims show that £85,000 of proceeds from the Oil-for-Food Programme had been paid to Galloway's then-wife Amineh Abu-Zayyad . Galloway reiterated his denial of the charges and challenged the U.S. Senate committee to charge him with perjury. He claimed Coleman's motive was revenge over the embarrassment of his appearance before the committee in May. [122] [123] [124]
[ edit ] Controversies at university debating societies
On 2 November 2006, The Times reported that Galloway was in a fracas at the Oxford Union . He was there to discuss his book (
Galloway, George (2006). Fidel Castro Handbook. MQ Publications . ISBN 1-84072-688-1 .
). In his speech to the Union, Galloway claimed "that democracy in Cuba is more “free” than in the UK", and when questioned on this, he mentioned "that Oxford students are too privileged to understand what he was talking about". [125] Three former state school students who met him afterwards and disputed this description, allege that Galloway said: "I don’t represent anyone’s views. I represent me. I don’t give a fuck what anyone else thinks." [125] and: "You are confusing me with someone who gives a fuck". When the students tried to get Galloway to apologise, he asked for them to be removed from the room, but they left of their own accord. His assistant, Kevin Ovenden, alleged that the students Galloway swore at carried offensive placards, which was the cause of his behaviour, although the students denied this. [125] His comments have been criticised by several MPs, including Boris Johnson , who said: "there’s no need to swear"; and journalist Steven Pound said: "If he wishes to be respected by anyone other than Fidel Castro he should apologise". A response to the incident on the Oxford Student website can be found. [126]
On 6 November 2006, in a debate at the University College Cork , Ireland, Philosophical Society , speaking in proposition of the motion "That this house believes the US foreign policy is the greatest crime since World War II ", Galloway controversially stormed out after being accused of collusion with dictators by the opposition speaker; Irish film and television producer Gerry Gregg . Galloway confronted Gregg directly and insisted that he withdraw the allegations. After Gregg, a former member of Sinn Féin and the Workers' Party , refused to withdraw the comments, Galloway left the auditorium and abandoned the debate. Many of the audience of 500 walked out in sympathy with the MP. Galloway threatened legal action and informed Gregg that his solicitor would contact him the following morning. He also remarked that Gregg would probably be able to afford the lawsuit with an abundance of counterfeited money. The debate continued and the motion was defeated by those present by a clear margin. [127]
[ edit ] Sectarian attack at airport
On 10 June 2007, Galloway claimed that he was the victim of a sectarian attack at Glasgow Airport . [128] [129] He believes that his attackers were on the way home from attending an Orange Order parade in London and that they attacked him because he is a Celtic fan. [130] However, no arrest was made in connection with this.
[ edit ] Support for Soviet Union
Galloway once stated "I am on the anti-imperialist left... If you are asking did I support the Soviet Union , yes I did. Yes, I did support the Soviet Union, and I think the disappearance of the Soviet Union is the biggest catastrophe of my life. If there was a Soviet Union today, we would not be having this conversation about plunging into a new war in the Middle East, and the US would not be rampaging around the globe." [131]
[ edit ] Persona non grata in Canada
On March 20 , 2009 , Galloway was declared persona non grata by the Canada Border Services Agency on "security grounds" due to his involvement in the Viva Palestina aid convoy to the Gaza Strip following the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict . [132] The Gaza Strip is governed by Hamas , which is on Canada's list of terrorist organisations. After the convoy arrived on 10 March 2009, Galloway announced at a press conference in Gaza City attended by several senior Hamas officials: "We are giving you now 100 vehicles and all of their contents, and we make no apology for what I am about to say. We are giving them to the elected government of Palestine," adding he would personally donate three cars and 25,000 pounds to Hamas Prime Minister Ismail Haniya . [133] Ten days following, Galloway was on a lecture tour of North America , and was due to speak on war prevention and Gaza at events in Mississauga , Toronto , Ottawa , and Montreal . Galloway was described as an "infandous street-corner Cromwell " by Alykhan Velshi , communications director for Jason Kenney , Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism , and a former Washington D.C. -based neoconservative lobbyist. [134] [135] Galloway described the ban as "idiotic," [136] and Kenney was accused by Jack Layton , leader of Canada's New Democratic Party (NDP), of being "a minister of censorship." [137]
Toronto Coalition to Stop the War, the group who invited Galloway to Canada, sought an injunction to allow for his entry into Canada for the first speech in Toronto citing their rights to freedom of association and freedom of expression . [132] On March 30, 2009, the Federal Court of Canada upheld the decision of the Canada Border Services Agency . [138] Justice Luc Martineau cited non-citizens "do not have an unqualified right to enter in Canada. The admission of a foreign national to this country is a privilege determined by statute, regulation or otherwise, and not as a matter of right." The judge also noted "a proper factual record and the benefit of full legal argument...are lacking at the present time." [132] The day after the ban was upheld Galloway addressed over 40 Canadian audiences via a web broadcast from New York. [www. http://www.rabble.ca/podcasts/shows/needs-no-introduction/galloway-gaza ]
[ edit ] Asian Voice
Galloway has been involved in several publishing companies . He owned Asian Voice, which published a newspaper called East from 1996. It later transpired that the Pakistan Government was funding Galloway's company Asian Voice with several hundred-thousand-pounds. "Documents show that the Pakistan government agreed an initial budget for the weekly newspaper of £547,000. According to a memorandum dated 2 January 1996, the Pakistan government proposed to "covertly sponsor" the publication, with money allocated to "the Secret Fund of the High Commissioner for Pakistan in the UK as a special grant for the project". [139] The Commons Committee cleared Galloway of any wrongdoing in this matter. [140]
[ edit ] Autobiography
His autobiography, I'm Not The Only One, was published on 28 April 2004. The book's title is a quotation from the song " Imagine " by John Lennon . Armed Forces Minister Adam Ingram applied for an interim interdict to prevent the book's publication. Ingram asserted that Galloway's text, which stated that Ingram "played the flute in a sectarian, anti-Catholic, Protestant-supremacist Orange Order band", was in bad faith and defamatory, although Ingram's lawyers conceded that for a year as a teenager he had been a member of a junior Orange Lodge in Barlanark, Glasgow, and had attended three parades. The Judge, Lord Kingarth, decided to refuse an interim interdict, that the balance of the arguments favoured Galloway's publisher, and that the phrase "sectarian, anti-Catholic, Protestant-supremacist" was fair comment on that organisation. Although Ingram was not and never had been a flute-player, the defending advocate observed that "playing the flute carries no obvious defamatory imputation ... it is not to the discredit of anyone that he plays the flute." The judge ruled that Ingram should pay the full court costs of the hearing. [141]
[ edit ] Celebrity Big Brother
In January 2006 Galloway appeared on the fourth series of the reality show for three weeks. He was seen dancing in a leotard [142] and imitating a cat drinking milk. [143]
The theme from Top Cat
On 11 March 2006, Galloway started broadcasting on Britain's biggest commercial radio station, the UTV -owned talkSPORT , and two weeks later started a simultaneous broadcast on Talk 107 , TalkSPORT's Edinburgh -based sister station.
Billed as "The Mother Of All Talk Shows", Galloway starts every broadcast by playing the theme from the Top Cat cartoon series. UTV said that Galloway was pulling in record call numbers and the highest ever ratings for its weekend slots, even pulling in more than the station's Football First programme.
On 3 January 2009, a controversy erupted when Galloway was abruptly replaced by the "more balanced" Ian Collins after Galloway was manhandled by riot police at the London protest against the Israel's air bombardment of the Gaza Strip and on the evening of Israel's ground invasion of the territory . [144]
[ edit ] The Real Deal
On 21 May 2007, Galloway started presenting a television programme known as The Real Deal on Raj TV , a channel aimed at the Asian community in Britain available on Sky channel 171. After 10 Feb 2008, this show is back again and is hosted on the Press TV , a Tehran -based independent channel founded by the government of the Islamic Republic of Iran .
[ edit ] Comment
A 45 minute weekly show that invites the viewers to engage in lively debate with Galloway, on the most contemporary controversial issues focusing on the world today. [145] It is based from the London-bureau of (the Iranian Government funded) Press TV .
[ edit ] Mazher Mahmood
In March 2006 Galloway claimed in a statement that Mazher Mahmood , an undercover reporter for the News of the World who uses a disguise as a sheikh to frame celebrities, targeted him in an alleged sting operation. Galloway claims that Mahmood and an accomplice tried but failed to implicate him in illegal party funding, and to agree with anti-Semitic statements. Galloway wrote to the Metropolitan police commissioner and the Speaker of the House of Commons about the incident. He also released photographs of Mahmood and revealed other aspects of his activities. [146] [147] The News of the World lost a High Court action to prevent publication of photographs of Mahmood. [148]
[ edit ] Fidel Castro Handbook
Galloway also published the Fidel Castro Handbook, a biography of the former Cuban President in 2006 (MQ Publications. ISBN 1-84072-688-1 ).
[ edit ] Friction Books
In 2005 Galloway established Friction Books , an imprint for fiction and non-fiction, with longstanding associate Ron McKay . [149] Friction claimed its purpose was to publish "books that burn, books that cause controversy and get people talking". So far it has released one book: Paco Ignacio Taibo II novel An Easy Thing. [150]
[ edit ] Big Brother's Big Mouth
Galloway acted as the guest presenter for the E4 companion programme to the 2007 edition of Big Brother , Big Brother's Big Mouth, from 5 June to 8 June 2007.
[ edit ] TV and film appearances
Question Time (numerous appearances) - Panelist answering questions
Celebrity Big Brother (23 episodes, 2006)
Have I Got News For You - Panelist (2003)
[ edit ] Daily Record column
From 25 June 2007 Galloway has a column in the Daily Record giving his views on Scottish politics.
[ edit ] As an orator
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: George Galloway
Galloway is widely viewed as an adept wordsmith and debater. For example, according to the Boston Globe he is "known, even in the highly articulate world of British politics, for his memorable turns of phrase", [152] whereas The Times finds that he has "the gift of the Glasgow gab, a love of the stage and an inexhaustible fund of self-belief." [153] The Guardian finds him "renowned for his colourful rhetoric and combative debating style" [154] and the Spectator once awarded him Debater of the Year. Sometimes this general acknowledgement of Galloway's rhetorical capacity is accompanied by criticism that he is evasive (Scotsman, "ducked the question" [155] ).
|
i don't know
|
Who acceded the English throne after the death of Edward III?
|
Prince of Wales - a history
Prince of Wales
Title given to the Heir to the British Throne
Prince Charles is the 21st holder of the title which began in 1301, when Edward I formally created his son - destined
to be Edward II - Prince of Wales. The title is intended for the male heir apparent to the throne, but is an appointment, rather than a birthright. In fact every male heir to the British throne has been given the title
The title is often vacant, for example, when the present Queen came to the throne in 1952, there had been no holder since King Edward VIII, who held the title from 1911 to 1936 (when he came to the throne, and ceased to be heir to the throne) The Queen gave Prince Charles the title of in 1958 when he was 9 years old, and apparently considered old enough to understand the significance of the role
The Crest of three ostrich plumes
The badge comprises three silver (or white) feathers rising through a gold coronet of alternate crosses and fleur-de-lys. The motto "Ich Dien" (I serve) is on a dark blue ribbon beneath the coronet.
The Crest of three ostrich plumes were from to the House of Hainault, from which Edward the Black Prince's mother came. And the motto "Ich Dien" formed part of the arms of the King of Bohemia (nobody seems to know how he entered the scene).In any event, Edward the Black Prince used them at the Battle of Crecy and they became associated with the title
Edward III became Prince in 1343, attracted thousands of Welshmen to join him to fight in the French wars.In fact, a quarter of Edward's troops were composed of Welsh archers and spearmen.
The feathers were then adopted by the honourable Society of Cymmrodorion in 1751, and today they are the badge of the Welsh National Rugby Union team .
Previous Princes
Created Prince
of Wales Age where invested what happened to him . Edward
Edward I and Eleanor of Castile Feb 1, 1301, 16 . in Lincoln Acceded as Edward II on June 8,1307. . Edward
Edward III and Philippa of Hainault May 12, 1343
12 at Westminster. Died on June 8, 1376. . Richard Edward, Prince of Wales and Joan of Kent Nov 20, 1376 9 at Havering. Acceded as Richard II
on June 22, 1377. . Henry Henry IV and Mary de Bohun Oct 15, 1399 12 at Westminster Acceded as Henry V on March 20, 1413. . Edward .
Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou Mar 15, 1454 5 months at Windsor Died on May 4, 1471 . Edward Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville Jun 26, 1471 7 months at Westminster Acc.as Edward V on April 9, 1483. . Edward Richard III and Anne of Warwick Aug 24, 1483 10 at York Minster Died on April 9, 1484. . Arthur Henry VII and Elizabeth of
York Nov 29, 1489 3 at Westminster Died on April 2, 1502. . Henry Henry VII and Elizabeth of
York Feb 18, 1504 12 at Westminster. Acc.as Henry VIII on April 22, 1509. . Henry James I and Anne of Denmark Jun 4, 1610 16 at Westminster Died on November 6, 1612. . Charles James I and Anne of Denmark Nov 4,1616 15 at Whitehall Acceded as Charles I on March 27, 1625 . Charles Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France 1638 to 1641 8 to 11 in London Acceded as Charles II on January 30, 1649. . James
James II and Mary of Modena July 4, 1688 3 weeks at St James's. Forfeited title when James II was declared to have abdicated, on December 11,1688. . George George I and Sophie Dorothea of
Brunswick-Luneburg and Celle Sept 27, 1714 30 at Westminster Acceded as George II on June 11, 1727. . Frederick
George II and Caroline of
Brandenburg-Anspach Jan 8, 1729 21 in London. Died on March 20, 1751. . George Frederick, Prince of Wales and
Augusta of Saxe-Gotha Apr 20, 1751 12 in London Acceded as George III on October 25, 1760. . George George III and Charlotte of
Mecklenburg-Strelitz Aug 19, 1762 1 week in London. Acceded as George IV on January 29, 1820. . Albert Edward Queen Victoria and Prince Albert Dec 8, 1841 4 weeks in London Acceded as King
Edward VII on January 22, 1901. . George King Edward VII and Queen
Alexandra Nov 9, 1901 36 in London. Acceded as King George V on May 6, 1910 . Edward King George V and Queen Mary June 23, 1910 16 Acceded as King Edward VIII on January 20, 1936. . Charles Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh July 26, 1958 9 in London
|
Richard II of England
|
Which team was reinstated to the FA Cup in the 2008/9 season after the team that knocked them out of the second round were eliminated for fielding an ineligible player?
|
Timeline of the Kings & Queens of England
There have been 66 monarchs of England and Britain spread over a period of 1500 years.
SAXON KINGS
EGBERT 827 - 839
Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. After returning from exile at the court of Charlemagne in 802, he regained his kingdom of Wessex. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda ( Anglo-Saxon , "ruler of the British". A year before he died aged almost 70, he defeated a combined force of Danes and Cornish at Hingston Down in Cornwall. He is buried at Winchester in Hampshire.
AETHELWULF 839-856
King of Wessex , son of Egbert and father of Alfred the Great. In 851 Aethelwulf defeated a Danish army at the battle of Oakley while his eldest son Althelstan fought and beat the Danes at sea off the coast of Kent , in what is believed to be the first naval battle. A highly religous man, Athelwulf travelled to Rome with his son Alfred to see the Pope in 855.
AETHELBALD 856 - 860
The eldest son of Aethelwulf, Æthelbald was born around 834. He was crowned at Kingston-upon-Thames in southwest London, after forcing his father to abdicate upon his return from pilgrimage to Rome. Following his fathers death in 858, he married his widowed stepmother Judith, but under pressure from the church the marriage was annulled after only a year. He is buried at Sherbourne Abbey in Dorset .
AETHELBERT 860 - 866
Became king following the death of his brother Æthelbald. Like his brother and his father, Aethelbert (pictured to the right) was crowned at Kingston-Upon-Thames. Shortly after his succession a Danish army landed and sacked Winchester before being defeated by the Saxons. In 865 the Viking Great Heathen Army landed in East Anglia and swept across England. He is buried at Sherborne Abbey.
AETHELRED I 866 - 871
Aethelred succeeded his brother Aethelbert. His reign was one long struggle with the Danes who had occupied York in 866, establishing the Viking kingdom of Yorvik . When the Danish Army moved south Wessex itself was threatened, and so together with his brother Alfred, they fought several battles with the Vikings at Reading, Ashdown and Basing. Aethelred suffered serious injuries during the next major battle at Meretun in Hampshire; he died of his wounds shortly after at Witchampton in Dorset, where he was buried.
ALFRED THE GREAT 871 - 899 - son of AETHELWULF
Born at Wantage in Berkshire around 849, Alfred was well educated and is said to have visited Rome on two occasions. He had proven himself to be a strong leader in many battles, and as a wise ruler managed to secure five uneasy years of peace with the Danes, before they attacked Wessex again in 877. Alfred was forced to retreat to a small island in the Somerset Levels and it was from here that he masterminded his comeback, perhaps ' burning the cakes ' as a consequence. With major victories at Edington, Rochester and London, Alfred established Saxon Christian rule over first Wessex, and then on to most of England. To secure his hard won boundaries Alfred founded a permanent army and an embryonic Royal Navy. To secure his place in history, he began the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
EDWARD (The Elder) 899 - 924
Succeeded his father Alfred the Great. Edward retook southeast England and the Midlands from the Danes. Following the the death of his sister Aethelflaed of Mercia , Edward unites the kingdoms of Wessex and Mercia. In 923, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles record that the Scottish King Constantine II recognises Edward as "father and lord". The following year, Edward is killed in a battle against the Welsh near Chester . His body is returned to Winchester for burial.
ATHELSTAN 924 - 939
Son of Edward the Elder, Athelstan extended the boundaries of his kingdom at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937. In what is said to be one of the bloodiest battles ever fought on British soil, Athelstan defeated a combined army of Scots, Celts, Danes and Vikings, claiming the title of King of all Britain. The battle saw for the first time individual Anglo-Saxon kingdoms being brought together to create a single and unified England. Athelstan is buried in Malmesbury, Wiltshire .
EDMUND 939 - 946
Succeeded his half-bother Athelastan as king at the tender age of 18, having already fought alongside him at the Batlle of Brunanburh two years earlier. He re-established Anglo-Saxon control over northern England, which had fallen back under Scandanavian rule following the death of Athelstan. Aged just 25, and whilst celebrating the feast of Augustine, Edmund was stabbed by a robber in his royal hall at Pucklechurch near Bath . His two sons, Eadwig and Edgar, were perhaps considered too young to become kings.
EADRED 946 - 955
The son of Edward the Elder by his third marriage to Eadgifu, Eadred succeeded his brother Edmund following his premature death. He followed in the family tradition of defeating Norsemen, expelling the last Scandanavian King of York, Eric Bloodaxe, in 954. A deeply religious man, Eadred suffered a serious stomach ailment that would eventually prove fatal. Eadred died in his early 30s, unmarried and without an heir, at Frome in Somerset. He is buried in Winchester.
EADWIG 955 - 959
The eldest son of Edmund I, Eadwig was about 16 when he was crowned king at Kingston-upon-Thames in southeast London. Legend has it that his coronation had to be delayed to allow Bishop Dunstan to prise Eadwig from his bed, and from between the arms of his "strumpet" and the strumpets' mother. Perhaps unimpressed by the interruption, Eadwig had Dunstan exiled to France. Eadwig died in Gloucester when he was just 20, the circumstances of his death are not recorded.
EDGAR 959 - 975
The youngest son of Edmund I, Edgar had been in dispute with his brother concerning succession to the throne for some years. Following Eadwig's mysterious death, Edgar immediately recalled Dunstan from exile, making him Archbishop of Canterbury as well as his personal advisor. Following his carefully planned (by Dunstan) coronation in Bath in 973, Edgar marched his army to Chester, to be met by six kings of Britain. The kings, including the King of Scots, King of Strathclyde and various princes of Wales , are said to have signalled their allegience to Edgar by rowing him in his state barge accross the River Dee.
EDWARD THE MARTYR 975 - 978
Eldest son of Edgar, Edward was crowned king when aged just 12. Although supported by Archbishop Dunstan, his claim to the throne was contested by supporters of his much younger half-brother Aethelred. The resulting dispute between rival factions within the church and nobility almost led to civil war in England. Edward's short reign ended when he was murdered at Corfe Castle by followers of Aethelred, after just two and half years as king. The title 'martyr' was a consequence of him being seen as a victim of his stepmother's ambitions for her own son Aethelred.
AETHELRED II THE UNREADY 978 - 1016
Aethelred was unable to organise resistance against the Danes, earning him the nickname 'unready', or 'badly advised'. He became king aged about 10, but fled to Normandy in 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard, King of the Danes invaded England.
Sweyn was pronounced King of England on Christmas Day 1013 and made his capital at Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. He died just 5 weeks later.
Aethelred returned in 1014 after Sweyn's death. The remainder of Aethelred's reign was one of a constant state of war with Sweyn's son Canute.
EDMUND II IRONSIDE 1016 - 1016
The son of Aethelred II, Edmund had led the resistance to Canute's invasion of England since 1015. Following the death of his father, he was chosen king by the good folk of London. The Witan (the king's council) however elected Canute. Following his defeat at the Battle of Assandun, Aethelred made a pact with Canute to divide the kingdom between them. Edmund died later that year, probably assassinated.
CANUTE (CNUT THE GREAT) THE DANE 1016 - 1035
Canute became king of all England following the death of Edmund II. The son of Sweyn Forkbeard, he ruled well and gained favour with his English subjects by sending most of his army back to Denmark. In 1017, Canute married Emma of Normandy, the widow of Aethelred II and divided England into the four earldoms of East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria and Wessex. Perhaps inspired by his pilgrimage to Rome in 1027, legend has it that he wanted to demonstrate to his subjects that as a king he was not a god, he ordered the tide not to come in, knowing this would fail.
HAROLD I 1035 - 1040
Also known as Harold Harefoot, in recognition of his speed and skill as a hunter. Harold was the illegitimate son of Canute, he claimed the English crown on the death of his father whilst his half-brother Harthacanute, the rightful heir, was in Denmark fighting to protect his Danish kingdom. Harold died three years into his reign, just weeks before Harthacanute was due to invade England with an army of Danes. He was buried in Westminster Abbey before Harthacanute had his body dug up, beheaded, and thrown into the Thames. His bits were later gathered and re-buried at St. Clement Danes in London.
HARTHACANUTE 1040 - 1042
The son of Cnut the Great and Emma of Normandy, Harthacanute sailed to England with his mother, accompanied by a fleet of 62 warships, and was immediately accepted as king. Perhaps to appease his mother, the year before he died Harthacanute invited his half-brother Edward, Emma's son from her first marriage to Aethelred the Unready, back from exile in Normandy. Harthacanute died at a wedding whilst toasting the health of the bride; he was aged just 24 and was the last Danish king to rule England
EDWARD THE CONFESSOR 1042-1066
Following the death of Harthacanute, Edward restored the rule of the House of Wessex to the English throne. A deeply pious and religious man, he presided over the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey, leaving much of the running of the country to Earl Godwin and his son Harold. Edward died childless, eight days after the building work on Westminster Abbey had finished. With no natural successor, England was faced with a power struggle for control of the throne.
HAROLD II 1066
Despite having no royal bloodline, Harold Godwin was elected king by the Witan (a council of high ranking nobles and religious leaders), following the death of Edward the Confessor. The election result failed to meet with the approval of one William, Duke of Normandy, who claimed that his relative Edward had promised the throne to him several years earlier. Harold defeated an invading Norwegian army at the Battle of Stamford Bridge in Yorkshire, then marched south to confront William of Normandy who had landed his forces in Sussex. The death of Harold at the Battle Of Hastings meant the end of the English Anglo-Saxon kings and the beginning of the Normans.
NORMAN KINGS
WILLIAM I (The Conqueror) 1066- 1087
Also known as William the Bastard (but not normally to his face!), he was the illigitimate son of Robert the Devil, whom he succeeded as Duke of Normandy in 1035. William came to England from Normandy, claiming that his second cousin Edward the Confessor had promised him the throne, and defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings on 14th October 1066. In 1085 the Domesday Survey was begun and all of England was recorded, so William knew exactly what his new kingdom contained and how much tax he could raise in order to fund his armies. William died at Rouen after a fall from his horse whilst beseiging the French city of Nantes. He is buried at Caen.
WILLIAM II (Rufus) 1087- 1100
William was not a popular king, given to extravagance and cruelty. He never married and was killed in the New Forest by a stray arrow whilst out hunting, maybe accidentally, or possibly shot deliberately on the instructions of his younger brother Henry. Walter Tyrrell, one of the hunting party, was blamed for the deed. The Rufus Stone in The New Forest, Hampshire , marks the spot where he fell.
HENRY I 1100-1135
Henry Beauclerc was the fourth and youngest son of William I. Well educated, he founded a zoo at Woodstock in Oxfordshire to study animals. He was called the 'Lion of Justice' as he gave England good laws, even if the punishments were ferocious. His two sons were drowned in the White Ship so his daughter Matilda was made his successor. She was married to Geoffrey Plantagenet. When Henry died of food poisoning, the Council considered a woman unfit to rule and so offered the throne to Stephen, a grandson of William I.
STEPHEN 1135-1154
Stephen was a very weak king and the whole country was almost destroyed by the constant raids by the Scots and the Welsh. During Stephen's reign the Norman barons wielded great power, extorting money and looting town and country. A decade of civil war known as The Anarchy ensued when Matilda invaded from Anjou in 1139. A compromise was eventually decided, under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster Matilda's son Henry Plantagenet would succeed to the throne when Stephen died.
HENRY II 1154-1189
Henry of Anjou was a strong king. A brilliant soldier, he extended his French lands until he ruled most of France. He laid the foundation of the English Jury System and raised new taxes (scutage) from the landholders to pay for a militia force. Henry is mostly remembered for his quarrel with Thomas A Becket, and Becket's subsequent murder in Canterbury Cathedral on 29th December 1170. His sons turned against him, even his favourite John.
RICHARD I (The Lionheart) 1189 - 1199
Richard was the third son of Henry II. By the age of 16, he was leading his own army putting down rebellions in France. Although crowned King of England, Richard spent all but 6 months of his reign abroad, preferring to use the taxes from his kingdom to fund his various armies and military ventures. He was the leading Christian commander during the Third Crusade. On his way back from Palestine, Richard was captured and held for ransom. The amount paid for his safe return almost bankrupt the country. Richard died from an arrow-wound, far from the kingdom that he so rarely visited. He had no children.
JOHN 1199 -1216
John Lackland was the fourth child of Henry II. Short and fat, he was jealous of his dashing brother Richard I whom he succeeded. He was cruel, self-indulgent, selfish and avaricious, and the raising of punitive taxes united all the elements of society, clerical and lay, against him. The Pope excommunicated him. On 15th June 1215 at Runnymede the barons compelled John to sign Magna Carta , the Great Charter, which reinstated the rights of all his subjects. John died - from over-eating - a fugitive from all his enemies. He has been termed "the worst English king".
HENRY III 1216 -1272
Henry was 9 years old when he became king. Brought up by priests he became devoted to church, art and learning. He was a weak man, dominated by churchmen and easily influenced by his wife's French relations. In 1264 Henry was captured during the rebellion of barons led by Simon de Montfort and was forced to set up a 'Parlement' at Westminster, the start of the House of Commons. Henry was the greatest of all patrons of medieval architecture and ordered the rebuilding of Westminster Abbey in the Gothic style.
Monarchs of England and Wales
EDWARD I 1272 - 1307
Edward Longshanks was a statesman, lawyer and soldier. He formed the Model Parliament in 1295, bringing the knights, clergy and nobility, as well as the Lords and Commons together for the first time. Aiming at a united Britain, he defeated the Welsh chieftains and created his eldest son Prince of Wales. He was known as the 'Hammer of the Scots' for his victories in Scotland and brought the famous coronation stone from Scone to Westminster. When his first wife Eleanor died, he escorted her body from Grantham in Lincolnshire to Westminster, setting up Eleanor Crosses at every resting place. He died on the way to fight Robert Bruce .
EDWARD II 1307 - deposed 1327
Edward was a weak and incompetent king. He had many 'favourites', Piers Gaveston being the most notorious. He was beaten by the Scots at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. Edward was deposed and held captive in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire. His wife joined her lover Mortimer in deposing him: by their orders he was murdered in Berkley Castle - as legend has it, by having a red-hot poker thrust up his anus! His beautiful tomb in Gloucester Cathedral was erected by his son, Edward III.
EDWARD III 1327 - 1377
Son of Edward II, he reigned for 50 years. His ambition to conquer Scotland and France plunged England into the Hundred Years War, beginning in 1338. The two great victories at Crecy and Poitiers made Edward and his son, the Black Prince, the most renowned warriors in Europe, however the war was very expensive. The outbreak of bubonic plague, the 'Black Death' in 1348-1350 killed half the population of England.
RICHARD II 1377 - deposed 1399
The son of the Black Prince, Richard was extravagant, unjust and faithless. In 1381 came the Peasants Revolt , led by Wat Tyler. The rebellion was put down with great severity. The sudden death of his first wife Anne of Bohemia completely unbalanced Richard and his extravagance, acts of revenge and tyranny turned his subjects against him. In 1399 Henry of Lancaster returned from exile and deposed Richard, becoming elected King Henry IV. Richard was murdered, probably by starvation, in Pontefract Castle in 1400.
HOUSE OF LANCASTER
HENRY IV 1399 - 1413
The son of John of Gaunt (third son of Edward III), Henry returned from exile in France to reclaim his estates previously seized by Richard II; he was accepted as king by Parliament. Henry spent most of his 13 year reign defending himself against plots, rebellions and assassination attempts. In Wales Owen Glendower declared himself Prince of Wales and led a national uprising against English rule. Back in England, Henry had great difficulty in maintaining the support of both the clery and Pariament and between 1403-08 the Percy family lauched a series of rebellions against him. Henry, the first Lancastrian king, died exhausted, probably of leprosy, at the age of 45.
HENRY V 1413 - 1422
The son of Henry IV, he was a pious, stern and skilful soldier. Henry had honed his fine soldiering skills putting down the many rebellions launched against his father and had been knighted when aged just 12. He pleased his nobles by renewing the war with France in 1415. In the face of tremendous odds he beat the French at the Battle of Agincourt , losing just 400 of his own soldiers with more than 6,000 Frenchmen killed. On a second expedition Henry captured Rouen, was recognised as the next King of France and married Catherine, the daughter of the lunatic French king. Henry died of dysentery whilst campaigning in France and before he could succeed to the French throne, leaving his 10-month old son as King of England and France.
HENRY VI 1422 - deposed 1461 Beginning of the Wars of the Roses
Gentle and retiring, he came to the throne as a baby and inherited a losing war with France, the Hundred Years War finally ending in 1453 with the loss of all French lands except for Calais. The king had an attack of mental illness that was hereditary in his mother's family in 1454 and Richard Duke of York was made Protector of the Realm. The House of York challenged Henry VI's right to the throne and England was plunged into civil war. The Battle of St Albans in 1455 was won by the Yorkists. Henry was restored to the throne briefly in 1470. Henry's son, Edward, Prince of Wales was killed at the Battle of Tewkesbury one day before Henry was murdered in the Tower of London in 1471. Henry founded both Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, and every year the Provosts of Eton and King's College lay roses and lilies on the altar which now stands where he died.
EDWARD IV 1461- 1483
He was the son of Richard Duke of York and Cicely Neville, and not a popular king. His morals were poor (he had many mistresses and had at least one illegitimate son) and even his contemporaries disapproved of him. Edward had his rebellious brother George, Duke of Clarence, murdered in 1478 on a charge of treason. During his reign the first printing press was established in Westminster by William Caxton. Edward died suddenly in 1483 leaving two sons aged 12 and 9, and five daughters.
EDWARD V 1483 - 1483
Edward was actually born in Westminster Abbey, were his mother Elizabeth Woodville had sought sanctuary from Lancastrians during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son of Edward IV, he succeeded to the throne at the tender age of 13 and reigned for only two months, the shortest-lived monarch in English history. He and his brother Richard were murdered in the Tower of London - it is said on the orders of his uncle Richard Duke of Gloucester. Richard (III) declared The Princes in the Tower illegitimate and named himself rightful heir to the crown.
RICHARD III 1483 - 1485 End of the Wars of the Roses
Brother of Edward IV. The ruthless extinction of all those who opposed him and the alleged murders of his nephews made his rule very unpopular. In 1485 Henry Richmond, descendant of John of Gaunt, father of Henry IV, landed in west Wales, gathering forces as he marched into England. At the Battle of Bosworth Field in Leicestershire he defeated and killed Richard in what was to be the last important battle in the Wars of the Roses. Archaeological investigations at a car park in Leicester during 2012 revealed a skeleton which was thought to have been that of Richard III, and this was confirmed on the 4th February 2013. His body was re-interred at Leicester Cathedral on 22nd March 2015.
THE TUDORS
HENRY VII 1485 - 1509
When Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth, his crown was picked up and placed on the head of Henry Tudor. He married Elizabeth of York and so united the two warring houses, York and Lancaster. He was a skilful politician but avaricious. The material wealth of the country increased greatly. During Henry's reign playing cards were invented and the portrait of his wife Elizabeth has appeared eight times on every pack of cards for nearly 500 years.
HENRY VIII 1509 - 1547
The best known fact about Henry VIII is that he had six wives! Most school children learn the following rhyme to help them remember the fate of each wife: "Divorced, Beheaded, Died: Divorced, Beheaded, Survived". His first wife was Catherine of Aragon, his brothers widow, whom he later divorced to marry Anne Boleyn. This divorce caused the split from Rome and Henry declared himself the head of the Church Of England. The Dissolution of the Monasteries began in 1536, and the money gained from this helped Henry to bring about an effective Navy. In an effort to have a son, Henry married four further wives, but only one son was born, to Jane Seymour. Henry had two daughters both to become rulers of England - Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, and Elizabeth, daughter of Anne Boleyn.
EDWARD VI 1547 - 1553
The son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, Edward was a sickly boy; it is thought he suffered from tuberculosis. Edward succeeded his father at the age of 9, the government being carried on by a Council of Regency with his uncle, Duke of Somerset, styled Protector. Even though his reign was short, many men made their mark. Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer and the uniformity of worship helped turn England into a Protestant State. After Edward's death there was a dispute over the succession. As Mary was Catholic, Lady Jane Grey was named as the next in line to the throne. She was proclaimed Queen but Mary entered London with her supporters and Jane was taken to the Tower. She reigned for only 9 days. She was executed in 1554, aged 17.
MARY I (Bloody Mary) 1553 - 1558
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. A devout Catholic, she married Philip of Spain. Mary attempted to enforce the wholesale conversion of England to Catholicism. She carried this out with the utmost severity. The Protestant bishops, Latimer, Ridley and Archbishop Cranmer were among those burnt at the stake. The place, in Broad Street Oxford, is marked by a bronze cross. The country was plunged into a bitter blood bath, which is why she is remembered as Bloody Mary. She died in 1558 at Lambeth Palace in London.
ELIZABETH I 1558-1603
The daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth was a remarkable woman, noted for her learning and wisdom. From first to last she was popular with the people and had a genius for the selection of capable advisors. Drake , Raleigh, Hawkins, the Cecils, Essex and many many more made England respected and feared. The Spanish Armada was decisively defeated in 1588 and Raleigh's first Virginian colony was founded. The execution of Mary Queen of Scots marred what was a glorious time in English history. Shakespeare was also at the height of his popularity. Elizabeth never married.
THE STUARTS
JAMES I and VI of Scotland 1603 -1625
James was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. He was the first king to rule over Scotland and England . James was more of a scholar than a man of action. In 1605 the Gunpowder Plot was hatched: Guy Fawkes and his Catholic friends tried to blow up the Houses of Parliament, but were captured before they could do so. James's reign saw the publication of the Authorised Version of the Bible , though this caused problems with the Puritans and their attitude towards the established church. In 1620 the Pilgrim Fathers sailed for America in their ship The Mayflower.
CHARLES 1 1625 - 1649 English Civil War
The son of James I and Anne of Denmark, Charles believed that he ruled by Divine Right. He encountered difficulties with Parliament from the beginning, and this led to the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642. The war lasted four years and following the defeat of Charles's Royalist forces by the New Model Army, led by Oliver Cromwell , Charles was captured and imprisoned. The House of Commons tried Charles for treason against England and when found guilty he was condemned to death. His death warrant states that he was beheaded on Tuesday 30 January 1649. Following this the British monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared.
OLIVER CROMWELL , Lord Protector 1653 - 1658
Cromwell was born at Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire in 1599, the son of a small landowner. He entered Parliament in 1629 and became active in events leading to the Civil War. A leading Puritan figure, he raised cavalry forces and organised the New Model Army, which he led to victory over the Royalists at the Battle of Naseby in 1645. Failing to gain agreement on constitutional change in government with Charles I, Cromwell was a member of a 'Special Commission' that tried and condemned the king to death in 1649. Cromwell declared Britain a republic 'The Commonwealth' and he went on to become its Lord Protector.
Cromwell went on to crush the Irish clans and the Scots loyal to Charles II between 1649 and 1651. In 1653 he finally expelled the corrupt English parliament and with the agreement of army leaders became Lord Protector (King in all but name)
RICHARD CROMWELL, Lord Protector 1658 - 1659
Richard was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, he was appointed the second ruling Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, serving for just nine months. Unlike his father, Richard lacked military experience and as such failed to gain respect or support from his New Model Army. Richard was eventually 'persuaded' to resign from his position as Lord Protector and exiled himself to France until 1680, when he returned to England.
THE RESTORATION
CHARLES II 1660 - 1685
Son of Charles I, also known as the Merry Monarch. After the collapse of the Protectorate following the death of Oliver Cromwell and the flight of Richard Cromwell to France, the Army and Parliament asked Charles to take the throne. Although very popular he was a weak king and his foreign policy was inept. He had 13 known mistresses, one of whom was Nell Gwyn . He fathered numerous illegitimate children but no heir to the throne. The Great Plague in 1665 and the Great Fire of London in 1666 took place during his reign. Many new buildings were built at this time. St. Paul's Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren and also many churches still to be seen today.
JAMES II and VII of Scotland 1685 - 1688
The second surviving son of Charles I and younger brother of Charles II. James had been exiled following the Civil War and served in both the French and Spanish Army. Although James converted to Catholicism in 1670, his two daughters were raised as Protestants. James became very unpopular because of his persecution of the Protestant clergy and was generally hated by the people. Following the Monmouth uprising (Monmouth was an illegitimate son of Charles II and a Protestant) and the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffries, Parliament asked the Dutch prince, William of Orange to take the throne.
William was married to Mary, James II's Protestant daughter. William landed in England and James fled to France where he died in exile in 1701.
WILLIAM III 1689 - 1702 and MARY II 1689 - 1694
On the 5 November 1688, William of Orange sailed his fleet of over 450 ships, unopposed by the Royal Navy, into Torbay harbour and landed his troops in Devon . Gathering local support, he marched his army, now 20,000 strong, on to London in The Glorious Revolution. Many of James II's army had defected to support William, as well as James's other daughter Anne. William and Mary were to reign jointly, and William was to have the Crown for life after Mary died in 1694. James plotted to regain the throne and in 1689 landed in Ireland. William defeated James at the Battle of the Boyne and James fled again to France, as guest of Louis XIV.
ANNE 1702 - 1714
Anne was the second daughter of James II. She had 17 pregnancies but only one child survived - William, who died of smallpox aged just 11. A staunch, high church Protestant, Anne was 37 years old when she succeeded to the throne. Anne was a close friend of Sarah Churchill, the Duchess of Marlborough. Sarah's husband the Duke of Marlborough commanded the English Army in the War of Spanish Succession, winning a series of major battles with the French and gaining the country an influence never before attained in Europe. It was during Anne's reign that the United Kingdom of Great Britain was created by the Union of England and Scotland.
After Anne's death the succession went to the nearest Protestant relative of the Stuart line. This was Sophia, daughter of Elizabeth of Bohemia, James I 's only daughter, but she died a few weeks before Anne and so the throne succeeded to her son George.
THE HANOVARIANS
GEORGE I 1714 -1727
Son of Sophia and the Elector of Hanover, great-grandson of James I. The 54 year old George arrived in England able to speak only a few words of English with his 18 cooks and 2 mistresses in tow. George never learned English, so the conduct of national policy was left to the government of the time with Sir Robert Walpole becoming Britain's first Prime Minister . In 1715 the Jacobites (followers of James Stuart, son of James II) attempted to supplant George, but the attempt failed. George spent little time in England - he preferred his beloved Hanover, although he was implicated in the South Sea Bubble financial scandal of 1720.
GEORGE II 1727 - 1760
Only son of George I. He was more English than his father, but still relied on Sir Robert Walpole to run the country. George was the last English king to lead his army into battle at Dettingen in 1743. In 1745 the Jacobites tried once again to restore a Stuart to the throne. Prince Charles Edward Stuart, 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' . landed in Scotland. He was routed at Culloden Moor by the army under the Duke of Cumberland, known as 'Butcher' Cumberland. Bonnie Prince Charlie escaped to France with the help of Flora MacDonald , and finally died a drunkard's death in Rome.
GEORGE III 1760 - 1820
He was a grandson of George II and the first English-born and English-speaking monarch since Queen Anne. His reign was one of elegance and the age of some of the greatest names in English literature - Jane Austen , Byron, Shelley, Keats and Wordsworth. It was also the time of great statesmen like Pitt and Fox and great captains like Wellington and Nelson . in 1773 the 'Boston Tea Party' was the first sign of the troubles that were to come in America. The American Colonies proclaimed their independence on July 4th 1776. George was well meaning but suffered from a mental illness due to intermittent porphyria and eventually became blind and insane. His son ruled as Prince Regent after 1811 until George's death.
GEORGE IV 1820 - 1830
Known as the 'First Gentleman of Europe'. He had a love of art and architecture but his private life was a mess, to put it mildly! He married twice, once in 1785 to Mrs. Fitzherbert, secretly as she was a Catholic, and then in 1795 to Caroline of Brunswick . Mrs. Fitzherbert remained the love of his life. Caroline and George had one daughter, Charlotte in 1796 but she died in 1817. George was considered a great wit, but was also a buffoon and his death was hailed with relief!
WILLIAM IV 1830 - 1837
Known as the 'Sailor King' (for 10 years the young Prince William, brother of George IV, served in the Royal Navy), he was the third son of George III. Before his accession he lived with a Mrs. Jordan, an actress, by whom he had ten children. When Princess Charlotte died, he had to marry in order to secure the succession. He married Adelaide of Saxe-Coburg in 1818. He had two daughters but they did not live. He hated pomp and wanted to dispense with the Coronation. The people loved him because of his lack of pretension. During his reign Britain abolished slavery in the colonies in 1833. The Reform Act was passed in 1832, this extended the franchise to the middle-classes on a basis of property qualifications.
VICTORIA 1837 - 1901
Victoria was the only child of Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Edward Duke of Kent, fourth son of George III. The throne Victoria inherited was weak and unpopular. Her Hanovarian uncles had been treated with irreverence. In 1840 she married her cousin Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Albert exerted tremendous influence over the Queen and until his death was virtual ruler of the country. He was a pillar of respectability and left two legacies to the UK, the Christmas Tree and the Great Exhibition of 1851. With the money from the Exhibition several institutions were developed, the Victoria and Albert Museum , the Science Museum, Imperial College and the Royal Albert Hall. The Queen withdrew from public life after the death of Albert in 1861 until her Golden Jubilee in 1887. Her reign saw the British Empire double in size and in 1876 the Queen became Empress of India, the 'Jewel in the Crown'. When Victoria died in 1901, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point. She had nine children, 40 grand-children and 37 great-grandchildren, scattered all over Europe.
EDWARD VII 1901 - 1910
A much loved king, the opposite of his dour father. He loved horse-racing, gambling and women! This Edwardian Age was one of elegance. Edward had all the social graces and many sporting interests, yachting and horse-racing - his horse Minoru won the Derby in 1909. Edward married the beautiful Alexandra of Denmark in 1863 and they had six children. The eldest, Edward Duke of Clarence, died in 1892 just before he was to marry Princess Mary of Teck. When Edward died in 1910 it is said that Queen Alexandra brought his current mistress Mrs. Keppel to his bedside to take her farewell. His best known mistress was Lillie Langtry, the 'Jersey Lily'
Name changed in 1917
GEORGE V 1910 - 1936
George had not expected to be king, but when his elder brother died he became the heir-apparent. He had joined the Navy as a cadet in 1877 and loved the sea. He was a bluff, hearty man with a 'quarter-deck' manner. In 1893 he married Princess Mary of Teck, his dead brother's fiancee. His years on the throne were difficult; the First World War in 1914 - 1918 and the troubles in Ireland which lead to the creation of the Irish Free State were considerable problems. In 1932 he began the royal broadcasts on Christmas Day and in 1935 he celebrated his Silver Jubilee. His latter years were overshadowed by his concern about the Prince of Wales and his infatuation with Mrs. Simpson.
EDWARD VIII June 1936 - abdicated December 1936
Edward was the most popular Prince of Wales Britain has ever had. Consequently when he renounced the throne to marry Mrs. Wallis Simpson the country found it almost impossible to believe. The people as a whole knew nothing about Mrs. Simpson until early in December 1936. Mrs. Simpson was an American, a divorcee and had two husbands still living. This was unacceptable to the Church, as Edward had stated that he wanted her to be crowned with him at the Coronation which was to take place the following May. Edward abdicated in favour of his brother and took the title, Duke of Windsor. He went to live abroad.
GEORGE VI 1936 - 1952
George was a shy and nervous man with a very bad stutter , the exact opposite of his brother the Duke of Windsor, but he had inherited the steady virtues of his father George V. He was very popular and well loved by the British people. The prestige of the throne was low when he became king but his wife Elizabeth and his mother Queen Mary were outstanding in their support of him.
The Second World War started in 1939 and throughout the King and Queen set an example of courage and fortitude. They remained at Buckingham Palace for the duration of the war in spite of the bombing. The Palace was bombed more than once. The two Princesses, Elizabeth and Margaret, spent the war years at Windsor Castle . George was in close touch with the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill throughout the war and both had to be dissuaded from landing with the troops in Normandy on D-Day ! The post-war years of his reign were ones of great social change and saw the start of the National Health Service. The whole country flocked to the Festival of Britain held in London in 1951, 100 years after the Great Exhibition during Victoria's reign.
ELIZABETH II 1952 -
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary, or ‘Lilbet’ to close family, was born in London on 21 April 1926. Like her parents, Elizabeth was heavily involved in the war effort during the Second World War, serving in the women's branch of the British Army known as the Auxiliary Territorial Service, training as a driver and mechanic. Elizabeth and her sister Margaret anonymously joined the crowded streets of London on VE Day to celebrate the end of the war. She married her cousin Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and they had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew and Edward. When her father George VI died, Elizabeth became Queen of seven Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka). Elizabeth’s coronation in 1953 was the first to be televised, serving to increase popularity in the medium and doubling television license numbers in the UK. The huge popularity of the royal wedding in 2011 between the Queen’s grandson, Prince William and the commoner Kate Middleton, now the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, reflected the high profile of the British Monarchy at home and abroad. 2012 was also an important year for the royal family, as the nation celebrated the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, her 60th year as Queen.
On 9th September 2015, Elizabeth became Britain's longest serving monarch, ruling longer than her great-great grandmother Queen Victoria who reigned for 63 years and 216 days. Congratulations Ma'am; God Save the Queen!
If you enjoyed this article, you might also like...
Kings and Queens of Wessex - Wessex, also known as the Kingdom of the West Saxons, was a large and extremely influential Anglo-Saxon kingdom from 519 to 927AD. In this article, we take a look at the Kings and Queens that ruled over the kingdom for almost half a millennium.
Kings and Queens of Scotland - Covering the period from 1005 - 1603
Kings and Queens of Mercia - Mercia was one of the great seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England, alongside East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Northumbria Sussex and Wessex. Based around its capital of Tamworth, Mercia went through rapid expansion throughout the 6th and 7th centuries to be one of the ‘big three’ kingdoms of England along with Northumbria and Wessex.
|
i don't know
|
What is the name of the South American tree whose bark contains Quinine?
|
Cinchona - definition of cinchona by The Free Dictionary
Cinchona - definition of cinchona by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cinchona
(sĭng-kō′nə, sĭn-chō′-)
n.
1. Any of various evergreen trees and shrubs of the genus Cinchona, native chiefly to the Andes, some species of which are cultivated for their bark, which contains quinine and other alkaloids used chiefly to treat malaria.
2. The dried bark of any of these plants. Also called Jesuit's bark, Peruvian bark.
[New Latin Cinchona, genus name, reputedly after Francisca Henríquez de Ribera (1576-1639), Countess of Chinchón.]
cin·chon′ic (sĭng-kŏn′ĭk, sĭn-chŏn′-) adj.
cinchona
(sɪŋˈkəʊnə)
n
1. (Plants) any tree or shrub of the South American rubiaceous genus Cinchona, esp C. calisaya, having medicinal bark. Also called: quina or quinaquina
2. (Pharmacology) Also called: cinchona bark, Peruvian bark, calisaya, china bark, quina or quinaquina the dried bark of any of these trees, which yields quinine and other medicinal alkaloids
3. (Pharmacology) any of the drugs derived from cinchona bark
[C18: New Latin, named after the Countess of Chinchón (1576–1639), vicereine of Peru]
cinchonic adj
(sɪŋˈkoʊ nə, sɪn-)
n., pl. -nas.
1. any of several trees or shrubs of the genus Cinchona, of the madder family, native to the Andes, esp. C. calisaya, whose bark yields quinine.
2. the medicinal bark of such trees or shrubs.
[1740–50; < New Latin, after Francisca Enriques de Ribera, Countess of Chinchón (d. 1641), who was associated in several accounts (now considered spurious) with the introduction of quinine into Europe]
cin•chon′ic (-ˈkɒn ɪk) adj.
cin·cho·na
(sĭng-kō′nə, sĭn-chō′nə)
Any of several evergreen trees and shrubs of South America whose bark is the source of quinine and certain other drugs used to treat malaria.
ThesaurusAntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend:
|
Cinchona
|
What is the name of the company that operates passenger rail services throughout the USA?
|
Quinine bark - Cinchona Calisaya (Quina) 30g - TEABRASIL.com
Home > Medicinal herbs > Teas and herbs >Quinine bark - Cinchona Calisaya (Quina) 30g
Quinine bark - Cinchona Calisaya (Quina) 30g
You must add 1 as a minimum quantity to buy this product.
Availability:
Warning: Last items in stock!
By buying this product you can collect up to 1 loyalty point. Your cart will total 1 point that can be converted into a voucher of BRL 0.30.
Quinine bark - Cinchona Calisaya (Quina) 30g
Quinine bark - Quina (Cinchona Calisaya) 30g
Customers who bought this product also bought...
Species: officinalis, ledgeriana, succirubra, calisaya
Synonyms: Quinaquina officinalis, Quinaquina lancifolia, Quinaquina coccinea
Common names: Quinine bark, quina, quinine, kinakina, China bark, cinchona bark, yellow cinchona, red cinchona, Peruvian bark, Jesuit's bark, quina-quina, calisaya bark, fever tree
From The Healing Power of Rainforest Herbs:
QUININEHERBAL PROPERTIES AND ACTIONS
Other Actions
Standard Dosagetreats malariarelieves painBarkkills parasiteskills bacteriaDecoction: 1/2 to 1 cupreduces feverkills fungi3 times dailyregulated heartbeatdries secretionsCapsules: 2 g twice dailystimulates digestioncalms nervesTincture: 1-2 ml twice dailykills germs reduces spasms kills insects The genus Cinchona contains about forty species of trees. They grow 15-20 meters in height and produce white, pink, or yellow flowers. All cinchonas are indigenous to the eastern slopes of the Amazonian area of the Andes, where they grow from 1,500-3,000 meters in elevation on either side of the equator (from Colombia to Bolivia). They can also be found in the northern part of the Andes (on the eastern slopes of the central and western ranges). They are now widely cultivated in many tropical countries for their commercial value, although they are not indigenous to those areas.
TRIBAL AND HERBAL MEDICINE USES
Cinchona, or quinine bark, is one of the rainforest's most famous plants and most important discoveries. Legend has it that the name cinchona came from the countess of Chinchon, the wife of a Peruvian viceroy, who was cured of a malarial type of fever by using the bark of the cinchona tree in 1638. It was supposedly introduced to European medicine in 1640 by the countess of Chinchon, even before botanists had identified and named the species of tree. Quinine bark was first advertised for sale in England in 1658, and was made official in the British Pharmacopoeia in 1677. Physicians gave credit to the drug and, because of its effectiveness with malaria, it was recognized officially even while the identity of the tree species remained unknown. Several years after the "Countess's powder" arrived in England, it arrived in Spain. There, quinine bark was used by the Jesuits very early in its history and due to the influence of the Company of Jesus, the newly named "Jesuit's powder" became known all over Europe. When the plant was finally botanically classified almost one hundred years later in 1737, botanists still named it after the countess for her contribution. Throughout the mid-1600s to mid-1800s quinine bark was the primary treatment for malaria and it evidenced remarkable results. It was also used for fever, indigestion, mouth and throat diseases, and cancer.
Natural quinine bark is still employed in herbal medicine systems around the world today. In Brazilian herbal medicine quinine bark is considered a tonic, a digestive stimulant, and fever-reducer. It is used for anemia, indigestion, gastrointestinal disorders, general fatigue, fevers, malaria and as an appetite stimulant. Other folk remedies in South America cite quinine bark as a natural remedy for cancer (breast, glands, liver, mesentery, spleen), amebic infections, heart problems, colds, diarrhea, dysentery, dyspepsia, fevers, flu, hangover, lumbago, malaria, neuralgia, pneumonia, sciatica, typhoid, and varicose veins. In European herbal medicine the bark is considered antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, antimalarial, a bitter tonic, and a fever-reducer. There it is used as an appetite stimulant, for hair loss, alcoholism, liver, spleen, and gallbladder disorders; and to treat irregular heart beat, anemia, leg cramps, and fevers of all kinds. In the U.S., quinine bark is used as a tonic and digestive aid; to reduce heart palpitations and normalize heart functions; to stimulate digestion and appetite; for hemorrhoids, varicose veins, headaches, leg cramps, colds, flu, and indigestion; and for its astringent, bactericidal, and anesthetic actions in various other conditions.
PLANT CHEMICALS
In 1820 two scientists, Pelletier and Caventou, isolated an alkaloid chemical in the bark which provided the highest antimalarial effect and named it quinine. Once discovered, methods were developed to extract only the quinine alkaloid from the natural bark to sell as an antimalarial drug.
The South American rainforests benefited from the income generated by harvesting cinchona bark for the extraction of this alkaloid from the bark for the manufacture of quinine drugs. In the middle of the 19th century, though, seeds of Cinchona calisaya and Cinchona pubescens were smuggled out of South America by the British and the Dutch. The calisaya species was planted and cultivated in Java by the Dutch and the pubescens species was cultivated in India and Ceylon by the British. However, the quinine content of these species was too low for high-grade, cost effective, commercial production of quinine. The Dutch then smuggled seeds of Cinchona ledgeriana out of Bolivia, paying $20 for a pound of seeds, and soon established extensive plantations of quinine-rich cinchona trees in Java. They quickly dominated the world production of quinine and, by 1918, the majority of the world's supply of quinine was under the total control of the Dutch "kina burea" in Amsterdam. Huge profits were reaped - but Bolivia and Peru, from whence the resource originated, saw none of it.
The upheavals of the Second World War led to changes in the market which still remain in effect today. When Java was occupied by the Japanese in 1942, the Allies' supply of quinine was cut off. South American sources of cinchona trees and quinine bark were once again in demand, but new plantations were planted by the Allies in Africa as well. This dire shortage of quinine fueled research for developing and producing a synthetic version of the quinine alkaloid rather than relying on the natural bark. In 1944 scientists were able to synthesize the quinine alkaloid in the laboratory. This led to various synthesized and patented quinine drugs which were manufactured by several pharmaceutical companies and which were of course, highly profitable. Today, Indonesia and India still cultivate cinchona trees; however Africa, with their expansions of the old WWII plantations, has emerged as the leading supplier of quinine bark. Much lower on the list of producers are the South American countries of Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador, still struggling to compete. Although all cinchona species are good sources of quinine, C. succirubra and C. ledgeriana are the species containing the highest amount of quinine alkaloids - which is why they are the species of choice for cultivation today.
The cardiac effects of cinchona bark were noted in academic medicine at the end of the 17th century. Quinine was used sporadically through the first half of the 18th century for cardiac problems and arrhythmia and it became a standard of cardiac therapy in the second half of the 19th century. Another alkaloid chemical called quinidine was discovered to be responsible for this beneficial cardiac effect. Quinidine, a compound produced from quinine, is still used in cardiology today, sold as a prescription drug for arrhythmia. The sales demand for this drug still generates the need for harvesting natural quinine bark today because scientists have been unsuccessful in synthesizing this chemical without utilizing the natural quinine found in cinchona bark.
The main plant chemicals found in quinine bark include: aricine, caffeic acid, cinchofulvic acid, cincholic acid, cinchonain, cinchonidine, cinchonine, cinchophyllamine, cinchotannic acid, cinchotine, conquinamine, cuscamidine, cuscamine, cusconidine, cusconine, epicatechin, javanine, paricine, proanthocyanidins, quinacimine, quinamine, quinic acid, quinicine, quinine, quininidine, quinovic acid, quinovin, and sucirubine.
Table: Alkaloid Content Comparison by Cinchona speciesSpecies Total Alkaloids (%)Quinine Content (%)C. calisaya3 - 70 - 4C. pubescens4.5 - 8.51 - 3C. officinalis5 - 82 - 7.5C. ledgeriana5 -143 - 13C. succirubra6 - 164 - 14
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND CLINICAL RESEARCH
Interestingly enough, natural quinine extracted from quinine bark and the use of natural bark tea and/or bark extracts are making a comeback in the management and treatment of malaria. Malaria strains have evolved which have developed a resistance to the synthesized quinine drugs. It was shown in early studies that an effective dose of natural quinine bark extract elicited the same antimalarial activity as an effective dose of the synthesized quinine drug. Scientists are now finding that these new strains of drug-resistant malaria can be treated effectively with natural quinine and/or quinine bark extracts. As evolving pathogens develop widespread resistance to our standard antibiotics, antivirals, and antimalarial drugs, it is of little wonder that the use of the natural medicine in quinine bark is being revisited, even by such giants as the World Health Organization.
A recent use for quinine drugs has been for the treatment of muscle spasms and leg cramps. A 1998 study documented the beneficial effects of quinine for leg cramps, with tinnitus being the only documented side effect. In 2002, a double-blind placebo study was undertaken in which 98 people with nocturnal leg cramps were given 400 mg of quinine daily for 2 weeks. The results stated that quinine administered at this dose effectively reduced the frequency, intensity, and pain of leg cramps without relevant side-effects. This use has fueled the natural product market and more people are looking for natural quinine bark as an alternative to the synthesized prescription drugs for this purpose.
CURRENT PRACTICAL USES
Quinine bark is harvested today much as it has been for hundreds of years. The tree trunks are beaten and the peeling bark is removed. The bark partially regenerates on the tree and, after a few years and several cycles of bark removal, the trees are uprooted and new ones are planted. The commercial quinine market today is difficult to calculate. It is thought that 300-500 metric tons of quinine alkaloids are extracted annually from 5,000-10,000 metric tons of harvested bark. Nearly half of the harvest is directed to the food industry for the production of quinine water, tonic water, and as an FDA-approved bitter food additive. The remainder is utilized in the manufacture of the quinidine prescription drug. Quinine is very bitter tasting and commercially sold tonic waters often use quinine as it's bitter ingredient/component. Commercially-produced tonic water usually contains around 100 to 300 parts per million quinine and up to a maximum allowable concentration of 70 milligrams of quinine per liter.
The longstanding natural remedy for quinine bark usually calls for a cup of boiling water to be poured over approximately 1-2 g of ground or chopped natural bark and allowed to steep for ten minutes. A cupful of this infusion is drunk half an hour before meals to stimulate the appetite, or after meals to treat digestive disorders. The use of pure quinine at large dosages can be toxic. The reported therapeutic oral dose for quinine alkaloids in adults is between 167-333 mg three times per day. Reportedly, a single dose of 2-8 grams of pure quinine alkaloids taken orally may be fatal to an adult. Natural bark teas prepared in the traditional manner, however, have a long history of use without toxic effects. A cup of traditional quinine bark tea would provide approximately 100 mg of total alkaloids, including quinine (based upon an average of 5% total alkaloid content in the raw bark).
The history of the cinchona tree provides a perfect example of how a natural product can go from folklore and indigenous use into world trade-and then into the drug market. It's also a perfect example of how indigenous peoples and countries with important natural resources are too often pirated and left out of the profit loop by industrialized nations and rich, multinational, profit-driven organizations. Despite the fact that quinine and quinidine drugs were patented and sold, Peru and Bolivia - from whence the discovery was made and the resources extracted - did not share in the patents or resulting profits. Their natural resources were smuggled out and profitable world markets were created from them. They were poor, developing nations without multinational backing or investment capital - and ended up at the bottom of the heap while competing in a global market for resources indigenous to their countries.
While governments are making inroads and new laws concerning biodiversity and intellectual property rights to correct this situation, business still has a long way to go to "do the right thing." Ideally, if natural quinine bark makes a comeback in the growing natural products industry or new drugs are developed for these drug-resistant strains of malaria, these new laws will protect the natural resources of these developing nations.
QUININE PLANT SUMMARYMain Preparation Method: decoctionMain Actions (in order): antimalarial, bitter digestive aid, antiparasitic, antispasmodic, febrifuge (reduces fever)
Main Uses:
for malariaas a bitter digestive aid to stimulate digestive juicesfor nocturnal leg crampsfor intestinal parasites and protozoafor arrhythmia and other heart conditionsProperties/Actions Documented by Research: anti-arrhythmic, antimalarial, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antispasmodic, bitter digestive aid, cardiotonic (tones, balances, strengthens the heart)Other Properties/Actions Documented by Traditional Use:amebicide, analgesic (pain-reliever), antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic, astringent, digestive stimulant, febrifuge (reduces fever), insecticide, nervine (balances/calms nerves), neurasthenic (reduces nerve pain)
Cautions: It contains quinine alkaloids that are toxic in large doses. Do not exceed recommended dosages. See other contraindications in main plant section.
Traditional Preparation: One-half cup bark decoction 1-3 times daily or 1-2 ml of a 4:1 tincture is taken twice daily. One to 2 grams daily of powdered bark in tablets or capsules can be substituted if desired. See Traditional Herbal Remedies Preparation Methods page if necessary for definitions.
Contraindications: Quinine bark contains naturally-occurring quinine alkaloids. These quinine alkaloids are sold as prescription drugs with numerous side effects and warnings documented in the literature. Do not exceed the quinine bark natural remedy amounts shown above unless you are under the care and advice of a qualified health care practitioner who is familiar with the warnings, side effects, and contraindications of higher therapeutic levels of quinine alkaloids.
Drug Interactions: May potentiate blood thinning medications such as Warfarin.®
WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USESBrazilfor anemia, anorexia, debility, digestive sluggishness, dyspepsia, fatigue, fevers, gastrointestinal disorders, indigestion, malariaEuropefor alcoholism, anemia, antimalarial, appetite stimulant, cramps, debility, diarrhea, enlarged spleen, fevers, flatulence, gallbladder disorders, hair loss, irregular heartbeat, leg cramps, liver disorders, malaria, muscle pain, protozoal infections, and as a antisepticMexicomalaria, and as an antiseptic, astringent, and tonicUSfor bacterial infections, colds, digestive disorders, dyspepsia, fevers, flu, headaches, heart palpitations, hemorrhoids, leg cramps, malaria, pain, varicose veins, viral infections, and as an appetite stimulant, astringent and cardiotonicVenezuelafor cancer and malariaElsewherefor amebic infections, bacterial infections, carditis, colds, contraceptive, cough, dandruff, diarrhea, digestive sluggishness, dysentery, dyspepsia, fever, flu, glandular disorders, hangovers, hemorrhoids, lumbago, malaria, neuralgia, pain, pinworms, pneumonia, sciatica, septic infections, sore throat, stomatitis, tumor (glands), typhoid, varicose veins, and as a insecticide, insect repellent, stimulant, and uterine tonic
No customer comments for the moment.
Only registered users can post a new comment.
No customer reviews for the moment.
|
i don't know
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.