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Who is the Member of Parliament for the Yorkshire constituency of Normanton?
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normanton uk parliament constituency : definition of normanton uk parliament constituency and synonyms of normanton uk parliament constituency (English)
6 Sources
Boundaries
The West Yorkshire constituency includes the towns of Normanton and Ossett and several villages. The area has a tradition of being working-class, but it has now become almost entirely gentrified as nearby Leeds has expanded as a financial centre.
The wards included are "Normanton and Sharlston" [the safest Labour ward], "Stanley and Outwood East", "Wrenthorpe and Outwood West", "Ossett" and "Horbury and South Ossett". Ossett is now actually the largest town in the area, due to its high growth in recent years. The Tory vote is very low in Normanton itself and in Ossett, but councillors have been elected for Horbury and for Wrenthorpe. Until recently the LibDems had all three councillors for the "Ossett" ward, but have never performed well in general elections, in this area. "Stanley and Outwood East" is a fairly safe Labour ward.
The constituency is nicknamed the banana constituency on account of its unusual shape.
The village of Altofts, located just to the north of Normanton, is currently included in the constituency, despite being part of a Castleford ward. The village is planned to move into a proposed "Pontefract and Castleford" seat. (but see below)
Boundary review
Following their review of parliamentary representation in West Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England had created a Normanton and Pontefract constituency. In late May 2006, the Commission published a revised recommendation changing the name of this constituency to Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford .
Local newspapers and the Labour Party opposed the initial change, but following a public consultation the Commission decided to create the seat conceding only a name change - from Pontefract and Castleford, to Normanton and Pontefract. This has now been extended to cover all three names. The wards of "Wrenthorpe and Outwood West" and "Stanley and Outwood East" - the most affluent part of the constituency - is set to be joined to the Conservative-leaning commuter town of Morley , which is in the Leeds district, in a Morley and Outwood constituency. Local groups and newspapers have protested that this represents a takeover of the Wakefield district by the Leeds district. Cynics reply that the Labour Party is worried that "Morley and Outwood" would be won the Conservatives. Ossett and Horbury are set for inclusion in the Wakefield constituency .
Members of Parliament
The constituency elected only Labour MPs since 1905, the longest run (with Gower and Makerfield ) of any UK constituency. From 1885 to 1906, it had returned Liberal-Labour MPs.
Ed Balls, the former Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, represented the seat from the 2005 general election until 2010 when it was abolished.
Election
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Ed Balls
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Roger Moore received a knighthood in 2003 for services to which organisation?
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normanton uk parliament constituency : definition of normanton uk parliament constituency and synonyms of normanton uk parliament constituency (English)
6 Sources
Boundaries
The West Yorkshire constituency includes the towns of Normanton and Ossett and several villages. The area has a tradition of being working-class, but it has now become almost entirely gentrified as nearby Leeds has expanded as a financial centre.
The wards included are "Normanton and Sharlston" [the safest Labour ward], "Stanley and Outwood East", "Wrenthorpe and Outwood West", "Ossett" and "Horbury and South Ossett". Ossett is now actually the largest town in the area, due to its high growth in recent years. The Tory vote is very low in Normanton itself and in Ossett, but councillors have been elected for Horbury and for Wrenthorpe. Until recently the LibDems had all three councillors for the "Ossett" ward, but have never performed well in general elections, in this area. "Stanley and Outwood East" is a fairly safe Labour ward.
The constituency is nicknamed the banana constituency on account of its unusual shape.
The village of Altofts, located just to the north of Normanton, is currently included in the constituency, despite being part of a Castleford ward. The village is planned to move into a proposed "Pontefract and Castleford" seat. (but see below)
Boundary review
Following their review of parliamentary representation in West Yorkshire, the Boundary Commission for England had created a Normanton and Pontefract constituency. In late May 2006, the Commission published a revised recommendation changing the name of this constituency to Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford .
Local newspapers and the Labour Party opposed the initial change, but following a public consultation the Commission decided to create the seat conceding only a name change - from Pontefract and Castleford, to Normanton and Pontefract. This has now been extended to cover all three names. The wards of "Wrenthorpe and Outwood West" and "Stanley and Outwood East" - the most affluent part of the constituency - is set to be joined to the Conservative-leaning commuter town of Morley , which is in the Leeds district, in a Morley and Outwood constituency. Local groups and newspapers have protested that this represents a takeover of the Wakefield district by the Leeds district. Cynics reply that the Labour Party is worried that "Morley and Outwood" would be won the Conservatives. Ossett and Horbury are set for inclusion in the Wakefield constituency .
Members of Parliament
The constituency elected only Labour MPs since 1905, the longest run (with Gower and Makerfield ) of any UK constituency. From 1885 to 1906, it had returned Liberal-Labour MPs.
Ed Balls, the former Secretary of State for Children, Schools and Families, represented the seat from the 2005 general election until 2010 when it was abolished.
Election
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i don't know
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In which 1995 'Oscar' nominated film did Anthony Hopkins play the part of a US President. Other parts were played by Ed Harris, E.G. Marshall, and David Hyde Pierce?
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Nixon (1995) - IMDb
IMDb
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A biographical story of former U.S. president Richard Milhous Nixon, from his days as a young boy to his eventual presidency which ended in shame.
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Nominated for 4 Oscars. Another 10 wins & 13 nominations. See more awards »
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A chronicle of the life and presidency of George W. Bush .
Director: Oliver Stone
A New Orleans DA discovers there's more to the Kennedy assassination than the official story.
Director: Oliver Stone
The biography of Ron Kovic. Paralyzed in the Vietnam war, he becomes an anti-war and pro-human rights political activist after feeling betrayed by the country he fought for.
Director: Oliver Stone
An American photojournalist gets caught in a political struggle at El Salvador in 1980.
Director: Oliver Stone
The final movie in Oliver Stone's Vietnam trilogy follows the true story of a Vietnamese village girl who survives a life of suffering and hardship during and after the Vietnam war. As a ... See full summary »
Director: Oliver Stone
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7.2/10 X
The story of the famous and influential 1960s rock band The Doors and its lead singer and composer, Jim Morrison , from his days as a UCLA film student in Los Angeles, to his untimely death in Paris, France at age 27 in 1971.
Director: Oliver Stone
A rude, contemptuous talk show host becomes overwhelmed by the hatred that surrounds his program just before it goes national.
Director: Oliver Stone
A young and impatient stockbroker is willing to do anything to get to the top, including trading on illegal inside information taken through a ruthless and greedy corporate raider who takes the youth under his wing.
Director: Oliver Stone
A man heading to Vegas to pay off his gambling debt before the Russian mafia kills him, is forced to stop in an Arizona town where everything that can go wrong, does go wrong.
Director: Oliver Stone
Two Port Authority police officers become trapped under the rubble of the World Trade Center.
Director: Oliver Stone
A behind-the-scenes look at the life-and-death struggles of modern-day gladiators and those who lead them.
Director: Oliver Stone
About a 1839 mutiny aboard a slave ship that is traveling towards the northeastern coast of America. Much of the story involves a court-room drama about the free man who led the revolt.
Director: Steven Spielberg
Edit
Storyline
Director Oliver Stone's exploration of former president Richard Nixon's strict Quaker upbringing, his nascent political strivings in law school, and his strangely self-effacing courtship of his wife, Pat. The contradictions in his character are revealed early, in the vicious campaign against Helen Gahagan Douglas and the oddly masochistic Checkers speech. His defeat at the hands of the hated and envied John F. Kennedy in the 1960 presidential election, followed by the loss of the 1962 California gubernatorial race, seem to signal the end of his career. Yet, although wholly lacking in charisma, Nixon remains a brilliant political operator, seizing the opportunity provided by the backlash against the antiwar movement to take the presidency in 1968. It is only when safely in office, running far ahead in the polls for the 1972 presidential election, that his growing paranoia comes to full flower, triggering the Watergate scandal. Written by alfiehitchie
Triumphant in Victory, Bitter in Defeat. He Changed the World, But Lost a Nation. See more »
Genres:
Rated R for language | See all certifications »
Parents Guide:
5 January 1996 (USA) See more »
Also Known As:
Gli intrighi del potere - Nixon See more »
Filming Locations:
Did You Know?
Trivia
A major scene that was unable to be filmed was of Nixon and his family watching Patton (1970), Nixon's favorite movie, and one he watched repeatedly. The scene would've highlighted Patton's speech at the beginning of the film in which he says "Americans have never lost and will never lose a war, because the very thought of losing is hateful to Americans" which would have had resonance with Nixon's line "I will not be the first President to lose a war." But George C. Scott did not relinquish his image rights for Patton, and the scene could not be filmed. See more »
Goofs
Flipped shot: when Nixon enters the Beverly Hilton ballroom, the campaign signs are backwards. See more »
Quotes
Written by Cedric King Palmer
[Played during the training film at the beginning]
(Oxford, OH) – See all my reviews
I'm not normally a fan of Oliver Stone (in fact, I've NEVER liked an Oliver Stone picture before)but this one just blew me away. The reason I usually don't like him is that, though he is a great technical director and visual stylist, his scripts are heavy-handed and one-sided to the point of absurdity. But not here. In fact, the script is perhaps the most impressive element in this whole movie, not only for how ambiguous and even-handed it is in dealing with Nixon as a character, but also for the brilliant way it moves around in time. It starts with Nixon, feeling embattled in the White House in 1973 as the Watergate hearings are upon him, and uses the device of him listening to his secret tapes to jump back and forth to previous eras, flawlessly moving between past and present to give an impressionistic, kaleidoscopic overview of the man's life, instead of following the staid and ho-hum linear approach most movie biographies take (most recent example: "Man on the Moon", the bio on Andy Kaufman which was a snoozer in spite of a great performance by Jim Carrey mainly because of the dry boring, "This happened. . .And then this happened" approach).
Another reason to see this film is the brilliant, absolutely overwhelming lead performance by Anthony Hopkins; his Nixon may not look or sound exactly like the 37th president (but come on, except maybe for Ed Sullivan, who does?) but he embodies his qualities - strengths as well as weaknesses - to such an enormous degree that he simply BECOMES Nixon, at least for the three hours the movie is on screen.
I have to say, though, I was not nearly as impressed as every one else (critics and general audiences alike) seems to be about Joan Allen as Pat Nixon. It's nothing against her performance, she did fine, it's just that as written, the part is rather weak. In fact, I was much more bothered about the liberties the filmmakers took in fleshing out her character than in all the political events; it's like, whenever they wanted to have someone blast Nixon or act as his conscience, they'd trot out Ol' Pat, giving her some of the most embarrasingly "speechified" moments in all of the movies - almost none of their scenes together ringed true as husband as wife; it was more like Nixon sitting across from the Filmmakers' Conscience. In fact, she's angry at him so often in the film you have to wonder, what exactly does she love about the man? The film never answers (or attempts to answer) this question.
But this one minor quibble is not enough to make me downgrade this film. It is an absolutely stunning achievement by any stretch of the imagination, and it contains some interesting thematic and technical echoes of both Citizen Kane (cavernous high ceiling scenes, a "March of Time"-type newsreel on Nixon, a dinner scene between Dick and Pat at a long, impersonal table) as well as The Godfather (the burnished, half-dark half-light cinematography, several "chamber of power" scenes in tight, dark and claustrophobic rooms)that I found, in context, to be totally appropriate. It paints both Nixon and the times he (and the country) lived through on a grand and mythic scale that was truly awesome and, once again, entirely appropriate. Yes, it's a film that is at times big, loud and bombastic (because so, after all, was Nixon himself) but, just as often quiet, contemplative and told at an achingly *human* level. The contrast between these two states is what gives the film a good deal of its overall power and, as I've said, I never would have believed that Stone would have been capable of doing the smaller, quieter scenes so well.
This is a good film to have on tape or DVD, for two reasons. It's so long, and so dense with facts, characters and events, that you're not likely to want to watch it all the way straight through (the first time I saw it was in the theater and though I was held spellbound, I began wishing for an intermission at about the two-hour mark, not so much to stretch my legs but to give my brain a chance to process all I'd seen and heard so far). Also, and more importantly, the videotape includes after the credits two scenes cut out of the final film for time purposes. In both cases, I believe, a severe mistake was made - these are both, I believe, ESSENTIAL sequences; not just nice to have as an additional bargain, but scenes which Stone should have fought tooth and nail to keep in (even cutting out some others if he had to - my vote would have been to excise a few of those Pat Nixon scenes instead). Once scene involves Nixon's visit to the CIA and another a discussion between Nixon and J. Edgar Hoover in the Oval Office. The first scene is a masterpiece of writing and acting (with Sam Waterston as CIA Director Richard Helms, otherwise in no other scene of the movie) and the other is, I think, key in understanding Nixon's motivation to begin taping his White House conversations in the first place (also - an issue which is touched on no other place in the movie). I feel that these two scenes should be edited back into their appropriate places in the movie; seeing them separated from the rest of the film is better than not seeing them at all, but they really belong as part of the entire story.
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Richard Nixon
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Ripon in Yorkshire, lies on which river?
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Nixon: Special Edition - Oliver Stone Collection Box Set (1995)
Nixon: Special Edition - Oliver Stone Collection Box Set (1995)
Reviewed by Colin Jacobson (August 18, 2008)
When Oliver Stone indicated that he planned to make a biopic about Richard Nixon, most folks assumed it would be little more than a vicious hatchet job on the much maligned former president. After all, Stone�s liberal tendencies had long been evident, and it seemed extremely unlikely that he�d show anything other than contempt for �Tricky Dick�.
However, the truth was quite different. While 1995�s Nixon won�t be mistaken for a hagiography of the man, it seemed much more fair and even-handed than anyone had the right to expect. Ultimately, Stone created what actually came across as a somewhat sentimental and caring portrait of a very flawed public official.
As a biopic, Nixon seemed very differently constructed than The Doors , Stone�s disappointing look at the rock band. The latter followed a fairly standard path; Stone attempted to spice up the usual �rise and fall� music story with some mystical elements and other approaches but I thought the result failed due to the ultimately conventional nature of the tale; Stone�s creative approach simply rendered the results incoherent.
Although Nixon uses a much less linear storytelling technique, it actually appears a great deal more clear and intelligible. The movie starts in the Watergate era and bops from period to period before it ultimately concludes at the end of Nixon�s presidency. If I were to describe the historical transitions, they probably wouldn�t sound very logical, but Stone weaves together the tale in such a way that the jumps make sense and flow naturally. The shifts work effectively to create a stronger picture of the man as a whole.
And what about the Nixon that Stone portrays? Although his image has softened somewhat in recent years - especially since his death in 1994 - Nixon remains viewed as something of a monster. Frankly, I never understood this point of view. No, I wasn�t a Nixon fan - not by any stretch of the imagination - but at times it seemed as though many people considered Nixon to be a terror of Hitlerian proportions. For all his flaws, Nixon wasn�t evil, and the man depicted in this film definitely shows that to be the case.
If anything, Stone seems to view Nixon as a tragic figure. He gives the president credit where credit�s due as he details the good and the bad of his life. Okay, there�s more bad than good, but I felt the portrait seemed fair.
However, I�m not sure how accurate Stone�s psychological impressions of Nixon are. Essentially we�re shown a lonely, insulated man who spends his life wishing to be loved. You get the feeling he�d have been the greatest president of all-time if only someone gave him a hug. Stone also shows Nixon as being absolutely obsessed with the Kennedys, largely for the same psychological reasons; he just wants to be loved, and the manner in which JFK was embraced grates on Dick.
I don�t have a tremendous grasp of the intricacies of Nixon�s life, so I can�t comment on the veracity of Stone�s emotional interpretation. However, I will at least give him credit for trying to provide something that didn�t just dryly reiterate facts and biographical details. Stone seems to have based his ideas on various records, so I doubt he�s totally off base. In any case, those dimensions add spark and depth to the proceedings.
In addition to Stone�s creative storytelling and visceral filmwork, Nixon succeeds because of an excellent cast. However, I remain unimpressed with Anthony Hopkins� portrayal of the man himself. Many seem to feel that Hopkins truly nailed the essence of Nixon, but I don�t see it that way. I recognize that an actor doesn�t have to do a picture-perfect imitation of a person to be acceptable in the role, but Hopkins looks and sounds so little like Nixon that I simply had a great deal of difficulty getting past the differences.
In The Doors, Val Kilmer replicated Jim Morrison so accurately that I thought the two looked virtually identical until I saw material of Morrison shown during the DVD�s documentary; upon closer examination, the differences were much clearer. No such comparisons were necessary during Nixon, as I never felt as though I was watching the ex-president. Hopkins� dissimilarities to Nixon made his performance distracting to me for much of the film. He pulled off Nixon�s post-Watergate disintegration much more successfully than the earlier scenes, I�ll admit, and as a performance, Hopkins does a very solid job. I simply was never able to suspend my disbelief.
The same was not true for some of the other actors, a few of whom seemed as miscast as Hopkins. Most prominent in that regard was Paul Sorvino as Henry Kissinger. Conjure a mental image of Kissinger, and then dial up a picture of Sorvino - not too similar, are they? However, Sorvino replicates Kissinger so closely that it�s scary. Via makeup, he looks a tremendous amount like Kissinger, and he absolutely nails the voice and demeanor. It�s an excellent performance that went far.
Also terrific was Joan Allen as Nixon�s wife Pat. Of the main actors, she probably looked the most like the person she played, and this resemblance definitely helped her work. However, Allen was able to inhabit the role to a degree beyond mere impersonation. Actually, I think her performance was especially remarkable because of her limited screen time. Hopkins had the entire film to make us believe him, though I don�t think he ever did this. Allen, on the other hand, had to communicate a wide variety of attitudes and demeanors across a span of years without the same amount of screen �transition time�; in a few short minutes, Allen was able to make us see the ways that her husband�s life wore on her. It�s a terrific performance that helped make the film work.
The remaining supporting cast was also very strong, though the other actors had an advantage over Hopkins, Allen and Sorvino; though many of the portrayed personages are very famous, they lacked the higher public profiles of the Nixons and Kissinger. I have a vague idea of how folks like John Dean looked and sounded, but not to anywhere near the degree of my acquaintance with these others. In any case, the all-star cast - which includes actors like James Woods as Bob Haldeman, David Hyde Pierce as Dean, and Ed Harris as Howard Hunt - performed admirably.
Two casting footnotes: First, note the presence of Dan Hedaya as Trini Cardoza. Hedaya - best known as Carla�s sleazy husband Nick on Cheers - would play Nixon himself in 1999�s comedy Dick. Also, in the �Walt must be spinning in his grave� category we found Brian Bedford as Clyde Tolson, allegedly gay consort of J. Edgar Hoover (played by Bob Hoskins). Bedford starred as the dashing lead character in Disney�s 1973 animated version of Robin Hood .
In Oliver Stone�s Nixon, we find a surprisingly compassionate and open-minded portrait of the 20th century�s most infamous president. Whether or not the movie will cause many to rethink their ideas about the man is unknown to me, but for all the flaws on display, I think the film succeeds in that it created an interest in me to discover more facts for myself. Even if much of Nixon is bunk - always a strong possibility in an Oliver Stone flick - it deserves credit for its nicely complicated look at a famous figure.
Note that this DVD includes the �Extended Director�s Cut� of Nixon. This features an additional 31 minutes of footage that has been placed back into the film. As a whole, the added scenes are interesting, and I didn�t feel they made the movie drag in any way. (By the way, the DVD�s case states that the flick presents �28 minutes� of added footage, but since the DC lasts 212 minutes while the theatrical cut ran 191 minutes, that math doesn�t make sense to me. Personally, I wish they�d reinserted 18 and a half minutes of shots.)
The DVD Grades: Picture C-/ Audio B/ Bonus B+
Nixon appears in an aspect ratio of approximately 2.40:1 on this single-sided, double-layered DVD; the image has not been enhanced for 16X9 televisions. This was an inconsistent and generally bland presentation.
Sharpness generally appeared decent, though moderate softness affected wider shots. Edge haloes tended to be a bit heavy at times, and I occasionally saw a �stair-stepping� effect in edges that made them look artificially harsh. The issue occurred infrequently, but it did distract me at times; it seemed most obvious during the scenes shot in black and white. Otherwise, moir� effects appeared largely absent; I witnessed a modest shimmer on two or three occasions but nothing more than that.
Print flaws also showed no significant concerns. The film displayed a little grit and a few speckles but nothing worse than that. Actually, you will encounter some instances of more serious grain, grit, etc., but I won�t refer to these as defects because they were intentional. As was also the case with other Stone films like JFK and Natural Born Killers , he used a variety of film stocks in Nixon, and many of them were intentionally flawed to suit the �feel� of the scene. I can�t call these �flaws� because they were done on purpose.
Colors usually seemed decent but not much better. Though the movie occasionally utilized various kinds of stylized hues, most of the film stuck with natural tones, though they didn�t look particularly natural; they tended to be a bit brown and flat. Black levels seemed deep and dark, with acceptable contrast, and shadow detail looked clear and appropriately opaque; at no time did I discern any excessive thickness to the low light sequences.
The comments above applied to about 85 percent of the movie - so what about that other 15 percent? Well, that was a rough estimate of the amount of Nixon devoted to footage reinstated for the �director�s cut�. Some DVDs helpfully indicate which scenes are new to the expanded version, but Nixon does not; nowhere in the package or on the DVD itself will you be notified which segments were added. However, you really don�t need such specifications because you�ll see them for yourself; the difference in quality between the original footage and the reinserted shots is startling.
As a whole, the director�s cut scenes look pretty bad. They appeared quite fuzzy and lacked significant depth or detail. They also appeared bland and without much color; part of this may be due to the design of the scenes themselves, but I thought these segments were excessively drab. I don�t know the source of these portions of Nixon, but they look VHS in origin to me. Enough of the movie looked decent to make this a �C-� transfer, but it wasn�t any better than that.
Audio quality seemed more consistent, though the added sequences caused some issues that I�ll address later in the review. For the most part, however, the Dolby Digital 5.1 and DTS 5.1 soundtracks of Nixon offered a satisfying experience. Not surprisingly, the soundfield strongly emphasized the forward channels. In those speakers, I heard well-differentiated audio that seemed natural and evenly spaced between the speakers. There wasn�t a tremendous amount of localized sound since the music dominated the track, but the atmosphere appeared appropriate and the sounds came from the logical positions. The surrounds kicked in with reinforcement for the score and general ambiance. Again, Nixon didn�t require a killer surround track, and the mix here aptly fit the film.
Audio quality appeared solid. Dialogue usually sounded distinct and natural with no issues related to intelligibility. However, some lines came across as slightly edgy at times. Effects seemed clean and realistic and offered no signs of distortion. The score came across as wonderfully full and rich, and the music also offered excellent low end. Throughout the movie, bass response seemed tight and deep, and these elements added to the overall impact of this very good soundtrack.
As I noted, the sound appeared somewhat less terrific during the scenes reinserted for this director�s cut, but the differences were much less severe than those observed in the visual domain. For the most part, the added segments displayed a fairly monophonic bias, though I did detect some stereo spread at times. Most of the extended snippets were rather quiet, however, so the soundfield became less of a factor. Quality seemed slightly less strong than during the remainder of the film, but the two sounded acceptably similar. If you listen carefully, you can detect some differences between the audio heard in the original scenes and those added to this version, but the sound presented none of the significant problems observed in those video elements.
In this two-DVD special edition, we find a slew of extras, most of which reside on the second disc. However, that doesn�t mean we don�t get hours of material on DVD one, because it contains two separate audio commentaries from director Oliver Stone. I was surprised to see two different tracks and I initially thought that one must be new while the other was created for an old laserdisc release. However, a screening indicates that both are recent efforts. I can�t specify actual recording dates, but Stone mentions the death of Madeline Kahn in the first track, which means it had to take place after December 1999. In the second commentary, Stone mentions that he was able to revisit the film for the director�s cut and he states he got to do so �five years later�. As such, we can tell that both tracks are recent, though I have no idea why Stone sat down to talk about Nixon twice in such a short time-frame.
In any case, the first commentary is easily the more compelling. Stone aptly covers a variety of topics such as some historical liberties, various aspects of Nixon�s life and career, and the different technical challenges presented by the subject. The latter area was most interesting because Stone wanted events to be real but also knew that he had to provide exposition that would make them not exactly true to life. For example, during an added scene between Nixon and CIA director Richard Helms, the two have to make lots of statements that would have been unnecessary but need to be mentioned to keep the crowd �in the know�. The track occasionally suffers from some moderately long gaps, but since the film runs more than three and a half hours, that�s not a big problem.
Empty spaces are much more of a concern during the second commentary because it offers more blank spots, and these run longer in time. At times Stone chimes in with some compelling comments - especially when he talked about the alterations he made for the director�s cut, something he didn�t discuss in the other track � but he goes mum for extended periods. This commentary needs an index to make it an easier listen; Stone offers some good information, but the infrequency of his statements makes it frustrating.
By the way, Stone makes some comments that I found fairly dumbfounding. Stone briefly touches on the fact that Nixon apparently watched Patton repeatedly at one point and that it seemed to affect his war policy. Stone calls Patton �jingoistic�, which makes me wonder if he ever actually watched the movie. Granted, Patton is a movie that I think functions as something of a cinematic Rorschach; whether hawk or dove, the viewer sees what the viewer wants to see. I�m just surprised that Stone would see it as a pro-war, blindly supportive flick.
On the second DVD, we discover additional supplements. The prime feature here seems to be a collection of Deleted Scenes. Here we get 11 different segments, each of which is introduced by Stone. (The DVD menu refers to �audio commentary� by Stone for all of these snippets, but this simply means the introductions.) The section also begins with a lengthy (8:15) overview from Stone and it finishes with some closing thoughts. Those two pieces were very valuable, as Stone actually discussed the production itself in more detail than during the audio commentaries. His statements are compelling and stimulating.
I also liked all of his introductions to the individual deleted scenes. Unfortunately, the snippets themselves are less valuable. This isn�t because the shots are dull or worthless. No, many of them are quite good, really. My complaint stems from redundancy. Of the 11 scenes, only four of them don�t already appear in the �director�s cut�. Of those four, two are completely new segments: �Bull Ring� and �Jones Ranch Barbecue�, both of which involve the Larry Hagman character. The other two - �Air Force One� and �Rockefeller Party� - are extended versions of existing scenes.
Granted, I don�t mind the duplication of the other seven clips too much because we get to hear more from Stone about them. Nonetheless, some may be irritated at having to wade through repeated material. Aren�t you glad I�m here to tell you which clips to skip? Happily, the DVD includes chapter stops for each scene, so you can easily jump from one Stone introduction to the next; you aren�t stuck watching material you�ve already seen, so you can just check out Stone�s comments and then move to the next part.
Next up is a compelling piece called Charlie Rose Interviews Oliver Stone. Unlike the snippet found on the Natural Born Killers DVD, we get the entire 55-minute episode of Rose�s program from 1995 when Nixon hit the screens. Some of the information duplicates the details Stone offered in the audio commentaries, but most of the discussion touches on new areas. Rose provides insightful questions and keeps the conversation moving briskly, and he�s not afraid to touch on areas of controversy as he brings up many of the criticisms leveled by Stone�s detractors. It�s a very compelling interview that went by quickly.
Much less stimulating was the DVD�s Featurette. This five-minute glorler (glorified trailer) largely combines film clips with a few shots from the set and interview snippets from principals like Stone, Hopkins, Allen, and Woods. It�s not a terrible piece, but it�s clearly promotional in nature and it offers little of value. In addition, the film�s actual theatrical trailer appears.
In Nixon, Oliver Stone showed that he could still surprise me. I expected a vicious attack on the ex-president but instead found a fairly even-handed and moving look at the private man. As with every Stone film, Nixon possesses many flaws, but it remains one of his most consistent and compelling efforts.
The DVD presents flawed picture, while the sound is more consistent and strong. This Special Edition packs in a slew of extras; although some can be frustrating at times, these supplements added to my enjoyment and understanding of the film. Despite the problems with the transfer, Nixon is a winner.
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i don't know
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What was Prime Minister Gladstone's middle name?
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Gladstone - Name Meaning, What does Gladstone mean?
What does Gladstone mean?
Gladstone
[glad-sto ne ] as a boys' name is of Old English origin, and the meaning of Gladstone is "kite stone". Place name and Scottish surname, from gl�d st�n. Used in the 19th century as homage to the great British Prime Minister Ewart Gladstone.
Gladstone Lyric (G.L.), ..
How popular is Gladstone?
Gladstone is a rare given name for men but a very popular last name for both adults and children (#11986 out of 150436, Top 8%). (2000 U.S. Census)
Gladstone was first listed in 1890-1899 and reached its top position of #1687 in the U.S. in the 1890s, but is not listed currently. (2015 Birth Statistics)
Similar Names
Recommended names are Blackstone , Gaetane , Gaeton , Gallton (see Galton ), Galton , Garson , Garton , Gascon , Gaston , Gastone (see Gaston ), Gideone , Glade , Gladwin , Gladwinn (see Gladwin ), Gladwyn , Gladwynne , Glenton , Grayson ▲, Grayton and Sansone . These names tend to be more frequently used than Gladstone.
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William Ewart Gladstone (1809 - 1898) - Genealogy
William Ewart Gladstone
62 Rodney Street, Liverpool, Lankashire, UK
Death:
in Deeside, Flintshire, Clwyd, Wales
Place of Burial:
Longest serving Prime Minister of UK
Managed by:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
"...of the Hon. William Swart Gladstone, and all arose and drank "'to the memory of the nun who more than any other represented in his li...
Publication:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
".... THE DEATH OF GLADSTONE. The death of William E. Gladstone is ftr.nounc.ed. It has been some time expected, and is therefore no shoc...
Publication:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
"...Ewart Gladstone is nc more. The grand old British Comn moner passed Away at his home al Ilawarden, in Cheshire Thursday worning, May ...
Publication:
Lake Providence, East Carroll, Louisiana, USA
Date:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
... peoclamation calling for 75 000 additional men. TWilliam E. Gladstone. Hion. William E. Gladstone, the I great ... , but have been aggra...
Publication:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
"...at Imt. Hawarden, England, May 19. William Ewart Gladstone died at 5 o'clock thjs CThursday) morning. The "Grand Old Man" was born- i...
Publication:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
"...at Pratt last week. The death of William E. Gladstone removes one of the world's greatest statesmen from public life. His best recomm...
Publication:
Medicine Lodge, Barber, Kansas, USA
Date:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
... Chaplain Couden referred feelingly to the death of the late William E. Gladstone. "On the death of this grand old man ... Bill—The Death...
Publication:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
"...Kntcri'd 1'nrllntnciit. IIawahdkn, May 10. William Ewart Gladstone, the most famous figuro in Hritish politics, died at his homo hero...
Publication:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
... Puck Camera. SWEET, WALLACH & CO., 64 Wabash Avenue. Chicago. GLADSTONE IS DEAD. England's HAWAMDEN, Man" FIIIIM "Grand Old Away. May 10...
Publication:
Des Moines, Polk, Iowa, USA
Date:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
... Passes From Gentle Slum ber to Eternal Rest. Hawarden, May 20. William Ewart Gladstone died at 5 o'clock yesterday morning. The end was ...
Publication:
Medicine Lodge, Barber, Kansas, USA
Date:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
... Subject, morning, "The lame man at the beautiful gate." Evening, "William Ewart Gladstone." A memorial service. First Unlversallst churc...
Publication:
Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, USA
Date:
Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers, 1836-1922
Text:
... engines needs no further explanation or apology. THE LAST DAYS OF GLADSTONE. The greatness of William E. Gladstone has been most eloquen...
Publication:
Kansas City, Jackson, Missouri, USA
Date:
brother
About William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of UK
William Ewart Gladstone (1809-1898) was a British Liberal statesman. In a career lasting over sixty years, Gladstone served as Prime Minister four times (1868-1874, 1880-1885, February-July 1886 and 1892-1894), more than any other person. Gladstone was 84 years old — still physically vigorous albeit with failing hearing and eyesight — when he resigned for the last time, making him Britain's oldest Prime Minister. He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times (1853-1855, 1859-1866, 1873-1874, and 1880-1882).
Gladstone first entered Parliament in 1832. Beginning his career as an High Tory, Gladstone served in the Cabinet of Sir Robert Peel, during which time he became more liberal. In 1846 he supported Peel's repeal of the Corn Laws, which led to the split of the Conservatives - Gladstone was a Peelite and never again served with the main body of the Conservative Party; in 1859 the Peelites merged with the Whigs and the Radicals to form the Liberals who were in power for much of the years up to 1915.
As a Peelite Gladstone served in Lord Aberdeen's government as a notably efficient Chancellor. After that government fell in 1855 he refused to serve under Lord Derby or Lord Palmerston, a Whig, and went into opposition. In 1859, however, when Palmerston succeeded Lord Derby's brief second government, Gladstone accepted the office of Chancellor and held a position of great influence. During this time he opposed Palmerston's aggressive foreign policy (begrudging financing his fortifications), and became committed to electoral reform, earning him the sobriquet "The People's William". He was noted for his support of classical liberalism, and his intense opposition to socialism.
Gladstone's first ministry saw the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland, the introduction of secret voting, and Britain's refusal to intervene in the Franco-Prussian War. After his electoral defeat in 1874, Gladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party, but from 1876 began a comeback based on opposition to Turkey's Bulgarian atrocities. The Midlothian Campaign of 1879-1880 was based around Gladstone and was the birthplace of many modern political campaigning techniques. Despite not being the official Liberal leader when they won the 1880 election, he was nonetheless appointed Prime Minister again. His second ministry saw crises in Egypt (culminating in the death of General Gordon in 1885), in Ireland, where the government passed repressive measures, and in mainland Britain, where socialist and Communist violence took place. The government did however pass the Third Reform Act. Lord Salisbury defeated the Gladstone government and formed a Conservative government in 1885 but the election held a few months later resulted in a Liberal victory. Back in office in early 1886, Gladstone decided that Home Rule was the only way to solve the mounting chaos in Ireland; however, this was defeated in the House of Commons in July and Salisbury re-entered Downing Street and called and won an election. In 1892 Gladstone formed his last government at the age of 82. The Irish Home Rule Bill was defeated in the Lords in 1893 and effectively ended Gladstone's last crusade. The Liberal Party was moving to the left and adopting measures of state welfare provision while also containing an imperialist wing. Due to his opposition to increased naval expenditure, Gladstone resigned in March 1894 and was succeeded by his Foreign Secretary, Lord Rosebery. He left Parliament in 1895 and died three years later aged 88.
Gladstone is famous for his intense rivalry with the Conservative Party Leader Benjamin Disraeli. The rivalry was not only political, but also personal. When Disraeli died, Gladstone proposed a state funeral, but Disraeli's will asked for him to be buried next to his wife, to which Gladstone replied, "As Disraeli lived, so he died — all display, without reality or genuineness." Gladstone was also famously at odds with Queen Victoria for much of his career. She once complained, "He always addresses me as if I were a public meeting."
Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as "The People's William" or the "G.O.M." ("Grand Old Man", or, according to Disraeli, "God's Only Mistake"). Winston Churchill and others cited Gladstone as their inspiration.
Contents
* 2 Minister under Peel (1841-1846)
* 3 Opposition MP (1846-1851)
* 4 Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852–1855)
* 5 Opposition (1855–1859)
* 6 Chancellor of the Exchequer (1859–1866)
* 7 First Premiership (1868–1874)
* 8 Opposition (1874–1880)
* 9 Second Premiership (1880–1885)
* 10 Third Premiership (1886)
* 12 Fourth Premiership (1892–1894)
* 13 Final years (1894-1898)
* 21 External links
Early life (1809-1840)
Born in 1809 in Liverpool, England, at 62 Rodney Street, William Ewart Gladstone was the fourth son of the merchant Sir John Gladstone and his second wife, Anne MacKenzie Robertson. Gladstone was born and brought up in Liverpool and was of Scottish ancestry.[1] One of his earliest childhood memories was being made to stand on a table and say "Ladies and gentlemen" to the assembled audience, probably at a gathering to promote the election of George Canning as MP for Liverpool in 1812.
William Gladstone was educated from 1816 to 1821 at a preparatory school at the vicarage of St Thomas's Church at Seaforth, close to his family's residence, Seaforth House.[1] In 1821 William followed in the footsteps of his older brothers and attended Eton College before matriculating in 1828 at Christ Church, Oxford, where he read Classics and Mathematics, although he had no great interest in mathematics. In December 1831 he achieved the double first class degree he had long desired. Gladstone served as President of the Oxford Union debating society, where he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the House of Commons. At university Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform.
Gladstone in the 1830s.
Following the success of his double first, William travelled with his brother John on a Grand Tour of Europe, visiting Belgium, France, Germany and Italy. On his return to England, William was elected to Parliament in 1832 as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Newark, partly through the influence of the local patron, the Duke of Newcastle. Although Gladstone entered Lincoln's Inn in 1833, with a view to becoming a barrister, by 1839 he had requested that his name should be removed from the list because he no longer intended to be called to the Bar.[1]
In the House of Commons, Gladstone was initially a disciple of High Toryism, opposing the abolition of slavery and factory legislation. In December 1834 he was appointed as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in Sir Robert Peel's first ministry. The following month he was appointed Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, an office he held until the government's resignation in April 1835.
Gladstone published his first book, The State in its Relations with the Church, in 1838, in which he argued that the goal of the state should be to promote and defend the interests of the Church of England. The following year he married Catherine Glynne, to whom he remained married until his death 59 years later. They had eight children together, including Herbert John Gladstone and Henry Neville Gladstone. Gladstone's eldest son William (known as "Willy" to distinguish him from his father) became a Member of Parliament but pre-deceased his father, dying in the early 1890s.
In 1840 Gladstone began to rescue and rehabilitate London prostitutes, walking the streets of London himself and encouraging the women he encountered to change their ways. Much to the criticism of his peers, he continued this practice decades later, even after he was elected Prime Minister.
Minister under Peel (1841-1846)
Gladstone was re-elected in 1841. In September 1842 he lost the forefinger of his left hand in an accident while reloading a gun; thereafter he wore a glove or finger sheath (stall). In the second ministry of Robert Peel he served as President of the Board of Trade (1843–44).
Gladstone became concerned with the situation of "coal whippers". These were the men who worked on London docks, "whipping" in baskets from ships to barges or wharfs all incoming coal from the sea. They were called up and relieved through public-houses and therefore a man could not get this job unless he possessed the favourable opinion of the publican, who looked upon most favourably those who drank. The man's name was written down and the "score" followed. Publicans issued employment solely on the capacity of the man to pay, and men often left the pub to work drunk. They spent their savings on drink to secure the favourable opinion of publicans and therefore further employment. Gladstone passed the Coal Vendors Act 1843 to set up a central office for employment. When this Act expired in 1856 a Select Committee was appointed by the Lords in 1857 to look into the question. Gladstone gave evidence to the Committee: "I approached the subject in the first instance as I think everyone in Parliament of necessity did, with the strongest possible prejudice against the proposal [to interfere]; but the facts stated were of so extraordinary and deplorable a character, that it was impossible to withhold attention from them. Then the question being whether legislative interference was required I was at length induced to look at a remedy of an extraordinary character as the only one I thought applicable to the case...it was a great innovation".[2] Looking back in 1883, Gladstone wrote that "In principle, perhaps my Coalwhippers Act of 1843 was the most Socialistic measure of the last half century".[3]
He resigned in 1845 over the Maynooth Seminary issue, a matter of conscience for him. In order to improve relations with Irish Catholics, Peel's government proposed increasing the annual grant paid to the Seminary for training Catholic priests. Gladstone, who previously argued in a book that a Protestant country should not pay money to other churches, supported the increase in the Maynooth grant and voted for it in Commons, but resigned rather than face charges that he had compromised his principles to remain in office. After accepting Gladstone's resignation, Peel confessed to a friend, "I really have great difficulty sometimes in exactly comprehending what he means." Gladstone returned to Peel's government as Colonial Secretary in December.
[edit] Opposition MP (1846-1851)
The following year Peel's government fell over the MPs' repeal of the Corn Laws and Gladstone followed his leader into a course of separation from mainstream Conservatives. After Peel's death in 1850 Gladstone emerged as the leader of the Peelites in the House of Commons. He was re-elected for the University of Oxford in 1847 and became a constant critic of Lord Palmerston.[clarification needed]
As a young man Gladstone had treated his father's estate, Fasque, west of Aberdeen, as home, but as a younger son he would not inherit it. Instead, from the time of his marriage, he lived at his wife's family's estate, Hawarden, in North Wales. He never actually owned Hawarden, which belonged first to his brother-in-law Sir Stephen Glynne, and was then inherited by Gladstone's eldest son in 1874. During the late 1840s, when he was out of office, he worked extensively to turn Hawarden into a viable business.
In 1848 he also founded the Church Penitentiary Association for the Reclamation of Fallen Women. In May 1849 he began his most active "rescue work" with "fallen women" and met prostitutes late at night on the street, in his house or in their houses, writing their names in a private notebook. He aided the House of Mercy at Clewer near Windsor (which exercised extreme in-house discipline) and spent much time arranging employment for ex-prostitutes. In a 'Declaration' signed on 7 December 1896 and only to be opened after his death by his son Stephen, Gladstone wrote:
With reference to rumours which I believe were at one time afloat, though I know not with what degree of currency: and also with reference to the times when I shall not be here to answer for myself, I desire to record my solemn declaration and assurance, as in the sight of God and before His Judgment Seat, that at no period of my life have I been guilty of the act which is known as that of infidelity to the marriage bed.[4]
In 1927, during a court case over published claims that he had had improper relationships with some of these women, the jury unanimously found that the evidence "completely vindicated the high moral character of the late Mr. W. E. Gladstone".[5]
In 1850/51 Gladstone visited Naples for the benefit of his daughter Mary's eyesight.[6] Giacomo Lacaita, legal adviser to the British embassy, was imprisoned by the Neapolitan government, as were other political dissidents. Gladstone became concerned at the political situation in Naples and the arrest and imprisonment of Neapolitan liberals. In February 1851 the government allowed Gladstone to visit the prisons where they were held and he deplored their condition. In April and July he published two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen against the Neapolitan government and responded to his critics in An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government in 1852. Gladstone's first letter described what he saw in Naples as "the negation of God erected into a system of government".[7]
Chancellor of the Exchequer (1852–1855)
A pensive Gladstone.
In 1852, following the appointment of Lord Aberdeen as Prime Minister, head of a coalition of Whigs and Peelites, Gladstone became Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Whig Sir Charles Wood and the Tory Disraeli had both been perceived to have failed in the office and so this provided Gladstone with a great political opportunity.
His first budget in 1853 almost completed the work begun by Peel eleven years before in simplifying Britain's tariff of duties and customs.[8] 123 duties were abolished and 133 duties were reduced.[9] The income tax had legally expired but Gladstone proposed to extend it for seven years to fund tariff reductions:
We propose, then, to re-enact it for two years, from April, 1853, to April, 1855, at the rate of 7d. in the £; from April, 1855, to enact it for two more years at 6d. in the £; and then for three years more...from April, 1857, at 5d. Under this proposal, on the 5th of April, 1860, the income-tax will by law expire.[10]
Gladstone wanted to maintain a balance between direct and indirect taxation. He also wished to abolish the income tax. He knew that its abolition depended on a considerable retrenchment in government expenditure. He therefore increased the number of people eligible to pay it by lowering the threshold from £150 to £100. The more people who paid income tax, Gladstone believed, the more the public would pressure the government into abolishing it.[11] Gladstone argued that the £100 line was "the dividing line...between the educated and the labouring part of the community" and that therefore the income tax payers and the electorate were to be the same people, who would then vote to cut government expenditure.[11]
The budget speech (delivered on 18 April), at nearly five hours length, raised Gladstone "at once to the front rank of financiers as of orators".[12] H. C. G. Matthew has written that Gladstone "made finance and figures exciting, and succeeded in constructing budget speeches epic in form and performance, often with lyrical interludes to vary the tension in the Commons as the careful exposition of figures and argument was brought to a climax".[13] The contemporary diarist Charles Greville wrote of Gladstone's speech:
...by universal consent it was one of the grandest displays and most able financial statement that ever was heard in the House of Commons; a great scheme, boldly, skilfully, and honestly devised, disdaining popular clamour and pressure from without, and the execution of it absolute perfection. Even those who do not admire the Budget, or who are injured by it, admit the merit of the performance. It has raised Gladstone to a great political elevation, and, what is of far greater consequence than the measure itself, has given the country assurance of a man equal to great political necessities, and fit to lead parties and direct governments.[14]
However with Britain entering the Crimean War in February 1854, Gladstone introduced his second budget on 6 March. Gladstone had to increase expenditure on the Services and a vote of credit of £1,250,000 was taken to send a 25,000 strong force to the East. The deficit for the year would be £2,840,000 (estimated revenue £56,680,000; estimated expenditure £59,420,000).[15] Gladstone refused to borrow the money needed to rectify this deficit and instead increased the income tax by one half from sevenpence to tenpence-halfpenny in the pound. Gladstone proclaimed that "the expenses of a war are the moral check which it has pleased the Almighty to impose on the ambition and the lust of conquest that are inherent in so many nations".[16] By May £6,870,000 was needed to finance the war and so Gladstone introduced another budget on 8 May. Gladstone raised the income tax from 10 and a half d. to 14d. in order to raise £3,250,000 and spirits, malt, and sugar were taxed in order to raise the rest of the money needed.[17]
He served until 1855, a few weeks into Lord Palmerston's first premiership, whereupon he resigned along with the rest of the Peelites after a motion was passed to appoint a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the war.
[edit] Opposition (1855–1859)
The Conservative Leader Lord Derby became Prime Minister in 1858, but Gladstone - who like the other Peelites was still nominally a Conservative - declined a position in his government, opting not to sacrifice his free trade principles.
Between November 1858 and February 1859 Gladstone, on behalf of Lord Derby's government, was made Extraordinary Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands embarking via Vienna and Trieste on a twelve week mission to the southern Adriatic entrusted with complex challenges that had arisen in connection with the future of the British Protectorate of the Ionian islands [18]
In 1858 Gladstone took up the hobby of tree felling, mostly of oak trees, an exercise he continued with enthusiasm until he was 81 in 1891. Eventually, he became notorious for this activity, prompting Lord Randolph Churchill to snigger, "The forest laments in order that Mr. Gladstone may perspire." Less noticed at the time was his practice of replacing the trees he'd felled with newly planted saplings. Possibly related to this hobby is the fact that Gladstone was a lifelong bibliophile to the extent that it has been suggested that in his lifetime, he read around 20,000 books, and eventually came to own a Library of over 32,000.[19]
Chancellor of the Exchequer (1859–1866)
In 1859, Lord Palmerston formed a new mixed government with Radicals included, and Gladstone again joined the government as Chancellor of the Exchequer (with most of the other remaining Peelites) to become part of the new Liberal Party.
Gladstone inherited an unpleasant financial situation, with a deficit of nearly five millions and the income tax at 5d. Like Peel, Gladstone dismissed the idea of borrowing to cover the deficit. Gladstone argued that "In time of peace nothing but dire necessity should induce us to borrow".[20] Most of the money needed was acquired through raising the income tax to 9d. Usually not more than two-thirds of a tax imposed could be collected in a financial year so Gladstone therefore imposed the extra four pence at a rate of 8d. during the first half of the year so that he could obtain the additional revenue in one year. Gladstone's dividing line set up in 1853 had been abolished in 1858 but Gladstone revived it, with lower incomes to pay 6 and a half d. instead of 9d. For the first half of the year the lower incomes paid 8d. and the higher incomes paid 13d. in income tax.[21]
On 12 September 1859 the businessman Richard Cobden visited Gladstone, with Gladstone recording in his diary: "...further conv. with Mr. Cobden on Tariffs & relations with France. We are closely & warmly agreed".[22] Cobden was sent as Britain's representative to the negotiations with France's Michel Chevalier for a free trade treaty between the two countries. Gladstone wrote to Cobden: "...the great aim—the moral and political significance of the act, and its probable and desired fruit in binding the two countries together by interest and affection. Neither you nor I attach for the moment any superlative value to this Treaty for the sake of the extension of British trade...What I look to is the social good, the benefit to the relations of the two countries, and the effect on the peace of Europe".[23]
Gladstone's budget of 1860 was introduced on 10 February along with the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty between Britain and France that would reduce tariffs between the two countries. This budget "marked the final adoption of the Free Trade principle, that taxation should be levied for Revenue purposes alone, and that every protective, differential, or discriminating duty...should be dislodged".[24] At the beginning of 1859, there were 419 duties in existence. The 1860 budget reduced the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue. To finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, was raised to 10d. for incomes above £150 and at 7d. for incomes above £100.[25]
One of the duties Gladstone intended to abolish in 1860 were the duties on paper, a controversial policy because the duties had traditionally inflated the costs of publishing and thus hindered the dissemination of radical working class ideas. Although Palmerston supported continuation of the duties, using them and income tax revenues to make armament purchases, a majority of his Cabinet supported Gladstone. The Bill to abolish duties on paper narrowly passed Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords. As no money bill had been rejected by Lords for over two hundred years, a furore arose over this vote. The next year, Gladstone included the abolition of paper duties in a consolidated Finance Bill (the first ever) in order to force the Lords to accept it, and accept it they did.
Significantly, Gladstone succeeded in steadily reducing the income tax over the course of his tenure as Chancellor. In 1861 the tax was reduced to ninepence (£0-0s-9d); in 1863 to sevenpence; in 1864 to fivepence; and in 1865 to fourpence.[26] Gladstone believed that government was extravagant and wasteful with taxpayers' money and so sought to let money "fructify in the pockets of the people" by keeping taxation levels down through "peace and retrenchment". Gladstone wrote in 1859 to his brother who was a member of the Financial Reform Association at Liverpool: "Economy is the first and great article (economy such as I understand it) in my financial creed. The controversy between direct and indirect taxation holds a minor, thought important place".[27] He wrote to his wife on 14 January 1860: "I am certain, from experience, of the immense advantage of strict account-keeping in early life. It is just like learning the grammar then, which when once learned need not be referred to afterwards".[28]
The Austrian economist, Joseph Schumpeter, described Gladstonian finance in his History of Economic Analysis:
...there was one man who not only united high ability with unparalleled opportunity but also knew how to turn budgets into political triumphs and who stands in history as the greatest English financier of economic liberalism, Gladstone...The greatest feature of Gladstonian finance...was that it expressed with ideal adequacy both the whole civilization and the needs of the time, ex visu of the conditions of the country to which it was to apply; or, to put it slightly differently, that it translated a social, political, and economic vision, which was comprehensive as well as historically correct, into the clauses of a set of co-ordinated fiscal measures...Gladstonian finance was the finance of the system of 'natural liberty,' laissez-faire, and free trade...the most important thing was to remove fiscal obstructions to private activity. And for this, in turn, it was necessary to keep public expenditure low. Retrenchment was the victorious slogan of the day...it means the reduction of the functions of the state to a minimum...retrenchment means rationalization of the remaining functions of the state, which among other things implies as small a military establishment as possible. The resulting economic development would in addition, so it was believed, make social expenditures largely superfluous...Equally important was it...to raise the revenue that would still have to be raised in such a way as to deflect economic behavior as little as possible from what it would have been in the absence of all taxation ('taxation for revenue only'). And since the profit motive and the propensity to save were considered of paramount importance for the economic progress of all classes, this meant in particular that taxation should as little as possible interfere with the net earnings of business...As regards indirect taxes, the principle of least interference was interpreted by Gladstone to mean that taxation should be concentrated on a few important articles, leaving the rest free...Last, but not least, we have the principle of the balanced budget.[29]
Due to his actions as Chancellor, Gladstone earned the reputation as the liberator of British trade and the working man's breakfast table, the man responsible for the emancipation of the popular press from "taxes upon knowledge" and for placing a duty on the succession of the estates of the rich.[30] Gladstone's popularity rested on his taxation policies which meant to his supporters balance, social equity and political justice.[31] The most signification expression of working class opinion was at Northumberland in 1862 when Gladstone visited. George Holyoake recalled in 1865:
When Mr Gladstone visited the North, you well remember when word passed from the newspaper to the workman that it circulated through mines and mills, factories and workshops, and they came out to greet the only British minister who ever gave the English people a right because it was just they should have it...and when he went down the Tyne, all the country heard how twenty miles of banks were lined with people who came to greet him. Men stood in the blaze of chimneys; the roofs of factories were crowded; colliers came up from the mines; women held up their children on the banks that it might be said in after life that they had seen the Chancellor of the People go by. The river was covered like the land. Every man who could ply an oar pulled up to give Mr Gladstone a cheer. When Lord Palmerston went to Bradford the streets were still, and working men imposed silence upon themselves. When Mr Gladstone appeared on the Tyne he heard cheer no other English minister ever heard...the people were grateful to him, and rough pitmen who never approached a public man before, pressed round his carriage by thousands...and thousands of arms were stretched out at once, to shake hands with Mr Gladstone as one of themselves.[32]
When Gladstone first joined Palmerston's government in 1859, he opposed further electoral reform, but he moved toward the Left during Palmerston's last premiership, and by 1865 he was firmly in favour of enfranchising the working classes in towns. This latter policy created friction with Palmerston, who strongly opposed enfranchisement. At the beginning of each session, Gladstone would passionately urge the Cabinet to adopt new policies, while Palmerston would fixedly stare at a paper before him. At a lull in Gladstone's speech, Palmerston would smile, rap the table with his knuckles, and interject pointedly, "Now, my Lords and gentlemen, let us go to business".[33]
As Chancellor, Gladstone made a speech at Newcastle on 7 October 1862 in which he supported the independence of the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War, claiming that Jefferson Davis had "made a nation". Great Britain was officially neutral at the time, and Gladstone later regretted the Newcastle speech. In May 1864 Gladstone said that he saw no reason in principle why all mentally able men could not be enfranchised, but admitted that this would only come about once the working-classes themselves showed more interest in the subject. Queen Victoria was not pleased with this statement, and an outraged Palmerston considered it seditious incitement to agitation.
Gladstone's support for electoral reform and disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Ireland had alienated him from his constituents in his Oxford University seat, and he lost it in the 1865 general election. A month later, however, he stood as a candidate in South Lancashire, where he was elected third MP (South Lancashire at this time elected three MPs). Palmerston campaigned for Gladstone in Oxford because he believed that his constituents would keep him "partially muzzled". A victorious Gladstone told his new constituency, "At last, my friends, I am come among you; and I am come—to use an expression which has become very famous and is not likely to be forgotten—I am come 'unmuzzled'."
First Premiership (1868–1874)
Main articles: Premiership of William Gladstone and First Gladstone Ministry
Gladstone's Cabinet of 1868, painted by Lowes Cato Dickinson.[34] Use a cursor to see who is who.[35]
Lord Russell retired in 1867 and Gladstone became a leader of the Liberal Party. In the next general election in 1868, the South Lancashire constituency had been broken-up by the Second Reform Act into two: South East Lancashire and South West Lancashire. Gladstone stood for South West Lancashire and for Greenwich, it being quite common then for candidates to stand in two constituencies simultaneously.[36] He was defeated in Lancashire and won in Greenwich. He became Prime Minister for the first time and remained in the office until 1874. Evelyn Ashley famously described the scene in the grounds of Hawarden Castle on 1 December 1868, though getting the date wrong:
One afternoon of November, 1868, in the Park at Hawarden, I was standing by Mr. Gladstone holding his coat on my arm while he, in his shirt sleeves, was wielding an axe to cut down a tree. Up came a telegraph messenger. He took the telegram, opened it and read it, then handed it to me, speaking only two words, namely, ‘Very significant’, and at once resumed his work. The message merely stated that General Grey would arrive that evening from Windsor. This, of course, implied that a mandate was coming from the Queen charging Mr. Gladstone with the formation of his first Government. I said nothing, but waited while the well-directed blows resounded in regular cadence. After a few minutes the blows ceased and Mr. Gladstone, resting on the handle of his axe, looked up, and with deep earnestness in his voice, and great intensity in his face, exclaimed: ‘My mission is to pacify Ireland.’ He then resumed his task, and never said another word till the tree was down.[37]
In the 1860s and 1870s, Gladstonian Liberalism was characterised by a number of policies intended to improve individual liberty and loosen political and economic restraints. First was the minimisation of public expenditure on the premise that the economy and society were best helped by allowing people to spend as they saw fit. Secondly, his foreign policy aimed at promoting peace to help reduce expenditures and taxation and enhance trade. Thirdly, laws that prevented people from acting freely to improve themselves were reformed. When an unemployed miner (Daniel Jones) wrote to him to complain of his unemployment and low wages, Gladstone gave what H. C. G. Matthew has called "the classic mid-Victorian reply" on 20 October 1869:
The only means which have been placed in my power of ‘raising the wages of colliers’ has been by endeavouring to beat down all those restrictions upon trade which tend to reduce the price to be obtained for the product of their labour, & to lower as much as may be the taxes on the commodities which they may require for use or for consumption. Beyond this I look to the forethought not yet so widely diffused in this country as in Scotland, & in some foreign lands; & I need not remind you that in order to facilitate its exercise the Government have been empowered by Legislation to become through the Dept. of the P.O. the receivers & guardians of savings.[38]
Gladstone's first premiership instituted reforms in the British Army, Civil Service, and local government to cut restrictions on individual advancement. The Local Governmant Board Act 1871 put the supervision of the Poor Law under the Local Government Board (headed by G. J. Goschen) and Gladstone's "administration could claim spectacular success in enforcing a dramatic reduction in supposedly sentimental and unsystematic outdoor poor relief, and in making, in co-operation with the Charity Organization Society (1869), the most sustained attempt of the century to impose upon the working classes the Victorian values of providence, self-reliance, foresight, and self-discipline".[39] Gladstone was associated with the Charity Organization Society's first annual report in 1870.[40] At a speech at Blackheath on 28 October 1871, Gladstone warned his constituents against social reformers:
...they are not your friends, but they are your enemies in fact, though not in intention, who teach you to look to the Legislature for the radical removal of the evils that afflict human life...It is the individual mind and conscience, it is the individual character, on which mainly human happiness or misery depends. (Cheers.) The social problems that confront us are many and formidable. Let the Government labour to its utmost, let the Legislature labour days and nights in your service; but, after the very best has been attained and achieved, the question whether the English father is to be the father of a happy family and the centre of an united home is a question which must depend mainly upon himself. (Cheers.) And those who...promise to the dwellers in towns that every one of them shall have a house and garden in free air, with ample space; those who tell you that there shall be markets for selling at wholesale prices retail quantities—I won't say are imposters, because I have no doubt they are sincere; but I will say they are quacks (cheers); they are deluded and beguiled by a spurious philanthropy, and when they ought to give you substantial, even if they are humble and modest boons, they are endeavouring, perhaps without their own consciousness, to delude you with fanaticism, and offering to you a fruit which, when you attempt to taste it, will prove to be but ashes in your mouths. (Cheers.)[41]
He instituted abolition of the sale of commissions in the army as well as court reorganisation. In foreign affairs his overriding aim was to promote peace and understanding, characterised by his settlement of the Alabama Claims in 1872 in favour of the Americans. The issue of disestablishment of the Church of Ireland was used by Gladstone to unite the Liberal Party for government in 1868. The Act was passed in 1869 and meant that Irish Roman Catholics did not need to pay their tithes to the Anglican Church of Ireland. He also instituted the Cardwell Reforms in 1869 that made peacetime flogging illegal and, in 1870, the Irish Land Act and the Forster's Education Act. In 1871 he instituted the University Test Act. In 1872, he secured passage of the Ballot Act for secret voting ballots. In 1873, his leadership led to the passage of laws restructuring the High Courts. He also passed the 1872 licensing act.
Gladstone unexpectedly dissolved Parliament in January 1874 and called a general election. In his election address to his constituents on 23 January, Gladstone said:
Upon a review of the finance of the last five years, we are enabled to state that, notwithstanding the purchase of the telegraphs for a sum exceeding 9,000,000l., the aggregate amount of the national debt has been reduced by more than 20,000,000l.; that taxes have been lowered or abolished (over and above any amount imposed) to the extent of 12,500,000l.; that during the present year the Alabama Indemnity has been paid, and the charge of the Ashantee War will be met out of revenue; and that in estimating, as we can now venture to do, the income of the coming year (and, for the moment assuming the general scale of charge to continue as it was fixed during the last Session), we do not fear to anticipate as the probable balance a surplus exceeding rather than falling short of 5,000,000l...The first item...which I have to set down in the financial arrangements proper for the first year is relief, but relief coupled with reform, of local taxation...It has...been the happy fortune of Mr. Lowe to bring it [the income tax] down, first from 6d. to 4d., and then from 4d. to 3d., in the pound. The proceeds of the Income Tax for the present year are expected to be between 5,000,000l. and 6,000,000l., and at a sacrifice for the financial year of something less than 5,500,000l. the country may enjoy the advantage and relief of its total repeal. I do not hesitate to affirm that an effort should now be made to attain this advantage, nor to declare that, according to my judgment, it is in present circumstances practicable...we ought not to aid the rates, and remove the Income Tax, without giving to the general consumer, and giving him simultaneously, some marked relief in the class of articles of popular consumption...I for one could not belong to a Government which did not on every occasion seek to enlarge its resources by a wise economy.[42]
Gladstone's proposals went some way to meet working-class demands, such as the realisation of the free breakfast table through repealing the duties on tea and sugar, and reform of local taxation which was increasing for the poorer ratepayers.[43] According to the working-class financial reformer Thomas Briggs, writing in the trade unionist newspaper The Bee-Hive, the manifesto relied on "a much higher authority than Mr. Gladstone...viz., the late Richard Cobden".[44]
The dissolution was reported in The Times on 24 January and on 30 January the names of the first fourteen MPs for uncontested seats were published; by 9 February a Conservative victory was apparent. In contrast to 1868 and 1880 when the Liberal campaign lasted several months, only three weeks separated the news of the dissolution and the election. The working-class newspapers were taken by surprise at the news and had little time to express an opinion on Gladstone's manifesto before the election was over.[45] Unlike the efforts of the Conservatives, the organisation of the Liberal Party had declined since 1868 and they had also failed to retain Liberal voters on the electoral register. George Howell wrote to Gladstone on 12 February: "There is one lesson to be learned from this Election, that is Organization...We have lost not by a change of sentiment so much as by want of organized power".[46] The Liberals received a majority of the vote in each of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom and 189,000 more votes nationally than the Conservatives. However they obtained a minority of seats in the House of Commons.[47]
Opposition (1874–1880)
In the wake of Benjamin Disraeli's victory, Gladstone retired from the leadership of the Liberal party, although he retained his seat in the House.
In November 1874, Gladstone published the pamphlet The Vatican Decrees in their Bearing on Civil Allegiance, directed at the First Vatican Council's dogmatising Papal Infallibility in 1870, which had outraged him.
In a speech to the Hawarden Amateur Horticultural Society on 17 August 1876, Gladstone said that "I am delighted to see how many young boys and girls have come forward to obtain honourable marks of recognition on this occasion,—if any effectual good is to be done to them, it must be done by teaching and encouraging them and helping them to help themselves. All the people who pretend to take your own concerns out of your own hands and to do everything for you, I won't say they are imposters; I won't even say they are quacks; but I do say they are mistaken people. The only sound, healthy description of countenancing and assisting these institutions is that which teaches independence and self-exertion".[48] Lord Kilbracken, one of Gladstone's secretaries, said:
It will be borne in mind that the Liberal doctrines of that time, with their violent anti-socialist spirit and their strong insistence on the gospel of thrift, self-help, settlement of wages by the higgling of the market, and non-interference by the State...I think that Mr. Gladstone was the strongest anti-socialist that I have ever known among persons who gave any serious thought to social and political questions. It is quite true, as has been often said, that “we are all socialists up to a certain point”; but Mr. Gladstone fixed that point lower, and was more vehement against those who went above it, than any other politician or official of my acquaintance. I remember his speaking indignantly to me of the budget of 1874 as “That socialistic budget of Northcote's,” merely because of the special relief which it gave to the poorer class of income-tax payers. His strong belief in Free Trade was only one of the results of his deep-rooted conviction that the Government's interference with the free action of the individual, whether by taxation or otherwise, should be kept at an irreducible minimum. It is, indeed, not too much to say that his conception of Liberalism was the negation of Socialism.[49]
A pamphlet he published in September 1876, Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East,[50] attacked the Disraeli government for its indifference to the Ottoman Empire's violent repression of the Bulgarian April uprising. An often-quoted excerpt illustrates his formidable rhetorical powers:
Let the Turks now carry away their abuses, in the only possible manner, namely, by carrying off themselves. Their Zaptiehs and their Mudirs, their Bimbashis and Yuzbashis, their Kaimakams and their Pashas, one and all, bag and baggage, shall, I hope, clear out from the province that they have desolated and profaned. This thorough riddance, this most blessed deliverance, is the only reparation we can make to those heaps and heaps of dead, the violated purity alike of matron and of maiden and of child; to the civilization which has been affronted and shamed; to the laws of God, or, if you like, of Allah; to the moral sense of mankind at large. There is not a criminal in a European jail, there is not a criminal in the South Sea Islands, whose indignation would not rise and over-boil at the recital of that which has been done, which has too late been examined, but which remains unavenged, which has left behind all the foul and all the fierce passions which produced it and which may again spring up in another murderous harvest from the soil soaked and reeking with blood and in the air tainted with every imaginable deed of crime and shame. That such things should be done once is a damning disgrace to the portion of our race which did them; that the door should be left open to their ever so barely possible repetition would spread that shame over the world!
Let me endeavor, very briefly to sketch, in the rudest outline what the Turkish race was and what it is. It is not a question of Mohammedanism simply, but of Mohammedanism compounded with the peculiar character of a race. They are not the mild Mohammedans of India, nor the chivalrous Saladins of Syria, nor the cultured Moors of Spain. They were, upon the whole, from the black day when they first entered Europe, the one great anti-human specimen of humanity. Wherever they went a broad line of blood marked the track behind them, and, as far as their dominion reached, civilization vanished from view. They represented everywhere government by force as opposed to government by law. — Yet a government by force can not be maintained without the aid of an intellectual element. — Hence there grew up, what has been rare in the history of the world, a kind of tolerance in the midst of cruelty, tyranny and rapine. Much of Christian life was contemptuously left alone and a race of Greeks was attracted to Constantinople which has all along made up, in some degree, the deficiencies of Turkish Islam in the element of mind!
During the 1879 election campaign, also called Midlothian campaign, he rousingly spoke against Disraeli's foreign policies during the ongoing Second Anglo-Afghan War in Afghanistan. (See Great Game). He saw the war as "great dishonour" and also criticised British conduct in the Zulu War. Gladstone also (on 29 November) criticised what he saw as the Conservative government's profligate spending:
...the Chancellor of the Exchequer shall boldly uphold economy in detail; and it is the mark ... of ... a chicken-hearted Chancellor of the Exchequer, when he shrinks from upholding economy in detail, when, because it is a question of only £2000 or £3000, he says that is no matter. He is ridiculed, no doubt, for what is called saving candle-ends and cheese-parings. No Chancellor of the Exchequer is worth his salt who is not ready to save what are meant by candle-ends and cheese-parings in the cause of his country. No Chancellor of the Exchequer is worth his salt who makes his own popularity either his first consideration, or any consideration at all, in administrating the public purse. You would not like to have a housekeeper or steward who made her or his popularity with the tradesmen the measure of the payments that were to be delivered to them. In my opinion the Chancellor of the Exchequer is the trusted and confidential steward of the public. He is under a sacred obligation with regard to all that he consents to spend...I am bound to say hardly ever in the six years that Sir Stafford Northcote has been in office have I heard him speak a resolute word on behalf of economy.[51]
Second Premiership (1880–1885)
Main article: Second Gladstone Ministry
Gladstone in relaxed mood
In 1880, the Liberals won again and the Liberal leaders, Lord Hartington (leader in the House of Commons) and Lord Granville, retired in Gladstone's favour. Gladstone won his constituency election in Midlothian and also in Leeds, where he had also been adopted as a candidate. As he could lawfully only serve as MP for one constituency, Leeds was passed to his son Herbert. One of his other sons, Henry, was also elected as an MP.
Queen Victoria asked Lord Hartington to form a ministry, but he persuaded her to send for Gladstone. Gladstone's second administration — both as Prime Minister and again as Chancellor of the Exchequer till 1882 — lasted from June 1880 to June 1885. He originally intended to retire at the end of 1882, the fiftieth anniversary of his entry into politics, but in the event did not do so. Gladstone had opposed himself to the "colonial lobby" pushing for the scramble for Africa. He thus saw the end of the Second Anglo-Afghan War, First Boer War and the war against the Mahdi in Sudan.
On July 11, 1882, Gladstone ordered the bombardment of Alexandria, starting the Anglo-Egyptian War, which resulted in the occupation of Egypt. Gladstone's role in the decision to invade was described as relatively hands-off, and that the decision to invade was made by certain members of his cabinet such as Spencer Cavendish, Secretary of State for India, Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook, First Lord of the Admiralty, Hugh Childers, Secretary of State for War, and Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville, the Foreign Secretary.[52] The reasons for this war are the subject of a historiographical debate. Some historians argue that the invasion was to protect the Suez Canal and to prevent anarchy in the wake of the Urabi Revolt and the riots in Alexandria in June 1882. Other historians argue that the invasion occurred to protect the interests of British investors with assets in Egypt and also to boost the political popularity of the Liberal Party.[52]
Portrait of Gladstone by Rupert William Potter, 28 July 1884.
In 1881 he established the Irish Coercion Act, which permitted the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to detain people for as "long as was thought necessary". He also extended the franchise to agricultural labourers and others in the 1884 Reform Act, which gave the counties the same franchise as the boroughs— adult male householders and £10 lodgers—and added about six million to the total number who could vote in parliamentary elections. Parliamentary reform continued with the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
Gladstone was becoming increasingly uneasy about the direction in which British politics was moving. In a letter to Lord Acton on 11 February 1885, Gladstone criticised Tory Democracy as "demagogism" that "put down pacific, law-respecting, economic elements that ennobled the old Conservatism" but "still, in secret, as obstinately attached as ever to the evil principle of class interests". He found contemporary Liberalism better, "but far from being good". Gladstone claimed that this Liberalism's "pet idea is what they call construction, — that is to say, taking into the hands of the state the business of the individual man". Both Tory Democracy and this new Liberalism, Gladstone wrote, had done "much to estrange me, and had for many, many years".[53]
The fall of General Gordon in Khartoum, Sudan, in 1885 was a major blow to Gladstone's popularity. Many believed Gladstone had neglected military affairs and had not acted promptly enough to save the besieged Gordon. Critics inverted his acronym, "G.O.M." (for "Grand Old Man"), to "M.O.G." (for "Murderer of Gordon"). He resigned as Prime Minister in 1885 and declined Queen Victoria's offer of an Earldom.
Third Premiership (1886)
Main article: Third Gladstone Ministry
In 1886 Gladstone's party was allied with Irish Nationalists to defeat Lord Salisbury's government. Gladstone regained his position as Prime Minister and combined the office with that of Lord Privy Seal. During this administration he first introduced his Home Rule Bill for Ireland. The issue split the Liberal Party (a breakaway group went on to create the Liberal Unionist party) and the bill was thrown out on the second reading, ending his government after only a few months and inaugurating another headed by Lord Salisbury.
Opposition (1886–1892)
Gladstone supported the London dockers in their strike of 1889. After their victory he gave a speech at Hawarden on 23 September in which he said: "In the common interests of humanity, this remarkable strike and the results of this strike, which have tended somewhat to strengthen the condition of labour in the face of capital, is the record of what we ought to regard as satisfactory, as a real social advance [that] tends to a fair principle of division of the fruits of industry".[54] This speech has been described by Eugenio Biagini as having "no parallel in the rest of Europe except in the rhetoric of the toughest socialist leaders".[55] Visitors at Hawarden in October were "shocked...by some rather wild language on the Dock labourers question".[56] Gladstone was impressed with workers unconnected with the dockers' dispute who "intended to make common cause" in the interests of justice. On 23 October at Southport Gladstone delivered a speech where he claimed that the right to combination, which in London was "innocent and lawful, in Ireland would be penal and...punished by imprisonment with hard labour". Gladstone believed that the right to combination used by British workers was in jeopardy when it could be denied to Irish workers.[57] In October 1890 Gladstone at Midlothian claimed that competition between capital and labour, "where it has gone to sharp issues, where there have been strikes on one side and lock-outs on the other, I believe that in the main and as a general rule, the labouring man has been in the right".[58]
On 11 December 1891 Gladstone said that: "It is a lamentable fact if, in the midst of our civilization, and at the close of the nineteenth century, the workhouse is all that can be offered to the industrious labourer at the end of a long and honourable life. I do not enter into the question now in detail. I do not say it is an easy one; I do not say that it will be solved in a moment; but I do say this, that until society is able to offer to the industrious labourer at the end of a long and blameless life something better than the workhouse, society will not have discharged its duties to its poorer members".[59] On 24 March 1892 Gladstone said that the Liberals had:
...come generally...to the conclusion that there is something painful in the condition of the rural labourer in this great respect, that it is hard even for the industrious and sober man, under ordinary conditions, to secure a provision for his own old age. Very large propositions, involving, some of them, very novel and very wide principles, have been submitted to the public, for the purpose of securing such a provision by means independent of the labourer himself. Sir, I am not going to criticise these proposals, and I am only referring to them as signs that there is much to be done—that their condition is far from satisfactory; and it is eminently, as I think, our duty to develop in the first instance, every means that we may possibly devise whereby, if possible, the labourer may be able to make this provision for himself, or to approximate towards making such provision far more efficaciously and much more closely than he can now do.[60][61]
Gladstone wrote on 16 July 1892 in his autobiographica that "In 1834 the Government...did themselves high honour by the new Poor Law Act, which rescued the English peasantry from the total loss of their independence".[62]
Gladstone wrote to Herbert Spencer, who contributed the introduction to a collection of anti-socialist essays (A Plea for Liberty, 1891), that "I ask to make reserves, and of one passage, which will be easily guessed, I am unable even to perceive the relevancy. But speaking generally, I have read this masterly argument with warm admiration and with the earnest hope that it may attract all the attention which it so well deserves".[63] The passage Gladstone alluded to was one where Spencer spoke of "the behaviour of the so-called Liberal party".[64]
Fourth Premiership (1892–1894)
Main article: Fourth Gladstone Ministry
The general election of 1892 resulted in a minority Liberal government under Gladstone as Prime Minister.
Gladstone's electoral address had promised Home Rule and the disestablishment of the Scottish and Welsh Churches.[65] In February 1893 he introduced the Second Home Rule Bill. The Bill was passed in the Commons at second reading on 21 April by 43 votes and third reading on 1 September by 34 votes. However the House of Lords killed the Bill by voting against by 419 votes to 41 on 8 September.
When questioned in the Commons on what his government would do about unemployment by the Conservative MP Colonel Howard Vincent on 1 September 1893, Gladstone replied:
I cannot help regretting that the hon. and gallant Gentleman has felt it his duty to put the question. It is put under circumstances that naturally belong to one of those fluctuations in the condition of trade which, however unfortunate and lamentable they may be, recur from time to time. Undoubtedly I think that questions of this kind, whatever be the intention of the questioner, have a tendency to produce in the minds of people, or to suggest to the people, that these fluctuations can be corrected by the action of the Executive Government. Anything that contributes to such an impression inflicts an injury upon the labouring population.[66][67]
In December 1893 an Opposition motion proposed by Lord George Hamilton called for an expansion of the Royal Navy. Gladstone opposed increasing public expenditure on the naval estimates, in the tradition of free trade liberalism of his earlier political career as Chancellor. All his Cabinet colleagues, however, believed in some expansion of the Royal Navy. He declared in the Commons on 19 December that naval rearmament would commit the government to expenditure over a number of years and thus would subvert "the principle of annual account, annual proposition, annual approval by the House of Commons, which...is the only way of maintaining regularity, and that regularity is the only talisman which will secure Parliamentary control".[68] In January 1894 Gladstone wrote that he would not "break to pieces the continuous action of my political life, nor trample on the tradition received from every colleague who has ever been my teacher" by supporting naval rearmament.[69] Gladstone also opposed Chancellor Sir William Harcourt's proposal to implement a graduated death duty. In a fragment of autobiography dated 25 July 1894, Gladstone denounced the tax as
...by far the most Radical measure of my lifetime. I do not object to the principle of graduated taxation: for the just principle of ability to pay is not determined simply by the amount of income...But, so far as I understand the present measure of finance from the partial reports I have received, I find it too violent. It involves a great departure from the methods of political action established in this country, where reforms, and especially financial reforms, have always been considerate and even tender...I do not yet see the ground on which it can be justly held that any one description of property should be more heavily burdened than others, unless moral and social grounds can be shown first: but in this case the reasons drawn from those sources seem rather to verge in the opposite direction, for real property has more of presumptive connection with the discharge of duty that that which is ranked as personal...the aspect of the measure is not satisfactory to a man of my traditions (and these traditions lie near the roots of my being)...For the sudden introduction of such change there is I think no precedent in the history of this country. And the severity of the blow is greatly aggravated in moral effect by the fact that it is dealt only to a handful of individuals.[70]
Gladstone had his last audience with the Queen on 28 February and chaired his last Cabinet on 1 March, the last of 556 he had chaired. Also on that day he gave his last speech to the House of Commons. Gladstone said that the government would withdraw opposition to the Lords' amendments to the Local Government Bill "under protest" and that it was "a controversy which, when once raised, must go forward to an issue".[71] He resigned the Premiership on 2 March. The Queen did not ask Gladstone who should succeed him but sent for Lord Rosebery (Gladstone would have advised on Lord Spencer).[72] He retained his seat in the Commons until 1895; he was not offered a peerage, having declined an earldom on earlier occasions.
Gladstone is both the oldest ever person to form a government - aged 82 at his appointment - and the the oldest person ever to occupy the Premiership - being aged 84 at his resignation. [73]
Final years (1894-1898)
Gladstone's grave in Westminster Abbey
A few days after he relinquished the premiership, Gladstone wrote to George William Erskine Russell on 6 March 1894:
I am thankful to have borne a part in the emancipating labours of the last sixty years; but entirely uncertain how, had I now to begin my life, I could face the very different problems of the next sixty years. Of one thing I am, and always have been, convinced—it is not by the State that man can be regenerated, and the terrible woes of this darkened world effectually dealt with. In some, and some very important, respects, I yearn for the impossible revival of the men and the ideas of my first twenty years, which immediately followed the first Reform Act.[74]
In 1895, at the age of 85, Gladstone bequeathed £40,000 (equivalent to approximately £3.42 million today)[75] and much of his library to found St Deiniol's Library in Hawarden, Wales, the only residential library in Britain. Despite his advanced age, he himself hauled most of his 32,000 books a quarter of a mile to their new home, using his wheelbarrow.
On 8 January 1896, in conversation with L. A. Tollemache, Gladstone was asked whether he opposed vaccination and gave the answer: "No; but I dislike the idea of its being compulsory. I don't like the notion of the State stepping in between parent and child when it is not absolutely necessary. The State is generally a very bad nurse".[76] On the same occasion he exclaimed that: "I am not so much afraid of Democracy or of Science as of the love of money. This seems to me to be a growing evil. Also, there is a danger from the growth of that dreadful military spirit".[77] On 13 January Gladstone claimed he had strong Conservative instincts and that "In all matters of custom and tradition, even the Tories look upon me as the chief Conservative that is".[78] On 15 January Gladstone wrote to James Bryce, describing himself as "a dead man, one fundamentally a Peel–Cobden man".[79] In 1896, in his last noteworthy speech, he denounced Armenian massacres by Ottomans in a talk delivered at Liverpool. On 2 January 1897 Gladstone wrote to Francis Hirst on being unable to write a preface to a book on liberalism: "I venture on assuring you that I regard the design formed by you and your friends with sincere interest, and in particular wish well to all the efforts you may make on behalf of individual freedom and independence as opposed to what is termed Collectivism".[80][81]
In the early months of 1897 Gladstone and his wife stayed in Cannes. Gladstone met the Queen, where (Gladstone believed) she shook hands with him for the first time in the fifty years he had known her.[82] One of the Gladstones neighbours observed that "He and his devoted wife never missed the morning service on Sunday...One Sunday, returning from the altar rail, the old, partially blind man stumbled at the chancel step. One of the clergy sprang involuntarily to his assistance, but retreated with haste, so withering was the fire which flashed from those failing eyes".[83] The Gladstones returned to Hawarden Castle at the end of March and he received the Colonial Premiers in their visit for the Queen's Jubilee. Upon the advice of his doctor Samuel Habershon in the aftermath of an attack of facial neuralgia, Gladstone stayed at Cannes from the end of November 1897 to mid-February 1898. He gave an interview for The Daily Telegraph (published on 5 January 1898 as 'Personal Recollections of Arthur H. Hallam'). Gladstone then went to Bournemouth, and a swelling on the palate was diagnosed as cancer by the leading cancer surgeon, Sir Thomas Smith on 18 March. On 22 March he retired to Hawarden Castle. Despite being in pain he received visitors and quoted hymns, especially Cardinal Newman's 'Praise to the Holiest in the Height'. His last public statement was dictated to his daughter Helen in reply to receiving the Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford's "sorrow and affection": "There is no expression of Christian sympathy that I value more than that of the ancient University of Oxford, the God-fearing and God-sustaining University of Oxford. I served her perhaps mistakenly, but to the best of my ability. My most earnest prayers are hers to the uttermost and to the last".[84] He left the house for the last time on 9 April and after 18 April he did not come down to the ground floor but still came out of bed to lie on the sofa. The Bishop of Saint Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane George Wilkinson recorded when he ministered to him along with Stephen Gladstone:
Shall I ever forget the last Friday in Passion Week, when I gave him the last Holy Communion that I was allowed to administer to him? It was early in the morning. He was obliged to be in bed, and he was ordered to remain there, but the time had come for the confession of sin and the receiving of absolution. Out of his bed he came. Alone he knelt in the presence of his God till the absolution has been spoken, and the sacred elements received.[85]
Gladstone died on 19 May 1898 at Hawarden Castle, Hawarden, aged 88. The death of William Ewart Gladstone was registered by Helen Gladstone, his daughter, "present at the death", on 23 May 1898. The cause of death is officially recorded as "Syncope, Senility, certified by Herbert. E. S. Biss M.D"[86] and not metastatic cancer, as is frequently reported. "Syncope" means failure of the heart and "senility" in the nineteenth-century meant the infirmity of advanced old-age rather than a loss in the mental faculties.[87]
The House of Commons adjourned on the afternoon of Gladstone's death, with A. J. Balfour giving notice for an Address to the Queen praying for a public funeral and a public memorial in Westminster Abbey. The day after, both Houses of Parliament approved of the Address and Herbert Gladstone accepted a public funeral on behalf of the Gladstone family.[88] His coffin was transported on the London Underground before his state funeral at Westminster Abbey, at which the Prince of Wales (the future Edward VII) and the Duke of York (the future George V) acted as pallbearers.[89] Two years after Gladstone's burial in Westminster Abbey, his wife, Catherine Gladstone (née Glynne), was laid to rest with him (see image at right).
Legacy
Lord Acton wrote in 1880 that he considered Gladstone as one "of the three greatest Liberals" (along with Edmund Burke and Lord Macaulay).[90]
In 1909 the Liberal Chancellor David Lloyd George introduced his "People's Budget", the first budget which aimed to redistribute wealth. The Liberal statesman Lord Rosebery commented on what Gladstone would make of this budget:
This Budget is introduced as a Liberal measure. If so, all I can say is, it is a new Liberalism, and not the one that I have known and practised under more illustrious auspices than these, under one who was not merely the greatest Liberal but the greatest financier that this country has ever known — I mean Mr. Gladstone... Gladstone ranks as the great financial authority of our country... Mr. Gladstone would be 100 in December if he were alive, but, centenarian as he would be, I am inclined to think that he would make very short work of the deputation of the Cabinet that waited on him with this measure, and that they would soon find themselves on the stairs, if not in the street. Because in his eyes, and in my eyes, too, as his humble disciple, Liberalism and Liberty were cognate terms; they were twin-sisters.[91]
David Lloyd George had written in 1913 that the Liberals were "carving the last few columns out of the Gladstonian quarry".[92]
In 1914 Britain declared war on Germany due to its violation of Belgian neutrality. In December 1916 on unveiling a statue of Gladstone, Lord Rosebery speculated that Gladstone's view of British involvement in the Great War would not have been favourable.[93] In 1916 Lord Kilbracken wrote that "I have often been asked during the present war (1916) what I thought Mr. Gladstone's attitude would have been if he had been alive at this day. I can answer the question without hesitation, bearing in mind the fact he had, as will easily be believed, the strongest possible feeling about the sanctity of treaties and international engagements, and the moral obligation to observe them...from the moment when the Germans violated the neutrality of Belgium, he would...have been for immediate war".[94]
During the Great War the Liberal Party split into those led by former Premier Herbert Henry Asquith and the new Premier David Lloyd George. Lloyd George said of Gladstone in 1915: "What a man he was! Head and shoulders above anyone else I have ever seen in the House of Commons. I did not like him much. He hated Nonconformists and Welsh Nonconformists in particular, and he had no real sympathy with the working-classes. But he was far and away the best Parliamentary speaker I have ever heard. He was not so good in exposition".[95] Asquithian Liberals continued to advocate traditional Gladstonian policies of sound finance, peaceful foreign relations and the better treatment of Ireland. They often compared Lloyd George unfavourably with Gladstone. In his first major speech after he had lost his seat in the 1918 general election, Asquith said: "That is the purpose and the spirit of Liberalism, as I learned it as a student in my young days, as I was taught it both by the precept and the example of the great Liberal statesman Mr Gladstone...that remains the same today. Do not forsake for temporary expediencies, for short-lived compromises, for brittle and precarious bridges – do not forsake the great heritage of the Liberal tradition of the past. It is not superstition; it is not a legend; it is founded upon faith and experience, and justified at every stage in our political history".[96] Speaking in November 1920 Asquith quoted Gladstone to show "the only way to escape from the financial morass towards which the government are heading".[97] Lloyd George would invoke Gladstone in March 1920 when speaking out against socialism at "Red Clydeside": "The doctrine of Liberalism is a doctrine that believes that private property, as an incentive, as a means, as a reward, is the most potent agency not merely for the wealth, but for the well-being of the community. That is the doctrine not merely of Peel, of Disraeli, of Salisbury, and Chamberlain; it is the doctrine of Gladstone; it is the doctrine of Cobden; it is the doctrine of Bright; and it is the doctrine of Campbell Bannerman...It is the doctrine of all the great Liberal leaders of the past and present".[98] Asquith replied to this speech at the National Liberal Club: "...keep faithful to your old traditions...Think, in a situation such as this, and with appeals such as those which have been made to our fellow Liberals outside, what would have been the attitude of Mr Gladstone. Do you think they would have allowed themselves to be scared by the bogey of Bolshevism, to furl the old flag and march with bowed heads and reversed arms, horse, foot and artillery, into the camp of the enemy?"[99] In July 1922 Asquith said of Gladstone:
Amid all the seeming inconsistencies of his public career, which exposed him to the shallow charge of time-serving and even of hypocrisy, history will discern a steady process of evolution, guided always by certain governing principles. He was the most faithful and enlightened steward there has ever been of our national finance. He abhorred waste. He preferred the remission of burdensome taxation even to the diminution of the public debt. His great aim was that the resources of the country, in the phraseology of those days, should "fructify in the pockets of the people", not to be wasted in public or private extravagance, but to replenish the reservoir from which both capital and industry are fed. He never faltered in his allegiance to the cause of setting free the smaller nationalities, crushed between the upper and the nether millstone of arrogant and militant autocracies. He was the pioneer in the long, arduous, still uncompleted struggle, in the international sphere, of right against might, of freedom against force.[100]
Writing in 1944, the liberal Austrian economist Friedrich Hayek said of the change in political attitudes that had occurred since the Great War: "Perhaps nothing shows this change more clearly than that, while there is no lack of sympathetic treatment of Bismarck in contemporary English literature, the name of Gladstone is rarely mentioned by the younger generation without a sneer over his Victorian morality and naive utopianism".[101]
However Gladstone remained a potent symbol of the Liberal Party and Liberalism for some grassroots Liberal voters. In the 1955 general election an old lady left her house in Shetland to vote Conservative but on returning to her house for her purse saw her father's photograph of Gladstone and instead went to the vote for the Liberal candidate, Jo Grimond.[102] A Liberal activist in Lowdham, Nottinghamshire during the 1966 general election canvassed a gardener in his seventies and was brusquely informed: "I'm a Gladstone [Liberal] and a Primitive Methodist".[103]
In the latter half of the twentieth-century Gladstone's economic policies came to be admired by Thatcherite Conservatives. Margaret Thatcher proclaimed in 1983: "We have a duty to make sure that every penny piece we raise in taxation is spent wisely and well. For it is our party which is dedicated to good housekeeping—indeed, I would not mind betting that if Mr. Gladstone were alive today he would apply to join the Conservative Party".[104] In 1996 she said in the Keith Joseph memorial lecture: "The kind of Conservatism which he and I...favoured would be best described as "liberal", in the old-fashioned sense. And I mean the liberalism of Mr Gladstone not of the latter day collectivists".[105] Nigel Lawson, one of Thatcher's Chancellors, believed Gladstone to be the "greatest Chancellor of all time".[106]
Thomas Edison's European agent, Colonel Gouraud, recorded Gladstone's voice several times on phonograph. The accent on one of the recordings is North Welsh.[107] When on 15 March 1938 relatives and people who knew Gladstone were gathered at Broadcasting House none were able to voice any certainty on the veracity of the four recordings played. Those present were Lady Gladstone of Hawarden (Gladstone's daughter-in-law), Sir George Leveson-Gower (Gladstone's secretary), William Wickham (Gladstone's eldest grandson), and Canon Edward Lyttleton.[108]
Monuments
Statue of Gladstone at Aldwych, London, nearby to the Royal Courts of Justice and opposite Australia House.
* The first statue erected in Gladstone's honour after his death was in Blackburn in 1899.[citation needed]
* A statue of Gladstone by Albert Bruce-Joy and erected in 1882, stands near the front gate of St. Marys Church in Bow, London. Paid for by the industrialist Theodore Bryant, it is viewed as a symbol of the later 1888 match girls strike, which took place at the nearby Bryant & May Match Factory. Lead by the socialist Annie Besant, hundreds of working girls from the factory had gone on strike to demand improved working conditions and pay, eventually winning their cause. In recent years, the statue of Gladstone has been repeatedly daubed with red paint, suggesting that it was paid for with the 'blood of the match girls'.[109]
* A statue of Gladstone, erected in 1872, stands in the Great Hall of St. George's Hall, Liverpool.[citation needed] Another, in bronze by Sir Thomas Brock, erected in 1904, stands outside in St John's Gardens.[110]
* A statue of Gladstone, erected in 1905, stands at Aldwych, London, near the Royal Courts of Justice.[111]
There is a statue of Gladstone in Albert Square, Manchester.
* A Grade II listed statue of Gladstone stands in Albert Square, Manchester.[112]
* A monument to Gladstone, Member of Parliament for Midlothian 1880–1895 was unveiled in Edinburgh in 1917 (and moved to its present location in 1955). It stands in Coates Crescent Gardens. The sculptor was James Pittendrigh McGillvray.[113]
* A statue to Gladstone, who was Rector of the University of Glasgow 1877–1880 was unveiled in Glasgow in 1902. It stands in George Square. The sculptor was Sir William Hamo Thornycroft.[114]
Dollis House, Gladstone Park, as seen from the gardens
* Gladstone Park in the Municipal Borough of Willesden, London was named after him in 1899. Dollis Hill House, within what later became the park, was occupied by Sir Dudley Coutts Marjoribanks, who subsequently became Lord Tweedmouth. In 1881 Lord Tweedmouth's daughter and her husband, Lord Aberdeen, took up residence. They often had Gladstone to stay as a guest. In 1897 Lord Aberdeen was appointed Governor-General of Canada and the Aberdeens moved out. When Willesden acquired the house and land in 1899, they named the park Gladstone Park after the old Prime Minister.
* Near to Hawarden in the town of Mancot, there is a small hospital named after Catherine Gladstone. A statue of her husband also stands near the High School in Hawarden.
* Gladstone Rock—a large boulder about 12 ft high in Cwm Llan on the Watkin Path on the south side of Snowdon where Gladstone made a speech in 1892. A plaque on the rock states that he 'addressed the people of Eryri upon justice to Wales.'
* Liverpool's Crest Hotel was renamed The Gladstone Hotel in his honour in the early 1990s, but in 2006 was renamed again as The Liner Hotel.[citation needed]
* Gladstone, Manitoba is a town in central Canada that was named after him in 1882.[115]
* Gladstone, Queensland, Australia was named after him and has a 19th century marble statue on display in its town museum.[116]
* A school and a street in Bulgaria's capital Sofia are named in his honour, as is a street in the city of Plovdiv, and in Limassol, Cyprus.
* A street in the neighbourhood of Geduld Extension in the Gauteng town of Springs, South Africa is named after Gladstone
* William Gladstone Primary School (Formerly St. Thomas' and recently renamed as Rimrose Hope) is a Primary School located in Seaforth, in which he was raised and educated.
* There is a Gladstone Road in Newark-on-Trent where Gladstone was an Member of Parliament [1]
* There is a Gladstone Street in Waterford City and also Clonmel in Ireland.
* There is a Gladstone Street in the BD3 postcode area of Bradford, West Yorkshire.
In popular culture
Gladstone features prominently in the history of the Bartimaeus trilogy, in which the British government is run by magicians. Gladstone is known within the book to have been the most powerful magician to ever become Prime Minister, and though he is not included as a character, several objects of his, namely his staff, are central plot points. The book provides an alternate history of Gladstone, in which he killed Disraeli in a duel and assisted British forces in colonial expansion.
A light travelling bag is called Gladstone bag, after his name [117].
Notes
1. ^ a b c Shannon, 1985
2. ^ Viscount Gladstone, After Thirty Years (Macmillan, 1928), pp. 90-91.
3. ^ H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898 (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 90.
4. ^ Richard Shannon, Gladstone: Heroic Minister. 1865–1898 (Allen Lane, 1999), pp. 583–4.
5. ^ Gladstone, p. 436.
6. ^ H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874 (Oxford University Press, 1988), p. 80.
7. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874, pp. 80–1.
8. ^ John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone. Volume I (Macmillan, 1903), p. 461.
9. ^ Sir Wemyss Reid (ed.), The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (Cassell, 1899), p. 412.
10. ^ Reid, p. 410.
11. ^ a b Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874, p. 127.
12. ^ Sydney Buxton, Finance and Politics. An Historical Study. 1783–1885. Volume I (John Murray, 1888), pp. 108–9.
13. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874, p. 121.
14. ^ Buxton, p. 109.
16. ^ Buxton, p. 151.
17. ^ Buxton, pp. 151–2.
19. ^ "Retrieved 24.11.09". Telegraph.co.uk. 2009-10-07. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/columnists/christopherhowse/6270133/William-Gladstone-A-prime-minister-who-read-books.html . Retrieved 2010-05-01.
20. ^ Buxton, p. 185.
22. ^ Richard Shannon, Gladstone. 1809-1865 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1982), p. 395.
23. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874, p. 113.
24. ^ Buxton, p. 195.
25. ^ Reid, p. 421.
26. ^ L. C. B. Seaman, Victorian England: Aspects of English and Imperial History, 1837-1901 (Routledge, 1973), pp. 183–4.
27. ^ F. W. Hirst, Gladstone as Financier and Economist (London: Ernest Benn Limited, 1931), p. 241.
28. ^ Hirst, pp. 242-3.
29. ^ Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1954), pp. 402-405.
30. ^ Eugenio Biagini, ‘Popular Liberals, Gladstonian finance and the debate on taxation, 1860-1874’, in Eugenio Biagini and Alastair Reid (eds.), Currents of Radicalism. Popular Radicalism, Organised Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 139.
31. ^ Biagini, ‘Popular Liberals, Gladstonian finance and the debate on taxation, 1860-1874’, pp. 140-141.
32. ^ Biagini, ‘Popular Liberals, Gladstonian finance and the debate on taxation, 1860-1874’, p. 142.
33. ^ Jasper Ridley, Lord Palmerston (Constable, 1970), p. 563.
34. ^ Gladstone's Cabinet of 1868, Lowes Cato Dickinson, ref. NPG 5116, National Portrait Gallery, London, accessed January 2010
35. ^ Shannon, Richard (1984). Gladstone: 1809-1865 (p.342). pp. 580. ISBN 0807815918. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=U4xnAAAAMAAJ&q=Lowes+Cato+Dickinson+gladstone+lowe&dq=Lowes+Cato+Dickinson+gladstone+lowe&cd=1 . Retrieved January 2010.
36. ^ "The Coming Elections". The Times. 2 November 1868. p. 4. http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itw/infomark/37/27/57799753w16/purl=rc1_TTDA_0_CS67282786&dyn=6!xrn_1_0_CS67282786&hst_1 ?. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
37. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874, p. 147.
38. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874, p. 212.
39. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874, p. 170.
40. ^ Charles Loch Mowat, The Charity Organisation Society. 1869–1913 (Methuen, 1961), p. 19.
41. ^ The Times (30 October 1871), p. 3.
42. ^ The Times (24 January 1874), p. 8.
43. ^ E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform. Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 112.
44. ^ Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform, p. 112, n. 177.
45. ^ Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform, pp. 113-114.
46. ^ Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform, p. 116.
47. ^ Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform, p. 118.
48. ^ 'Mr. Gladstone On Cottage Gardening.', The Times (18 August 1876), p. 9.
49. ^ Lord Kilbracken, Reminiscences of Lord Kilbracken (Macmillan, 1931), pp. 83-84.
50. ^ Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, Bulgarian horrors and the question of the east by W.E. Gladstone
51. ^ W. E. Gladstone, Midlothian Speeches. 1879 (Leicester University Press, 1971), p. 148.
52. ^ a b Galbraith, John S. and al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lutfi. The British Occupation of Egypt: Another View. "International Journal of Middle East Studies." 9, No. 4: 484
53. ^ Morley, Life of Gladstone: III, p. 173.
54. ^ Michael Barker, Gladstone and Radicalism. The Reconstruction of Liberal Policy in Britain. 1885-1894 (The Harvester Press, 1975), p. 92.
55. ^ Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform, p. 424.
56. ^ Barker, p. 92.
59. ^ The Times (12 December 1891), p. 7.
60. ^ "SMALL AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS BILL.—(No. 183.) (Hansard, 24 March 1892)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1892/mar/24/small-agricultural-holdings-bill-no-183#column_1711 . Retrieved 2010-05-01.
61. ^ Barker, p. 198.
62. ^ John Brooke and Mary Sorensen (eds.), The Prime Ministers' Papers: W. E. Gladstone. I: Autobiographica (London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1971), p. 55.
63. ^ David Duncan, The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer (Methuen, 1908), p. 302.
64. ^ Duncan, p. 302.
66. ^ "THE UNEMPLOYED. (Hansard, 1 September 1893)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1893/sep/01/the-unemployed . Retrieved 2010-05-01.
67. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 322.
68. ^ David Brooks, 'Gladstone's Fourth Administration, 1892–1894', in David Bebbington and Roger Swift (eds.), Gladstone Centenary Essays (Liverpool University Press, 2000), p. 239.
69. ^ Anthony Howe, 'Gladstone and Cobden', in David Bebbington and Roger Swift (eds.), Gladstone Centenary Essays (Liverpool University Press, 2000), p. 115.
70. ^ Brooke and Sorensen, pp. 165-166.
71. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 355.
72. ^ Magnus, p. 423.
73. ^ Daisy Sampson, The Politics Companion (London: Robson Books Ltd, 2004), p. 80, p. 91.
74. ^ G. W. E. Russell, One Look Back (Wells Gardner, Darton and Co., 1911), p. 265.
75. ^ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Measuring Worth: UK CPI.
76. ^ Lionel A. Tollemache, Talks with Mr. Gladstone (London: Edward Arnold, 1898), p. 160.
77. ^ Tollemache, pp. 166-67.
80. ^ F. W. Hirst, In the Golden Days (Frederick Muller, 1947), p. 158.
81. ^ Six Oxford Men, Essays in Liberalism (Cassell, 1897), p. x.
82. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 379.
83. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 380.
84. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 381.
85. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 382.
86. ^ Death certificate for William Ewart Gladstone, 19th May 1898, June Quarter, County of Chester, District 8a, Page 267, entry 113. Identity and Passport Service — General Register Office. Certified copy in possession of author.
87. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 382, n. ‡.
88. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 383.
89. ^ "CardinalBook History of Peace and War". Cardinalbook.com. 1998-03-19. http://cardinalbook.com/creelman/highway/iso8859/chap11.htm . Retrieved 2010-05-01.
90. ^ Herbert Paul (ed.), Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone (George Allen, 1904), p. 57
91. ^ Lord Rosebery, The Budget. Its Principles and Scope. A Speech Delivered to the Commercial Community of Glasgow, Sept. 10, 1909 (London: Arthur L. Humphreys, 1909), pp. 30-31.
92. ^ Chris Wrigley, '‘Carving the Last Few Columns out of the Gladstonian Quarry’: The Liberal Leaders and the Mantle of Gladstone, 1898–1929', in David Bebbington and Roger Swift (eds.), Gladstone Centenary Essays (Liverpool University Press, 2000), p. 247.
93. ^ Wrigley, p. 257, n. 5.
94. ^ Kilbracken, p. 136.
100. ^ Gladstone, p. 86.
101. ^ F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Routledge, 2001), p. 188.
102. ^ R. B. McCallum, The Liberal Party from Earl Grey to Asquith (London: Victor Gollancz Ltd, 1963), p. 90, n. 1.
103. ^ Wrigley, p. 255.
104. ^ Margaret Thatcher, ‘Speech to the Conservative Party Conference’, 14 October 1983.
105. ^ Margaret Thatcher, ‘Keith Joseph Memorial Lecture’, 11 January 1996.
106. ^ Nigel Lawson, The View From No. 11: Memoirs of a Tory Radical (Bantam, 1992), p. 279.
107. ^ Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898, p. 300, n. §.
108. ^ The Times (16 March 1938), p. 8.
109. ^ "London's Hidden History Bow Church". Modern Gent. http://www.moderngent.com/history_of_london/hiddenhistorybow.php . Retrieved 2009-03-01.
110. ^ "St John's Garden". Liverpool City Council. http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Leisure_and_culture/Parks_and_recreation/Parks_and_gardens/St_Johns_Gardens/index.asp . Retrieved 2008-09-07.
111. ^ "Statue, W. E. Gladstone Monument". Art and architecture. http://www.artandarchitecture.org.uk/images/conway/ee855fb0.html . Retrieved 2008-09-07.
112. ^ "Images of England - Gladstone's Statue, Albert Square". http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=387869 . Retrieved 2009-06-19.
113. ^ "City of Edinburgh Council". City of Edinburgh Council. http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/leisure/local_history_and_heritage/monuments/memorials/cec_the_gladstone_memorial . Retrieved 2009-01-23.
114. ^ "George Square". Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Square . Retrieved 2009-01-23.
115. ^ "History of Manitoban Names". http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/pageant/01/manitobaname.shtml . Retrieved 2010-05-21.
116. ^ "Gladstone City & Hinterland". http://www.gladstoneregion.info/pages/gladstone-city-hinterland . Retrieved 2009-11-04.
117. ^ The secret agent, written by Joseph Conrad, ISBN 978-0-141-19439-4, on notes of chapter IX, at page 256
See also
* Gladstone Hotel (Toronto)
References
* Michael Barker, Gladstone and Radicalism. The Reconstruction of Liberal Policy in Britain. 1885-1894 (The Harvester Press, 1975).
* David Bebbington and Roger Swift (eds.), Gladstone Centenary Essays (Liverpool University Press, 2000).
* E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform. Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860-1880 (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
* Eugenio Biagini and Alastair Reid (eds.), Currents of Radicalism. Popular Radicalism, Organised Labour and Party Politics in Britain, 1850-1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
* Sydney Buxton, Finance and Politics. An Historical Study. 1783–1885. Volume I (John Murray, 1888)
* W. E. Gladstone, Midlothian Speeches. 1879 (Leicester University Press, 1971).
* Viscount Gladstone, After Thirty Years (1928).
* F. W. Hirst, Gladstone as Financier and Economist (1931).
* F. W. Hirst, In the Golden Days (Frederick Muller, 1947).
* Lord Kilbracken, Reminiscences of Lord Kilbracken (Macmillan, 1931).
* Philip Magnus, Gladstone: A Biography (1954)
* H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1809–1874 (Oxford University Press, 1988).
* H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone. 1875–1898 (Oxford University Press, 1995).
* John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (Three volumes, 1903)
* Herbert Paul (ed.), Letters of Lord Acton to Mary Gladstone (George Allen, 1904).
* Sir Wemyss Reid (ed.), The Life of William Ewart Gladstone (1899).
* G. W. E. Russell, One Look Back (Wells Gardner, Darton and Co., 1911).
* Joseph A. Schumpeter, History of Economic Analysis (George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1954).
* Richard Shannon, Gladstone: Peel's Inheritor, 1809-1865 (1985), ISBN 0-8078-1591-8.
* Richard Shannon, Gladstone: Heroic Minister, 1865-1898 (1999), ISBN 0-8078-2486-0.
* Lionel A. Tollemache, Talks with Mr. Gladstone (London: Edward Arnold, 1898).
Further reading
* Walter Bagehot, 'Mr. Gladstone', Biographical Studies (1881).
* D. W. Bebbington, William Ewart Gladstone (1993).
* D. W. Bebbington, The Mind of Gladstone: Religion, Homer and Politics (2004).
* Eugenio F. Biagini, Gladstone (2000).
* F. Birrell, Gladstone (1933).
* Eric Brand, William Gladstone (1986) ISBN 0-87754-528-6.
* Osbert Burdett, W. E. Gladstone (1928).
* E. G. Collieu, Gladstone (1968).
* E. Eyck, Gladstone (1938).
* William Gladstone, Gladstone: A Bicentenary Portrait, Michael Russell (2009). ISBN 978-0-85955-317-9
* Edward Hamilton, Mr. Gladstone. A Monograph (1898).
* Roy Jenkins, Gladstone (1995), ISBN 0-333-66209-1.
* E. A. Macdonald (pseud.Andrew Melrose),Mr. Gladstone: A Popular Biography (1891)
* H. C. G. Matthew, Gladstone: 1809-98 (1995), ISBN 0-19-820696-8.
* Richard Shannon, Gladstone: God and Politics (2007).
External links
* Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by William Gladstone
* Mr. Gladstone (character sketch by W.T. Stead, in the Review of Reviews, 1892)
* William Ewart Gladstone Chronology World History Database
* Works by William Ewart Gladstone at Project Gutenberg
* More about William Ewart Gladstone on the Downing Street website.
* William Ewart Gladstone 1809-98 biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group
* BBC Radio - Programme Two contains a recording of Gladstone's voice
Source: Downloaded 2010 from Wikipedia.
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William Ewart Gladstone, Prime Minister of UK's Timeline
1809
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i don't know
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Which motor car manufacturer produced models called the 'Cerbera' and 'Chimeara'?
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TVR Car Club
The Turbo – the Lilley’s greatest legacy?
Peter Wheeler 1981
The Wheeler era ran for over 20 years and perhaps saw some of the most innovative development thus far. From the 2.8 litre Tasmin in both fixed head and convertible guise came an entry level 200 using the Ford Pinto 2.0 litre engine. But this didn’t spark the imagination and despite it’s astonishingly low sub-£10K price tag, only 61 examples were sold in three years. The company had also looked to the other extreme and in 1981 had produced two turbo-charged Tasmins, one convertible and one fixed head. The fixed head in particular had a unique body style but given a desire to move into the emerging markets in the Middle East where Ford’s American connection would, it was felt, affect sales, Peter Wheeler took the decision to squeeze the fuel injected V8 from the Rover SDI Vitesse into the Tasmin chassis to produce the Tasmin 350i. This was an instant hit and spawned the later wilder versions of up to 4.5 litres and although there is one 6.6 litre SEAC, produced originally for the Swedish market, its engine is a one off based upon a Chevrolet V8.
The problem with the Tasmin, or “wedge” as it was affectionately known, especially after the Tasmin name was dropped in 1983, was that you either love the shape or you hate it. Attempts to broaden the market with the introduction of a +2 variant did little to really boost sales with just 47 280+2s and six 350+2s being built. The order book was certainly healthy throughout the mid 1980s, but TVR knew that they were missing a huge chunk of the market who harked back to the more round styling of previous TVRs. So at the 1986 Motor Show, Peter offered his customers the new S Series. With looks blatantly stolen from the Lilley’s 3000S, surprisingly the only shared components are door handles. It used the same Ford 2.8 Cologne seen in the Tasmin/280i although this quickly became the 2.9 litre unit in the S2 and S3.
TVR S2
The S sold rapidly and triggered the development of an ES, with a 3.8 litre Holden engine but this did not get beyond the Motor Show prototype. What did was the other project that fello out the S which was the resurrected Tuscan name and which quickly developed from a proposed S Series based road car to the UK’s most exciting one make race series which dominated British motor sport throughout the 90s. There is much more on the history of the Tuscan race series in the Members’ Area.
At the 1989 Motor Show, Peter showed the world the replacement for the wedge, the Speed Eight, which was basically a grown up 400SE with a more curvaceous body but it still had the same basic looks. Again, wedge lovers loved it, the rest didn’t. The following year, the Speed Eight had grown into a proper 2+2 convertible but was shown alongside another prototype project, a funny round looking thing bringing back the name of Griffith. The advanced order book told Peter Wheeler which to proceed with as 32 advanced orders were placed for the Speed Eight but more than ten times that number for the Griff.
With the first customer cars being delivered in early 1992, the Griffith ran for less than a year before being joined by the Chimaera, virtually identical but with slightly softer suspension, a larger boot capable of carrying a set of golf clubs and a different body style and which quickly became TVRs best seller. The Griffith then bowed out to make way for the Griffith 500, basically “more of the same” with a 340bhp, 5.0 litre version of the engine.
Chimaera 4.0
TVR continued to go from strength to strength and it looked as though Peter Wheeler could do no wrong. With a bulging order book (the green Chimaera above was ordered at the Motor Show in October 1993 but not delivered until June 1994), TVRs were the sports car to be seen in throughout the middle of the 1990s. But he had more work to do yet. Peter was keen to attract back those customers who sold their Griffith or Chimaera with the onset of a family and thus announced the Cerbera in 1993. But this car was to undergo radical development including a new engine for the original Show Car had a Rover V8 engine. The production version would have TVRs own, the 4.2 litre AJP. This engine, stretched out to a V12, was the powerplant behind possibly the wildest TVR ever, the Speed 12, which though originally designed fom the outset as a race car, spawned a road going version of which one still exists and was tested by Evo recently who gave it “11½ out of 5”. Furthermore, one bank of the Speed 12 effectively became the Speed Six engine which is now at the heart of every TVR.
In an attempt to search out new export markets, in 1998 TVR opened a new factory in Port Kelang, just outside Kuala Lumpar Malaysia. This factory produced only Chimaeras and whilst there was a burgeoning home market for them in Malaysia, most of their production went overseas to Australia, Japan and |south Africa. Interestingly, some were even alleged to have been shipped back to UK to meet the growing demand in the European market.
The original road going Speed 12
And in race trim at Thruxton
The Griffith replacement emerged with TVR’s third use of the name Tuscan in 1999 with the first customer cars arriving the following year and then in 2001 the Tamora, to replace the Chimaera. These were joined in 2003 with the T350C and T, a fixed head car that has been described as a spiritual successor to the Vixen and Tuscan of the 1960s. All of these cars used the 3.6 litre version of the Speed Six engine. Towards the end of 2003, the T350 had spawned a wilder version with cooling slots, spoilers and the 4.0 litre engine from the Tuscan S and was known as the Sagaris. It was planned that the Sagaris would run alongside and eventually take over from the Tuscan racer in the TVR Tuscan Challenge. The following year subtle changes were announced to the Tuscan which would become the Tuscan 2 and an all new version would be produced, the Tuscan 2 convertible.
Tuscan 2 Convertible
Almost running in parallel to the development of the road cars was the competition department which having cut its teeth on the Tuscan racer and then the Speed 12 through the 90s, looked towards Le Mans. First off was the Tuscan R which appeared at the 2000 Motor Show and although it was shown as a road car that you could take racing, it quickly became an out and out race car and was first seen on the track in 2001 before being renamed the T400R (and occasionally T440R). Development continued the following year until in June 2003, two De Walt liveried T400Rs rolled across the start line for the first time that TVR had been there for 41 years. Sadly, as the history books show, neither car finished but they were back 12 months later in the hands of Synergy Chamberlain Motorsport and this time, to the purple wearing crowd’s delight, both cars crossed the finishing line after 24 hours.
Nikolai Smolenski
Shortly after this, the TVR world heard a surprise announcement. The company had been sold. The new owner was a young Russian entrepreneur called Nikolai Smolenski and he set about building upon the sterling work that his predecessor had achieved in the past 22 years. With major inroads being made into product development and quality control, the new cars that emerged from Bristol Avenue over the next two years were the best engineered TVRs ever and with a secure financial grounding, the future looked rosy for the company with announcements of a brand new new purpose-built production facility to be constructed at South Shore near to Blackpool airport, together with a move of the company headquarters to a new facility in Lancaster to include a TVR museum. in July 2006, the announcement was made that that the world renowned engineering company Ricardo had been brought onboard to develop the Speed Six engine to meet Euro 5 (LEVII) compliance which would enable Nikolai to realise his plans to kake TVR a world beater rather than just simply focussing principally on the UK market.
However, for a variety of reasons, sales fell off during 2006 and with it so did the plans for TVR's future. The company was initially split into a smaller number of companies including TVR Engineering, TVR Cars Distribution Ltd and Blackpool Automotive, the latter comprising the manufacturing division at Bristol Avenue. The announcement was made on 18 October 2006 that although the company headquarters would remain in Britain, assembly would be outsourced overseas. Over the next few months, speculation was rife amongst enthusiasts as to where this outsourcing would leave the manufacturing division, ranging from Eastern Europe to South Africa with most people believing that it would be Bertone in Italy. However, to date that has been nothing but
Proposed TVR Typhoon
pure conjecture and no confirmation has been made. During all of this however they also announced that an all new 600bhp supercar, the Typhoon, would be launched at the 2007 Geneva motorshow as reported exclusively by TVR MD David Oxley in the October 2006 issue of TVR Sprint.
The really bitter blow to TVR enthusiasts came on Friday 22 December 2006 when it was announced that Blackpool Automotive had gone into receivership. There was also speculation at the time that the moulds for Sagaris and Tuscan II had been shipped overseas whlst the intelectual property rights and trademarks had been transferred to one of the other arms of the company. However, PKF Ltd, the company appointed to act as receivers, dispelled these rumousr when on 2 February 2007, they placed Blackpool Automotive for sale, including the TVR trademark, in a sealed bid auction. Nikolai then bought back the company - and most importantly the intellectual propertiy rights to the name TVR - for a fraction of what he originally paid for it in 2004.
Rumours then continued throughout 2007 and early 2008 of will he won't he start rebuilding cars. But the exciting news that we had all been waiting for was when these rumours started to come to fruition. Firstly there were these photos of a barn "just outside Blackpool" published on the discussion forums on this website:
Trevor Wilkinson, RIP. 1923-2008 Founder of TVR
Trevor Wilkinson, the quiet, unassuming man who first built the car that now carries the three main letters from his name, passed away peacefully in a Menorcan hospital on 6 June 2008. Click here to download the original TVRCC press release covering this sad news. The Times version is here ; the Telegraph version is here .
Alternatively, click here to download the BBC Radio 4 tribute that appeared on The Final Word.
Then in June 2008, the Club were approached by David Oxley of TVR and invited to attend an exclusive preview of the new Sagaris 2. The Club was extremely fortunate to have been invited to this as the only other attendees were Dealer Principals; no other members of the press or representatives from other websites were present.
From an overwhelming number of applicants who wanted to attend this event, some 60 Club members' names were drawn out of a hat and these then met on 10 July 2008 at the new TVR development facility in Wesham near to Blackpool from where they drove in convoy to the Great Hall at Mains where they had the opportunity at first hand to view the new car.
You can download the Club report on this exclusive event which was uploaded to this site live from the preview by clicking here .
From this – Trevor’s own sketch of TVR 1
To this - Sagaris 2 July 2008
Unfortunately nothing more came from this relaunch and from then until 2012 various rumours were promulgated on various internet website and in the media but all came to naught. The final nail in TVR's coffin appeared to come in July 2012 when Nikolai's holding company announced that the future of the TVR brand lay in offshore windfarm technology. TVR RIP.
But like the phoenix from the ashes, TVR was to rise again. On 6 June 2013, five years to the day since we lost Trevor, it was announced that the whole of TVR had been sold to a British company; eventually the owner of this company was also revealed, IT entrepreneur and sports car enthusiast, Mr Les Edgar.
Les who made his money initially as a compueter game designer, quckly found himself as the European Vice President of EA Games before turning his attention to Aston Martin and proceeded to build and develop the team that in just three years, took a class win in GT1 at Le Mans with the DBR9. The ideal man to take TVR forward? We think so.
Following the announcement at the November NEC Classic Motor Show that TVR was launching the heritage parts service to keep the existing cars on the road, initially from Griffith onwards but very soon extended to all TVRs, it was with great excitement that news of the new TVR was released to the public, through the TVRCC, on 3 June 2015. For full details, click here .
The knockers will still say that TVRs are unreliable. But we that own them, drive them and love them know better. And we are confident that TVR is in good hands...
• TVR Cars started taking deposits on its recently announced new sports car, effective from July 7th 2015.
• Decision taken as a direct reaction to the incredible public response generated by the recent announcement of the new car.
• Priority scheme and reduced deposit offered to established TVR Car Club members in celebration of its 50 year anniversary.
The discounted deposit offer for TVRCC members ended on July 31st 2015
1st July 2015: Hot on the heels of the news that TVR is to launch an all-new car in 2017, the company has decided that it will start taking deposits for the car from July 7th, 2015. The decision, which has come sooner than originally anticipated, has been made as a direct result of the huge, positive, public reaction generated by announcement that the company will launch the incredible new car. Designed in conjunction with Gordon Murray Design and featuring a Cosworth V8 engine, sports car enthusiasts the world over are lining up to buy what promises to be one of the most exciting new sports cars of the decade.
John Chasey, Operations Director of TVR, says: “We’ve been totally blown away by the reaction to the new car. Our phone lines and online enquiry system went into meltdown when the news was announced, and we decided that we must begin to bring a structure to the enquiries and build a delivery pipeline well in advance of production. Volumes in year one will be limited as we ramp up production, so this allows us to reward those individuals prepared to make a financial commitment at this early stage.”
TVR will take a £5,000 deposit from all interested parties, with detailed specifications to be established at a later stage. However, the company has also announced that it will offer a limited quantity of reduced deposits to TVR Car Club members during July as a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Car Club and as a thank you to the established individuals who have demonstrated continued enthusiasm and loyalty to the brand. Anyone who has been a member of the club for more than 6 months will be offered the opportunity to pay a £2,500 deposit, and TVR will also make a financial donation to the TVR Car Club for each deposit taken from a member.
Les Edgar, Chairman of TVR, says: “We feel it is important to reward those people who have been such enthusiastic ambassadors for the TVR brand. The club is a wonderfully active and loyal community of people who simply love the cars, so it seems fitting that they should be offered a reduced deposit and a promise of some of the early production units. With initial production in 2017 to be in the low hundreds, the early units are likely to be much coveted.”
The company is currently working on building and establishing its UK network of TVR Heritage and TVR Performance partners, many of which will have previously been TVR main dealers, whilst suitable new partners are also being sought. Most of the early cars will be delivered direct from the factory, although a referral scheme will be put in place to reward the network partners for their loyalty to the brand and to assist them in establishing relationships with the new customers in their locality.
For the latest details please visit www.tvr.co.uk
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TVR
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Which book of the Bible recounts the death of Joshua and the life of Samson?
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TVR
Book a MOT
TVR
We offer specialist repairs on gearbox, DMF, CSC and all clutch related hydraulic systems and clutch replacement for your TVR. So whether you drive a:
S3, S3C (1989 – 1994)
Tuscan Speed 6, Mk1 (1999 – 2005)
Tuscan Speed 6, Mk2 (2005 – 2007)
We can help get your car firing on all cylinders again.
In addition to our offering the best in clutch and gearbox reconditioning, repair and replacement, we also provide a full range of garage services for your TVR. These include, but are not limited to, battery inspection, general repairs, full servicing and we also hold full MOT capabilities.
So give our team a call, whatever your motoring need, and they will gladly help you and arrange for you to get back on the road. The full range of options is offered at each of our four branches – Birmingham, Cannock, Derby and Tipton – simply choose the branch closest to you for your convenience. We offer vehicle recovery if you require rescuing from the roadside, and we also offer a free courtesy car for you to use while we carry out the repairs to your vehicle. We appreciate how valuable your time is, and we want to make car repairs and maintenance as minimal a distraction as possible.
As an independent business, we are not tied to a particular manufacturer and also we are free to source the highest quality replacement parts for all of our jobs. The beauty of being independent is that we can offer the highest level of care and expertise, without charging main dealership prices. Our technicians are trained to be experts in their field, with many years experience on hand to identify the problems, diagnose the issues and implement the repair. We are a family owned business and are very proud of our 25 year heritage, and we are keen to keep our excellent reputation within the industry by continuing to provide A1 levels of service and care to our customers.
All of our work is covered by our comprehensive parts and labour warranty. Even better, all of our clutch kits are covered for 2 full years, an industry leading offer. This is part of the reason we get so many happy customer reviews.
Click on the links above to find your closest branch and get in touch today. We will have you back on the road, for less money, in no time!
TVR, or TreVoR to reveal the exotic source of the company name, is an independent British car manufacturer making high end sports and luxury models. Founded in 1947 in Blackpool, England, birthplace of the founder Trevor Wilkinson the company remained in his charge until 1962 leaving the business before it was sold to Martin Lilley in 1965. Martin Wheeler purchased the company from Lilley in 1981 and held it until 2004 when Russian banker and businessman Nikolai Smolenski bought it. TVR continued to operate until 2013 under Smolenski’s ownership until he sold it to a company called TVR Automotive Ltd. A UK firm headed by Les Edgar.
Starting in 1956, the firm has always produced sports cars, never ones for the mass market but instead ones for the individual who likes to turn heads. Never manufacturing their own engines or gearboxes etc. TVR took the pick of what was on offer from well established manufacturers in these areas – such as Rover, BMC and Cosworth – coupled them with sports oriented chassis and killer looks and sold them under the TVR banner.
One of the first TVRs produced was the Grantura, simply put way ahead of its time in terms of looks at the launch in 1958 – a simply stunning car and arguably the best looking in production until the Grantura II arrived 2 years later. Not met with the same commercial success as some other sports cars of this era from the likes of Triumph, TVR instead had to produce in small numbers and this exclusivity helped keep the allure around the brand – and also helped to keep the prices high.
The Grantura was replaced in 1965 after 4 type variations, by the Trident which was not very successful before being replaced by the Griffith. Forbear for the later Griffith; the original sold over 300 units, meaning the company was secure and attractive to buyers – hence the Martin Lilley takeover.
The Tuscan was the first car designed during the Lilley era, although the Grantura Mark IV launched prior to the Tuscan. The Tuscan V8 sold 55 units, but the later V6 managed over 100. The TVR Vixen would be the model of the Lilley era to shift units – with over 1,000 selling in 4 years to mark itself as the most successful TVR to date.
With an expanded workforce the company focused on more mass market models from here on in the Lilley era – the TVR 1600, 2500M, 3000M, 3000M Turbo selling over 1,500 units in the mid to late 1970’s. The Tasmin was the last TVR of the Lilley reign, billed as part of TVR ‘Wedge’ range, the aesthetics of the model have not aged well and it looks horribly dated.
The Peter Wheeler era saw the adoption of numbers as model names continue, with the TVR 280i, 350i, 350SX, 400SX, 450SE and 450SEAC among others in the 80’s and early 90’s. The 1991 TVR S2 laid the path for the design policy at TVR for the next 15 years – leaning more towards the design aesthetic of old with rounded, flowing lines. The S series was followed by the most successful model TVR ever created – The Chimaera. Selling over 5,250 units, the Chimaera is comfortably the best selling TVR ever, from the updated Griffith model launched at the same time. They were followed by the beautiful but savagely aggressive Cerbera. The Cerbera and the demand for it (over 1500 units) gave TVR the green light to increase the individuality of their designs – with the Tamora, Tuscan and Sagaris resembling no other car available at their time of launch. Beautiful even if not in the conventional sense, these cars set TVR apart as much as the early Granturas did.
The Sagaris was also the last TVR to be produced, the last models coming off the line under the leadership of Nikolai Smolenski in 2006.
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i don't know
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Which Hungarian composer lived from 1881-1945 - his only opera was 'Duke Bluebeard's Castle'?
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15/16 - Met - Iolanta - Tchaikovsky and Duke Bluebeard's Castle - Bartók - Classical Arts Ireland
Iolanta
ACT 1
In the south of France, Provence, lives king René and his only daughter Iolanta. She is blind from birth and blissfully unaware of her condition. By strict order of the King no one can reveal to Iolanta the existence of light and vision or they risk the punishment of death.
Iolanta’s friends, her nurse and everyone at court is kind to her and take heed not to mention the wonders of the existence of light. Sad thoughts haunt her, unbearable anguish oppresses her heart. King René cherishes hopes that one day his Daughter will see. A famous Moorish doctor Ibu Hakia is invited to the castle. The doctor tells the King that Iolanta can be cured on condition that she learns about her condition and longs to see. René is worried by the doctor’s conclusion.
ACT 2
Having lost their way two friends – Knight Vaudemont and Duke Robert find themselves in King René’s castle. Vaudemont notices the sleeping Iolanta. He is immediately struck by captivating beauty. Love for the unknown girl bursts in his heart. Meanwhile Robert tells his friend about his love for Mathilda, the countess of Lorraine. But one thing troubles him that as a boy he was engaged to King René’s daughter-Iolanta.
On hearing unfamiliar voices Iolanta wakes as guests are a rare occurrence in the castle. The two friends explain to her that they have lost their way and got into the castle by chance. Robert leaves to find his retainers and show’s little interest towards Iolanta. Iolanta and Vaudemont are left alone. The young man passionately declares his love for Iolanta. Vaudemont asks for a red rose by which to remember her. The girl hands him a white rose and then Vaudemont, guessing at her blindness, tells her what she has been deprived of without sight, and speaks of the beauty of the world and of light. But Vaudemont’s words do not arouse a desire to see in Iolanta. In despair, King René threatens Vaudemont with death if his daughter cannot be cured. Fearful for the life of a man whom she loves, Iolanta agrees to an operation by the doctor that will restore her sight. In the meantime, Robert admits to the King that he loves another and so he cannot marry his daughter. King René declares that if the treatment fails that Vaudemont will pay with his life. Iolanta is ready to go through any sufferings for Vaudemont to stay alive.
There appears Robert accompanied by his entourage. Vaudemont seeks Iolanta’s hand in marriage from the King. King René proceeds to tell the Knight that his daughter’s hand has already been promised to Duke Robert. On finding out that Iolanta can see, the King then frees Robert from the vow he has taken as a boy and gives his approval of his daughter’s marriage to Vaudemont. At the wedding, all the guests sing a thankful hymn in God’s praise. The festivities die down, and Iolanta is left alone.
Duke Bluebeard’s Castle
This one act opera continues without a break but is divided into seven Tableaux one for each of the seven doors which Judith, newly married to Duke Bluebeard, asks to be opened in order to allow light into the dark and dismal castle. The story begins in the hall of the dark castle. Judith who loves Bluebeard longs to overcome his resistance to keeping the doors, which guard his private secrets, from being opened. Judith’s wish is to bring light and warmth to their marital home and also to Bluebeard. As Judith persists the castle itself lets out a sigh and Bluebeard opens the first door.
Behind the first door red light glows over a torture chamber. As Judith looks around the room she notices that the walls are bleeding. Despite he apprehension Judith continues on to look behind the second door which reveals Bluebeard’s weapon store. The Third door opens to the sound of beautiful music and reveals Bluebeard’s magnificent treasures, here however Judith notices blood stains glisten on the loveliest of crowns. Behind the fourth door a beautiful garden is revealed. The fifth reveals Bluebeard’s glorious and vast lands but even here blood shades the clouds.
Judith is uneasy as she begins to realize that blood seems to seep into all images revealed to her. Judith is determined to see whats behind all of the doors and with a firm hold takes the keys from Blue beard. Blue beard pleads with Judith not to continue but she firmly begins to turn the lock on the sixth door. Behind the sixth door a lake formed with tears is revealed. Judith notices however that this time there is no blood stain visable. She senses that the tears contained in the lake have come from Bluebeard’s murdered wives.
Bluebeard pleads again with Judith not to open the final door as it will shut forever. Against Bluebeard’s pleading Judith opens the seventh door and out emerge Blue beards’s three wives in stunning dress. Bluebeard turns to Judith and now greets and praises her as his fourth wife. Judith is horrified by her husbands statement she begs him to stop but it is too late. Bluebeard dresses Judith in the same dress and jewels as his previous three wives. Judith then follows the wives along a beam of moonlight through the seventh door. It closes shut behind her and Bluebeard is left alone as all fades into total darkness.
COMPOSERS
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( 1840 – 1893) was a Russian composer whose works included symphonies, concertos, operas, ballets, chamber music, and a choral setting of the Russian Orthodox Divine Liturgy. Some of these are among the most popular theatrical music in the classical repertoire. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally, which he bolstered with appearances as a guest conductor later in his career in Europe and the United States. Tchaikovsky was educated for a career as a civil servant. There was little opportunity for a musical career in Russia at that time, and no system of public music education. When an opportunity for such an education arose, he entered the nascent Saint Petersburg Conservatory, from which he graduated in 1865. The formal Western-oriented teaching he received there set him apart from composers of the contemporary nationalist movement embodied by the Russian composers of The Five, with whom his professional relationship was mixed. Tchaikovsky’s training set him on a path to reconcile what he had learned with the native musical practices to which he had been exposed from childhood. From this reconciliation, he forged a personal but unmistakably Russian style—a task that did not prove easy.
The most famous of Tchaikovsky’s musical out put include Symphony No 6.Op 74 Violin concerto in D major Op. 35 and Piano Concerto No 1 Op. 23, best known operas include Eugene Onegin and Cherevichki and most famous ballets include ever popular Swan Lake, The Nutcracker and Sleeping Beauty.
Despite his many popular successes, Tchaikovsky’s life was punctuated by personal crises and depression. The early death of his mother, his homosexuality and the death of his close friend and colleague Nikolai Rubinstein were noted as contributory factors. Tchaikovsky’s sudden death at the age of 53 is generally ascribed to cholera but there is an ongoing debate as to whether it was accidental or self-inflicted.
Béla Viktor János Bartók (1881 – 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He was born in a small provincial town called Nagyszentmiklos in Hungary. He began his musical studies on the piano at the age five. His mother was his first teacher. Béla Bartók senior, the composer’s father, was the successful headmaster of an agricultural school at Nagyszentmiklos, and known for his high energy and devotion to the fine arts. The family atmosphere provided their children, Béla and Elza, with intellectual stimulus and even after Béla senior’s untimely death in 1888, his wife, Paula Voit, saw to it that their children had an excellent education. After his father untimely death in 1888, Béla continued his piano studies and also began composition studies. At age eleven, he made his first public appearance, playing his own piano compositions. Bartók enrolled in the Royal Academy of Music in Budapest. He made several tours of Europe after his graduation in 1902. Bartók was a professor of music at the Royal Academy from 1907 to 1940, and made a 12-volume collection of traditional Hungarian, Rumanian and Arabian melodies, also writing articles on research into folklore and folk songs.
In 1946 Bartók joined the American society of composers, authors and publishers. Some of his noted works include the one act opera Duke Bluebeard’s Castle, Rhapsody for Piano and Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta. In 1940 Bartók moved to the United States to get away from the Nazi persecution. He held a teaching position at Columbia University in New York City. With the exception of some noted musicians – conductor Serge Koussevitzky and violinist Yehudi Menuhin in particular, Bartók was generally misunderstood and ignored by the musical establishment at the time. He developed leukaemia in the early 1940s, and died in the autumn of 1945, unaware of the monumental status he would achieve after death.He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Liszt are regarded as Hungary’s greatest composers (Gillies 2001). Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of comparative musicology, which later became ethnomusicology.
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Béla Bartók
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Which 1948 film starring Robert Donat was about a father seeking to prove the innocence of his naval cadet son who had been expelled for theft?
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Béla Bartók - Musician - Music database - Radio Swiss Classic
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Béla Viktor János Bartók (/ˈbɑːrtɒk, -toʊk/;
Hungarian pronunciation:
[ˈbeːlɒ ˈbɒrtoːk]; 25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers ( Gillies 2001 ). Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of comparative musicology, which later became ethnomusicology.
Biography
Childhood and early years (1881–98)
Béla Bartók was born in the small Banatian town of Nagyszentmiklós in the Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary (since 1920 Sânnicolau Mare, Romania) on 25 March 1881. Bartók had a diverse ancestry. On his father's side, the Bartók family was a Hungarian lower noble family, originating from Borsodszirák, Borsod county ( Móser 2006a , 44), although his father's mother was of a Roman Catholic Serbian family ( Bayley 2001 , 16). Béla Bartók's mother, Paula (born Paula Voit), was an ethnic German, though she spoke Hungarian fluently ( Bayley 2001 , 16).
Béla displayed notable musical talent very early in life: according to his mother, he could distinguish between different dance rhythms that she played on the piano before he learned to speak in complete sentences ( Gillies 1990 , 6). By the age of four he was able to play 40 pieces on the piano and his mother began formally teaching him the next year.
Béla was a small and sickly child and suffered from severe eczema until the age of 5 ( Gillies 1990 , 5). In 1888, when he was seven, his father (the director of an agricultural school) died suddenly. Béla's mother then took him and his sister, Erzsébet, to live in Nagyszőlős (today Vinogradiv, Ukraine) and then to Pozsony (German: Pressburg, today Bratislava, Slovakia). Béla gave his first public recital aged 11 in Nagyszőlős, to a warm critical reception ( Griffiths 1988 ,). Among the pieces he played was his own first composition, written two years previously: a short piece called "The Course of the Danube" ( de Toth 1999 ). Shortly thereafter László Erkel accepted him as a pupil.
Early musical career (1899–1908)
From 1899 to 1903, Bartók studied piano under István Thomán, a former student of Franz Liszt , and composition under János Koessler at the Royal Academy of Music in Budapest. There he met Zoltán Kodály, who made a strong impression on him and became a lifelong friend and colleague. In 1903, Bartók wrote his first major orchestral work, Kossuth, a symphonic poem which honored Lajos Kossuth, hero of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.
The music of Richard Strauss , whom he met in 1902 at the Budapest premiere of Also sprach Zarathustra, strongly influenced his early work. When visiting a holiday resort in the summer of 1904, Bartók overheard a young nanny, Lidi Dósa from Kibéd in Transylvania, sing folk songs to the children in her care. This sparked his lifelong dedication to folk music.
From 1907, he also began to be influenced by the French composer Claude Debussy , whose compositions Kodály had brought back from Paris. Bartók's large-scale orchestral works were still in the style of Johannes Brahms and Richard Strauss, but he wrote a number of small piano pieces which showed his growing interest in folk music. The first piece to show clear signs of this new interest is the String Quartet No. 1 in A minor (1908), which contains folk-like elements.
In 1907, Bartók began teaching as a piano professor at the Royal Academy. This position freed him from touring Europe as a pianist and enabled him to work in Hungary. Among his notable students were Fritz Reiner , Sir Georg Solti, György Sándor, Ernő Balogh, and Lili Kraus . After Bartók moved to the United States, he taught Jack Beeson and Violet Archer.
In 1908, he and Kodály traveled into the countryside to collect and research old Magyar folk melodies. Their growing interest in folk music coincided with a contemporary social interest in traditional national culture. They made some surprising discoveries. Magyar folk music had previously been categorised as Gypsy music. The classic example is Franz Liszt's famous Hungarian Rhapsodies for piano, which he based on popular art songs performed by Romani bands of the time. In contrast, Bartók and Kodály discovered that the old Magyar folk melodies were based on pentatonic scales, similar to those in Asian folk traditions, such as those of Central Asia, Anatolia and Siberia.
Bartók and Kodály quickly set about incorporating elements of such Magyar peasant music into their compositions. They both frequently quoted folk song melodies verbatim and wrote pieces derived entirely from authentic songs. An example is his two volumes entitled For Children for solo piano, containing 80 folk tunes to which he wrote accompaniment. Bartók's style in his art music compositions was a synthesis of folk music, classicism, and modernism. His melodic and harmonic sense was profoundly influenced by the folk music of Hungary, Romania, and other nations. He was especially fond of the asymmetrical dance rhythms and pungent harmonies found in Bulgarian music. Most of his early compositions offer a blend of nationalist and late Romanticism elements.
Middle years and career (1909–39)
Personal life
In 1909, at the age of 28, Bartók married Márta Ziegler (1893–1967), aged 16. Their son, Béla III, was born on 22 August 1910. After nearly 15 years together, Bartók divorced Márta in June 1923.
Two months after his divorce, he married Ditta Pásztory (1903–1982), a piano student, ten days after proposing to her. She was aged 19, he 42. Their son, Péter, was born in 1924.
Opera
In 1911, Bartók wrote what was to be his only opera, Bluebeard's Castle, dedicated to Márta. He entered it for a prize by the Hungarian Fine Arts Commission, but they rejected his work as not fit for the stage ( Chalmers 1995 , 93). In 1917 Bartók revised the score for the 1918 première, and rewrote the ending. Following the 1919 revolution in which he actively participated, he was pressured by the Horthy regime to remove the name of the librettist Béla Balázs from the opera ( Chalmers 1995 , 123), as he was blacklisted and had left the country for Vienna. Bluebeard's Castle received only one revival, in 1936, before Bartók emigrated. For the remainder of his life, although he was passionately devoted to Hungary, its people and its culture, he never felt much loyalty to the government or its official establishments.
Folk music and composition
After his disappointment over the Fine Arts Commission competition, Bartók wrote little for two or three years, preferring to concentrate on collecting and arranging folk music. He collected first in the Carpathian Basin (then the Kingdom of Hungary), where he notated Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, and Bulgarian folk music. He also collected in Moldavia, Wallachia, and (in 1913) Algeria. The outbreak of World War I forced him to stop the expeditions; and he returned to composing, writing the ballet The Wooden Prince (1914–16) and the String Quartet No. 2 in (1915–17), both influenced by Debussy.
Raised as a Roman Catholic, by his early adulthood Bartók had become an atheist. He believed that the existence of God could not be determined and was unnecessary. He later became attracted to Unitarianism and publicly converted to the Unitarian faith in 1916. As an adult, his son later became president of the Hungarian Unitarian Church ( Hughes 1999–2007 ).
Bartók wrote another ballet, The Miraculous Mandarin, influenced by Igor Stravinsky , Arnold Schoenberg , as well as Richard Strauss . A modern story of prostitution, robbery, and murder, it was started in 1918, but not performed until 1926 because of its sexual content. He next wrote his two violin sonatas (written in 1921 and 1922 respectively), which are harmonically and structurally some of his most complex pieces.
In 1927–28, Bartók wrote his Third and Fourth String Quartets, after which his compositions demonstrated his mature style. Notable examples of this period are Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936) and Divertimento for String Orchestra (1939). The Fifth String Quartet was composed in 1934, and the Sixth String Quartet (his last) in 1939.
In 1936 he travelled to Turkey to collect and study folk music. He worked in collaboration with Turkish composer Ahmet Adnan Saygun mostly around Adana ( Özgentürk 2008 ; Sipos 2000 ).
World War II and last years in America (1940–45)
In 1940, as the European political situation worsened after the outbreak of World War II, Bartók was increasingly tempted to flee Hungary. He was strongly opposed to the Nazis and Hungary's siding with Germany. After the Nazis came to power in the early 1930s, Bartók refused to give concerts in Germany and broke away from his publisher there. His anti-fascist political views caused him a great deal of trouble with the establishment in Hungary. Having first sent his manuscripts out of the country, Bartók reluctantly emigrated to the U.S. with his wife Ditta in October that year. They settled in New York City after arriving on the night of October 29–30, 1940 via a steamer from Lisbon. After joining them in 1942, their son, Péter Bartók, enlisted in the United States Navy where he served in the Pacific during the remainder of the war and later settled in Florida where he became a recording and sound engineer. His oldest son, Béla Bartók III, remained in Hungary where he survived the war and later worked as a railroad official until his retirement in the early 1980s.
Although he became an American citizen in 1945, shortly before his death ( Gagné 2012 , 28), Bartók never felt fully at home in the USA. He initially found it difficult to compose. Although well known in America as a pianist, ethnomusicologist and teacher, he was not well known as a composer. There was little American interest in his music during his final years. He and his wife Ditta gave some concerts, although demand for them was low. Bartók, who had made some recordings in Hungary, also recorded for Columbia Records after he came to the US; many of these recordings (some with Bartók's own spoken introductions) were later issued on LP and CD (Bartók 1994 , 1995a , 1995b , 2003 , 2007 , 2008 ).
Supported by a research fellowship from Columbia University, for several years, Bartók and Ditta worked on a large collection of Serbian and Croatian folk songs in Columbia's libraries. Bartók's economic difficulties during his first years in America were mitigated by publication royalties, teaching and performance tours. While his finances were always precarious, he did not live and die in poverty as was the common myth. He had enough friends and supporters to ensure that there was sufficient money and work available for him to live on. Bartók was a proud man and did not easily accept charity. Despite being short on cash at times, he often refused money that his friends offered him out of their own pockets. Although he was not a member of the ASCAP, the society paid for any medical care he needed during his last two years. Bartók reluctantly accepted this ( Chalmers 1995 , 196–203).
The first symptoms of his health problems began late in 1940, when his right shoulder began to show signs of stiffening. In 1942, symptoms increased and he started having bouts of fever, but no underlying disease was diagnosed, in spite of medical examinations. Finally, in April 1944, leukemia was diagnosed, but by this time, little could be done ( Chalmers 1995 , 202–207).
As his body slowly failed, Bartók found more creative energy, and he produced a final set of masterpieces, partly thanks to the violinist Joseph Szigeti and the conductor Fritz Reiner (Reiner had been Bartók's friend and champion since his days as Bartók's student at the Royal Academy). Bartók's last work might well have been the String Quartet No. 6 but for Serge Koussevitzky 's commission for the Concerto for Orchestra. Koussevitsky's Boston Symphony Orchestra premièred the work in December 1944 to highly positive reviews. The Concerto for Orchestra quickly became Bartók's most popular work, although he did not live to see its full impact. In 1944, he was also commissioned by Yehudi Menuhin to write a Sonata for Solo Violin. In 1945, Bartók composed his Piano Concerto No. 3, a graceful and almost neo-classical work, as a surprise 42nd birthday present for Ditta, but he died just over a month before her birthday, with the scoring not quite finished. He had also sketched his Viola Concerto, but had barely started the scoring at his death, leaving completed only the viola part and sketches of the orchestral part.
Béla Bartók died at age 64 in a hospital in New York City from complications of leukemia (specifically, of secondary polycythemia) on 26 September 1945. His funeral was attended by only ten people. Among them were his wife Ditta, their son Péter, and his pianist friend György Sándor ( Anon. 2006 ).
Bartók's body was initially interred in Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York. During the final year of communist Hungary in the late 1980s, the Hungarian government, along with his two sons, Béla III and Péter, requested that his remains be exhumed and transferred back to Budapest for burial, where Hungary arranged a state funeral for him on 7 July 1988. He was reinterred at Budapest's Farkasréti Cemetery, next to the remains of Ditta, who died in 1982, the year after his centenary ( Chalmers 1995 , 214).
The two unfinished works were later completed by his pupil Tibor Serly . György Sándor was the soloist in the first performance of the Third Piano Concerto on February 8, 1946. Ditta Pásztory-Bartók later played and recorded it. The Viola Concerto was revised and published in the 1990s by Bartók's son, Peter; this version may be closer to what Bartók intended ( Chalmers 1995 , 210).
Concurrently, Peter Bartók, in association with Argentinian musician Nelson Dellamaggiore, worked to reprint and revise past editions of the Third Piano Concerto ( Somfai 1996 ).
Statues
A statue of Bartók stands in Brussels, Belgium near the central train station in a public square, Spanjeplein-Place d'Espagne ( Anon. 2014 ; Dicaire 2010 , 145)
A statue stands outside Malvern Court, south of South Kensington Underground Station, and just north of 7 Sydney Place, where he stayed when performing in London. An English Heritage blue plaque, unveiled in 1997, now commemorates Bartók at 7 Sydney Place ( Anon. n.d.(a) ; Jones 2012 ).
A statue of him was installed in front of the house in which Bartók spent his last eight years in Hungary, at Csalán út 29, in the hills above Budapest. It is now operated as the Béla Bartók Memorial House (Bartók Béla Emlékház) ( Tudzin 2010 ).
A bust and plaque located at his last residence, in New York City at 309 W. 57th Street, inscribed: "The Great Hungarian Composer / Béla Bartók / (1881–1945) / Made His Home In This House / During the Last Year of His Life".
A bust of him is located in the front yard of Ankara State Conservatory, Ankara, Turkey right next to the bust of Ahmet Adnan Saygun.
A bronze statue of Bartók, sculpted by Imre Varga in 2005, stands in the front lobby of the Royal Conservatory of Music, 273 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
A statue of Bartók, sculpted by Imre Varga, stands near the River Seine in the public park at Square Bela Bartok, 26 Place de Brazzaville, in Paris, France ( Anon. n.d.(b) ).
Also to be noted, in the same park, a sculptural transcription of the composer's research on tonal harmony, the fountain/sculpture Cristaux designed by Jean-Yves Lechevallier in 1980.
An expressionist sculpture by Hungarian sculptor András Beck in Square Henri-Collet, Paris 16th.
A statue of him also stands in Targu Mures city centre.
Compositions
Bartók's music reflects two trends that dramatically changed the sound of music in the 20th century: the breakdown of the diatonic system of harmony that had served composers for the previous two hundred years ( Griffiths 1978 , 7); and the revival of nationalism as a source for musical inspiration, a trend that began with Mikhail Glinka and Antonín Dvořák in the last half of the 19th century ( Einstein 1947 , 332). In his search for new forms of tonality, Bartók turned to Hungarian folk music, as well as to other folk music of the Carpathian Basin and even of Algeria and Turkey; in so doing he became influential in that stream of modernism which exploited indigenous music and techniques ( Botstein [n.d.] , §6).
One characteristic style of music is his Night music, which he used mostly in slow movements of multi-movement ensemble or orchestral compositions in his mature period. It is characterised by "eerie dissonances providing a backdrop to sounds of nature and lonely melodies" ( Schneider 2006 , 84). An example is the third movement (Adagio) of his Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta.
His music can be grouped roughly in accordance with the different periods in his life.
Youth: Late-Romanticism (1890–1902)
The works of his youth are of a late-Romantic style. Between 1890 and 1894 (nine to 13 years of age) he wrote 31 pieces with corresponding opus numbers. He started numbering his works anew with "opus 1" in 1894 with his first large scale work, a piano sonata. Up to 1902, Bartók wrote in total 74 works which can be considered in Romantic style. Most of these early compositions are either scored for piano solo or include a piano. Additionally, there is some chamber music for strings.
New influences (1903–11)
Under the influence of Richard Strauss —among other works Also sprach Zarathustra ( Stevens 1993 , 15–17), Bartók composed in 1903 Kossuth, a symphonic poem in ten tableaux. In 1904 followed his Rhapsody for piano and orchestra which he numbered opus 1 again, marking it himself as the start of a new era in his music. An even more important occurrence of this year was his overhearing the eighteen-year-old nanny Lidi Dósa from Transylvania sing folk songs, sparking Bartók's lifelong dedication to folk music ( Stevens 1993 , 22). When criticised for not composing his own melodies Bartók pointed out that Molière and Shakespeare mostly based their plays on well-known stories too. Regarding the incorporation of folk music into art music he said:
The question is, what are the ways in which peasant music is taken over and becomes transmuted into modern music? We may, for instance, take over a peasant melody unchanged or only slightly varied, write an accompaniment to it and possibly some opening and concluding phrases. This kind of work would show a certain analogy with Bach's treatment of chorales. ... Another method ... is the following: the composer does not make use of a real peasant melody but invents his own imitation of such melodies. There is no true difference between this method and the one described above. ... There is yet a third way ... Neither peasant melodies nor imitations of peasant melodies can be found in his music, but it is pervaded by the atmosphere of peasant music. In this case we may say, he has completely absorbed the idiom of peasant music which has become his musical mother tongue. ( Bartók 1931/1976 , 341–44)
Bartók became first acquainted with Debussy's music in 1907 and regarded his music highly. In an interview in 1939 Bartók said
Debussy's great service to music was to reawaken among all musicians an awareness of harmony and its possibilities. In that, he was just as important as Beethoven, who revealed to us the possibilities of progressive form, or as Bach, who showed us the transcendent significance of counterpoint. Now, what I am always asking myself is this: is it possible to make a synthesis of these three great masters, a living synthesis that will be valid for our time? ( Moreux 1953 , 92)
Debussy's influence is present in the Fourteen Bagatelles (1908). These made Ferruccio Busoni exclaim 'At last something truly new!' ( Bartók 1948 , 2:83). Until 1911, Bartók composed widely differing works which ranged from adherence to romantic-style, to folk song arrangements and to his modernist opera Bluebeard's Castle. The negative reception of his work led him to focus on folk music research after 1911 and abandon composition with the exception of folk music arrangements ( Gillies 1993 , 404; Stevens 1964 , 47–49).
New inspiration and experimentation (1916–21)
His pessimistic attitude towards composing was lifted by the stormy and inspiring contact with Klára Gombossy in the summer of 1915 ( Gillies 1993 , 405). This interesting episode in Bartók's life remained hidden until it was researched by Denijs Dille between 1979 and 1989 ( Dille 1990 , 257–77). Bartók started composing again, including the Suite for piano opus 14 (1916), and The Miraculous Mandarin (1918) and he completed The Wooden Prince (1917).
Bartók felt the result of World War I as a personal tragedy ( Stevens 1993 , 3). Many regions he loved were severed from Hungary: Transylvania, the Banat where he was born, and Pozsony where his mother lived. Additionally, the political relations between Hungary and the other successor states to the Austro-Hungarian empire prohibited his folk music research outside of Hungary ( Somfai 1996 , 18). Bartók also wrote the noteworthy Eight Improvisations on Hungarian Peasant Songs in 1920, and the sunny Dance Suite in 1923, the year of his second marriage.
"Synthesis of East and West" (1926–45)
In 1926, Bartók needed a significant piece for piano and orchestra with which he could tour in Europe and America. In the preparation for writing his First Piano Concerto, he wrote his Sonata, Out of Doors, and Nine Little Pieces, all for solo piano ( Gillies 1993 , 173). He increasingly found his own voice in his maturity. The style of his last period—named "Synthesis of East and West" ( Gillies 1993 , 189)—is hard to define let alone to put under one term. In his mature period, Bartók wrote relatively few works but most of them are large-scale compositions for large settings. Only his voice works have programmatic titles and his late works often adhere to classical forms.
Among his masterworks are all the six string quartets (1908, 1917, 1927, 1928, 1934, and 1939), the Cantata Profana (1930, Bartók declared that this was the work he felt and professed to be his most personal "credo" ( Szabolcsi 1974 , 186), the Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta (1936), the Concerto for Orchestra (1943) and the Third Piano Concerto (1945).
Bartók also made a lasting contribution to the literature for younger students: for his son Péter's music lessons, he composed Mikrokosmos, a six-volume collection of graded piano pieces.
Musical analysis
Paul Wilson lists as the most prominent characteristics of Bartók's music from late 1920s onwards the influence of the Carpathian basin and European art music, and his changing attitude toward (and use of) tonality, but without the use of the traditional harmonic functions associated with major and minor scales ( Wilson 1992 , 2–4).
Although Bartók claimed in his writings that his music was always tonal, he rarely uses the chords or scales of tonality, and so the descriptive resources of tonal theory are of limited use. George Perle (1955) and Elliott Antokoletz (1984) focus on alternative methods of signaling tonal centers, via axes of inversional symmetry. Others view Bartók's axes of symmetry in terms of atonal analytic protocols. Richard Cohn (1988) argues that inversional symmetry is often a byproduct of another atonal procedure, the formation of chords from transpositionally related dyads. Atonal pitch-class theory also furnishes the resources for exploring polymodal chromaticism, projected sets, privileged patterns, and large set types used as source sets such as the equal tempered twelve tone aggregate, octatonic scale (and alpha chord), the diatonic and heptatonia secunda seven-note scales, and less often the whole tone scale and the primary pentatonic collection ( Wilson 1992 , 24–29).
He rarely used the simple aggregate actively to shape musical structure, though there are notable examples such as the second theme from the first movement of his Second Violin Concerto, commenting that he "wanted to show Schoenberg that one can use all twelve tones and still remain tonal" ( Gillies 1990 , 185). More thoroughly, in the first eight measures of the last movement of his Second Quartet, all notes gradually gather with the twelfth (G♭) sounding for the first time on the last beat of measure 8, marking the end of the first section. The aggregate is partitioned in the opening of the Third String Quartet with C♯–D–D♯–E in the accompaniment (strings) while the remaining pitch classes are used in the melody (violin 1) and more often as 7–35 (diatonic or "white-key" collection) and 5–35 (pentatonic or "black-key" collection) such as in no. 6 of the Eight Improvisations. There, the primary theme is on the black keys in the left hand, while the right accompanies with triads from the white keys. In measures 50–51 in the third movement of the Fourth Quartet, the first violin and cello play black-key chords, while the second violin and viola play stepwise diatonic lines ( Wilson 1992 , 25). On the other hand, from as early as the Suite for piano, Op. 14 (1914), he occasionally employed a form of serialism based on compound interval cycles, some of which are maximally distributed, multi-aggregate cycles ( Martins 2004 ; Gollin 2007 ).
Ernő Lendvai (1971) analyses Bartók's works as being based on two opposing tonal systems, that of the acoustic scale and the axis system, as well as using the golden section as a structural principle.
Milton Babbitt , in his 1949 critique of Bartók's string quartets, criticized Bartók for using tonality and non tonal methods unique to each piece. Babbitt noted that "Bartók's solution was a specific one, it cannot be duplicated" ( Babbitt 1949 , 385). Bartók's use of "two organizational principles"—tonality for large scale relationships and the piece-specific method for moment to moment thematic elements—was a problem for Babbitt, who worried that the "highly attenuated tonality" requires extreme non-harmonic methods to create a feeling of closure ( Babbitt 1949 , 377–78).
Catalogues and opus numbers
The cataloguing of Bartók's works is somewhat complex. Bartók assigned opus numbers to his works three times, the last of these series ending with the Sonata for Violin and Piano No. 1, Op. 21 in 1921. He ended this practice because of the difficulty of distinguishing between original works and ethnographic arrangements, and between major and minor works. Since his death, three attempts—two full and one partial—have been made at cataloguing. The first, and still most widely used, is András Szőllősy's chronological Sz. numbers, from 1 to 121. Denijs Dille subsequently reorganised the juvenilia (Sz. 1–25) thematically, as DD numbers 1 to 77. The most recent catalogue is that of László Somfai; this is a chronological index with works identified by BB numbers 1 to 129, incorporating corrections based on the Béla Bartók Thematic Catalogue.
On 1 January 2016 his works entered the public domain in the European Union.
Discography
Bartók, Béla. 1994. Bartók at the Piano. Hungaroton 12326. 6-CD set.
Bartók, Béla. 1995a. Bartok Plays Bartok – Bartok at the Piano 1929–41. Pearl 9166. CD recording.
Bartók, Béla. 1995b. Bartók Recordings from Private Collections. Hungaroton 12334. CD recording.
Bartók, Béla. 2003. Bartók Plays Bartók. Pearl 179. CD recording.
Bartók, Béla. 2007. Bartók: Contrasts, Mikrokosmos. Membran/Documents 223546. CD recording.
Bartók, Béla. 2008. Bartok Plays Bartok. Urania 340. CD recording.
Bartók, Béla. 2016. Bartók the Pianist. Hungaroton HCD32790-91. Two CDs. Works by Bartók, Domenico Scarlatti, Zoltán Kodály, and Franz Liszt.
On 18 March 2016 Decca Classics released Béla Bartók: The Complete Works, the first ever complete compilation of all of Bartók's compositions, including new recordings of never-before-recorded early piano and vocal works. However, none of the composer's own performances are included in this 32-disc set ( Decca 2016 ).
Media
References
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i don't know
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In which country was President Bashir Gemayel assassinated in 1982?
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BASHIR GEMAYEL LIVED BY THE SWORD - NYTimes.com
BASHIR GEMAYEL LIVED BY THE SWORD
By EDWARD A. GARGAN
Published: September 15, 1982
Correction Appended
He began as the commander of a small Christian militia group outside Beirut, battled his way to the top of the Phalangist Party - the most powerful of the warring, near-feudal clans that have dominated Lebanon's recent bloody history - and for 22 days was President-elect of Lebanon. He would have been the youngest President in the country's history.
Bashir Gemayel was described as tough, ambitious and ruthless. He proudly embraced the gun in his fight for power. He died by the tools of his trade.
Violence suffused Mr. Gemayel's personal history. He survived assassination attempts in 1979 and in 1980. His 18-month-old daughter died in a car bombing.
Mr. Gemayel played a major role in much of Lebanon's violence. During the civil war of 1975-76, he led one of the war's most savage battles over a Palestinian refugee camp, including the massacre of the camp's survivors. And during and after the war his forces wiped out his two most prominent opponents on the Christian right. Defended Israeli Invasion
When Israeli troops invaded Lebanon on June 6, Mr. Gemayel defended the action as a ''surgical operation'' designed to expunge the Palestine Liberation Organization from his countunity to shed his warlord image by promoting himself as the leader of forces striving for Lebanese unity.
Even better, the retirement of President Elias Sarkis opened up a legitimate platform from which Mr. Gemayel could try to impose his will. Although he was the sole candidate for the presidency, the absence of an opponent did not foreshadow a sudden end to his country's sectarian strife.
On Aug. 23, as P.L.O. forces sailed from Beirut under the guns of the Israeli Army, the Lebanese Parliament met and elected Mr. Gemayel President. East Beirut, the stronghold of Maronite Catholics, exploded in an ecstasy of gunfire as Christian militiamen drove through the streets with portraits of their leader taped to windshields, rifles blazing away into the air. But explosions and gunfire tore through predominately Moslem west Beirut. Sought Image of Moderate
Upon his election, Mr. Gemayel sought to portray himself as a moderate leader, determined to see foreign armies removed from Lebanon and intent upon achieving national unity. On Sunday, he issued a call for Christians and Moslems to work together.
In June, shortly after the Israeli Army moved into Lebanon, Mr. Gemayel staked out his position as Lebanon's future leader in a television interview. He said:
''We are looking to get all the foreigners out - Syrians, Palestinians and Israelis and even Unifil. We don't need any foreign armed presence in this country. We will take care of the security of our own country.''
While denying that he asked the Israelis to invade Lebanon, he was not disappointed by their action. ''Definitely for us, this was the only way to finish with all the problems,'' he said.
He was born in Beirut on Nov. 10, 1947, the sixth and youngest child of Pierre Gemayel, the leader of the newly founded Phalangist Party. A trip to the 1936 Berlin Olympics impressed on his father the discipline of Hitler's Germany. The nationalistic and fascist movements of Francisco Franco and Benito Mussolini inspired the new party's ideology. Studied at Jesuit School
After earning diplomas in political science and law at a Jesuit school in Beirut and at Southwestern University in Texas, he worked briefly in a Washington law office before returning to Beirut to pursue legal and political activities.
But it was during the 1975-76 civil war, when he helped lead the Christian militias in their efforts to crush the armed Palestinians in Lebanon and their leftist Moslem supporters, that Mr. Gemayel rose to prominence.
During the war, he commanded the siege of the Palestinian refugee camp of Tal Zaatar, one of the war's bloodiest battles. At the siege's end, the camp's survivors were killed by the Phalangist troops.
He used his fighters to advance his own political power as well. In 1978, after Suleiman Franjieh, the former Maronite President of Lebanon, broke from the Christian alliance, Mr. Gemayel's soldiers attacked Mr. Franjieh's son and political heir, Tony. The raid left Tony and 32 supporters dead. Afterward Mr. Gemayel dismissed the assault as a ''social revolt against feudalism.'' Murdered Christian Rival
In 1980, his Phalangist forces assaulted the beach resort of a Christian rival, Dany Chamoun. Bathers at Mr. Chamoun's resort house were machine gunned in a swimming pool. Doctors later said that many bodies had been mutilated.
After the murder of Mr. Chamoun, Mr. Gemayel emerged as the dominant Christian figure in Lebanon. The size of Mr. Gemayel's army, the largest private force in Lebanon, grew from 10,000 to some 25,000 fighters by the time Israel invaded Lebanon on June 6.
Though technically running an uncontested race, Mr. Gemayel encountered organized opposition. Moslem leaders called for a boycott of the election and succeeded in postponing balloting for three days. When the vote was finally held, it was not at the Villa Mansour, the pock-marked Lebanese Parliament building located on the green line, but at a military barracks in a portion of Beirut controlled by the Israelis. Reluctant legislators had to be cajoled into a quorem, and Mr. Gemayel was able to muster the required number of votes only on the second ballot. Predicted 'Era of Peace'
After the vote he predicted a ''new era of peace, security and tranquillity.'' Instead, later in the day antitank shells and rocketpropelled grenades were fired at the homes of three Moslem members of Parliament who participated in the election, and the next day the homes of six more Moslems who took part in the election were attacked.
Mr. Gemayel's election was nonetheless greeted with enthusiasm by Israel and the United States. Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel immediately sent him a telegram beginning ''My dear friend,'' and there were unconfirmed reports that Mr. Gemayel and Mr. Begin met in northern Israel two weeks later.
Philip C. Habib, the American special envoy, paid him a visit in August. Mr. Habib later told Lebanese reporters: ''We wish the President and the President-elect and the people of Lebanon the best, the best in the world. You need it now. Hallaq.'' Hallaq is Arabic for ''come together.''
Mr. Gemayel married Solange Tutunji in March 1977. He has two children, an 18-month-old daughter and a 3-year-old son. Another daughter, Maya, was killed when a booby-trapped car exploded as the Gemayel automobile was passing it.
Illustrations: photo of Bashir Gemayel
Correction: September 22, 1982, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition
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Lebanon
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Canterbury in Kent, lies on which river?
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Bachir Gemayel (1947 - 1982) - Genealogy
Bachir Gemayel
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in Beirut, Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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Cause of death: Assassination - Sep 14 1982 - Achrafieh
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About Bachir Gemayel
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bachir Gemayel President-elect of Lebanon In office 23 August 1982 - 14 September 1982 Preceded by Elias Sarkis Succeeded by Amine Gemayel Personal details Born November 10, 1947 Achrafieh, Beirut Died September 14, 1982 (aged 34) Achrafieh, Beirut Political party Lebanese Forces Spouse(s) Solange Totonji Religion Maronite Catholic Lebanon
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Bachir Gemayel (10 November 1947 – 14 September 1982) (first name also spelled Bashir and surname also spelled al-Jumayyil, El Gemaiel, Joomayyeel) (بشير الجميّل) was a Lebanese politician, militia commander, and president-elect. He was a senior member of the Phalange party and the commander of the Lebanese Forces militia amid the first several years of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90). He was elected president on 23 August 1982 while the country was torn by civil war and occupied by both Israel and Syria. He was assassinated on 14 September 1982, along with 26 others, when a bomb exploded in the Beirut headquarters of the Phalange. The bomb was planted by Habib Tanious Shartouni.[1] The FBI blamed the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.[2] Contents
1 Early life 2 Early Activities in the Kataeb Party 3 Military Command 4 Tensions within the Lebanese Front 5 Israeli invasion of Lebanon and Bachir's election 6 Time as President elect 7 Institutions 8 Assassination 9 Personal life 10 Books about Bachir 11 See also 12 References 13 Other sources 14 External links
Early life Bachir As A Child
Bachir was born in the Achrafieh neighborhood of Beirut on 10 November 1947, the youngest of six children. The Gemayel family is originally from the Bikfaya village in the Matn District of Lebanon and is one of the most influential Christian families in Lebanon. His father was Pierre Gemayel, who founded the Phalange party in 1936 as a youth movement. Bachir Gemayel attended College de Notre Dame de Jamhour and the Institution Moderne du Liban (I.M.L)- Fanar. He completed his university education at St. Joseph University (Université Saint-Joseph - U.S.J.) in Beirut. After teaching for three years at the Lebanese Modern Institute, he graduated in 1971 with a degree in Law and another in Political Sciences in 1973. In 1971, Gemayel also took another law qualification from the American and International Law Academy in Dallas. Qualifying in 1972, he joined the bar association and opened an office in Hamra Street, West Beirut.[3] Early Activities in the Kataeb Party
Bachir became a member of the Kataeb Party when he was 12 years old.[4] Bachir realized the dangers that surrounded Lebanon in 1958, so he spent a lot of time with the organized forces of the Kataeb Party.[4] He attended the meetings organized by the Kataeb Student Section, and he was the president of the Kataeb Circle in St. Joseph University between 1965 and 1971.[4]
In the late 1960s, he underwent military training in Bikfaya, and he was appointed the military leader of a Kataeb group. Then, in the early 1970s, he formed the “Bikfaya Squad” where he became acquainted with the basics of military resistance.[4] In 1968, he participated in a student colloquium organized by the newspaper Orient, following events which occurred across Lebanese universities between the Islamic and leftist students supporting Palestinians in Lebanon on one side, and Lebanese and nationalist students (who Bachir represented) on the other. Bachir with his Father Pierre
Bachir with Kataeb Forces
After the continuous battles between the Lebanese Army and the PLO, Bachir gathered a group of students, and they started training in far mountains. This was the basis of what will later form the Lebanese Forces. At this time, he was under the command of William Hawi.[4]
In 1970, Bachir was briefly kidnapped by Palestinian militants in Lebanon and taken to the Tel al-Zaatar refugee camp. He was released 8 hours later.
Bachir became a member of the “BG Squad” formed by William Hawi. He was a revolutionary in the party. He became close with Jean Nader, leader of Achrafieh at that time, and he became the Vice President of Achrafieh. This situation continued from 1971 till 1975.[4]
Bachir became the head of the “BG Squad” after its members found him as a leader more close to their views. This group was formed of 12 specially trained members such as Fouad Abou Nader, Fadi Frem, Elie Hobeika and others. They were fierce fighters, and they were known for their violent battles. This group was out of the direct control of the party.[4] He had his own views and principles, and he wanted to run for the Vice Presidency of the party, but his men said to him that they want him as the leader of the “Lebanese Forces” and not the VP of a party. In addition, many members of the party did not want him as the VP because he was the son of Pierre Gemayel, the founder and president of the party. The elections were cancelled and they weren’t done until after his assassination.[4]
He submitted his resignation from the party in 1976, but it was rejected. This was because the Kataeb Party had approved the entrance of the Syrian Army to Lebanon to stop the war, but Bachir refused this and he was strongly against the Syrian intervention because he believed that Syria wanted to annex Lebanon. He came to this conclusion because the Syrian officials repeatedly stated that Lebanon is part of Syria and that the Syrian Army doesn’t need anyone’s permission to enter Lebanon. Plus, at that time, the Syrian educational system used to teach that Lebanon is a Syrian district.[4] Military Command
In 1975, Gemayel was accused by the LNM of being responsible for the Black Saturday massacre of Palestinians and Lebanese Muslims. According to Phalange member Karim Pakradouni, Bachir admitted to him that while being in an emotional state for the killing of four Phalangists earlier that day, he ordered his militiamen into the streets. Bachir added that when the situation developed into something he did not agree with and civilians were being killed, he tried to stop the killings but failed to.[5] However, according to Michel Samaha, another Phalange member, Bachir was outside Beirut and that Bachir arrived after the killing of civilians had started. Michel Samaha added that Bachir was one of the many senior members of the Phalange Party who tried to stop this massacre.[5] Bachir in the Street
Christian East Beirut was ringed by heavily fortified Palestinian camps from which kidnappings and sniping against Lebanese civilians became a daily routine. Christian East Beirut became besieged by the PLO camps, with severe shortages of food and fuel. This unbearable situation led the Kataeb Forces and their allied Christian militias to besiege the Palestinian camps embedded in Christian East Beirut one at a time and bring them down. On January 18, 1976, Bachir led the invasion of the heavily fortified Karantina camp that was located near the strategic Beirut Harbor : About 1,000 PLO fighters and civilians were killed.[6] The Palestinian PLO and al-Saiqa forces retaliated by attacking the isolated defenseless Christian town of Damour about 20 miles south of Beirut on the coast, during the Damour massacre in which 1,000 Christian civilians were killed and 5,000 were sent fleeing north by boat, since all roads were blocked off.[7] The Maronites retaliated with the invasion of the Tel al-Zaatar camp that same year (The camp was placed under siege for 52 days by the Tigers militia led by Dany Chamoun). Bachir played an important role in the last stages of the battle: he sent a group of his forces that moved through the sewers and they blew up the ammunition storage in the camp. This incident was considered to be the lethal blow that led the fall of the camp.[8] The Christian militias also fought against the PLO and LNM militias at the Battle of the Hotels in central Beirut. Bachir led the battle for the Holiday Inn that had an important strategic location. The battle was a success for Bachir's troops, and they were able to move the PLO out of the hotel. After insuring the safety of the rear lines and their effectiveness (necessary for the safety of Christian East Beirut), Bachir and his troops decided to abandon the hotel.[9] Bachir Attending Mass At A Training Camp
In 1976, with the death of William Hawi, who died due to a sniper shot in the battle of Tall Al-Zaatar, Bachir became head of the Kataeb militia. Later that year, he became a leading member of the Lebanese Front, a coalition of several Christian parties, and commander of their military wing, the Lebanese Forces. A military coalition of several Christian militias which not only opposed the PLO but also the Syrian troops, who had entered Lebanon at first to assist in defeating Palestinian militants, before turning into occupiers.[10] Bachir Giving A Speech At "Don Bosco" Training Camp
Bachir led his troops in the infamous “Hundred Days War” in Lebanon in 1978, in which the Lebanese Forces successfully resisted the Syrian shelling and attacking of Eastern Beirut for about three months before an Arab-brokered agreement forced the Syrians to end the siege. Syrians took high buildings such as Burj Rizk Achrafieh and Burj El Murr using snipers and heavy weapons against civilians. The soldiers stayed for 90 days. Another major clash took place near the Sodeco area in Achrafieh where the Lebanese Forces fought ferociously and led the Syrian army out of the Rizk Building.[11] This War led to the withdrawal of the Syrian troops from East Beirut and the free Christian Areas. At this time, Israel was the primary backer of the Lebanese Front’s militia.
In 1981 at Zahlé in the Beqaa, the largest Christian town in the East, confronted one of the biggest battles – both military and political – between the Lebanese Forces and the Syrian occupying forces. The Lebanese Forces were able to confront them and reverse the result of the battle of 1981 with the help of 92 Lebanese Forces soldiers (L.F Special Forces: The Maghaweer) sent from Beirut as well as the towns inhabitants. Regardless of the very bad weather and heavy bombing, convoys were sent in the snow to Zahle. Two Lebanese Forces soldiers died on a hill due to bad weather, they were found later holding each other… till they died. The battle of Zahle gave the Lebanese Cause a new perspective in the International Communities, and by some was regarded as military and diplomatic victory. It strengthened Bashir Gemayel's position because of his leadership and important role in this battle. The battle started in 2 April 1981, and finished with a cease fire and Lebanese Police were sent to Zahle. The 92 Lebanese Forces returned to Beirut on 1 July 1981.[12] (See: Battle of Zahleh for more details) Tensions within the Lebanese Front Bachir With Camille Chamoun
Despite their increasing success in their battle against the PLO, and the Syrian troops, there are two factors that led to the Lebanese Front’s demise.
Following the killing of many Phalangist members, in addition to a senior Phalangist by members of the Marada militia, which was led by fellow member of the Lebanese Front, Tony Frangieh, Bachir called for a meeting to decide on what to do about this situation. At first, the decision was to capture Tony Frangieh, and force him to surrender the members of the Marada miltia who killed the Phalangists. However, there was concern about the consequences of this move. So, the decision was changed after many talks between the Phalangists present at the meeting. It was decided that the goal of the operation would be to capture the members of the Marada militia who killed the Phalangists and it would be done on Tuesday to be sure that Tony Frangieh would have finished his weekend vacation and left Ehden. On 13 June 1978, Bachir sent a squadron of his men led by Samir Geagea and Elie Hobeika to Ehden, but what Bachir did not know is that Tony Frangieh never left Ehden since his car did not work. As soon as the squadron arrived, bullets were flying all over their heads, so they retaliated and this led to the killing of Tony Frangieh and his family, in addition to tens of members of the Marada militia. The incident is known as the Ehden massacre. Bachir was very angry about what happened, but he stood by his men. [13]
In 1980, in order to stop the clashes happening inside the Christian areas, between the Kataeb Militia and the Tigers Militia, and in order to eliminate the possibility of an Intra-Christian war, Bachir sent his troops to the town of Safra, where Dany Chamoun and members of his Tigers Militia were vacationing. With full support from Dany’s father, former president Camille Chamoun, the Tigers under the control of Elias el Hannache were exterminated in what was later named Safra massacre. Dany’s life was spared and he sought refuge in West Beirut, but Camille Chamoun’s support of the attack was interpreted as him believing that his son’s militia was getting too out of control.[14] Israeli invasion of Lebanon and Bachir's election
Israel invaded Lebanon in 1982. Defense Minister of Israel, Ariel Sharon, met with Bachir months earlier, telling him that the Israeli Defense Force were planning an invasion to uproot the PLO threat to Israel and to move them out of Lebanon.[15] While Bachir did not control Israel’s actions in Lebanon, the support Israel gave the Lebanese Forces, militarily and politically, angered many Lebanese Muslims and leftists.
Bachir met with Hani Al Hassan (representative of the PLO) and told him that Israel would enter and wipe them out. Bachir told him to leave Lebanon peacefully before it was too late. Hani left and no reply was given to Bachir.[16] Celebrations In Sassine Square After Bachir's Election Bachir With Philip Habib, who played an important role in Bachir's election
Israel invaded and the PLO were expelled from Lebanon in August 1982. During the invasion, the Israelis wanted the Lebanese Forces to assist the Israeli Army militarily by fighting the Palestinians and Muslims in West Beirut; however, Bachir refused that because he said that his forces would not assist an invading army. By now, Bachir had announced his candidacy for president. He was backed by the United States, who sent peacekeeping troops to oversee the withdrawal of the PLO from Lebanon. Bachir had requested that they stay longer to keep Lebanon stable until he could reunite it, but his request was denied. On 23 August 1982, being the only one to declare his bid, Bachir was elected president. [17] [18]
On 1 September 1982, two weeks before his assassination and only one week after his election, Bachir met the Israeli Prime minister Menachem Begin in Nahariya. During the meeting, Begin demanded that Bachir sign a peace treaty with Israel as soon as he took office in return of Israel's earlier support of Lebanese Forces and he also told Bachir that the IDF will stay in South Lebanon if the Peace Treaty wasn't signed. Bachir was furious at Begin and told him that the Lebanese Forces didn't fight for seven years and that they didn't sacrifice thousands of soldiers to free Lebanon from the Syrian Army and the PLO so that Israel can take their place. Bachir also added that he will not sign the Peace Treaty without national consensus on the matter. The meeting ended in rage and both sides weren't happy with each other.[19]
Begin was reportedly angry at Bachir for his public denial of Israel's support. Bachir refused signing a peace treaty arguing that time is needed to reach consensus with Lebanese Muslims and the Arab nations. This angered the Israelis because they knew that it is almost impossible for the Lebanese Muslims to agree on a Peace Treaty. They realized that Bachir was starting to distance himself from them.[20]
On 12 September 1982, in an attempt to fix the relations between Begin and Bachir, Ariel Sharon had a secret meeting with Bachir in Bikfaya. During the meeting, Bachir told Sharon that the Lebanese Army would soon enter into the Palestinian Camps to disarm any remaining fighters. They also agreed that the Lebanese Army would attack the Syrian Army's positions in Lebanon assisted by the Israeli Army. In addition, Sharon tried to convince Bachir about signing a Peace Treaty, but Bachir did not change his position on this matter.[21]
Bachir had planned to use the IDF to push the Syrian Army out of Lebanon and then use his relations with the Americans to pressure the Israelis into withdrawing from Lebanese territory. [22] By taking this move, Bachir crossed all international red lines about Lebanon and this was believed to be the main reason for his assassination. He tried to force a solution for the Lebanese War at the expense of Israel, Syria, and part of the American administration (Henry Kissinger and Alexander Heig)[23] Time as President elect
August 25 : Deployment of International Separation Forces (mainly American, French, and Italian)
August 30 : Yasser Arafat leaves Beirut to Athens
September 1 : Meeting between Presidents Bachir and Elias Sarkis with American Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger
September 2 : Opening the path of Sodeco that used to be considered as a separation line between East and West Beirut
September 4 : The Lebanese Army enters West Beirut for the first time since 1973
September 9 : The Lebanese Army enters the Palestinian Camp Bourj el-Barajneh and that was restricted since 1969 by the Cairo Agreement
September 10 : The International Separation Forces leaves Lebanon after completing its task
September 11 : Beirut's economic market resumes its activities; Bachir meets with former Lebanese Prime Minister Saeb Salam.
September 13 : Beirut's seaport resumes its activities
During these 21 days, fighters from the Lebanese Forces were prohibited from wearing their army clothes and also from carrying their weapons in the streets. The Lebanese Army was the only armed force in the streets. Institutions
Al-Ashbal : its first camp was organized under the patronage of Bashir in Jbeil scout camping grounds (1975).
Popular Committees : launched by Bashir in 1976, their aim is the people’s participation in the organization of daily life.
Hamat Airport : created by Bashir in 1976 for special tourist trips and for the export of agricultural products....
Radio Free Lebanon : founded by Bashir in 1978 to explain to the world the reality of the Lebanese cause.
Radio 102 : out of Bashir’s desire for a commercial station in order to alleviate the burden of the war (1979).
Delta Computer : founded in 1979 as a specialized information body related to all components of social organization.
Help Lebanon : founded to take care of children and alleviate the consequences of the war.
Lebanese Forces Television (LBC) : launched in 1980 as a national, educational, cultural and non-commercial television.
Gamma Group : an institution including specialists to plan the building of a modern state in all of its sectors (1982).
The Lebanese Cultural Association : created in 1982 to deal with intellectual, literature and artistic affairs as well as Lebanese civilization.
Achrafieh Merchants Committee : created in 1982 to revive the economy and trade and organize the market.
Achrafieh Festival Committee : created in 1982 to organize fairs and exhibitions and to encourage artistic activities.[24] Assassination Gemayel attending a Kataeb gathering
On 14 September 1982, Bachir was addressing fellow Phalangists at their headquarters in Achrafieh for the last time as their leader and for the last time as commander of the Lebanese Forces. At 4:10 PM, a bomb was detonated at the headquarters, killing Bachir and 26 other Phalange politicians. Whereas rumors spread that Bachir had gotten out alive, it was confirmed the next morning by the Lebanese Prime Minister Shafik Wazzan that Bachir was indeed assassinated.[25]
Habib Shartouni, a member of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party and also a Maronite Christian, was later arrested for the assassination. His sister was living in the apartment above the room Bachir was in. He had visited her the previous day and planted the bomb in her apartment. The next day, he called her and told her to get out of the building. Once she was out, he detonated the bomb from a few miles away from the building. When he came back to check on his sister, he was immediately arrested. He later confessed to it, saying he had done this because “Bachir had sold the country to Israel.” A reporter was heard telling him "You didn't kill a man, you killed a country." He was imprisoned for 8 years, until Syrian troops took over Lebanon at the end of the war and freed him on 13 October 1990. Amin Gemayel did not condemn Habib Shartouni because of immense Syrian pressure.[26]
Condemnations poured in from around the world, including from the United Nations Security Council in Resolution 520 as well as from American President Ronald Reagan. Reagan had been one of Bachir's most staunch supporters, saying "this promising young leader had brought the light of hope to Lebanon."[27]
Various theories exist as to other parties that had a hand in the assassination. Many point fingers at the Syrian government and then-Syrian President Hafez al-Assad for having knowledge of the assassination attempt and for backing Shartouni.[28] Another theory claims that Israel secretly ordered the assassination after they began to feel Bachir was going to delay the process of peace between Lebanon and Israel and rather wait for Arab backing and Lebanese consensus on the issue. Even after they kept pressuring him, Bachir refused to immediately give Israel peace.[29]
Bachir Gemayel's older brother Amine Gemayel was then elected as president, serving from 1982 to 1988. Rather different in temperament, Amine Gemayel was widely regarded as more moderate than his brother. Many of Bachir's followers were dissatisfied with Amine. Eventually, the Lebanese Forces became independent from the Phalange and its own political party. Personal life
Gemayel's widow, Solange Gemayel, works to keep his legacy alive through the Bachir Gemayel Foundation, a political and informational organization.
Gemayel's first daughter Maya was murdered in 1980 at 18 months of age by a car bomb intended for Gemayel himself.[30] He has two surviving children: His second daughter, Youmna, was born later in the year and received her degree in political science in Paris. She is now working towards her Masters in Management at ESA (École supérieure des affaires) in Beirut. Gemayel's son, Nadim, who was born months before Bachir was killed, was a law student and political activist, and was elected as a member of the Lebanese Parliament in 2009. Books about Bachir
Words From Bachir
See also
Kataeb Party Kataeb Regulatory Forces Lebanese Forces Pierre Gemayel Solange Gemayel Nadim Gemayel Samir Geagea Waltz with Bashir
References
^ Reuters (10 March 1982). "Phalangists identify bomber of Gemayel as Lebanese leftist". The New York Times. ^ Neil A. Lewis (18 May 1988). "U.S. Links Men in Bomb Case To Lebanon Terrorist Group". The New York Times. ^ "Bashir Gemayel (1947-1982)". Bachir Gemayel.org. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hayek, Georges (2010). History in a Man – Bachir Gemayel. pp. 68. ^ a b http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1361306345209781470&hl=en ^ Harris (p. 162) notes "the massacre of 1,500 Palestinians, Shi'is, and others in Karantina and Maslakh, and the revenge killings of hundreds of Christians in Damur" ^ "Historical Fact: The Massacre and Destruction of Damour". Lebanese Forces. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ "The Battle of Tel el Zaatar 1976". Liberty 05. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ "Lebanon: Beirut's Agony Under the Guns of March". Time. 5 April 1976. ^ Interviews with Elie Karameh, Edmond Rizk, Louis Karam, Naji Boutrous and Salim Reaidi conducted in March 1995 ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t28UYcXZRCs ^ "Historical Fact: The Battle of Zahle - 1981". Lebanese Forces. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ http://www.ouwet.com/n10452/political/ehden-1978-what-happened-there/ [dead link] ^ http://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1200819 ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g29PR3nkZPc ^ Hayek, Georges (2010). Bachir Gemayel - History in a Man. self-published. pp. 278. ^ Hudson, Michael C. (1997). "Trying Again: Power-Sharing in Post-Civil War Lebanon". International Negotiation 2: 103-122. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ Cobra - From Israel to Damascus ^ Khalife, Nabil (2008). Lebanon in Kissinger's Plan. Byblos Center for Research. p. 271. ^ Khalife, Nabil (2008). Lebanon in Kissinger's Plan. Byblos Center for Research. pp. 199,200. ^ http://www.lebaneseforces.com/bachirbiography.asp ^ From Beirut to Jerusalem by Thomas Friedman ^ http://www.bachirgemayel.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=66&Itemid=71 ^ Statement on the Assassination of President-elect Bashir Gemayel of Lebanon ^ http://wars.meskawi.nl/people.html#9 ^ "The New Lebanon Crisis". Time. September 27, 1982. Retrieved April 26, 2010. ^ Special to The New York Times (1980-02-24, Sunday). "Beirut Bomb Kills 8; Christian Militia Chief Believed to Be Target; Fought Palestinians and Leftists". The New York Times: p. 10.
Other sources
Les Secrets De La Guerre En Liban - Alain Menargues President Bachir Gemayel Community Site Jean-Marc Aractingi, La Politique à mes trousses (Politics at my heels), Editions l'Harmattan, Paris, 2006, Lebanon Chapter (ISBN 978-2-296-00469-6). The War Of Lebanon (Documentary Series By Al Jazeera)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bachir Pierre Gemayel External links
Bachir Gemayel Community Site (Bachir Gemayel Foundation site) Liberty Front presents President Bachir Gemayel The Lebanese Phalanges - Kataeb
About Bachir Gemayel (عربي)
ضمير وتاريخ
تاريخ في رجل رجل النهضة
^ قصة الموارنة في الحرب - جوزيف أبو خليل ^ تاريخ في رجل ---> من قتل بشير - إنقلاب بشيري أم إنقلاب إسرائيلي ^ تاريخ في رجل ---> من قتل بشير - إنقلاب بشيري أم إنقلاب إسرائيلي
بشير الجميل، تاريخ في رجل - جورج حايك قصة الموارنة في الحرب - جوزيف أبو خليل السلام المفقود - كريم بقرادوني
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Which soccer team was disbanded in 2008 for financial reasons after only one season in the Scottish Premier League?
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Footiemap.com - Defunct Football Clubs
Defunct Football Clubs
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Below is a list of defunct football clubs. This list is not filtered by country, but rather is for all countries. Certainly by no means is the list anywhere near complete. Please help us
Stadium Address: Centre Line Place, Robina QLD 4226
Stadium Address: Golf Links Drive, Kirwan, Townsville QLD 4817
Stadium Address: Südring, Klagenfurt 4061
Stadium: İbrahimxəlil Axundlu adına Naxçıvan şəhər stadionu
Stadium Address: Nakchivan
Stadium previously named İlham Əliyev Stadionu.
Stadium Address: Lineynaya Ulica 1A, Zhdanovichi 223033
Stadium: Stadion Rup Zavod Gomselmash
Stadium Address: Kosmonavtov Prospekt 49, Gomel 246031
Stadium Address: Dimitrova Prospekt 3, Mogilev 212030
Stadium Address: Marksa Ulica 36A, Nesvizh 222620
Nickname: Les Hurlus or Les Frontaliers
Stadium: Stade Le Canonnier
Stadium Address: Clos des Saules 21, Mouscron 7700
Stadium Address: Chongyai Lam, Thimphu
History:
The first recorded mention of Choden competing in Bhutanese football is in 2005 when they won the final of the B-Division beating Rookies F.C. 3-0.
No details other than their final position are known for 2011. They finished above Nangpa and Druk Athletic in a truncated season that was contested as a single round-robin set of matches in anticipation of the commencement of a full national league, which was in fact delayed by a further year. This was their last season of competition to date at the highest level of competition in Bhutan. They did not compete in the A-Division in 2012. It is unclear from the scant details available whether they played at a lower level that season, but an under-16 team competed the following year in the B-Division and an under-18 team rejoined the A-Division for the 2014 season, who could be considered successors to Choden, although they have not competed under that name.
Stadium Address: Bumpers Lane, Chester CH1 4LT
History:
Chester Football Club were founded in 1885 as an amalgamation of Chester Rovers and Old King's Scholars and initially played their home games at Faulkner Street in the Hoole area of the city. For the first five years of their existence they only played friendlies until joining the Combination League in 1890. A first senior trophy, the Cheshire Senior Cup, was won in 1895 and in 1898 the club relocated to the Old Showground also in Hoole. The stay was only brief as, twelve months later, the club were forced to temporarily disband when the ground was lost to housing.
Following repeated financial problems during the 2009-2010 season, which also affected many of their fixtures, the club was served with a winding-up order by HM Revenue & Customs in January 2010. The club was put up for sale, suspended from the Conference National for breaches of league rules, and later expelled from the league in February 2010. The club's league results for the season were expunged and the club, after attempting to join the Welsh Premier League, was formally wound up in March 2010. Shortly after, a successor club (Chester FC) was formed who will play in the Northern Premier League Division One North for their first season and play their games at the Deva Stadium.
Stadium Address: Farsley, Leeds LS28 5BE
History:
Farsley Celtic was formed in 1908 by a group of local village lads. In their infancy the club played in local leagues and Hospital Cups. In the 1920's the club moved to a more permanent ground at Red Lane, opposite Farsley Celtic Cricket Club. After the Second World War the club purchased their current ground from the local council, where they played their first match in 1948 against Frickley Athletic.
On May 27th 2009, it was announced by club president John Palmer that the club were "owing at least £200,000 in unpaid taxes". Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs told the club that they would have to attend a 'winding-up' hearing at the high court of London and refused a request to adjurn the hearing pending on the formal appointment of an administrator. It looked like it was going to be the end of the 101-year-old club but on the evening of June 30th it was announced that the club would enter administration with Robert Adamson and Philip Lyon of Mazars LLP, which meant the club would not have to travel to the hearing the following day. However, in March 2010, after agreement between a consortium and the administrator for the takeover of the club could not be reached, the club was disbanded. The club was later removed from the Football Conference North and their playing record for the 2009-10 season expunged.
Following Celtic's demise, a new club was created to replace them. Named Farsley AFC, they will play in the Northern Counties East League in the 2010-2011 season.
Stadium Address: Salter Road, London SE16 1LQ
History:
The original Fisher club was founded in 1908 by the John Fisher Catholic Society whose aim was to provide football facilities for under priviledged children in the London district of Bermondsey. However, this club folded in 1964.
Fisher Athletic were reformed two years later, playing in the Kent Amateur League before joining the London Spartan League in 1974. At this point the club played at a poorly-equipped pitch at Mitcham in Surrey and their main achievements had been winning the London Intermediate Cup in 1959/60 and the Surrey Intermediate Cup in 1961/62.
Stadium Address: Halifax HX1 2YS
History:
Halifax Town was founded on May 24th 1911 after a meeting held at The Saddle Hotel. The first trophy won was the Bradford Hospitals Cup 1913/14. The FA Cup was first entered into first in 1912/13 and the best seasons were 1913/15 and 1952/53 when the team reached the 5th round.
The club went into administration during the 2007-08 season, and after finishing 20th in the Conference National, were demoted by two divisions to the Unibond Division One North when the club failed to get a Company Voluntary Arrangement (CVA) passed. The club was reformed and renamed F.C. Halifax Town in July 2008.
Stadium Address: Diamond Way, Irthlingborough NN9 5QF
History:
Rushden & Diamonds Football Club was formed at the end of the 1991/92 season following a merger between Rushden Town (Southern League) and Irthlingborough Diamonds (United Counties League).
Rushden Town was formed in 1889 and competed in the Midland and Northants Leagues before joining the United Counties League.
Irthlingborough Diamonds was founded in 1946 and began playing competitive youth football in 1947. For the next decade they played as an under-18 side before progressing through local football in the Rushden & District and Kettering Amateur Leagues until 1964.
The club were expelled from the Conference National on 11 June 2011. This decision was made due to their unstable financial position, meaning they could not guarantee being able to complete all their fixtures in the 2011–12 season, resulting in their dissolution.
Stadium Address: Seamer Road, Scarborough YO12 4HF
History:
Scarborough FC were formed in 1879 when members and friends of the town’s cricket team wanted an activity to occupy themselves during the winter months. Indeed, the club was called Scarborough Cricketers FC until 1884 and played its home games on the club's cricket ground.
In the 2006-2007 season Scarborough competed in the Conference North. They started the season with a 10-point deduction, for a breach of league rules, and finished in 20th place which would have resulted in their relegation to the Northern Premier League. They were dissolved on 20 June 2007 because of financial difficulties. Their last ever game, on 28 April 2007, was a 1-0 win at Hucknall Town. A new club was established by the Seadog Trust under the banner Scarborough Athletic F.C. on 25 June 2007.
Stadium Address: Dominion Road, Twerton, Bath BA2 1DB
History:
Team Bath was a football club affiliated with the University of Bath in the city of Bath, Somerset, England. After winning promotion in a successful first season in the Southern League Division One West, and playing in the Southern League Premier Division, they won promotion to the Conference South in May 2008. After the Football Conference ruled in 2009 that Team Bath were not eligible to win promotion to the national division, a ruling which also meant that the club were no longer able to compete in Football Association cup competitions, they decided to fold at the end of the 2008-2009 season.
Stadium Address: Bucks Way, Telford TF1 2TU
History:
The club was first formed in 1872 as Parish Church Institute. They later changed their name and were known as Wellington Town F.C. until 1969.
Late into the 2003-04 season, the chairman's business empire collapsed and all financial support for the club disappeared. The supporters rallied around, formed a supporters trust and ultimately raised over £50,000 in the space of a couple of months. Sadly, even this would not have been enough to sustain the club through to the end of the following season and the club was forced into liquidation. On the same day that the proposed liquidation was announced, the supporters trust (Telford United Supporters Ltd) created and became the sole owners of a new football club - AFC Telford United.
Stadium Address: Burnham Football Club, Wymers Wood Road, Burnham SL1 8JG
History:
Their debut came in 1993 in the Greater London Division, and quickly rose to the heights of the FA Women's National Premier League, via the Greater London Premier Division, the South East Combination League and the Southern Premier League. They first reached the FA Women's Cup final in 2001.
In the 2001/02 season, where they won promotion to the Premiership, they also won the London County Cup, the Premier League Cup and the FA Women's Cup, scoring 342 goals in an amazing season, conceding just 15. This was their first season as a Professional team.
They won the treble of FA Cup, League Cup and Premier League in 2002/03, scoring 68 goals and conceding just 13. Last season they were the only English team to compete in the UEFA Women's European Cup, and they came 2nd in the Premier League.
During the 2005–2006 season, having lost most of their squad to a variety of factors (such as the choice to revert to semi-professional status), they struggled in the league, finishing eighth.
On May 16, 2006, Fulham announced that they were withdrawing the team from the Women's Premiership and discontinuing the team altogether. The decision to dissolve the team was made on financial grounds, with Fulham officially laying the blame on a poor media coverage and poor league attendance. Fulham F.C. did announce plans to continue its Girls Development Centre, but clearly stated they would not be fielding any further league teams in the foreseeable future.
Following the withdrawal of the funding of the Ladies, Fulham Football Club agreed to allow club officers, parents and players to take over the reins in order that the team could continue playing at the highest level of women's football - the Women's Premier League. The same fate had befallen several other ladies teams in recent years. As there is now no connection with Fulham FC, it was decided to alter the club's name to Fulham WFC and then WFC Fulham, in order to make this separation clear.
The new committee was presented with a number of difficult problems to solve. Fortunately, with much hard work, these were overcome and in a very short space of time, the new committee moved mountains and obtained the following:
Funding via generous donations and sponsorships;
FA and Surrey County FA affiliations;
A home ground at Burnham FC;
A back-up ground at Marlow FC;
A reserve team pitch at Burnham Grammar School;
Training facilities at the Kingsmeadow Athletics Stadium, Kingston;
A fully staffed management team of first and reserve team coaches and physiotherapists, a director of football and a fitness coach (with the availability of a performance analyst, nutritionist and sports psychologist if required);
A squad of 40 players for the two teams;
Mini-bus transport for first team and reserve away games;
Playing, match day and training kits and equipment;
A programme for all home games;
A club website at www.fulhamwfc.com
The new committee was presented with a number of difficult problems to solve. Season 2006-2007 saw the club survive, albeit with the relegation of the first team from the Premier League National Division, but with the bonus of a County Cup final appearance. The team bounced straight back by winning the Premier League Southern Division in 2007-08, thanks largely to the goals of Ann-Marie Heatherson.
In 2008–09, WFC Fulham finished 12th and were relegated from the National Division. Another relegation into the Combination League followed in 2009-10 and the club folded due to the withdrawal of their sponsors.
Stadium Address: Broomfield Park, Craigneuk Avenue, Airdrie ML6 8QZ
History:
Airdrieonians Football Club, more commonly known as 'Airdrie' were a Scottish professional football team from the town of Airdrie, in the Monklands area of Lanarkshire.
The team was founded in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire in 1878 as Excelsior Football Club, changing its name to Airdrieonians in 1881. The club enjoyed its most successful era in the 1920s following the signing of Hughie Gallacher from Queen of the South F.C. in 1921. Airdrie finished in second place in the Scottish League Championship four years in a row in between 1923 and 1926 as well as winning the Scottish Cup in 1924. Following this victory, in early summer 1925, the club visited Norway and Sweden, and made a big impression. Translations of local newspaper reports, and some photographs of the tour, are still available. Gallacher was on board until 1925. It was while at Airdrie in 1924 that the future member of the Wembley Wizards won his first international cap.
The club became defunct at the end of the Scottish Football League 2001/02 season, despite the team finishing as runners-up in the SFL First Division to Partick Thistle and therefore only narrowly missing out on promotion to the Scottish Premier League.
The club finally went out of business officially on 1 May 2002 due to its overwhelming debts. The final match played by Airdrieonians Football Club was an away game against Ayr United at Somerset Park. The match was abandoned by the referee after a crossbar was broken during a protest pitch invasion, and was never replayed.
After the club went out of business, a local fan, Jim Ballantyne, attempted to gain entry to the SFL with a team by the name of Airdrie United Football Club, effectively a direct replacement of Airdrieonians (similar to the way that Fiorentina re-established themselves as Florentia Viola following their own collapse under crippling debt). Airdrie United's initial bid for league status was rejected, however, as the member clubs had already accepted the application of Gretna Football Club, who were then playing in the English UniBond League. In desperation, Ballantyne opted to buy control of Clydebank, another Scottish football club experiencing extreme financial hardship and, with SFL approval, the club's name was changed to Airdrie United, the team relocated to Airdrie and the strip was altered to the famous diamond style of Airdrieonians. Airdrie United are predominantly viewed as a continuation of Airdrieonians, with the majority of the same supporters attending Airdrie United matches and the new club taking up the position of rivals to clubs such as Motherwell, Hamilton, Clyde and Partick Thistle who, historically, had had long standing enmity with Airdrieonians Football Club.
During their one hundred and twenty four year existence the "Diamonds", as they were nicknamed, won the old Scottish Division Two three times, the Spring Cup once and the Scottish Challenge Cup on three occasions. The club also competed in four separate Scottish Cup finals; winning the competition in 1924.
Airdrieonians were the first club in the Scottish League to fold since 1967, when Third Lanark went bankrupt. Meadowbank Thistle disappeared in 1995, but were relocated and reformed as Livingston.
Stadium Address: Armadale
History:
Armadale F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Volunteer Park in Armadale, West Lothian. The club were former members of the Scottish Football League.
The club was formed in 1910 and played in the Eastern Football Alliance before joining the Central Football League in 1911. They established themselves as one of the strongest temas in this competition, taking the title in both 1913-14 and 1914-15. They went on to play in the Eastern Football League, winning that competition in 1915-16, before returning to the Central. They were soon established as a strong side and took league club Albion Rovers to a third replay in the Scottish Cup in 1920-21.
Established as one of the country's leading non-league sides, Armadale were admitted to the newly expanded Scottish Football League Second Division in 1921. The club finished third in their first season but this was not to last and they soon became on of the weaker teams in the league. Struggling for income at a time of high unemployment, the club suggested allowing a reduced rate of 6d for the unemployed to enter matches but the plan was vetoed by the League and the club's money worries mounted up. They were further hit financially when a League inspection team found that the dog-racing track at Volunteer Park encroached onto the pitch too much and ordered an end to the sport. The club's form on the pitch was weak as well, with a league game against Arthurlie F.C. on 1st October 1927 seeing Owen McNally set a Scottish League record (since equalled) by scoring eight goals against a hapless Armadale. Failure to provide match guarantees to visiting teams saw the club expelled during the 1932-33 season. The club soon disappeared, replaced in the town by Armadale Thistle F.C..
Formed 1879. Defunct 1894. Reformed 1910. Defunct 1935. (1893-1894 Armadale Thistle. 1888-1900 Armadale Volunteers).
Grounds: 1879-1891 Mayfield. 1891-1935 Volunteer Park.
Stadium Address: Beith
History:
Beith F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Bellsdale Park in Beith. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
The club was initially formed in 1875 but closed down in 1883 and did not re-emerge fully until 1888. Nicknamed 'the cabinet makers', they joined the Ayrshire Football League in 1891 and would later play in the Scottish Football Combination, winning that competition in 1905. Around this time the club featured goalkeeper Hugh McDonald, who would go on to some success at Woolwich Arsenal. They eventually ended up in the Western League, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Beith lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 7th, 13th and 12th, but were not retained by the League. The club joined the Scottish Football Alliance and initially thrived somewhat, winning the Scottish Qualifying Cup in 1928. The club disbanded in 1938 but was quickly reformed outside the senior ranks as Beith Juniors F.C..
Formed 1875. Defunct 1883. Reformed 1888. Reformed as Junior club 1939.
Grounds: 1875-1882 Gateside Toll, 1882-1883 Marshalland, 1888-1894 Knockbuckle, 1894-1903 James Meadow (Muir Field), 1903-1915 Glebe Park, 1919 Kersland Field Glengarnock, 1919-1920 Mains Park, 1920-to date Bellsdale Park.
Stadium Address: Bo'ness
History:
Bo'ness F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Newton Park in Bo'ness. The club were former members of the Scottish Football League.
The club was formed in 1882 and joined the ill-fated Eastern Football Alliance in 1891, the league failing to complete its first season. They returned to competitive football in 1901 as members of the Central Football Combination and eventually ended up in the Central Football League. Along with much of the membership of this group they were admitted to the newly expanded Scottish Football League Second Division in 1921. Something of a mid-table side, the small town club struggled financially until failure to provide match guarantees to visiting teams saw the club expelled during the 1932-33 season.
Unlike many other clubs that faced expulsion Bo'ness continued as a non-league side, appearing in the Scottish Football Alliance, Edinburgh and District League, Scottish Football Combination and the East of Scotland Football League. Future Scotland international Alex Munro also came through the club's ranks at this time. The club survived World War II but merged with local side Bo'ness Cadora F.C. to form Bo'ness United F.C. in 1945.
Formed 1881. 1982 Amalgamated with Vale of Kinnell. 1945 Merged with Bo'ness Cadora as Junior club Bo'ness United.
Grounds: 1881-1885 Field at site of Parish church. 1885-1886 Soo & Cra Park Bo'ness. 1886-to date Newtown Park.
Stadium Address: Broxburn
History:
Broxburn United were a Scottish football club based at Sports Park Broxburn, West Lothian formed by the amalgamation of the town's two senior clubs Broxburn F.C. and Broxburn Athletic in 1912. The club were former members of the Scottish Football League.
Broxburn F.C. were founded in 1883 as Broxburn Thistle, adopting their regular name in 1889. The club was the more senior of the town's two teams and first came to attention as members of the Eastern League in 1891-92. The club went on to appear in many of the top competitions below the Scottish Football League in subsequent seasons, appearing in the Central Football Combination, the Scottish Football Alliance, the Scottish Football Union and the Central Football League.
Broxburn Athletic F.C., the less successful of the town's clubs, appeared in the Eastern Football League in 1905-06 and the Central Football League 1909-10. They should not be confused with the current junior side Broxburn Athletic F.C.
Broxburn United emerged in 1912 when it became clear that a small town like Broxburn could no longer support two senior sides. United became members of the Central Football League (apart from a spell in the Eastern Football League from 1915 to 1917) and along with much of the membership of this group they were admitted to the newly expanded Scottish Football League Second Division in 1921. However the club's interest in the League seemed limited and they were censured in 1922 for fielding only two first team players against St Bernard's F.C. as they were more interested in cup competitions. It was thus unsurprising that the club struggled in the League and finished bottom during the 1925-26 season. Facing re-election, they were rejected in favour of Forfar Athletic and dropped out of the League.
During their League career the club became embroiled controversy when Stenhousemuir F.C. player Joe Shortt reported to the League that he had been offered £50 by the representatives of a bookmaker from Glasgow to play poorly in a match against Broxburn United. Ultimately the club were exonerated of all involvement, although the incident hardened the League's attitudes towards gambling and helped to bring about their moves to drive animal racing away from League grounds, a move which cost a number of clubs their main source of income.
Broxburn United joined the Scottish Football Alliance for the 1926-27 season but found this level to be too financially taxing and soon joined the ranks of Scottish junior football by joining the Midlothian Junior League. The club continued until 1932 when financial troubles finally claimed them.
Stadium: Chapelhill Park
History:
Clackmannan F.C. were a Scottish football club best known for the four seasons they spent in the Scottish League in the 1920s.
Clackmannan inflicted Dunfermline Athletic's record defeat, 17-2 in the Midland League in 1891.
Clackmannan joined the Second Division of the Scottish League for 1921-22 when the Central League clubs formed most of this division. They finished bottom, and withdrew for a year to the Eastern League.
The club attempted to rejoin the Second Division for the 1923-24 season, but an overly confident campaign for election to the division was unsuccessful. However, Clackmannan gained admission to the new Third Division which was being started.
They played for three seasons in the Third Division without distinction. In their last season of Scottish League football (1925-26) they would have finished bottom had Galston not withdrawn halfway through the season. Indeed, the whole division folded up at the end of 1925-26, having proved unsustainable due to financial difficulties.
Clackmannan have appeared in the Scottish Cup on several occasions, mostly in the 1920s with the last being in 1931-32. The club must have folded soon after this. During this period at least, they got past the first round (last 64 in those days) on only one occasion, and even this was after the withdrawal of an opponent.
Clackmannan's ground at least during the Scottish League days was Chapelhill Park. The club played in blue and white hoops throughout its existence.
Between 1962 and 1995, another club called Clackmannan F.C. played Junior football in the Fife League, without enjoying much success.
Formed 1885. Defunct 1904. Reformed 1907. Defunct 1931.
Grounds: 1885-1886 Tower Park & Glebe Park. 1886-1831 Chapelhill Park.
History:
First Incarnation:
They were the first senior club to represent the town, playing home matches at Hamilton Park. They entered the Scottish Cup several times, making their last appearance in the competition proper in 1893-94. In addition they were members of the Scottish Federation (league) from 1891 to 1893. Although they retained their membership of the Scottish Football Association (SFA) as late as 1902, they were practically defunct by this stage. The team competed in the Glasgow Cup for these four years.
Second Incarnation:
The first club to represent Clydebank (which was a rapidly developing industrial "boom town" at this time) in the Scottish League, the second senior Clydebank F.C. were newly formed when elected to Division Two in 1914. Unfortunately for them, the lower division closed down a year later due to the impact of the First World War, but after two years playing in the Western League they had better fortune when they were elevated directly to the top flight, three clubs from the north and east of the country having been forced to stand down for the duration of the war due to travel difficulties. The economic boost the war had given to Clydebank's shipyards and factories was probably a contributory factor to the local team being chosen to fill the vacancy.
The club lasted five seasons before being relegated in 1922. They were immediately promoted back to Division One but relegated again after one season. The economic downturn in the latter half of the 1920s affected the town and the club badly, to the extent that the club considered resigning from league football in 1929. They chose to continue at that time but it proved to be only a stay of execution, with financial difficulties forcing the club to drop out of the League in July 1931. The club was out of football completely within a year.
Throughout their existence, they played at Clydeholm Park, which continued to exist after their demise as a venue for greyhound racing up to the 1960s. The most famous player to appear for the club was Jimmy McGrory, the Scottish League's all-time record goalscorer, who spent the 1923-24 season on loan to Clydebank from Celtic, scoring 13 of his 397 career league goals while at Clydeholm.
Third Incarnation:
In 1964 the Steedman brothers, owners of East Stirlingshire, controversially merged their club with Clydebank Juniors. The new club (whose name was usually abbreviated to E.S. Clydebank) inherited Shire's place in Division Two, playing home matches at Kilbowie. After a year, a legal challenge by East Stirlingshire supporters led to them resuming their former identity back in Falkirk. The Steedmans elected to remain at Clydebank, establishing a new club at senior level. E.S. Clydebank's single season is generally considered by historians and statisticians as a contiguous part of East Stirlingshire's record, as the merged club was never elected to the SFA or League in its own right.
The second Clydebank F.C. to play Scottish League football was formed in 1965 by the Steedman brothers, who were still convinced of the potential for senior football in the town despite the abortive merger. Although in many senses a resumption of Clydebank Juniors, albeit at a different level, they were technically a brand new club. Clydebank had to wait a year in the Combined Reserve League competing against Jordanhill Training College, Glasgow Transport, and the Third XI's of the Old Firm before being elected to the Scottish League in 1966.
Clydebank achieved considerable success in their 35 years as a Scottish League club. They spent three seasons in the Premier Division, becoming the first club to play in all three Scottish League divisions after league reconstruction in 1975. Clydebank also reached the Scottish Cup semi-final in 1990 while playing in the First Division.
They were also the first (and last) senior club of the Scottish international Davie Cooper, who went on to play for Rangers and Motherwell. Cooper was still a Clydebank player when he died in March 1995, aged 39, after suffering a brain hemorrhage. He was due to retire at the end of that season and become the club's first-team coach.
The club's fortunes began to decline after New Kilbowie was sold by the Steedmans in 1996 and a promised new stadium in the town failed to materialise. Clydebank spent six years playing "home" games at first Boghead Park, Dumbarton, followed by Cappielow Park, Greenock, with the inevitable decline in support.
This latter part of the club's existence also saw them embroiled in a number of schemes by investors who had no interest in Clydebank FC whatsoever. In a graveyard echo of the events of 1964 (and some would argue that of Third Lanark in 1967), they saw the club merely as a "ticket" to get a club in the Scottish League that would be based elsewhere.
The majority shareholder at the time, Mr John Hall, made a number of attempts to relocate the club as a franchise to a number of alternative towns - including Dublin, Galashiels and Carlisle. During this period, the club was reduced to operating from a single cramped portable cabin.
The club's SFL and SFA identity finally disappeared in 2002, when a new club Airdrie United bought over the ailing Clydebank and took over their place in the League.
Stadium Address: Cowlairs
History:
Cowlairs Football Club was a 19th century football club from Glasgow, Scotland. One of the founder members of the Scottish Football League in 1890, the club was based in Cowlairs, in the Springburn area of the city.
Cowlairs were formed in 1876, in an area that was growing rapidly due to its importance to Glasgow's railway industry. In their early years they were members of the West of Scotland FA and were looked on as a junior club. This was at a time when "junior" was merely a term used to describe smaller clubs of limited standing in the game, and prior to the establishment of a separate Junior grade of competition. The club entered the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1880-81, reaching the fourth round.
By the latter part of the decade, Cowlairs' reputation for was growing. In 1886-87 they entered the English FA Cup (which was open to Scottish clubs at this time), ironically losing out to fellow Glaswegians Rangers in their only tie. The club had players of sufficient standing in this period to have two of their number gain international recognition for Scotland: Tommy McInnes, capped once in 1889, and John McPherson, who won two of his nine caps while at Cowlairs, in 1889 and 1890.
Cowlairs were one of the clubs who then banded together to form the Scottish League, but finished bottom of the table at the end of its first season, their cause not helped by having four points deducted for fielding ineligible players. With the club also facing accusations of professionalism (which had yet to be legalised in Scottish football) following an inspection of clubs' books by the League, it was unsurprising that Cowlairs were unsuccessful in their re-election vote, losing out to Leith Athletic. Despite not being in any league competition the following season, the club enjoyed their longest Scottish Cup run, losing to Celtic in the quarter finals.
For season 1892-93, Cowlairs joined the Scottish Alliance, finishing as champions. Although they failed to be elected back in to the top flight of the Scottish League at the season's end, they were instead chosen to join the new Division Two for season 1893-94. They lost 1-0 in the final of the 1894 Glasgow Cup to Rangers F.C.
Their return to League football started well, securing runners-up spot that season, although they weren't elected to Division One. They continued to be beset by financial and administrative problems, however, and after another last-placed finish in 1895, they were once again voted out of League membership. This effectively brought an end to Cowlairs' brief career, the club closing down in 1896.
In their early years, Cowlairs played home matches at Gourlay Park. Indicative of the more informal standards of the day, the club actually had no permanent home ground secured at the time of them co-founding the Scottish League, but soon after settled at nearby Springfield Park, home for the duration of their League membership.
1876-1890: Gourlay Park. 1890-1895: Springfield Park. 1895-1896: Arrol Park.
Stadium Address: Dundee
History:
Dundee Wanderers were a Scottish football club based in Dundee. The club were briefly members of the Scottish Football League Second Division. Their home ground was Clepington Park.
The club was formed in 1885, merging with local club Strathmore F.C. in 1891 when they took the name Johnstone Wanderers. Reverting to their original name in 1894, they spent the 1894-95 season as members of the Scottish League, finishing ninth out of ten. Their performance might well have been worse had they not been awarded two points after Renton F.C. failed to fulfil a fixture against the club (who were thus awarded the two points), with the Dumbartonshire side instead opting for a glamour friendly against Queen's Park F.C. Wanderers brief sojourn in the Scottish League did produce one record that still stands, however, with the club's 15-1 away defeat to Airdrieonians F.C. being the heaviest defeat in Scottish League history.
They failed to secure re-election for the following season and so returned to the Northern League where they competed regularly until folding during the 1912-13 season.
Formed: 1894. Defunct 1913. (1885 Wanderers. 1892 Johnstone Wanderers - Amalgamated with Strathmore. 1894 Renamed Dundonians. 1894 Renamed Dundee Wanderers).
Grounds: Wanderers/Johnstone Wanderers - 1885-1891 Morgan Park. 1891-1894 Clepington Park.
Strathmore - 1880-1892 Rolle's Pier/Logie Park. 1892-1894 Carolina Park.
Dundee Wanderers - 1894 East Dock Street Ground. 1894-1909 Clepington Park. 1909-1910 No Ground. 1910-1913 St Margaret's Park, Lochee.
Stadium Address: Dykehead
History:
Dykehead F.C. were a Scottish football club based in the Dykehead area of Shotts, playing their home games at Parkside. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
The early history of the club is somewhat shrouded in mystery, although they were formed in 1880 but did not register with the Scottish Football Association until four years later. The club briefly competed in the Scottish Football Alliance, as well as the Eastern Football League, the Inter County Football League and the Scottish Football Union, which they won in 1912-13.
They eventually ended up in the Western League, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Dykehead lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 5th, 12th and 4th, but were not retained by the League. They continued until 1928 when they were wound up.
They played their home games at Dykehead Park, Youngston Park, Craigmillar Park and Parkside.
Stadium Address: Edinburgh
History:
Edinburgh City Football Club is a semi-professional senior Scottish football team who play in the East of Scotland Football League.
They were founded in 1928 although the initial incarnation ceased to be in mid-1950s. The club had aimed to become the Edinburgh equivalent of the Glasgow club Queen's Park F.C., and similarly joined the Scottish Football League as an amateur club in 1931. The Edinburgh City Football Club Ltd (Social Club), which had continue throughout the abeyance of the football side itself, gave their approval in 1986 to local side Postal United allowing them to use the Edinburgh City name.
It was tough going for City in the early years and they were never able to emulate the success of Queen's Park and for most of their time as league members they finished near the bottom of the league table each season.
Their most celebrated victory was beating Hibernian 3-2 away at Easter Road in the First Round of the Scottish Cup on 22 January 1938. Milne missed a penalty with 5 minutes to go for the home side. In the next round they lost 9-2 away to Raith Rovers on 9 February 1938.
They remained a league member until 1949 when financial considerations forced a switch to junior status, and they were wound up in 1955.
Stadium Address: Galston
History:
Galston F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Portland Park in Galston, East Ayrshire. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
Formed in 1891 to play in the new Ayrshire Football League, they lasted in that competition for its four year run before joining the Ayrshire Football Combination. After three years without regular competition the club joined the North Ayrshire League, later appearing in the Scottish Football Combination and Scottish Football Union.
They eventually joined the Western league, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Galston lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 13th, 11th and 16th, although they resigned midway through the chaotic final season, unable to provide match guarantees. Indeed Galston had been so keen to increase the income from their meagre gates that were censured by the League for charging entrance fees below the minimum agreed league level, then in turn blamed for accelerating the collapse of the Third Division by being the first to pull out from it in February 1926.
Ironically, they proved one of the lucky survivors and found themselves playing in first the West of Scotland Amateur league before being invited to join the Scottish Football Alliance from 1932 onward - a league made up of Senior Reserve teams and non-league sides which they'd been invited to join to generate more interest in a competition many Senior clubs were considering abandoning due to a lack of public interest.
However, in 1938, Hamilton Academicals proposed they and Beith F.C. were expelled and the league restricted to First Division clubs reserve teams only. Despite an impassioned plea by letter from club President James Abbott to every Scottish League side - pointing out they'd brought Beith and Galston in to prop up the league in the first place - only Ayr United, Clyde, Kilmarnock, Queen's Park and St Mirren voted to retain them and both sides were duly expelled.
Ironically, the Alliance was then abandoned and a new Reserve League set up, whereupon moves were made in 1940 for a new Scottish Football Alliance to be set up, among which the invitees were Galston and Vale Of Leven F.C., another side that had been shipwrecked by the collapse of the Third Division and whom had been in mothballs since 1929 over a lack of any Senior league to play in. Disaster stuck however after only a month's worth of games when World War 2 broke out and the league was put on indefinite hold. Without any Senior league to play in, and not interested in joining the Junior ranks, this marked the end of Galston FC.
Formed 1886. Defunct 1926. Reformed 1926. Defunct 1940.
Grounds: 1886-1894 Riverside Park. 1894-1940 Portland Park.
Stadium Address: Dominion Road, Gretna DG16 5AP
History:
During the 2007-2008 season, Gretna played their home games at Motherwell's home ground of Fir Park because Raydale Park did not meet SPL standards. Their first game in the SPL was against Falkirk which ended in a 4-0 defeat for Gretna. They struggled for form, only gaining four points in their first 12 games and having to wait until 22 September 2007 for their first win in the SPL, defeating Dundee United 3-2 at Fir Park.
However during this time the club's financial situation became dire. The club had accumulated debts of nearly £4m, and owner Brooks Mileson fell ill and withdrew his financial support for the club. A confused management situation did not help. Whilst Rowan Alexander was officially still manager, Davie Irons was in control of the team. On 6 November 2007, Gretna officially sacked Rowan Alexander as manager and formally installed Irons in his position.
On 18 February 2008 it was revealed that Gretna staff, including players, had not received their wages on time. Irons and assistant manager Derek Collins both resigned from their posts the following day. Gretna director of football Mick Wadsworth, assisted by Iain Scott and Andy Smith, took charge of first-team affairs. The club went into administration on 12 March 2008 after Mileson's withdrawal of support. This resulted in a ten point deduction, meaning they had a total of only six points from 28 games on the date of entering administration. The SPL agreed to pay the players salaries until the end of the 2007-2008 season, ensuring that the club were able to complete its fixtures in the SPL.
Administration led to cost-cutting and redundancies; club captain Chris Innes was made redundant on 25 March 2008, with the club explaining that he had "attracted interest from other clubs". The following day, 22 players, including eight members of the senior squad, along with coaching staff and the former owner's son were also made redundant. Gretna were formally relegated from the SPL on 29 March 2008 after being defeated 2-0 by St Mirren at Love Street, and broke the SPL's low attendance record on 5 April 2008 in their game against Inverness, when just 431 turned up for the game. They won their final SPL game, a home match against Hearts 1-0 with a goal from Gavin Skelton, which meant they finished the season with 13 points, narrowly avoiding setting a record low points total for the SPL.
Resignation from the SFL:
It was revealed by the administrator, Wilson Field of Sheffield, that Gretna have creditors of nearly £4m and assets (Raydale Park) of less than £1m. HM Revenue and Customs is owed nearly £600,000 in total, and it was their threat to wind up the company that precipitated Gretna's move into administration. On 8 May 2008, the administrators set a deadline of 17 May 2008 for a buyer, otherwise the club would be liquidated.
After that deadline passed without a buyer making a firm offer, the remaining forty members of staff at the club were made redundant. It was also reported that the club were still negotiating with an interested buyer. On 29 May 2008, Gretna were relegated to the Third Division due to their financial struggles, with the Scottish Football League threatening expulsion should a takeover not be completed within a week. After a takeover bid fell through on 1 June 2008, the administrators confirmed the following day that they would look to sell Raydale Park to someone who will use the site for something other than football.
Gretna resigned from the Scottish Football League on 3 June 2008. The club is expected to be liquidated.
Stadium Address: Helensburgh
History:
Helensburgh F.C. were a Scottish football club based in Helensburgh. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
A Helensburgh club first appeared in 1874 but this one disappeared in 1882. Two other very short-lived clubs also appeared in 1885 (reaching the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup) and 1886. A fourth incarnation was born in 1896 and eventually took up residence at the town's Ardencaple Park. They eventually joined the Western league, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Helensburgh lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 15th, 7th and 1st. Despite being the only club to fulfill all their fixtures in the final season Helensburgh were not asked to remain in the Scottish League. A brief stopover in the Scottish Football Alliance preceded their demise in 1928.
Formed 1874. Defunct 1886. Reformed 1886. Defunct 1928. Reformed 1928 as Helensburgh Amateur F.C.
Grounds: 1874-1876: Ardencaple Park. 1876-1885 Kirkmichael Park. 1885-1886 Mossend Park. 1886-1928: Ardencaple Park.
Stadium Address: Stirling
History:
King's Park FC were a football club who played in the Scottish Football League before the Second World War. Based in Stirling, they joined the League in the 1921-22 season, following the reintroduction of the Second Division and were one of 11 new members for that season.
Their finest season came in 1927-28, when they just missed promotion by one point. Their record victory was in a 12-2 league victory against Forfar Athletic on January 2 1930. In this game Jim Dyet scored eight of the club's goals, a feat made all the more remarkable by the fact that it was his debut for the club. Indeed Dyet's feat stands as British record for goals on a debut to this day. The club's other great goalscorer of the 1930s was Alex Haddow, who hit five consecutive league hat-tricks in January and February 1932. Although overall they failed to make much impact on the league. However, they were 4 times winners of the Stirlingshire Cup.
Although a middle-ranking Second Division club King's Park did at times make the headlines. Their league game against Dundee Hibernian on October 20 1923 would be the last game that club would ever play as they were re-invented as Dundee United two days later. The club became the centre of controversy in 1927 when a newspaper report suggested that their next opponents Clydebank were about to go out of business and as a consequence the attendance at the match was minimal. As a consequence King's Park held back Clydebank's cut of the gate until the Scottish League intervened. Although the issue was resolved it helped to increase support amongst the League administrators for cutting the number of clubs due to their volatile status.
When World War II started King's Park, largely as a consequence of their geographical location, dropped out of competitive football. Nonetheless, the club continued to play friendlies and, like a number of Scottish clubs who could offer higher war-time wages than their English counterparts, welcomed a number of high-profile guest players including Andy Black and Bill Shankly. The club was persuaded in 1940 to join a new Midland League for the coming season although local powerhouses Dundee declined to compete and so the league did not happen. As a consequence Managing Director Tom Fergusson put the club on hiatus in what was intended to be a temporary measure.
The fortunes of the club were hit further in 1941 when a Luftwaffe Heinkel III dropped a single Hermann bomb on Forthbank - the only German bomb to hit the town during the war, and that was believed to be merely one that had been finally successfully dislodged by the crew after becoming "stuck" in its bomb cradle when its payload had been dropped elsewhere (a not uncommon problem for bomber crews during the war).
The club did not play again after this, even though they applied to join the North Eastern League in 1944 (a request rejected due to their lack of a ground).
Amid allegations of financial impropriety with regards to payment of guest players and of money owed to local businesses for services and goods rendered, the club folded before the end of the war, on the pretext of the damage done by the bomb.
Football in the town did not disappear for long however as they were replaced by Stirling Albion, with Fergusson taking a leading role in the new club: which had to fight hard to gain a place in the Scottish League amid howls of protest by other clubs at what appeared to be King's Park using the limited company liquidation laws to set themselves up from scratch debt free at the expense of their creditors; an action which could make service providers to Scotland's other football clubs wary about allowing any sort of credit terms on which all clubs - even the Old Firm - needed in order to operate.
Although they had not played since 1940 King's Park were not officially wound up until 1953 when the War Office finally settled their claim for the bomb damage.
Ironically, their successor Stirling Albion were eventually to move back to a brand new stadium built at Forthbank in 1992.
Stadium Address: Glasgow
History:
Third Lanark Athletic Club was a football club that existed for 95 years between 1872 and 1967, in Glasgow, Scotland. Third Lanark was known as Thirds, the Warriors, the Redcoats and the Hi Hi. The last nickname was rumoured to have started during a match in the late 1890s, when a defender kicked the ball so high out of the ground that the crowd started screaming "High High High" and that nickname stayed with the club ever since. The fans invariably started to sing "Hi Hi Hi!" as a battle cry to encourage the team to victory during the club's matches. There was a public house called The Hi Hi Bar at the southern end of Crown Street in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, about one mile from the club's Cathkin Park stadium, until the late 1960s, after Third Lanark's demise.
One of the more successful clubs in early Scottish Football, Third Lanark was not the first major club to be declared bankrupt and dissolved. Former Scottish Cup winners Renton and near neighbours Vale of Leven suffered similar fates, although Vale of Leven was resurrected as a Junior side later on.
Third Lanark's demise was considered more remarkable as the club had finished third in Scotland's top division behind Rangers and Kilmarnock only six years before it folded, in the 1960-61 season, scoring 100 goals in the process.
Stadium Address: Austin, TX
History:
Austin Aztex U23 is an American soccer team founded in 2007. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and play in the Mid-South Division of the Southern Conference, against teams from Baton Rouge, Dallas, El Paso, Houston, Jackson, Laredo and New Orleans.
The team will play their home games in a stadium somewhere in the vicinity of the city of Austin, Texas. The exact venue has yet to be announced.
The Aztex were originally announced as Austin Stampede, but were re-branded after their controlling shares were bought by the professional Austin Aztex, who will be joining the USL First Division in 2009. The Aztex have an affiliation with Stoke City F.C. who play in the English Coca Cola Championship.
The Aztex are unrelated to the city's previous PDL team, Austin Lightning, who left the league prior to the 2008 season.
Stadium: Bakersfield Christian High School Stadium
Stadium Address: 2811 Fruitvale Ave., Ste # B, Bakersfield, CA 93308
History:
Bakersfield Brigade are an American soccer team, founded in 2005. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and plays in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference against teams from Calabasas, Costa Mesa, Fresno, Glendora, La Mirada, Lancaster, San Francisco, San Jose and Ventura.
They play their home games in the stadium on the campus of Bakersfield Christian High School in the city of Bakersfield, California. The team's colors are black, red and white.
The Brigade is coached by 8-year MLS veteran Francisco Gomez. Gomez was a member of the U-17 and U-20 US national team, and played in the 2000 MLS Cup game for Kansas City Wizards.
In 2007, former US national team star and ESPN broadcaster Eric Wynalda played in one game for the Brigade.
Stadium Address: 1809 78th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11214
History:
Brooklyn Knights are an American soccer team, founded in 1999. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and plays in the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference against teams from Flanders, New Rochelle, Newark, Ocean City and Uniondale.
The team currently plays to Aviator Field in Marine Park in the New York borough of Brooklyn, having previously played their home games at the Metropolitan Oval in Maspeth, in the New York borough of Queens for many years. The team's colors are white and blue.
The club also fields a team in the USL’s Super-20 League, a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella.
Stadium Address: 85 Central St., Suite 204, Waltham, MA 02453
History:
Cape Cod Crusaders are an American soccer team, founded in 1994. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and plays in the New England Division of the Eastern Conference against teams from Manchester, Ottawa, Providence and St. Albans.
The Crusaders are one of the most successful minor-league soccer teams in the United States, having been national PDL champions twice, in 2002 and 2003. The team is also one of the most long-lasting teams, having played in four different leagues, at two different levels, over the course of more than a decade.
The Crusaders are currently without a permanent home; they play their home games at several different venues in eastern Massachusetts, including the stadium on the campus of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, at Whitman-Hanson High School in Whitman, Massachusetts, and at Bowditch Stadium in Framingham, Massachusetts. The Crusaders historical home was the the stadium on the grounds Barnstable High School in the village of Hyannis, Massachusetts. The team's colors are red and white.
The club also fields a team in the USL’s Super-20 League, a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella. They also have a sister organization, the Boston Renegades, who play in the women's USL W-League
In 2007, Crusaders striker Ricardo Pierre-Louis was part of the Haiti squad which took part in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
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Gretna
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Which bird has been recorded at the highest speed in level flight?
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Footiemap.com - Defunct Football Clubs
Defunct Football Clubs
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Below is a list of defunct football clubs. This list is not filtered by country, but rather is for all countries. Certainly by no means is the list anywhere near complete. Please help us
Stadium Address: Centre Line Place, Robina QLD 4226
Stadium Address: Golf Links Drive, Kirwan, Townsville QLD 4817
Stadium Address: Südring, Klagenfurt 4061
Stadium: İbrahimxəlil Axundlu adına Naxçıvan şəhər stadionu
Stadium Address: Nakchivan
Stadium previously named İlham Əliyev Stadionu.
Stadium Address: Lineynaya Ulica 1A, Zhdanovichi 223033
Stadium: Stadion Rup Zavod Gomselmash
Stadium Address: Kosmonavtov Prospekt 49, Gomel 246031
Stadium Address: Dimitrova Prospekt 3, Mogilev 212030
Stadium Address: Marksa Ulica 36A, Nesvizh 222620
Nickname: Les Hurlus or Les Frontaliers
Stadium: Stade Le Canonnier
Stadium Address: Clos des Saules 21, Mouscron 7700
Stadium Address: Chongyai Lam, Thimphu
History:
The first recorded mention of Choden competing in Bhutanese football is in 2005 when they won the final of the B-Division beating Rookies F.C. 3-0.
No details other than their final position are known for 2011. They finished above Nangpa and Druk Athletic in a truncated season that was contested as a single round-robin set of matches in anticipation of the commencement of a full national league, which was in fact delayed by a further year. This was their last season of competition to date at the highest level of competition in Bhutan. They did not compete in the A-Division in 2012. It is unclear from the scant details available whether they played at a lower level that season, but an under-16 team competed the following year in the B-Division and an under-18 team rejoined the A-Division for the 2014 season, who could be considered successors to Choden, although they have not competed under that name.
Stadium Address: Bumpers Lane, Chester CH1 4LT
History:
Chester Football Club were founded in 1885 as an amalgamation of Chester Rovers and Old King's Scholars and initially played their home games at Faulkner Street in the Hoole area of the city. For the first five years of their existence they only played friendlies until joining the Combination League in 1890. A first senior trophy, the Cheshire Senior Cup, was won in 1895 and in 1898 the club relocated to the Old Showground also in Hoole. The stay was only brief as, twelve months later, the club were forced to temporarily disband when the ground was lost to housing.
Following repeated financial problems during the 2009-2010 season, which also affected many of their fixtures, the club was served with a winding-up order by HM Revenue & Customs in January 2010. The club was put up for sale, suspended from the Conference National for breaches of league rules, and later expelled from the league in February 2010. The club's league results for the season were expunged and the club, after attempting to join the Welsh Premier League, was formally wound up in March 2010. Shortly after, a successor club (Chester FC) was formed who will play in the Northern Premier League Division One North for their first season and play their games at the Deva Stadium.
Stadium Address: Farsley, Leeds LS28 5BE
History:
Farsley Celtic was formed in 1908 by a group of local village lads. In their infancy the club played in local leagues and Hospital Cups. In the 1920's the club moved to a more permanent ground at Red Lane, opposite Farsley Celtic Cricket Club. After the Second World War the club purchased their current ground from the local council, where they played their first match in 1948 against Frickley Athletic.
On May 27th 2009, it was announced by club president John Palmer that the club were "owing at least £200,000 in unpaid taxes". Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs told the club that they would have to attend a 'winding-up' hearing at the high court of London and refused a request to adjurn the hearing pending on the formal appointment of an administrator. It looked like it was going to be the end of the 101-year-old club but on the evening of June 30th it was announced that the club would enter administration with Robert Adamson and Philip Lyon of Mazars LLP, which meant the club would not have to travel to the hearing the following day. However, in March 2010, after agreement between a consortium and the administrator for the takeover of the club could not be reached, the club was disbanded. The club was later removed from the Football Conference North and their playing record for the 2009-10 season expunged.
Following Celtic's demise, a new club was created to replace them. Named Farsley AFC, they will play in the Northern Counties East League in the 2010-2011 season.
Stadium Address: Salter Road, London SE16 1LQ
History:
The original Fisher club was founded in 1908 by the John Fisher Catholic Society whose aim was to provide football facilities for under priviledged children in the London district of Bermondsey. However, this club folded in 1964.
Fisher Athletic were reformed two years later, playing in the Kent Amateur League before joining the London Spartan League in 1974. At this point the club played at a poorly-equipped pitch at Mitcham in Surrey and their main achievements had been winning the London Intermediate Cup in 1959/60 and the Surrey Intermediate Cup in 1961/62.
Stadium Address: Halifax HX1 2YS
History:
Halifax Town was founded on May 24th 1911 after a meeting held at The Saddle Hotel. The first trophy won was the Bradford Hospitals Cup 1913/14. The FA Cup was first entered into first in 1912/13 and the best seasons were 1913/15 and 1952/53 when the team reached the 5th round.
The club went into administration during the 2007-08 season, and after finishing 20th in the Conference National, were demoted by two divisions to the Unibond Division One North when the club failed to get a Company Voluntary Arrangement (CVA) passed. The club was reformed and renamed F.C. Halifax Town in July 2008.
Stadium Address: Diamond Way, Irthlingborough NN9 5QF
History:
Rushden & Diamonds Football Club was formed at the end of the 1991/92 season following a merger between Rushden Town (Southern League) and Irthlingborough Diamonds (United Counties League).
Rushden Town was formed in 1889 and competed in the Midland and Northants Leagues before joining the United Counties League.
Irthlingborough Diamonds was founded in 1946 and began playing competitive youth football in 1947. For the next decade they played as an under-18 side before progressing through local football in the Rushden & District and Kettering Amateur Leagues until 1964.
The club were expelled from the Conference National on 11 June 2011. This decision was made due to their unstable financial position, meaning they could not guarantee being able to complete all their fixtures in the 2011–12 season, resulting in their dissolution.
Stadium Address: Seamer Road, Scarborough YO12 4HF
History:
Scarborough FC were formed in 1879 when members and friends of the town’s cricket team wanted an activity to occupy themselves during the winter months. Indeed, the club was called Scarborough Cricketers FC until 1884 and played its home games on the club's cricket ground.
In the 2006-2007 season Scarborough competed in the Conference North. They started the season with a 10-point deduction, for a breach of league rules, and finished in 20th place which would have resulted in their relegation to the Northern Premier League. They were dissolved on 20 June 2007 because of financial difficulties. Their last ever game, on 28 April 2007, was a 1-0 win at Hucknall Town. A new club was established by the Seadog Trust under the banner Scarborough Athletic F.C. on 25 June 2007.
Stadium Address: Dominion Road, Twerton, Bath BA2 1DB
History:
Team Bath was a football club affiliated with the University of Bath in the city of Bath, Somerset, England. After winning promotion in a successful first season in the Southern League Division One West, and playing in the Southern League Premier Division, they won promotion to the Conference South in May 2008. After the Football Conference ruled in 2009 that Team Bath were not eligible to win promotion to the national division, a ruling which also meant that the club were no longer able to compete in Football Association cup competitions, they decided to fold at the end of the 2008-2009 season.
Stadium Address: Bucks Way, Telford TF1 2TU
History:
The club was first formed in 1872 as Parish Church Institute. They later changed their name and were known as Wellington Town F.C. until 1969.
Late into the 2003-04 season, the chairman's business empire collapsed and all financial support for the club disappeared. The supporters rallied around, formed a supporters trust and ultimately raised over £50,000 in the space of a couple of months. Sadly, even this would not have been enough to sustain the club through to the end of the following season and the club was forced into liquidation. On the same day that the proposed liquidation was announced, the supporters trust (Telford United Supporters Ltd) created and became the sole owners of a new football club - AFC Telford United.
Stadium Address: Burnham Football Club, Wymers Wood Road, Burnham SL1 8JG
History:
Their debut came in 1993 in the Greater London Division, and quickly rose to the heights of the FA Women's National Premier League, via the Greater London Premier Division, the South East Combination League and the Southern Premier League. They first reached the FA Women's Cup final in 2001.
In the 2001/02 season, where they won promotion to the Premiership, they also won the London County Cup, the Premier League Cup and the FA Women's Cup, scoring 342 goals in an amazing season, conceding just 15. This was their first season as a Professional team.
They won the treble of FA Cup, League Cup and Premier League in 2002/03, scoring 68 goals and conceding just 13. Last season they were the only English team to compete in the UEFA Women's European Cup, and they came 2nd in the Premier League.
During the 2005–2006 season, having lost most of their squad to a variety of factors (such as the choice to revert to semi-professional status), they struggled in the league, finishing eighth.
On May 16, 2006, Fulham announced that they were withdrawing the team from the Women's Premiership and discontinuing the team altogether. The decision to dissolve the team was made on financial grounds, with Fulham officially laying the blame on a poor media coverage and poor league attendance. Fulham F.C. did announce plans to continue its Girls Development Centre, but clearly stated they would not be fielding any further league teams in the foreseeable future.
Following the withdrawal of the funding of the Ladies, Fulham Football Club agreed to allow club officers, parents and players to take over the reins in order that the team could continue playing at the highest level of women's football - the Women's Premier League. The same fate had befallen several other ladies teams in recent years. As there is now no connection with Fulham FC, it was decided to alter the club's name to Fulham WFC and then WFC Fulham, in order to make this separation clear.
The new committee was presented with a number of difficult problems to solve. Fortunately, with much hard work, these were overcome and in a very short space of time, the new committee moved mountains and obtained the following:
Funding via generous donations and sponsorships;
FA and Surrey County FA affiliations;
A home ground at Burnham FC;
A back-up ground at Marlow FC;
A reserve team pitch at Burnham Grammar School;
Training facilities at the Kingsmeadow Athletics Stadium, Kingston;
A fully staffed management team of first and reserve team coaches and physiotherapists, a director of football and a fitness coach (with the availability of a performance analyst, nutritionist and sports psychologist if required);
A squad of 40 players for the two teams;
Mini-bus transport for first team and reserve away games;
Playing, match day and training kits and equipment;
A programme for all home games;
A club website at www.fulhamwfc.com
The new committee was presented with a number of difficult problems to solve. Season 2006-2007 saw the club survive, albeit with the relegation of the first team from the Premier League National Division, but with the bonus of a County Cup final appearance. The team bounced straight back by winning the Premier League Southern Division in 2007-08, thanks largely to the goals of Ann-Marie Heatherson.
In 2008–09, WFC Fulham finished 12th and were relegated from the National Division. Another relegation into the Combination League followed in 2009-10 and the club folded due to the withdrawal of their sponsors.
Stadium Address: Broomfield Park, Craigneuk Avenue, Airdrie ML6 8QZ
History:
Airdrieonians Football Club, more commonly known as 'Airdrie' were a Scottish professional football team from the town of Airdrie, in the Monklands area of Lanarkshire.
The team was founded in Airdrie, North Lanarkshire in 1878 as Excelsior Football Club, changing its name to Airdrieonians in 1881. The club enjoyed its most successful era in the 1920s following the signing of Hughie Gallacher from Queen of the South F.C. in 1921. Airdrie finished in second place in the Scottish League Championship four years in a row in between 1923 and 1926 as well as winning the Scottish Cup in 1924. Following this victory, in early summer 1925, the club visited Norway and Sweden, and made a big impression. Translations of local newspaper reports, and some photographs of the tour, are still available. Gallacher was on board until 1925. It was while at Airdrie in 1924 that the future member of the Wembley Wizards won his first international cap.
The club became defunct at the end of the Scottish Football League 2001/02 season, despite the team finishing as runners-up in the SFL First Division to Partick Thistle and therefore only narrowly missing out on promotion to the Scottish Premier League.
The club finally went out of business officially on 1 May 2002 due to its overwhelming debts. The final match played by Airdrieonians Football Club was an away game against Ayr United at Somerset Park. The match was abandoned by the referee after a crossbar was broken during a protest pitch invasion, and was never replayed.
After the club went out of business, a local fan, Jim Ballantyne, attempted to gain entry to the SFL with a team by the name of Airdrie United Football Club, effectively a direct replacement of Airdrieonians (similar to the way that Fiorentina re-established themselves as Florentia Viola following their own collapse under crippling debt). Airdrie United's initial bid for league status was rejected, however, as the member clubs had already accepted the application of Gretna Football Club, who were then playing in the English UniBond League. In desperation, Ballantyne opted to buy control of Clydebank, another Scottish football club experiencing extreme financial hardship and, with SFL approval, the club's name was changed to Airdrie United, the team relocated to Airdrie and the strip was altered to the famous diamond style of Airdrieonians. Airdrie United are predominantly viewed as a continuation of Airdrieonians, with the majority of the same supporters attending Airdrie United matches and the new club taking up the position of rivals to clubs such as Motherwell, Hamilton, Clyde and Partick Thistle who, historically, had had long standing enmity with Airdrieonians Football Club.
During their one hundred and twenty four year existence the "Diamonds", as they were nicknamed, won the old Scottish Division Two three times, the Spring Cup once and the Scottish Challenge Cup on three occasions. The club also competed in four separate Scottish Cup finals; winning the competition in 1924.
Airdrieonians were the first club in the Scottish League to fold since 1967, when Third Lanark went bankrupt. Meadowbank Thistle disappeared in 1995, but were relocated and reformed as Livingston.
Stadium Address: Armadale
History:
Armadale F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Volunteer Park in Armadale, West Lothian. The club were former members of the Scottish Football League.
The club was formed in 1910 and played in the Eastern Football Alliance before joining the Central Football League in 1911. They established themselves as one of the strongest temas in this competition, taking the title in both 1913-14 and 1914-15. They went on to play in the Eastern Football League, winning that competition in 1915-16, before returning to the Central. They were soon established as a strong side and took league club Albion Rovers to a third replay in the Scottish Cup in 1920-21.
Established as one of the country's leading non-league sides, Armadale were admitted to the newly expanded Scottish Football League Second Division in 1921. The club finished third in their first season but this was not to last and they soon became on of the weaker teams in the league. Struggling for income at a time of high unemployment, the club suggested allowing a reduced rate of 6d for the unemployed to enter matches but the plan was vetoed by the League and the club's money worries mounted up. They were further hit financially when a League inspection team found that the dog-racing track at Volunteer Park encroached onto the pitch too much and ordered an end to the sport. The club's form on the pitch was weak as well, with a league game against Arthurlie F.C. on 1st October 1927 seeing Owen McNally set a Scottish League record (since equalled) by scoring eight goals against a hapless Armadale. Failure to provide match guarantees to visiting teams saw the club expelled during the 1932-33 season. The club soon disappeared, replaced in the town by Armadale Thistle F.C..
Formed 1879. Defunct 1894. Reformed 1910. Defunct 1935. (1893-1894 Armadale Thistle. 1888-1900 Armadale Volunteers).
Grounds: 1879-1891 Mayfield. 1891-1935 Volunteer Park.
Stadium Address: Beith
History:
Beith F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Bellsdale Park in Beith. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
The club was initially formed in 1875 but closed down in 1883 and did not re-emerge fully until 1888. Nicknamed 'the cabinet makers', they joined the Ayrshire Football League in 1891 and would later play in the Scottish Football Combination, winning that competition in 1905. Around this time the club featured goalkeeper Hugh McDonald, who would go on to some success at Woolwich Arsenal. They eventually ended up in the Western League, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Beith lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 7th, 13th and 12th, but were not retained by the League. The club joined the Scottish Football Alliance and initially thrived somewhat, winning the Scottish Qualifying Cup in 1928. The club disbanded in 1938 but was quickly reformed outside the senior ranks as Beith Juniors F.C..
Formed 1875. Defunct 1883. Reformed 1888. Reformed as Junior club 1939.
Grounds: 1875-1882 Gateside Toll, 1882-1883 Marshalland, 1888-1894 Knockbuckle, 1894-1903 James Meadow (Muir Field), 1903-1915 Glebe Park, 1919 Kersland Field Glengarnock, 1919-1920 Mains Park, 1920-to date Bellsdale Park.
Stadium Address: Bo'ness
History:
Bo'ness F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Newton Park in Bo'ness. The club were former members of the Scottish Football League.
The club was formed in 1882 and joined the ill-fated Eastern Football Alliance in 1891, the league failing to complete its first season. They returned to competitive football in 1901 as members of the Central Football Combination and eventually ended up in the Central Football League. Along with much of the membership of this group they were admitted to the newly expanded Scottish Football League Second Division in 1921. Something of a mid-table side, the small town club struggled financially until failure to provide match guarantees to visiting teams saw the club expelled during the 1932-33 season.
Unlike many other clubs that faced expulsion Bo'ness continued as a non-league side, appearing in the Scottish Football Alliance, Edinburgh and District League, Scottish Football Combination and the East of Scotland Football League. Future Scotland international Alex Munro also came through the club's ranks at this time. The club survived World War II but merged with local side Bo'ness Cadora F.C. to form Bo'ness United F.C. in 1945.
Formed 1881. 1982 Amalgamated with Vale of Kinnell. 1945 Merged with Bo'ness Cadora as Junior club Bo'ness United.
Grounds: 1881-1885 Field at site of Parish church. 1885-1886 Soo & Cra Park Bo'ness. 1886-to date Newtown Park.
Stadium Address: Broxburn
History:
Broxburn United were a Scottish football club based at Sports Park Broxburn, West Lothian formed by the amalgamation of the town's two senior clubs Broxburn F.C. and Broxburn Athletic in 1912. The club were former members of the Scottish Football League.
Broxburn F.C. were founded in 1883 as Broxburn Thistle, adopting their regular name in 1889. The club was the more senior of the town's two teams and first came to attention as members of the Eastern League in 1891-92. The club went on to appear in many of the top competitions below the Scottish Football League in subsequent seasons, appearing in the Central Football Combination, the Scottish Football Alliance, the Scottish Football Union and the Central Football League.
Broxburn Athletic F.C., the less successful of the town's clubs, appeared in the Eastern Football League in 1905-06 and the Central Football League 1909-10. They should not be confused with the current junior side Broxburn Athletic F.C.
Broxburn United emerged in 1912 when it became clear that a small town like Broxburn could no longer support two senior sides. United became members of the Central Football League (apart from a spell in the Eastern Football League from 1915 to 1917) and along with much of the membership of this group they were admitted to the newly expanded Scottish Football League Second Division in 1921. However the club's interest in the League seemed limited and they were censured in 1922 for fielding only two first team players against St Bernard's F.C. as they were more interested in cup competitions. It was thus unsurprising that the club struggled in the League and finished bottom during the 1925-26 season. Facing re-election, they were rejected in favour of Forfar Athletic and dropped out of the League.
During their League career the club became embroiled controversy when Stenhousemuir F.C. player Joe Shortt reported to the League that he had been offered £50 by the representatives of a bookmaker from Glasgow to play poorly in a match against Broxburn United. Ultimately the club were exonerated of all involvement, although the incident hardened the League's attitudes towards gambling and helped to bring about their moves to drive animal racing away from League grounds, a move which cost a number of clubs their main source of income.
Broxburn United joined the Scottish Football Alliance for the 1926-27 season but found this level to be too financially taxing and soon joined the ranks of Scottish junior football by joining the Midlothian Junior League. The club continued until 1932 when financial troubles finally claimed them.
Stadium: Chapelhill Park
History:
Clackmannan F.C. were a Scottish football club best known for the four seasons they spent in the Scottish League in the 1920s.
Clackmannan inflicted Dunfermline Athletic's record defeat, 17-2 in the Midland League in 1891.
Clackmannan joined the Second Division of the Scottish League for 1921-22 when the Central League clubs formed most of this division. They finished bottom, and withdrew for a year to the Eastern League.
The club attempted to rejoin the Second Division for the 1923-24 season, but an overly confident campaign for election to the division was unsuccessful. However, Clackmannan gained admission to the new Third Division which was being started.
They played for three seasons in the Third Division without distinction. In their last season of Scottish League football (1925-26) they would have finished bottom had Galston not withdrawn halfway through the season. Indeed, the whole division folded up at the end of 1925-26, having proved unsustainable due to financial difficulties.
Clackmannan have appeared in the Scottish Cup on several occasions, mostly in the 1920s with the last being in 1931-32. The club must have folded soon after this. During this period at least, they got past the first round (last 64 in those days) on only one occasion, and even this was after the withdrawal of an opponent.
Clackmannan's ground at least during the Scottish League days was Chapelhill Park. The club played in blue and white hoops throughout its existence.
Between 1962 and 1995, another club called Clackmannan F.C. played Junior football in the Fife League, without enjoying much success.
Formed 1885. Defunct 1904. Reformed 1907. Defunct 1931.
Grounds: 1885-1886 Tower Park & Glebe Park. 1886-1831 Chapelhill Park.
History:
First Incarnation:
They were the first senior club to represent the town, playing home matches at Hamilton Park. They entered the Scottish Cup several times, making their last appearance in the competition proper in 1893-94. In addition they were members of the Scottish Federation (league) from 1891 to 1893. Although they retained their membership of the Scottish Football Association (SFA) as late as 1902, they were practically defunct by this stage. The team competed in the Glasgow Cup for these four years.
Second Incarnation:
The first club to represent Clydebank (which was a rapidly developing industrial "boom town" at this time) in the Scottish League, the second senior Clydebank F.C. were newly formed when elected to Division Two in 1914. Unfortunately for them, the lower division closed down a year later due to the impact of the First World War, but after two years playing in the Western League they had better fortune when they were elevated directly to the top flight, three clubs from the north and east of the country having been forced to stand down for the duration of the war due to travel difficulties. The economic boost the war had given to Clydebank's shipyards and factories was probably a contributory factor to the local team being chosen to fill the vacancy.
The club lasted five seasons before being relegated in 1922. They were immediately promoted back to Division One but relegated again after one season. The economic downturn in the latter half of the 1920s affected the town and the club badly, to the extent that the club considered resigning from league football in 1929. They chose to continue at that time but it proved to be only a stay of execution, with financial difficulties forcing the club to drop out of the League in July 1931. The club was out of football completely within a year.
Throughout their existence, they played at Clydeholm Park, which continued to exist after their demise as a venue for greyhound racing up to the 1960s. The most famous player to appear for the club was Jimmy McGrory, the Scottish League's all-time record goalscorer, who spent the 1923-24 season on loan to Clydebank from Celtic, scoring 13 of his 397 career league goals while at Clydeholm.
Third Incarnation:
In 1964 the Steedman brothers, owners of East Stirlingshire, controversially merged their club with Clydebank Juniors. The new club (whose name was usually abbreviated to E.S. Clydebank) inherited Shire's place in Division Two, playing home matches at Kilbowie. After a year, a legal challenge by East Stirlingshire supporters led to them resuming their former identity back in Falkirk. The Steedmans elected to remain at Clydebank, establishing a new club at senior level. E.S. Clydebank's single season is generally considered by historians and statisticians as a contiguous part of East Stirlingshire's record, as the merged club was never elected to the SFA or League in its own right.
The second Clydebank F.C. to play Scottish League football was formed in 1965 by the Steedman brothers, who were still convinced of the potential for senior football in the town despite the abortive merger. Although in many senses a resumption of Clydebank Juniors, albeit at a different level, they were technically a brand new club. Clydebank had to wait a year in the Combined Reserve League competing against Jordanhill Training College, Glasgow Transport, and the Third XI's of the Old Firm before being elected to the Scottish League in 1966.
Clydebank achieved considerable success in their 35 years as a Scottish League club. They spent three seasons in the Premier Division, becoming the first club to play in all three Scottish League divisions after league reconstruction in 1975. Clydebank also reached the Scottish Cup semi-final in 1990 while playing in the First Division.
They were also the first (and last) senior club of the Scottish international Davie Cooper, who went on to play for Rangers and Motherwell. Cooper was still a Clydebank player when he died in March 1995, aged 39, after suffering a brain hemorrhage. He was due to retire at the end of that season and become the club's first-team coach.
The club's fortunes began to decline after New Kilbowie was sold by the Steedmans in 1996 and a promised new stadium in the town failed to materialise. Clydebank spent six years playing "home" games at first Boghead Park, Dumbarton, followed by Cappielow Park, Greenock, with the inevitable decline in support.
This latter part of the club's existence also saw them embroiled in a number of schemes by investors who had no interest in Clydebank FC whatsoever. In a graveyard echo of the events of 1964 (and some would argue that of Third Lanark in 1967), they saw the club merely as a "ticket" to get a club in the Scottish League that would be based elsewhere.
The majority shareholder at the time, Mr John Hall, made a number of attempts to relocate the club as a franchise to a number of alternative towns - including Dublin, Galashiels and Carlisle. During this period, the club was reduced to operating from a single cramped portable cabin.
The club's SFL and SFA identity finally disappeared in 2002, when a new club Airdrie United bought over the ailing Clydebank and took over their place in the League.
Stadium Address: Cowlairs
History:
Cowlairs Football Club was a 19th century football club from Glasgow, Scotland. One of the founder members of the Scottish Football League in 1890, the club was based in Cowlairs, in the Springburn area of the city.
Cowlairs were formed in 1876, in an area that was growing rapidly due to its importance to Glasgow's railway industry. In their early years they were members of the West of Scotland FA and were looked on as a junior club. This was at a time when "junior" was merely a term used to describe smaller clubs of limited standing in the game, and prior to the establishment of a separate Junior grade of competition. The club entered the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1880-81, reaching the fourth round.
By the latter part of the decade, Cowlairs' reputation for was growing. In 1886-87 they entered the English FA Cup (which was open to Scottish clubs at this time), ironically losing out to fellow Glaswegians Rangers in their only tie. The club had players of sufficient standing in this period to have two of their number gain international recognition for Scotland: Tommy McInnes, capped once in 1889, and John McPherson, who won two of his nine caps while at Cowlairs, in 1889 and 1890.
Cowlairs were one of the clubs who then banded together to form the Scottish League, but finished bottom of the table at the end of its first season, their cause not helped by having four points deducted for fielding ineligible players. With the club also facing accusations of professionalism (which had yet to be legalised in Scottish football) following an inspection of clubs' books by the League, it was unsurprising that Cowlairs were unsuccessful in their re-election vote, losing out to Leith Athletic. Despite not being in any league competition the following season, the club enjoyed their longest Scottish Cup run, losing to Celtic in the quarter finals.
For season 1892-93, Cowlairs joined the Scottish Alliance, finishing as champions. Although they failed to be elected back in to the top flight of the Scottish League at the season's end, they were instead chosen to join the new Division Two for season 1893-94. They lost 1-0 in the final of the 1894 Glasgow Cup to Rangers F.C.
Their return to League football started well, securing runners-up spot that season, although they weren't elected to Division One. They continued to be beset by financial and administrative problems, however, and after another last-placed finish in 1895, they were once again voted out of League membership. This effectively brought an end to Cowlairs' brief career, the club closing down in 1896.
In their early years, Cowlairs played home matches at Gourlay Park. Indicative of the more informal standards of the day, the club actually had no permanent home ground secured at the time of them co-founding the Scottish League, but soon after settled at nearby Springfield Park, home for the duration of their League membership.
1876-1890: Gourlay Park. 1890-1895: Springfield Park. 1895-1896: Arrol Park.
Stadium Address: Dundee
History:
Dundee Wanderers were a Scottish football club based in Dundee. The club were briefly members of the Scottish Football League Second Division. Their home ground was Clepington Park.
The club was formed in 1885, merging with local club Strathmore F.C. in 1891 when they took the name Johnstone Wanderers. Reverting to their original name in 1894, they spent the 1894-95 season as members of the Scottish League, finishing ninth out of ten. Their performance might well have been worse had they not been awarded two points after Renton F.C. failed to fulfil a fixture against the club (who were thus awarded the two points), with the Dumbartonshire side instead opting for a glamour friendly against Queen's Park F.C. Wanderers brief sojourn in the Scottish League did produce one record that still stands, however, with the club's 15-1 away defeat to Airdrieonians F.C. being the heaviest defeat in Scottish League history.
They failed to secure re-election for the following season and so returned to the Northern League where they competed regularly until folding during the 1912-13 season.
Formed: 1894. Defunct 1913. (1885 Wanderers. 1892 Johnstone Wanderers - Amalgamated with Strathmore. 1894 Renamed Dundonians. 1894 Renamed Dundee Wanderers).
Grounds: Wanderers/Johnstone Wanderers - 1885-1891 Morgan Park. 1891-1894 Clepington Park.
Strathmore - 1880-1892 Rolle's Pier/Logie Park. 1892-1894 Carolina Park.
Dundee Wanderers - 1894 East Dock Street Ground. 1894-1909 Clepington Park. 1909-1910 No Ground. 1910-1913 St Margaret's Park, Lochee.
Stadium Address: Dykehead
History:
Dykehead F.C. were a Scottish football club based in the Dykehead area of Shotts, playing their home games at Parkside. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
The early history of the club is somewhat shrouded in mystery, although they were formed in 1880 but did not register with the Scottish Football Association until four years later. The club briefly competed in the Scottish Football Alliance, as well as the Eastern Football League, the Inter County Football League and the Scottish Football Union, which they won in 1912-13.
They eventually ended up in the Western League, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Dykehead lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 5th, 12th and 4th, but were not retained by the League. They continued until 1928 when they were wound up.
They played their home games at Dykehead Park, Youngston Park, Craigmillar Park and Parkside.
Stadium Address: Edinburgh
History:
Edinburgh City Football Club is a semi-professional senior Scottish football team who play in the East of Scotland Football League.
They were founded in 1928 although the initial incarnation ceased to be in mid-1950s. The club had aimed to become the Edinburgh equivalent of the Glasgow club Queen's Park F.C., and similarly joined the Scottish Football League as an amateur club in 1931. The Edinburgh City Football Club Ltd (Social Club), which had continue throughout the abeyance of the football side itself, gave their approval in 1986 to local side Postal United allowing them to use the Edinburgh City name.
It was tough going for City in the early years and they were never able to emulate the success of Queen's Park and for most of their time as league members they finished near the bottom of the league table each season.
Their most celebrated victory was beating Hibernian 3-2 away at Easter Road in the First Round of the Scottish Cup on 22 January 1938. Milne missed a penalty with 5 minutes to go for the home side. In the next round they lost 9-2 away to Raith Rovers on 9 February 1938.
They remained a league member until 1949 when financial considerations forced a switch to junior status, and they were wound up in 1955.
Stadium Address: Galston
History:
Galston F.C. were a Scottish football club based at Portland Park in Galston, East Ayrshire. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
Formed in 1891 to play in the new Ayrshire Football League, they lasted in that competition for its four year run before joining the Ayrshire Football Combination. After three years without regular competition the club joined the North Ayrshire League, later appearing in the Scottish Football Combination and Scottish Football Union.
They eventually joined the Western league, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Galston lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 13th, 11th and 16th, although they resigned midway through the chaotic final season, unable to provide match guarantees. Indeed Galston had been so keen to increase the income from their meagre gates that were censured by the League for charging entrance fees below the minimum agreed league level, then in turn blamed for accelerating the collapse of the Third Division by being the first to pull out from it in February 1926.
Ironically, they proved one of the lucky survivors and found themselves playing in first the West of Scotland Amateur league before being invited to join the Scottish Football Alliance from 1932 onward - a league made up of Senior Reserve teams and non-league sides which they'd been invited to join to generate more interest in a competition many Senior clubs were considering abandoning due to a lack of public interest.
However, in 1938, Hamilton Academicals proposed they and Beith F.C. were expelled and the league restricted to First Division clubs reserve teams only. Despite an impassioned plea by letter from club President James Abbott to every Scottish League side - pointing out they'd brought Beith and Galston in to prop up the league in the first place - only Ayr United, Clyde, Kilmarnock, Queen's Park and St Mirren voted to retain them and both sides were duly expelled.
Ironically, the Alliance was then abandoned and a new Reserve League set up, whereupon moves were made in 1940 for a new Scottish Football Alliance to be set up, among which the invitees were Galston and Vale Of Leven F.C., another side that had been shipwrecked by the collapse of the Third Division and whom had been in mothballs since 1929 over a lack of any Senior league to play in. Disaster stuck however after only a month's worth of games when World War 2 broke out and the league was put on indefinite hold. Without any Senior league to play in, and not interested in joining the Junior ranks, this marked the end of Galston FC.
Formed 1886. Defunct 1926. Reformed 1926. Defunct 1940.
Grounds: 1886-1894 Riverside Park. 1894-1940 Portland Park.
Stadium Address: Dominion Road, Gretna DG16 5AP
History:
During the 2007-2008 season, Gretna played their home games at Motherwell's home ground of Fir Park because Raydale Park did not meet SPL standards. Their first game in the SPL was against Falkirk which ended in a 4-0 defeat for Gretna. They struggled for form, only gaining four points in their first 12 games and having to wait until 22 September 2007 for their first win in the SPL, defeating Dundee United 3-2 at Fir Park.
However during this time the club's financial situation became dire. The club had accumulated debts of nearly £4m, and owner Brooks Mileson fell ill and withdrew his financial support for the club. A confused management situation did not help. Whilst Rowan Alexander was officially still manager, Davie Irons was in control of the team. On 6 November 2007, Gretna officially sacked Rowan Alexander as manager and formally installed Irons in his position.
On 18 February 2008 it was revealed that Gretna staff, including players, had not received their wages on time. Irons and assistant manager Derek Collins both resigned from their posts the following day. Gretna director of football Mick Wadsworth, assisted by Iain Scott and Andy Smith, took charge of first-team affairs. The club went into administration on 12 March 2008 after Mileson's withdrawal of support. This resulted in a ten point deduction, meaning they had a total of only six points from 28 games on the date of entering administration. The SPL agreed to pay the players salaries until the end of the 2007-2008 season, ensuring that the club were able to complete its fixtures in the SPL.
Administration led to cost-cutting and redundancies; club captain Chris Innes was made redundant on 25 March 2008, with the club explaining that he had "attracted interest from other clubs". The following day, 22 players, including eight members of the senior squad, along with coaching staff and the former owner's son were also made redundant. Gretna were formally relegated from the SPL on 29 March 2008 after being defeated 2-0 by St Mirren at Love Street, and broke the SPL's low attendance record on 5 April 2008 in their game against Inverness, when just 431 turned up for the game. They won their final SPL game, a home match against Hearts 1-0 with a goal from Gavin Skelton, which meant they finished the season with 13 points, narrowly avoiding setting a record low points total for the SPL.
Resignation from the SFL:
It was revealed by the administrator, Wilson Field of Sheffield, that Gretna have creditors of nearly £4m and assets (Raydale Park) of less than £1m. HM Revenue and Customs is owed nearly £600,000 in total, and it was their threat to wind up the company that precipitated Gretna's move into administration. On 8 May 2008, the administrators set a deadline of 17 May 2008 for a buyer, otherwise the club would be liquidated.
After that deadline passed without a buyer making a firm offer, the remaining forty members of staff at the club were made redundant. It was also reported that the club were still negotiating with an interested buyer. On 29 May 2008, Gretna were relegated to the Third Division due to their financial struggles, with the Scottish Football League threatening expulsion should a takeover not be completed within a week. After a takeover bid fell through on 1 June 2008, the administrators confirmed the following day that they would look to sell Raydale Park to someone who will use the site for something other than football.
Gretna resigned from the Scottish Football League on 3 June 2008. The club is expected to be liquidated.
Stadium Address: Helensburgh
History:
Helensburgh F.C. were a Scottish football club based in Helensburgh. The club were members of the Scottish Football League Third Division.
A Helensburgh club first appeared in 1874 but this one disappeared in 1882. Two other very short-lived clubs also appeared in 1885 (reaching the semi-finals of the Scottish Cup) and 1886. A fourth incarnation was born in 1896 and eventually took up residence at the town's Ardencaple Park. They eventually joined the Western league, which was incorporated by the Scottish Football League as its new Third Division for the 1923-24 season. Helensburgh lasted the Division's three seasons, finishing 15th, 7th and 1st. Despite being the only club to fulfill all their fixtures in the final season Helensburgh were not asked to remain in the Scottish League. A brief stopover in the Scottish Football Alliance preceded their demise in 1928.
Formed 1874. Defunct 1886. Reformed 1886. Defunct 1928. Reformed 1928 as Helensburgh Amateur F.C.
Grounds: 1874-1876: Ardencaple Park. 1876-1885 Kirkmichael Park. 1885-1886 Mossend Park. 1886-1928: Ardencaple Park.
Stadium Address: Stirling
History:
King's Park FC were a football club who played in the Scottish Football League before the Second World War. Based in Stirling, they joined the League in the 1921-22 season, following the reintroduction of the Second Division and were one of 11 new members for that season.
Their finest season came in 1927-28, when they just missed promotion by one point. Their record victory was in a 12-2 league victory against Forfar Athletic on January 2 1930. In this game Jim Dyet scored eight of the club's goals, a feat made all the more remarkable by the fact that it was his debut for the club. Indeed Dyet's feat stands as British record for goals on a debut to this day. The club's other great goalscorer of the 1930s was Alex Haddow, who hit five consecutive league hat-tricks in January and February 1932. Although overall they failed to make much impact on the league. However, they were 4 times winners of the Stirlingshire Cup.
Although a middle-ranking Second Division club King's Park did at times make the headlines. Their league game against Dundee Hibernian on October 20 1923 would be the last game that club would ever play as they were re-invented as Dundee United two days later. The club became the centre of controversy in 1927 when a newspaper report suggested that their next opponents Clydebank were about to go out of business and as a consequence the attendance at the match was minimal. As a consequence King's Park held back Clydebank's cut of the gate until the Scottish League intervened. Although the issue was resolved it helped to increase support amongst the League administrators for cutting the number of clubs due to their volatile status.
When World War II started King's Park, largely as a consequence of their geographical location, dropped out of competitive football. Nonetheless, the club continued to play friendlies and, like a number of Scottish clubs who could offer higher war-time wages than their English counterparts, welcomed a number of high-profile guest players including Andy Black and Bill Shankly. The club was persuaded in 1940 to join a new Midland League for the coming season although local powerhouses Dundee declined to compete and so the league did not happen. As a consequence Managing Director Tom Fergusson put the club on hiatus in what was intended to be a temporary measure.
The fortunes of the club were hit further in 1941 when a Luftwaffe Heinkel III dropped a single Hermann bomb on Forthbank - the only German bomb to hit the town during the war, and that was believed to be merely one that had been finally successfully dislodged by the crew after becoming "stuck" in its bomb cradle when its payload had been dropped elsewhere (a not uncommon problem for bomber crews during the war).
The club did not play again after this, even though they applied to join the North Eastern League in 1944 (a request rejected due to their lack of a ground).
Amid allegations of financial impropriety with regards to payment of guest players and of money owed to local businesses for services and goods rendered, the club folded before the end of the war, on the pretext of the damage done by the bomb.
Football in the town did not disappear for long however as they were replaced by Stirling Albion, with Fergusson taking a leading role in the new club: which had to fight hard to gain a place in the Scottish League amid howls of protest by other clubs at what appeared to be King's Park using the limited company liquidation laws to set themselves up from scratch debt free at the expense of their creditors; an action which could make service providers to Scotland's other football clubs wary about allowing any sort of credit terms on which all clubs - even the Old Firm - needed in order to operate.
Although they had not played since 1940 King's Park were not officially wound up until 1953 when the War Office finally settled their claim for the bomb damage.
Ironically, their successor Stirling Albion were eventually to move back to a brand new stadium built at Forthbank in 1992.
Stadium Address: Glasgow
History:
Third Lanark Athletic Club was a football club that existed for 95 years between 1872 and 1967, in Glasgow, Scotland. Third Lanark was known as Thirds, the Warriors, the Redcoats and the Hi Hi. The last nickname was rumoured to have started during a match in the late 1890s, when a defender kicked the ball so high out of the ground that the crowd started screaming "High High High" and that nickname stayed with the club ever since. The fans invariably started to sing "Hi Hi Hi!" as a battle cry to encourage the team to victory during the club's matches. There was a public house called The Hi Hi Bar at the southern end of Crown Street in the Gorbals area of Glasgow, about one mile from the club's Cathkin Park stadium, until the late 1960s, after Third Lanark's demise.
One of the more successful clubs in early Scottish Football, Third Lanark was not the first major club to be declared bankrupt and dissolved. Former Scottish Cup winners Renton and near neighbours Vale of Leven suffered similar fates, although Vale of Leven was resurrected as a Junior side later on.
Third Lanark's demise was considered more remarkable as the club had finished third in Scotland's top division behind Rangers and Kilmarnock only six years before it folded, in the 1960-61 season, scoring 100 goals in the process.
Stadium Address: Austin, TX
History:
Austin Aztex U23 is an American soccer team founded in 2007. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and play in the Mid-South Division of the Southern Conference, against teams from Baton Rouge, Dallas, El Paso, Houston, Jackson, Laredo and New Orleans.
The team will play their home games in a stadium somewhere in the vicinity of the city of Austin, Texas. The exact venue has yet to be announced.
The Aztex were originally announced as Austin Stampede, but were re-branded after their controlling shares were bought by the professional Austin Aztex, who will be joining the USL First Division in 2009. The Aztex have an affiliation with Stoke City F.C. who play in the English Coca Cola Championship.
The Aztex are unrelated to the city's previous PDL team, Austin Lightning, who left the league prior to the 2008 season.
Stadium: Bakersfield Christian High School Stadium
Stadium Address: 2811 Fruitvale Ave., Ste # B, Bakersfield, CA 93308
History:
Bakersfield Brigade are an American soccer team, founded in 2005. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and plays in the Southwest Division of the Western Conference against teams from Calabasas, Costa Mesa, Fresno, Glendora, La Mirada, Lancaster, San Francisco, San Jose and Ventura.
They play their home games in the stadium on the campus of Bakersfield Christian High School in the city of Bakersfield, California. The team's colors are black, red and white.
The Brigade is coached by 8-year MLS veteran Francisco Gomez. Gomez was a member of the U-17 and U-20 US national team, and played in the 2000 MLS Cup game for Kansas City Wizards.
In 2007, former US national team star and ESPN broadcaster Eric Wynalda played in one game for the Brigade.
Stadium Address: 1809 78th Street, Brooklyn, NY 11214
History:
Brooklyn Knights are an American soccer team, founded in 1999. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and plays in the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference against teams from Flanders, New Rochelle, Newark, Ocean City and Uniondale.
The team currently plays to Aviator Field in Marine Park in the New York borough of Brooklyn, having previously played their home games at the Metropolitan Oval in Maspeth, in the New York borough of Queens for many years. The team's colors are white and blue.
The club also fields a team in the USL’s Super-20 League, a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella.
Stadium Address: 85 Central St., Suite 204, Waltham, MA 02453
History:
Cape Cod Crusaders are an American soccer team, founded in 1994. The team is a member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and plays in the New England Division of the Eastern Conference against teams from Manchester, Ottawa, Providence and St. Albans.
The Crusaders are one of the most successful minor-league soccer teams in the United States, having been national PDL champions twice, in 2002 and 2003. The team is also one of the most long-lasting teams, having played in four different leagues, at two different levels, over the course of more than a decade.
The Crusaders are currently without a permanent home; they play their home games at several different venues in eastern Massachusetts, including the stadium on the campus of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, at Whitman-Hanson High School in Whitman, Massachusetts, and at Bowditch Stadium in Framingham, Massachusetts. The Crusaders historical home was the the stadium on the grounds Barnstable High School in the village of Hyannis, Massachusetts. The team's colors are red and white.
The club also fields a team in the USL’s Super-20 League, a league for players 17 to 20 years of age run under the United Soccer Leagues umbrella. They also have a sister organization, the Boston Renegades, who play in the women's USL W-League
In 2007, Crusaders striker Ricardo Pierre-Louis was part of the Haiti squad which took part in the 2007 CONCACAF Gold Cup.
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i don't know
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What sort of birds are Strigiforms?
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Strigiform | Define Strigiform at Dictionary.com
strigiform
of, pertaining, or belonging to the order Strigiformes, comprising the owls.
Origin of strigiform
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< New Latin Strigiformes name of the order, equivalent to Latin strig-, stem of strix kind of owl (< Greek stríx) + New Latin -iformes -iformes
Dictionary.com Unabridged
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OWLS
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Who was born in 1940, and opened the Fulham Road clothes shop in 1967. This designer is famous for creating exotic designs on chiffon and silk?
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Birds of Orange County & Southern California – Includes Bird Photos with Identity, locations, trails and date recorded
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California , Woodpeckers (Piciformes) | 0
While canvassing O’Neill Regional Park this afternoon on the park road the parallels itself with Live Oak Canyon Road, I noted a cluster of Acorn Woodpeckers attempting to nab every single drop of water from a nearby faucet. The temps … Continued
21 Aug 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California , Birds Species , Plovers, Sandpipers, and Allies (Charadiiformes) | 0
An uncommon visitor to Orange County (Eurasia origins) and considered rare in this area and all throughout all of North America. The Ruff does not migrate, winter or summer anywhere in the US. Its reappearance this year and in the … Continued
20 Aug 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California , Birds Species , Swifts and Hummingbirds (Apodiformes) | 0
A revisit to the park today with the sole intent on recording this Broad-tailed Hummingbird’s mechanical in flight sounds proved fruitful (note these are “not” vocalizations but sounds made by the wings movement while in flight). Here are several audio … Continued
20 Aug 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California , Birds Species , Swifts and Hummingbirds (Apodiformes) | 2
At approximately 12 noon yesterday (8/19/2016) Ryan Winkleman told the story of how he was merely planning to walk along the creek at Wilderness Glen Park. Before braving the sun, he opted to rest under the Peruvian pepper trees at … Continued
31 Jul 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California , Local Birding Spots , Plovers, Sandpipers, and Allies (Charadiiformes) | 0
A late afternoon visit to the reservoir yesterday proved eventful especially with the shoreline visible (typically submerged with higher water levels reducing any possibility of shorebirds). About 7:15pm I noted (11) Long-billed Dowitchers, (4) Semipalmated Plovers, (1) Greater Yellowlegs, (8) … Continued
29 Jul 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California , Birds Species , Perching Birds (Passiformes) | 0
In the almost 5 years I’ve been record keeping bird sightings for the Barano Walk Trail here in Mission Viejo, California, this male Rose-breasted Grosbeak has to be in the top 5 coolest and rarest sightings that I am aware … Continued
12 Jul 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California | 1
Just a quick note to mention the Barano Walk Trail in Mission Viejo can produce not only some unique sightings over the years such as an Olive-Sided Flycatcher, Zone-tailed Hawk and a few others, but also Great Horned Owls as … Continued
19 Jun 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Local Birding Spots , Perching Birds (Passiformes) | 1
On June 18th, 2016 Mike Sanders and I had opted to travel just outside Orange County to Mount Baldy. This was a 1 hour and 15 minute drive with hopes of locating the American Dipper. Last year in early July, … Continued
18 Jun 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Pelicans, Herons, Ibises, and Allies (Pelecaniformes) | 1
For myself, and I am sure I speak for many others where this species resides, getting a view or even glimpse is infrequent and can be challenging. Over the past several years my personal encounters have been far and few … Continued
3 Apr 2016
by OC Birds Admin | posted in: Bird Outings in Orange County, California | 0
Hello fellow birders, we’re right at the beginning stages of varies species that will soon be vacating Orange County such as the Sharp-shinned Hawk, White-crowned Sparrow, Fox Sparrow, and many others especially waterfowl such as the Canvasback, Hooded Merganser and … Continued
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i don't know
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In which television programme did Brian Conley play the part of 'Digby'?
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Brian Conley - Official Site
Brian Conley
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About
Brian Conley has appeared in award-winning West End musicals and television sitcoms, presented his own chat shows, recorded three albums and completed numerous sell-out tours. Starting his career appearing on Five Alive and Live from the Palladium, Brian went on to host two series of Brian Conley - This Way Up and four series of The Brian Conley Show, both for ITV. Brian's television career is extensive; it includes two series of Time After Time, The Grimleys, Last Of The Summer Wine, The Cruise and The Life And Times Of Vivienne Vyle and has hosted and appeared in eight Royal Variety Performances.
In the West End, Brian's has starred in a wide range of plays and musicals including Chitty Chitty Bang! Bang!, Me and My Girl, Hairspray, Oliver! and The Music Man. Brian has won numerous awards in his career including The National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Performer and Show Business Personality of the Year. Most recently, Brian has toured the country starring Cameron Mackintosh's UK Tour of Barnum, and is bringing his own tour 'Alive and Dangerous' to venues across the country in 2016.
Contact Brian
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The Grimleys
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Which pop group consists of Gaz Coombes, Bob Coombes, Danny Goffey, and Mickey Quinn?
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the grimleys Classic TV Show
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the grimleys Classic TV Show
Dudley, the 1970's. Gordon Grimley has met the love of his life, Miss Geraldine Titley, a teacher at his school. Gordon's problems are that Miss Titley does not feel the same way, Mr Digby the sadistic P.E. teacher hates him and he is a misfit schoolboy.
the grimleys Fan Tributes
17 John from Australia: Absolutely brilliant. Genius. I grew up in Birmingham so can relate to it well. Dad Grimley (Nigel Planer): "Why do you wanna go to Jodrell Bank... there's parts of Dudley ain't been discovered yet."
16 melissa from salford: i was an extra in the grimmleys when i was in buile hill high school and i loved filming it was a fantastic experience and memory for me.
15 Emma from Herefordshire: I love "The Grimleys" very much. I think that it is a wonderful programme and I often watch recordings of it. The story lines and the characters are very good and Gordon is my favourite character.
14 lee gledhill from leeds: fantastic show very funny should be more made
13 Adam from Lancs: Hi, dont know if you guys can help but a friend of mine was in the grimleys as an extra and i'd love to see him in it. Part of the episode was filmed at our local swimming pool. If anyone knows an episode number or title i'd be eternally grateful!!
Thanks in advance
Adam
12 Michele Gaze from Australia: The Grimleys is absolutely brilliant! Although I am from Australia, life in the seventies was not so dirrerent there - it reminds me so much of high school here. The characters are too amazing, the fashions were too awful back then, people's attitudes to work and sex were too ignorant, and I just loved every minute of it! My fave character is Darren Grimley as Ryan Cartwright is one of my fave actors, but all the characters were brilliant, and very well cast. We never got it on Australian TV but I was lucky enough to have a recpording sent to me. It would be really great if it was available to buy on DVD soon! I haven't yet seen The Grimley Curse and would love to if anyone out there has it! Cheers!
11 alison from washington: brilliant series, never missed an episode! reminded me so much of my teenage years, am currently getting up every saturday morning to watch the re-runs on itv3 and am enjoying it as much as i ever did
10 jacqui c-w from bournemouth: Re-living my teenage years all over again. Baz has to be the best character, the way he sat in his armchair watching t.v. all the time
9 John from Kent: Dave Treblecock's classic all purpose woodwork lesson plan. In series 3 When the boys had finished the pencil case Dave just turns the design drawing on its side and says Now boys it's time to make a wardrobe.
The pencil case (6 foot version) also made a stunning entrance when Doug Digby was buried in the 'coffin' made by Dave Treblecock and the woodwork class.
8 Dhris from Dudley: Just as I remember it growing up in Dudley. LOVE IT......"gordon, do yao need the toilet?"
7 Geoff Bemrose from Stoke on Trent: Brilliant retro comedy,a good send up of seventies life,in the Midlands,good cast.Well written.Only wished that Jack Dee,the original Doug Digby,could have done the whole series.Noddy Holder,what a star.Bring It On!!!!!
6 Ms S.R. Lang from kent: "The Grimleys" is a great series. It brought back happy
memory's of how my school day's mirrored this show!It was just how school used to be, back in the late 60's/early 70's what a wonderful era!
5 ruth from dudley: luvin the grimleys, its a classic. Best 1ns gota b when Gordon looses his memory an moves into the Titley's
4 Amy Laverick from Darilington: My main memory is seeing my old friend Woody in his undies
3 Emma Lewis from Ross-on-Wye: I like "The Grimleys" very much. It is my most favourite television programme. I like Gordon Grimley most of all in it as I think he is a very nice boy. I have videos of the programme as I like it so much and Granada Television very kindly sent me some photographs of the cast as I wrote to them to say I liked it one day. Something I do very much wish is if only the second series could be released on video or shown on sky or even mainstream television again.
2 Heather from Kent: Very very funny show! I love Darren Grimley as he is extremley sexy!
1 Rob from Taunton: Cos its just downright funny. My favourite character would have to be Doug Digby, before he was killed off that is.
Post Your Tribute Here: If you have a favourite moment or memory from the grimleys then please tell us about it. (note: All comments are moderated before being added to site. No ads, no spam, no questions please! Want to plug your site - see the webmaster info on home page):
Your Name:
Nigel Planer as Baz Grimley
Samantha Janus as Geraldine Titley
Brian Conley as Doug Digby
James Bradshaw as Gordon Grimley
Noddy Holder as Mr. Holder
Ryan Cartwright as Darren Grimley
Jan Ravens as Janet Grimley
Corrieann Fletcher as Lisa Grimley
Barbara Keogh as Nan Grimley
Paul Angelis as Big Reg Titley
Woody Clements as Shane Titley
Rosanna Miles as Tracey Tongue
James Richard as Craig Smith
GUEST STARS
Lewis Collins as Digby's father in series.
WEB LINKS
If you know of a web site for the grimleys, or run a fan site, tell us about it here .
MERCHANDISE
Click here for more the grimleys Memorabilia at Amazon.
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Who is the Member of Parliament for South Shields?
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New Member of Parliament for South Shields - News from Parliament - UK Parliament
New Member of Parliament for South Shields
New Member of Parliament for South Shields
03 May 2013
Emma Lewell-Buck of the Labour Party has become Member of Parliament for South Shields after winning the by-election held in that constituency on
Thursday 2 May 2013.
MPs' biographies: Emma Lewell-Buck
South Shields by-election
The by-election in South Shields was called after the former MP, David Miliband, resigned on 15 April 2013.
Find out more About Parliament: By-elections
By-election results
The results of the South Shields Constituency Parliamentary By-Election were declared at 12:21am on 3 May 2013, and were as follows:
Emma Lewell-Buck - Labour Party - 12493 votes - Elected
Richard Peter Elvin - UK Independence Party (UKIP) - 5988 votes
Karen Allen - Conservative Party - 2857 votes
Ahmed Khan - Independent - 1331 votes
Phil Brown - The Independent Socialist Party - 750 votes
Lady Dorothy MacBeth Brookes - British National Party - 711 votes
Hugh Annand - Liberal Democrat - 352 votes
Howling Laud Hope - The Official Monster Raving Loony Party - 197 votes
Thomas Faithful Darwood - Independent - 57 votes
Turn out was 39.3 per cent.
Image: PA / Owen Humphreys
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David Miliband
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In one word, what does 'Perestroika' literally mean?
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South Shields (UK Parliament constituency) - iSnare Free Encyclopedia
South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)
South Shields is a borough constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom . It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. It has been represented by Emma Lewell-Buck of the Labour Party since 2013.
Contents
Boundaries
1918-1983: The County Borough of South Shields.
1983-1997: The Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside wards of All Saints, Beacon and Bents, Cleadon Park, Harton, Horsley Hill, Rekendyke, Tyne Dock and Simonside, Westoe, West Park, and Whiteleas.
1997-2010: The Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside wards of All Saints, Beacon and Bents, Biddick Hall, Cleadon Park, Harton, Horsley Hill, Rekendyke, Tyne Dock and Simonside, Westoe, West Park, and Whiteleas.
2010-present: The Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside wards of Beacon and Bents, Biddick and All Saints, Cleadon Park, Harton, Horsley Hill, Simonside and Rekendyke, Westoe, West Park, Whitburn and Marsden, and Whiteleas.
The current constituency covers the area of South Shields in the South Tyneside district of Tyne and Wear . Boundary changes at the 2010 general election transferred the community of Whitburn into the South Shields constituency from the neighbouring Jarrow seat.
Members of Parliament
The seat was held from 2001 to 2013 by David Miliband , who served as Foreign Secretary from 2007 until Labour's general election defeat of 2010. On 26 March 2013 Miliband announced his resignation from Parliament in order to take up a post as the head of the International Rescue Committee in New York City . [2]
William Robson
Labour
With two exceptions (Arthur Blenkinsop and Emma Lewell-Buck) every South Shields MP since 1929 has been a cabinet member at some point in their career. Two of them, Chuter Ede ( Home Secretary ) and Miliband ( Foreign Secretary ), have held one of the great offices of state while MP for South Shields. It is the only constituency in existence since the Great Reform Act of 1832 never to have elected a Conservative MP. [4]
Elections
Fight for an Anti-War Government
Roger Nettleship
"Parliament Constituency population 2011" . Retrieved 6 July 2015.
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"Election Data 2015" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
"South Shields Parliamentary constituency" . Election 2015. BBC News. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
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"South Shields by-election: Labour wins as UKIP makes big gains" . BBC News. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"Election Data 2010" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
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"UK General Election results May 2010, part21" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"Election Data 2005" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
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"UK General Election results May 2005, part18" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"Election Data 2001" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
"UK General Election results: South Shields, 1997 and 2001" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"Election Data 1997" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
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"Election Data 1992" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
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"UK General Election results, April 1992, part 18" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"Election Data 1987" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
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"UK General Election results, June 1983 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"Election Data 1983" . Electoral Calculus . Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
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"UK General Election results. June 1983, part 18" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, May 1979, part 18" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, October 1974 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, February 1974 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, June 1970 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, March 1966 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, October 1964 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
"UK General Election results, October 1959 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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tag; name "kimber-1959" defined multiple times with different content (see the help page ).
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"UK General Election results, May 1955 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, October 1951 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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"UK General Election results, July 1945 (part 18)" . Richard Kimber's political science resources. Retrieved 4 May 2013.
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The term 'Roman Orders' are two of the classical orders of what?
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What is the Classical Order of Architecture?
By Jackie Craven
Updated August 11, 2016.
An Order of Architecture is a set or rules or principles for designing buildings—sort of like a building code. In Western-based architecture, anything called "classical" means "ancient Greece and Rome." A Classical order of architecture is the approach to building design established in Greece or Rome during what we now call the Classical period, roughly 850 BC through 476 AD.
Temples and important public buildings were constructed according to five distinct Orders of Architecture, each using a different type of column and a different style entablature above the column.
The Greek Orders of Architecture:
In ancient times, about 500 years BC, the Greeks developed three Orders of Architecture, using three distinct column styles:
Corinthian
The Roman Orders of Architecture:
During the reign of the Roman Empire, roughly 44 BC-476 AD, the Romans imitated the Greek Orders of Architecture. They also added their own variations using two distinct column styles:
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Rediscovering the Classical Orders:
The Classical Orders of Architecture might have become lost to history if it were not for the writings of early scholars and architects. The Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius, who lived during first century BC, documented the three Greek Orders and the Tuscan Order in his famous treatise De Architectura, or Ten Books on Architecture.
More than 1,500 years later, the Italian Renaissance architect Giacomo da Vignola wrote an important treatise in which he described all five Classical Orders of Architecture. Published in 1563, Vignola's treatise, The Five Orders of Architecture, became a guide for builders throughout western Europe.
Learn More:
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Architecture
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Which trailing plant of the Nightshade family produces red or yellow edible fruit?
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Architecture in Ancient Greece | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Works of Art (5)
Essay
Ancient Greek architects strove for the precision and excellence of workmanship that are the hallmarks of Greek art in general. The formulas they invented as early as the sixth century B.C. have influenced the architecture of the past two millennia. The two principal orders in Archaic and Classical Greek architecture are the Doric and the Ionic. In the first, the Doric order, the columns are fluted and have no base. The capitals are composed of two parts consisting of a flat slab, the abacus, and a cushion-like slab known as the echinus. On the capital rests the entablature, which is made up of three parts: the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. The architrave is typically undecorated except for a narrow band to which are attached pegs, known as guttae. On the frieze are alternating series of triglyphs (three bars) and metopes, stone slabs frequently decorated with relief sculpture. The pediment, the triangular space enclosed by the gables at either end of the building, was often adorned with sculpture, early on in relief and later in the round. Among the best-preserved examples of Archaic Doric architecture are the temple of Apollo at Corinth, built in the second quarter of the sixth century B.C., and the temple of Aphaia at Aegina, built around 500–480 B.C. To the latter belong at least three different groups of pedimental sculpture exemplary of stylistic development between the end of the sixth century and beginning of the fifth century B.C. in Attica.
In the Ionic order of architecture, bases support the columns, which have more vertical flutes than those of the Doric order. Ionic capitals have two volutes that rest atop a band of palm-leaf ornaments. The abacus is narrow and the entablature, unlike that of the Doric order, usually consists of three simple horizontal bands. The most important feature of the Ionic order is the frieze, which is usually carved with relief sculpture arranged in a continuous pattern around the building.
In general, the Doric order occurs more frequently on the Greek mainland and at sites on the Italian peninsula, where there were many Greek colonies. The Ionic order was more popular among Greeks in Asia Minor and in the Greek islands. A third order of Greek architecture, known as the Corinthian, first developed in the late Classical period, but was more common in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Corinthian capitals have a bell-shaped echinus decorated with acanthus leaves, spirals, and palmettes. There is also a pair of small volutes at each corner; thus, the capital provides the same view from all sides.
The architectural order governed not only the column, but also the relationships among all the components of architecture. As a result, every piece of a Greek building is integral to its overall structure; a fragment of molding often can be used to reconstruct an entire building. Although the ancient Greeks erected buildings of many types, the Greek temple best exemplifies the aims and methods of Greek architecture. The temple typically incorporated an oblong plan, and one or more rows of columns surrounding all four sides. The vertical structure of the temple conformed to an order, a fixed arrangement of forms unified by principles of symmetry and harmony. There was usually a pronaos (front porch) and an opisthodomos (back porch). The upper elements of the temple were usually made of mudbrick and timber, and the platform of the building was of cut masonry. Columns were carved of local stone, usually limestone or tufa; in much earlier temples, columns would have been made of wood. Marble was used in many temples, such as the Parthenon in Athens, which is decorated with Pentelic marble and marble from the Cycladic island of Paros. The interior of the Greek temple characteristically consisted of a cella, the inner shrine in which stood the cult statue, and sometimes one or two antechambers, in which were stored the treasury with votive offerings.
The quarrying and transport of marble and limestone were costly and labor-intensive, and often constituted the primary cost of erecting a temple. For example, the wealth Athens accumulated after the Persian Wars enabled Perikles to embark on his extensive building program, which included the Parthenon (447–432 B.C.) and other monuments on the Athenian Akropolis. Typically, a Greek civic or religious body engaged the architect, who participated in every aspect of construction. He usually chose the stone, oversaw its extraction, and supervised the craftsmen who roughly shaped each piece in the quarry. At the building site, expert carvers gave the blocks their final form, and workmen hoisted each one into place. The tight fit of the stones was enough to hold them in place without the use of mortar; metal clamps embedded in the stone reinforced the structure against earthquakes. A variety of skilled labor collaborated in the raising of a temple. Workmen were hired to construct the wooden scaffolding needed for hoisting stone blocks and sculpture, and to make the ceramic tiles for the roofs. Metalworkers were employed to make the metal fittings used for reinforcing the stone blocks and to fashion the necessary bronze accoutrements for sculpted scenes on the frieze, metopes and pediments. Sculptors from the Greek mainland and abroad carved freestanding and relief sculpture for the eaves of the temple building. Painters were engaged to decorate sculptural and architectural elements with painted details.
Colette Hemingway
October 2003
Citation
Hemingway, Colette. “Architecture in Ancient Greece.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/grarc/hd_grarc.htm (October 2003)
Further Reading
Avery, Catherine B., ed. The New Century Handbook of Greek Art and Architecture. New York: Appleton–Century–Crofts, 1972.
Hornblower, Simon, and Antony Spawforth, eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary. 3d ed., rev. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Lawrence, A. W. Greek Architecture. 4th ed., rev. by R. A. Tomlinson. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983.
Pedley, John Griffiths, Greek Art and Archaeology. 2d ed. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1998.
Pomeroy, Sarah B., et al. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Robertson, Martin. A History of Greek Art. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975.
Additional Essays by Colette Hemingway
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In the television programme 'A Year In Provence', which actress played the part of Peter Mayle's wife?
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"A Year in Provence" Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes
Overview
31 out of 35 people found the following review useful:
As Peter Mayle says, "France is the truffle in our egg box."
from Houston, Tx, USA, Earth
6 October 2002
Peter Mayle's "A Year In Provence" was an unexpected success as a book in 1989, and the BBC filmed a version of it for the 1993 mini-series, which I never saw. But now it is also available as a two-disk DVD set, billed as an "A&E" network movie. This review is of that DVD set. I use the term "a version" of the book, because the two are quite different. An anal-retentive person who expects a film like this to be very similar to the book will have much difficulty watching it. However, for most of us who can enjoy a film on its own merits, without comparing it to the book too closely, it is a marvelous film, now one of my favorites.
The entire "film", to use that term rather loosely, consists of four consecutive 90-minute films, two on each DVD, and best watched over 4 consecutive evenings. While the book is organized by months, the film is broken into the four seasons, Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall. Where the book begins with their new year in Provence, the film begins with Peter's and Annie's final days at work, and old friends wishing them well in their new careers right before they actually move to France.
However the biggest departures are in style and in the characters. The book, written from a diary that Peter kept, is more like a survey of interesting places, characters, events, and customs. It rarely goes into much depth, instead covers his and Annie's experiences very broadly. In contrast, the film treats fewer subjects but explores most of them in more depth. Where the book only mentions the Parisian French, in the film we meet "Evelyn", the frantic woman who speaks an almost unintelligible form of English, who has an eye for Peter, and who almost goes mad trying to shut up the neighbor's cock that crows so loudly in the morning, waking her and her house guests.
In the book, the grape harvest and tour of the community winery is mentioned almost in passing. In the film, a funny story portrays how Peter thought his wine was really wine made from "his" grapes and, only after a multi-stop search finds out that it is simply his share of ordinary wine from the wine co-op. In the book Uncle Edward eagerly takes Peter into his wine cave, gives him an exhaustive tasting, sells him much more wine than he set out to buy. In the film, Uncle Edward "has no wine to sell" and simply dismisses Peter, but this is done as part of a larger episode.
There are numerous other such departures, and not much is available about the making of this film, so I have no idea whether the book or the film is more accurate, where there are different versions of the same story. While that may bother some, it doesn't bother me at all. Both versions are thoroughly entertaining.
Most noticeable are that virtually all characters in the film have names different from those in the book. The plumber Menucucci from the book becomes Colombani in the film. The strange neighbor Massott who kills foxes becomes Riviere. And in a similar manner other key characters are given different names. Perhaps this was done for legal reasons, where a diary, even when published, may contain real names, but a film like this may be considered a work of fiction and real names cannot be used. But that is just speculation on my part.
There are three main reasons I like this film so much. First, I am from the French-speaking part of Louisiana and can easily see in the various characters people I grew up around. Second, I spent two weeks in Provence during September 1998, with friends in a 200-year-old house not too different from the one the Mayles lived in. The roads, the people, towns like Ile-Sur-La-Sorgue, the aquaduct near Fontaine de Vaucluse, all included in this film and more brings back fond memories. And third, I really like films based on real events. I found that knowing at least rudimentary French helps greatly, even a viewer knowing no French can enjoy it, because key points in dialog are always repeated in English by a character.
John Thaw plays Peter Mayle and is very believable, although I don't believe Peter in real life is quite as frumpy as Thaw was here. Of note, John Thaw died earlier this year, 2002. But most remarkable are the total cast and what a great job they do playing the various French characters, and the various English visitors. Who could forget Alfred Molina's "Tony", the uninvited guest from hell, another portrayal different from the book?
The DVD picture and sound are not great, by today's standards, but they are still clearly better than a VHS tape. Anyone who has a fondness for, or just a curiosity about, life in Southern France should enjoy this film, "A Year In Provence." A wonderful, wonderful film.
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18 out of 18 people found the following review useful:
A Wonderful Series -- Whether You've Read The Books Or Not
from Renton, WA
4 December 2007
I have read several of Peter Mayle's books about living in Provence. And I have seen the BBC mini-series, "A Year In Provence," starring John Thaw and Lindsay Duncan.
To say that the BBC mini-series was "based on" the books by Peter Mayle is inaccurate. Mayle's books could not be directly adapted to television, because they consist mostly of small vignettes about living in Provence. Most of the stories in the books are written in the style of journal entries, and only last a few pages.
It is more accurate to say that the mini-series is "inspired by" Peter Mayle's books. The mini-series perfectly captures the spirit of Mayle's books by giving us a series of short, half-hour vignettes about living in Provence.
The story: Peter Mayle (John Thaw), a middle-aged advertising executive, retires from his London job and moves to a house in the Provencial region of southern France with his wife Annie (Lindsay Duncan). They want to live the "good life" -- but they quickly discover that, like all good things, the "good life" must be continuously earned, even in a paradise like Provence.
Each of the twelve half-hour episodes covers a different month in the Mayles' first "Year in Provence." Over the course of a year, Peter and Annie slowly adjust to life in their new home. Many of the episodes show them experiencing the "culture shock" of living in southeast France. In February, they must adjust to the "Mistral," the interminable Provencial wind that blows without stopping for an entire month. In September, they harvest the grapes from Peter's wine vineyard -- only to learn that the grapes will not be used to create a great wine, but instead will be processed with grapes from other vineyards into an "industrial wine" at a local factory. And in December, they learn the intricacies and headaches of local politics as a debate rages through their Provincial town over who will play Péré Noel (Father Christmas) on Christmas Eve.
Peter and Annie must also learn to live with the eccentricities of the French. These include Riviéré, their scruffy, unwashed neighbor who owns a wood full of high-priced truffle mushrooms; Antoine, the keeper of Peter's backyard vineyard; and the endless stream of workmen, led by the plumber, Mr. Columbani, who come to the Mayles' new house to fix up and remodel the kitchens, bathrooms, etc. As the year progresses, these people will become close friends of the Mayles.
In some of the episodes, tales from Mayle's books have been expanded into larger stories. These include the story of the rich woman who moves to Provence for the peace and quiet, only to find that her next-door neighbor has an unusually-loud and troublesome rooster, and the story of the truffle thief who would rather abandon his wife to the law than give up his treasure of stolen truffles.
Other episodes take stories from different sources. One episode re-tells the story of the French film, "The Baker's Wife," as Peter and Annie Mayle try to re-unite Godin, the local baker, with his wayward wife. But at least they have the decency to *acknowledge* where they stole the story. (When Godin's wife has run away, the depressed baker moans to Peter, "It's just like that movie, 'The Baker's Wife.' Except I don't even have a cat to keep me company.")
John Thaw provides a solid lead performance as Peter Mayle. He is a mild-mannered man who only wants to live a quiet, enjoyable life. But life in Provence has a way of throwing interesting and nettling obstacles in his path. At first, Mayle reacts to these problems with the disbelief and confusion of a native Londoner living in a strange new environment. But he gradually comes to accept these problems as part of the wonder of living in Provence.
Lindsay Duncan also turns in an admirable performance as Annie, Peter's wife. She is a smart, level-headed woman who can sometimes be more clever and insightful than her husband in solving problems.
And there are some great guest role appearances in the mini-series. Alfred Molina has an absolutely terrific part as Tony Havers, an obnoxious, uninvited English house-guest of the Mayles who takes over their house and refuses to leave. French actress Annie Sinigalia has a great role as the neurotic rich woman from Paris, who is attracted to Peter Mayle, but who ultimately can't adjust to living in Provence. And always-wonderful Frank Middlemass appears as an English expatriate who teaches Peter the rules of Boules, Provence's favorite pastime game.
And through it all, we get stunning views of Provence, with its mountains, hilltop castles, lavender fields, vineyards, quaint villages, and sun-drenched valleys that seem to stretch forever. "A Year In Provence" is like taking a trip to Provence, and touching its heart and soul.
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10 out of 11 people found the following review useful:
Really entertaining series!
from United Kingdom
10 February 2009
I have this on VHS, and I enjoyed it enormously. Every single scene had something to smile about, whether it was Peter Mayle struggling with french, or Challemagne the rooster. I have one question, Why did so many people ignore this series at the time? Of course, it fell victim to the Darling Buds of May, which is also wonderful, but this is so relaxing to watch.
Provence has never looked so beautiful, some of the landscapes were absolutely gorgeous. John Thaw gives a rock-solid performance, that is always overlooked. When I mention this series to anyone, they are either blank-eyed, or go on criticising the books. Lindsay Duncan is also wonderful as Annie, although I read somewhere, that Thaw's wife Shiela Hancock was originally asked to do the role before the producers decided she was too old.
Watch this series, you'll really like it. I am just angry, that this wonderful programme was ignored. 10/10 Bethany Cox
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10 out of 13 people found the following review useful:
A Splendid Trip in French Stereotypes
from Charlotte NC
11 April 2008
The amount of French language is enormous for an English language production, and that makes it fun to listen and try to understand, because much of the French in conversation is not translated fully. The things that one expects from Provence are all there, and when the expected ending of a story plot does not come and the twist is even more inventive than the simple negation of a stereotype, the narrative really shines. Peter runs the plumber out and you would think that this is the beginning of a rancorous feud, but it's not. Winning at bowling turns out not to be winning after all. The production does its best to include some of the most pointed vignettes of the book. It manages to capture the flavor very well overall. For the strongest sense of the continuity, I recommend that you read the book first; then, when you watch this on VHS/DVD, you can bask in the extra time and story added here to add depth to this stranger and his wife in a foreign land desperately trying to become local and belong.
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5 out of 6 people found the following review useful:
The vacation on my DVD shelf
from United States - Pacific time zone
18 September 2010
If you've ever harbored a fantasy of living in a foreign country, A Year In Provence is a must see. I've owned the A&E DVD set for awhile and watch this series at least once a year; it's like taking a vacation to a now familiar place where I have friends and know the ropes. I treasure this series as it shows just what it might be like to try to re-settle in a foreign land where you know no one, don't speak the language very well, and, in this case, in a rural area where the residents aren't fluent in English and where you have to conform to their habits, schedules, and priorities. One sees very quickly that moving to a large city might make such a transition easier where services, multi-lingual inhabitants, and common ground are more quickly found. But the charm of this story is watching the husband & wife find their way, played superbly by Lindsay Duncan and John Thaw. Their civilized British take on things is perfectly tuned. They are the strangers in a strange land and their adjustment to a new and very different lifestyle is always interesting. So many kinds of "normal" behavior are depicted and it is the rural French version that delights; never has normal made me smile so much.
The story flows seamlessly through the four seasons of a year and, while the pace is relaxed, there is an assembly of characters and situations that adds just the right spice to keep your attention. Like a fine French meal in the country of origin, by the end you know you've experienced the unique flavor and texture of not only the local food, but also the people, culture, and dilemmas of living country style in Provence. Likely, you'd be able to translate many of the events to almost any country that has indoor plumbing. This is a trip worth taking. 9* out of 10*
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An awful, overacted farce.
from England
13 April 2016
Having read and re-read the book and Toujours Provence, my wife and I were really looking forward to watching the adaptation. What a let-down it was. The acting of the two main characters in particular is painfully forced and unnecessarily farcical - it has become a pantomime. The book is genuinely charming, while this is genuinely charmless, cheesy and just rubbish. We also found it insulting to the French locals: in the book, they are gregarious of course, but not bumpkins, simple, or mad. The adaptation completely overemphasises the cultural stereotypes and again is just painfully "British". It was a real letdown. We gave up after the fourth episode before it ruined the book for us.
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2 out of 5 people found the following review useful:
Great location, shame about the stereotypes
from Australia
24 September 2011
Peter Mayle's book is the type-specimen of the expat setting up in a (slightly) foreign land, and a wry set of vignettes of the learning experience. The film (or more properly telemovie) is an absurd - even offensive - exercise in stereotyping which panders to holiday nostalgia and the idea that France is stuck in a primitive past of 'characters' such as those we find in Marcel Pagnol's books/films and their later adaptations. That was 100 years ago! Even then they were 'characters' picked out for their end-of-bell-curve status.
Some reviewers mention with fondness the appalling house guest and the ridiculous Parisienne, both over-the-top embellishments, if not complete inventions. They are simply not believable, ridiculous cardboard cutouts, highly annoying and a complete detractor from the story. I wonder what Peter Mayle himself thinks of the 'extrapolation' of his book.
I will admit to having only watched the first 90 minute episode, but assume the rest is similar. Apart from a bit of personal nostalgia - I love Provence, the old villages and the countryside, and have been through some of the same experiences restoring a house in France (although the day-to-day reality is much more mundane and there are an awful lot of 'normal' people in France who would never make it into this movie) - I found this pastiche of 'characters', Pagnol, scenery and expatriate self indulgence, one of my least satisfying movie experiences for a long time. It's a movie I might well walk out of at the cinema.
I can get the scenery from the Tour de France coverage, the characters in all their richness from Pagnol, and the expat experience from (not always comfortable) reality. Better to watch a travel documentary - skewed of course, but at least some attempt at representing reality in an interesting way.
I don't believe that the smaller vignettes of the book could not have been turned into a movie. Obviously it would require a good storyline into which to weave them, but pickign a few and makign them 'episodes' was an easy way out.
The use of enough English mixed into the conversations as a mechanism to avoid subtitling is quite a good idea, but could have been done much better eg. the characters could have attempted some believable, halting/incorrect version in French and then quickly repeated in English as a sort of verbal subtitle, instead of speaking English at a Frenchman who ostensibly doesn't understand it and then in other places saying something quite fluently in French with an English word thrown in for some common word that they would clearly know (that would work if they were searching for a technical term). The French characters using occasional English words is quite believable. OK, this is a bit picky and might not jar so much on someone who only understands the English, but it could have been one of the saving graces of this film if done better.
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1 out of 4 people found the following review useful:
disappointing
Wonderful book.
But what a disappointment.
I have tried watching it, twice, but it just doesn't cut the mustard. I wish it were otherwise.
Great cast (Thaw / Morse; Duncan / Shooting the Past).
The setting is delightful.
John Thaw bought a house nearby as a result.
But the production was not a commercial success.
All is not lost though.
If you haven't read the book it was based on then do so, you have something to look forward to.
Other reviewers have commented on the book vis a vis this dramatisation, sometimes rather OTT, yet the difference is immense unfortunately.
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2 out of 7 people found the following review useful:
The book was better, but it's still worth watching...
from United States
11 September 2010
I was worried that this A&E production would lack the charm of the book. As it turned out, the aesthetics of this film were spot on, even if the French humor was not as well adapted for the screen compared to all those wonderful passages that were peppered throughout the book.
I read the book many years before seeing the film, but remarkable, the details were still fresh in my mind, thanks to Mayle's gift of description.
I still gave this 4 stars because they did a great job of presenting Provence exactly the way it is and the way one pictures it while reading the book.
But it's the book that will always have a special place in my heart.
~NN
from Australia
18 January 2011
I watched this series on FTA TV from Radio-Télevision Monte Carlo. It was subtitled in French.
I've since read the book, and it's better. But the photography is good, and some of the characters (can you say Rivière?; the Mayles can't, pronouncing it RIViair) are very convincing. But I'm left with the overall impression that this is the British conquest of Provence. The Mayles are the centrepiece, saving the local people from one disaster after another (amongst other things). Annie doesn't even appear in the book, and my impression is that her name is a pun on the French title "Une année en Provence", but here she's saving the French from themselves. That wasn't necessary, and it strongly detracts from what would otherwise have been a very enjoyable series.
How do I rate it? It's difficult to say. I like watching the recordings we made, but every time the sheer Britishness of it gets on my nerves. So: parts of it are excellent, I'll give it a 5.
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Lindsay Duncan
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Who was shot by Andrew Cunanan in July 1997?
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'At last, I can swim in our pool with my son' - Telegraph
'At last, I can swim in our pool with my son'
Lindsay Duncan: 'swimming is now part of my life'
By Barbara Lantin
12:01AM BST 23 Jul 2004
Until 10 years ago, actress Lindsay Duncan, 52, could not take her feet off the bottom of a swimming pool.
"I had very insensitive group teaching at primary school, of the kind where 40 kids stand in a long line and everybody jumps in at once. I was very frightened of getting horizontal in the water and putting my face in.
"I played an Olympic swimmer in a television series called Traffik, which is a joke, and I was sent to an Olympic pool to prepare. I tried very hard, but all I achieved was taking gulps of air and splashing towards the side of the pool with my heart pounding."
Realising that unless she took some action, she would never be able to enjoy carefree holiday moments in the water with her young son Cal, now 12, Duncan enrolled for a course of lessons with Steven Shaw.
"The most important thing was that he acknowledged my fear. There was no question of my having to pull myself together," she says.
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23 Jul 2004
"He stressed what it felt like to be in the water, which is an extraordinary place, rather than focusing on swimming. He showed me that if you clench your fist in the water, it will stay under, but if you open your hand and let go, your whole arm just floats to the surface.
"In a very simple way, he demonstrated that being tense produces the very situation you don't want. And, of course, all fear is about not letting go. Everything he said made sense."
Duncan, who is best known for her role as Peter Mayle's wife in the television series A Year in Provence, made time in a tight schedule to take regular lessons. She was soon able to glide without support, but it was several months before she could swim confidently.
"We worked at my pace, which was sometimes laughable: it wasn't even progress. But now I swim rather well and I have very high standards. Swimming gives me a huge amount of pleasure, even joy. Instead of being the one sitting by the pool wrapped up to protect my incredibly fair skin from the sun, I am able to get in with my son and feel a huge sense of achievement.
"We have just bought a house in south-west France. It has no furniture, but the pool has been dug. Swimming is now a part of my life."
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i don't know
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Who was the Roman goddess of chance and fate?
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TYCHE (Tykhe) - Greek Goddess of Fortune & Luck (Roman Fortuna)
Fortune, Chance
Nemesis and Tyche, Athenian red-figure amphora C5th B.C., Antikensammlung Berlin
TYKHE (Tyche) was the goddess of fortune, chance, providence and fate. She was usually honoured in a more favourable light as Eutykhia (Eutychia), goddess of good fortune, luck, success and prosperity.
Tykhe was depicted with a variety of attributes--holding a rudder, she was conceived as the divinity guiding and conducting the affairs of the world, and in this respect she was called one of the Moirai (Moirae, Fates); with a ball she represented the varying unsteadiness of fortune, unsteady and capable of rolling in any direction; with Ploutos (Plutus) or the cornucopia, she was the symbol of the plentiful gifts of fortune.
Nemesis (Fair Distribution) was cautiously regarded as the downside of Tykhe, one who provided a check on extravagant favours conferred by fortune. The pair were often depicted as companions in Greek vase painting. In the vase painting (right) Nemesis (Indignation) with her arm around Tykhe (Fortune) points an accusing fingure at Helene, who Aphrodite has persuaded to elope with Paris.
FAMILY OF TYCHE
[1] OKEANOS & TETHYS (Hesiod Theogony 360; Homeric Hymn 2.420)
[2] ZEUS (Orphic Hymn 72, Pindar Olympian Ode)
[3] PROMETHEUS (Alcman Frag 3)
OFFSPRING
[1] PLOUTOS (Aesop Fables 130, Pausanias 9.16.2)
ENCYCLOPEDIA
TYCHE (Tuchê). 1. The personification of chance or luck, the Fortuna of the Romans, is called by Pindar (Ol. xii. init.) a daughter of Zeus the Liberator. She was represented with different attributes. With a rudder, she was conceived as the divinity guiding and conducting the affairs of the world, and in this respect she is called one of the Moerae (Paus. vii. 26. § 3; Pind. Fragm. 75, ed. Heyne); with a ball she represents the varying unsteadiness of fortune; with Plutos or the horn of Amalthea, she was the symbol of the plentiful gifts of fortune. (Artemid. ii. 37.) Tyche was worshipped at Pharae in Messenia (Paus. iv. 30. § 2); at Smyrna, where her statue, the work of Bupalus, held with one hand a globe on her head, and in the other carried the horn of Amalthea (iv. 30. § 4); in the arx of Sicyon (ii. 7. § 5); at Aegeira in Achaia, where she was represented with the horn of Amalthea and a winged Eros by her side (vii. 26. § 3; comp. Plut. De Fort. Rom. 4; Arnob. adv. Gent. vi. 25); in Elis (Paus. vi. 25. § 4); at Thebes (ix. 16. § 1); at Lebadeia, together with agathos daimôn (ix. 39. § 4); at Olympia (v. 15. § 4), and Athens. (Aelian, V. H. ix. 39; comp. Fortuna.) 2. A nymph, one of the playmates of Persephone. (Hom. Hymn. in Cer. 421.) 3. One of the daughters of Oceanus. (Hes. Theog. 360.)
Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology.
CLASSICAL LITERATURE QUOTES
Nemesis and Eutychia, Athenian red-figure hydria C5th B.C., Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe
Hesiod, Theogony 346 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C8th or C7th B.C.) :
"Tethys bore to Okeanos (Oceanus) the swirling Potamoi (Rivers) . . . She [Tethys] brought forth also a race apart of daughters, who with lord Apollon and the Rivers have the young in their keeping all over the earth, since this right from Zeus is given them. They are Peitho . . . Kalypso (Calypso), Eudora and Tykhe (Tyche) [in a list of names] . . . Now these are the eldest of the daughters who were born to Tethys and Okeanos, but there are many others beside these."
Pindar, Nemean Ode 12. 1 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Daughter of Zeus Eleutherios (Liberator), Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) our saviour goddess."
Alcman, Fragment 64 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric II) (Greek lyric C7th B.C.) :
"Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) sister of Eunomia (Right Order) and Peitho (Persuasion) daughter of Prometheus."
Orphic Hymn 72 to Tyche (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"Queen Tykhe (Tyche) . . . born of Eubouleos (Eubuleus) [Zeus, the Counsellor] famed."
TYCHE COMPANION OF PERSEPHONE
Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter 5 ff (trans. Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th or 6th B.C.) :
"She [Persephone] was playing with the deep-bosomed daughters of Okeanos (Oceanus) and gathering flowers over a soft meadow, roses and crocuses and beautiful violets, irises also and hyacinths and the narcissus."
Homeric Hymn 2 to Demeter 415 ff :
"[Persephone relates the story of her abduction to her mother Demete r:] All we were playing in a lovely meadow, Leukippe (Leucippe) and Phaino (Phaeno) and Elektra (Electra) and Ianthe, Melita also and Iakhe with Rhodea and Kallirhoe (Callirhoe) and Melobosis and Tykhe (Tyche) and Okyrhoe (Ocyrhoe), fair as a flower, Khryseis (Chryseis), Ianeira, Akaste (Acaste) and Admete and Rhodope and Plouto (Pluto) and charming Kalypso (Calypso); Styx too was there and Ourania (Urania) and lovely Galaxaura with Pallas [Athena] who rouses battles and Artemis delighting in arrows: we were playing and gathering sweet flowers in our hands, soft crocuses mingled with irises and hyacinths, and rose-blooms and lilies, marvellous to see, and the narcissus which the wide earth caused to grow yellow as a crocus."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 4. 30. 4 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"Homer is the first whom I know to have mentioned Tykhe (Tyche) in his poems. He did so in the Hymn to Demeter, where he enumerates the daughters of Okeanos (Oceanus), telling how they played with Kore (Core) [Persephone] the daughter of Demeter, and making Tykhe one of them."
TYCHE AS THE CONSTELLATION VIRGO
The constellation Virgo was usually identified with the goddess Dike (Justice) .
Pseudo-Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 25 (trans. Grant) (Roman mythographer C2nd A.D.) :
“Constellation Virgo . . . Others call her Fortuna [Tykhe (Tyche)]."
TYCHE GODDESS OF FORTUNE
Pindar, Olympian Ode 12. 1 ff (trans. Conway) (Greek lyric C5th B.C.) :
"Daughter of Zeus Eleutherios (the Liberator), Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) our saviour goddess, I pray your guardian care for Himera, and prosper her city's strength. For your hand steers the ships of ocean on their flying course, and rules on land the march of savage wars, and the assemblies of wise counsellors."
Pindar, Isthmian Ode 4. 48 ff :
"Yet even for those who strive, Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) maybe conceals her light, ere yet their steps attain the furthest goal; for her gifts render both of good and ill. And often does the craft of lesser souls outstrip and bring to naught the strength of better men."
Simonides, Fragment 8 (trans. Campbell, Vol. Greek Lyric III) (Greek lyric C6 to C5th B.C.) :
"If the greatest part of virtue is to die nobly, then Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) granted it to us above all others; for we strove to crown Greece with freedom."
Greek Lyric V Anonymous, Fragment 1019 (from Stobaeus, Anthology) :
"Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune), beginning and end for mankind, you sit in Sophia's (Wisdom's) seat and give honour to mortal deeds; from you comes more good than evil, grace shines about your gold wing, and what the scale of your balance gives is the happiest; you see a way out of the impasse in troubles, and you bring bright light in darkness, you most excellent of gods."
Aeschylus, Agamemnon 661 ff (trans. Weir Smyth) (Greek tragedy C5th B.C.) :
"[The ships of Agamemnon alone escaped the storms sent to destroy the Greek fleet returning from Troy :] Ourselves, however, and our ship, its hull unshattered, some power, divine not human, preserved by stealth or intercession, laying hand upon its helm; and Savior Fortune (tykhê sotêr) chose to sit aboard our craft so that it should neither take in the swelling surf at anchorage nor drive upon a rock-bound coast."
Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 55 ff :
"The awe of majesty [of kings] once unconquered, unvanquished, irresistible in war, that penetrated the ears and heart of the people, is now cast off [with death]. But there is still fear. And Eutykhia (Eutychia, Prosperity)--this, among mortals, is a god and more than a god. But the balance of Dike (Justice) keeps watch: swiftly it descends on those in the light; sometimes pain waits for those who linger on the frontier of twilight; and others are claimed by strengthless night."
Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 963 ff :
"But soon time (khronos) that accomplishes all will pass the portals of our house, and then all pollution will be expelled from the hearth by cleansing rites that drive out calamity. The dice of fortune (tykhai) will turn as they fall and lie with faces all lovely to behold, favorably disposed to whoever stays in our house."
Aeschylus, Doubtul Fragment 254 (from Stobaeus, Anthology 1. 6. 16) :
"Sovereign of all the gods is Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune), and these other names are given her in vain; for she alone disposeth all things as she wills."
"Tyche of Antioch", Greco-Roman marble statue from Rome, Vatican Museums
Aesop, Fables 84 (from Chambry & Avianus, Fabulae 12) (trans. Gibbs) (Greek fable C6th B.C.) :
"A farmer struggling as he plunged his plough-share into the earth saw a treasure-trove leap forth from the furrow. All in a rush, he immediately abandoned the shameful plow, leading his oxen to better seed. Straightaway he obediently built an altar to the Goddess Ge/Tellus (Gaea, Earth), who had gladly bestowed on him the wealth contained within her. The Goddess Tykhe/Fortuna (Tyche, Fortune), feeling slighted that he had not thought her likewise worthy of an offering of incense, admonished the farmer, thinking of the future while he was rejoicing in his new-found affairs : ‘Now you do not offer the gifts that you have found to my shrine, but you prefer to make other gods the sharers of your good fortune. Yet when your gold is stolen and you are stricken with sadness, you will make your complaints to me first of all, weeping over your loss.’"
[N.B. There are two extant versions of this fable, one in Greek and the other Latin. In the latter the names Fortuna and Tellus are used in place of Tykhe and Ge.]
Aesop, Fables 261 (from Chambry & Babrius, Fabulae Aesopeae 49) :
"The Traveler and Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune). A Traveler wearied from a long journey lay down, overcome with fatigue, on the very brink of a deep well. Just as he was about to fall into the water, Lady Tykhe (Fortune) it is said, appeared to him and waking him from his slumber thus addressed him : ‘Good Sir, pray wake up: for if you fall into the well, the blame will be thrown on me, and I shall get an ill name among mortals; for I find that men are sure to impute their calamities to me, however much by their own folly they have really brought them on themselves.’
Everyone is more or less master of his own fate."
Aesop, Fables 535 (from Life of Aesop 94) :
"Zeus once ordered Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) to show mankind the two ways: one the way of freedom and the other the way of slavery. Prometheus made the way of freedom rough at the beginning, impassable and steep, with no water anywhere to drink, full of brambles, and beset with dangers on all sides at first. Eventually, however, it became a smooth plain, lined with paths and filled with groves of fruit trees and waterways. Thus the distressing experience ended in repose for those who breath the air of freedom. The way of slavery, however, started out as a smooth plain at the beginning, full of flowers, pleasant to look at and quite luxurious, but in the end it became impassable, steep and insurmountable on all sides."
[N.B. In another extant version of this fable Tykhe is replaced by Prometheus.]
Aesop, Fables 469 (from Avianus 12) :
"A farmer had started turning the earth with his plow when he saw a treasure suddenly spring into view from the depths of the furrow. His spirit soared as he abandoned the lowly plow and drove his oxen off to better pastures. He immediately built an altar to the earth goddess Tellus (Earth) [Gaia], worshipping her for having happily bestowed on him the wealth that had been buried inside her. While the farmer was rejoicing in his new circumstances, the goddess Fortuna (Fortune) [Tyche] was indignant that he had not considered her equally worthy of incense and offerings. She thus appeared to the man and gave him this warning about the future : ‘Instead of making an offering of your new-found wealth in my temple, you are sharing it with all the other gods. Yet when your gold is stolen and you are stricken with grief, then you will turn to me first of all in your despair and deprivation!’"
Aesop, Fables 470 (from Babrius 49) :
"A workman had thoughtlessly fallen asleep one night next to a well. While he slept, he seemed to hear the voice of Tykhe (Tyche), the goddess of fortune, as she stood there beside him. ‘Hey you,’ the goddess said, ‘you'd better wake up! I am afraid that if you fall into the well, I will be the one that people blame, giving me a bad reputation. In general, people blame me for everything that happens to them, including the unfortunate events and tumbles for which a person really has only himself to blame.’"
Plato, Laws 757b (trans. Bury) (Greek philosopher C4th B.C.) :
"[Plato describes a lottery which he proposes be used to select the beauracrats of a State :] In the assignment of honors . . . employ the lot to give even results in the distributions . . . It is the judgment of Zeus [i.e. Zeus the god whose will is reflected in the outcome of the lottery], and men it never assists save in small measure, but in so far as it does assist either States or individuals, it produces all things good; for it dispenses more to the greater and less to the smaller, giving due measure to each according to nature; and with regard to honors also, by granting the greater to those that are greater in goodness, and the less to those of the opposite character in respect of goodness and education, it assigns in proportion what is fitting to each . . . for the same reason it is necessary to make use also of the equality of the lot, on account of the discontent of the masses, and in doing so to pray, calling upon god [Zeus] and Tykhe Agathe (Tyche Agatha, Good Fortune) to guide for them the lot aright towards the highest justice."
Pausanias, Description of Greece 4. 30. 4 - 6 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"The people of Pharia [in Messenia] possess also a temple of Tykhe (Tyche) and an ancient image. Homer is the first whom I know to have mentioned Tykhe in his poems. He did so in the Hymn to Demeter, where he enumerates the daughters of Okeanos (Oceanus), telling how they played with Kore (Core) [Persephone] the daughter of Demeter, and making Tykhe one of them. The lines are : ‘We all in a lovely meadow, Leukippe, Phaino, Electre and Ianthe, Melobosis and Tykhe and Okyrhoe with a face like a flower.’
He said nothing further about this goddess being the mightiest of gods in human affairs and displaying greatest strength, as in the Iliad he represented Athena and Enyo as supreme in war, and Artemis feared in childbirth, and Aphrodite heeding the affairs of marriage. But he makes no other mention of Tykhe. Bouplaos (Buplaus) a skilful temple-architect and carver of images, who made the statue of Tykhe at Smyrna, was the first whom we know to have represented her with the heavenly sphere upon her head and carrying in one hand the horn of Amaltheia, as the Greeks call it, representing her functions to this extent. The poems of Pindar later contained references to Tykhe, and it is he who called her Supporter of the City."
Orphic Hymn 72 to Tyche (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. to 2nd A.D.) :
"To Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune), Fumigation from Frankincense. Approach, queen Tykhe, with propitious mind and rich abundance, to my prayer inclined: placid and gentle, mighty named, imperial Artemis, born of Eubouleos [i.e. Zeus Eubuleus] famed, mankind's unconquered endless praise is thine, sepulchral, widely wandering power divine! In thee our various mortal life is found, and come from thee in copious wealth abound; while others mourn thy hand averse to bless, in all the bitterness of deep distress. Be present, Goddess, to thy votaries kind, and give abundance with benignant mind."
Aelian, Historical Miscellany 2. 29 (trans. Wilson) (Greek rhetorician C2nd to 3rd A.D.) :
"Pittakos (Pittacus) [ruler of Mytilene ca 600 B.C.] made a ladder for the temples of Mytilene, not to serve any useful purpose but simply as an offering. His intention was to hint that fortune (tykhe) moves up and down, with the lucky as it were climbing up and the unlucky coming down."
Aelian, Historical Miscellany 3. 23 :
"Alexandros' [Alexander the Great's] achievements were splendid . . . Let most of it be put down to Tykhe (Tyche, Fortune) who favoured Alexandros, if one wishes to be cautious. But Alexandros was great because he was not defeated by Tykhe (Fortune) and did not give up in the face of her persistent attentions to him."
Aelian, Historical Miscellany 13. 43 :
"Note that the Athenian general Timotheus was reckoned to be fortunate. People said fortune was responsible, and Timotheus had no part in it. They ridiculed him on the stage, and painters portrayed him asleep, with Tykhe (Fortune) hovering above his head and pulling the cities into her net."
Nonnus, Dionysiaca 16. 220 ff (trans. Rouse) (Greek epic C5th A.D.) :
"And you Tykhe (Tyche, Luck), how many shapes you take, how you make playthings of the children of men! Be gracious, all-subduer!"
FORTUNA ROMAN GODDESS OF FORTUNE
Fortuna was the Roman equivalent of the Greek Tykhe. She also resembles the Greek goddesses of fate Moira and Aisa.
Seneca, Hercules Furens 524 ff (trans. Miller) (Roman tragedy C1st A.D.) :
"O Fortuna (Fortune), jealous of the brave, in allotting thy favours how unjust art thou unto the good!”
Seneca, Medea 159 ff :
"Fortuna (Fortune) fears the brave, the cowardly overwhelms."
Seneca, Medea 286 ff :
"The estate of thrones, which fickle Fortuna (Fortune) disturbs with changeful lot."
Seneca, Oedipus 6 ff :
"Does any man rejoice in royalty? O deceitful good, how many ills dost hide beneath thy smiling face! As lofty peaks do ever catch the blasts, and as the cliff, which with its jutting rocks cleaves the vast deep, is beaten by the waves of even a quiet sea, so does exalted empire lie exposed to Fortuna (Fortune)."
Seneca, Oedipus 81 ff :
"What boots it, husband, to make woe heavier by lamentation? This very thing, methinks, is regal--to face adversity and, the more dubious thy station and the more the greatness of empire totters to its fall, the more firm to stand, brave with unfaltering foot. ‘Tis not a manly thing to turn the back to Fortuna (Fortune)."
Seneca, Oedipus 786 ff :
"How heartless Fortuna (Fortune) assails me on every hand!"
Seneca, Phaedra 978 ff :
"Fortuna (Fortune) without order rules the affairs of men, scatters her gifts with unseeing hand, fostering the worse; dire lust prevails against pure men, and crime sits regnant in the lofty palace. The rabble rejoice to give government to the vile, paying high honours even where they hate. Warped are the rewards of uprightness sad virtue gains; wretched poverty dogs the pure, and the adulterer, strong in wickedness, reigns supreme."
Seneca, Phaedra 1141 ff :
"On doubtful wings flies the inconstant hour, nor does swift Fortuna (Fortune) pledge loyalty to any."
Seneca, Troades 258 ff :
"Ungoverned power no one can long retain; controlled, it lasts; and the higher Fortuna (Fortune) has raised and exalted the might of man, the more does it become him to be modest in prosperity, to tremble at shifting circumstance, and to fear the gods when they are overkind. That greatness can be in a moment overthrown I have learned by conquering. Does Troy make us too arrogant and bold? We Greeks are standing in the place whence she has fallen."
Seneca, Troades 695 ff :
"Pity a mother, calmly and patiently listen to her pious prayers, and the higher the gods have exalted thee, the more gently bear down upon the fallen. What is given to misery is a gift to Fortuna (Fortune) [i.e. the goddess accepts generosity to the miserable as an offering, which she repays in the hour of need]. So may thy chaste wife's couch see thee again; so may Laertes [your father] prolong his years till he welcome thee home once more; so may thy son succeed thee."
Seneca, Troades 734 ff :
"As for Troy's throne, let Fortuna (Fortune) bear that whithersoe'er she will."
Statius, Silvae 3. 3. 85 (trans. Mozley) (Roman poetry C1st A.D.) :
"And now from on high a light illumined his loyal home, and Fortuna (Fortune) towering to her loftiest entered apace."
Statius, Silvae 5. 1. 137 ff :
"What god joined Fortuna (Fortune) and Invidia (Envy) [Nemesis or Zelos] in truceless kinship? Who bade the cruel goddesses engage in unending war? Will the one set her mark upon no house, but the other must straightway fix it with her grim glance, and with savage hand make havoc of its gladness? Happy and prosperous was this abode, no shock assailed it, no thought of sorrow; what cause was there to have fear of Fortuna, treacherous and fickle though she be, while Caesar was favourable? Yet the jealous Fata (Fate) [Moira] found a way, and barbarous violence entered that blameless home."
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 4. 31 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) :
"The lowest possible specimen of humanity, one who as the victim of Fortuna (Fortune) has lost status, inheritance and security, a man so disreputable that nowhere in the world can he find an equal in wretchedness."
Apuleias, The Golden Ass 7. 2 ff :
"Learned men of old had good grounds for envisaging and describing Fortuna (Fortune) as blind and utterly sightless [i.e. like Ploutos (Plutus) the god of wealth]. That goddess, I mused, ever bestows her riches on the wicked and the unworthy, never favouring anyone by discerning choice, but on the contrary preferring to lodge with precisely the people to whom she should have given wide berth, if she had eyes to see. Worst of all, she foists on us reputations at odds with and contrary to the truth, so that the evil man boasts in the glory of being honest, while by contrast he transparently innocent man is afflicted with a damaging reputation."
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 6. 19 ff :
"I implore you by your personal Fortuna (Fortune) and your Genios (Genius, Guardian Spirit)to come to the aid of this destitute old man."
Apuleius, The Golden Ass 9. 1 ff :
"But truly, if Fortuna (Fortune) disapproves, nothing can turn out right for any mortal, and neither wise planning nor shrewd remedies can overtun or reshape the pre-ordained arrangements of divine providence."
ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART
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Fortuna
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Which architect designed the Pompidou Centre, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, the Millennium Dome and Heathrow's, Terminal Five?
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Tyche ***
Tyche, the goddess of Fortune
Who was Tyche?
Tyche was the Greek goddess of Fortune and one of the extraordinary number of gods and goddesses worshipped by the Ancient Greeks. The legend and myth about Tyche has been passed down through the ages and plays an important role in the history of the Ancient World and the study of the Greek classics. Tyche was associated with the myth of the Oceanides in which she was depicted as was an elder nymph, a goddess of the heavenly clouds, who was associated with the Titans and personified the blessing of Good Fortune. Her father was the Titan god Oceanus and mother was Tethys. She was given immortality and the powers of a goddess through Zeus after she helped saving Olympus from the scheming of Gaia during the battle with the Titans. Later stories Oceanus and his wife Tethys. Later myths concerning the Olympian gods tell that Tyche was the daughter of Hermes and Aphrodite . She was worshipped in various parts of Greece, but more particularly by the Athenians, who believed in her special preference for their city.
Picture of Tyche
Facts about Tyche
Tyche features in the religious beliefs of the ancient Greeks which are based on the idea that these supernatural beings resembled mortals but possessed great magical and mystic powers. The following information, facts and profile provides a fast overview of Tyche:
Tyche Profile & Fact File
Role & Function: Her function is described as being the goddess of fortune and luck
Status: Daughter of the Titan gods Oceanus and Tethys or alternatively Aphrodite and Hermes
Symbols: The wheel, wings, the sceptre, cornucopia (horn of plenty), ship rudders and the sceptre
Gender: Female
Roman Counterpart: The Roman equivalent of Tyche was Fortuna
Name of Husband: Unmarried
Tyche - Good and Bad Luck
Tyche personified the combination of unexpected, random, circumstances that we call luck, fortune, chance or fluke can be good or evil. The element of ill fortune and bad luck is reflected by words such as disaster, misfortune and unlucky whereas good luck and fortune reflect success, and prosperity. While these are seen as two separate manifestations, they are always seen as Tyche, a single, united Goddess. She is however seen as irresponsible and fickle in her awards. She heaps gifts from a horn of plenty, others she deprives of all that they have. If a person succeeded in all he undertook without possessing any special merit of his own, Tyche was said to have smiled on his birth. If undeserved bad luck followed him through life, and his efforts resulted in failure, it was attributed to her adverse influence. As time passed another goddess emerged called Eutychia who was the Goddess of Happiness who possessed only the positive attributes of Tyche.
Tyche (Roman Counterpart was Fortuna)
When the Roman Empire conquered the Greeks in 146BC, the Romans assimilated various elements from other cultures and civilisations, including the gods and goddesses that were worshipped by the Ancient Greeks. Many of the Greek gods and goddesses were therefore adopted by the Romans but were given Latin names. Her Roman counterpart was Fortuna.
Picture of Tyche (Fortuna) and her Symbols
The Symbols of Tyche
Each ancient Greek god and goddess were associated with special symbols, animals and attributes. The Symbols of Tyche helped the ancient Greeks instantly recognize the gods and goddesses that were depicted in the pictures, mosaics, statues and images. She is depicted in various forms some bearing in her hand two rudders, appearing blindfolded or standing on a ball or wheel, indicative of the fickleness and ever-revolving changes of fortune. The symbols of Tyche were the wheel, wings, the sceptre, cornucopia (horn of plenty), a ball, ship rudders and the sceptre. The meanings of her symbols were as follows:
The two rudders
These symbolize the ability of Tyche to steer or guide lives in two directions creating the fortunate and the unfortunate among mortals
The wheel
The wheel symbolized the wheel of fortune
The sceptre
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i don't know
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'Sarah Gamp', 'Tom Pinch', and 'Mark Tapley' are characters in which Dickens novel?
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Dickens's " Sairey Gamp and Betsy Prig" by Harold Copping
Approximately 7 x 5 inches (18.8 x 12.5 cm)
From Character Sketches from Dickens, facing p. 76.
Scanned image, caption, and commentary below by Philip V. Allingham
[You may use this image without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the person who scanned the image and (2) link your document to this URL in a web document or cite the Victorian Web in a print one. ]
It is instructive to compare the original etching on steel by Hablot Knight Browne ("Phiz") with Copping's 1924 lithograph. According to critic Michael Steig, in the original serial of 1843-1844
Plate 35 (No. XVIII), "Mrs. Gamp propoges a toast," is the third and last [illustration in Phiz's narrative-pictorial program for the serial version of the novel] to feature Sairey Gamp in person. This famous illustration, depicting the moment immediately preceding the apostasy of Betsey Prig [the moment which Fred Barnard in the Household Edition chose instead], is by and large a faithful reproduction of Dickens' description of the scene, down to the bursting bandboxes, the pattens, the pictures over the mantel, the umbrella, and the garments looking like a hanged double of Sairey. [DSA 2, 139]
The scene which Copping has chosen to exemplify the comedic aspect of the picaresque novel, "Sairey Gamp and Betsey Prig," occurs in what was originally episode eighteen (chapter 49, "In Which Mrs. Harris, Assisted by a Teapot, is the Cause of a Division Between Friends," June 1844). Compare Copping's more realistic handling of his materials to Phiz's "Mrs. Gamp Propoges a Toast." Gone are the lovingly realized background details such as Sairey's additional outfits hanging above the friends about to experience a falling-out.
In one of his prefaces to Martin Chuzzlewit, Dickens declares that his main object was "to exhibit in a variety of aspects the commonest of all vices; to show how selfishness propagates itself; and to what a grim giant it may grow, from small beginnings." In the person of Pecksniff he created a character that has become a by-word for hypocrisy, whilst other characters, such as Sairey Gamp and old Martin Chuzzlewit, have taken their place in the gallery of immortals. On the reverse side, equally inimitable, are to be found Tom Pinch, Mark Tapley, Ruth Pinch, John Westlock, and scores of others. The selections made from the book represent these phases. Old Martin is introduced in the first excerpt, delightful Ruth Pinch and her brother in the next, whilst the immortal tea party of Sairey Gamp and Betsy Prig forms the third. [Matz 68]
If, as Margaret Cardwell suggests in her introduction to the World's Classics edition of the novel (1984), "The reader wants Mrs. Gamp and Mr. Pecksniff to survive for ever, perpetually exhibiting the resilience which is theirs" (xiii), the reader's quintessential image of the indefatigable sick-room nurse is that provided by Phiz in "Mrs. Gamp propoges a toast," the captioned illustration for Chapter 49, "In Which Mrs. Harris, Assisted by a Teapot, is the Cause of a Division between Friends," Part 18 (June 1844) as the serial novel drew to its poetically just conclusion. Although Dickens originally aligned her with the novel's deceivers and hypocrites, the voluble alcoholic grew beyond that original orientation in the minds and hearts of the Victorian novel-reading public, becoming an endearing figure, so that, though the novelist must have felt the necessity to expose Mrs. Harris as a product of Sairey's fecund imagination and verbal creativity, one senses that Dickens felt that he could bring himself to explode Mrs. Harris's inventor. Despite her considerable bulk, boozy discourse, and obvious humbug, Sairey Gamp is akin to thirty-four-year-old Charles Dickens in that she too has constructed a character for her own satisfaction and affirmation. Mrs. Harris exists primarily for the sake of advertisement, a fictive testimonial to the calibre of her friend's ministrations to those leaving this world and those entering it. Thus, the story-teller puts his reader in the odd position of ardently wishing to see Mrs. Harris dispatched as a Dickensian Bunbury, while feeling that Sairey should be left, psychologically speaking, intact. The memorable passage realized by Phiz in 1844 and Copping in 1924 occurs just prior to an explosion of Betsey Prigg's exasperation at yet another allusion to Mrs. Harris:
"Betsey," said Mrs. Gamp, filling her own glass, and passing the teapot, "I will now propoge a toast. My frequent pardner, Betsey Prig!"
"Which, altering the name to Sairah Gamp; I drink," said Mrs. Prig "with love and tenderness." — Martin Chuzzlewit, chapter 59.
All too soon, their mutual tenderness will suddenly morph into chagrin, rancour, and vituperation as Betsey, imbibing too freely of the gin-charged teapot, pronounces upon Mrs. Harris that fateful sentence of annihilation: "I don't believe there's no sich a person!" This falling out (or, confronting her latent disbelief) is all the more ironic in that Betsey, despite her employment in an institution (St. Bartholomew's Hospital), is a virtual twin to Sairey, not only in physique (as Phiz's illustration demonstrates) but in her slatternly conduct, brutal exploitation of patients in her charge, and utter ignorance of the principles of her professional practice. Perhaps, therefore, the falling out is prompted by jealousy, in that Betsey cannot brook the notion of her confidant's having another crony, no matter how elusive.
Copping seems to have studied Phiz's original illustration carefully, for although his perspective has shifted from a frontal ('theatrical') to a side view (in Copping's plate we must be standing to one side of Betsey Prig), the later artist has included the cupboard (immediately behind Sairey, denoted by her large hat), the edge of mantelpiece with the picture of Mrs. Harris, the assorted hat boxes, the mahogany chairs, the handle-less chest of drawers (depicted off-left in Phiz's plate), and the teapot strategically located between the imbibers. Since Copping has, as it were, zoomed in on the pair, he cannot show either the massive bed or the pair of gowns hanging above it. A curious departure is the red fringed tablecloth Copping has added. Although equally corpulent, Copping's nurses have less cartoon-like, more realistic faces, in keeping with his more realistic style of portraiture. Whereas Phiz's figures are almost lost in the detailed realisation of Mrs. Gamp's room, presented as if it were a stage set, Harold Copping fills his frame with his two subjects, whose glasses are clearly gin-filled and somewhat larger than their counterparts in the original monthly etching.
Much of the charm of Sairey Gamp in the Phiz illustrations is lost in Copping's coloured but relatively colourless character study of an overweight, bleary-eyed, ungracefully aging slattern. Patient, plodding realism is the wrong mode for visualizing the distinctive voice of Dickens's Sairey Gamp. The caricaturist Phiz, in contrast, presents the interior of the first floor front in all its detail as an extension of Sairey herself, jumbled, confused, whimsical, and thoroughly engaging: a Dickensian original, almost superfluous to the novel's plot but one of the best things in The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit.
References
Cardwell, Margaret. "Introduction." Charles Dicklens's The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit: His Relatives, Friends, and Enemies; Comprising All His Wills and His Ways: With an Historical Record of What He Did, and What He Didn't: Showing, Moreover, Who Inherited the Family Plate, Who Came in for the Silver Spoons, and Who for the Wooden Ladles. The Whole Forming a Complete Key to the House of Chuzzlewit. Edited by Boz. With Illustrations by "Phiz." (1843-44). Oxford and New York: Oxford U. P., 1984.
Matz, B. W., and Kate Perugini; illustrated by Harold Copping. Character Sketches from Dickens. London: Raphael Tuck, 1924. Copy in the Paterson Library, Lakehead University.
Steig, Michael. Dickens and Phiz. Bloomington & London: Indiana U. P., 1978. [ Complete text ]
—. "Martin Chuzzlewit's Progress by Dickens and Phiz." Dickens Studies Annual 2 (1972): 119-149.
Last modified 15 February 2009
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Martin Chuzzlewit
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Which 'Oscar' winning film of 2002 starring Adrien Brody, was an autobiographical film about a Polish musician who survived World War II living in Warsaw?
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An Overview of Dickens's Picaresque Novel Martin Chuzzlewit
[ Victorian Web Home —> Authors —> Charles Dickens —> Works —> Martin Chuzzlewit ]
n the vein of agitation for social reform that characterizes Oliver Twist (1837-38), Dickens is critical of drunken nurses who mistreat their poor patients, but still has a touch of genial warmth for the loquacious Sairey Gamp, identified by her tag line about "Mrs. Harris" and her umbrella (in Cockney slang, a 'gamp'). Martin Chuzzlewit also reflects Dickens's disillusionment resulting from his recent trip to the United States, often referred to as his first American reading tour. The picaresque novel has three elements essentially:
the Pecksniff-Jonas plot, focusing on the destructiveness of selfishness and hypocrisy, and involve a psychological study of a criminal and a crime-and-detection plot;
the young Martin-Mark Tapley journey to Eden ('Don Quixote and Sancho Panza' in the Mississippi Valley of the United States), a Swiftian political satire of the young republic;
the Sairey Gamp-and-associates plot, that is interwoven with the first.
On one level, Dickens is still the preacher of domestic sentiment and social reform, but on another he is an artist reflecting the brutality and creative energy of early Victorian society. As is the case with Paul Sweedlepipes, some of Dickens's best-remembered characters have little to do with the main plots of their respective books. His use of crime-and-detection intrigue (murderer Jonas and swindler Tigg) and suspense (the detective Nadgett), and of a long-lost heir (young Martin) is as intrinsic to his plotting here as in Oliver Twist.
The genealogy of the opening chapter seems to reflect the novelist's difficulty in beginning the story. His extensive use of pathetic fallacy in this book begins with his animation of the wind in the second chapter: part of Dickens's comedy is that, while things behave like people (personification), people behave like machines (dehumanization), a double technique seen again in Dickens's Hard Times in particular. The world of this novel is one of steep contrasts: the idyllic countryside near Salisbury contrasting with the slums near Todgers's in London and the swamp of Eden in the United States. Although this novel was written in the railway age, Dickens harkens back to the England of the Regency with its coaches and turnpike roads; nevertheless, as in the case of Tigg's personal carriage and Martin's arrival in America, there is a sense of rapid movement.
The description of the wind is characteristic of the humorous style of the early Sketches by Boz , Dickens employing a farcical note to introduce the story's butt, the sham architect Seth Pecksniff. The daughters' names, Mercy and Charity, initially suit "the moral Pecksniff," but prove to be ironic since he is "a direction-post which is always telling the way . . . , and never gets there." Pecksniff anticipates the sleek, soft, oily hypocrisy of Uriah Heep in David Copperfield .
Dickens tendentiously surrounds anything he dislikes with unpleasant connotations. Objects have value only in their positive or negative effects on the human situation. Dickens can charge a situation with either horror or amiability and exuberance. His point of view is often that of an imaginative yet frightened child in an enchanted forest of grotesque and divine shapes. For Dickens only individual acts of generosity can improve human circumstances. Dickens portrays Sairey Gamp the nurse and Seth Pecksniff the architect as frauds and hypocrites, but he gradually loses his indignation as he offers amusing details about their characters, particularly their speech and appearance. More inarticulate characters have little of the high-blown rhetoric Dickens gives these two, but rather reveal themselves through expressive actions (such as Mary Graham's giving young Martin her ring).
As in most of his other works, in Martin Chuzzlewit Dickens employs a picaresque journey (often, as in Oliver Twist and The Old Curiosity Shop , involving the flight of a child from danger and conveying that terrified child's point of view). Young Martin's journey is a reflection of Dickens's own, not only from social naivete and financial insecurity towards self-knowledge and affluence, but also to the United States and back again, a political Odyssey of sorts. In January, 1842, Dickens and his wife entrusted the care of their young family to their great friend, the actor-manager William Macready, and sailed for America. Initially, Dickens proclaimed himself a republican at heart, and longed to visit this classless society founded upon the egalitarian principles of the Enlightenment. His intention was to persuade Americans to honour British copyright, using the lamentable case of Sir Walter Scott to justify his position that American publishers should not be permitted to pirate the works of British authors (America joined the International Copyright Union only in 1896, after Canadians had pirated Twain and other American authors). Astonished at the gross conceit of Americans and their lofty condescension to foreigners, as well as their tendency to use violence instead of compromise to solve disputes, Dickens noted the inconsistencies between American ideals and conduct. However, while American Notes is essentially a non-fiction account of that visit based on his letters to John Forster , Martin Chuzzlewit is a Swiftian satire of human nature, without the naive persona of Gulliver (instead, Dickens uses the callow Martin as an ironic observer of the American social and political scene).
Like his eighteenth-century master, Henry Fielding, Dickens makes editorial intrusions into the action of the novel, emphasizing the theme which runs through all his works, the inhumanity to man inherent in social institutions. Dickens's extensive use of coincidence (notice, for example, that Tigg's confidential detective turns out to be the Pinches' landlord) reflects his feeling that the world is highly changeable and insecure. Despite the weaknesses of the episodic, picaresque plot, Martin Chuzzlewit is saved by its author's sense of the theatrical. Dickens uses the novel as a fantastic stage which teems with action and rings with voices of all classes and conditions. He builds from crisis to crisis in the manner of contemporary melodrama, maintaining interest by tantalizing the reader towards the end of each monthly instalment (part). Deftly he brings on new characters and settings to re- engage the reader just when interest seems to flag. For example, with the sales of the green-covered, 32-page fifth instalment falling, in the last chapter of the sixth monthly number (June 1843) Dickens adopted the radical expedient of sending his youthful protagonist not merely to London as Fielding had done in Tom Jones , but to America. The book's picaresque technique provides him with a large canvas and plenty of opportunity for farce, melodrama, and social criticism.
Martin Chuzzlewit , though highly popular throughout the nineteenth century, is today regarded as something of an artistic failure because its central character is a mere cipher overshadowed by a legion of fascinating, quirky minor characters. To the modern reader as to American novelist and critic Henry James, Martin Chuzzlewit exemplifies the "loose, baggy monster" that was the Victorian novel. Dickens's sense of character and atmosphere is strong, his dialogue is often brilliant in its individualizing the characters, but the plotting seems creaky. Both David Copperfield (1849-50) and Great Expectations (1861) are more highly regarded today because of their highly integrated plots and introspective, first-person narrative points-of-view.
A Bibliography of Suggested Readings
Philip V. Allingham's "The Names of Dickens's American Originals in Martin Chuzzlewit " in Dickens Quarterly 7, 3 (Sept., 1990): 329-337.
James J. and Patience P. Barnes' entry "Copyright," in Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia, ed. Sally Mitchell (New York: Garland, 1988): 192-3.
Joseph Brogunier's "The Dreams of Montague Tigg and Jonas Chuzzlewit," in the Dickensian , 58 (1962): 165-170.
Charles Dickens� Martin Chuzzlewit (1843-4), ed. Margaret Cardwell (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982) for excellent reproductions of Phiz 's plates, "Dickens's Instructions to the Illustrator" (842-5), Dickens's 1868 postscript (855-6).
The "Forged Letter" of 3 May, 1842, and the New York Evening Tattler's response to it on 11 August, 1842.
The American newspaper Brother Jonathan's unsigned review of the novel: 29 July, 1843, reprinted in the Dickensian , vol, 10 (1914): 97-99.
Susan Eilenberg's "Mortal Pages: Wordsworth and the Reform of Copyright," ELH 56, 2 (1989): 351-374.
George H. Ford's entry on Dickens in The Dictionary of Literary Biography, Victorian Novelists Before 1885, vol. 21, ed. Ira B. Nadel and William E. Fredeman (Detroit: Gale Research, 1983): 89-124.
T. W. Hill's "Notes on Martin Chuzzlewit in the Dickensian , vol. 42 (1946):141-148, 196-203; vol. 47, 28-35; vol. 49, 167-.
Robert L. Patten's "Trouble in Eden: American Notes and Martin Chuzzlewit ," Ch. 7 in Charles Dickens and His Publishers (Oxford: Claredon, 1978): 119-138.
Ronald Pearsall's " The Figure of the Governess in Nineteenth-Century Britain" in Night's Black Angels: The Forms and Faces of Victorian Cruelty (London:1975): 45-8.
Mary Rosner's "Dickens's Use of Animals in Martin Chuzzlewit," in Dickens Studies Newsletter 10 , 2 (1979): 40-51.
Anne Summers� "The Mysterious Demise of Sarah Gamp: The Domiciliary Nurse and Her Detractors, c. 1830-1860," in Victorian Studies (Spring, 1989): 365-386.
Michael Steig's "Martin Chuzzlewit's Progress by Dickens and Phiz," in Dickens Studies Annual 2 (1972): 119-149.
Kathleen Wales� "The Claims of Kinship: The Opening Chapter of Martin Chuzzlewit ," in the Dickensian 83, 3 (Autumn, 1987): 167-179.
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i don't know
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Of all the teams in the 2009 County Cricket Championship, which one would come first alphabetically?
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Fixtures For The 2009 County Cricket Championship Season | Bleacher Report
Fixtures For The 2009 County Cricket Championship Season
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Comment
The fixtures for the start of the 2009 County Cricket season have recently been announced and county sides have begun their prepartions ahead of what most hope will be a successful season.
Aside from the traditional university matches, the first fixtures are LV County Championship games and see both newly promoted sides, Warwickshire, who didn't lose a single four day game in the 2008 season, and Worcestershire away to Somerset and Hampshire respectively.
Holders Durham begin the defence of their crown on April 22 at home to Yorkshire.
In Division Two, Surrey who come down from Division One after failing to win any four day game last season host Gloucestershire and Essex, who were relegated on a dramatic final day of last season, face Derbyshire while Leicestershire are at home to Northamptonshire.
April 19 sees the first round of the Friends Provident Trophy get under way, this year there are four groups with five teams who play each other home and away with the top two going through to the knockout quarter-final stage.
The tournament starts with the holders Essex vs. Northamptonshire, Gloucestershire vs. Sussex, Warwickshire vs. Somerset, Nottinghamshire vs. Leicestershire, Hampshire vs. Worcestershire, Durham vs. Yorkshire and Lancashire vs. Glamorgan.
Twenty20 fever hits again on May 25 when the first round of matches are played with holders Middlesex Crusaders hoping to be there on finals day August 15.
The final year of the Natwest Pro40 provides an extra incentive as the winner gets to keep the trophy.
Sussex will be hoping they can defend their Division One title and begin against newly promoted Essex on July 13 while Yorkshire, the other promoted side, face Worcestershire away on July 15.
Relegated Middlesex start on July 14 away to Warwickshire and the other relegated side, Lancashire, have to wait until July 18 when they host Derbyshire.
With the fixtures sorted, all the counties have to sort out now is the team they will be fielding and their have been plenty of ins and outs at all counties already as they hope to shape the squad they need to add a trophy to the cabinet.
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Derbyshire
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'Mrs. Bedwin', 'Noah Claypoe' and 'Rose Maylie' are all characters in which Dickens novel?
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Cricinfo - England
England
List of winners | Competition sponsors | Wooden spoon
At least four possible dates have been given for the start of county cricket in England. The first, patchy, references began in 1825. The earliest mention in any cricket publication is in 1864 and eight counties have come to be regarded as first-class from that date, including Cambridgeshire, who dropped out after 1871. For many years, the County Championship was considered to have started in 1873, when regulations governing qualification first applied; indeed, a special commemorative stamp was issued by the Post Office in 1973.
However, the Championship was not formally organised until 1890 and before then champions were proclaimed by the press; sometimes publications differed in their views and no definitive list of champions can start before that date. Eight teams contested the 1890 competition - Gloucestershire, Kent, Lancashire, Middlesex, Nottinghamshire, Surrey, Sussex and Yorkshire. Somerset joined in the following year, and in 1895 the Championship began to acquire something of its modern shape when Derbyshire, Essex, Hampshire, Leicestershire and Warwickshire were added. At that point MCC officially recognised the competition's existence. Worcestershire, Northamptonshire and Glamorgan were admitted to the Championship in 1899, 1905 and 1921 respectively and are regarded as first-class from these dates. An invitation in 1921 to Buckinghamshire to enter the Championship was declined, owing to the lack of necessary playing facilities, and an application by Devon in 1948 was unsuccessful. Durham were admitted to the Championship in 1992 and were granted first-class status prior to their pre-season tour of Zimbabwe.
In 2000, the Championship was split for the first time into two divisions, on the basis of counties'standings in the 1999 competition. From 2000 onwards, the bottom three teams in Division One were relegated at the end of the season, and the top three teams in Division Two promoted.
County Champions
The title of champion county is unreliable before 1890. In 1963, Wisden formally accepted the list of champions "most generally selected'' by contemporaries, as researched by the late Rowland Bowen.
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i don't know
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Which group had a number one hit in 1966 with 'Michelle'. It was the first time that a cover version of a 'Beatles' record had reached number one?
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No.1 facts and feats from ukcharts.20m.com
Fastest #1s | Slowest #1 (artists) | Slowest #1 (records) | Biggest leaps to #1 | Straight in at #1 before 1995 | Climbs to #1 since 1995 | Longest span of #1 hits | Longest gap between #1 hits | Most successful act not to have reached #1 | Shortest career of a #1 act | Ultimate One Hit Wonders | Most #1 hits | Most weeks at #1 by an artist | Most weeks at #1 by a record | Most consecutive number one hits | Records that returned to #1 | First three or more hits at #1 | Drops from the top | #1 in two or more versions | Longest #1 hits | Family connections | Other number one facts and feats
FASTEST NUMBER ONE HIT
In 1969, The Beatles with Billy Preston debuted at #1 with Get Back. It was their only single to debut at #1 in the official BBC/Record Retailer singles chart and was the debut chart appearence for Preston, who went on to moderate success as a solo artist.
Apart from Preston, and Al Martino, who debuted at number one by default in the very first chart, no act aside from charity collectives scored an instant number one hit until Whigfield nearly 42 years later. Here is the list of acts who have started at the very top since then:
17.09.94 Whigfield Saturday Night
20.05.95 Robson Green and Jerome Flynn Unchained Melody / The White Cliffs Of Dover
27.01.96 Babylon Zoo Spaceman
01.06.96 Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds Three Lions
21.12.95 Dunblane Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away
25.01.97 White Town Abort, Retry, Fail? EP (Your Woman)
07.06.97 Hanson Mmmbop
13.12.97 Teletubbies Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh!
06.06.98 B*Witched C'est la Vie
11.07.98 Billie Because We Want To
24.10.98 Spacedust Gym And Tonic
27.02.99 Britney Spears Baby One More Time
03.04.99 Mr Oizo Flat Beat
01.05.99 Westlife Swear It Again
12.06.99 Baz Luhrmann Presents Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen) - The Sunscreen Song
19.06.99 S Club 7 Bring It All Back
06.05.00 Oxide and Neutrino Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty)
26.08.00 Spiller Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)
16.09.00 Modjo Lady (Hear Me Tonight)
13.01.01 Rui Da Silva ft Cassandra Touch Me
24.03.01 Hear'Say Pure And Simple
02.06.01 DJ Pied Piper and the Masters Of Ceremonies Do You Really Like It?
18.08.01 So Solid Crew present 21 Seconds 21 Seconds
08.12.01 Daniel Bedingfield Gotta Get Thru This
09.03.02 Will Young Anything Is Possible / Evergreen
30.03.02 Gareth Gates Unchained Melody
11.05.02 Holly Valance Kiss Kiss
10.08.02 Darius Colourblind
09.11.02 DJ Sammy & Yanou ft Do Heaven
28.12.02 Girls Aloud Sound Of The Underground
25.01.03 David Sneddon Stop Living the Lie
The Lightning Seeds had, of course, hit in their own right before. Dunblane were a charity ensemble, but unlike previous charity ensembles they were not made up of previously-charting acts. Babylon Zoo and White Town both debuted at #1 with major-label reissues of previously unsuccessful independent singles. Dunblane, Teletubbies and Baz Luhrmann all debuted at number one with their only single releases.
So Solid Crew's previous single "Oh No (Sentimental Things)" would have charted at #13 the previous year, but was disqualified for having too many tracks. So Solid Crew members Megaman, Lisa Maffia and Romeo had previously appeared on Oxide & Neutrino's hit "No Good 4 Me". All formats of 21 Seconds consistently give the artist credit as So Solid Crew Present 21 Seconds rather than simply So Solid Crew.
The Baz Luhrmann Presents... record has the additional credit "performed by Quindon Tarver" hidden away in the detailed credits. The single is a remix of Tarver's cover of Rozalla's hit Everybody's Free (To Feel Good). Tarver can therefore also legitimately claim to have gone straight in at number one with his first hit.
"Featured" artists who have made their chart debuts at number one are:
28.10.95 Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's Paradise
28.06.97 Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 I'll Be Missing You
06.02.99 Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden You Don't Know Me
10.03.01 Shaggy featuring Rikrok It Wasn't Me
22.03.03 Gareth Gates and The Kumars Spirit In The Sky
BeBe Winans' first individual chart credit was as featured vocalist on I Wanna Be The Only One by Eternal, but he had enjoyed (admittedly minor and fleeting) chart action as a member of The Winans.
Sophie Ellis-Bextor's first individual chart credit was as the featured vocalist on Spiller's Groovejet (If This Ain't Love), but she had enjoyed previous chart action as a member of theaudience.
Kelly Rowland's first individual chart credit was in collaboration with Nelly, but she had previously charted as a member of Destiny's Child.
The following artists "debuted" at number one with domestic releases, having previously charted on import:
21.05.98 Run DMC Vs Jason Nevins It's Like That (re-mix)
04.09.99 Lou Bega Mambo No.5 (A Little Bit Of...)
25.09.99 Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee)
16.10.99 Christina Aguilera Genie In A Bottle
27.10.99 Wamdue Project King Of My Castle
24.06.00 Black Legend You See The Trouble With Me
22.09.01 DJ Otzi Hey Baby
27.10.01 Afroman Because I Got High
19.10.02 Las Ketchup The Ketchup Song (Asereje)
08.02.03 T.a.t.u. All The Things She Said
And these acts entered at number one having previously appeared on the chart in other guises:
16.08.97 Will Smith Men In Black (previously hit number one in DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince)
26.09.98 Mel B ft Missy Elliot I Want You Back (Melanie Brown is a Spice Girl; Elliot has had solo hits)
17.04.99 Martine McCutcheon Perfect Moment (previously hit with Uno Clio)
28.05.99 Shanks and Bigfoot Sweet Like Chocolate (previously hit as Doolally)
07.08.99 Ronan Keating When You Say Nothing At All (had #1s with Boyzone)
15.04.00 Craig David Fill Me In (previously hit with Artful Dodger)
SLOWEST NUMBER ONE HIT
Four solo artists - all American - have taken more than twenty years to achieve their first number one hit:
Jackie Wilson (29 years 42 days)
Isaac Hayes / Chef (27 years 29 days)
Ben E. King (26 years 19 days)
Cher (25 years 259 days)
Cher, of course, had hit number one as half of Sonny and Cher prior to her solo career.
Several other acts who have never had a #1 hit in their own right have waited a very long time to snatch a moment of chart-top glory in collaboration with others. The most patient of these was Eric Clapton, who first hit as a member of The Yardbirds in 1964 but had to wait 30 years 134 days before he was involved with a #1 hit in collaboration with Cher, Chrissie Hynde and Neneh Cherry. To be fair, The Yardbirds' second hit For Your Love, on which he appeared, was a number one in the NME chart but this was never recognised by Record Retailer. His first official number one was his 30th hit in a variety of guises, not counting three reissues. The only artist to score more hits prior to their first appearance at number one was The Artist Formerly Known As Prince, whose #1 The Most Beautiful Girl In The World was his 39th new hit.
Other people who've waited over 20 years are:
Lulu (29 years 148 days) - first hit solo in 1964, reached #1 with Take That in 1993.
Chubby Checker (29 years 85 days) - first hit solo in 1960, contributed original vocals to Jive Bunny and The Mastermixers' Let's Party in 1989 (having been sampled on the group's two previous #1s).
Gene Pitney (27 years 311 days) - first hit solo in 1961, reched #1 in collaboration with Marc Almond in 1989.
Lou Reed (24 years 201 days) - first hit solo in 1973, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997.
Emmylou Harris (21 years 268 days) - first hit solo in 1976, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997.
Joan Armatrading (21 years 44 days) - first hit solo in 1976, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997.
Bob Dylan (20 years 26 days) - first hit solo in 1965, reached #1 with USA For Africa in 1985.
SLOWEST NUMBER ONE HIT (RECORD)
The recordings that took the longest to reach #1 after their first appearance on the chart are:
29 years 42 days Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town) Jackie Wilson (1957-86)
25 years 244 days Stand By Me Ben E King (1961-87)
25 years 83 days Unchained Melody Righteous Brothers (1965-90)
18 years 356 days He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother The Hollies (1969-88)
8 years 284 days Young At Heart The Bluebells (1984-93)
8 years 166 days Should I Stay Or Should I Go? The Clash (1982-91)
7 years 327 days Living On My Own Freddie Mercury (1985-93)
6 years 63 days Space Oddity David Bowie (1969-75)
5 years 70 days Imagine John Lennon (1975-81)
Between 1986 and 1993, no fewer than nine "golden oldies" topped the chart. They were the seven listed above plus Steve Miller Band's The Joker, which had failed to chart when originally released in 1973, and Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen, which became the first recording to top the chart on two entirely separate chart runs. The only other recording to match this feat is My Sweet Lord by George Harrison, which took the top slot for a second time in January 2002.
The slowest climb to number one on a single chart run is 14 weeks by Celine Dion with Think Twice.
BIGGEST LEAPS TO NUMBER ONE
Besides those which entered at number one, these are the singles which have made the biggest leaps to number one in a single week:
45-1: Hey Baby DJ Otzi (29.09.01)
33-1: Happy Talk Captain Sensible (03.07.82)
27-1: Surrender Elvis Presley (01.06.61)
26-1: Pass The Dutchie Musical Youth (02.10.82)
22-1: Green Door Shakin' Stevens (01.08.81)
21-1: Hey Jude The Beatles (11.09.68)
21-1: (Just Like) Starting Over John Lennon (20.12.80)
19-1: Are You Lonesome Tonight? Elvis Presley (26.01.61)
19-1: (If Paradise Is) Half As Nice Amen Corner (12.02.69)
19-1: Love Me For A Reason The Osmonds (31.08.74)
19-1: Stand By Me Ben E. King (21.02.87)
17-1: Get Off Of My Cloud Rolling Stones (04.11.65)
16-1: I Hear You Knockin' Dave Edmunds' Rockpile (28.11.70)
16-1: Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep Middle Of The Road (19.06.71)
16-1: Young Love Donny Osmond (25.08.73)
16-1: Dancing Queen Abba (04.11.76)
It should be noted that for most of the 1960s, the Record Retailer chart was out-of-sync with the sales week, meaning that debut positions for records such as Surrender were based on only one or two days' sales. Had the chart reflected a full week's sales, such records would undoubtedly have debuted inside the top ten and maybe even at number one, rather than making such spectacular but misleading leaps in their second week.
Hey Baby tops the list on a technicality. The single had already charted on import, and it went to number one when given a full UK release. Under the chart rules in force at the time, import and domestic releases were (and still are) to be regarded as separate, but because the UK release had the same catalogue number (and presumably barcode) as the import, the computerised chart system was unable to distinguish between them, and credited DJ Otzi with a 44-place climb. Since it would have been nigh impossible to disentangle the two releases, and since it would have been unfair to punish the record company for what was effectively a bug in the chart compilers' computer program, the outcome was allowed to stand.
The 18-place leap by Amen Corner is in part due to the changeover from the old Record Retailer chart to the new official BMRB compilation that week.
Incidentally, if we take the Top 200 into account, then there are several singles which have made even more spectacular climbs, mainly as a result of a small number of copies slipping out before their official release date. As far as this site is concerned, the Top 75 remains the "real" chart, but it may interest visitors to know that the biggest leap to the top within the Top 200 was from #196 by Westlife with Unbreakable in the 50th anniversary chart on 16.11.02. It beat the previous record set just one week earlier by DJ Sammy and Yanou with Heaven which leapt from #191. It still doesn't count though!
The biggest genuine jumps within the top 75 have been:
(70 places) 72-02 It's The Way You Make Me Feel Steps (13.01.01)
(66 places) 68-02 Addicted To Bass Puretone (12.01.02)
(63 places) 74-11 Macarena Los Del Rio (20.07.96)
(62 places) 66-04 Every Loser Wins Nick Berry (11.10.86)
(61 places) 74-13 Star Trekkin' The Firm (13.06.87)
(55 places) 62-07 Coming Up Paul McCartney (26.04.80)
(51 places) 60-09 Only You Flying Pickets (03.12.83)
Of these, Every Loser Wins, Star Trekkin' and Only You reached #1. All the rest peaked at #2.
STRAIGHT IN AT NUMBER ONE
Once upon a time, it was quite a spectacular occurrence for a single to go straight in at number one. It was confirmation of a group or artist's superstar status to sell enough in a single week to secure the top spot - rather than having to start small and build up like all the other acts in the charts. Nowadays, if a single doesn't enter at the top then it has virtually no chance of getting there at all. These are the records which entered at number one back when it really meant something:
01 14.11.52 Here In My Heart Al Martino (#1 in the first chart, so debuted there by default)
02 24.01.58 Jailhouse Rock Elvis Presley
03 03.11.60 It's Now Or Never Elvis Presley
04 11.01.62 The Young Ones Cliff Richard and the Shadows
05 23.04.69 Get Back The Beatles with Billy Preston
06 03.03.73 Cum On Feel The Noize Slade
07 30.06.73 Skweeze Me Pleeze Me Slade
08 17.11.73 I Love You Love Me Love Gary Glitter
09 15.12.73 Merry Xmas Everybody Slade
10 22.03.80 Going Underground / Dreams Of Children The Jam
11 27.09.80 Don't Stand So Close To Me The Police
12 09.05.81 Stand And Deliver Adam And The Ants
13 13.02.82 A Town Called Malice / Precious The Jam
14 04.12.82 Beat Surrender The Jam
15 26.03.83 Is There Something I Should Know? Duran Duran
16 16.06.84 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood
17 15.12.84 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid
18 07.09.85 Dancing In The Street David Bowie and Mick Jagger
19 04.04.87 Let It Be Ferry Aid
20 20.05.89 Ferry 'Cross The Mersey Christians, Holly Johnson, Paul McCartney, Gerry Marsden and Stock Aitken Waterman
21 10.06.89 Sealed With A Kiss Jason Donovan
22 16.12.89 Let's Party Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers
23 23.12.89 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid II
24 05.01.91 Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter Iron Maiden
25 26.01.91 Innuendo Queen
26 02.11.91 The Fly U2
27 23.11.91 Black Or White Michael Jackson
28 07.12.91 Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me George Michael and Elton John
29 21.12.91 Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives Queen
30 13.06.92 Abba-Esque EP Erasure
31 01.05.93 Five Live EP Queen and Geoge Michael with Lisa Stansfield
32 17.06.93 Pray Take That
33 09.10.93 Relight My Fire Take That with Lulu
34 18.12.93 Babe Take That
35 19.02.94 Without You Mariah Carey
36 09.04.94 Everything Changes Take That
37 17.09.94 Saturday Night Whigfield
38 15.10.94 Sure Take That
06 and 07 represent the first instance of an act going straight in at #1 with consecutive single releases. 17-20 are all charity fundraising singles. 20 and 21 were the first instance of consecutive chart-toppers entering at the top; 22 and 23 were first such to enter in consecutive weeks. 24 was the first single already available on an album to debut at #1. 25 was the first single to enter at the top and fall every successive week until it dropped out. 26 was the first single to be promoted as being available for a limited time only in order to secure early sales and thus a high entry position. 27-29 were the first instance of three consecutive chart-toppers debuting at #1.
As can be seen from the list above, only two singles entered at number one in the Record Reatiler chart during its first nine years (March 1960-February 1969). By contrast, during the same period all of the following managed the feat in the NME chart:
26.03.60 My Old Man's A Dustman Lonnie Donegan
27.05.61 Surrender Elvis Presley
07.12.63 I Want To Hold Your Hand The Beatles
28.03.64 Can't Buy Me Love The Beatles
18.07.64 A Hard Day's Night The Beatles
21.11.64 Little Red Rooster Rolling Stones
05.12.64 I Feel Fine The Beatles
17.04.65 Ticket To Ride The Beatles
31.07.65 Help! The Beatles
11.12.65 We Can Work It Out / Day Tripper The Beatles
15.07.67 All You Need Is Love The Beatles
Number One singles debuting at the top became the norm from April 1995 onwards. Since then, the only records to climb within the Top 75 to reach number one are:
08.07.95 Boom Boom Boom Outhere Brothers (debut #15, reached #1 in its 4th chart week)
09.09.95 You Are Not Alone Michael Jackson (#3, 2nd week)
20.04.96 Return of The Mack Mark Morrison (#6, 6th week)
25.05.96 Ooh Aah... Just A Little Bit Gina G (#6, 8th week)
27.07.96 Wannabe Spice Girls (#3, 2nd week)
21.09.96 Ready Or Not Fugees (#2, 2nd week)
05.10.96 Breakfast At Tiffany's Deep Blue Something (#3, 3rd week)
18.01.97 Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) Tori Amos (#2, 2nd week)
12.04.97 I Believe I Can Fly R.Kelly (#2, dropped to 5 then climbed to #1, 3rd week)
01.11.97 Barbie Girl Aqua (#2, 2nd week)
17.01.98 Never Ever All Saints (#3, dropped as low as #6 during its meanderings, 9th week)
30.05.98 Feel It The Tamperer ft Maya (#3, 6th week)
02.01.99 Chocolate Salty Balls Chef (#2, 2nd week)
09.01.99 Heartbeat / Tragedy Steps (#2, dropped as far as #8 before climbing back up, 8th week)
04.12.99 The Millennium Prayer Cliff Richard (#2, 2nd week)
23.12.00 Can We Fix It? Bob The Builder (#2, 2nd week)
22.09.01 Hey Baby DJ Otzi (debuted outside the Top 40 on import sales only, jumped to #1 in its 6th week when released domestically).
LONGEST SPAN OF NUMBER ONE HITS
Elvis Presley (44 years 277 days) 1957-2002
Cliff Richard (40 years 145 days) 1959-99
George Harrison (31 years 2 days) 1971-2002
Righteous Brothers (25 years 286 days) 1965-90
Queen (24 years 250 days) 1975-2000
The Hollies (23 years 105 days) 1965-88
Bee Gees (20 years 34 days) 1967-87
Blondie (20 years 16 days) 1979-99
Michael Jackson (15 years 317 days) 1981-97
Madonna (15 years 36 days) 1985-2000
Kylie Minogue (14 years 248 days) 1988-2001
U2 (12 years 19 days) 1988-2000
If George Harrison's hits with the Beatles are taken into account, then he has a span of 38 years 274 days (1963-2002).
These individuals also have a span of more than 20 years in various guises:
Cher (33 years 112 days) Sonny and Cher 1965 - solo 1998
Tom Jones (32 years 309 days) solo 1965 - Various Artists 1997
Gerry Marsden (26 years 57 days) Gerry and The Pacemakers 1963 - Gerry Marsden and friends 1989
Paul McCartney (26 years 26 days) The Beatles 1963 - Gerry Marsden and friends 1989
Elton John (25 years 147 days) Elton John & Kiki Dee 1976 - Blue & Elton John 2002
Tammy Wynette (22 years 244 days) solo 1975 - Various Artists 1997
David Bowie (22 years 69 days) solo 1975 - Various Artists 1997
Diana Ross (21 years 128 days) The Supremes 1964 - solo 1986
Elton John's recent chart-topping stint with Blue has moved him up from seventh to fifth in this table.
LONGEST GAP BETWEEN NUMBER ONE HITS
Nine regular acts have endured a gap of more than a decade between appearances at the top:
George Harrison (30 years 325 days) 1971-2002
Righteous Brothers (25 years 259 days) 1965-90
Elvis Presley (24 years 258 days) 1977-2002
The Hollies (23 years 65 days) 1965-88
Blondie (18 years 77 days) 1980-99
Diana Ross (14 years 172 days) 1971-86
Frank Sinatra (11 years 238 days) 1954-66
Cliff Richard (11 years 124 days) 1968-79
Kylie Minogue (10 years 148 days) 1990-2000
Diana Ross appeared on the USA For Africa disc toward the end of her exile in 1985; this does not affect her place in the above table. The Righteous Brothers and The Hollies both returned with reissues of previous hits.
Queen waited 14 years 361 days between their own chart-toppers but appeared at #1 in collaboration with David Bowie in the meantime.
25 years 239 days passed between Sonny & Cher's only number one hit and Cher's first solo chart-topper. Tammy Wynette had to wait 22 years 175 days after her only solo #1 to reappear with Various Artists. Gerry Marsden was away from the summit for 21 years 200 days between chart-toppers with Gerry And The Pacemakers and The Crowd. Mick Jagger waited 16 years 9 days from his last #1 with The Rolling Stones to his reappearance in collaboration with David Bowie, who in turn waited 12 years and 55 days before featuring on Various Artists' #1. Eddy Grant hit #1 as a soloist 14 years 13 days after leaving the top spot with The Equals. Elton John waited 13 years 293 days between his #1 with Kiki Dee and his first solo table-topper. Suzi Quatro reappeared as part of Ferry Aid 13 years and 26 days after her last solo #1. There were 10 years 268 days between Smokey Robinson's group (The Miracles) and solo appearances at the top.
MOST SUCCESSFUL ARTISTS NOT TO HAVE REACHED NUMBER ONE
Billy Fury has spent more time on the singles chart than anyone else without a number one hit to their credit, with 281 weeks. However, Depeche Mode have had more hits and are still racking them up. The front-runners as of 1 October 2001 were:
Billy Fury (29 hits, 281 weeks)
Depeche Mode (37 hits, 234 weeks)
Nat King Cole (31 hits + 1 reissue + 1 b-side + 1 uncredited duet with Natalie Cole, 248 weeks)
The Who (28 hits + 3 reissues, 247 weeks)
Other notable non-chart-toppers include Gloria Estefan who has notched up 32 hits in all, including two uncredited as lead singer of Miami Sound Machine, but has never climbed higher than number 6. Siouxsie Sioux and Peter "Budgie" Clark have so far enjoyed 29 hits as part of Siouxsie And The Banshees and a further five as The Creatures. Siouxsie also had a hit in collaboration with Morrissey, bringing her personal total to 35. Morrissey himself has an even more impressive 41 hits without a #1, comprising 17 with the Smiths, 23 solo and the Siouxsie duet.
SHORTEST CAREER OF A CHART-TOPPING ACT
Weeks
10 Joe Dolce Music Theatre
10 Nicole
10 White Town
Band Aid II and Ferry Aid were, of course, charity ensembles including many acts who had hits in their own right. Hale & Pace & The Stonkers and Victoria Wood's only hits were the two halves of a double-A-side. Away from the charts, both are successful comedy acts. Bad II's nine weeks of chart action were on the AA side of The Clash's only number one hit, though their presence on the single went completely ignored at the time, and indeed since. Steve "Silk" Hurley also charted for 6 weeks as half of JM Silk and the Timelords went on to further chart success under a variety of other guises, including another #1 hit as The KLF. White Town and Nicole are the only acts on this list to have had more than one hit - each had 9 weeks on chart with their #1s and one week with a follow-up.
THE ULTIMATE ONE-HIT WONDERS
Back in the days when the Guinness books were still being edited by the GRR(R) team, they used to define a one-hit wonder as an act that has had one number one hit and nothing else - ever. Which is a rather narrower definition of the term than most people would use, but it does throw up an interesting list of acts who've made only one, albeit quite spectacular, impression on the public consciousness. This list, in fact:
1954 Kitty Kallen Little Things Mean A Lot
1956 Dreamweavers It's Almost Tomorrow
1958 Kalin Twins When
1959 Jerry Keller Here Comes Summer
1960 Ricky Valance Tell Laura I Love Her
1962 B.Bumble And The Stingers Nut Rocker
1966 Overlanders Michelle
1968 The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown Fire
1969 Zager And Evans In The Year 2525 (Exordium And Terminus)
1969 Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg Je T'aime... Moi Non Plus
1969 The Archies Sugar Sugar
1970 Matthews Southern Comfort Woodstock
1970 Lee Marvin Wand'rin' Star
1970 Norman Greenbaum Spirit In The Sky
1971 Clive Dunn Grandad
1973 Simon Park Orchestra Eye Level
1974 John Denver Annie's Song
1975 Typically Tropical Barbados
1976 JJ Barrie No Charge
1977 The Floaters Float On
1978 Althia And Donna Uptown Top Ranking
1978 Brian & Michael Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs
1979 Anita Ward Ring My Bell
1979 Lena Martell One Day At A Time
1980 Fern Kinney Together We Are Beautiful
1980 The Mash Theme From M*A*S*H (Suicide Is Painless)
1980 St Winifreds School Choir There's No One Quite Like Grandma
1981 Joe Dolce Music Theatre Shaddap You Face
1982 Charlene I've Never Been To Me
1985 Phyllis Nelson Move Closer
1987 Steve "Silk" Hurley Jack Your Body
1987 M|A|R|R|S Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance)
1989 Robin Beck The First Time
1990 Partners In Kryme Turtle Power
1991 Hale And Pace And The Stonkers The Stonk
1991 Victoria Wood The Smile Song
1994 Doop Doop
1996 Dunblane Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away
1997 Teletubbies Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh!
1999 Mr Oizo Flat Beat
1999 Baz Luhrmann Presents... Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen)
2001 Rui Da Silva fetauring Cassandra Touch Me
2001 DJ Pied Piper and the Masters Of Ceremonies Do You Really Like It?
Steve "Silk" Hurley also had minor success as half of JM Silk. John Denver had a minor hit in collaboration with Placido Domingo. Most of these acts released follow-ups which flopped; only The Mash, M|A|R|R|S, Dunblane, Baz Luhrmann and Teletubbies appear to have bowed out voluntarily. As noted previously, the Baz Luhrmann disc credits Quindon Tarver as performer, and he too is therefore a one-hit wonder.
Although Rui Da Silva has gone two years without following up his only hit, he is reportedly planning a comeback and is likely to escape this list before very long. Watch this space!
During the Top 50 era, both Scott MacKenzie and Hugo Montenegro narrowly avoided the one-hit wonders list by charting a follow-up for just one week at #50. The modern equivalent, a follow-up spending just one week at #75, was achieved by the 1982 Eurovision Song Contest winner Nicole.
Other acts who failed to follow-up a number one hit are Charles Aznavour, Bob The Builder, The Firm, Benny Hill, The Jam, Tommy James And The Shondells, Queen, Robson & Jerome, Spice Girls, Steve Miller Band, Kay Starr, Starship, Take That and Wham!. Queen's last hit was a collaboration with Five. Simon And Garfunkel's last original hit went to #1, though they have since charted with other tracks which had not been hits during the duo's active career. Only Bob The Builder, The Jam, Queen, Robson & Jerome, Spice Girls, Take That and Wham! retired of their own volition.
MOST NUMBER ONE HITS
18 Elvis Presley (includes 1 with JXL)
17 The Beatles
12 Shadows (includes 7 backing Cliff Richard)
11 Westlife (includes 1 with Mariah Carey)
10 Madonna
10 Ronan Keating (includes Various Artists)
10 Madonna
Hank Marvin has one more #1 than Bruce Welch because he was credited on Cliff Richard And The Young Ones' remake of Livin' Doll.
Beatles Ringo Starr and George Harrison did not appear on The Ballad Of John And Yoko.
Most number one hits achieved on the RR/MW chart in a calendar year is four, by Elvis Presley in 1961 and 1962; The Beatles in 1964; Spice Girls in 1997 and Westlife in 1999 and 2000. Elvis Presley in 1961 & 1962 and Westlife in 1999 are the only acts to achieve four new chart-toppers in a year; the other instances included chart-topping runs carried on from the year before. Though The Beatles did achieve four number one hits on the NME chart in 1963.
MOST WEEKS AT NUMBER ONE
77 Elvis Presley
69 The Beatles (Paul McCartney +17 solo; John Lennon + 7 solo; George Harrison + 6 solo)
46 Cliff Richard
44 The Shadows (28 backing Cliff Richard, 16 of their own)
32 Frankie Laine
31 Abba
23 Wet Wet Wet
22 Spice Girls (Melanie C + 2 solo; Melanie B + 1 solo; Emma Bunton + 2 solo; Geri Halliwell 20 with the group + 5 solo)
21 Take That (Robbie Williams 18 with the group + 8 solo; Gary Barlow + 2 solo)
21 Queen (includes 2 with David Bowie, 3 with George Michael and 1 with Five)
20 Slade
Totals do not include appearances with charity ensembles.
Freddie Mercury appeared with Queen for only 17 of the group's weeks at #1. He has two solo weeks to his credit for a total of 19.
The Shadows' chart history is made somewhat more confusing by the various line-up changes that occurred during their run of #1 successes. The members' individual totals are as follows:
47 Hank B Marvin was on all of their #1s, plus 3 weeks with Cliff Richard & The Young Ones in 1986.
44 Bruce Welch also appeared on all twelve #1s.
39 Jet Harris (36 as a Shadow, 3 with Tony Meehan).
25 Tony Meehan (22 as a Shadow, 3 with Jet Harris).
22 Brian Bennett (22 as a Shadow).
Brian Locking, who replaced Harris, has 8 weeks at #1.
MOST WEEKS AT NUMBER ONE (RECORD)
18 I Believe Frankie Laine (in three runs at the top 9+6+3)
16 (Everything I Do) I Do It For You Bryan Adams
15 Love Is All Around Wet Wet Wet
14 Bohemian Rhapsody Queen (two runs at the top 9+5)
11 Rose Marie Slim Whitman
10 Cara Mia David Whitfield
10 I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston
9 Here In My Heart Al Martino
9 Oh Mein Papa Eddie Calvert
9 Secret Love Doris Day
9 Diana Paul Anka
9 Mull Of Kintyre / Girls School Wings
9 You're The One That I Want John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
9 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood
MOST CONSECUTIVE NUMBER ONE HITS
11 The Beatles (From Me To You through to Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby)
7 Westlife (Swear It Again through to My Love, includes one with Mariah Carey)
6 The Beatles (All You Need Is Love through to Ballad Of John And Yoko)
6 Spice Girls (Wannabe through to Too Much)
5 Elvis Presley (Little Sister / His Latest Flame through to Return To Sender)
5 Rolling Stones (It's All Over Now through to Get Off Of My Cloud)
Gary Barlow appeared on the last four #1 hits for Take That and then had two solo, for a total of six.
During the Beatles' run of 11, two cash-in singles on another label also charted. During their run of six, the double EP "Magical Mystery Tour" reached number two. An EP by Elvis Presley entered the lower reaches of the chart during his run of five #1s.
RECORDS THAT REGAINED THE NUMBER ONE SPOT
Normally, once a record is replaced at number one, there is no way back. But over the years a few records have managed to hang on with enough tenacity to return to the very top. Here's the list:
24.04.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (9 weeks)
24.04.53 I'm Walking Behind You Eddie Fisher and Sally Sweetland (1)
03.07.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (6)
14.08.53 The Song From The Moulin Rouge Mantovani & his Orchestra (1)
21.08.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (3)
06.11.53 Answer Me David Whitfield (1)
13.11.53 Answer Me Frankie Laine (8)
11.12.53 Answer Me David Whitfield / Answer Me Frankie Laine (top equal for 1 week)
12.03.54 I See The Moon Stargazers (5)
16.04.54 Secret Love Doris Day (1)
23.04.54 I See The Moon Stargazers (1)
30.04.54 Such A Night Johnnie Ray (1)
07.05.54 Secret Love Doris Day (8)
08.10.54 Hold My Hand Don Cornell (4)
05.11.54 My Son My Son Vera Lynn (2)
19.11.54 Hold My Hand Don Cornell (1)
07.01.55 Finger Of Suspicion Dickie Valentine (1)
14.01.55 Mambo Italiano Rosemary Clooney (1)
21.01.55 Finger Of Suspicion Dickie Valentine (2)
28.01.55 Mambo Italiano Rosemary Clooney (2)
25.11.55 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (3)
16.12.55 Christmas Alphabet Dickie Valentine (3)
06.01.56 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (2)
16.03.56 It's Almost Tomorrow Dreamweavers (2)
30.03.56 Rock And Roll Waltz Kay Starr (1)
06.04.56 It's Almost Tomorrow Dreamweavers (1)
04.01.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell (1)
11.01.57 Singing The Blues Tommy Steele and the Steelmen (1)
18.01.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell (1)
25.01.57 The Garden Of Eden Frankie Vaughn (4)
01.02.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell / The Garden Of Eden Frankie Vaughn (1 week top equal)
28.07.60 Please Don't Tease Cliff Richard and the Shadows (1)
04.08.60 Shakin' All Over Johnny Kidd and the Pirates (1)
11.08.60 Please Don't Tease Cliff Richard and the Shadows (2)
12.09.63 She Loves You The Beatles (4)
10.10.63 Do You Love Me Brian Poole and the Tremoloes (3)
31.10.63 You'll Never Walk Alone Gerry And The Pacemakers (4)
28.11.63 She Loves You The Beatles (2)
The longest gap between runs at the top.
17.06.65 Crying In The Chapel Elvis Presley (1)
24.06.65 I'm Alive The Hollies (1)
01.07.65 Crying In The Chapel Elvis Presley (1)
08.07.65 I'm Alive The Hollies (2)
31.07.68 Mony Mony Tommy James and the Shondells (2)
14.08.68 Fire Crazy World Of Arthur Brown (1)
21.08.68 Mony Mony Tommy James and the Shondells (1)
11.12.68 Lily The Pink The Scaffold (3)
01.01.69 Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da The Marmalade (1)
08.01.69 Lily The Pink The Scaffold (1)
15.01.69 Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da The Marmalade (2)
11.12.93 Mr Blobby Mr Blobby (1)
18.12.93 Babe Take That (1)
25.12.93 Mr Blobby Mr Blobby (2)
01.06.96 Three Lions (Official Song Of The England Football Team) Baddiel, Skinner and The Lightning Seeds (1)
08.06.96 Killing Me Softly Fugees (Refugee Camp) (4)
06.07.96 Three Lions (Official Song Of The England Football Team) Baddiel, Skinner and The Lightning Seeds (1)
Three Lions returned to the top when England reached the semi-finals of the World Cup.
28.06.97 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy and Faith Evans (3)
19.07.97 D'you Know What I Mean? Oasis (1)
26.07.97 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy and Faith Evans (3)
29.11.97 Perfect Day Various Artists (2)
13.12.97 Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! Teletubbies (2)
27.12.97 Too Much Spice Girls (2)
10.01.98 Perfect Day Various Artists (1)
09.05.98 Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade All Saints (1)
16.05.98 Turn Back Time Aqua (1)
23.05.98 Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade All Saints (1)
05.05.01 Don't Stop Movin' S Club 7 (1)
12.05.01 It's Raining Men Geri Halliwell (2)
26.05.01 Don't Stop Movin' S Club 7 (1)
08.12.01 Gotta Get Thru This Daniel Bedingfield (2)
22.12.01 Somethin' Stupid Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman (3)
13.01.02 Gotta Get Thru This Daniel Bedingfield (1)
FIRST THREE (OR MORE) HITS AT NUMBER ONE
In 1963, Gerry And The Pacemakers were the frst act to take all of their first three hits to #1. For many years it was thought that this record might never be beaten, or even equalled, though some acts did come close - Adam Faith had already achieved an opening run of 1,1,2, and Engelbert Humperdinck later took his first three hits to 1,2,1.
But the record was equalled in 1984, by Frankie Goes To Hollywood. By a strange co-incidence, FGTH had covered Gerry And The Pacemakers' Ferry Cross The Mersey (not one of their #1s) as a bonus track on the 12" of their first chart-topper!
George Michael took his first two solo singles to number one in 1984 and 1986, followed by a duet with Aretha Franklin.
In 1989, Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers took their first three hits to number one. The last of these, Let's Party, made its debut at the top.
As the chart became more open to high new entries, it might have been expected that an act who had enjoyed a first number one would find it easier to follow it up with a second and third, but it wasn't until 1996 that a fifth act joined the club. In doing so, Robson & Jerome became the first act to go straight in at number one with their first three singles. As they retired immediately after the third, they also have a perfect 100% record of number one hits. Their final #1 - a triple-A-side - included a cover of Gerry's final #1, You'll Never Walk Alone.
Spice Girls took their first three singles to #1 in 1996, though contrary to popular belief they didn't enter at #1 with the first (it debuted at #3). The group went on to set a new record with all of their first six singles going to the top.
In May 1998, Aqua became the first overseas act to take their first three singles to number one. Their second and third had debuted at the top. They were followed by B*Witched, who became the first group to enter in the top position with each of their first four singles.
Westlife now hold the record, with their first six (seven including a collaboration with Mariah Carey) debuting at number one. Each of their first eleven singles entered in the top two, and each of their first thirteen entered inside the top five, both also new records.
In 2002, the Will Young / Gareth Gates duet The Long And Winding Road completed hat-tricks for both singers. Solo tracks by each artist also appeared on the single, though only the Gates track Suspicious Minds recieved a chart credit. Gates has since gone on to a fourth straight chart-topper.
DROPS FROM THE TOP
Although chart turnover has been faster than ever in recent years, it is still comparatively rare for a single to drop out of the top five from number one. These are the records that have done so:
To number 6:
16.01.53 Here In My Heart Al Martino
20.01.56 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley & His Comets
23.06.60 Cathy's Clown Everly Brothers
11.04.63 Summer Holiday Cliff Richard and the Shadows
15.06.74 Sugar Baby Love The Rubettes
17.07.76 You To Me Are Everything Real Thing
26.06.79 Bright Eyes Art Garfunkel
10.01.81 There's No One Quite Like Grandma St Winifred's School Choir
14.11.81 It's My Party Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin
30.04.83 Let's Dance David Bowie
23.03.85 You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) Dead Or Alive
10.05.86 A Different Corner George Michael
11.03.89 Belfast Child Simple Minds
18.01.97 2 Become 1 Spice Girls
22.02.97 Discotheque U2
17.05.97 Love Won't Wait Gary Barlow
31.10.98 Gym And Tonic Spacedust
30.01.99 A Little Bit More 911
02.03.02 World Of Our Own Westlife
22.06.02 Light My Fire Will Young
To number 7:
14.03.63 Wayward Wind Frank Ifield
22.09.73 Young Love Donny Osmond
07.05.77 Knowing Me Knowing You Abba
08.02.97 Beetlebum Blur
19.09.98 Bootie Call All Saints
To number 8:
24.01.68 Hello Goodbye The Beatles
18.01.75 Lonely This Christmas Mud
12.04.97 Block Rockin' Beats Chemical Brothers
10.05.97 Blood On The Dance Floor Michael Jackson
15.04.00 Fool Again Westlife
25.11.00 Same Old Brand New You A1
28.04.01 What Took You So Long Emma Bunton
To number 9:
06.01.56 Christmas Alphabet Dickie Valentine
01.06.61 You're Driving Me Crazy Temperance Seven
17.03.66 These Boots Are Made For Walking Nancy Sinatra
19.01.91 Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter Iron Maiden
03.04.99 Blame It On The Weatherman B*Witched
To number 10:
14.01.84 Only You Flying Pickets
To number 12:
10.01.58 Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte
Four singles have dropped one place at a time, 1-2-3-4-5: Finger Of Suspicion by Dickie Valentine, It's All In The Game by Tommy Edwards, You Are Not Alone by Michael Jackson and Eminem's The Real Slim Shady. In fact, Finger Of Suspicion followed its week at number 5 with a week jointly at number 5 with a climbing record. Had a modern tie-break been used, Finger would have gone 1-2-3-4-5-6!
Speaking of ol' Dickie, from 1956, Dickie Valentine's Christmas Alphabet solely held the record for the shortest chart run of any number one hit - just seven weeks. This was equalled in 1987 by Ferry Aid's version of Let It Be, and again in 1989 by another charity disc Ferry Cross The Mersey by an all-star conglomeration led by Gerry Marsden. The record was finally beaten in January 1990 by two consecutive chart-toppers, Let's Party by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers and Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid II, each with just six weeks on chart. In 1991, Iron Maiden brought the record down to just five weeks with their classic Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter. U2 nearly matched this with The Fly later in the year, vacating the chart with a run of just five weeks but then spoiling its record by re-entering for a further week. In 1997, Blur's Beetlebum did likewise, but did set several new records on its way down: it was the first #1 to spend just 2 weeks in the top 20 and 3 in the top 40, and set the record for the biggest drop in the second week by a number one debutant, dropping 1-7 (this record broken only a few weeks later by Chemical Brothers with Block Rockin' Beats which fell to 8; the record is now 1-9 by Blame It On The Weatherman, the fourth and final number one by B*Witched.)
By way of contrast, the single which remained in the charts longest after dropping from #1 is also the single with the most consecutive weeks on chart: Englebert Humperdinck's extraordinary debut hit Release Me. Its last week at number one was its eleventh on chart; it went on to notch up a further 45 chart weeks taking it to an amazing total of 56 weeks on chart.
NUMBER ONE IN TWO OR MORE VERSIONS
One song has been #1 in four versions:
Unchained Melody Jimmy Young; Righteous Brothers; Robson & Jerome; Gareth Gates
Written by Alex North (music) and Hy Zaret (words).
The song was originally recorded by the Alex North Orchestra with vocals by Todd Duncan for the 1955 film Unchained. The movie flopped; the song survived. American singer Al Hibbler was credited with a number one version (with Jimmy Young at 2) in the Record Mirror chart.
Two songs have been number one in three versions:
You'll Never Walk Alone Gerry & The Pacemakers; The Crowd; Robson & Jerome
Written by Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (words).
This anthemic singalong first appeared in the musical Carousel in 1948. Popularised in the USA by Louis Armstrong, in the UK it has become strongly associated with football, and especially with Liverpool FC, who have recorded it in various line-ups.
Spirit In The Sky Norman Greenbaum; Doctor And The Medics; Gareth Gates and the Kumars
Words and music by Norman Greenbaum.
Many people wrongly assume that Greenbaum was an evangelical Christian - in fact he was, and still is, Jewish, but thought it would be fun (and a little more profitable) to write a rock song about Jesus. Subsequent versions have kept the joke going by recording it in Pagan and Hindu contexts - but as yet, no Christian version. (Thanks to Jenny for pointing this out.)
The following songs have been #1 in two versions:
Answer Me David Whitfield; Frankie Laine
Baby Come Back Equals; Pato Banton
Can't Help Falling In Love Elvis Presley; UB40
Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White Perez Prado & his Orchestra; Eddie Calvert
Dizzy Tommy Roe; Vic Reeves and the Wonderstuff
Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid; Band Aid II
Everything I Own Ken Boothe; Boy George
Eternal Flame Bangle; Atomic Kitten
I Believe Frankie Laine; Robson & Jerome
I Got You Babe Sonny & Cher; UB40 with Chrissie Hynde
Killer Adamski; Queen & George Michael (EP track - medley with Papa Was A Rolling Stone)
Lady Marmalade All Saints; Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink
Living Doll Cliff Richard & the Drifters; Cliff Richard & The Young Ones
Mambo No.5 Lou Bega; Bob The Builder
Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte; Boney M (medley with Oh My Lord)
Seasons In The Sun Terry Jacks; Westlife
Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell; Tommy Steele
Somethin' Stupid Nancy Sinatra & Frank Sinatra; Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman
Take A Chance On Me Abba; Erasure (EP track)
This Ole House Rosemary Clooney; Shakin' Stevens
The Tide Is High Blondie; Atomic Kitten (medley with Get The Feeling)
Three Lions Baddiel & Skinner & The Lightning Seeds (two different recordings)
Tragedy Bee Gees; Steps
Uptown Girl Billy Joel; Westlife
When The Going Gets Tough Billy Ocean; Boyzone
With A Little Help From My Friends Joe Cocker; Wet Wet Wet
Without You Nilsson; Mariah Carey
Young Love Tab Hunter; Donny Osmond
Ice Ice Baby by Vanilla Ice was heavily based on Under Pressure by Queen and David Bowie (even though Ice denied it at the time).
I'll Be Missing You by Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 set new words to the backing of Every Breath You Take by The Police.
We're Going To Ibiza! by Vengaboys set new words to the backing of Barbados by Typically Tropical.
Both Fastlove by George Michael and Men In Black by Will Smith used samples from Patrice Rushen's #8 hit Forget Me Nots - the Smith track using Rushen's backing more heavily than Michael's.
Rise by Gabrielle was based on Bob Dylan's song Knockin' On Heaven's Door, a cover of which had been a #1 hit for Dunblane.
Angel by Shaggy was set to the bassline of The Joker by Steve Miller Band.
Freak Like Me by Sugababes was partly based on Tubeway Army's Are Friends Electric?.
The medley Swing The Mood by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers incorporated bits of Bill Haley and his Comets' #1 Rock Around The Clock and remakes of Elvis Presley's #1s All Shook Up and Jailhouse Rock.
The medley That's What I Like by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers included a snippet of Jerry Lee Lewis' #1 Great Balls Of Fire.
I actually had to listen to the Jive Bunny records to get those last two. Can I have my OBE now please?
LONGEST NUMBER ONE RECORD
The Animals caused quite a sensation when, in 1964, their House Of The Rising Sun became the first number one to top the four minute mark. But it wasn't until 1968 that The Beatles set the benchmark for really long number ones with the seven-and-a-quarter minute Hey Jude. Even today, such extent is considered uncommercial, and while long tracks may be released, most have shorter edits alongside to sweeten the pill. The following are therefore the only number one hits to run for more than seven minutes. It is probably fair to say that in all cases, the actual songs have been somewhat swamped by the artist's desire to create an "epic":
9.38 All Around The World Oasis
7.58 I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) Meat Loaf
7.32 D'You Know What I Mean? Oasis
7.15 Hey Jude The Beatles
Don McLean's American Pie (8.27) and Laurie Anderson's O Superman (8.21) both peaked at number two; one place higher and either one would have comfortably made the list above.
The longest chart single, and longest top ten hit, is Blue Room by The Orb with a running time of 39.58 on one of two CD formats, though it was also available in several shorter edits. The longest chart single with no shorter edit available is N-Joi's Live In Manchester, an improvised jam which reached #12 in 1992. The shorter of the two parts is part 1, with a running time of 13.41.
The shortest number one hit is What Do You Want by Adam Faith, with a running time of 1.35. (Thanks to Theo for that one.) The shortest top ten hit is United States Of Whatever by Liam Lynch (1.26). It beat Elvis Presley's Party by one second. I have seen Hayley Mills' Let's Get Together listed as the shortest Top 40 hit but I do not have a precise timing for it.
The US record-holder for shortest Top 40 hit is Some Kinda Earthquake by Duane Eddy, which would have topped (or bottomed?) the list in the UK too - had it not been re-edited from its original 1.17 to a less paltry 2.01 for its UK release.
The shortest Top 75 hit is Millennium Chimes by Big Ben. Yes, that Big Ben.
FAMILY CONNECTIONS
The following combinations of relatives have topped the charts:
Father & Son:
Julio Iglesias (solo 1981) and Enrique Iglesias (solo 2002)
Chip Hawkes (in The Tremeloes 1967) and Chesney Hawkes (solo 1990)
Ringo Starr (in The Beatles 1963) and Zac Starkey (in The Crowd 1985)
Father & Daughter:
Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra (both solo and together)
Mother & Son:
Hilda Woodward and Rob Woodward (both in Lieutenant Pigeon 1972)
Brother & Sister:
Shane Lynch (Boyzone) and Edele and Keavy Lynch (B*Witched).
Chart-topping groups which feature brothers in their line-ups include The Kinks, The Osmonds, The Real Thing, UB40, Oasis, Bee Gees, Spandau Ballet, The Jacksons (well, obviously) and no doubt plenty of others that I've forgotten. (And who'd bet against the The Pipes And Drums And Military Band Of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards including at least one pair of brothers?). One impressive fraternal feat belongs to brothers Mike McGear and Paul McCartney, the only blood relations to write two consecutive chart-toppers (respectively, Lily The Pink by The Scaffold and Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da as recorded by The Marmalade) and incidentally the only brothers to have both had christmas number ones.
Chart-topping groups featuring sisters include Sister Sledge (uh-huh...), All Saints and B*Witched.
Very few husband-and-wife combinations have topped the charts. Esther and Abi Ofarim, Sonny and Cher, and Enigma were husband-and-wife duos. Abba were uniquely made up of two married couples (at least to start with). The Goombay Dance Band also featured a married couple. Happy couple Gillian Gilbert and Steven Morris of New Order don't count as they didn't marry until several years after their number one hit. Siobhan Fahey of Shakespear's Sister and David A Stewart of Eurythmics were married (to each other, that is) at the time of her chart-topper but not at the time of his.
OTHER NUMBER ONE FACTS AND FEATS
The youngest solo chart-topper remains Little Jimmy Osmond who was just 9 when Long Haired Lover From Liverpool gave him the 1972 christmas number one. However, Dawn Ralph was just 8 when she sang lead on There's No One Quite Like Grandma by St Winifred's School Choir, and it is likely that some members of the choir were even younger. A children's chorus also featured on Clive Dunn's #1 Grandad but I suspect these were older children.
The first act to write their own number one hit was Dreamweavers. Young songwriters Wade Buff and Eugene Adkinson formed the group in desperation after their song It's Almost Tomorrow was repeatedly turned down by music publishers.
The first number one hit to be written, produced and entirely performed by a single person was A Different Corner by George Michael.
The last single to reach number 1 without the benefit of a CD format being available was Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter by Iron Maiden. They did in fact release a CD format a couple of weeks later but it didn't count toward their chart position as the single was already available on the maximum five formats (four vinyl and one cassette).
Only one Nobel Prize winner has ever written a UK number one hit single. US Vice-President Charles Gates Dawes, who won the Peace Prize in 1925, also wrote the melody of Tommy Edwards' 1958 chart-topper It's All In The Game. Carl Sigman wrote the words.
Mr Vain by Culture Beat was the first single since the 1950s to reach number one without being available on vinyl.
Only once since 1955 has there ever been an instance of three consecutive chart-toppers all being covers of previously-charted songs: In September 2001, Too Close by Blue (previously a hit for Next); Mambo No.5 by Bob The Builder (previously a hit for Lou Bega) and Hey Baby by DJ Otzi (formerly a hit for Bruce Channel) each had a week at the top.
Speaking of covers, during 2000, five cover versions reached number one. In four cases, the original had peaked at number 2; the fifth (We Will Rock You) had been the b-side of a number 2 hit.
UB40 enjoyed a string of hits with original material, yet all three of their number one hits were covers.
During the 80s, Neil Diamond's song Red Red Wine and David Gates' song Everything I Own reached the top spot as reggae covers (for UB40 and Boy George respectively). In both cases, the artists who took the song to the top were unaware of the original folk-rock versions and had taken previous reggae-fied covers as their source - namely Ken Boothe's version of Everything I Own and Tony Tribe's remake of Red Red Wine.
The fastest hat-trick of number one hits was by John Lennon - he notched up three number one hits in the space of just eight weeks following his death in December 1980.
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In Greek mythology, which Trojan prince was killed by Philoctetes?
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No.1 facts and feats from ukcharts.20m.com
Fastest #1s | Slowest #1 (artists) | Slowest #1 (records) | Biggest leaps to #1 | Straight in at #1 before 1995 | Climbs to #1 since 1995 | Longest span of #1 hits | Longest gap between #1 hits | Most successful act not to have reached #1 | Shortest career of a #1 act | Ultimate One Hit Wonders | Most #1 hits | Most weeks at #1 by an artist | Most weeks at #1 by a record | Most consecutive number one hits | Records that returned to #1 | First three or more hits at #1 | Drops from the top | #1 in two or more versions | Longest #1 hits | Family connections | Other number one facts and feats
FASTEST NUMBER ONE HIT
In 1969, The Beatles with Billy Preston debuted at #1 with Get Back. It was their only single to debut at #1 in the official BBC/Record Retailer singles chart and was the debut chart appearence for Preston, who went on to moderate success as a solo artist.
Apart from Preston, and Al Martino, who debuted at number one by default in the very first chart, no act aside from charity collectives scored an instant number one hit until Whigfield nearly 42 years later. Here is the list of acts who have started at the very top since then:
17.09.94 Whigfield Saturday Night
20.05.95 Robson Green and Jerome Flynn Unchained Melody / The White Cliffs Of Dover
27.01.96 Babylon Zoo Spaceman
01.06.96 Baddiel and Skinner and The Lightning Seeds Three Lions
21.12.95 Dunblane Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away
25.01.97 White Town Abort, Retry, Fail? EP (Your Woman)
07.06.97 Hanson Mmmbop
13.12.97 Teletubbies Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh!
06.06.98 B*Witched C'est la Vie
11.07.98 Billie Because We Want To
24.10.98 Spacedust Gym And Tonic
27.02.99 Britney Spears Baby One More Time
03.04.99 Mr Oizo Flat Beat
01.05.99 Westlife Swear It Again
12.06.99 Baz Luhrmann Presents Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen) - The Sunscreen Song
19.06.99 S Club 7 Bring It All Back
06.05.00 Oxide and Neutrino Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty)
26.08.00 Spiller Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)
16.09.00 Modjo Lady (Hear Me Tonight)
13.01.01 Rui Da Silva ft Cassandra Touch Me
24.03.01 Hear'Say Pure And Simple
02.06.01 DJ Pied Piper and the Masters Of Ceremonies Do You Really Like It?
18.08.01 So Solid Crew present 21 Seconds 21 Seconds
08.12.01 Daniel Bedingfield Gotta Get Thru This
09.03.02 Will Young Anything Is Possible / Evergreen
30.03.02 Gareth Gates Unchained Melody
11.05.02 Holly Valance Kiss Kiss
10.08.02 Darius Colourblind
09.11.02 DJ Sammy & Yanou ft Do Heaven
28.12.02 Girls Aloud Sound Of The Underground
25.01.03 David Sneddon Stop Living the Lie
The Lightning Seeds had, of course, hit in their own right before. Dunblane were a charity ensemble, but unlike previous charity ensembles they were not made up of previously-charting acts. Babylon Zoo and White Town both debuted at #1 with major-label reissues of previously unsuccessful independent singles. Dunblane, Teletubbies and Baz Luhrmann all debuted at number one with their only single releases.
So Solid Crew's previous single "Oh No (Sentimental Things)" would have charted at #13 the previous year, but was disqualified for having too many tracks. So Solid Crew members Megaman, Lisa Maffia and Romeo had previously appeared on Oxide & Neutrino's hit "No Good 4 Me". All formats of 21 Seconds consistently give the artist credit as So Solid Crew Present 21 Seconds rather than simply So Solid Crew.
The Baz Luhrmann Presents... record has the additional credit "performed by Quindon Tarver" hidden away in the detailed credits. The single is a remix of Tarver's cover of Rozalla's hit Everybody's Free (To Feel Good). Tarver can therefore also legitimately claim to have gone straight in at number one with his first hit.
"Featured" artists who have made their chart debuts at number one are:
28.10.95 Coolio featuring LV Gangsta's Paradise
28.06.97 Puff Daddy featuring Faith Evans and 112 I'll Be Missing You
06.02.99 Armand Van Helden featuring Duane Harden You Don't Know Me
10.03.01 Shaggy featuring Rikrok It Wasn't Me
22.03.03 Gareth Gates and The Kumars Spirit In The Sky
BeBe Winans' first individual chart credit was as featured vocalist on I Wanna Be The Only One by Eternal, but he had enjoyed (admittedly minor and fleeting) chart action as a member of The Winans.
Sophie Ellis-Bextor's first individual chart credit was as the featured vocalist on Spiller's Groovejet (If This Ain't Love), but she had enjoyed previous chart action as a member of theaudience.
Kelly Rowland's first individual chart credit was in collaboration with Nelly, but she had previously charted as a member of Destiny's Child.
The following artists "debuted" at number one with domestic releases, having previously charted on import:
21.05.98 Run DMC Vs Jason Nevins It's Like That (re-mix)
04.09.99 Lou Bega Mambo No.5 (A Little Bit Of...)
25.09.99 Eiffel 65 Blue (Da Ba Dee)
16.10.99 Christina Aguilera Genie In A Bottle
27.10.99 Wamdue Project King Of My Castle
24.06.00 Black Legend You See The Trouble With Me
22.09.01 DJ Otzi Hey Baby
27.10.01 Afroman Because I Got High
19.10.02 Las Ketchup The Ketchup Song (Asereje)
08.02.03 T.a.t.u. All The Things She Said
And these acts entered at number one having previously appeared on the chart in other guises:
16.08.97 Will Smith Men In Black (previously hit number one in DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince)
26.09.98 Mel B ft Missy Elliot I Want You Back (Melanie Brown is a Spice Girl; Elliot has had solo hits)
17.04.99 Martine McCutcheon Perfect Moment (previously hit with Uno Clio)
28.05.99 Shanks and Bigfoot Sweet Like Chocolate (previously hit as Doolally)
07.08.99 Ronan Keating When You Say Nothing At All (had #1s with Boyzone)
15.04.00 Craig David Fill Me In (previously hit with Artful Dodger)
SLOWEST NUMBER ONE HIT
Four solo artists - all American - have taken more than twenty years to achieve their first number one hit:
Jackie Wilson (29 years 42 days)
Isaac Hayes / Chef (27 years 29 days)
Ben E. King (26 years 19 days)
Cher (25 years 259 days)
Cher, of course, had hit number one as half of Sonny and Cher prior to her solo career.
Several other acts who have never had a #1 hit in their own right have waited a very long time to snatch a moment of chart-top glory in collaboration with others. The most patient of these was Eric Clapton, who first hit as a member of The Yardbirds in 1964 but had to wait 30 years 134 days before he was involved with a #1 hit in collaboration with Cher, Chrissie Hynde and Neneh Cherry. To be fair, The Yardbirds' second hit For Your Love, on which he appeared, was a number one in the NME chart but this was never recognised by Record Retailer. His first official number one was his 30th hit in a variety of guises, not counting three reissues. The only artist to score more hits prior to their first appearance at number one was The Artist Formerly Known As Prince, whose #1 The Most Beautiful Girl In The World was his 39th new hit.
Other people who've waited over 20 years are:
Lulu (29 years 148 days) - first hit solo in 1964, reached #1 with Take That in 1993.
Chubby Checker (29 years 85 days) - first hit solo in 1960, contributed original vocals to Jive Bunny and The Mastermixers' Let's Party in 1989 (having been sampled on the group's two previous #1s).
Gene Pitney (27 years 311 days) - first hit solo in 1961, reched #1 in collaboration with Marc Almond in 1989.
Lou Reed (24 years 201 days) - first hit solo in 1973, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997.
Emmylou Harris (21 years 268 days) - first hit solo in 1976, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997.
Joan Armatrading (21 years 44 days) - first hit solo in 1976, hit #1 with Various Artists in 1997.
Bob Dylan (20 years 26 days) - first hit solo in 1965, reached #1 with USA For Africa in 1985.
SLOWEST NUMBER ONE HIT (RECORD)
The recordings that took the longest to reach #1 after their first appearance on the chart are:
29 years 42 days Reet Petite (The Sweetest Girl In Town) Jackie Wilson (1957-86)
25 years 244 days Stand By Me Ben E King (1961-87)
25 years 83 days Unchained Melody Righteous Brothers (1965-90)
18 years 356 days He Ain't Heavy He's My Brother The Hollies (1969-88)
8 years 284 days Young At Heart The Bluebells (1984-93)
8 years 166 days Should I Stay Or Should I Go? The Clash (1982-91)
7 years 327 days Living On My Own Freddie Mercury (1985-93)
6 years 63 days Space Oddity David Bowie (1969-75)
5 years 70 days Imagine John Lennon (1975-81)
Between 1986 and 1993, no fewer than nine "golden oldies" topped the chart. They were the seven listed above plus Steve Miller Band's The Joker, which had failed to chart when originally released in 1973, and Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen, which became the first recording to top the chart on two entirely separate chart runs. The only other recording to match this feat is My Sweet Lord by George Harrison, which took the top slot for a second time in January 2002.
The slowest climb to number one on a single chart run is 14 weeks by Celine Dion with Think Twice.
BIGGEST LEAPS TO NUMBER ONE
Besides those which entered at number one, these are the singles which have made the biggest leaps to number one in a single week:
45-1: Hey Baby DJ Otzi (29.09.01)
33-1: Happy Talk Captain Sensible (03.07.82)
27-1: Surrender Elvis Presley (01.06.61)
26-1: Pass The Dutchie Musical Youth (02.10.82)
22-1: Green Door Shakin' Stevens (01.08.81)
21-1: Hey Jude The Beatles (11.09.68)
21-1: (Just Like) Starting Over John Lennon (20.12.80)
19-1: Are You Lonesome Tonight? Elvis Presley (26.01.61)
19-1: (If Paradise Is) Half As Nice Amen Corner (12.02.69)
19-1: Love Me For A Reason The Osmonds (31.08.74)
19-1: Stand By Me Ben E. King (21.02.87)
17-1: Get Off Of My Cloud Rolling Stones (04.11.65)
16-1: I Hear You Knockin' Dave Edmunds' Rockpile (28.11.70)
16-1: Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep Middle Of The Road (19.06.71)
16-1: Young Love Donny Osmond (25.08.73)
16-1: Dancing Queen Abba (04.11.76)
It should be noted that for most of the 1960s, the Record Retailer chart was out-of-sync with the sales week, meaning that debut positions for records such as Surrender were based on only one or two days' sales. Had the chart reflected a full week's sales, such records would undoubtedly have debuted inside the top ten and maybe even at number one, rather than making such spectacular but misleading leaps in their second week.
Hey Baby tops the list on a technicality. The single had already charted on import, and it went to number one when given a full UK release. Under the chart rules in force at the time, import and domestic releases were (and still are) to be regarded as separate, but because the UK release had the same catalogue number (and presumably barcode) as the import, the computerised chart system was unable to distinguish between them, and credited DJ Otzi with a 44-place climb. Since it would have been nigh impossible to disentangle the two releases, and since it would have been unfair to punish the record company for what was effectively a bug in the chart compilers' computer program, the outcome was allowed to stand.
The 18-place leap by Amen Corner is in part due to the changeover from the old Record Retailer chart to the new official BMRB compilation that week.
Incidentally, if we take the Top 200 into account, then there are several singles which have made even more spectacular climbs, mainly as a result of a small number of copies slipping out before their official release date. As far as this site is concerned, the Top 75 remains the "real" chart, but it may interest visitors to know that the biggest leap to the top within the Top 200 was from #196 by Westlife with Unbreakable in the 50th anniversary chart on 16.11.02. It beat the previous record set just one week earlier by DJ Sammy and Yanou with Heaven which leapt from #191. It still doesn't count though!
The biggest genuine jumps within the top 75 have been:
(70 places) 72-02 It's The Way You Make Me Feel Steps (13.01.01)
(66 places) 68-02 Addicted To Bass Puretone (12.01.02)
(63 places) 74-11 Macarena Los Del Rio (20.07.96)
(62 places) 66-04 Every Loser Wins Nick Berry (11.10.86)
(61 places) 74-13 Star Trekkin' The Firm (13.06.87)
(55 places) 62-07 Coming Up Paul McCartney (26.04.80)
(51 places) 60-09 Only You Flying Pickets (03.12.83)
Of these, Every Loser Wins, Star Trekkin' and Only You reached #1. All the rest peaked at #2.
STRAIGHT IN AT NUMBER ONE
Once upon a time, it was quite a spectacular occurrence for a single to go straight in at number one. It was confirmation of a group or artist's superstar status to sell enough in a single week to secure the top spot - rather than having to start small and build up like all the other acts in the charts. Nowadays, if a single doesn't enter at the top then it has virtually no chance of getting there at all. These are the records which entered at number one back when it really meant something:
01 14.11.52 Here In My Heart Al Martino (#1 in the first chart, so debuted there by default)
02 24.01.58 Jailhouse Rock Elvis Presley
03 03.11.60 It's Now Or Never Elvis Presley
04 11.01.62 The Young Ones Cliff Richard and the Shadows
05 23.04.69 Get Back The Beatles with Billy Preston
06 03.03.73 Cum On Feel The Noize Slade
07 30.06.73 Skweeze Me Pleeze Me Slade
08 17.11.73 I Love You Love Me Love Gary Glitter
09 15.12.73 Merry Xmas Everybody Slade
10 22.03.80 Going Underground / Dreams Of Children The Jam
11 27.09.80 Don't Stand So Close To Me The Police
12 09.05.81 Stand And Deliver Adam And The Ants
13 13.02.82 A Town Called Malice / Precious The Jam
14 04.12.82 Beat Surrender The Jam
15 26.03.83 Is There Something I Should Know? Duran Duran
16 16.06.84 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood
17 15.12.84 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid
18 07.09.85 Dancing In The Street David Bowie and Mick Jagger
19 04.04.87 Let It Be Ferry Aid
20 20.05.89 Ferry 'Cross The Mersey Christians, Holly Johnson, Paul McCartney, Gerry Marsden and Stock Aitken Waterman
21 10.06.89 Sealed With A Kiss Jason Donovan
22 16.12.89 Let's Party Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers
23 23.12.89 Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid II
24 05.01.91 Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter Iron Maiden
25 26.01.91 Innuendo Queen
26 02.11.91 The Fly U2
27 23.11.91 Black Or White Michael Jackson
28 07.12.91 Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me George Michael and Elton John
29 21.12.91 Bohemian Rhapsody / These Are The Days Of Our Lives Queen
30 13.06.92 Abba-Esque EP Erasure
31 01.05.93 Five Live EP Queen and Geoge Michael with Lisa Stansfield
32 17.06.93 Pray Take That
33 09.10.93 Relight My Fire Take That with Lulu
34 18.12.93 Babe Take That
35 19.02.94 Without You Mariah Carey
36 09.04.94 Everything Changes Take That
37 17.09.94 Saturday Night Whigfield
38 15.10.94 Sure Take That
06 and 07 represent the first instance of an act going straight in at #1 with consecutive single releases. 17-20 are all charity fundraising singles. 20 and 21 were the first instance of consecutive chart-toppers entering at the top; 22 and 23 were first such to enter in consecutive weeks. 24 was the first single already available on an album to debut at #1. 25 was the first single to enter at the top and fall every successive week until it dropped out. 26 was the first single to be promoted as being available for a limited time only in order to secure early sales and thus a high entry position. 27-29 were the first instance of three consecutive chart-toppers debuting at #1.
As can be seen from the list above, only two singles entered at number one in the Record Reatiler chart during its first nine years (March 1960-February 1969). By contrast, during the same period all of the following managed the feat in the NME chart:
26.03.60 My Old Man's A Dustman Lonnie Donegan
27.05.61 Surrender Elvis Presley
07.12.63 I Want To Hold Your Hand The Beatles
28.03.64 Can't Buy Me Love The Beatles
18.07.64 A Hard Day's Night The Beatles
21.11.64 Little Red Rooster Rolling Stones
05.12.64 I Feel Fine The Beatles
17.04.65 Ticket To Ride The Beatles
31.07.65 Help! The Beatles
11.12.65 We Can Work It Out / Day Tripper The Beatles
15.07.67 All You Need Is Love The Beatles
Number One singles debuting at the top became the norm from April 1995 onwards. Since then, the only records to climb within the Top 75 to reach number one are:
08.07.95 Boom Boom Boom Outhere Brothers (debut #15, reached #1 in its 4th chart week)
09.09.95 You Are Not Alone Michael Jackson (#3, 2nd week)
20.04.96 Return of The Mack Mark Morrison (#6, 6th week)
25.05.96 Ooh Aah... Just A Little Bit Gina G (#6, 8th week)
27.07.96 Wannabe Spice Girls (#3, 2nd week)
21.09.96 Ready Or Not Fugees (#2, 2nd week)
05.10.96 Breakfast At Tiffany's Deep Blue Something (#3, 3rd week)
18.01.97 Professional Widow (It's Got To Be Big) Tori Amos (#2, 2nd week)
12.04.97 I Believe I Can Fly R.Kelly (#2, dropped to 5 then climbed to #1, 3rd week)
01.11.97 Barbie Girl Aqua (#2, 2nd week)
17.01.98 Never Ever All Saints (#3, dropped as low as #6 during its meanderings, 9th week)
30.05.98 Feel It The Tamperer ft Maya (#3, 6th week)
02.01.99 Chocolate Salty Balls Chef (#2, 2nd week)
09.01.99 Heartbeat / Tragedy Steps (#2, dropped as far as #8 before climbing back up, 8th week)
04.12.99 The Millennium Prayer Cliff Richard (#2, 2nd week)
23.12.00 Can We Fix It? Bob The Builder (#2, 2nd week)
22.09.01 Hey Baby DJ Otzi (debuted outside the Top 40 on import sales only, jumped to #1 in its 6th week when released domestically).
LONGEST SPAN OF NUMBER ONE HITS
Elvis Presley (44 years 277 days) 1957-2002
Cliff Richard (40 years 145 days) 1959-99
George Harrison (31 years 2 days) 1971-2002
Righteous Brothers (25 years 286 days) 1965-90
Queen (24 years 250 days) 1975-2000
The Hollies (23 years 105 days) 1965-88
Bee Gees (20 years 34 days) 1967-87
Blondie (20 years 16 days) 1979-99
Michael Jackson (15 years 317 days) 1981-97
Madonna (15 years 36 days) 1985-2000
Kylie Minogue (14 years 248 days) 1988-2001
U2 (12 years 19 days) 1988-2000
If George Harrison's hits with the Beatles are taken into account, then he has a span of 38 years 274 days (1963-2002).
These individuals also have a span of more than 20 years in various guises:
Cher (33 years 112 days) Sonny and Cher 1965 - solo 1998
Tom Jones (32 years 309 days) solo 1965 - Various Artists 1997
Gerry Marsden (26 years 57 days) Gerry and The Pacemakers 1963 - Gerry Marsden and friends 1989
Paul McCartney (26 years 26 days) The Beatles 1963 - Gerry Marsden and friends 1989
Elton John (25 years 147 days) Elton John & Kiki Dee 1976 - Blue & Elton John 2002
Tammy Wynette (22 years 244 days) solo 1975 - Various Artists 1997
David Bowie (22 years 69 days) solo 1975 - Various Artists 1997
Diana Ross (21 years 128 days) The Supremes 1964 - solo 1986
Elton John's recent chart-topping stint with Blue has moved him up from seventh to fifth in this table.
LONGEST GAP BETWEEN NUMBER ONE HITS
Nine regular acts have endured a gap of more than a decade between appearances at the top:
George Harrison (30 years 325 days) 1971-2002
Righteous Brothers (25 years 259 days) 1965-90
Elvis Presley (24 years 258 days) 1977-2002
The Hollies (23 years 65 days) 1965-88
Blondie (18 years 77 days) 1980-99
Diana Ross (14 years 172 days) 1971-86
Frank Sinatra (11 years 238 days) 1954-66
Cliff Richard (11 years 124 days) 1968-79
Kylie Minogue (10 years 148 days) 1990-2000
Diana Ross appeared on the USA For Africa disc toward the end of her exile in 1985; this does not affect her place in the above table. The Righteous Brothers and The Hollies both returned with reissues of previous hits.
Queen waited 14 years 361 days between their own chart-toppers but appeared at #1 in collaboration with David Bowie in the meantime.
25 years 239 days passed between Sonny & Cher's only number one hit and Cher's first solo chart-topper. Tammy Wynette had to wait 22 years 175 days after her only solo #1 to reappear with Various Artists. Gerry Marsden was away from the summit for 21 years 200 days between chart-toppers with Gerry And The Pacemakers and The Crowd. Mick Jagger waited 16 years 9 days from his last #1 with The Rolling Stones to his reappearance in collaboration with David Bowie, who in turn waited 12 years and 55 days before featuring on Various Artists' #1. Eddy Grant hit #1 as a soloist 14 years 13 days after leaving the top spot with The Equals. Elton John waited 13 years 293 days between his #1 with Kiki Dee and his first solo table-topper. Suzi Quatro reappeared as part of Ferry Aid 13 years and 26 days after her last solo #1. There were 10 years 268 days between Smokey Robinson's group (The Miracles) and solo appearances at the top.
MOST SUCCESSFUL ARTISTS NOT TO HAVE REACHED NUMBER ONE
Billy Fury has spent more time on the singles chart than anyone else without a number one hit to their credit, with 281 weeks. However, Depeche Mode have had more hits and are still racking them up. The front-runners as of 1 October 2001 were:
Billy Fury (29 hits, 281 weeks)
Depeche Mode (37 hits, 234 weeks)
Nat King Cole (31 hits + 1 reissue + 1 b-side + 1 uncredited duet with Natalie Cole, 248 weeks)
The Who (28 hits + 3 reissues, 247 weeks)
Other notable non-chart-toppers include Gloria Estefan who has notched up 32 hits in all, including two uncredited as lead singer of Miami Sound Machine, but has never climbed higher than number 6. Siouxsie Sioux and Peter "Budgie" Clark have so far enjoyed 29 hits as part of Siouxsie And The Banshees and a further five as The Creatures. Siouxsie also had a hit in collaboration with Morrissey, bringing her personal total to 35. Morrissey himself has an even more impressive 41 hits without a #1, comprising 17 with the Smiths, 23 solo and the Siouxsie duet.
SHORTEST CAREER OF A CHART-TOPPING ACT
Weeks
10 Joe Dolce Music Theatre
10 Nicole
10 White Town
Band Aid II and Ferry Aid were, of course, charity ensembles including many acts who had hits in their own right. Hale & Pace & The Stonkers and Victoria Wood's only hits were the two halves of a double-A-side. Away from the charts, both are successful comedy acts. Bad II's nine weeks of chart action were on the AA side of The Clash's only number one hit, though their presence on the single went completely ignored at the time, and indeed since. Steve "Silk" Hurley also charted for 6 weeks as half of JM Silk and the Timelords went on to further chart success under a variety of other guises, including another #1 hit as The KLF. White Town and Nicole are the only acts on this list to have had more than one hit - each had 9 weeks on chart with their #1s and one week with a follow-up.
THE ULTIMATE ONE-HIT WONDERS
Back in the days when the Guinness books were still being edited by the GRR(R) team, they used to define a one-hit wonder as an act that has had one number one hit and nothing else - ever. Which is a rather narrower definition of the term than most people would use, but it does throw up an interesting list of acts who've made only one, albeit quite spectacular, impression on the public consciousness. This list, in fact:
1954 Kitty Kallen Little Things Mean A Lot
1956 Dreamweavers It's Almost Tomorrow
1958 Kalin Twins When
1959 Jerry Keller Here Comes Summer
1960 Ricky Valance Tell Laura I Love Her
1962 B.Bumble And The Stingers Nut Rocker
1966 Overlanders Michelle
1968 The Crazy World Of Arthur Brown Fire
1969 Zager And Evans In The Year 2525 (Exordium And Terminus)
1969 Jane Birkin & Serge Gainsbourg Je T'aime... Moi Non Plus
1969 The Archies Sugar Sugar
1970 Matthews Southern Comfort Woodstock
1970 Lee Marvin Wand'rin' Star
1970 Norman Greenbaum Spirit In The Sky
1971 Clive Dunn Grandad
1973 Simon Park Orchestra Eye Level
1974 John Denver Annie's Song
1975 Typically Tropical Barbados
1976 JJ Barrie No Charge
1977 The Floaters Float On
1978 Althia And Donna Uptown Top Ranking
1978 Brian & Michael Matchstalk Men And Matchstalk Cats And Dogs
1979 Anita Ward Ring My Bell
1979 Lena Martell One Day At A Time
1980 Fern Kinney Together We Are Beautiful
1980 The Mash Theme From M*A*S*H (Suicide Is Painless)
1980 St Winifreds School Choir There's No One Quite Like Grandma
1981 Joe Dolce Music Theatre Shaddap You Face
1982 Charlene I've Never Been To Me
1985 Phyllis Nelson Move Closer
1987 Steve "Silk" Hurley Jack Your Body
1987 M|A|R|R|S Pump Up The Volume / Anitina (The First Time I See She Dance)
1989 Robin Beck The First Time
1990 Partners In Kryme Turtle Power
1991 Hale And Pace And The Stonkers The Stonk
1991 Victoria Wood The Smile Song
1994 Doop Doop
1996 Dunblane Knockin' On Heaven's Door / Throw These Guns Away
1997 Teletubbies Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh!
1999 Mr Oizo Flat Beat
1999 Baz Luhrmann Presents... Everybody's Free (To Wear Sunscreen)
2001 Rui Da Silva fetauring Cassandra Touch Me
2001 DJ Pied Piper and the Masters Of Ceremonies Do You Really Like It?
Steve "Silk" Hurley also had minor success as half of JM Silk. John Denver had a minor hit in collaboration with Placido Domingo. Most of these acts released follow-ups which flopped; only The Mash, M|A|R|R|S, Dunblane, Baz Luhrmann and Teletubbies appear to have bowed out voluntarily. As noted previously, the Baz Luhrmann disc credits Quindon Tarver as performer, and he too is therefore a one-hit wonder.
Although Rui Da Silva has gone two years without following up his only hit, he is reportedly planning a comeback and is likely to escape this list before very long. Watch this space!
During the Top 50 era, both Scott MacKenzie and Hugo Montenegro narrowly avoided the one-hit wonders list by charting a follow-up for just one week at #50. The modern equivalent, a follow-up spending just one week at #75, was achieved by the 1982 Eurovision Song Contest winner Nicole.
Other acts who failed to follow-up a number one hit are Charles Aznavour, Bob The Builder, The Firm, Benny Hill, The Jam, Tommy James And The Shondells, Queen, Robson & Jerome, Spice Girls, Steve Miller Band, Kay Starr, Starship, Take That and Wham!. Queen's last hit was a collaboration with Five. Simon And Garfunkel's last original hit went to #1, though they have since charted with other tracks which had not been hits during the duo's active career. Only Bob The Builder, The Jam, Queen, Robson & Jerome, Spice Girls, Take That and Wham! retired of their own volition.
MOST NUMBER ONE HITS
18 Elvis Presley (includes 1 with JXL)
17 The Beatles
12 Shadows (includes 7 backing Cliff Richard)
11 Westlife (includes 1 with Mariah Carey)
10 Madonna
10 Ronan Keating (includes Various Artists)
10 Madonna
Hank Marvin has one more #1 than Bruce Welch because he was credited on Cliff Richard And The Young Ones' remake of Livin' Doll.
Beatles Ringo Starr and George Harrison did not appear on The Ballad Of John And Yoko.
Most number one hits achieved on the RR/MW chart in a calendar year is four, by Elvis Presley in 1961 and 1962; The Beatles in 1964; Spice Girls in 1997 and Westlife in 1999 and 2000. Elvis Presley in 1961 & 1962 and Westlife in 1999 are the only acts to achieve four new chart-toppers in a year; the other instances included chart-topping runs carried on from the year before. Though The Beatles did achieve four number one hits on the NME chart in 1963.
MOST WEEKS AT NUMBER ONE
77 Elvis Presley
69 The Beatles (Paul McCartney +17 solo; John Lennon + 7 solo; George Harrison + 6 solo)
46 Cliff Richard
44 The Shadows (28 backing Cliff Richard, 16 of their own)
32 Frankie Laine
31 Abba
23 Wet Wet Wet
22 Spice Girls (Melanie C + 2 solo; Melanie B + 1 solo; Emma Bunton + 2 solo; Geri Halliwell 20 with the group + 5 solo)
21 Take That (Robbie Williams 18 with the group + 8 solo; Gary Barlow + 2 solo)
21 Queen (includes 2 with David Bowie, 3 with George Michael and 1 with Five)
20 Slade
Totals do not include appearances with charity ensembles.
Freddie Mercury appeared with Queen for only 17 of the group's weeks at #1. He has two solo weeks to his credit for a total of 19.
The Shadows' chart history is made somewhat more confusing by the various line-up changes that occurred during their run of #1 successes. The members' individual totals are as follows:
47 Hank B Marvin was on all of their #1s, plus 3 weeks with Cliff Richard & The Young Ones in 1986.
44 Bruce Welch also appeared on all twelve #1s.
39 Jet Harris (36 as a Shadow, 3 with Tony Meehan).
25 Tony Meehan (22 as a Shadow, 3 with Jet Harris).
22 Brian Bennett (22 as a Shadow).
Brian Locking, who replaced Harris, has 8 weeks at #1.
MOST WEEKS AT NUMBER ONE (RECORD)
18 I Believe Frankie Laine (in three runs at the top 9+6+3)
16 (Everything I Do) I Do It For You Bryan Adams
15 Love Is All Around Wet Wet Wet
14 Bohemian Rhapsody Queen (two runs at the top 9+5)
11 Rose Marie Slim Whitman
10 Cara Mia David Whitfield
10 I Will Always Love You Whitney Houston
9 Here In My Heart Al Martino
9 Oh Mein Papa Eddie Calvert
9 Secret Love Doris Day
9 Diana Paul Anka
9 Mull Of Kintyre / Girls School Wings
9 You're The One That I Want John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
9 Two Tribes Frankie Goes To Hollywood
MOST CONSECUTIVE NUMBER ONE HITS
11 The Beatles (From Me To You through to Yellow Submarine / Eleanor Rigby)
7 Westlife (Swear It Again through to My Love, includes one with Mariah Carey)
6 The Beatles (All You Need Is Love through to Ballad Of John And Yoko)
6 Spice Girls (Wannabe through to Too Much)
5 Elvis Presley (Little Sister / His Latest Flame through to Return To Sender)
5 Rolling Stones (It's All Over Now through to Get Off Of My Cloud)
Gary Barlow appeared on the last four #1 hits for Take That and then had two solo, for a total of six.
During the Beatles' run of 11, two cash-in singles on another label also charted. During their run of six, the double EP "Magical Mystery Tour" reached number two. An EP by Elvis Presley entered the lower reaches of the chart during his run of five #1s.
RECORDS THAT REGAINED THE NUMBER ONE SPOT
Normally, once a record is replaced at number one, there is no way back. But over the years a few records have managed to hang on with enough tenacity to return to the very top. Here's the list:
24.04.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (9 weeks)
24.04.53 I'm Walking Behind You Eddie Fisher and Sally Sweetland (1)
03.07.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (6)
14.08.53 The Song From The Moulin Rouge Mantovani & his Orchestra (1)
21.08.53 I Believe Frankie Laine (3)
06.11.53 Answer Me David Whitfield (1)
13.11.53 Answer Me Frankie Laine (8)
11.12.53 Answer Me David Whitfield / Answer Me Frankie Laine (top equal for 1 week)
12.03.54 I See The Moon Stargazers (5)
16.04.54 Secret Love Doris Day (1)
23.04.54 I See The Moon Stargazers (1)
30.04.54 Such A Night Johnnie Ray (1)
07.05.54 Secret Love Doris Day (8)
08.10.54 Hold My Hand Don Cornell (4)
05.11.54 My Son My Son Vera Lynn (2)
19.11.54 Hold My Hand Don Cornell (1)
07.01.55 Finger Of Suspicion Dickie Valentine (1)
14.01.55 Mambo Italiano Rosemary Clooney (1)
21.01.55 Finger Of Suspicion Dickie Valentine (2)
28.01.55 Mambo Italiano Rosemary Clooney (2)
25.11.55 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (3)
16.12.55 Christmas Alphabet Dickie Valentine (3)
06.01.56 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley and his Comets (2)
16.03.56 It's Almost Tomorrow Dreamweavers (2)
30.03.56 Rock And Roll Waltz Kay Starr (1)
06.04.56 It's Almost Tomorrow Dreamweavers (1)
04.01.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell (1)
11.01.57 Singing The Blues Tommy Steele and the Steelmen (1)
18.01.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell (1)
25.01.57 The Garden Of Eden Frankie Vaughn (4)
01.02.57 Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell / The Garden Of Eden Frankie Vaughn (1 week top equal)
28.07.60 Please Don't Tease Cliff Richard and the Shadows (1)
04.08.60 Shakin' All Over Johnny Kidd and the Pirates (1)
11.08.60 Please Don't Tease Cliff Richard and the Shadows (2)
12.09.63 She Loves You The Beatles (4)
10.10.63 Do You Love Me Brian Poole and the Tremoloes (3)
31.10.63 You'll Never Walk Alone Gerry And The Pacemakers (4)
28.11.63 She Loves You The Beatles (2)
The longest gap between runs at the top.
17.06.65 Crying In The Chapel Elvis Presley (1)
24.06.65 I'm Alive The Hollies (1)
01.07.65 Crying In The Chapel Elvis Presley (1)
08.07.65 I'm Alive The Hollies (2)
31.07.68 Mony Mony Tommy James and the Shondells (2)
14.08.68 Fire Crazy World Of Arthur Brown (1)
21.08.68 Mony Mony Tommy James and the Shondells (1)
11.12.68 Lily The Pink The Scaffold (3)
01.01.69 Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da The Marmalade (1)
08.01.69 Lily The Pink The Scaffold (1)
15.01.69 Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da The Marmalade (2)
11.12.93 Mr Blobby Mr Blobby (1)
18.12.93 Babe Take That (1)
25.12.93 Mr Blobby Mr Blobby (2)
01.06.96 Three Lions (Official Song Of The England Football Team) Baddiel, Skinner and The Lightning Seeds (1)
08.06.96 Killing Me Softly Fugees (Refugee Camp) (4)
06.07.96 Three Lions (Official Song Of The England Football Team) Baddiel, Skinner and The Lightning Seeds (1)
Three Lions returned to the top when England reached the semi-finals of the World Cup.
28.06.97 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy and Faith Evans (3)
19.07.97 D'you Know What I Mean? Oasis (1)
26.07.97 I'll Be Missing You Puff Daddy and Faith Evans (3)
29.11.97 Perfect Day Various Artists (2)
13.12.97 Teletubbies Say Eh-Oh! Teletubbies (2)
27.12.97 Too Much Spice Girls (2)
10.01.98 Perfect Day Various Artists (1)
09.05.98 Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade All Saints (1)
16.05.98 Turn Back Time Aqua (1)
23.05.98 Under The Bridge / Lady Marmalade All Saints (1)
05.05.01 Don't Stop Movin' S Club 7 (1)
12.05.01 It's Raining Men Geri Halliwell (2)
26.05.01 Don't Stop Movin' S Club 7 (1)
08.12.01 Gotta Get Thru This Daniel Bedingfield (2)
22.12.01 Somethin' Stupid Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman (3)
13.01.02 Gotta Get Thru This Daniel Bedingfield (1)
FIRST THREE (OR MORE) HITS AT NUMBER ONE
In 1963, Gerry And The Pacemakers were the frst act to take all of their first three hits to #1. For many years it was thought that this record might never be beaten, or even equalled, though some acts did come close - Adam Faith had already achieved an opening run of 1,1,2, and Engelbert Humperdinck later took his first three hits to 1,2,1.
But the record was equalled in 1984, by Frankie Goes To Hollywood. By a strange co-incidence, FGTH had covered Gerry And The Pacemakers' Ferry Cross The Mersey (not one of their #1s) as a bonus track on the 12" of their first chart-topper!
George Michael took his first two solo singles to number one in 1984 and 1986, followed by a duet with Aretha Franklin.
In 1989, Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers took their first three hits to number one. The last of these, Let's Party, made its debut at the top.
As the chart became more open to high new entries, it might have been expected that an act who had enjoyed a first number one would find it easier to follow it up with a second and third, but it wasn't until 1996 that a fifth act joined the club. In doing so, Robson & Jerome became the first act to go straight in at number one with their first three singles. As they retired immediately after the third, they also have a perfect 100% record of number one hits. Their final #1 - a triple-A-side - included a cover of Gerry's final #1, You'll Never Walk Alone.
Spice Girls took their first three singles to #1 in 1996, though contrary to popular belief they didn't enter at #1 with the first (it debuted at #3). The group went on to set a new record with all of their first six singles going to the top.
In May 1998, Aqua became the first overseas act to take their first three singles to number one. Their second and third had debuted at the top. They were followed by B*Witched, who became the first group to enter in the top position with each of their first four singles.
Westlife now hold the record, with their first six (seven including a collaboration with Mariah Carey) debuting at number one. Each of their first eleven singles entered in the top two, and each of their first thirteen entered inside the top five, both also new records.
In 2002, the Will Young / Gareth Gates duet The Long And Winding Road completed hat-tricks for both singers. Solo tracks by each artist also appeared on the single, though only the Gates track Suspicious Minds recieved a chart credit. Gates has since gone on to a fourth straight chart-topper.
DROPS FROM THE TOP
Although chart turnover has been faster than ever in recent years, it is still comparatively rare for a single to drop out of the top five from number one. These are the records that have done so:
To number 6:
16.01.53 Here In My Heart Al Martino
20.01.56 Rock Around The Clock Bill Haley & His Comets
23.06.60 Cathy's Clown Everly Brothers
11.04.63 Summer Holiday Cliff Richard and the Shadows
15.06.74 Sugar Baby Love The Rubettes
17.07.76 You To Me Are Everything Real Thing
26.06.79 Bright Eyes Art Garfunkel
10.01.81 There's No One Quite Like Grandma St Winifred's School Choir
14.11.81 It's My Party Dave Stewart with Barbara Gaskin
30.04.83 Let's Dance David Bowie
23.03.85 You Spin Me Round (Like A Record) Dead Or Alive
10.05.86 A Different Corner George Michael
11.03.89 Belfast Child Simple Minds
18.01.97 2 Become 1 Spice Girls
22.02.97 Discotheque U2
17.05.97 Love Won't Wait Gary Barlow
31.10.98 Gym And Tonic Spacedust
30.01.99 A Little Bit More 911
02.03.02 World Of Our Own Westlife
22.06.02 Light My Fire Will Young
To number 7:
14.03.63 Wayward Wind Frank Ifield
22.09.73 Young Love Donny Osmond
07.05.77 Knowing Me Knowing You Abba
08.02.97 Beetlebum Blur
19.09.98 Bootie Call All Saints
To number 8:
24.01.68 Hello Goodbye The Beatles
18.01.75 Lonely This Christmas Mud
12.04.97 Block Rockin' Beats Chemical Brothers
10.05.97 Blood On The Dance Floor Michael Jackson
15.04.00 Fool Again Westlife
25.11.00 Same Old Brand New You A1
28.04.01 What Took You So Long Emma Bunton
To number 9:
06.01.56 Christmas Alphabet Dickie Valentine
01.06.61 You're Driving Me Crazy Temperance Seven
17.03.66 These Boots Are Made For Walking Nancy Sinatra
19.01.91 Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter Iron Maiden
03.04.99 Blame It On The Weatherman B*Witched
To number 10:
14.01.84 Only You Flying Pickets
To number 12:
10.01.58 Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte
Four singles have dropped one place at a time, 1-2-3-4-5: Finger Of Suspicion by Dickie Valentine, It's All In The Game by Tommy Edwards, You Are Not Alone by Michael Jackson and Eminem's The Real Slim Shady. In fact, Finger Of Suspicion followed its week at number 5 with a week jointly at number 5 with a climbing record. Had a modern tie-break been used, Finger would have gone 1-2-3-4-5-6!
Speaking of ol' Dickie, from 1956, Dickie Valentine's Christmas Alphabet solely held the record for the shortest chart run of any number one hit - just seven weeks. This was equalled in 1987 by Ferry Aid's version of Let It Be, and again in 1989 by another charity disc Ferry Cross The Mersey by an all-star conglomeration led by Gerry Marsden. The record was finally beaten in January 1990 by two consecutive chart-toppers, Let's Party by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers and Do They Know It's Christmas? by Band Aid II, each with just six weeks on chart. In 1991, Iron Maiden brought the record down to just five weeks with their classic Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter. U2 nearly matched this with The Fly later in the year, vacating the chart with a run of just five weeks but then spoiling its record by re-entering for a further week. In 1997, Blur's Beetlebum did likewise, but did set several new records on its way down: it was the first #1 to spend just 2 weeks in the top 20 and 3 in the top 40, and set the record for the biggest drop in the second week by a number one debutant, dropping 1-7 (this record broken only a few weeks later by Chemical Brothers with Block Rockin' Beats which fell to 8; the record is now 1-9 by Blame It On The Weatherman, the fourth and final number one by B*Witched.)
By way of contrast, the single which remained in the charts longest after dropping from #1 is also the single with the most consecutive weeks on chart: Englebert Humperdinck's extraordinary debut hit Release Me. Its last week at number one was its eleventh on chart; it went on to notch up a further 45 chart weeks taking it to an amazing total of 56 weeks on chart.
NUMBER ONE IN TWO OR MORE VERSIONS
One song has been #1 in four versions:
Unchained Melody Jimmy Young; Righteous Brothers; Robson & Jerome; Gareth Gates
Written by Alex North (music) and Hy Zaret (words).
The song was originally recorded by the Alex North Orchestra with vocals by Todd Duncan for the 1955 film Unchained. The movie flopped; the song survived. American singer Al Hibbler was credited with a number one version (with Jimmy Young at 2) in the Record Mirror chart.
Two songs have been number one in three versions:
You'll Never Walk Alone Gerry & The Pacemakers; The Crowd; Robson & Jerome
Written by Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II (words).
This anthemic singalong first appeared in the musical Carousel in 1948. Popularised in the USA by Louis Armstrong, in the UK it has become strongly associated with football, and especially with Liverpool FC, who have recorded it in various line-ups.
Spirit In The Sky Norman Greenbaum; Doctor And The Medics; Gareth Gates and the Kumars
Words and music by Norman Greenbaum.
Many people wrongly assume that Greenbaum was an evangelical Christian - in fact he was, and still is, Jewish, but thought it would be fun (and a little more profitable) to write a rock song about Jesus. Subsequent versions have kept the joke going by recording it in Pagan and Hindu contexts - but as yet, no Christian version. (Thanks to Jenny for pointing this out.)
The following songs have been #1 in two versions:
Answer Me David Whitfield; Frankie Laine
Baby Come Back Equals; Pato Banton
Can't Help Falling In Love Elvis Presley; UB40
Cherry Pink And Apple Blossom White Perez Prado & his Orchestra; Eddie Calvert
Dizzy Tommy Roe; Vic Reeves and the Wonderstuff
Do They Know It's Christmas? Band Aid; Band Aid II
Everything I Own Ken Boothe; Boy George
Eternal Flame Bangle; Atomic Kitten
I Believe Frankie Laine; Robson & Jerome
I Got You Babe Sonny & Cher; UB40 with Chrissie Hynde
Killer Adamski; Queen & George Michael (EP track - medley with Papa Was A Rolling Stone)
Lady Marmalade All Saints; Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mya & Pink
Living Doll Cliff Richard & the Drifters; Cliff Richard & The Young Ones
Mambo No.5 Lou Bega; Bob The Builder
Mary's Boy Child Harry Belafonte; Boney M (medley with Oh My Lord)
Seasons In The Sun Terry Jacks; Westlife
Singing The Blues Guy Mitchell; Tommy Steele
Somethin' Stupid Nancy Sinatra & Frank Sinatra; Robbie Williams and Nicole Kidman
Take A Chance On Me Abba; Erasure (EP track)
This Ole House Rosemary Clooney; Shakin' Stevens
The Tide Is High Blondie; Atomic Kitten (medley with Get The Feeling)
Three Lions Baddiel & Skinner & The Lightning Seeds (two different recordings)
Tragedy Bee Gees; Steps
Uptown Girl Billy Joel; Westlife
When The Going Gets Tough Billy Ocean; Boyzone
With A Little Help From My Friends Joe Cocker; Wet Wet Wet
Without You Nilsson; Mariah Carey
Young Love Tab Hunter; Donny Osmond
Ice Ice Baby by Vanilla Ice was heavily based on Under Pressure by Queen and David Bowie (even though Ice denied it at the time).
I'll Be Missing You by Puff Daddy and Faith Evans featuring 112 set new words to the backing of Every Breath You Take by The Police.
We're Going To Ibiza! by Vengaboys set new words to the backing of Barbados by Typically Tropical.
Both Fastlove by George Michael and Men In Black by Will Smith used samples from Patrice Rushen's #8 hit Forget Me Nots - the Smith track using Rushen's backing more heavily than Michael's.
Rise by Gabrielle was based on Bob Dylan's song Knockin' On Heaven's Door, a cover of which had been a #1 hit for Dunblane.
Angel by Shaggy was set to the bassline of The Joker by Steve Miller Band.
Freak Like Me by Sugababes was partly based on Tubeway Army's Are Friends Electric?.
The medley Swing The Mood by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers incorporated bits of Bill Haley and his Comets' #1 Rock Around The Clock and remakes of Elvis Presley's #1s All Shook Up and Jailhouse Rock.
The medley That's What I Like by Jive Bunny And The Mastermixers included a snippet of Jerry Lee Lewis' #1 Great Balls Of Fire.
I actually had to listen to the Jive Bunny records to get those last two. Can I have my OBE now please?
LONGEST NUMBER ONE RECORD
The Animals caused quite a sensation when, in 1964, their House Of The Rising Sun became the first number one to top the four minute mark. But it wasn't until 1968 that The Beatles set the benchmark for really long number ones with the seven-and-a-quarter minute Hey Jude. Even today, such extent is considered uncommercial, and while long tracks may be released, most have shorter edits alongside to sweeten the pill. The following are therefore the only number one hits to run for more than seven minutes. It is probably fair to say that in all cases, the actual songs have been somewhat swamped by the artist's desire to create an "epic":
9.38 All Around The World Oasis
7.58 I'd Do Anything For Love (But I Won't Do That) Meat Loaf
7.32 D'You Know What I Mean? Oasis
7.15 Hey Jude The Beatles
Don McLean's American Pie (8.27) and Laurie Anderson's O Superman (8.21) both peaked at number two; one place higher and either one would have comfortably made the list above.
The longest chart single, and longest top ten hit, is Blue Room by The Orb with a running time of 39.58 on one of two CD formats, though it was also available in several shorter edits. The longest chart single with no shorter edit available is N-Joi's Live In Manchester, an improvised jam which reached #12 in 1992. The shorter of the two parts is part 1, with a running time of 13.41.
The shortest number one hit is What Do You Want by Adam Faith, with a running time of 1.35. (Thanks to Theo for that one.) The shortest top ten hit is United States Of Whatever by Liam Lynch (1.26). It beat Elvis Presley's Party by one second. I have seen Hayley Mills' Let's Get Together listed as the shortest Top 40 hit but I do not have a precise timing for it.
The US record-holder for shortest Top 40 hit is Some Kinda Earthquake by Duane Eddy, which would have topped (or bottomed?) the list in the UK too - had it not been re-edited from its original 1.17 to a less paltry 2.01 for its UK release.
The shortest Top 75 hit is Millennium Chimes by Big Ben. Yes, that Big Ben.
FAMILY CONNECTIONS
The following combinations of relatives have topped the charts:
Father & Son:
Julio Iglesias (solo 1981) and Enrique Iglesias (solo 2002)
Chip Hawkes (in The Tremeloes 1967) and Chesney Hawkes (solo 1990)
Ringo Starr (in The Beatles 1963) and Zac Starkey (in The Crowd 1985)
Father & Daughter:
Frank Sinatra and Nancy Sinatra (both solo and together)
Mother & Son:
Hilda Woodward and Rob Woodward (both in Lieutenant Pigeon 1972)
Brother & Sister:
Shane Lynch (Boyzone) and Edele and Keavy Lynch (B*Witched).
Chart-topping groups which feature brothers in their line-ups include The Kinks, The Osmonds, The Real Thing, UB40, Oasis, Bee Gees, Spandau Ballet, The Jacksons (well, obviously) and no doubt plenty of others that I've forgotten. (And who'd bet against the The Pipes And Drums And Military Band Of The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards including at least one pair of brothers?). One impressive fraternal feat belongs to brothers Mike McGear and Paul McCartney, the only blood relations to write two consecutive chart-toppers (respectively, Lily The Pink by The Scaffold and Ob-La-Di Ob-La-Da as recorded by The Marmalade) and incidentally the only brothers to have both had christmas number ones.
Chart-topping groups featuring sisters include Sister Sledge (uh-huh...), All Saints and B*Witched.
Very few husband-and-wife combinations have topped the charts. Esther and Abi Ofarim, Sonny and Cher, and Enigma were husband-and-wife duos. Abba were uniquely made up of two married couples (at least to start with). The Goombay Dance Band also featured a married couple. Happy couple Gillian Gilbert and Steven Morris of New Order don't count as they didn't marry until several years after their number one hit. Siobhan Fahey of Shakespear's Sister and David A Stewart of Eurythmics were married (to each other, that is) at the time of her chart-topper but not at the time of his.
OTHER NUMBER ONE FACTS AND FEATS
The youngest solo chart-topper remains Little Jimmy Osmond who was just 9 when Long Haired Lover From Liverpool gave him the 1972 christmas number one. However, Dawn Ralph was just 8 when she sang lead on There's No One Quite Like Grandma by St Winifred's School Choir, and it is likely that some members of the choir were even younger. A children's chorus also featured on Clive Dunn's #1 Grandad but I suspect these were older children.
The first act to write their own number one hit was Dreamweavers. Young songwriters Wade Buff and Eugene Adkinson formed the group in desperation after their song It's Almost Tomorrow was repeatedly turned down by music publishers.
The first number one hit to be written, produced and entirely performed by a single person was A Different Corner by George Michael.
The last single to reach number 1 without the benefit of a CD format being available was Bring Your Daughter... To The Slaughter by Iron Maiden. They did in fact release a CD format a couple of weeks later but it didn't count toward their chart position as the single was already available on the maximum five formats (four vinyl and one cassette).
Only one Nobel Prize winner has ever written a UK number one hit single. US Vice-President Charles Gates Dawes, who won the Peace Prize in 1925, also wrote the melody of Tommy Edwards' 1958 chart-topper It's All In The Game. Carl Sigman wrote the words.
Mr Vain by Culture Beat was the first single since the 1950s to reach number one without being available on vinyl.
Only once since 1955 has there ever been an instance of three consecutive chart-toppers all being covers of previously-charted songs: In September 2001, Too Close by Blue (previously a hit for Next); Mambo No.5 by Bob The Builder (previously a hit for Lou Bega) and Hey Baby by DJ Otzi (formerly a hit for Bruce Channel) each had a week at the top.
Speaking of covers, during 2000, five cover versions reached number one. In four cases, the original had peaked at number 2; the fifth (We Will Rock You) had been the b-side of a number 2 hit.
UB40 enjoyed a string of hits with original material, yet all three of their number one hits were covers.
During the 80s, Neil Diamond's song Red Red Wine and David Gates' song Everything I Own reached the top spot as reggae covers (for UB40 and Boy George respectively). In both cases, the artists who took the song to the top were unaware of the original folk-rock versions and had taken previous reggae-fied covers as their source - namely Ken Boothe's version of Everything I Own and Tony Tribe's remake of Red Red Wine.
The fastest hat-trick of number one hits was by John Lennon - he notched up three number one hits in the space of just eight weeks following his death in December 1980.
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i don't know
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What temperature, in degrees centigrade, is Absolute Zero?
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Temperature Scales
Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero
Four Temperature Scales
The most commonly used temperature scale in the US today is the Fahrenheit scale, abbreviated F. In this scale, water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. (This only holds strictly when atmospheric pressure equals the average sea level pressure. At high altitudes, water boils at a lower temperature, as anyone who cooks in the mountains knows.)
Another common scale is the Celsius (also called Centigrade) scale. In this scale, water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100 degrees.
To convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius use this formula:
Fahrenheit Temperature = (Celsius Temperature)x(9/5) + 32
There are also temperature scales in which zero is absolute zero , the lowest possible temperature. (People have gotten close to absolute zero, but have never reached it. According to theory, we never will.) Absolute zero is at -273.15 Celsius, or -459.67 Fahrenheit.
The Kelvin temperature scale uses the same size degree as Celsius, but has its zero set to absolute zero. To convert from Celsius to Kelvin, add 273.15 to the Celsius reading.
The Rankine temperature scale uses the same size degree as Fahrenheit, but has its zero set to absolute zero. To convert from Fahrenheit to Rankine, add 459.67 to the Fahrenheit reading.
To convert from Kelvin to Rankine, multiply the Kelvin temperature by 9/5.
Here's one example of temperature comparisons: 68 Fahrenheit is the same as 20 Celsius, 293.15 Kelvin, and 527.67 Rankine. For other comparisons, see the table below.
Fahrenheit
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273
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Who became Emperor of Rome after Tiberius?
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What is absolute zero? | Cool Cosmos
What is absolute zero?
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature possible. At a temperature of absolute zero there is no motion and no heat. Absolute zero occurs at a temperature of 0 degrees Kelvin, or -273.15 degrees Celsius, or at -460 degrees Fahrenheit.
Continue the conversation on
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i don't know
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What is the name of the longest bone in the upper arm?
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Arm Bones | Bones of the Arm | Learn Bones
In anatomy, the entire arm is divided into two regions,
the upper portion above the elbow known as the upper arm
and the lower portion below the elbow known as the forearm.
Sometimes the the entire arm is referred to as the upper limb and the two portions are the arm and forearm. However, for our purposes we will use the terms upper arm and forearm.
Below are detailed diagrams and information regarding the arm bones (upper arm bones and forearm bones). Learn the names of the arm bones and arm anatomy trough the arm bones diagram.
List of all Arm Bones
extensor primi internodii pollicis
and the pronator teres muscles
Furthermore, the radius is found on each arm thus contributing a total of two bones to the human body skeleton.
Ulna
The ulna is the third and final bone of the arm.
This bone runs parallel to the radius from the elbow to the wrist.
Like the other arm bones, the ulna is relatively long and slightly curved.
The primary function of the ulna is allowing motion and supporting the arm.
An ulna exists on each arm and thus contributes two bones to the total human body skeleton.
The ulna is also the site of attachment for many muscles and ligaments.
Examples of muscles attaching to the ulna include
the triceps brachii muscle
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Humerus
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Which English composer lived from 1872 to 1958. His last opera was 'Pilgrim's Progress'?
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Chapter 6: The bones of the upper limb
Chapter 6: The bones of the upper limb
Clavicle
The clavicle, or collar bone (figs. 6-1 , 6-2 , 6-3 and 6-4 ), connects the trunk to the upper limb by extending from the manubrium of the sternum to the acromion of the scapula. It is technically a long bone with a shaft and two ends, it can be readily palpated, and it is one of the most commonly fractured bones in the body (usually at the junction of its medial two thirds and lateral one third).
The medial end is rounded and is part of the sternoclavicular joint. The medial two thirds of the shaft is convex anteriorward and arches anterior to the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels. The costoclavicular ligament is attached to its inferior aspect, and a shallow groove lodges the subclavius muscle. The lateral third of the shaft is concave anteriorward and is flattened. The conoid and trapezoid parts of the coracoclavicular ligament are attached to the inferior aspect and resists upward displacement of the lateral part of the clavicle. The lateral end of the clavicle is part of the acromioclavicular joint. A vertical line through the midpoint of the clavicle is used in surface anatomy to define the midclavicular line.
The clavicle is the first bone to begin ossification, which occurs in connective tissue ("membrane") during the seventh postovulatory week. The clavicle may be defective or absent in cleidocranial dysostosis. An epiphysial center usually develops at the medial end only.
Scapula
The scapula, or shoulder blade (figs. 6-3 , 6-4 , 6-5 , 6-6 , 6-7 , 6-8 , 6-9 and 6-10 ), is a large, flat, triangular bone that connects the clavicle to the humerus. Its body rests on the superior part of the posterolateral thorax, and the bone includes both a spine that articulates with the acromion and a coracoid process.
The scapula is highly mobile. In the anatomical position, the glenoid cavity is directed anteriorward as well as lateralward. Thus, abduction of the arm in the plane of the scapula moves the arm in an anterolateral direction.
The body of the scapula is triangular and has a concave costal surface (subscapular fossa) applied to the thorax and a dorsal surface, which is divided by the spine of the bone. The smaller superior part is the supraspinous fossa, and the inferior portion is the infraspinous fossa. The superior border of the scapula has the suprascapular notch. The medial border, usually convex, can be seen and felt. The inferior angle and the medial border usually ossify from separate epiphysial centers. The superior part of the lateral border ends in the infraglenoid tubercle. The superolateral part of the scapula is the location of the piriform glenoid cavity for articulation with the head of the humerus. The supraglenoid tubercle lies superior to the cavity.
The spine of the scapula projects horizontally posteriorward from the body of the bone, and its crest can be felt subcutaneously. The trapezius and deltoid are attached to the crest. The lateral aspect of the spine is called the acromion, which articulates with the clavicle. The acromion is a subcutaneous process of the scapula, and it ossifies independently. Clinically the arm is measured from the angle of the acromion to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
The coracoid process projects anteriorward and can be felt indistinctly inferior to the junction of the lateral and intermediate thirds of the clavicle. It is usually ossified from two epiphysial centers.
Humerus
The humerus (figs. 6-3 , 6-4 , and 6-11 , 6-12 , 6-13 , 6-14 , 6-15 , 6-16 and 6-17 ) is the bone of the shoulder and arm. It articulates with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.
The proximal end consists of the head, anatomical neck, and greater and lesser tubercles separated from each other by an intertubercular groove. The head, almost hemispherical, faces medial, superior, and posterior. The anatomical neck is at the periphery of the head, The greater tubercle projects laterally, beyond the acromion. Unless the shoulder is dislocated, a ruler will not make contact simultaneously with the acromion and the lateral epicondyle. The greater tubercle is covered by the deltoid muscle, which is responsible for the normal, rounded contour of the shoulder. The lesser tubercle projects anteriorward (see fig. 6-13 ). The intertubercular groove contains the tendon of the long head of the biceps. The surgical neck, a common site of fracture of the humerus, is the point at which the superior portion of the bone meets the shaft. The axillary nerve lies in contact with the surgical neck (see fig. 6-12 ).
The shaft has anterolateral, anteromedial, and posterior surfaces and lateral, anterior, and medial borders. The deltoid muscle is inserted into a tuberosity on the anterolateral surface at about the middle of the shaft. The radial nerve runs inferiorward and lateral on the posterior surface in a shallow, oblique groove (see fig. 6-12 ).
The distal end of the humerus includes the lateral and medial epicondyles and a condyle consisting of the capitulum and trochlea. The lateral epicondyle gives origin to the supinator and to the extensor muscles of the forearm. The capitulum articulates with the head of the radius. The trochlea is a pulley-shaped projection that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna. It is set obliquely, so that a "carrying angle" exists between the arm and the extended and supinated forearm. Radial and coronoid fossae are situated anterior and superior to the capitulum and trochlea, respectively. A deeper olecranon fossa is located posteriorly, superior to the trochlea. The medial epicondyle gives origin to the flexor muscles of the forearm. The ulnar nerve lies in a groove posterior to the medial epicondyle and is palpable there ("funny bone"). The medial epicondyle gives an indication of the direction in which the head of the humerus is pointing in any given position of the arm. The distal end of the humerus is angulated anteriorward, and a decrease in the normal angulation suggests a supracondylar fracture.
Because of their contact with the humerus, the axillary, radial, and ulnar nerves may be injured in fractures of the surgical neck, shaft, and medial epicondyle, respectively.
The shaft begins to ossify during the eighth postovulatory week, and a center is usually present in the head at birth. Centers for the greater and lesser tubercles appear postnatally, as do four centers for the distal end.
Radius
The radius (figs. 6-16 , 6-17 , 6-18 , 6-19 , 6-20 , 6-21 , 6-22 , 6-23 and 6-24 ) is shorter than and lateral to the ulna. The proximal end articulates with the humerus, the medial aspect with the ulna, and thedistal end with the carpus.
The proximal end consists of a head, neck, and tuberosity. The superior, concave surface of the head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. The circumference of the head articulates with the ulna medially but is elsewhere covered by the annular ligament (see fig. 9-6 ). The head of the radius can be felt immediately inferior to the lateral epicondyle (in the "valley" behind the brachioradialis), particularly during rotation. The tuberosity of the radius is situated on the anteromedial aspect, immediately distal to the neck.
The shaft has anterior, posterior, and lateral surfaces and anterior, posterior, and interosseous borders. The interosseous border is attached by the interosseous membrane to a corresponding border on the ulna (see fig. 6-23 ).
The distal end of the radius terminates in the styloid process laterally. The process is palpable between the extensor tendons of the thumb. It gives attachment to the radial collateral ligament. The styloid process of the radius is about 1 cm distal to that of the ulna. This relationship is important in the diagnosis of fractures and in the verification of their correct reduction. On its medial side, the distal end of the radius has an ulnar notch, for articulation with the head of the ulna. At about the middle of the convex dorsal aspect of the distal end of the radius, a small prominence, the dorsal tubercle, may be felt (see fig. 6-22 ). The inferior surface of the distal end articulates with the lunate (medial) and the scaphoid (lateral).
A fall on the outstretched hand may result in a (Colles') fracture of the distal end of the radius, in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly and generally becomes impacted, bringing the styloid processes of the radius and ulna to approximately the same horizontal level.
The shaft begins to ossify during the eighth postovulatory week, and centers appear postnatally for the lower end and the head (see fig. 6-20 ).
Ulna
The ulna (figs. 6-16 , 6-17 , 6-18 , 6-19 , 6-20 , 6-21 , 6-23 , 6-24 , 6-25 and 6-26 ) is longer than and medial to the radius. It articulates with the humerus proximally, the radius laterally, and the articular disc distally.
The proxiaml end includes the olecranon and the coronoid process. The olecranon is the prominence of the posterior elbow, which rests on a table when a subject leans on his elbow. The lateral epicondyle, the tip of the olecranon, and the medial epicondyle are in a straight line when the forearm is extended, but form an equilateral triangle when the forearm is flexed. The superior aspect of the olecranon receives the insertion of the triceps. The posterior aspect, covered by a bursa, is subcutaneous. The antierior part of the olecranon forms a part of the trochlear notch, which articulates with the trochlea of the humerus. The coronoid process, which completes the trochlear notch, projects anteriorward and engages the coronoid fossa of the humerus during flexion. It is prolonged inferiorward as a rough area termed the tuberosity of the ulna. The radial notch is on the lateral aspect of the coronoid process and articulates with the head of the radius.
The shaft has anterior, posterior, and medial surfaces and anterior, posterior, and interosseous borders. The posterior border is completely subcutaneous and readily palpable. It separates the flexor from the extensor muscles of the forearm.
The distal end includes the styloid process and the head. The styloid process, small and conical, is situated on its posteromedial aspect and is readily palpable. The head of the ulna articulates with the ulnar notch of the radius. The inferior aspect of the head is separated from the carpus by the articular disc.
The shaft begins to ossify during the eighth postovulatory week, and centers appear postnatally for the distal and proxiaml ends of the bone (see figs. 6-17 and 6-20 ).
The relationships of joint capsules to epiphysial lines (see figs. 6-15 and 6-26 ) are important, because epiphysial discs tend to limit the extent of infection, but it is possible for infection to spread from the shaft to the joint when part of the diaphysis is intracapsular.
Carpus
The carpal bones, usually eight in number, are arranged in two rows of four (figs. 6-18 , 6-19 , 6-20 , 6-27 , 6-28 and 6-29 ). Their names are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum (or triquetral), pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. The pisiform lies anterior to the triquetrum, whereas each of the other carpals has several facets for articulation with adjacent bones.
The posterior aspect of the intact carpus is convex and the anterior aspect is concave, where it is bridged by the flexor retinaculum to form the carpal canal or tunnel for the flexor tendons and the median nerve. Hence, the posterior surfaces of the carpals are generally larger than the anterior, with the exception of the lunate, where the converse holds. The flexor retinaculum extends between the scaphoid and trapezium laterally and the triquetrum and hamate medially (see fig. 11-2 ). These four bones can be distinguished by deep palpation.
The scaphoid has a tubercle on its anterior side that can be felt under cover of and lateral to the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis. A fall on the outstretched hand may result in fracture of the scaphoid, generally across its "waist." In some fractures the blood supply of the proximal fragment may be compromised, resulting in aseptic necrosis. The lunate is broader on the anterior than the posterior side. Anterior dislocation of the lunate is a fairly common injury of the wrist. In adduction of the hand, the lunate articulates with the radius only, whereas in the neutral position or in abduction, it articulates with the articular disc also (see fig. 6-19 ). The pisiform, the smallest of the carpals and the last to ossify, lies anterior to the triquetrum and can be moved passively from side to side when the flexor carpi ulnaris is relaxed.
The trapezium supports the thumb by means of a saddle-shaped facet for the first metacarpal. Like the adjacent scaphoid, it has an anterior tubercle. The trapezoid is associated with the index finger. The capitate, the largest of the carpals and the first to ossify, is placed centrally and is in line with the third metacarpal. It has a prominent head on its superior side. The hamate sends a marked hook anteriorly, which gives attachment to the flexor retinaculum.
Accessory ossicles are sometimes found between the usual carpal bones, and their possible occurrence should be kept in mind in interpreting radiograms. Carpal fusions (e.g., between the lunate and triquetrum) may also occur.
Each carpal bone usually ossifies from one center postnatally. Those for the capitate and hamate develop first and may appear before birth. Radiography of the carpus is frequently used for the assessment of skeletal maturation: the carpus under consideration being compared to a series of standards.
Metacarpus
The carpus is connected to the phalanges by five metacarpal bones, referred to collectively as the metacarpus. They are numbered from 1 to 5, from the thumb to the little finger. The first is the shortest and the second the longest. They contribute to the palm, and their posterior aspects can be felt under cover of the extensor tendons.
Each metacarpal is technically a long bone, consisting of a base proximally, a shaft, and a head distally. The base articulates with the carpus and, except for that of the first, with the adjacent metacarpal(s) also. The base of the first metacarpal has a saddle-shaped facet for the trapezium. The head of each metacarpal articulates with a proximal phalanx and forms a knuckle of the fist.
The shaft of each metacarpal begins to ossify during fetal life, and centers appear postnatally in the heads of the four medial bones and in the base of the first metacarpal. Accessory centers termed "pseudoepiphyses" are sometimes seen in the head of the first and in the base of the second metacarpal.
Phalanges
The thumb has two phalanges, whereas each of the other fingers has three. They are designated proximal, middle, and distal. Each phalanx is technically a long bone, consisting of a base proximally, a shaft, and a head distally. The base of a proximal phalanx articulates with the head of a metacarpal, and the head of the phalanx presents two condyles for the base of a middle phalanx. Similarly, the head of a middle phalanx presents two condyles for the base of a distal phalanx. Each distal phalanx ends in a rough expansion termed its tuberosity.
Each phalanx begins to ossify during fetal life, and centers appear postnatally in their bases.
Sesamoid bones are found related to the anterior aspects of some of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Two located anterior to the head of the first metacarpal are almost constant.
Additional reading
Frazer's Anatomy of the Human Skeleton, 6th ed., rev. by A. S. Breathnach, Churchill, London, 1965. A detailed, regional synthesis of skeletal and muscular anatomy.
Pyle, S. I., Waterhouse, A. M., and Greulich, W. W., (eds.), A Radiographic Standard of Reference for the Growing Hand and Wrist, Year Book Medical Publishers, Chicago, 1971.
Questions
6-1 Which is the first bone to ossify?
6-1 The clavicle is the first bone to ossify, specifically during the seventh embryonic week. It is followed closely by the mandible and maxilla.
6-2 Where is the clavicle most likely to fracture from indirect violence to the hand or shoulder?
6-2 The clavicle is likely to fracture at the junction of its medial two thirds and lateral one third, i.e., where its two curves meet.
6-3 What is the most lateral bony point of the shoulder?
6-3 The greater tubercle of the humerus is the most lateral bony point of the shoulder.
6-4 Which nerves are particularly prone to injury in fractures of the humerus?
6-4 Depending on the level, the axillary, radial, and ulnar nerves, all of which make direct contact with the humerus, are liable to injury in fractures.
6-5 What is the relationship of the epicondyles of the humerus to the tip of the olecranon?
6-5 As seen from posterior, the epicondyles and the olecranon are in a straight line when the forearm is extended, but they form an equilateral triangle when the forearm is flexed.
6-6 Why is it important to know that the styloid process of the radius ends more distally than that of the ulna?
6-6 To diagnose fractures and verify their correct reduction, it is important to appreciate that the styloid process of the radius ends more distally than that of the ulna.
6-7 What is the most famous fracture of the radius?
6-7 Fracture of the distal end of the radius was described by Abraham Colles in 1814. It is caused by a fall on the palm of the outstretched hand. The distal end of the radius is displaced dorsally ("dinner-fork deformity") and driven into the shaft so that the styloid processes of the radius and ulna are approximately at the same level.
6-8 Which carpal bone is most frequently fractured?
6-8 The scaphoid bone may be fractured across its "waist" following a fall on the outstretched hand. Tenderness is marked over the scaphoid in the anatomical snuff-box.
6-9 Which carpal bone is most frequently dislocated?
6-9 The lunate may be dislocated anteriorly.
6-10 Do any carpals show ossification at birth?
>6-10 Ossification is sometimes found in the carpus at birth. Usually the capitate and hamate do not begin to ossify until during the first postnatal year.
Figure legends
Figure 6-1 The right clavicle, viewed from the anterior, superior and inferior aspects.
Figure 6-2 Muscular, ligamentous, and fascial attachments to the right clavicle.
Figure 6-3 The shoulder of an adult. Note the acromioclavicular joint, glenoid cavity, coracoid process, and inferior angle of the scapula.
Figure 6-4 The shoulder during abduction in a coronal plane. A, Resting position. B, Elevation of the arm to a right angle. C, Elevation of the limb above the head.
Figure 6-5 The right scapula, costal aspect, anatomical position.
Figure 6-6 The right scapula, muscular and ligamentous attachments, costal aspect.
Figure 6-7 The right scapula, dorsal aspect, anatomical position.
Figure 6-8 The right scapula, muscular and ligamentous attachments, dorsal aspect. The extension of the subscapularis origin to the dorsal aspect is inconstant.
Figure 6-9 The right scapula from lateral and medial aspects. The inset illustrates that the superior and inferior parts of the body form an angle, at the level of the spine, that contributes to the depth of the subscapular fossa.
Figure 6-10 The right scapula, muscular and ligamentous attachments, lateral aspect. The origin of the tendon of the long head of the biceps from the supraglenoid tubercle and the glenoid lip is not shown.
Figure 6-11 The right humerus. In the lowermost cross section, capital letters indicate surfaces and small letters indicate borders.
Figure 6-12 Anterior and posterior views of the right humerus, showing muscular and ligamentous attachments. Note that the insertion of the deltoid muscle is fused with the pectoralis major (anterior) and with the lateral head of the triceps (posterior). The portion of the humerus related to the axillary nerve is the surgical neck and is liable to fracture.
Figure 6-13 The right humerus from above, showing the lesser tubercle (anterior), the greater tubercle (lateral), and the intertubercular groove between. The upper arrow indicates the direction in which the medial epicondyle points. The lower arrow indicates the long axis of the head. The angle between the arrows shows the amount of torsion.
Figure 6-14 lateral view of the right humerus, showing muscular and ligamentous attachments.
Figure 6-15 The proximal and distal ends of the right humerus, showing the usual position of the epiphysial lines and the usual line of attachment of the joint capsule. The epiphysial lines at both ends are partly extracapsular. (Modified from Mainland.)
Figure 6-16 Elbows of adults. A, Anteroposterior view. Note the olecranon fossa, trochlea, and medial epicondyle of the humerus; the head and tuberosity of the radius; and the olecranon and coronoid process of the ulna. B, lateral view. Note the olecranon and coronoid process of the ulna. (Courtesy of Sir Thomas lodge.)
Figure 6-17 The elbow. A, The elbow of a child. Note the epiphysis for the capitulum and the lateral part of the trochlea of the humerus. The ulna is at left. B, The elbow of a child. Note the additional epiphyses for the medial epicondyle of the humerus and the head of the radius. C, The elbow of a child, oblique view, showing epiphyses for the capitulum, lateral part of the trochlea, and medial epicondyle. D, The epiphysis for the proximal end of the ulna. Note also the epiphysis for the head of the radius. E, A radiograph of the dried bones of a 5-year-old boy. Note the outline of the cartilage. F, The flexed elbow of an adult. Note the medial epicondyle (arrow on left) and the joint line between the olecranon and the trochlea (arrow on right). (A, B, and C, Courtesy of S. F. Thomas, M.D., Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, California. 0, Courtesy of G. L. Sackett, M.D., Painesville, Ohio. F, Courtesy of V. C. Johnson, M.D., Detroit, Michigan.)
Figure 6-18 Hands of adults. A, Postero-anterior view. Note the hook of the hamate and the sesamoid bones of the first, second, and fifth fingers. B, Oblique view. (A and B, Courtesy of S. F. Thomas, M.D., Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, California.)
Figure 6-19 The hand in various positions. A, B, and C are postero-anterior views. (Note the relation to the radius of the joint line between the lunate and the triquetrum.) D, E, and F are lateral views. A, Adduction. B, Straight position. C, Abduction. D, Extension. E, Straight position. Note the lunate, capitate, scaphoid, and trapezium. F, Flexion.
Figure 6-20 Various views of the hand. A and B, The forearm and hand in supination (A) and pronation (B). C, The hand of a child. Note the epiphyses for the distal ends of the radius and ulna and for the base of the first metacarpal and an accessory epiphysis for the base of the second metacarpal. D, The hand of a child. The pisiform does not yet show. Note the epiphyses for the metacarpals and phalanges. E and F, The index finger in extension (E) and flexion (F). Note the shift in position (relative to the heads of the proximal and middle phalanges) of the bases of the middle and distal phalanges. (A, B, E, and F, Courtesy of S. F. Thomas, M.D., Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Palo Alto, California. C, Courtesy of J. Lofstrom, M.D., Detroit Memorial Hospital, Detroit, Michigan.)
Figure 6-21 The right radius and ulna, anterior view. Cross-sections of the midportions of the shafts show the arrangement of surfaces and borders. Capital letters indicate surfaces, and small letters indicate borders.
Figure 6-22 The right radius. In the lateral view, note the shallow groove immediately to the right of the styloid process; this is occupied by the tendons of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. In the posterior view, note that the dorsal tubercle is grooved; the groove is occupied by the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus. The tendons of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis lie to the radial side of the tubercle; the tendons of the extensor indicis and extensor digitorum lie to the ulnar side.
Figure 6-23 Muscular and ligamentous attachments to the right radius and ulna. About midway on the shaft of the radius is a rough area for the insertion of the pronator teres, inferior to which the shaft is covered by the tendons of the brachioradialis and the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis. The interosseous membrane gives origin in part to the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus.
Figure 6-24 The right radius and ulna, showing muscular and ligamentous attachments, posterior aspect.
Figure 6-25 The right ulna.
Figure 6-26 The proximal and distal ends of the right radius and ulna, showing the usual position of the epiphysial lines and the usual line of attachment of the joint capsule. The epiphysial line of the head of the radius is intracapsular, that of the proximal end of the ulna partly or entirely extracapsular, and those of the distal end extracapsular. The additional views of the ulna (upper two figures) show a variation in the position of the epiphysial line. (Modified from Mainland.)
Figure 6-27 Bones of the right hand, anterior and posterior aspects. The sesamoids shown are those commonly present.
Figure 6-28 Bones of the right hand, showing muscular attachments, anterior view. The flexor pollicis brevis is not shown. Of the interossei, only the palmar (P) ones are shown.
Figure 6-29 Bones of the right hand, showing muscular and tendinous attachments, posterior view. Each dorsal interosseous muscle (D) arises from the shafts of adjacent metacarpals.
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocalypse
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Apocalypse
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Apocalypse, from the verb apokalypto, to reveal, is the name given to the last book in the Bible . It is also called the Book of Revelation.
Although a Christian work, the Apocalypse belongs to a class of literature dealing with eschatological subjects and much in vogue among the Jews of the first century before, and after, Christ .
Authenticity
The author of the Apocalypse calls himself John. "John to the seven churches which are in Asia " ( Apocalypse 1:4 ). And again, "I, John, your brother and your partner in tribulation . . . was in the island which called Patmos , for the word of God " ( 1:9 ).
The Seer does not further specify his personality. But from tradition we know that the Seer of the Apocalypse was John the Apostle the son of Zebedee, the Beloved Disciple of Jesus . At the end of the second century the Apocalypse was acknowledged by the historical representatives of the principal churches as the genuine work of John the Apostle .
In Asia , Melito , Bishop of Sardis , one of the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse, acknowledged the Revelation of John and wrote a commentary on it ( Eusebius , Church History IV.26 ). In Gaul, Irenaeus firmly believes in its Divine and Apostolic authority ( Against Heresies 5.30 ). In Africa, Tertullian frequently quotes Revelation without apparent misgivings as to its authenticity ( Against Marcion III ). In Italy , Bishop Hippolytus assigns it to the Apostle St. John , and the Muratorian Fragment (a document about the beginning of the third century) enumerates it along with the other canonical writings , adding, it is true , apocryphal Apocalypse of St. Peter , but with the clause, quam quidam ex nostris in ecclesia legi nolunt. The Vetus Itala, moreover, the standard Latin version in Italy and Africa during the third century, contained the Apocalypse. In Egypt , Clement and Origen believed without hesitation in its Joannine authorship. They were both scholars and men of critical judgment. Their opinion is all the more valuable as they had no sympathy with the millennial teaching of the book. They contented themselves with an allegorical interpretation of certain passages but never ventured to impugn its authority.
Approaching more closely the apostolic age we have the testimony of St. Justin Martyr , about the middle of the second century. From Eusebius ( Church History IV.18.8 ), as well as from his dialogue with the Jew, Tryphon (c. 81), held in Ephesus, the residence of the apostle , we know that he admitted the authenticity of the Apocalypse. Another witness of about the same time is Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis , a place not far from Ephesus. If he himself had not been a hearer of St. John , he certainly was personally acquainted with several of his disciples ( Eusebius , Church History III.39 ). His evidence however is but indirect. Andreas, Bishop of Caesarea , in the prologue to his commentary on the Apocalypse, informs us that Papias admitted its inspired character. From the Apocalypse undoubtedly Papias derived his ideas of the millennium , on which account Eusebius decries his authority, declaring him to have been a man of limited understanding. The apostolic writings which are extant furnish no evidence for the authenticity of the book.
Arguments against its authenticity
The Alogi , about A.D. 200, a sect so called because of their rejection of the logos-doctrine, denied the authenticity of the Apocalypse, assigning it to Cerinthus (Epiphanius, LI, ff, 33; cf. Irenaeus , Against Heresies III.11.9 ). Caius, a presbyter in Rome , of about the same time, holds a similar opinion. Eusebius quotes his words taken from his Disputation: "But Cerinthus by means of revelations which he pretended were written by a great Apostle falsely pretended to wonderful things, asserting that after the resurrection there would be an earthly kingdom" ( Church History III.28 ). The most formidable antagonist of the authority of the Apocalypse is Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, disciple of Origen . He is not opposed to the supposition that Cerinthus is the writer of the Apocalypse. "For", he says, "this is the doctrine of Cerinthus , that there will be an earthly reign of Christ , and as he was a lover of the body he dreamed that he would revel in the gratification of the sensual appetite ". He himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer. He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle ( Eusebius , Church History VII.25 ). During the fourth and fifth centuries the tendency to exclude the Apocalypse from the list of sacred books continued to increase in the Syro-Palestinian churches. Eusebius expresses no definite opinion. He contents himself with the statement: "The Apocalypse is by some accepted among the canonical books but by others rejected" ( Church History III.25 ). St. Cyril of Jerusalem does not name it among the canonical books ( Catechesis IV.33-36 ); nor does it occur on the list of the Synod of Laodicea , or on that of Gregory of Nazianzus . Perhaps the most telling argument against the apostolic authorship of the book is its omission from the Peshito, the Syrian Vulgate. But although the authorities giving evidence against the authenticity of the Apocalypse deserve full consideration they cannot annul or impair the older and unanimous testimony of the churches. The opinion of its opponents, moreover, was not free from bias. From the manner in which Dionysius argued the question, it is evident that he thought the book dangerous as occasioning crude and sensual notions concerning the resurrection . In the West the Church persevered in its tradition of apostolic authorship. St. Jerome alone seemed to have been influenced by the doubts of the East.
The Apocalypse compared with the Fourth Gospel
The relation between the Apocalypse and the Fourth Gospel has been discussed by authors, both ancient and modern. Some affirm and others deny their mutual resemblance.
The learned Alexandrine Bishop, Dionysius , drew up in his time a list of differences to which modern authors have had little to add. He begins by observing that whereas the Gospel is anonymous, the writer of the Apocalypse prefixes his name, John. He next points out how the characteristic terminology of the Fourth Gospel , so essential to the Joannine doctrine, is absent in the Apocalypse. The terms, "life", "light", "grace", "truth", do not occur in the latter. Nor did the crudeness of diction on the part of the Apocalypse escape him. The Greek of the Gospel he pronounces correct as to grammar, and he even gives its author credit for a certain elegance of style. But the language of the Apocalypse appeared to him barbarous and disfigured by solecisms. He, therefore inclines to ascribe the works to different authors ( Church History VII.25 ).
The upholders of a common authorship reply that these differences may be accounted for by bearing in mind the peculiar nature and aim of each work. The Apocalypse contains visions and revelations . In conformity with other books of the same kind, e.g. the Book of Daniel , the Seer prefixed his name to his work. The Gospel on the other hand is written in the form of an historical record. In the Bible , works of that kind do not bear the signature of their authors. So also as regards the absence of Joannine terminology in the Apocalypse. The object of the Gospel is to prove that Jesus is the life and the light of the world, the fullness of truth and grace. But in the Apocalypse Jesus is the conqueror of Satan and his kingdom. The defects of grammar in the Apocalypse are conceded. Some of them are quite obvious. Let the reader but notice the habit of the author to add an apposition in the nominative to a word in an oblique case; e.g. 3:12 ; 14:12 ; 20:2 . It further contains some Hebrew idioms: e.g. the Hebrew equivalent to erchomenos, "the one that is to come", instead of esomenos, 1:8 . But it should be borne in mind that when the Apostle first came to Ephesus he was, probably wholly ignorant of the Greek tongue.
The comparative purity and smoothness of diction in the Gospel may be adequately accounted for by the plausible conjecture that its literary composition was not the work of St. John but of one of his pupils. The defenders of the identity of authorship further appeal to the striking fact that in both works Jesus is called the Lamb and the Word . The idea of the lamb making atonement for sin by its blood is taken from Isaiah 53 . Throughout the Apocalypse the portraiture of Jesus is that of the lamb . Through the shedding of its blood it has opened the book with seven seals and has triumphed over Satan . In the Gospel Jesus is pointed out by the Baptist as the " Lamb of God . . . him who taketh away the sin of the world" ( John 1:29 ). Some of the circumstances of His death resemble the rite observed in the eating of the paschal lamb , the symbol of redemption . His crucifixion takes place on the selfsame day on which the Passover was eaten ( John 18:28 ). Whilst hanging on the cross, His executioners did not break the bones in His body, that the prophecy might be fulfilled: "no bone in it shall be broken" ( John 19:36 ). The name Logos , "Word", is quite peculiar to the Apocalypse, Gospel and first Epistle of St. John . The first sentence of the Gospel is, "In the beginning was the Word , and the Word was with God , and the Word was God ". The first epistle of St. John begins, "That which was from the beginning which we have heard . . . of the word of life". So also in the Apocalypse, "And his name is called the Word of God " ( 19:13 ).
Time and place
The Seer himself testifies that the visions he is about to narrate were seen by him whilst in Patmos . "I John . . . was in the island which is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus " ( 1:9 ). Patmos is one of the group of small islands close to the coast of Asia Minor , about twelve geographical miles from Ephesus. Tradition , as Eusebius tells us, has handed down that John was banished to Patmos in the reign of Domitian for the sake of his testimony of God's word ( Church History III.18 ). He obviously refers to the passage "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus " ( 1:9 ). It is true that the more probable meaning of this phrase is, "in order to hear the word of God ", etc., and not "banished because of the word of God ", etc., (cf. 1:2 ). But it was quite natural that the Seer should have regarded his banishment to Patmos as prearranged by Divine Providence that in the solitude of the island he might hear God's word . The tradition recorded by Eusebius finds confirmation in the words of the Seer describing himself as "a brother and partaker in tribulation" ( 1:9 ). Irenaeus places the Seer's exile in Patmos at the end of Domitian's reign. "Paene sub nostro saeculo ad finem Domitiani imperii" ( Against Heresies V.4 ). The Emperor Domitian reigned A.D. 81-96. In all matters of Joannine tradition Irenaeus deserves exceptional credit. His lifetime bordered upon the Apostolic age and his master, St. Polycarp , had been among the disciples of St. John . Eusebius , chronicling the statement of Irenaeus without any misgivings, adds as the year of the Seer's exile the fourteenth of Domitian's reign. St. Jerome also, without reserve or hesitation, follows the same tradition . "Quarto decimo anno, secundam post Neronem persecutionem movente Domitiano, in Patmos insulam relegatus, scripsit Apocalypsim" (Ex libro de Script. Eccl). Against the united testimony of these three witnesses of tradition the statement of Epiphanius placing the Seer's banishment in the reign of Claudius, A.D. 41-54, appears exceedingly improbable (Haer., li, 12, 33).
Contents
The revelation made by Jesus the Messias to John .
Salutation (1:4-9)
Salutation prefatory to the seven Epistles, wishing the churches the grace and the peace of God and Jesus .
The vision of Jesus as the Son of Man (1:9-20)
The portrait is taken from Daniel 10 and Henoch 46 . Cf. the phrases, "one like the son of man " ( Apocalypse 1:13 , Daniel 10:16 and 7:13 ); "girded with gold" ( Apocalypse 1:13 ; Daniel 10:5 ); "eyes like flames of fire" ( Apocalypse 1:14 ; Daniel 10:6 ); "a voice like that of a multitude" ( Apocalypse 1:15 ; Daniel 10:6 ); "I fell down like one senseless" ( Apocalypse 1:17 ; Daniel 10:9 ); "and he touched me" ( Apocalypse 1:17 , Daniel 10:18 ); "hair white like wool" ( Apocalypse 1:14 ; Daniel 7:9 ; Henoch 46:1 ).
The epistles to the seven Churches (2:1-3:22)
The Churches are Ephesus, Smyrna , Pergamum , Thyatira , Sardis , Philadelphia , and Laodicea . The Epistles are short exhortations to the Christians to remain steadfast in their faith , to beware of false apostles and to abstain from fornication and from meat offered to idols .
The book with the seven seals
The vision of God enthroned upon the cherubim (chapters 4 and 5)
The throne is surrounded by twenty-four elders. In the right hand of God is a scroll sealed with seven seals . In the midst of the Cherubim and the elders the Seer beholds a lamb , "agnus tamquam occisus", having on its throat the scar of the gash by which it was slain. The Seer weeps because no one either in heaven or on earth can break the seals . He is comforted on hearing that the lamb was worthy to do so because of the redemption it had wrought by its blood. The portrait of the throne is taken from Ezechiel 1 . Compare in both accounts the description of the four beasts. They resemble a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle. Their bodies are full of eyes (cf. Revelation 4:8 ; and Ezekiel 10:12 ). The twenty-four elders were probably suggested by the twenty-four courses of priests ministering in the Temple . The lamb slain for the sins of mankind is from Isaias 53 .
The seven seals and the numbering of the saints (chapters 6 and 7)
At the opening of four seals , four horses appear. Their colour is white, black, red, and sallow, or green (chloros, piebald). They signify conquest, slaughter, dearth and death. The vision is taken from Zechariah 6:1-8 . At the opening of the fifth seal the Seer beholds the martyrs that were slain and hears their prayers for the final triumph. At the opening of the sixth seal the predestined to glory are numbered and marked. The Seer beholds them divided into two classes. First, 144,000 Jews , 12,000 of every tribe . Then a numberless multitude chosen from all nations and tongues.
The seventh seal (chapters 8 and 9)
After the interval of about half an hour, the seventh seal is broken; seven angels issue forth, each one holding a trumpet. The sounding of the first four trumpets causes a partial destruction of the elements of nature. One-third of the earth is burned, as also one-third of the trees and all the grass. One-third of the sea becomes blood (cf. Exodus 7:17 ). One-third of the rivers is turned into water of wormwood. One-third of the sun, moon, and stars is obscured, causing one-third of the day to be dark (cf. Exodus 10:21 ). At the sounding of the fifth trumpet locusts ascend from the abyss . Their work is to torment men for five months, They are specially charged not to touch the grass. Their shape is that of horses ( Joel 2:4 ) their teeth like those of lions ( Joel 1:6 ), their hair like the hair of women . They have the tails of scorpions where with to chastise man . The command over them is held by the Angel of the Abyss , named Abaddon , the destroyer. At the sound of the sixth trumpet the four angels chained at the Euphrates are let loose. They lead forth an army of horsemen. By the fire which the horses spit out and by their tails which are like serpents, one-third of mankind is killed. After the sixth trumpet there are two digressions. (1) The angel standing on the land and the sea. He swears that at the sound of the seventh trumpet the mystery will be completed. He hands to the Seer a little book. When eaten by him it is found sweet to taste, but bitter when once devoured. Taken from Ezekiel 2:8 and 3:3 . (2) The contamination of the court of the Temple by the heathens . It lasts three and a half years. Taken from Daniel 7:25 ; 9:27 ; 12:7-11 . During that time two witnesses are sent to preach in Jerusalem. They are the two olive-trees foretold by Zechariah 4:3-11 . At the end of their mission they are slain by the beast. They are raised to life after three and a half days (= years). The seventh trumpet is now sounded, the nations are judged and the kingdom of Christ is established.
The divine drama
First act (chapters 12-14)
The lamb, the woman, and her seed; and opposed to them, the dragon, the beast from the sea, and the beast from the land. The main idea is taken from Genesis 3:15 . "I will put enmities between thee (the serpent ) and the woman , and thy seed and her seed". The woman is arrayed in heavenly splendour; a crown of twelve stars on her head and the sun and the moon under her feet (cf. Genesis 37:9-10 ). She is in travail. Her first-born is destined to rule all the nation ( Psalm 2:8, 9 ). She herself, and her other seed, are persecuted for three and a half years by the great dragon who tries to kill them. The great dragon is Satan ( Genesis 3:1 ). He is cast out of heaven . With his tail he drags after him one-third of the stars. Taken from Daniel 8:10 . The fallen stars are the fallen angels . The beast from the sea is in great part taken from Daniel's description of the four beasts. It arises from the sea ( Daniel 7:3 ); has seven heads marked all over with blasphemies . It had also ten horns, like the fourth beast of Daniel ( 7:7 ); it resembled a leopard, the third beast of Daniel ( 7:6 ), it had feet like a bear, the second beast of Daniel ( 7:5 ); and teeth like a lion, the first beast of Daniel ( 7:4 ). The great dragon gives full power unto the beast, whereupon all the world worship it (viz. those whose names are not contained in the book of the lamb ). The followers of the beast have its mark on their head and hand. The beast from the land has two horns like a ram. Its power lies in its art of deceiving by means of tokens and miracles . Throughout the remainder of the book it is called the false prophet. Its office is to assist the beast from the sea, and to induce men to adore its image . The first act of the drama concludes with a promise of victory over the beast by the lamb of God .
Second act (chapters 15-16)
The seven vials. They are the seven plagues preceding the destruction of the great city, Babylon. They were for the greater part suggested by the Egyptian plagues . The first vial is poured out on the earth. Men and beasts are smitten with ulcers ( Exodus 9:9-10 ). The second and third vial upon the seas and rivers. They become blood ( Exodus 7:17-21 ). The fourth vial upon the sun. It burns men to death. The fifth vial upon the throne of the beast. It causes great darkness ( Exodus 10:11-29 ). The sixth vial upon the Euphrates. Its waters are dried up and form a passage for the kings of the East ( Exodus 14 ). The seventh upon the air. Storm and earthquake destroy Babylon.
Third act (chapters 17-18)
The great harlot. She is seated upon the scarlet beast with the seven heads and ten horns. She is robed in scarlet and decked with gold. On her head is written: Mystery, Babylon the great. The kings of the earth commit fornication with her. But the day of her visitation has come. She is made a desolate place, the habitation of unclean animals ( Leviticus 13:21-22 ). Her fall is lamented by the rulers and merchants of the earth.
Fourth act (chapters 19-20)
The victory over the beast and the great dragon. A knight appears mounted on a white horse. His name is "The word of God" . He defeats the beast and the false prophet. They are cast alive in the pool of fire. Their defeat is followed by the first resurrection and the reign of Christ for a thousand years . The martyrs rise to life and partake with Christ in glory and happiness . During these thousand years the great dragon is held in chains. At their completion he is once more set at large to torment the earth. He deceives the nations Gog and Magog . These two names are taken from Ezekiel 28 and 39 , where however Gog is the king of Magog. At last he also is cast for all eternity in the pool of fire. Hereupon the general judgement and the resurrection take place.
Fifth act (chapters 21-22)
The new Jerusalem (cf. Ezechiel 40-48 ). God dwells in the midst of His saints who enjoy complete happiness . The new Jerusalem is the spouse of the lamb . The names of the Twelve Tribes and the Twelve Apostles are written on its gates. God and the lamb are the sanctuary in this new city.
Epilogue (verses 18-21)
The prophecy of the book is soon to be fulfilled. The Seer warns the reader not to add anything to it or take away from it under pain of forfeiting his share in the heavenly city .
Purpose of the book
From this cursory perusal of the book, it is evident that the Seer was influenced by the prophecies of Daniel more than by any other book. Daniel was written with the object of comforting the Jews under the cruel persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes. The Seer in the Apocalypse had a similar purpose. The Christians were fiercely persecuted in the reign of Domitian . The danger of apostasy was great. False prophets went about, trying to seduce the people to conform to the heathen practices and to take part in the Caesar-worship. The Seer urges his Christians to remain true to their faith and to bear their troubles with fortitude . He encourages them with the promise of an ample and speedy reward. He assures them that Christ's triumphant coming is at hand. Both in the beginning and at the end of his book the Seer is most emphatic in telling his people that the hour of victory is nigh. He begins, saying: "Blessed is he that . . . keepeth those things which are written in it; for the time is at hand" ( 1:3 ). He closes his visions with the pathetic words: "He that giveth testimony of these things saith, Surely I come quickly: Amen . Come, Lord Jesus ". With the coming of Christ the woes of the Christians will be avenged. Their oppressors will be given up to the judgment and the everlasting torments . The martyrs that have fallen will be raised to life , that they may share the pleasures of Christ's kingdom , the millennium . Yet this is but a prelude to the everlasting beatitude which follows after the general resurrection . It is an article of faith that Christ will return at the end of time to judge the living and the dead. But the time of His second advent is unknown. "But of that day and hour no one knoweth, no, not the angels of heaven , but the Father alone" ( Matthew 24:36 ). It would appear, and is so held by many that the Christians of the Apostolic age expected that Christ would return during their own lifetime or generation. This seems to be the more obvious meaning of several passages both in the Epistles and Gospels (cf. John 21:21-23 , 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18 ). The Christians of Asia Minor and the Seer with them, appear to have shared this fallacious expectation. Their mistaken hope , however, did not affect the soundness of their belief in the essential part of the dogma . Their views of a millennial period of corporal happiness were equally erroneous . The Church has wholly cast aside the doctrine of a millennium previous to the resurrection . St. Augustine has perhaps more than any one else helped to free the Church from all crude fancies as regards its pleasures. He explained the millennium allegorically and applied it to the Church of Christ on earth. With the foundation of the Church the millennium began. The first resurrection is the spiritual resurrection of the soul from sin ( City of God XX ). Thus the number 1,000 is to be taken indefinitely.
Structure of the book and its literary composition
The subject-matter of the Apocalypse required a threefold division.
The first part comprises the seven exhortatory letters.
The leading idea in the second part is the wisdom of Christ. It is symbolized by the book with seven seals . In it are written the eternal decrees of God touching the end of the world , and the final victory of good over evil . No one except Jesus , the lamb slain for the sins of the world, is worthy to break the seals and read its contents.
The third part describes the power of Christ over Satan and his kingdom. The lamb defeats the dragon and the beast. This idea is developed in a drama of five acts. In five successive scenes we see before us the struggle, the fall of Babylon the harlot, the victory, and final beatitude.
The third part is not only the most important, but also the most successful from a literary point of view. The drama of the lamb contains several beautiful thoughts of lasting value. The lamb , symbolizing gentleness and purity, conquers the beast, the personification of lust and cruelty. The harlot signifies idolatry . The fornication which the rulers and the nations of the earth commit with her signifies the worship they pay to the images of Caesar and the tokens of his power. The second part is inferior in literary beauty. It contains much that is taken from the Old Testament , and it is full of extravagant imagery. The Seer shows a fanciful taste for all that is weird and grotesque. He delights in portraying locusts with hair like that of women and horses with tails like serpents. There are occasional passages revealing a sense of literary beauty. God removes the curtain of the firmament as a scribe rolls up his scrolls. The stars fall from the heavens like figs from the fig-tree shaken by the storm ( 6:12-14 ). On the whole, however the Seer shows more love for Oriental splendour than the appreciation of true beauty.
Interpretation
It would be alike wearisome and useless to enumerate even the more prominent applications made of the Apocalypse. Racial hatred and religious rancour have at all times found in its vision much suitable and gratifying matter. Such persons as Mohammed , the Pope , Napoleon , etc., have in turn been identified with the beast and the harlot. To the "reformers" particularly the Apocalypse was an inexhaustible quarry where to dig for invectives that they might hurl then against the Roman hierarchy . The seven hills of Rome , the scarlet robes of the cardinals , and the unfortunate abuses of the papal court made the application easy and tempting. Owing to the patient and strenuous research of scholars, the interpretation of the Apocalypse has been transferred to a field free from the odium theologicum. But then the meaning of the Seer is determined by the rules of common exegesis . Apart from the resurrection , the millennium , and the plagues preceding the final consummation, they see in his visions references to the leading events of his time . Their method of interpretation may be called historic as compared with the theological and political application of former ages. The key to the mysteries of the book they find in 17:8-14 . For thus says the Seer : "Let here the mind that hath understanding give heed".
The beast from the sea that had received plenitude of power from the dragon, or Satan , is the Roman Empire, or rather, Caesar, its supreme representative. The token of the beast with which its servants are marked is the image of the emperor on the coins of the realm. This seems to be the obvious meaning of the passage, that all business transactions, all buying and selling were impossible to them that had not the mark of the beast ( Apocalypse 13:17 ). Against this interpretation it is objected that the Jews at the time of Christ had no scruple in handling money on which the image of Caesar was stamped ( Matthew 22:15-22 ). But it should be borne in mind that the horror of the Jews for the imperial images was principally due to the policy of Caligula. He confiscated several of their synagogues , changing them into heathen temples by placing his statue in them. He even sought to erect an image of himself in the Temple of Jerusalem ( Josephus , Ant., XVIII, viii, 2).
The seven heads of the beast are seven emperors. Five of them the Seer says are fallen. They are Augustus , Tiberius , Caligula, Claudius, and Nero . The year of Nero's death is A.D. 68. The Seer goes on to say "One is", namely Vespasian , A.D. 70-79. He is the sixth emperor. The seventh, we are told by the Seer , "is not yet come. But when he comes his reign will be short". Titus is meant, who reigned but two years (79-81). The eighth emperor is Domitian (81-96). Of him the Seer has something very peculiar to say. He is identified with the beast. He is described as the one that "was and is not and shall come up out of the bottomless pit" ( 17:8 ). In verse 11 it is added: "And the beast which was and is not: the same also is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goeth into destruction".
All this sounds like oracular language. But the clue to its solution is furnished by a popular belief largely spread at the time . The death of Nero had been witnessed by few. Chiefly in the East a notion had taken hold of the mind of the people that Nero was still alive. Gentiles , Jews , and Christians were under the illusion that he was hiding himself, and as was commonly thought, he had gone over to the Parthians, the most troublesome foes of the empire. From there they expected him to return at the head of a mighty army to avenge himself on his enemies. The existence of this fanciful belief is a well-attested historic fact. Tacitus speaks of it: "Achaia atque Asia falso exterrit velut Nero adventaret, vario super ejus exitu rumore eoque pluribus vivere eum fingentibus credentibusque" (Hist., II, 8). So also Dio Chrysostomus: kai nyn (about A.D. 100) eti pantes epithymousi zen oi de pleistoi kai oiontai (Orat., 21, 10; cf. Suetonius, "Vit. Caes."; s.v. NERO and the SIBYLINE ORACLES). Thus the contemporaries of the Seer believed Nero to be alive and expected his return. The Seer either shared their belief or utilized it for his own purpose.
Nero had made a name for himself by his cruelty and licentiousness. The Christians in particular had reason to dread him. Under him the first persecution took place. The second occurred under Domitian . But unlike the previous one, it was not confined to Italy , but spread throughout the provinces. Many Christians were put to death, many were banished ( Eusebius , Church History III.17-19 ). In this way the Seer was led to regard Domitian as a second Nero , "Nero redivivus". Hence he described him as "the one that was, that is not, and that is to return". Hence also he counts him as the eighth and at the same time makes him one of the preceding seven, viz. the fifth, Nero . The identification of the two emperors suggested itself all the more readily since even pagan authors called Domitian a second Nero (calvus Nero, Juvenal. IV, 38). The popular belief concerning Nero's death and return seems to be referred to also in the passage ( 13:3 ): "And I saw one of its heads as it were slain to death: and its death's wound was healed".
The ten horns are commonly explained as the vassal rulers under the supremacy of Rome . They are described as kings (basileis), here to be taken in a wider sense, that they are not real kings, but received power to rule with the beast. Their power, moreover, is but for one hour, signifying its short duration and instability ( 17:17 ). The Seer has marked the beast with the number 666. His purpose was that by this number people may know it. He that has understanding, let him count the number of the beast. For it is the number of a man: and his number is six hundred and sixty-six. A human number, i.e. intelligible by the common rules of investigation. We have here an instance of Jewish gematria. Its object is to conceal a name by substituting for it a cipher of equal numerical value to the letters composing it. For a long time interpreters tried to decipher the number 666 by means of the Greek alphabet , e.g. Irenæus, Against Heresies V.33 . Their efforts have yielded no satisfactory result. Better success has been obtained by using the Hebrew alphabet . Many scholars have come to the conclusion that Nero is meant. For when the name "Nero Caesar" is spelled with Hebrew letters, it yields the cipher 666.
The second beast, that from the land, the pseudoprophet whose office was to assist the beast from the sea, probably signifies the work of seduction carried on by apostate Christians . They endeavoured to make their fellow Christians adopt the heathen practices and submit themselves to the cultus of the Caesar. They are not unlikely the Nicolaitans of the seven Epistles . For they are there compared to Balaam and Jezabel seducing the Israelites to idolatry and fornication. The woman in travail is a personification of the synagogue or the church . Her first-born is Christ , her other seed is the community of the faithful .
In this interpretation, of which we have given a summary, there are two difficulties:
In the enumeration of the emperors three are passed over, viz. Galba, Otho , and Vitellius . But this omission may be explained by the shortness of their reigns. Each one of the three reigned but a few months.
Tradition assigns the Apocalypse to the reign of Domitian . But according to the computation given above, the Seer himself assigns his work to the reign of Vespasian . For if this computation be correct, Vespasian is the emperor whom he designates as "the one that is". To this objection, however, it may be answered that it was the custom of apocalyptic writers, e.g., of Daniel , Enoch, and the Sibylline books , to cast their visions into the form of prophecies and give them the appearance of being the work of an earlier date . No literary fraud was thereby intended. It was merely a peculiar style of writing adopted as suiting their subject. The Seer of the Apocalypse follows this practice. Though actually banished to Patmos in the reign of Domitian , after the destruction of Jerusalem , he wrote as if he had been there and seen his visions in the reign of Vespasian when the temple perhaps yet existed. Cf. 2:1-2 .
We cannot conclude without mentioning the theory advanced by the German scholar Vischer . He holds the Apocalypse to have been originally a purely Jewish composition, and to have been changed into a Christian work by the insertion of those sections that deal with Christian subjects. From a doctrinal point of view, we think, it cannot be objected to. There are other instances where inspired writers have availed themselves of non-canonical literature. Intrinsically considered it is not improbable. The Apocalypse abounds in passages which bear no specific Christian character but, on the contrary, show a decidedly Jewish complexion. Yet on the whole the theory is but a conjecture. (See also APOCRYPHA )
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CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Apocalypse
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Apocalypse
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Apocalypse, from the verb apokalypto, to reveal, is the name given to the last book in the Bible . It is also called the Book of Revelation.
Although a Christian work, the Apocalypse belongs to a class of literature dealing with eschatological subjects and much in vogue among the Jews of the first century before, and after, Christ .
Authenticity
The author of the Apocalypse calls himself John. "John to the seven churches which are in Asia " ( Apocalypse 1:4 ). And again, "I, John, your brother and your partner in tribulation . . . was in the island which called Patmos , for the word of God " ( 1:9 ).
The Seer does not further specify his personality. But from tradition we know that the Seer of the Apocalypse was John the Apostle the son of Zebedee, the Beloved Disciple of Jesus . At the end of the second century the Apocalypse was acknowledged by the historical representatives of the principal churches as the genuine work of John the Apostle .
In Asia , Melito , Bishop of Sardis , one of the Seven Churches of the Apocalypse, acknowledged the Revelation of John and wrote a commentary on it ( Eusebius , Church History IV.26 ). In Gaul, Irenaeus firmly believes in its Divine and Apostolic authority ( Against Heresies 5.30 ). In Africa, Tertullian frequently quotes Revelation without apparent misgivings as to its authenticity ( Against Marcion III ). In Italy , Bishop Hippolytus assigns it to the Apostle St. John , and the Muratorian Fragment (a document about the beginning of the third century) enumerates it along with the other canonical writings , adding, it is true , apocryphal Apocalypse of St. Peter , but with the clause, quam quidam ex nostris in ecclesia legi nolunt. The Vetus Itala, moreover, the standard Latin version in Italy and Africa during the third century, contained the Apocalypse. In Egypt , Clement and Origen believed without hesitation in its Joannine authorship. They were both scholars and men of critical judgment. Their opinion is all the more valuable as they had no sympathy with the millennial teaching of the book. They contented themselves with an allegorical interpretation of certain passages but never ventured to impugn its authority.
Approaching more closely the apostolic age we have the testimony of St. Justin Martyr , about the middle of the second century. From Eusebius ( Church History IV.18.8 ), as well as from his dialogue with the Jew, Tryphon (c. 81), held in Ephesus, the residence of the apostle , we know that he admitted the authenticity of the Apocalypse. Another witness of about the same time is Papias, Bishop of Hierapolis , a place not far from Ephesus. If he himself had not been a hearer of St. John , he certainly was personally acquainted with several of his disciples ( Eusebius , Church History III.39 ). His evidence however is but indirect. Andreas, Bishop of Caesarea , in the prologue to his commentary on the Apocalypse, informs us that Papias admitted its inspired character. From the Apocalypse undoubtedly Papias derived his ideas of the millennium , on which account Eusebius decries his authority, declaring him to have been a man of limited understanding. The apostolic writings which are extant furnish no evidence for the authenticity of the book.
Arguments against its authenticity
The Alogi , about A.D. 200, a sect so called because of their rejection of the logos-doctrine, denied the authenticity of the Apocalypse, assigning it to Cerinthus (Epiphanius, LI, ff, 33; cf. Irenaeus , Against Heresies III.11.9 ). Caius, a presbyter in Rome , of about the same time, holds a similar opinion. Eusebius quotes his words taken from his Disputation: "But Cerinthus by means of revelations which he pretended were written by a great Apostle falsely pretended to wonderful things, asserting that after the resurrection there would be an earthly kingdom" ( Church History III.28 ). The most formidable antagonist of the authority of the Apocalypse is Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, disciple of Origen . He is not opposed to the supposition that Cerinthus is the writer of the Apocalypse. "For", he says, "this is the doctrine of Cerinthus , that there will be an earthly reign of Christ , and as he was a lover of the body he dreamed that he would revel in the gratification of the sensual appetite ". He himself did not adopt the view that Cerinthus was the writer. He regarded the Apocalypse as the work of an inspired man but not of an Apostle ( Eusebius , Church History VII.25 ). During the fourth and fifth centuries the tendency to exclude the Apocalypse from the list of sacred books continued to increase in the Syro-Palestinian churches. Eusebius expresses no definite opinion. He contents himself with the statement: "The Apocalypse is by some accepted among the canonical books but by others rejected" ( Church History III.25 ). St. Cyril of Jerusalem does not name it among the canonical books ( Catechesis IV.33-36 ); nor does it occur on the list of the Synod of Laodicea , or on that of Gregory of Nazianzus . Perhaps the most telling argument against the apostolic authorship of the book is its omission from the Peshito, the Syrian Vulgate. But although the authorities giving evidence against the authenticity of the Apocalypse deserve full consideration they cannot annul or impair the older and unanimous testimony of the churches. The opinion of its opponents, moreover, was not free from bias. From the manner in which Dionysius argued the question, it is evident that he thought the book dangerous as occasioning crude and sensual notions concerning the resurrection . In the West the Church persevered in its tradition of apostolic authorship. St. Jerome alone seemed to have been influenced by the doubts of the East.
The Apocalypse compared with the Fourth Gospel
The relation between the Apocalypse and the Fourth Gospel has been discussed by authors, both ancient and modern. Some affirm and others deny their mutual resemblance.
The learned Alexandrine Bishop, Dionysius , drew up in his time a list of differences to which modern authors have had little to add. He begins by observing that whereas the Gospel is anonymous, the writer of the Apocalypse prefixes his name, John. He next points out how the characteristic terminology of the Fourth Gospel , so essential to the Joannine doctrine, is absent in the Apocalypse. The terms, "life", "light", "grace", "truth", do not occur in the latter. Nor did the crudeness of diction on the part of the Apocalypse escape him. The Greek of the Gospel he pronounces correct as to grammar, and he even gives its author credit for a certain elegance of style. But the language of the Apocalypse appeared to him barbarous and disfigured by solecisms. He, therefore inclines to ascribe the works to different authors ( Church History VII.25 ).
The upholders of a common authorship reply that these differences may be accounted for by bearing in mind the peculiar nature and aim of each work. The Apocalypse contains visions and revelations . In conformity with other books of the same kind, e.g. the Book of Daniel , the Seer prefixed his name to his work. The Gospel on the other hand is written in the form of an historical record. In the Bible , works of that kind do not bear the signature of their authors. So also as regards the absence of Joannine terminology in the Apocalypse. The object of the Gospel is to prove that Jesus is the life and the light of the world, the fullness of truth and grace. But in the Apocalypse Jesus is the conqueror of Satan and his kingdom. The defects of grammar in the Apocalypse are conceded. Some of them are quite obvious. Let the reader but notice the habit of the author to add an apposition in the nominative to a word in an oblique case; e.g. 3:12 ; 14:12 ; 20:2 . It further contains some Hebrew idioms: e.g. the Hebrew equivalent to erchomenos, "the one that is to come", instead of esomenos, 1:8 . But it should be borne in mind that when the Apostle first came to Ephesus he was, probably wholly ignorant of the Greek tongue.
The comparative purity and smoothness of diction in the Gospel may be adequately accounted for by the plausible conjecture that its literary composition was not the work of St. John but of one of his pupils. The defenders of the identity of authorship further appeal to the striking fact that in both works Jesus is called the Lamb and the Word . The idea of the lamb making atonement for sin by its blood is taken from Isaiah 53 . Throughout the Apocalypse the portraiture of Jesus is that of the lamb . Through the shedding of its blood it has opened the book with seven seals and has triumphed over Satan . In the Gospel Jesus is pointed out by the Baptist as the " Lamb of God . . . him who taketh away the sin of the world" ( John 1:29 ). Some of the circumstances of His death resemble the rite observed in the eating of the paschal lamb , the symbol of redemption . His crucifixion takes place on the selfsame day on which the Passover was eaten ( John 18:28 ). Whilst hanging on the cross, His executioners did not break the bones in His body, that the prophecy might be fulfilled: "no bone in it shall be broken" ( John 19:36 ). The name Logos , "Word", is quite peculiar to the Apocalypse, Gospel and first Epistle of St. John . The first sentence of the Gospel is, "In the beginning was the Word , and the Word was with God , and the Word was God ". The first epistle of St. John begins, "That which was from the beginning which we have heard . . . of the word of life". So also in the Apocalypse, "And his name is called the Word of God " ( 19:13 ).
Time and place
The Seer himself testifies that the visions he is about to narrate were seen by him whilst in Patmos . "I John . . . was in the island which is called Patmos for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus " ( 1:9 ). Patmos is one of the group of small islands close to the coast of Asia Minor , about twelve geographical miles from Ephesus. Tradition , as Eusebius tells us, has handed down that John was banished to Patmos in the reign of Domitian for the sake of his testimony of God's word ( Church History III.18 ). He obviously refers to the passage "for the word of God and for the testimony of Jesus " ( 1:9 ). It is true that the more probable meaning of this phrase is, "in order to hear the word of God ", etc., and not "banished because of the word of God ", etc., (cf. 1:2 ). But it was quite natural that the Seer should have regarded his banishment to Patmos as prearranged by Divine Providence that in the solitude of the island he might hear God's word . The tradition recorded by Eusebius finds confirmation in the words of the Seer describing himself as "a brother and partaker in tribulation" ( 1:9 ). Irenaeus places the Seer's exile in Patmos at the end of Domitian's reign. "Paene sub nostro saeculo ad finem Domitiani imperii" ( Against Heresies V.4 ). The Emperor Domitian reigned A.D. 81-96. In all matters of Joannine tradition Irenaeus deserves exceptional credit. His lifetime bordered upon the Apostolic age and his master, St. Polycarp , had been among the disciples of St. John . Eusebius , chronicling the statement of Irenaeus without any misgivings, adds as the year of the Seer's exile the fourteenth of Domitian's reign. St. Jerome also, without reserve or hesitation, follows the same tradition . "Quarto decimo anno, secundam post Neronem persecutionem movente Domitiano, in Patmos insulam relegatus, scripsit Apocalypsim" (Ex libro de Script. Eccl). Against the united testimony of these three witnesses of tradition the statement of Epiphanius placing the Seer's banishment in the reign of Claudius, A.D. 41-54, appears exceedingly improbable (Haer., li, 12, 33).
Contents
The revelation made by Jesus the Messias to John .
Salutation (1:4-9)
Salutation prefatory to the seven Epistles, wishing the churches the grace and the peace of God and Jesus .
The vision of Jesus as the Son of Man (1:9-20)
The portrait is taken from Daniel 10 and Henoch 46 . Cf. the phrases, "one like the son of man " ( Apocalypse 1:13 , Daniel 10:16 and 7:13 ); "girded with gold" ( Apocalypse 1:13 ; Daniel 10:5 ); "eyes like flames of fire" ( Apocalypse 1:14 ; Daniel 10:6 ); "a voice like that of a multitude" ( Apocalypse 1:15 ; Daniel 10:6 ); "I fell down like one senseless" ( Apocalypse 1:17 ; Daniel 10:9 ); "and he touched me" ( Apocalypse 1:17 , Daniel 10:18 ); "hair white like wool" ( Apocalypse 1:14 ; Daniel 7:9 ; Henoch 46:1 ).
The epistles to the seven Churches (2:1-3:22)
The Churches are Ephesus, Smyrna , Pergamum , Thyatira , Sardis , Philadelphia , and Laodicea . The Epistles are short exhortations to the Christians to remain steadfast in their faith , to beware of false apostles and to abstain from fornication and from meat offered to idols .
The book with the seven seals
The vision of God enthroned upon the cherubim (chapters 4 and 5)
The throne is surrounded by twenty-four elders. In the right hand of God is a scroll sealed with seven seals . In the midst of the Cherubim and the elders the Seer beholds a lamb , "agnus tamquam occisus", having on its throat the scar of the gash by which it was slain. The Seer weeps because no one either in heaven or on earth can break the seals . He is comforted on hearing that the lamb was worthy to do so because of the redemption it had wrought by its blood. The portrait of the throne is taken from Ezechiel 1 . Compare in both accounts the description of the four beasts. They resemble a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle. Their bodies are full of eyes (cf. Revelation 4:8 ; and Ezekiel 10:12 ). The twenty-four elders were probably suggested by the twenty-four courses of priests ministering in the Temple . The lamb slain for the sins of mankind is from Isaias 53 .
The seven seals and the numbering of the saints (chapters 6 and 7)
At the opening of four seals , four horses appear. Their colour is white, black, red, and sallow, or green (chloros, piebald). They signify conquest, slaughter, dearth and death. The vision is taken from Zechariah 6:1-8 . At the opening of the fifth seal the Seer beholds the martyrs that were slain and hears their prayers for the final triumph. At the opening of the sixth seal the predestined to glory are numbered and marked. The Seer beholds them divided into two classes. First, 144,000 Jews , 12,000 of every tribe . Then a numberless multitude chosen from all nations and tongues.
The seventh seal (chapters 8 and 9)
After the interval of about half an hour, the seventh seal is broken; seven angels issue forth, each one holding a trumpet. The sounding of the first four trumpets causes a partial destruction of the elements of nature. One-third of the earth is burned, as also one-third of the trees and all the grass. One-third of the sea becomes blood (cf. Exodus 7:17 ). One-third of the rivers is turned into water of wormwood. One-third of the sun, moon, and stars is obscured, causing one-third of the day to be dark (cf. Exodus 10:21 ). At the sounding of the fifth trumpet locusts ascend from the abyss . Their work is to torment men for five months, They are specially charged not to touch the grass. Their shape is that of horses ( Joel 2:4 ) their teeth like those of lions ( Joel 1:6 ), their hair like the hair of women . They have the tails of scorpions where with to chastise man . The command over them is held by the Angel of the Abyss , named Abaddon , the destroyer. At the sound of the sixth trumpet the four angels chained at the Euphrates are let loose. They lead forth an army of horsemen. By the fire which the horses spit out and by their tails which are like serpents, one-third of mankind is killed. After the sixth trumpet there are two digressions. (1) The angel standing on the land and the sea. He swears that at the sound of the seventh trumpet the mystery will be completed. He hands to the Seer a little book. When eaten by him it is found sweet to taste, but bitter when once devoured. Taken from Ezekiel 2:8 and 3:3 . (2) The contamination of the court of the Temple by the heathens . It lasts three and a half years. Taken from Daniel 7:25 ; 9:27 ; 12:7-11 . During that time two witnesses are sent to preach in Jerusalem. They are the two olive-trees foretold by Zechariah 4:3-11 . At the end of their mission they are slain by the beast. They are raised to life after three and a half days (= years). The seventh trumpet is now sounded, the nations are judged and the kingdom of Christ is established.
The divine drama
First act (chapters 12-14)
The lamb, the woman, and her seed; and opposed to them, the dragon, the beast from the sea, and the beast from the land. The main idea is taken from Genesis 3:15 . "I will put enmities between thee (the serpent ) and the woman , and thy seed and her seed". The woman is arrayed in heavenly splendour; a crown of twelve stars on her head and the sun and the moon under her feet (cf. Genesis 37:9-10 ). She is in travail. Her first-born is destined to rule all the nation ( Psalm 2:8, 9 ). She herself, and her other seed, are persecuted for three and a half years by the great dragon who tries to kill them. The great dragon is Satan ( Genesis 3:1 ). He is cast out of heaven . With his tail he drags after him one-third of the stars. Taken from Daniel 8:10 . The fallen stars are the fallen angels . The beast from the sea is in great part taken from Daniel's description of the four beasts. It arises from the sea ( Daniel 7:3 ); has seven heads marked all over with blasphemies . It had also ten horns, like the fourth beast of Daniel ( 7:7 ); it resembled a leopard, the third beast of Daniel ( 7:6 ), it had feet like a bear, the second beast of Daniel ( 7:5 ); and teeth like a lion, the first beast of Daniel ( 7:4 ). The great dragon gives full power unto the beast, whereupon all the world worship it (viz. those whose names are not contained in the book of the lamb ). The followers of the beast have its mark on their head and hand. The beast from the land has two horns like a ram. Its power lies in its art of deceiving by means of tokens and miracles . Throughout the remainder of the book it is called the false prophet. Its office is to assist the beast from the sea, and to induce men to adore its image . The first act of the drama concludes with a promise of victory over the beast by the lamb of God .
Second act (chapters 15-16)
The seven vials. They are the seven plagues preceding the destruction of the great city, Babylon. They were for the greater part suggested by the Egyptian plagues . The first vial is poured out on the earth. Men and beasts are smitten with ulcers ( Exodus 9:9-10 ). The second and third vial upon the seas and rivers. They become blood ( Exodus 7:17-21 ). The fourth vial upon the sun. It burns men to death. The fifth vial upon the throne of the beast. It causes great darkness ( Exodus 10:11-29 ). The sixth vial upon the Euphrates. Its waters are dried up and form a passage for the kings of the East ( Exodus 14 ). The seventh upon the air. Storm and earthquake destroy Babylon.
Third act (chapters 17-18)
The great harlot. She is seated upon the scarlet beast with the seven heads and ten horns. She is robed in scarlet and decked with gold. On her head is written: Mystery, Babylon the great. The kings of the earth commit fornication with her. But the day of her visitation has come. She is made a desolate place, the habitation of unclean animals ( Leviticus 13:21-22 ). Her fall is lamented by the rulers and merchants of the earth.
Fourth act (chapters 19-20)
The victory over the beast and the great dragon. A knight appears mounted on a white horse. His name is "The word of God" . He defeats the beast and the false prophet. They are cast alive in the pool of fire. Their defeat is followed by the first resurrection and the reign of Christ for a thousand years . The martyrs rise to life and partake with Christ in glory and happiness . During these thousand years the great dragon is held in chains. At their completion he is once more set at large to torment the earth. He deceives the nations Gog and Magog . These two names are taken from Ezekiel 28 and 39 , where however Gog is the king of Magog. At last he also is cast for all eternity in the pool of fire. Hereupon the general judgement and the resurrection take place.
Fifth act (chapters 21-22)
The new Jerusalem (cf. Ezechiel 40-48 ). God dwells in the midst of His saints who enjoy complete happiness . The new Jerusalem is the spouse of the lamb . The names of the Twelve Tribes and the Twelve Apostles are written on its gates. God and the lamb are the sanctuary in this new city.
Epilogue (verses 18-21)
The prophecy of the book is soon to be fulfilled. The Seer warns the reader not to add anything to it or take away from it under pain of forfeiting his share in the heavenly city .
Purpose of the book
From this cursory perusal of the book, it is evident that the Seer was influenced by the prophecies of Daniel more than by any other book. Daniel was written with the object of comforting the Jews under the cruel persecution of Antiochus Epiphanes. The Seer in the Apocalypse had a similar purpose. The Christians were fiercely persecuted in the reign of Domitian . The danger of apostasy was great. False prophets went about, trying to seduce the people to conform to the heathen practices and to take part in the Caesar-worship. The Seer urges his Christians to remain true to their faith and to bear their troubles with fortitude . He encourages them with the promise of an ample and speedy reward. He assures them that Christ's triumphant coming is at hand. Both in the beginning and at the end of his book the Seer is most emphatic in telling his people that the hour of victory is nigh. He begins, saying: "Blessed is he that . . . keepeth those things which are written in it; for the time is at hand" ( 1:3 ). He closes his visions with the pathetic words: "He that giveth testimony of these things saith, Surely I come quickly: Amen . Come, Lord Jesus ". With the coming of Christ the woes of the Christians will be avenged. Their oppressors will be given up to the judgment and the everlasting torments . The martyrs that have fallen will be raised to life , that they may share the pleasures of Christ's kingdom , the millennium . Yet this is but a prelude to the everlasting beatitude which follows after the general resurrection . It is an article of faith that Christ will return at the end of time to judge the living and the dead. But the time of His second advent is unknown. "But of that day and hour no one knoweth, no, not the angels of heaven , but the Father alone" ( Matthew 24:36 ). It would appear, and is so held by many that the Christians of the Apostolic age expected that Christ would return during their own lifetime or generation. This seems to be the more obvious meaning of several passages both in the Epistles and Gospels (cf. John 21:21-23 , 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18 ). The Christians of Asia Minor and the Seer with them, appear to have shared this fallacious expectation. Their mistaken hope , however, did not affect the soundness of their belief in the essential part of the dogma . Their views of a millennial period of corporal happiness were equally erroneous . The Church has wholly cast aside the doctrine of a millennium previous to the resurrection . St. Augustine has perhaps more than any one else helped to free the Church from all crude fancies as regards its pleasures. He explained the millennium allegorically and applied it to the Church of Christ on earth. With the foundation of the Church the millennium began. The first resurrection is the spiritual resurrection of the soul from sin ( City of God XX ). Thus the number 1,000 is to be taken indefinitely.
Structure of the book and its literary composition
The subject-matter of the Apocalypse required a threefold division.
The first part comprises the seven exhortatory letters.
The leading idea in the second part is the wisdom of Christ. It is symbolized by the book with seven seals . In it are written the eternal decrees of God touching the end of the world , and the final victory of good over evil . No one except Jesus , the lamb slain for the sins of the world, is worthy to break the seals and read its contents.
The third part describes the power of Christ over Satan and his kingdom. The lamb defeats the dragon and the beast. This idea is developed in a drama of five acts. In five successive scenes we see before us the struggle, the fall of Babylon the harlot, the victory, and final beatitude.
The third part is not only the most important, but also the most successful from a literary point of view. The drama of the lamb contains several beautiful thoughts of lasting value. The lamb , symbolizing gentleness and purity, conquers the beast, the personification of lust and cruelty. The harlot signifies idolatry . The fornication which the rulers and the nations of the earth commit with her signifies the worship they pay to the images of Caesar and the tokens of his power. The second part is inferior in literary beauty. It contains much that is taken from the Old Testament , and it is full of extravagant imagery. The Seer shows a fanciful taste for all that is weird and grotesque. He delights in portraying locusts with hair like that of women and horses with tails like serpents. There are occasional passages revealing a sense of literary beauty. God removes the curtain of the firmament as a scribe rolls up his scrolls. The stars fall from the heavens like figs from the fig-tree shaken by the storm ( 6:12-14 ). On the whole, however the Seer shows more love for Oriental splendour than the appreciation of true beauty.
Interpretation
It would be alike wearisome and useless to enumerate even the more prominent applications made of the Apocalypse. Racial hatred and religious rancour have at all times found in its vision much suitable and gratifying matter. Such persons as Mohammed , the Pope , Napoleon , etc., have in turn been identified with the beast and the harlot. To the "reformers" particularly the Apocalypse was an inexhaustible quarry where to dig for invectives that they might hurl then against the Roman hierarchy . The seven hills of Rome , the scarlet robes of the cardinals , and the unfortunate abuses of the papal court made the application easy and tempting. Owing to the patient and strenuous research of scholars, the interpretation of the Apocalypse has been transferred to a field free from the odium theologicum. But then the meaning of the Seer is determined by the rules of common exegesis . Apart from the resurrection , the millennium , and the plagues preceding the final consummation, they see in his visions references to the leading events of his time . Their method of interpretation may be called historic as compared with the theological and political application of former ages. The key to the mysteries of the book they find in 17:8-14 . For thus says the Seer : "Let here the mind that hath understanding give heed".
The beast from the sea that had received plenitude of power from the dragon, or Satan , is the Roman Empire, or rather, Caesar, its supreme representative. The token of the beast with which its servants are marked is the image of the emperor on the coins of the realm. This seems to be the obvious meaning of the passage, that all business transactions, all buying and selling were impossible to them that had not the mark of the beast ( Apocalypse 13:17 ). Against this interpretation it is objected that the Jews at the time of Christ had no scruple in handling money on which the image of Caesar was stamped ( Matthew 22:15-22 ). But it should be borne in mind that the horror of the Jews for the imperial images was principally due to the policy of Caligula. He confiscated several of their synagogues , changing them into heathen temples by placing his statue in them. He even sought to erect an image of himself in the Temple of Jerusalem ( Josephus , Ant., XVIII, viii, 2).
The seven heads of the beast are seven emperors. Five of them the Seer says are fallen. They are Augustus , Tiberius , Caligula, Claudius, and Nero . The year of Nero's death is A.D. 68. The Seer goes on to say "One is", namely Vespasian , A.D. 70-79. He is the sixth emperor. The seventh, we are told by the Seer , "is not yet come. But when he comes his reign will be short". Titus is meant, who reigned but two years (79-81). The eighth emperor is Domitian (81-96). Of him the Seer has something very peculiar to say. He is identified with the beast. He is described as the one that "was and is not and shall come up out of the bottomless pit" ( 17:8 ). In verse 11 it is added: "And the beast which was and is not: the same also is the eighth, and is of the seven, and goeth into destruction".
All this sounds like oracular language. But the clue to its solution is furnished by a popular belief largely spread at the time . The death of Nero had been witnessed by few. Chiefly in the East a notion had taken hold of the mind of the people that Nero was still alive. Gentiles , Jews , and Christians were under the illusion that he was hiding himself, and as was commonly thought, he had gone over to the Parthians, the most troublesome foes of the empire. From there they expected him to return at the head of a mighty army to avenge himself on his enemies. The existence of this fanciful belief is a well-attested historic fact. Tacitus speaks of it: "Achaia atque Asia falso exterrit velut Nero adventaret, vario super ejus exitu rumore eoque pluribus vivere eum fingentibus credentibusque" (Hist., II, 8). So also Dio Chrysostomus: kai nyn (about A.D. 100) eti pantes epithymousi zen oi de pleistoi kai oiontai (Orat., 21, 10; cf. Suetonius, "Vit. Caes."; s.v. NERO and the SIBYLINE ORACLES). Thus the contemporaries of the Seer believed Nero to be alive and expected his return. The Seer either shared their belief or utilized it for his own purpose.
Nero had made a name for himself by his cruelty and licentiousness. The Christians in particular had reason to dread him. Under him the first persecution took place. The second occurred under Domitian . But unlike the previous one, it was not confined to Italy , but spread throughout the provinces. Many Christians were put to death, many were banished ( Eusebius , Church History III.17-19 ). In this way the Seer was led to regard Domitian as a second Nero , "Nero redivivus". Hence he described him as "the one that was, that is not, and that is to return". Hence also he counts him as the eighth and at the same time makes him one of the preceding seven, viz. the fifth, Nero . The identification of the two emperors suggested itself all the more readily since even pagan authors called Domitian a second Nero (calvus Nero, Juvenal. IV, 38). The popular belief concerning Nero's death and return seems to be referred to also in the passage ( 13:3 ): "And I saw one of its heads as it were slain to death: and its death's wound was healed".
The ten horns are commonly explained as the vassal rulers under the supremacy of Rome . They are described as kings (basileis), here to be taken in a wider sense, that they are not real kings, but received power to rule with the beast. Their power, moreover, is but for one hour, signifying its short duration and instability ( 17:17 ). The Seer has marked the beast with the number 666. His purpose was that by this number people may know it. He that has understanding, let him count the number of the beast. For it is the number of a man: and his number is six hundred and sixty-six. A human number, i.e. intelligible by the common rules of investigation. We have here an instance of Jewish gematria. Its object is to conceal a name by substituting for it a cipher of equal numerical value to the letters composing it. For a long time interpreters tried to decipher the number 666 by means of the Greek alphabet , e.g. Irenæus, Against Heresies V.33 . Their efforts have yielded no satisfactory result. Better success has been obtained by using the Hebrew alphabet . Many scholars have come to the conclusion that Nero is meant. For when the name "Nero Caesar" is spelled with Hebrew letters, it yields the cipher 666.
The second beast, that from the land, the pseudoprophet whose office was to assist the beast from the sea, probably signifies the work of seduction carried on by apostate Christians . They endeavoured to make their fellow Christians adopt the heathen practices and submit themselves to the cultus of the Caesar. They are not unlikely the Nicolaitans of the seven Epistles . For they are there compared to Balaam and Jezabel seducing the Israelites to idolatry and fornication. The woman in travail is a personification of the synagogue or the church . Her first-born is Christ , her other seed is the community of the faithful .
In this interpretation, of which we have given a summary, there are two difficulties:
In the enumeration of the emperors three are passed over, viz. Galba, Otho , and Vitellius . But this omission may be explained by the shortness of their reigns. Each one of the three reigned but a few months.
Tradition assigns the Apocalypse to the reign of Domitian . But according to the computation given above, the Seer himself assigns his work to the reign of Vespasian . For if this computation be correct, Vespasian is the emperor whom he designates as "the one that is". To this objection, however, it may be answered that it was the custom of apocalyptic writers, e.g., of Daniel , Enoch, and the Sibylline books , to cast their visions into the form of prophecies and give them the appearance of being the work of an earlier date . No literary fraud was thereby intended. It was merely a peculiar style of writing adopted as suiting their subject. The Seer of the Apocalypse follows this practice. Though actually banished to Patmos in the reign of Domitian , after the destruction of Jerusalem , he wrote as if he had been there and seen his visions in the reign of Vespasian when the temple perhaps yet existed. Cf. 2:1-2 .
We cannot conclude without mentioning the theory advanced by the German scholar Vischer . He holds the Apocalypse to have been originally a purely Jewish composition, and to have been changed into a Christian work by the insertion of those sections that deal with Christian subjects. From a doctrinal point of view, we think, it cannot be objected to. There are other instances where inspired writers have availed themselves of non-canonical literature. Intrinsically considered it is not improbable. The Apocalypse abounds in passages which bear no specific Christian character but, on the contrary, show a decidedly Jewish complexion. Yet on the whole the theory is but a conjecture. (See also APOCRYPHA )
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Who trained 'Red Rum' to win three Grand Nationals?
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Ginger McCain dead: Red Rum trainer dies at 80 | Daily Mail Online
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Legendary trainer Ginger McCain has died at the age of 80.
McCain is best known for training Red Rum - winner of the Grand National in 1973, 1974 and 1977.
Real name Donald, McCain also won the National with Amberleigh House in 2004 and retired two years later.
McCain's son Donald took over the stable from his father in 2006 and followed in his footsteps by training the 2011 Aintree winner Ballabriggs.
Late greats: Donald McCain, who has died at the age of 80, pictured with Red Rum on Southport beach in 1990
Red Rum, left, ridden by Brian Fletcher beats Crisp, ridden by Richard Pitman, for his first National victory, in 1973
Red Rum, again ridden by Brian Fletcher, takes the last fence for his second Grand National win, in 1974
Crowd pleaser: Red Rum, ridden by Tommy Stack, races into history with a third Grand National win in 1977
McCain's wife Beryl said: 'Donald, Ginger as we all knew him, passed away peacefully in his sleep after a short illness this morning - he would have been 81 on Wednesday.
'There will be a private family funeral followed by a later memorial service, for which there will be more information in the coming weeks.
'Joanne, Donald Jnr and I appreciate all the kindness we are being shown and, at this difficult time, would appreciate it if we were afforded some privacy.'
McCain began his training career as a permit holder in 1953 and took out a full licence in 1969 when his stables were behind his car showroom in Southport.
He worked as a taxi driver to supplement his income as a trainer prior to finding Grand National success.
It was as a taxi driver that he became acquainted with Noel le Mare for whom he bought Red Rum.
Former leading National Hunt jockey Mick Fitzgerald, who won the Grand National on Rough Quest in 1996, has paid tribute to McCain.
'I'm very saddened. He leaves a legacy and every time you think of the Grand National, you think of Ginger. He was the National, to be honest,' Fitzgerald told Sky Sports News.
'If you ever wanted a controversial quote, you always spoke to Ginger. He was never afraid to speak his mind, he believed in what he was doing and he believed foremost in the Grand National as a race.
'He was a great ambassador for our sport and racing needs characters like him. It's a very sad day for everybody and especially anybody involved with the Grand National.
Not forgotten: Ginger McCain leaves flowers at Red Rum's grave in 2006. The legendary horse died in 1995
'He trained the legendary Red Rum to win three Grand Nationals and he also won a Scottish National with the horse. He wasn't just a one-trick pony.
'He was a real character who always had something good to say. He was a very interesting man.
'His son, Donald, has taken over the reins quite magnificently and won the National with Ballabriggs.
'The first thing Ginger said after the race was, "I trained him well," and I think that just about sums him up.
'He leaves a great family behind him and I'm sure they'll be very sad. My best wishes are with them.
'Every time I think of him I smile. The Grand National will forever be remembered as his race.'
Reigning champion trainer Paul Nicholls added: 'Ginger will be sorely missed. He knew his horses very well, he had an affinity with Aintree and he knew what it took to win the big race.
'He was a top man with horses from the Grand National. Legend is the right name for him.'
Family affair: Ginger McCain and son Donald with this year's Grand National winner Ballabriggs
He's done it again: Ginger with Amberleigh House after winning the 2004 Grand National
The 'voice of racing' Sir Peter O'Sullevan commentated on all of Red Rum's Nationals for the BBC and believes McCain played a big part in helping to save the race.
'It was a career of remarkable achievement and he has bred a good trainer himself,' he said. 'He will always be remembered for Red Rum and rightly so because he and the horse appeared absolutely at the right time and were very much instrumental in saving the National at a period when it was very much in peril.
'Red Rum had a remarkable record. Five runs in the National, three victories and two seconds - unbelievable. And then he won it again years later with Amberleigh House.
'It was nice for Ginger to have the opportunity to show he wasn't just a one-horse trainer.
'He was a professional curmudgeon and he goes behind leaving very good memories.'
Former Aintree managing director Charles Barnett said: 'He was instrumental in helping to save the Grand National.
'At that time in the early 1970s when Red Rum was winning his three races, Ginger was very supportive to it (Grand National) and he got the public very much behind the appeal to purchase the track.
'It was an extraordinary training feat and an extraordinary horse he trained. But not just the horse: Ginger himself was very important to the race and to the venue.
What a performance: As late as 2004 McCain was training National winners, in this instance Amberleigh House, ridden by Graham Lee
'He was a marvellous man who always spoke his own mind and he was always very supportive of us at Aintree. We loved him very much and the people of Liverpool did too.
'(Amberleigh House winning) was another extraordinary event. It was in the last years of his training career and Donald was very instrumental in helping him in the training process.
'It was an extraordinary feat - not many people have trained four Grand National winners.
'He was very closely connected with Aintree and the Grand National and that is what he will most be remembered for.
'It's a very sad day and he'll be sadly missed.'
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Ginger McCain
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Who played the part of 'Clayton Farlow' in 'Dallas'?
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Ginger McCain dies aged 80 | Daily Mail Online
comments
Legendary trainer Ginger McCain has died at the age of 80.
McCain is best known for training Red Rum - winner of the Grand National in 1973, 1974 and 1977.
Real name Donald, McCain also won the National with Amberleigh House in 2004 and retired two years later.
McCain's son Donald took over the stable from his father in 2006 and followed in his footsteps by training the 2011 Aintree winner Ballabriggs.
Late greats: Donald McCain, who has died at the age of 80, pictured with Red Rum on Southport beach in 1990
McCain's wife Beryl said: 'Donald, Ginger as we all knew him, passed away peacefully in his sleep after a short illness this morning - he would have been 81 on Wednesday.
'There will be a private family funeral followed by a later memorial service, for which there will be more information in the coming weeks.
'Joanne, Donald Jnr and I appreciate all the kindness we are being shown and, at this difficult time, would appreciate it if we were afforded some privacy.'
McCain began his training career as a permit holder in 1953 and took out a full licence in 1969 when his stables were behind his car showroom in Southport.
He worked as a taxi driver to supplement his income as a trainer prior to finding Grand National success.
It was as a taxi driver that he became acquainted with Noel le Mare for whom he bought Red Rum.
Former leading National Hunt jockey Mick Fitzgerald, who won the Grand National on Rough Quest in 1996, has paid tribute to McCain.
'I'm very saddened. He leaves a legacy and every time you think of the Grand National, you think of Ginger. He was the National, to be honest,' Fitzgerald told Sky Sports News.
'If you ever wanted a controversial quote, you always spoke to Ginger. He was never afraid to speak his mind, he believed in what he was doing and he believed foremost in the Grand National as a race.
'He was a great ambassador for our sport and racing needs characters like him.
Not forgotten: Ginger McCain leaves flowers at Red Rum's grave in 2006. The legendary horse died in 1995
Family affair: Ginger McCain and son Donald with this year's Grand National winner Ballabriggs
'It's a very sad day for everybody and especially anybody involved with the Grand National.
'He trained the legendary Red Rum to win three Grand Nationals and he also won a Scottish National with the horse. He wasn't just a one-trick pony.
'He was a real character who always had something good to say. He was a very interesting man.
'His son, Donald, has taken over the reins quite magnificently and won the National with Ballabriggs.
'The first thing Ginger said after the race was "I trained him well" and I think that just about sums him up.
'He leaves a great family behind him and I'm sure they'll be very sad. My best wishes are with them.
'Every time I think of him I smile. The Grand National will forever be remembered as his race.'
He's done it again: Ginger with Amberleigh House after winning the 2004 Grand National
Reigning champion trainer Paul Nicholls added: 'Ginger will be sorely missed. He knew his horses very well, he had an affinity with Aintree and he knew what it took to win the big race.
'He was a top man with horses from the Grand National. Legend is the right name for him.'
The 'voice of racing' Sir Peter O'Sullevan commentated on all of Red Rum's Nationals for the BBC and believes McCain played a big part in helping to save the race.
Crowd pleaser: Red Rum, ridden by Tommy Stack, races into history with a third Grand National win in 1977
'It was a career of remarkable achievement and he has bred a good trainer himself,' he said. 'He will always be remembered for Red Rum and rightly so because he and the horse appeared absolutely at the right time and were very much instrumental in saving the National at a period when it was very much in peril.
'Red Rum had a remarkable record. Five runs in the National, three victories and two seconds - unbelievable. And then he won it again years later with Amberleigh House.
'It was nice for Ginger to have the opportunity to show he wasn't just a one-horse trainer.
'He was a professional curmudgeon and he goes behind leaving very good memories.'
Former Aintree managing director, Charles Barnett, said: 'He was instrumental in helping to save the Grand National.
'At that time in the early 1970's when Red Rum was winning his three races, Ginger was very supportive to it (Grand National) and he got the public very much behind the appeal to purchase the track.
'It was an extraordinary training feat and an extraordinary horse he trained. But not just the horse, Ginger himself was very important to the race and to the venue.
What a performance: As late as 2004 McCain was training National winners, in this instance Amberleigh House, ridden by Graham Lee
'He was a marvellous man who always spoke his own mind and he was always very supportive of us at Aintree. We loved him very much and the people of Liverpool did too.
'(Amberleigh House winning) was another extraordinary event. It was in the last years of his training career and Donald was very instrumental in helping him in the training process.
'It was an extraordinary feat - not many people have trained four Grand National winners.
'He was very closely connected with Aintree and the Grand National and that is what he will most be remembered for.
'It's a very sad day and he'll be sadly missed.'
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i don't know
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In which country is Keplavik Airport?
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Hótel Keflavík by Keflavík Airport, Iceland - Booking.com
Hótel Keflavík by Keflavík Airport
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Fantastic Service. Our Granddaughter said this was the highlight of the trip! It's amazing what a Jr. Suite can do! Loved the hard boiled eggs and smoked salmon for breakfast. Cudos should also go to David and the staff-very helpful. Our late checkout allowed us to explore more of this beautiful Island. Location is perfect - within 15 minutes of the airport.
David, United States of America
Me and my partner loved our stay here at Hotel Keflavik. The room was lovely and the the bed was extremely comfy! The hotel was very clean. All the staff were very friendly and very helpful. The staff helped us book tours and helped us out with a car hire. They was very friendly and recommended things to do during our stay in Iceland. We would highly recommend this hotel. :)
Jamie-lee, United Kingdom
The staff were very friendly. The food was fabulous! The location was great as we could walk to main street. I would definitely go back and stay longer.
Susan, Canada
Attention to detail - style and design - functionality - lifts, luggage trolley, coffee machine.
Andrew, United Kingdom
spacious triple room, delicious breakfast, excellent location & parking lot
Kye, South Korea
Hotel was awesome, the location, suites, amenities everything was top-notch. Free breakfast, which was excellent. Literally 5 minutes away from the airport but not too loud at all. Saw a bit of Northern Lights from the hotel as well. Definitely recommend and will be coming back soon.
Abdul, Canada
Service is great. My husband was departing earlier than me so he enjoyed breakfast that was served since 5am and I benefit from the late check-out and the transfer to the airport for free. Breakfast is great. Rooms are really comfortable. The hotel is a 4 star and I would highly recommend if you need to be close to the airport.
Erica, United Kingdom
Breakfast, staff at reception, restaurant was fab and the Cod is a must try!! Exceptional standard of service and quality of food
Rizwana, United Kingdom
8.7
One of our top picks in Keflavík. Just a 5-minute drive from Keflavík International Airport, this hotel offers free parking and a free airport transfer. WiFi, gym and sauna access is also free.
Tea/coffee facilities, a minibar and satellite TV channels are standard at Hótel Keflavík. Some rooms have seating areas and Atlantic Ocean views.
The hotel's renowned Kef Restaurant & Bar offers Icelandic food and international à la carte dishes. A variety of drinks are served in the bar. Beverages are available at all time and breakfast is served from 05:00.
Staff can book local restaurants, trips to the unique Blue Lagoon or whale watching safaris. Vatnaveröld Water Park and the Viking World Museum are within walking distance.
We speak your language!
Hótel Keflavík by Keflavík Airport has been welcoming Booking.com guests since Jul 31, 2009
Hotel Rooms: 70
녡 “good connection to airport”
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녡 “excellent quality of food”
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낍 Top Location: Highly rated by recent guests (8.3)
냨 Great Food: Meals here are highly recommended!
끸 Free Private Parking Available On Site
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An Inside Look at Hótel Keflavík by Keflavík Airport
Hotel Keflavik has been owned and operated by Steinþór Jónsson and his family since its foundation in 1986. It is one of the few hotels that have been run successfully in Iceland for that time period. As a family run hotel, Hotel Keflavik still put's emphasis on professional service and helpful staff to make the most out of your valuable Icelandic trip.
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6 Reasons to Choose Hótel Keflavík by Keflavík Airport
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Free! Pets are allowed on request. No extra charges.
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Free! WiFi is available in the hotel rooms and is free of charge.
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Free! Free private parking is available on site (reservation is not needed).
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Kaffi Petít Cafe/bar 0 miles
Nettó Supermarket 0.3 miles
Atlantic Ocean Sea/ocean 0.1 miles
Good to Know
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prepayment
Cancellation and prepayment policies vary according to room type. Please enter the dates of your stay and check what conditions apply to your preferred room.
Children and Extra Beds
All children are welcome.
Free! All children under 10 years stay free of charge when using existing beds.
All children under 2 years are charged EUR 7.70 per person per night in a crib.
All older children or adults are charged EUR 27 per person per night for extra beds.
The maximum number of extra beds in a room is 2.
The maximum number of cribs in a room is 1.
Any type of extra bed or crib is upon request and needs to be confirmed by management.
Additional fees are not calculated automatically in the total cost and will have to be paid for separately during your stay.
Pets
Free! Pets are allowed on request. No extra charges.
Groups
When booking more than 5 rooms, different policies and additional supplements may apply.
Cards accepted at this property
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Or, take a look at these appealing alternatives:
Airport Hotel Aurora Star has a location score of 9.2
Hotel Jazz has a review score of 9.2
Looking for something else?
See the 5 best hotels in Keflavík , based on 10,015 verified hotel reviews on Booking.com.
The Fine Print
Please note that airport shuttle is only free one way, either to or from the airport.
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Review Score
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Iceland
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In which small Welsh village were over 100 children killed by a coal mine slag heap in 1966?
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Keflavík – Travel guide at Wikivoyage
By plane[ edit ]
Keflavík International Airport (Icelandic: Keflavíkurflugvöllur) ( IATA : KEF) is the most important point of entry to Iceland from abroad. The town of Keflavik is easily accessible from the airport. Simply follow signs indicating "Keflavik." The airport is about 5 km away from the town proper.
By bus[ edit ]
Transport between the airport and Reykjavik city is by road only. The distance is 50 km. A new fast freeway (dual carriageway road) was opened 2008. The buses have a timetable adapted to the flight schedule. They go to and from the Reykjavik bus terminal, taking around 45 minutes. To get to the domestic airport a bus change is needed at the bus terminal.
Eat[ edit ]
Rain (Restaurant/Bar), Hafnargata 19 (Downtown Keflavik), ☎ 421 4601NOCC. 11:00-01:00. By the seaside with beautiful view over the ocean. They profess to serve fine food and wine.
Sleep[ edit ]
Guesthouse 1x6 (in the old cultural part of Keflavík), e-mail: booking@1×6.is . Charming and unique guesthouse. 15.000kr.
Hotel Keflavik . Offers a full gym, wireless internet, a restaurant/bar, and free transfers to the airport. The hotel will pay for the taxi ride to the airport when you leave, but not from the airport on your day of arrival ( costs approx 1800kr). Rooms are clean and comfortable, and the staff is friendly and helpful. Cheaper rates can be obtained via internet booking on the hotel's web site. 12.480 (winter) and 16.640 (summer) when booked online.
Flughotel (next to the Hotel Keflavik).
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i don't know
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"Which Latin phrase, that translates literally as ""in a blazing wrong"", means 'caught red-handed'?"
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Latin Phrases in Common Usage in English
Latin Phrases in Common Usage in English
This page was last updated on March 11, 2015
The following table is a list of some Latin Phrases in common English usage. The list is not comprehensive; rather it represents phrases I have encountered in various readings and research. Please send any comments to [email protected] . However, caveat lector: While I enjoy challenges, I am not a translator and can�t help with translations
Therefore, DO NOT SEND ME ANY REQUESTS FOR TRANSLATION.�
If the desired phrase is not here, one might try finding a copy of Latin for the Illiterati, Exorcizing the Ghosts of a Dead Language, by Jon R. Stone, published by Routledge, 1996. This is an excellent source of Latin translations.
Another excellent source of phrases is A Dictionary of Latin Words and Phrases, by James Morwood, published by Oxford University Press, 1998.
Other web sites offering translated Latin phrases include the following:
A Mari Usque Ad Mare
From sea to sea (Motto of Canada)
A Posteriori
Reasoning from effects to causes
A Priori
Reasoning from causes to effects
Ad Astra
Of admission to the same degree at a different university
Ad Hoc
For this purpose
Ad hominem
To the individual. Relating to the principles or preferences of a particular person, rather than to abstract truth. Often used to describe a personal attack on a person.
Ad Libitum
At one's pleasure, usually abbreviated ad lib
Ad Litem
For a lawsuit or action
Ad Nauseam
We are preparing for life (My high school's motto!)
Agnus Dei
In the year of our Lord. Usually abbreviated A.D.
Annuit Coeptis
He (God) has favoured our undertakings (part of the great seal of the
United States
, usually seen on the back of a U.S one dollar bill)
Annus Bisextus
Before the war. Usually used to describe the
United States
before the U.S. Civil War (1861-65). Typically spelled antebellum in English.
Ante Meridiem
Before noon. Usually abbreviated A.M.
Armis Exposcere Pacem
They demanded peace by force of arms. An inscription seen on medals.
Ars Gratia Artis
Art for art's sake. The motto of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Audere Est Facere
To dare is to do. Motto of the British football team, Tottenham Hotspur ('Spurs)
Bona Fide
Enjoy the day; pluck the day when it is ripe. Seize the day.
Caveat Emptor
I think, therefore I am (Rene Descartes)
Corpus Delicti
Literally the body of the crime. The substance or fundamental facts of crime.
De Mortius Nil Nisi Bonum
Of the dead say nothing but good.
Dei Gratia
By the grace of God. This appears on all British, Canadian, and other
British Commonwealth
coins and is usually abbreviated D.G. (see Fidei Defensor and Indiae Imperator)
Deus Ex Machina
Literally God from a machine. Describes a miraculous or fortuitous turn of events in a work of fiction.
Deus Vobiscum
Day of wrath; Day of judgement
Dies natalis
To learn through teaching
Draco Dormiens Nunquam Titillandus
Never Tickle a Sleeping Dragon. This is the motto of Harry Potter�s alma mater, Hogwart�s school of witchcraft and wizardry
Dum spiramus tuebimur
While we breathe, we shall defend. Motto of the U.S 133rd Field Artillery Regiment.
E Pluribus
From many, one (Motto of United States of America)
Errare Humanum Est
And the rest. Often abbreviated etc. or &c.
Ex Cathedra
From the chair, i.e. Speaking from a Bishop's seat or professional chair, speaking with authority. A Cathedra is the seat reserved for a Bishop in a cathedral.
Ex Gratia
Done or given as a favour and not under any compulsion
Ex Libris
Off the cuff, without preparation
Exampli Gratia
For the sake of example, for instance. Usually abbreviated e.g.
Exeunt Omnes
Deeds not words
Fide Suorum Regnat
"He reigns by the faith of his people" Inscription on the 1939 Canadian silver dollar, minted to commemorate the 1939 Royal tour.
Fidei Defensor
Defender of the Faith. This is usually abreviated F.D. or Fid. Def. and appears on the obverse of British coins. (see Dei Gratia)
Flagrante Delicto
Literally while the crime is blazing. Caught red-handed, in the very act of a crime.
Floreat Regina
, may it flourish. The motto of the City of Regina, Saskatchewan Canada.
Gloria In Exelsis Deo
Literally, Glory to God in the highest. Highest in this phrase means heaven, i.e. Glory to God in Heaven
Habeas Corpus
Literally that you have a body. A writ requiring that a detained individual be brought before a court to decide the legality of that individual's detention.
Habemus Papam
We have a father. The cheer raised by the waiting crowds when a pope is elected.
Homo nudus cum nuda iacebat
Naked they lay together, man and woman. Quoted in The Name of the Rose, First day, Sext.
Ibid.
In the same place (in a book). Abbreviation for ibidem.
Ibidem
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In flagrante delicto
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Which medical condition is caused by a lack of red blood cells or haemoglobin in the blood?
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Latin Phrases, Quotations, Proverbs, and Other Expressions – The Gold Scales
V
1
The interest in Latin is increasing. Latin (lingua latina) is the language of ancient Rome and the ancestor of the modern Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, and so on.
Half the English vocabulary comes from ancient Rome, and everyday communications are peppered with Latin phrases like et cetera and per capita. And Latin quotations abound in Western countries.
And "cui bono?" means "Who benefits", or more literally: "For whose benefit is it?" It is a very good question throughout life's encounters.
2
About 690 quotes have been collected from a variety of sources. The page is designed for genus irritabile vatum (the irritable race of poets) and all other interested ones.
Moreover, philosophers (thinkers) tend to use not a few latin tags and phrases. Below are some to back you up, apart from O! Plus! Perge! Aio! Hui! Hem! Oh! More! Go on! Yes! Ooh! Ummm!
A
A fonte puro pura defluit aqua. Pure water flows from a pure spring.
A fronte praecipitium a tergo lupi. A precipice in front, wolves behind. In other words, "Between a rock and a hard place."
A posteriori. Later, following and adv. "from the latter"; inductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts. from what comes after "From effect to cause." A thing is known a posteriori if it is known from evidence or empirical reasoning. Adj. and adv. "from the latter"; inductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from observed facts. from what comes after from effects to causes, reasoning based on past experience. From what comes after', reasoning based on experience.
A priori. Reasoning from causes to effects. Adj. and adv. "from the former"; deductive; relating to or derived by reasoning from self-evident propositions; presupposed by experience; being without examination or analysis; presumptive; formed or conceived beforehand. From what comes before. A thing is known a priori if it is evident by logic alone from what is already known. From causes to effects, conclusions drawn from assumptions, deductive reasoning. 'From what is already known', reasoning based on deduction. From what was before.
A propositum aberrare, declinare, deflectare, digredi, egredi. To digress from the point at issue.
Ab abusu ad usum non valet consequentia. The consequences of abuse do not apply to general use (rights abused by some are still rights).
Ab aeterno. From eternity.
Ab imo pectore. From the bottom of the chest (from the bottom of the heart).
Ab incunabulis. From infancy.
Ab initio. From the beginning.
Ab intra. From within.
Ab urbe condita; anno urbis conditae. "From the founding of the city" (of Rome); 753 B.C., according to Livy's count; used as a reference point by the Romans for establishing dates, as we use A.D. today.
Ab (ex) uno disce omnes. From one person, learn all people.
Absentem laedit cum ebrio qui litigat. To quarrel with a drunk is to wrong a man who is not even there.
Absit invidia. Let ill will be absent.
Absit omen. May the omen be; may the omen be absent (asks for protection against evil) or absent (may this not be an omen).
Absolvi meam animam. I have set my mind free. I got that off my chest.
Absolvo. I acquit.
Absum! I'm out of here!
Abundant dulcibus vitiis. Nobody's perfect.
Abusus non tollit usum. Misuse does not nullify proper use.
Accessit. He/she came close. Honorable mention.
Acta est fabula. The drama has been acted out; It is all over. (Usually in the context of a life or event coming to an unhappy end).
Actio personalis monitur cum persona. Dead men do not sue.
Ad alta. To the summit.
Ad arbitrium. At pleasure.
Ad finem. To the end; at or near the end.
Ad hoc. For this purpose (a temporary committee); toward this (matter) something created especially for a particular occasion; for this particular purpose (for this one reason) For the immediate purpose. An ad hoc committee is appointed for some specific purpose, after completing which it is dissolved. "For a particular purpose (improvised)".
Ad idem. Of the same mind.
Ad infinitum. Without limit, forever, or "to the infinite"; without end or limit. To infinity, without limit. Never ending. Without limit or end. To infinity. (It indicates that a process or operation is to be carried out indefinitely, without limit.
Ad Kalendas Graecas. At the Greek Kalends; hence, never. (It speaks of a date that does not or will not exist. Kalends were a part of the Roman month, but did not exist in the Greek calendar, so the Latin phrase is used when confronted with a false or unlikely promise).
Ad libitium (ad lib). Freely; at ease; at pleasure; at will.
Ad praesens ova cras pullis sunt meliora. Eggs today are better than chickens tomorrow (a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush).
Ad vitam. For life.
Ad vitam paramus. We are preparing for life.
Adde parvum parvo magnus acervus erit. Add a little to a little and there will be a great heap (Ovid)
Adsum. I am present.
Adversus solem ne loquitor. Do not speak against the sun (do not waste your time arguing the obvious).
Aegrescit medendo. He becomes worse by the remedies used.
Aegroto dum anima est, spes esse dicitur. As long as there is life there is hope for the ill one, it is said (Cicero).
Aegroto dum anima est, spes est. As long as a sick person is conscious - or has a good character, reacts - there is still hope.
Age quod agis. Attend to what you are about.
Albae gallinae filius. Son of a white hen.
Alea iacta est. The die is cast. The die has been cast. i.e., The decision has been made. [Julius Caesar uttered this when making the decision to cross the Rubicon in 49 B.C. Used when a bold and irretrievable decision has been made.]
Alias (dictus). Otherwise called.
Aliquid ad ridiculum convertere. To make a joke of a thing.
Altissima quaeque flumina minimo sono labi. The deepest rivers flow with the least sound (still waters run deep).
Amare et sapere vix deo conceditur. Even a god finds it hard to love and be wise at the same time.
Amici probantur rebus adversis. Friends are tested in adversity.
Amicus certus in re incerta cernitur. One's friends are known in the hour of need.
Amicus humani generis. A friend of the human race (philanthropist).
Amor nummi. Love of money.
Animis opibusque parati. Prepared in minds and resources (ready for anything).
Animo prompto esse ad jocandum. To be humorously inclined.
Annus Bisextus. Leap year.
Annus mirabilis. A remarkable year, a miraculous year; a year in which an unusual number of remarkable things occurred.
Ante languorem adhibe medicinam. Use medicine before you get too weak (Sirak).
Ante meridiem. Before noon. Usually abbreviated A.M.
Ante partum. Before childbirth.
Ante victoriam ne canas triumphum. Do not count your chickens before they're hatched.
Apparatus criticus. Critical matter.
Apudne te vel me? Your place or mine?
Aqua pura. Pure water.
Aqua vitae. Water of life (formerly applied to alcohol).
Aquila non capit murem. The eagle does not catch the mouse (do not sweat over small things.)
Aquila non capit muscas. An eagle does not catch [does not bother with] flies.
Arcanum arcanorum. Secret of secrets.
Argumentum ad baculum Argument to the stick (appeal to force)
Arma tuentur pacem. Arms maintain peace.
Ars amandi. The art of loving.
Ars artis gratia. Art for art's sake.
Ars artium. The art of arts (logic).
Ars dicendi. The art of speaking, oratory.
Ars longa, vita brevis. Art is long, but life is short. (Hippocrates said it in Greek).
Ars moriendi. The art of dying.
Ars poetica. The art of poetry.
Ars sine scienta nihil est. Art without science is nothing.
Arte perire sua. To perish by one's own creation.
Artes perditae. Lost arts.
Asinus asinum fricat. The ass rubs the ass (used to describe two people lavishing excessive praise on one another).
Aspergere sales orationi. To intersperse one's speech with humorous remarks.
Assiduus usus uni rei deditus et ingenium et artem saepe vincit. Constant practice devoted to one subject often outdoes both intelligence and skill (Cicero).
Audi et alteram partem. Hear the other side too.
Audiatur et altera pars. Let us hear the opposite side. The other part should be heard, too.
Aurea mediocritas. "Golden Mean" (an ethical goal to achieve).
Aureo hamo piscari. To fish with a golden hook.
Aurora australis. The southern polar lights.
Aurora borealis. The northern polar lights.
Auspicium melioris aevi. Omen of a better time.
Aut insanit homo, aut versus facit. The fellow is either mad or he is composing verses.
Aut inveniam viam aut faciam. I will either find a way or make one (motto).
Ave atque vale. "Hail and farewell!".
Commune naufragium dulce. Common shipwreck is sweet. [Common traumas connect people.].
Commune periculum concordiam parit. Common danger begets concord.
Compos sui. Master of himself.
Compos voti. Having obtained one's wish.
Condemnant quod non intellegunt. "They condemn because they do not understand"; a phrase that can be used to defend much.
Conditio sine qua non. A necessary condition. A necessary or indispensable condition (without which [there is] nothing).
Confer (abbreviated Cf.). Compare.
Consilio et prudentia. By wisdom and prudence.
Cornucopia. Horn of plenty.
Corpus Delicti. "The body of the crime"; the substance or fundamental facts of crime; the material evidence that a crime has occurred.
Cui bono. Whom does it benefit? (including the profit?) (From Cicero).
Cui Fortuna favet multos amicos habet. He whom Fortune favors has many friends.
Cui prodest. Who profits? Who gains? "Whom does it benefit?" (Short form for cui prodest scelus, is fecit in Seneca's Medea - the murderer (could be) the one who gets advantage from the murder).
Culpa est mea. "The fault is mine".
Cum grano salis. With a grain of salt. (Take something not literally, but with due consideration.).
Cum laude. "With praise (honour)" Used on degree certificates to indicate exceptional academic standing.
Cura, ut valeas! Take care.
Curae leves loquuntur ingentes stupent. Slight griefs talk, great ones are speechless (minor losses can be talked away, profound ones strike us dumb).
Curia pauperibus clausa est. The Senate house is closed to the poor.
Curriculum vitae. The course of one's life (plural: curricula vitae).
De diem in die. From day to day.
De facto. "In reality"; according to fact; actually.
Deficiente pecunia deficit omnia. It's all over when money is gone.
De gustibus non est disputandum. There is no accounting for tastes.
De iure. By law; according to law.
De profundis. Out of the depths.
De re. Of things. About the thing.
Deo gratias. Thanks to God.
Deo volente. God willing.
Deus ex machina. A god out of a machine (device) i.e., a sudden, unexpected turnover; an artificially introduced solution. [Originating from Greek dramas, where Zeus was introduced on the stage by letting him descend from the sky, in the reality coming out of a machine].
Deus vobiscum. God be with you.
Di! Ecce hora! Uxor mea me necabit! God, look at the time! My wife will kill me!
Di pia facta vident. The gods see virtuous deeds (Ovid).
Die dulci fruere. Have a nice day.
Dic mihi solum facta, domina. Just the facts, ma'am.
Dicendi praecepta tradere. To teach rhetoric.
Dicta dicere in aliquem. To make jokes on a person.
Dictum. "A thing said"; a noteworthy statement.
Dictum ac factum. Said and done.
Dictum sapienti sat est. A word to a wise person is sufficient.
Die dulci fruere. Have a nice day.
Dies natalis. Birthday.
Disertum esse. To be fluent.
Dispositio rerum. The arrangement of the subject-matter.
Dixi. I have spoken.
Docendo discimus. We learn by teaching.
Donec eris felix, multos numerabis amicos. As long as you are fortunate, you will have many friends.
Dramatis personae. Characters of the play.
Dulcis domus. Sweet home.
Dum spiro, spero. "While (as long as) I breathe, I hope".
Dum vita est spes est. While there is life, there is hope.
Dum vivimus, vivamus. While we live, let us really live. (Epicurean philosophy).
Dura necessitas. Necessity is harsh.
Durum hoc est sed ita lex scripta est. This is harsh but the law is written.
Edamus, bibamus, gaudeamus. Let us eat, drink and be merry (Solomon).
Editio princeps. First edition.
Eiusdem generis. Of the same kind.
Eloquentia corporis. Eloquent body (impressive exterior).
Emeritus. Honorary; by merit: having served his time. For example, "She is now professor emerita."
Ergo. Therefore; used to show a logical conclusion.
Errare humanum est, in errore perservare stultum. (Seneca). It is human to make a mistake, it is stupid to persist on it.
Erratum (plur. errata). Error (The term refers to corrections of not very large errors in books and papers after publishing.
Estne volumen in toga, an solum tibi libet me videre? Is that a scroll in your toga, or are you just happy to see me?
Et al. Abbreviation of et alii, which means "and others". It is used to avoid writing a long list.
Et cetera. And the rest; and so on. Often abbreviated etc. or &c.
Et nunc et semper. Now and forever.
Et uxor (abbreviated Et ux.). And wife; with wife.
Ex aequo et bono. According to what is just and good.
Ex animo. From the heart (sincerely, heartily).
Ex Cathedra. "From the (bishop's) chair"; speaking with formal, official authority. Figuratively, any authoritative pronouncement. Usually an official pronouncement from the Pope. A Cathedra is the seat reserved for a Bishop in a cathedral.
Ex gratia. As a favour.
Ex imo corde. From the bottom of the heart.
Ex libris. From the library (book collection) of.
Ex malis moribus bonae leges natae sunt. From bad ways (customs) good laws were born.
Ex mea sententia. In my opinion.
Ex more. According to custom.
Ex officio. By virtue of the office held; out of (as a result of) one's duty or office.
Ex parte. From a part; by just one party to a dispute, the other party being absent. Often: one-sided point of view.
Ex post facto. Resulting after the fact (deed); "from what is done afterward". (Also "post facto").
Ex tempore. From the moment.
Ex uno disce omnes. From one person learn all persons. (From one we can judge the rest.)
Excelsior. "Ever upward".
Excitabat fluctus in simpulo. He was stirring up billows in a ladle (Cicero).
Exempli gratia. For example; for the sake of example; for instance. Usually abbreviated e.g.
Ex pede Herculem. From the foot (we recognize) a Hercules; we judge of a whole from the specimen.
Experientia docet. Experience teaches.
Experto crede. Believe (trust) the expert.
Explorant adversa viros. Misfortunes put men to the test.
Extra jocum, remotum joco. Joking apart.
Fama nihil est celerius. Nothing is swifter than rumor.
Fecit. He/she made it. (follows the artist's signature).
Felicitas multos habet amicos. Prosperity has many friends.
Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum. Happy is he who gets cautious by another's damages.
Fiat experimentum in corpore vili. Let the experiment (or trial) be done on a worthless subject.
Flagrante delicto. "While the crime is blazing"; caught red-handed, in the very act of a crime; a blazing offense.
Floruit. "He flourished"; a period of flourishing (of a person or movement).
Fortiter in re, suaviter in modo. Resolutely in action, gently in manner. (To do unhesitatingly what must be done but accomplishing it as inoffensively as possible.
Fortuna suffragante. With luck on our side.
Ibid. In the same place (in a book). Abbreviation for ibidem.
Id quod (mihi) propositum et. A theme, subject proposed for discussion.
Ignis aurum probat, miseria fortes viros. Fire tests gold; adversity tests strong men.
Ignorantia legis non excusat. Being ignorant of law cannot be assumed as a justification.
Ilium fuit. Troy no longer exists (It applied to anything that is past and gone).
Illiud Latine dici non potest. You cannot say that in Latin.
Imprimatur. Let it be printed.
In absentia. In one's absence; in absence.
In actu. In practice.
In caelo quies. There is rest in heaven.
In camera. "In a chamber"; in private, secretly; In secret or private session; not in public.
In dentibus anticis frustum magnum spiniciae habes. You have a big piece of spinach in your front teeth.
In dubio mitior sententia est praeferenda. In (cases of) doubt a milder sentence (judgement) is preferred.
In dubio pro reo. Let doubt favour the accused one [rendered].
In extenso. At full length.
In extremis. In the last agonies; near death.
In flagrante delicto. Caught in the act; in the very act of committing an offence.
In forma pauperis. In the form of a poor person; in a humble or abject manner; in the form or manner of a poor man.
In loco. In the place of.
In loco parentis. In the place of a parent.
In mari magno pisces capiuntur. Fish are caught in the big ocean.
In medias res. "Into the middle of things"; (straight) into the middle of a narrative or plot; in the middle of a narrative or plot.
In memoriam. To the memory of; in memory of.
In nubibus. In the clouds; not yet settled.
In nuce. In a nut (nutshell) i.e., in short.
In omnia paratus. Prepared for all things.
In omnibus caritas. In all things charity.
In pace, ut sapiens, aptarit idonea bello. In peace, like a wise man, he appropriately prepares for war.
In perpetuum. Into perpetuity.
In propria persona. In one's own person.
In re. "In regards to"; in the matter of.
In sermonem ingredi. To begin a conversation.
In situ. In its original place (position, situation).
In statu quo. In the same state (or situation it was before).
Inter nos. Between ourselves.
In toto. Entirely; "in total"; altogether.
Intra parietes. Within walls; in private.
In vinculis e tiam audax. In chains yet still bold (free).
In vino veritas. In wine is truth. (Truth is told under the influence of wine.)
In vivo. Within the living organism.
Incipit. It begins. (Used to show the beginning of a text or book).
Infra. Below, on a later page.
Iniuria solvit amorem. Injury destroys love.
Integra mens augustissima possessio. A sound mind is the most majestic possession.
Integritas, sinceritas orationis. Purity of style.
Inter alia. Among other things.
Inter alios. Among other persons.
Inter nos. Between us.
Intra parietes. Within four walls.
Ipse dixit. "He himself said it"; an assertion made but not proved.
Ipso facto. "by the fact itself"; by that very fact or act; as an inevitable result.
Ipso facto. By the fact itself; "by that very fact"; thereby.
Ita est. It is so.
Magnum opus. "A great work"; masterpiece; especially, the greatest achievement of an artist or writer.
Magnus frater spectat te. Big Brother is watching you.
Malesuada fames. Hunger is a bad counsellor.
Materia medica. Medical material.
Materia mihi crescit. My subject grows as I write.
Materia rerum et copia uberrima. Abundance of material.
Mea mihi conscientia pluris est quam omium sermo. My conscience is more to me than what the world says.
Medicus curat, natura sanat. The doctor cares [for his patient], and nature heals [him or her]
Mellita, domi adsum. Honey, I'm home.
Membrum virile. The virile member; penis.
Memento mori. "Remember that you must die"; Remember death (comes). Remember your mortality. Also, ironically, Remember to die. Cf. memento skulls.
Memento vivere. "Remember to live". A reminder of life (literally remember that you have to live).
Mens rea. Guilty mind.
Mens sana in corpore sano. "A sound mind in a sound body".
Minime senuisti! You have not aged a bit!
Mirabile dictu. Wonderful to say. Wonderful to relate.
Mirabile visu. "Wonderful to see".
Missis ambagibus dicere. To speak without circumlocution.
Modus operandi. A method of working, of work, or operating. Manner or method of work characterizing a particular person's professional habits.
Modus vivendi. Way of living.
Monstra mihi pecuniam! Show me the money.
Morologus es! You're talking like a moron.
Mors omnibus instat. Death threatens everyone (Grave inscription).
Multa paucis. Say much in few words.
Muta est pictura poema. A picture is a silent poem.
Mutatis mutandis. With the necessary changes (modifications). The necessary changes being made.
Nobilitat stultum vestis honesta virum. Good clothes enoble a stupid man (Medieval saying).
Noli irritare leones. Do not irritate lions.
Noli me vocate, ego te vocabo. Do not call me, I'll call you.
Noli nothis permittere te terere. Do not let the bastards get you down.
Nomen est omen. A name is an omen. The name is the sign.
Non calor sed umor est qui nobis incommodat. It is not the heat, it is the humidity.
Non curo. Si metrum non habet, non est poema. I do not care. If it does not rhyme, it is not a poem.
Non est mea culpa. It is not my fault.
Non omne licitum honestum. Not every lawful thing is honorable.
Non omne quod nitet aurum est. Not everything that is shining is gold. (Hence: Not everything that looks beautiful is good.
Non plus ultra! Nothing above that!
Non scholae sed vitae discimus. We learn not for school, but for life.
Non semper ea sunt qua videntur. Not always are they (things) what they seem to be.
Non semper erit aestas. It will not always be summer (be prepared for hard times).
Non sequitur. It does not follow. (Concerning an inference that does not follow from the premises.) Used to indicate a statement or conclusion that does not follow from what has gone before; a conclusion which does not accord with the premises.)
Non sum pisces. I am not a fish.
Non vestimentum virum ornat, sed vir vestimentum. Not the raiment graces the man, but the man the raiment.
Nosce te ipsum. Know thyself.
Nota bene. "Note well". Mark well; used to call attention to something important, is a way of saying, "take note of this".
Novus homo. A new man [in politics].
Nulla dies sine linea. Not a day without a line [by Apeles, Greek painter). Not a day without something done.
Nunquam non paratus. Never unprepared; always ready. Do something every day!
Pacta sunt servanda. Agrements must be honoured.
Pari passu. Equally.
Pares cum paribus facillime congregantur. Like join the most easily like (Those who are like each other, join one another most easily).
Par pari refero. I return like for like; tit for tat.
Parva scintilla saepe magnam flamam excitat. The small sparkle often initiates a large flame.
Pauci sed boni. Few men but good ones.
Paucis te volo. I want a word with you.
Paucis verbis, quid est deconstructionismus? What, in a nutshell, is deconstructionism?
Pax. Peace; often found in combination with a latinized name, such as Pax Americana, Pax Brittanica, Pax Romana.
Pax in bello. Peace in [the middle of] war.
Per annum. By the year. Per year.
Per ardua ad astra. "Through hardship to the stars," motto of the Royal Air Force.
Per capita. "By heads"; equally to each individual; per unit of population: by or for each person per capita of any state in the union. By heads or individuals. Per head. By the head. "Per person".
Per consequens. By consequence.
Per contra. On the other side.
Per diem. Literally, "by the day"; by the day (a phrase used in business); for each day; based on use or service by the day: daily; paid by the day; Plural: per diems a daily allowance; a daily fee.
Per scientiam ad salutem aegroti. To heal the sick through knowledge.
Per se. By itself; in itself; essentially. "In and of itself." Taken alone.
Per stirpes. By stocks or families.
Perorare. (1) to make one's peroration; (2) to deliver the closing speech (in a case where several speeches have been made).
Perscriptio in manibus tabellariorum est. The check is in the mail.
Persona grata. "A pleasing person"; personally acceptable or welcome.
Persona non grata. Adj. "a not-pleasing person"; personally unacceptable or unwelcome; an unacceptable or unwelcome person.
Perspicue, diserte dicere. To speak in clear expressive language.
Philosophum non facit barba. The beard does not define a philosopher.
Pistrix! Pistrix! Shark! Shark!
Pituita me tenet. I have caught a cold. (From Pompeii).
Plane, aperte dicere. To speak openly, straightfowardly.
Poeta nascitur, non fit. The poet is born, not made.
Poeta nascitur, orator fit. A poet is born but an orator is manufactured.
Ponere. To propose, set a theme.
Ponere alicui, de quo disputet. To set someone a theme for discussion.
Pons asinorum. "The bridge of fools," anything that divides the capable from the incapable, e.g., a geometry problem.
Possunt quia posse videntur. They can because they think they can.
Post bellum, auxilium. Aid after the war.
Post coitem. After sexual intercourse.
Post hoc non est propter hoc. "After" is not "because".
Post hoc, ergo propter hoc. "After, therefore because of." A common fallacy in reasoning.
Post partum. After birth; after childbirth; of or occuring in the period shortly after childbirth.
Praemonitus pramunitus. Forewarned, [is] forearmed.
Prima facie. At first sight; on the face of it. "At first appearance"; at first view: "On its face." Indicates that a conclusion is indicated (but not necessarily proved) from the appearance of things.
Primum non nocere. First, do no harm. [From the Hippocratic Oath. The first principle is not to harm.
Primum viveri diende philosophari. Live before you philosophize.
Probitas laudatur, et alget. Honesty is praised, and is left to starve.
Pro forma. For form's sake. For the sake of form. "For form"; made or carried out in a perfunctory manner or as a formality. E.g., "It was a pro forma interview - the decision to hire her had already been made.".
Pro tanto. So far.
Pro tempore. Temporarily. "For the time being".
Pro, contra. For, against.
Propria laus sordet. Self-praise stinks.
Prudens futuri. Thoughtful of the future.
Pueri pueri, pueri puerilia tractant. Children are children, (therefore) children do childish things.
Purgamentum init, exit purgamentum. Garbage in, garbage out.
QED. See quod erat demonstrandum.
QEF. See quod erat faciendum.
Qua. In the capacity of. (Example, "He is really very personable, but qua chairman he can be seem overbossy.)
Quae nocent docent. That which hurts teaches.
Quae nocent, saepe docent. What hurts, often instructs. [One learns by bitter/adverse experience.].
Quaeso esto meus vicinus. Please will not you be my neighbour.
Qualis pater, talis filius. As is the father, so is the son; (like father, like son).
Qualis rex, talis grex. Of what sort is the king, of that sort is the flock/people.
Quam se ipse amans-sine rivale! Himself loving himself so much- without a rival! (Cicero).
Quanti est sapere. How desirable is wisdom or knowledge.
Quanti canicule ille in finestere? How much is that doggie in the window?
Quantum materiae materietur marmota monax si marmota monax materiam possit materiari? How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
Quasi. As if.
Qui dedit benificium taceat; narret qui accepit. Let him who has done a good deed be silent; let him who has received it tell it (Seneca).
Qui proficit in literis et deficit in moribus, plus deficit quam proficit. He who moves forward in science and moves back in moral, goes more back than forward.
Qui vult dare parva non debet magna rogare. He who wishes to give little should not ask for much.
Quid agis, medice? What is up, Doc?
Quid agis? How are you? Quid agis? is also used as an expression of surprise: "What are you thinking of?"
Quid agitur? Quid fit? What is going on? How are you getting on?
Quid est illa in auqua? What is that in the water?
Quid novi? What is new?
Quid pro quo. One thing for another; something for something; tit for tat. "What for what," a phrase that denotes an exchange. Something for something, or something in exchange for something - a fair exchange. Something in return.
Quidquid agis, prudenter agas. Whatever you do, may you do it prudently.
Quidvis recte factum quamvis humile praeclarum. Whatever is rightly done, however humble, is noble.
Quis custodiet ipsos custodes. Who shall guard the guards?
Quo signo nata es? What is your sign?
Quo vadis. Where are you going?
Quoad hoc. To this extent.
Quod bonum, felix, faustumque sit! And may it be lucky, prosperous, and auspicious!
Quod erat demonstrandum. Which was to be demonstrated (which had to be (was to be) shown or proved). Text in the end of demonstration, usually abbreviated Q.E.D. More loosely: "We have proved the proposition." This abbreviation is often written at the bottom of a proof to indicate that the assignment is complete. The QED is now usually indicated by a small square.
Quod erat faciendum. Which was to be done. Abbreviated QEF, it was traditionally used to mark the end of a solution or calculation. It is rarely used now. (Impress your professor by putting it at the end of exam problems.)
Quod erat in veniendum. Which was to be found.
Quod licet Iovi, non licet bovi. What is permitted (allowed) to Jupiter is not (necessarily) permitted to a cow.
Quod medicina aliis, aliis est acre venenum. One person's medicine is another's foul poison.
Quod vide. Which See; see that reference - usually abbreviated q.v. (This is a scholarly way of directing the reader to a reference.)
Quot capita, tot sententiae. As many opinions as people.
Quot homines, tot sententiae. As many men, so many opinions.
Simila similibus curantur. Like things are cured by likes.
Similis simili gaudet. Like is pleased with like.
Simul et dictum et factum. At the same time both said and done.
Sine die. Without a day being set (specified). With no time fixed. Without stipulating a day. Literally, without a day. Without any future date being designated (as for for reconvening, for resumption: indefinitely.) Unknown period of time .
Sine labore non erit panis in ore. Without work there will not be any bread in your mouth.
Sine qua non. Without which not (hence: a necessity). "That without which nothing." Indicates an essential or indispensable element or condition or precondition. That which is of necesssity. Pl. sine qua nons; also sine quibus non [literally, without which not] something absolutely indispensable or essential.
Sine sole sileo. (inscription on Roman sundials). Without the sun I am silent.
Sit vis nobiscum. May the force be with you.
Si vis pacem, para bellum. If you wish for peace, prepare for war.
Socius criminis. A partner in crime.
Sona si Latine loqueris. Honk if you speak Latin.
Spero nos familiares mansuros. I hope we will still be friends.
Status quo. The existing state of affairs (from "statu quo ante", prior or current situation). The present state of affairs. The existing condition. Things as they are - The situation or state in which [it was before].
Stet. Let it stand as it is (printing term used in editing to indicate that something crossed out is to remain).
Studium immane loquendi. An insatiable desire for talking.
Stultus est licut stultus facit. Stupid is as stupid does.
Sub judice. Before a court.
Sub omni lapide scorpio dormit. Under every stone sleeps a scorpion.
Sub rosa. Under the rose (hidden). Secretly, confidential, in confidence.
Sub specie aeternitatis. Under eternity's angle of view.
Sum, ergo edo. I am, therefore I eat.
Summa cum laude. With the highest honour [literally, with highest praise]. With greatest praise. With highest distinction.
Summa summarum. The sum total.
Summum bonum. The highest (or chief) good.
Sumus quod sumus. We are what we are [motto on the crest of the mythical town of Lake Woebegone in Minnesota - a creation by the author Garrison Keilor].
Sumptus censum ne superet. Let not your spending exceed your income.
Sunt pueri, pueri puerilia tractant. Children are children, (therefore) children do childish things.
Supra. Above, on an earlier page.
Sursum corda. [Lift] up [your] hearts.
Sutor, ne ultra crepidam. "Shoemaker, do not go farther than (your competence on) the shoes" - It is said that a Greek painter was one day painting a warrior but he was uncertain on how to render his shoe (crepida); he then asked a cobbler (sutor) and this one explained him what required. But next the cobbler started criticising other parts of the painting too, so the arts asked him to keep within the borders of his competence.
Suum cuique. To each his own.
Veris amicus rara avis. A true friend is a rare bird (rarity).
Vescere bracis meis. Eat my shorts.
Vestis virum facit. Clothes make the man.
Via. By way of.
Via dolorosa. The way of sorrow.
Via media. A middle way or course. "Middle path".
Vice versa. The other way round. "A reverse of order or meaning". In reverse, turn in place, the other way round. The positions being reversed.
Victis honor. Honour to the vanquished.
Victoria, non praeda. Victory, not loot.
Vide. See.
Videlicet (abbreviated Viz.). Namely. That is to say; To wit.
Vidistine nuper imagines moventes bonas? Seen any good movies lately?
Vigilantis pretium libertatis. Vigilance in the price of liberty.
Vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum. Silver is less valuable than gold, and gold than virtue.
Vincit omnia veritas. Truth conquers all (motto).
Vincit qui se vincit. He conquers who conquers himself.
Vincit veritas. Truth conquers (motto).
Vires acquirit eundo. As it goes it acquires strength (originally said of rumours).
Vir sapit qui pauca loquitur. It is a wise man who speaks little. (quoted in Shakespeare's, Love's Labour's Lost) Cf. Proverbs 17: 28.
Virtus millia acuta. Virtue is a thousand shields.
Virtutis fortuna comes. Fortune is the companion of virtue.
Vis maior. Higher force.
Visne saltare? Do you want to dance?
Vita non est vivere sed valere vita est. Life is more than merely staying alive.
Vitanda est improba siren desidia. One must steer clear of the wicked temptress, Laziness (Horace).
Vitio format perit, vino corrumpitur aetas. By wine beauty perishes, by wine youth is corrupted.
Viva voce. By word of mouth; orally.
Vive quasi cras moriturus. Live as if you were going to die tomorrow.
Vivere disce, cogita mori. (inscription on Roman sundials). Learn to live; Remember death.
Viz. Abbreviation of Videlicet.
Vox audita perit, littera scripta manet. The spoken word vanishes but the written letter remains.
Vox can�ra. A melodious, ringing voice.
Vox humana. The human voice.
Vox magna, clara. A strong clear voice.
Vulnerant omnes, ultima necat. (inscription on Roman sundials). Every (hour) wounds, the last kills.
Vulpem pilum mutat, non mores. A fox may change its hair, not its tricks. [People change behaviour but not their aims.]
Vulpes non capitur muneribus. A fox is not caught by gifts (Medieval saying).
Vulturum non capit muscam! The eagle does not catch flies.
Vultus est index animi. The face is the index of the soul/mind.
Waldorf Semper. Waldorf (tact) always.
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i don't know
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Which meringue dessert, decorated with whipped cream and fresh fruit, originated in Australia and New Zealand, and was named after a famous early 20th century Russian ballet dancer?
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1000+ images about Beautiful Pavlova on Pinterest | Peach melba, Cream and Mini pavlova
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Pavlova
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Which disease, caused by an increased level of Bilirubin in the blood, derives its name from the French for yellow?
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The Old Foodie: January 2007
The Old Foodie
Today, January 31st …
[update: February 7th, see the entry for 1933]
The Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova was born on this day in 1885, so there is no difficulty guessing our topic today – ‘the pavlova, the sweet dessert’. There has been a longstanding battle between Australia and New Zealand as to who 'invented' the pavlova, with tempers getting quite nasty at times. This is my contribution to the war.
For those of you who need the clarification, a pavlova as defined by the OED is “a dessert consisting of a soft-centred meringue base or shell filled with whipped cream and fruit.” I would like it put on notice here that the OED, which should be absolutely non-partisan, has clearly allied itself with the “soft-centred like marshmallow” school of thought, in complete disregard for the very vocal opposition school that maintains a pavlova should be thoroughly dried and crisp throughout.
We have established then, that a pavlova is a form of meringue. Neither Australia nor New Zealand invented the meringue, because the meringue was invented before they were. As for meringue, it was not, repeat NOT ‘invented in 1720 by a Swiss pastry-cook called Gasparini, who practised his art in Mehrinyghen [hence ‘meringue’], a small town in the State of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.’ Even the venerable Larousse perpetrates this myth, in complete disregard for the fact that confections made from sweetened, stiffly-beaten egg whites appear in cookbooks printed well before that date. The earliest I can find appears in the recipe collection of Lady Elinor Fettiplace, which is dated 1604, which she calls White Bisket Bread.
To make White Bisket Bread.
Take a pound & a half of sugar, & an handful of fine white flower [flour], the whites of twelve eggs, beaten verie finelie, and a little annisseed brused, temper all this together, till it be no thicker than pap, make coffins with paper, and put it into the oven, after the manchet [bread] is drawn.
Note: this is clearly what we would call ‘meringue’, but Lady Elinor does not use the name. The first use that I am aware of (and I stand willing to be corrected) is in the cookbook of François Massialot, the first chef of Louis XIV (1638 - 1715). His book was published in 1692, and contained a chapter on “Meringues and Macaroons”. This is one of the recipes from the English translation of 1702.
Dry Meringues.
Having caus’d the Whites of four new-laid Eggs to be whipt, as before, till they rise up to a Snow, let four Spoonfuls of very dry Powder-sugar be put into it, and well-temper’d with a Spoon: Then let all be set over a gentle Fire, to be dried a little at two several times, and add some Pistachoes, that are pounded and dried a little in the Stove. Afterwards, they are to be dress’d as other, and bak’d in the Oven somewhat leisurely, with a little Fire underneath, and more on the top; When they are sufficiently done, and very dry, let them be taken out, and cut off with a Knife: Lastly, as soon as they are somewhat cold, let them be laid upon Paper, and set into the Stove to be kept dry.
So, should M.Massialot get the credit for ‘inventing’ the meringue, as the evidence is that he used the name first? Or, until an earlier manuscript turns up, should it go to Lady Elinor, on the principle that the concept is the thing, not the name?
Australia and New Zealand, we have established, did not invent the bisket-bread/meringue style confection itself. Did either of them actually invent the particular iteration which both now call the pavlova, or did one of them steal the name an apply it to a similar, but quintessentially different variation? Here we have the nub of the dispute. It is all in the name.
It is not my job here to take sides (although as I have pointed out elsewhere, NZ is the country that re-named the Chinese Gooseberry the Kiwi Fruit, in what was clearly an attempt to give it origin status), so I hereby give you the known facts/factoids in chronological order for you to make up your own minds.
1926: A cookbook printed in NZ called Cookery for New Zealand, by E. Futter contained a recipe ‘Meringue with Fruit Filling’. It was not, however, called Pavlova.
1927: The OED cites the first use of the word ‘pavlova’ in ‘Davis Dainty Dishes’, published by Davis Gelatine in NZ. It was ‘composed of coloured layers of jelly made in a mould resembling a ballerina's tutu’. Pavlova, as coloured jelly – I don’t think so!
1927: A group of Congregational Church ladies produced a cookbook called Terrace Tested Recipes, in Wellington NZ in 1927. One recipe was for ‘Meringue Cake’, which was made in two tins, the resulting two cakes being sandwiched together with cream and fruit, or serves as two cakes. Not called pavlova. Structure similar? Not the two layer one, certainly.
1929: Yet another NZ cookbook, Mrs. McKay’s Practical Home Cookery, had a recipe for ‘Pavlova Cakes’, the plural representing the three dozen little confections made from the mixture. This is hardly the same thing as a pavlova with the traditional filling/topping, now is it?
1933: Bron at Bron Marshall Classic & Creative Cuisine sends this correction on Feb 7th:
The recipe was submitted by a Laurina Stevens for the Rangiora Mother’s Union Cookery Book, it was called “Pavlova” - the correct name, the recipe was for one large cake and contained the correct ingredients, egg white, sugar, cornflour, and vinegar, and it had the correct method for cooking. This has been proven thanks to the research of Professor Helen Leach, of the University of Otago’s anthropology department. Prof Leach also uncovered a 1929 pavlova recipe in a New Zealand rural magazine which had the correct ingredients and correct method of cooking, however it was unfortunately published under a pseudonym.
1935: The family of Herbert Sachse of the Hotel Esplanade in Perth, Western Australia have maintained a vigorous claim that he invented the dish to be served at afternoon tea, and commented (or someone did) that “It is as light as Pavlova”, and hence the name Sachse claimed in a magazine interview that he ‘improved’ a recipe for Meringue Cake he found in the Women’s Mirror Magazine on April 2, 1935 (which had been submitted by a NZ resident.
I guess the only way this dispute will get resolved is if we can come to a consensus as to what defines a pavlova, as distinct from a meringue or a meringue cake or a pavlova cake(s).
I reckon the passionfruit is crucial.
Tomorrow’s Story …
A Previous Story for this Day …
We had a story about monkeys and bananas on this day last year.
Quotation for the Day …
Once in a young lifetime one should be allowed to have as much sweetness as one can possibly want and hold. Judith Olney.
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Wine with Wisdom.
Today, January 29th …
Herman Melville wrote to his great friend Nathaniel Hawthorne on this day, urging him to visit, and tempting him with a promise of food and wine and conversation.
“ … Fear not that you will cause the slightest trouble to us. Your bed is already made, & the wood marked for your fire. But a moment ago, I looked into the eyes of two fowls, whose tail feathers have been notched, as destined victims for the table. I keep the word "Welcome" all the time in my mouth, so as to be ready on the instant when you cross the threshold. … Mark - There is some excellent Montado Sherry awaiting you & some most potent port. We will have mulled wine with wisdom, & buttered toast with story-telling & crack jokes & bottles from morning till night”.
How could anyone refuse an invitation for “mulled wine with wisdom, & buttered toast with story-telling” from such a brilliant writer? Especially another brilliant writer? What stories did they tell over their buttered toast? Did they exchange plot details from the books they were working on? Melville must have been close to finishing Moby Dick, and Hawthorne The House of the Seven Gables at that time as both books were published later the same year.
Whatever they discussed, the mulled wine would certainly have been welcome, as the temperature at Melville’s farm near Pittsfield, Massachusetts would have been below freezing. What did they mull over, over this mulled wine? And what a lovely confluence of words that is!
To mull is “to consider, ponder upon”.
Mulled wine is wine “made into a hot drink with added sugar, spices, fruit, etc., and formerly sometimes thickened with beaten egg yolk”
I did hope to find a clever connection between the various uses of ‘mull’, but a prolonged foray into the OED turned it up 11 times as an adjective, and 5 as a verb (with 5 more in the form of ‘mulled’), which was far too many for this non-linguist to unravel. The various entries were also prefaced with OED-speak such as “the origin is uncertain”, “various theories have been advanced as to the origin of this word”, and “the development of the other senses is unclear”. So I gave up. A selection of the definitions does seem to be relevant however.
‘To mull’ also means ‘to grind to a powder’ (the spices) and ‘to become wet or liquid’ (mixing the spices with the wine), and ‘to warm’, all of which fit the mulled wine concept, and are pretty good metaphors for the mental process too. There is also the possible association with the Latin word ‘mulsus’, meaning mixed with honey, which would fit with the sweetening of the drink.
It might seem likely that the name of the Anglo-Indian 'Mulligatawny Soup' would reference the grinding of the spices, but the word has a completely different (and thankfully quite unequivocal etymology), which is satisfyingly descriptive. ‘Mulligatawny” comes from a Tamil word meaning “pepper water”. There is no evidence that I am aware of that either of our two literary gentlemen ever ate it, but it would have been entirely appropriate for the mid-winter weather in Massachusetts.
I give you a recipe for the soup from the same era, from Cookery, rational, practical and economical, treated in connexion with the chemistry of food by Hartelaw Reid (1853)
Mulligatawny Soup.
Cut the meat of three pounds of a breast of veal into small pieces, and simmer the trimmings, gristles, and bones, along with a knuckle of veal broken in pieces, in about three quarts of water, until these are converted into a good strong stock. Fry (sauter) the pieces of meat in butter, in a deep stewpan, along with some sliced onion, and a slice of lean ham. When slightly browned, add two tablespoonfuls of flour, mix well, and pour over them the stock previously strained. Allow this to simmer gently for nearly an hour, skimming off the fat as it rises. Then add two or three dessert-spoonfuls of curry powder, season with salt and cayenne to taste, and continue the simmering until the veal is thoroughly cooked. Before serving, remove the ham. Carrot and turnip may be used in this soup if desired, being sliced and sautéed along with the meat and onion; apples are also sometimes employed in this way. The remains of cooked fowls or rabbits, cut into pieces of the proper size, may be warmed up in this soup and served along with, or instead of, the veal.
Tomorrow’s Story …
A dish for the Empress.
Quotation for the Day …
It is true that taste can be educated. It is also true that taste can be perverted... If any man gives you a wine you can't bear, don't say it is beastly... But don't say you like it. You are endangering your soul and the use of wine as well... Seek out some other wine good to your taste. Hillaire Belloc.
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A Saintly Weed.
Today, January 19th …
After the previous two days of heavy-duty menus, it is a relief to return to some delicate plant cookery. The mediaeval monks’ saintly calendar of flowers comes to our rescue today. The plant of the day, which is dedicated to St Martha, is the White Dead Nettle.
The stinging nettle is a weed, an invalid food, or a spinach substitute, depending on your point of view, state of health, and finances. Its medicinal use goes back many centuries, and we have already met the hymnist John Byrom , who used ‘nettle broth’ for some unspecified malady in 1728. Nicolas Culpeper in his famous herbal the English Physitian (1652) gave a list of medicinal actions of the nettle, noting among other things that would:
“ … open the Pipes and passages of the Lungs … and helpeth to expectorate tough Flegm, as also to raise the impostumated Pleuresie, and spend it by spitting; .. killeth the Worms in Children, easeth pains in the sides, and dissolveth the windiness in the Spleen, as also in the Body, … Remedy against the stinging of Venemous Creatures, the biting of Mad Dogs … ”
Culpeper’s contemporary, Samuel Pepys, recorded taking nettle porridge on a number of occasions. We know he suffered from ‘the stone’, so perhaps the nettles helped, for Culpeper also said of it that “the Seed provoketh Urine, and expelleth the Gravel and Stone in the Reins or Bladder.”
Aside from its medical use, the nettle is a most useful culinary plant. It can be used to make tea or beer, depending on inclinations and brewing skill, but it is less well known that it can be used as a sort of vegetable rennet (vegetarians take note). Cassells’ Dictionary of Cookery (1870’s) says:
Nettle, Rennet of.
In the Western Isles of Scotland a rennet is prepared by adding a quart of salt to three pints of a strong decoction of nettles, a table-spoonful of which is said to be sufficient to coagulate a bowl of milk.
The most usual use of course is as a pot herb. Given that the usual consumers of the nettle are the peasants and the poor, it is not surprising that there are almost no recipes for it in cookbooks – if one could afford to buy a cookbook, and had an education that enabled one to read it, presumably one would not be eating wayside weeds. Alexis Soyer, the most famous chef of the Victorian era did however include instructions for cooking nettles it in his Shilling Cookery for the People, published in 1854. He did not have a recipe for them in The Modern Housewife (1853), which was clearly written for a better class of reader.
Here is the recipe from Soyer’s book, whose full title is: Shilling Cookery for the People: embracing An Entirely New System of Plain Cookery and Domestic Economy (1854). He addresses the recipes in the book to ‘Eloise’.
“I herewith send you the receipts I promised you on Nettles which I tried while in Norfolk”
Nettles.
Wash them well, drain, put them into plenty of boiling water with a little salt, boil for twenty minutes, or a little longer, drain them, put them on a board and chop them up, and either serve plain, or put them in the pan with a little salt, pepper, and a bit of butter, or a little fat and gravy from a roast; or add to a pound two teaspoonfuls of flour, a gill of skim milk, a teaspoonful of sugar, and serve with or without poached eggs.
This extraordinary spring production, of which few know the value, is at once pleasing to the sight, easy of digestion, and at a time of the year when greens are not to be obtained, invaluable as a purifier of the blood; the only fault is, as I have told you above, Eloise, they are to be had for nothing; it is a pity children are not employed to pick them, and sell them in market towns.
Monday’s Story …
The Death of a Queen.
A Previous Story for this Day …
A story about the avocado, which grows on 'the Testicle Tree' .
On this Topic …
An Extraordinary Banquet.
Today, January 18th …
The legendary chef Antonin Carême (1784-1833) is generally acknowledged as the founder of classic French cookery. During his own lifetime, he was styled The Cook of Kings and the King of Cooks, and for about two years one of his royal masters was the future King George IV, the gluttonous, spendthrift Francophile - George, Prince of Wales, acting as Regent on behalf of his father, the poor mad George III.
Carême did not stay long in the Prince’s kitchens, for a variety of reasons, but while he was in the Regent’s employ, he engineered one of the most elaborate and extravagant banquets ever held.
It all happened on this day in 1817, at the ‘Brighton Pavilion’ – the Regent’s new, extravagant and elaborate seaside residence. The occasion was the state visit of Grand Duke Nicholas of Russia.
This dinner was not simply a meal offered to a hungry overseas guest, this was not simply Dinner, this was Theatre (or Propaganda if you will) - Theatre with a cast of 120 dishes. Here is the playbill.
SOUPES.
Risotto à la Milanaise.
Today, January 16th …
There is a charming myth that the classical northern Italian dish Risotto à la Milanaise was created in 1574 by the artist responsible for the stained glass windows in the Cathedral of Milan when he added some saffron (supposedly used for colouring his paints) to a dish of rice at his daughters wedding. It is a legend that begs many questions, not the least of which is what was an elite artist doing in the kitchen at that time, paint colourings in hand. The legend goes on to say that the guests pronounced the dish “risus optimus”, or “excellent rice”, which became eventually became “risotto”. The OED does not give this explanation, but does concede that the name is of Italian origin, and then rather prosaically describes the dish as “A stew or broth made with rice, chicken, onions, butter, etc.” The crucial “etcetera” that makes basic risotto into Risotto à la Milanaise, is, of course - saffron.
So, can we get any closer to the real origins of this dish?
What we do know is that a dish of “Sicilian style rice” was served on this day in 1543 at a banquet organised by Cristoforo da Messisbugo, a steward of the Este family in Ferrara. The dish allegedly contained egg yolks, grated cheese, pepper, saffron and sugar. It is certain that Sicily was under Moorish influence for centuries, and saffron originated in the Middle East - probably in ancient Sumeria, and is a feature of Sicilian dishes, so the explanation so far sounds reasonable. We also believe that the Moors also took rice to Europe, and were growing it in Spain in the 8th or 9th century, and that it was being produced in the Lombardy plain by the end of the 15th century, which also fits our story.
Dishes are rarely, if ever “invented” – they evolve and develop over time, and one day might be given a special name, along with which comes the belief that it is newly invented. In reality, rice and saffron were partners at least two centuries before our mid-sixteenth century banquet. It is possible that they were partners in the 8th or 9th century, but no cookbooks (if indeed there were any) survive from that time. I give you recipes for fourteenth and fifteenth century risotto-like dishes containing saffron.
From France, from the manuscript known as the Viander de Taillevent , written in about 1375, and translated by James Prescott:
Decorated rice for a meat day.
Pick over the rice, wash it very well in hot water, dry it near the fire, and cook it in simmering cow's milk. Crush some saffron (for reddening it), steep it in your milk, and add stock from the pot.
From England, from the manuscript known as the Form of Cury , written in about 1395:
Ryse of Flesh.
Take Ryse and waishe hem clene. and do hem in erthen pot with gode broth and lat hem seethe wel. afterward take Almaund mylke and do therto. and colour it with safroun an salt, an messe forth.
From late 15thC Italy, from the cookbook of Maestro Martino, as translated by Jeremy Parzen in The Art of Cooking: the first modern cookery book; edited by Luigi Ballerini.
Martino gives it as a variation of a recipe for Farro (or emmer, an ancient variety of wheat).
Farro with Capon Broth or Other Meat Broth.
To make ten servings: first of all, clean and wash the farro well, and cook in good capon broth or fatty pullet broth, and let it simmer for a long while. When done cooking, add some good spices; and take three egg yolks and a bit of cold farro, and mix together. Then drop into the farro, and make yellow with some saffron.
Rice with Meat Broth.
Prepare as for farro broth. But many do not like eggs with their rice, so you should leave it up to your master’s tastes.
And for a named version of the dish of the day (although not necessarily the first), we jump to the mid-nineteenth century, to Eliza Acton’s version in Modern Cookery for Private Families (1845).
Risotto a la Milanaise
Slice a large onion very thin, and divide it into shreds; then fry it slowly until it is equally but not too deeply browned; take it out and strain the butter, and fry in it about three ounces of rice for every person who is to partake of it. As the grain easily burns, it should be put into the butter when it begins to simmer, and be very gently coloured to a bright yellow tint over a slow fire. Add to it some good boiling broth lightly tinged with saffron, and stew it softly in a copper pan for fifteen or twenty minutes. Stir to it two or three ounces of butter mixed with a small portion of flour, a moderate seasoning of pepper or cayenne, and as much grated Parmesan cheese as will flavour it thoroughly. Boil the whole gently for ten minutes, and serve it very hot, at the commencement of a dinner as a potage.
Obs.- The reader should bear in mind what we have so often repeated in this volume, that rice should always be perfectly cooked, and that it will not become tender with less than three times its bulk of liquid.
Tomorrow’s Story …
A Previous Story for this Day …
The ancient Roman festival of Concordia was our story on this day in 2006.
Quotation for the Day …
Rice is a beautiful food. It is beautiful when it grows, precision rows of sparkling green stalks shooting up to reach the hot summer sun. It is beautiful when harvested, autumn gold sheaves piled on diked, patchwork paddies. It is beautiful when, once threshed, it enters granary bins like a (flood) of tiny seed-pearls. It is beautiful when cooked by a practiced hand, pure white and sweetly fragrant.Shizuo Tsuji
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Victory Sausages.
Today, January 12th …
On this day in 1943 in the USA, an official of the Meats Division of the Office of Price Administration announced that for the duration of the war, frankfurters (or ‘hot dogs’) would be replaced with ‘Victory Sausages’, and that a proportion of the meat of the said sausages would itself be replaced with ‘an unspecified amount of soybean meal or some other substitute.’
The ostensible justification for the enforcement of ‘an arbitrary sausage formula’ was the shortage of real meat, but surely this could have been carried out without a name change for the product? Consumers have always assumed that the contents of a sausage are arbitrary, have they not? It was clearly a propaganda opportunity too good to miss – a simple name change to demonstrate anti-German sentiment, an idea resurrected from the previous war when ‘sauerkraut’ became ‘Liberty Cabbage’, and resurrected again when ‘French Fries’ briefly became ‘Freedom Fries’ (due to anti-French sentiment on the part of US soldiers in Iraq).
Propaganda aside, the government assured the populace that the sausage formula might be arbitrary, ‘but it would meet the standards of wholesome nutrition regardless of how much substitute matter it contained.’ Soybeans – ‘the vegetable meat’ - got a large amount of their own propaganda during this time. Numerous commercial products based on soy meal with names only marketing gurus could love came onto the market. One was called Soysage, and consisted of meal made from soy, peanuts, and cottonseed, augmented with wheat bran and wheat germ and flavoured ‘discreetly’ with dehydrated onion and spices. A food writer in 1943 in the New York Times waxed as lyrical as she could on its virtues, informing her readers that ‘as might be expected from its composition, Soysage is to be employed as a meat substitute.’ The package directions, she said ‘say to blend a cup of it with half a cup of water and form the mixture into patties or “sausages”, brown in a skillet, add more water and continue cooking for about eight minutes until the moisture is absorbed.’ The good folk in the New York Times kitchen felt the necessity to value-add to this recipe, and recommended adding a grated raw carrot, a grated onion, and a pinch of sage to the mixture, and after initial browning, to transfer them to the oven to finish cooking, and then serve them with ‘an appetizing tomato or parsley sauce.’
The ‘vegetable meat’ was also heavily promoted as a grain substitute, and the recipes supplied by various authorities for soymeal in this role sound rather more palatable than those for it as a meat substitute. Here is another New York Times recipe, also from 1943.
Soybean Bread.
Six cups sifted enriched flour, one cake yeast, three and a half tablespoons dry skim milk, two cups water, three teaspoons salt, two and a half tablespoons sugar, nine tablespoons high fat soybean flour and one and a half tablespoons shortening. Two cups of fluid milk may be used in place of the dry skim milk and water.
Monday’s Story …
Too much Molasses.
A Previous Story for this Day …
James Boswell used food to assist his amorous endeavours in 1763, in a story called ‘ Food for Perfect Felicity’ .
On this Topic …
Official First World War recipes for meatless dinners made with beans, were in THIS STORY.
Quotation for the Day …
Hardy’s Ale.
Today, January 11th…
The novelist Thomas Hardy died on this day in 1928, and forty years later a commemorative ale was released in his honour in his home county of Dorset. This is a very special ale. It is matured in sherry casks for nine months, bottle fermented in individually numbered bottles, designed to be laid down for 5-25 years, and - at 12.5% ABV - decidedly not for wimps.
The ale was inspired by a passage in Hardy’s novel “The Trumpet Major”. The action of the novel occurs in the fictional county of Wessex (which is certainly Dorset), and Hardy describes the local beer as:
“……of the most beautiful colour that the eye of an artist in beer could desire; full in body, yet brisk as a volcano; piquant, yet without twang; luminous as an autumn sunset; free from streakiness of taste; but, finally, rather heady. The masses worshipped it, the minor gentry loved it more than wine, and by the most illustrious country families, it was not despised."
There were some anxious moments for beer aficionados around the world when the Eldridge-Pope brewery was sold in 1997 and it looked like the beer would not survive. There was no 2000 vintage, but happily common (and commercial, it seems) sense has returned, and the beer is once again available.
A recipe for the ale is clearly out of the question, and a recipe using it as an ingredient would clearly be sacrilege. Luckily, Dorset is also famous for its apples, and a recent competition was held to determine what would be the signature dish of the county. The local Dorset Apple Cake won, and fine recipes for it can be found on the sites belonging to my fellow-bloggers, Andrew at Spittoon Extra , and Anna at Baking for Britain.
My offering to you is a mid-Victorian apple cake from Eliza Acton’s Modern Cookery (1845), and leave it to you to decide if it is actually cake, or tart, or pie.
Apple Cake, or German Tart.
Work together with the fingers ten ounces of butter and a pound of flour, until they resemble fine crumbs of bread; throw in a small pinch of salt, and make them into a firm smooth paste with the yolks of two eggs and a spoonful or two of water. Butter thickly a plain cake tin, or pie mould; roll out the paste thin, place the mould upon it, trim a bit to its exact size, cover the bottom of the mould with this, then cut a band the height of the sides, and press it smoothly round them, joining the edge, which must be moistened with egg or water, to the bottom crust, and fasten upon them to prevent their separation, a narrow and thin band of paste, also moistened. Next, fill the mould nearly from the brim with the following marmalade, which must be quite cold when it is put in. Boil together, over a gentle fire at first, but more quickly afterwards, three pounds of good apples with fourteen ounces of pounded sugar, or of the finest Lisbon, the strained juice of a large lemon, three ounces of fresh butter, and a teaspoonful of pounded cinnamon, or the lightly grated rind of a couple of lemons. When the whole is perfectly smooth and dry, turn it into a pan to cool, and let it be quite cold before it is put into the paste. In early autumn, a larger proportion of sugar may be required, but this can be regulated by the taste. When the mould is filled, roll out the cover, lay it carefully over the marmalade that it may not touch it, and when the cake is securely closed, trim off the superfluous paste, add a little pounded sugar to the parings, spread them out very thin, and cut them into leaves to ornament the top of the cake, round which they may be placed as a sort of wreath*. Bake it for an hour in a moderately brisk oven. Take it from the mould, and should the sides be not sufficiently coloured put it back for a few minutes into the oven upon a baking tin. Lay a paper over the top, when it is of a fine light brown, to prevent its being too deeply coloured. This cake should be served hot.
Paste: flour, 1 lb.; butter, 10 oz.; yolks of eggs, 2; little water. Marmalade: apples, 3 lbs.; sugar, 14 oz. (more if needed); juice of lemon, 1; rinds of lemons, 2; butter, 3 oz.: baked, 1 hour.
*Or, instead of these, fasten on it with a little white of egg, after it is taken from the oven, some ready-baked leaves of almond-paste, either plain or coloured.
Tomorrow’s Story …
A Previous Story for this Day …
The story on this day last year featured the explorer David Livingstone.
Quotation for the Day …
I have fed purely upon ale; I have eat my ale, drank my ale, and I always sleep upon ale. George Farquhar, Irish dramatist (1678-1707?)
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Dumplings for Eccentrics.
Today, January 10th …
It is universally acknowledged that the British have more eccentrics per capita than any other nation on earth. A superb British example of Extreme Eccentricity was born on this day in 1716, to die wealthy but alone and miserable a long, cold, hungry 78 years later.
That person was the most miserly of a famous family of rich misers, a man called Daniel Dancer. In spite of his fun-sounding name, he lived the life of a recluse, wore rags until they fell off him and slept on a bed of sacks and straw. He ate a single meal a day of a bit of meat and a single dumpling – apart from the glorious brief two weeks when he ate mutton pies made from the decomposing flesh of a dead sheep which he happened upon and did not want to waste. A little embroidery rarely hurts what is already an apocryphal story, and one version of this tale says that rather than waste fuel he heated his dinner by putting it between two plates and sitting on it.
The OED defines a dumpling as “A kind of pudding consisting of a mass of paste or dough, more or less globular in form, either plain and boiled, or inclosing fruit and boiled or baked.” In other words, they are the plainest of plain food, their sole purpose being to take away hunger as cheaply as possible.
Daniel came from Harrow in Middlesex, and Norfolk is the English county most proud of its dumplings, but in reality - a dumpling is a dumpling whichever county it hales from. The OED definition is almost a recipe, so here, in Daniel’s honour, I give you a couple of another alternatives suitable for “poor people”, from William Ellis, a Hereford farmer who lived at the same time as Dancer and wrote a manual of domestic and farm management in 1750.
How Water Pancakes are made by poor People.
This pancake is made by many poor, day-labouring mens wives, who when they cannot afford to make better, make this; by stirring wheat flower with water instead of milk, for if they can get milk, they generally think it put to a better use when they make milk porridge of it for their family. The flower and water being stirred into a batter consistence, with a sprinkling of salt and powder'd ginger, they fry the pancakes in lard, or other fat, and without any sugar they and their family make a good meal of them.
How a poor Woman makes palatable Mince-Pyes of stinking Meat.
This is a poor industrious woman that rents a little tenement by me of twenty shillings a year, who for the sake of her poverty is every week relieved, with many others, by the most noble lord of Gaddesden Manour; who killing a bullock almost every week for his very large family, he has the offald meat dressed, and is so good as to have it given away to the poorest people in the neighbourhood. But it sometimes happens, through the negligence of careless servants, that this charitable meat is apt to stink in hot weather, for want of its due cleaning, boiling, and laying it in a cool place: However, the poor are very glad of this dole, as it does their families considerable service. And to recover such tainted meat, this woman, after boiling and cleansing it well, chops and minces it very small, and when mixed with some pepper, salt, chop'd sage, thyme and onion, she bakes it: This for a savoury pye. At another time she makes a sweet pye of this flesh, by mixing a few currants and plumbs with it. But in either form the taint is so lessened that it is hardly to be perceived.
Tomorrow’s Story …
Hardy’s Ale.
A Previous Story for this Day …
Getting the Sauce on Vegetables , a story about the complexities of EU regulations, was the story for this day last year.
Quotation for the Day …
The fricassee with dumplings is made by a Mrs Miller whose husband has left her four times on account of her disposition and returned four times on account of her cooking and is still there. Rex Stout (1886-1975), creator of the fat detective, Nero Wolfe.
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Asparagus and Age.
Today, January 9th …
The death on this day in 1757 of the brilliant French mathematician Bernard le Bouyer de Fontenelle seems a strange start to a food story, but there are two very good reasons for our attention.
The first reason is that he died a few weeks short of his hundredth birthday, proving that his well-known gourmandism did not damage his life-span at all, which is enormously reassuring for those of us who love good food, and occasionally fear that we will pay the ultimate early price for our obsession.
The second reason is that he is the subject of a particularly good food story about asparagus, and I now have an excuse to tell it.
The story says that one day his friend and colleague the Abbé Terrasson (who was also known to be fond of his food) arrived unexpectedly just as Fontenelle was eagerly awaiting a dish of asparagus which he particularly loved, especially dressed with oil. The Abbé however, preferred his asparagus with butter, so the dutiful host ordered his cook to prepare half the dish with oil, and half with butter. Suddenly, before the dish was served, the Abbé fell down dead with apoplexy, whereupon Fontenelle instantly rushed into the kitchen, calling out to his cook “The whole with oil! The whole with oil, as at first!”
The story gives both support and rebuttal to another of Fontenelle’s traits. It was said of him that he was completely lacking in emotion, that he had never truly laughed or cried, that he believed ‘It is the passions that do and undo everything.’
Naturally, I give you a classical French recipe for asparagus today, taken from Alexandre Dumas père’s posthumously published labour of love, his Grand Dictionnaire de Cuisine (1870), as translated by Alan and Jane Davidson in Dumas on Food.
Asperges à la Pompadour.
M. de Jarente, Minister of state when Madame de Pompadour was in favour, left the following prescription to our celebrated gourmand Grimod de la Reynière, a nephew worthy of his uncle.
‘Choose three bunches of the most beautiful asparagus from large young Dutch plants, that is to say white ones with purple tips. Trim them, wash and cook them in the ordinary way, that is to say by plunging them in boiling water. Slice them afterwards by cutting them on the bias near the tip,into pieces the length of the little finger. Use only the best parts, setting aside the rest of the stems. Put the chosen pieces in a hot napkin so as to drain them and keep them hot while you prepare your sauce.
‘Empty a medium-size pot of butter from Vanvre or Prévalais and put the contents in spoonfuls in a silver dish. Add a few grains of salt, a good pinch of powdered mace and a generous spoonful of pure wheat flour; and in addition the yolks of two fresh eggs diluted with four spoonfuls of the juice of sour Muscat grapes. Cook this sauce in a double boiler; do not allow it to thicken excessively and thus become too heavy. Put your sliced pieces of asparagus in the sauce, and serve it all in a covered casserole as an extra, so that this excellent course does not languish on the table and can be appreciated at the height of its perfection.’
Tomorrow’s Story …
Cocoa in the Country.
Today, January 8th …
The very first issue of Country Life, that most British of British magazines was launched on this day in 1897. It seems that every country sees its rural life as its real life, its essence, and perhaps it is – even if hardly anyone lives it any more. Country Life is now well-known for its cover pictures of aristocratic homes or aristocratic ‘girls in pearls’, but the first issue (which cost sixpence) had several display advertisements, including one for Cadbury’s Cocoa.
The history of chocolate contains every plot device known to fiction-writers – almost as many as does the history of coffee, and too many for one day. We will save the botanical, linguistic, economic, political, imperial, medicinal, mythological and scientific stories for other times, and today enjoy the religious experience of chocolate (as well as the rural), for a reason which will become clear.
Chocolate originated in Central America, and our words ‘chocolate’ and ‘cacao’ have their origins in the languages of the ancient people of that region, for whom it certainly played spiritual and celebratory role. Eventually, thanks to the Spanish invasion/colonisation of the region, cacao beans made their way to Europe.
The first ‘improvement’ made by the Europeans to the spicy, sometimes bitter beverage was the addition of sugar, and the credit for this idea is occasionally attributed to the Franciscan Bishop of Mexico, Juan de Zumarrogo, himself. The rich, sweet beverage became rapidly popular, and equally rapidly feared by the inevitable small number of ascetics, puritans, purists and kill-joys amongst the clergy. In fact, it spurred a vigorous debate within the Catholic Church, mainly on the issue of whether (as it was so rich and sustaining) it should be considered a beverage or a food, and therefore whether it was acceptable when fasting. A secondary issue was whether of not it incited lust (see the quotation below) - clearly also a topic of great concern to an institution that maintained celibate priests but wanted its flock to go forth and multiply (under the correct set of conditions of course).
Popes between Gregory XIII (1572-85) and Benedict XIV (1740-58) and many lesser clerics made edicts and pronouncements on the sanctity or otherwise of chocolate, but ultimately the Church lost the battle and gave up. The story of Popes and chocolate was still not quite over however, and rumour at the time had it that the death of Clement XIV in 1774 was facilitated by poisoned chocolate given by Jesuits (who have a long involvement in its history), who he had tried to suppress.
The religious connection comes full circle in our story today, as the other very useful thing about chocolate (the drink) is that it is universally liked, but not alcoholic. Developments in the chocolate industry went on apace in England in the nineteenth century thanks to two Quaker (and therefore temperance) families – the Cadburys and the Frys, who need no introduction.
As to the rural aspect to today’s story, it comes in the form of today’s recipe. From The Times in 1942, a wartime recipe for ersatz chocolate (the confection, not the drink) - very welcome during a time of sugar and sweets rationing.
Honey Chocolate.
Private bee-keepers may be glad of the following recipe for home-made honey chocolate: - ¼ lb honey, ¼ lb sugar, three tablespoonsful cocoa, ½ lb chopped home-grown nuts (hazel, cob, walnut, &c.), three tablespoonsful stale plain cake crumbs.
Put the honey and sugar in a saucepan over very low heat and allow the sugar to dissolve. Boil up, stirring in the cake crumbs and cocoa, beating until smooth, add the chopped nuts, and mix well. Spread on greased flat tin, leave to dry, cut into squares.
Tomorrow’s Story …
Asparagus and Age.
Quotation for the Day …
The confection made of Cacao called Chocolate or Chocoletto which may be had in diverse places in London, at reasonable rates, is of wonderful efficacy for the procreation of children : for it not only vehemently incites to Venus, but causes conception in women . . . and besides that it preserves health, for it makes such as take it often to become fat and corpulent, fair and amiable. William Coles, Adam in Eden (1657)
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i don't know
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Who was the American serial killer, nicknamed 'The Green River Killer', who, at his trial in 1983, confessed to the murders of 48 women in Washington State?
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1000+ images about Green river killer on Pinterest | Washington state, Green river and Superior court
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Gary Ridgway (1949-) was convicted of 48 murders in the Green River Killer case that lasted more than 20 years. After his arrest, he confessed to more murders than any other American serial killer: 71. Many of the victims were prostitutes. He strangled the women and dumped their bodies in wooded areas in Washington state’s King County. He entered a plea bargain and agreed to show authorities where missing victims were in exchange for not facing the death penalty.
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Gary Ridgway
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In 'South Park', what is the name of the boy's teacher who had a sex change in series 9 before deciding he was male after all in series 12?
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Gary Ridgway | Criminal Minds Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
View of the Green River near where several victims were found.
Ridgway committed his first confirmed serial murders in the 1980s, most of them in 1982 and 1983. He was brought in for questioning as a person of interest when the first bodies were found and took a polygraph test twice, once in 1982 and once in 1986, passing both times, and was a suspect during the entire investigation. He came close to being arrested a few times; in 1985, a woman accused him of grabbing her in a choke-hold in 1982, and in 1983, a witness saw victim Marie M. Malvar get into his car. In October of 1984, Ted Bundy , who was on death row in Florida at the time, contacted the Green River Task Force and offered his personal insights on the case and the area. He was interviewed a few times, though nothing useful came of it besides more confessions of his own murders.
Maps denoting the locations of where Ridgway's victims were discovered.
The police learned from several prostitutes in the Green River Killer's usual area that they had seen him driving on that strip, which was the route he took to get to work. It was also noted that he had been reported as absent from work on every single occasion that a victim had disappeared. In 1987, the police searched his house and took samples of his hair and saliva. Because there wasn't enough evidence to make an arrest, he was released. Ridgway's involvement in the investigation led his coworkers to nickname him "Green River Gary". As the years went by, more remains of his victims were found; the most recent finding was on December 21, 2010. In 1991, the Green River Task Force was reduced to a single person, Tom Jensen. For a decade afterwards, the case remained completely dormant. During that time, Ridgway is only confirmed to have committed a single murder.
Ridgway's court statement.
It wasn't until 2001 that the big break in the case finally came when the murders were re-investigated with a task force consisting of 30 people, including forensic and DNA experts. A DNA comparison of semen found on the victims' bodies and the samples taken from Ridgway in 1987 was made using more recent technology and came back a match. Ridgway was consequently arrested, charged with the murders of Opal Mills, Marcia Chapman, Carol Christensen and Cynthia Hinds; the first three were connected to him by DNA evidence and the fourth by circumstantial evidence. Three more charges, those of Wendy Coffield, Debra Bonner and Debra Estes, were added when the investigators found traces of a kind of spray paint Ridgway used at work on their remains. In 2003, Ridgway made a plea bargain with the prosecution, agreeing to make a full confession and help the authorities find the remains of his victims in exchange for avoiding the death penalty. In total, he was convicted of 49 murders. He confessed to a total of 71, though some estimate that he may have killed more than 90 women. At one point during the legal proceedings when the victims' families gave testimonies, Ridgway broke into tears and told them he was sorry. As part of his plea bargain, the investigators began driving him between dump sites, where he would direct them to bodies which hadn't previously been found. He is currently serving his sentence at the Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla, Washington.
Modus Operandi
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i don't know
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What was the name of the paycock in Sean O'Casey's play 'Juno And The Paycock'?
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Juno and the Paycock - The Irish Repertory Theatre
The Irish Repertory Theatre
Ed Malone & J. Smith-Cameron in Juno and the Paycock
Juno and the Paycock
“I doubt that ‘Juno’ will receive a more eloquent or sympathetic production in my lifetime than this one… The Irish Rep never fails to hit the mark, but even for them, this is a truly distinguished effort.” –The Wall Street Journal
by Sean O’Casey
directed by Charlotte Moore
October 8, 2013 – January 26, 2014
The Irish Repertory Theatre returns to its roots with Sean O’Casey’s perfect fusion of realism and poetry, of somber tragedy and extravagant comedy jostling one another in his 1924 Dublin masterpiece, Juno and the Paycock. The play unsettles us and whirls us about! In one of the most memorable speeches in modern drama, Juno Boyle leaves us with O’Casey’s legacy: “Take away our hearts of stone and leave us with hearts o’flesh!”
Juno and the Paycock is Sean O’Casey’s extravagant portrait of the poetically comic and tragic world of a Dublin torn apart by the chaos of the Irish Civil War. The gestures of life are often broad, and the speech torrential as Jack Boyle and sidekick Joxer Daly’s drinking and posturing rise to comic heights! When the news of an unexpected inheritance arrives, the family sees a flame of hope as the heroic Juno Boyle dreams of taking war-crippled son, Johnny, and his sister, young Mary, out of their squalid surroundings into a better life. However, hopes are dashed and reality returns as a twist of fate brings their dreams crashing down around them.
“Ms. Moore’s production has an intuitive feeling for the manner in which the play’s characters can move between despair and hope, torpid depression and exuberance, with disarming fleetness. In one of the finest performances of her distinguished career on the New York stage, Ms. Smith-Cameron imbues her Juno with a steely pragmatism, but more important an emotional pliancy.” -New York Times
“In their respective directing and acting capacities… both Moore and O’Reilly are at the top of their form.” –Huffington Post
“seamless production and high caliber cast” –New York Irish Arts
“The Irish Rep’s current production of Sean O’Casey’s “Juno and the Paycock” is another reminder that it’s been hands-down the city’s best revival company for many years.” –EDGE New York
“A powerful production full of vigor, immediacy, and deep human complexity… The play warms our hearts as it breaks them.” -Exeunt Magazine
“as perfect an introduction to the Irish classic as you could ever ask for.” –Irish Central
“J. Smith-Cameron positively dazzles as the matriarch of the Boyle family . . . chilling, enraging, and beautiful.
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Jack Boyle
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Cape Farewell is a headland which constitutes the southernmost part of which island?
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Juno and the Paycock | Culture Northern Ireland
Juno and the Paycock
Paycock320x.jpg
It’s been a while since I’ve watched an actual play in the Grand Opera House - it’s been all musicals for me lately. So initially I struggle to hear what the characters in Sean O’Casey’s Juno and the Paycock are saying, all the way down there on the stage, with no musicians to back them up.
Is it a glitch with the sound desk, or the ringing of mobile phones that dampens the sound? Either way, the level of the actors soon picks up and I can relax into one of the very best Irish plays
ever written. Or so I’ve heard.
Juno and the Paycock was first staged in Dublin’s Abbey Theatre in 1924. The second in O’Casey’s ‘Dublin Trilogy’, the play deals with various themes, from the Irish republican struggle following the 1916 Easter Rising, to the plight of the working class and the ever-present influence of alcohol and the Catholic church in Irish society.
Juno and ‘Captain’ Jack Boyle inhabit a two-room apartment in a Dublin tenement building with their daughter Mary and son Johnny. It’s a hard life made harder by Jack’s unwillingness to do anything other than shoot the breeze with his less-than-savoury friend and drinking buddy, Joxer Daly.
When an unexpected inheritance promises to raise the Boyles to new heights, things begin to spin out of control. Juno and Captain Jack spend what they don’t yet have, and when Mary falls pregnant with the baby of the untrustworthy English solicitor, Mr Bentham, things threaten to rip the Boyle clan apart.
Will the IRA finally catch up with the troubled Johnny, and what will become of Mary and her bastard child?
It may be set during a time of civil strife and socio-economic hardship, but Juno and the Paycock is not, in the main, a dark play.
O’Casey was able to marry comedy and tragedy seamlessly in his work, and whilst Juno does confront the dark side of life – alcoholism, the realities of the republican armed struggle, the harsh attitude toward extramarital sex at the time – the play is littered with comic asides and wonderful play-on-words language that the actors seem to enjoy as much as the audience.
In fact, as the play progresses, I begin to understand just how iconic Juno and the Paycock really is. Founder of the Lyric Theatre, Mary O’Malley was so enamoured with the play that she ran it almost every year during her time in charge of the theatre. Throughout, audience members mouth or openly voice iconic lines in the play along with the actors.
‘Th' whole worl's in a terrible state o' chassis,’ repeats Captain Jack. ‘What is the moon, what is the stars?’ he drunkenly ponders, a line which perhaps gets the biggest response from the audience. And my personal favourite, ‘Isn't all religions curious? If they weren't you wouldn't get anyone to believe in them’.
O’Casey’s taut, inventive writing cannot be faulted. The same can be said for the acting in this production. With his slouching posture and ‘darlin’’ phrases, Joe Hanley keeps the Opera House amused as the scheming Joxer.
Bríd Ni Neachtain brings an authority and self-confidence to the role of Juno, and Garrett Keogh is unflinchingly believable as the work shy Captain Jack – whether playing for laughs or portraying his character’s descent into loneliness.
It’s Diarmuid Noyes as Johnny who catches the eye, however. Off stage for much of the time, he nevertheless commands attention as the paranoid Johnny. And when his fate is finally revealed, the audience finally stop sniggering at scenes and lines that are far from funny and give the actors the deference they deserve.
If this ARTC sell-out run at the Opera House is anything to go by, it's clear that the demand for classic Irish theatre is as strong as ever. Let's hope that other companies look to the stars in the months to come.
Lee Henry
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i don't know
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In 'South Park', which former head of state is depicted as the lover of Satan?
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Saddam Hussein | South Park Archives | Fandom powered by Wikia
" It's Christmas in Canada "
Saddam Hussein was the former dictator and president of Iraq in South Park . Shortly before the American-Canadian War , he was killed by a pack of wild boars and became Satan 's jealous, emotionally abusive, and manipulative ex-boyfriend. He was a recurring character in South Park and one of the antagonists in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut .
Contents
[ show ]
Background
Hussein first made a very brief cameo in " Tom's Rhinoplasty " in an image shown by some Iraqis to the third grade class as evidence of Ms. Ellen being Hussein's mistress. He does not have the Canadian look in the photograph nor does he have a real life photo of his face. Her connection to him is a significant plot point that results in Ms. Ellen's ultimate death.
Hussein first appeared in " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus ," in which he kidnapped Celine Dion and tried to take over Canada . He launched an assault on Canada, sneaking his troops through the air lines, the Canadians not noticing that large numbers of Saddam's troops were moving in. By the end of the episode, he managed to take over most of Canada, although he was killed when all the Canadians farted, and later becomes a very visible resident of Hell .
In " The Mexican Staring Frog of Southern Sri Lanka ," Hussein is briefly seen with Satan welcoming Jesus ' television producer to Hell. This is where it is first hinted he has a relationship with Satan, as he is seen holding hands with him.
In South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut , he is the secondary later true main antagonist. Hussein continues his romantic relationship with Satan as he plans to conquer the world by taking advantage of Satan's power as ruler. Also, in the film, it was stated at the start that he got killed by a pack of wild boars six weeks earlier. That was an error because boars never killed him in the show, as he died in "Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus" due to a "mass fart". He uses his position of power over Satan to launch an invasion of earth after the Canadian-American war made it possible for him to enter, and his demons briefly manage to take over the world. US soldiers tried to shoot him, but he was shown to be immune to their weaponry. He is defeated after Cartman hits him with several powerful electrical shocks, and when Satan, tired of his abuse, throws the weakened Saddam down a cliff, where he is impaled on a spike. He is later seen briefly singing Mountain Town (Reprise) while still being impaled on the spike.
In " Do the Handicapped Go to Hell? ", Saddam returns to Hell (having no where else to go after his death) and tries to move in with Satan. He constantly murders Satan's new boyfriend, Chris , however he keeps coming back since they are already in hell.
In " Probably ", Satan deals with his decision to choose his current boyfriend over Saddam. He ends up choosing neither, and as punishment for Saddam's abusive, manipulative actions, banishes him to heaven to live with Mormons. He finds their kindness unbearable.
Saddam's "Chocolate Chip factory"
Hussein also appears briefly in " A Ladder to Heaven " when he is suspected by the US government of building a chemical weapons plant in Heaven . Being the manipulative character that he embodies in South Park, he even convinces God that he couldn't possibly be building chemical weapons in Heaven, despite the fact that he himself admits his cover up for the plant, a chocolate chip factory, is easily see-through.
He is also one of the forms the alien Najix takes in " Cancelled ".
He also appeared in " Krazy Kripples ", in which Christopher Reeve called the attention of all the bad guys in South Park , including Hussein, David Blaine , Osama bin Laden , Kim Jong-il , Professor Chaos , his sidekick General Disarray and others. He recommends "killing all the infidels" as opposed to getting rid of Gene Hackman . Although it is unknown how he returned to Earth from Heaven, God may have discovered his cookie factory was a cover for weapons of mass destruction exiled him to Earth.
In " It's Christmas in Canada ", Hussein appears as the man controlling the Prime Minister of Canada, in reference to the man behind the curtain in The Wizard of Oz. He makes many new, unnecessarily hateful and eccentric laws, including one that forced Ike to leave the US and move to Canada. The boys travel to Canada to get Ike back, coming across several other people who were affected by Saddam's laws. When they finally reach Saddam, he kills Kenny with lasers, and refuses to give Ike back to his brother. When Kyle asks "What the hell is wrong with you? What kind of Prime Minister bases all his decisions on hatred?" he is unveiled as the Prime Minister of Canada, and is promptly arrested by Canadian soldiers. He is last seen being paraded through a city on a float, with the Canadians celebrating his capture.
If you look very carefully in " A Million Little Fibers " when it shows the reporter from the Middle East, you can see a portrait of Hussein in the background.
Appearance
Saddam Hussein appears as any other Canadian character except his head is a cut out of the real person. He has a floppy head, a high-pitched voice and wears dark gray pants, a dark brown military jacket, and black shoes.
To see images of Saddam Hussein, visit Saddam Hussein/Gallery .
Personality
Saddam Hussein in South Park has mannerisms that differ from the real Saddam. First of all, he speaks English only, secondly, he talks in a whiny, high pitched voice, and thirdly, he is homosexual. He also is shown to be very manipulative, often accomplishing his tasks fairly easily due to the stupidity of nearly everyone around him, even God and Satan at certain points. He often creates schemes to take over the world. Most prominently in the film, where he manipulated his boyfriend Satan into invading earth, just so Saddam could push him aside and assume control of the world himself. He also organizes a gambit to invade Canada, sneaking his soldiers through the airlines in " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus " and apparently built a chemical weapons plant to take over the world in " A Ladder to Heaven ". His most recent (and last) plot was to become the Prime Minister of Canada by tricking the Canadians. He becomes the Prime Minister for a short time, but is defeated when the boys find out who he really is, and Canadian soldiers arrest him. Saddam appears to be very sadistic, as evidenced by his torture of Kenny in South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut , he is heavily implied to have a sexual fetish for it. On a similar note, Saddam appears to be very sex-crazed. He satisfies both his lust for power and his sex cravings by being in a homosexual relationship with Satan, whom he is very abusive to. As shown in " Do the Handicapped Go to Hell? " and " Probably " his first instinct when his relationship with Satan is threatened when Satan finds a new, much kinder boyfriend is to murder said boyfriend, and his first reaction after Satan breaks up with him is to constantly stalk him. He is a self-proclaimed psychopath, as evidenced in his song " I Can Change ", which contained the following lyrics:
"I like to kill I like to maim but its OK because I can change!", during which he kills a dancer by breaking her back. He also apparently had abusive parents, as evidenced by other lyrics from the same song:
"Its not my fault, that I'm, so evil its society. society. You see my parents were sometimes abusive, and it made a prick of me." During these lyrics caricatures of Saddam's parents are seen hitting their infant son.
Saddam also is depicted as very power hungry (as evidenced by his constant plots to take over the world), he is greedy and dishonest. On one occasion, he is implied to be a religious bigot, as evidenced by his line in " Krazy Kripples ", where he recommends "Death to the infidels" as opposed to getting rid of Gene Hackman .
Quotes
U.S. Government Representative: "Mr. Hussein, the U.S. government is becoming worried."
Saddam: "Worried? Aboot what? Take a load off! Relax!"
Representative: "You seem to be taking over Canada."
Saddam: "Taking over Canada? Me? Hey, you need a rest, fella! I'm not hiding any bombs!" Representative: "We didn't say anything about bombs."
Saddam: "Oh. You didn't? Hey, relax!"
Representative: "We're giving you just three years to clear your forces out of Canada. After that, we're gonna bomb all of Iran."
Saddam: "I'm from Iraq."
Representative: "Iran? Iraq? What's the difference?" from " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus "
Catchphrases
"Heeeeeeyyyyy! Relax, guy!"
Trivia
It is rumored by some U.S. Soldiers that the real Saddam Hussein was shown the film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut while on trial for genocide/crimes against humanity as a form of torture.
He is voiced by Matt Stone but in the end credits it says he was voiced by himself.
In the episode " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus ", he pronounces about as "aboot". This, combined with his Canadian style head and his habit of saying "relax guy/friend" when people suspect him, implies that he is Canadian in some way. However, in other episodes, he pronounces about as "about", and doesn't have a Canadian accent.
The cause for Saddam's death changes every time it is mentioned in the series - the film states he was killed by a pack wild boars while in " A Ladder to Heaven " and George Bush claims U.S. assassins took him out. He also was claimed to have died from a chemical gas attack by the Canadians in " Terrance and Phillip in Not Without My Anus ". However, this episode is shown as a fictional show-within-a-show in the episodes " Cartman's Mom is a Dirty Slut " and " Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow ".
Saddam was described by Satan once as "fucking crazy." Considering this is Satan, this is fairly ironic, although Satan has been shown as considerably nicer and more sensitive than he is depicted in other media.
When Saddam Hussein first appeared on South Park, he was still the dictator of Iraq, making his appearance as Satan's boyfriend rather surreal, especially the first time they aired.
Although Saddam is South Park's biggest and most dangerous villain and a real person and celebrity, he does not appear in " 200 " or " 201 ".
Saddam is referenced a few times as the Iraqi Dictator instead of Satan's boyfriend:
In " Red Sleigh Down ", an image of Hussein is seen in the room where Santa Claus is being tortured by the Iraqis.
The pro-war guy sings a song about America's need to fight Saddam Hussein in " I'm a Little Bit Country ".
In " Erection Day ", Jimmy tells a joke about how Saddam fell, but the price of gas didn't.
In the commentary track for South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut 's Blu-ray release, Trey Parker mentions that they had an idea to bring back Saddam in Season Thirteen , however, this never came to fruition.
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Saddam Hussein
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Cape Farewell is also a headland that constitutes the northernmost part of which island?
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South Park/Characters - All The Tropes
South Park/Characters
Tropes W-Z
Create New
The cast of characters from Trey Parker and Matt Stone's long-running animated show, South Park . Come on down and meet some friends of theirs.
Contents
Stan Marsh[ edit | hide ]
"Dude, sometimes I think our parents are really stupid."
The straight man out of the original four kids. Is often the one to give An Aesop at the end of each show. Closest thing to a main character of the show, who tends to be the protagonist of many episodes, and probably not coincidentally the most "normal" character.
Anti-Hero : Type II and Type III most of the time. Type IV in Whale Whores.
Allergic to Love : He always barfs whenever Wendy gets close to him, in the early episodes.
The Alcoholic : After accidentally taking of whiskey in Ass Burgers. The ending of the episode implies that he may stay that way, but given the show's usual nature...
Ambiguously Gay Bi the Way : If Word of God is to be considered , he is the most likely of the main characters to grow up to be gay; given that "Bass to Mouth" gave him a straight male perversion up-grade, either a Retcon or bisexuality seem the most logical answers. Note that, unlike Kyle, he seems relatively fine with naked males, so no Armoured Closet Gay scenario here.
Big OMG : "Oh my God, They Killed Kenny !"
Blue Eyes : He's one of the only characters with a settled eye color.
Borrowed Catchphrase : At the end of "Raisins" Stan says "Screw you guys, I'm going home," (Cartman's old catchphrase) to the Goths.
Cannot Talk to Women : without puking on them if he likes them.
Catch Phrase : "Aw- awww!", "ooooo," and "Goddammit!" In the earlier seasons, he had "Oh my God, they killed Kenny!" and "Dude, this is pretty fucked up right here!" He also has the simpler, "Dude."
Characterization Marches On : Was more childish and mean-spirited in earlier episodes. More the Only Sane Man in later seasons.
Starting with seasons 15 and 16, he has started to ease back a bit, having more obnoxious or immature moments . He is still much more toned down from how he began however.
Four-Temperament Ensemble : The Phlegmatic.
The Friend Nobody Likes : The other three start avoiding Stan after he gets diagnosed with "Being a Cynical Asshole."
Genre Savvy : One of the best examples in the show.
Heterosexual Life Partners : With Kyle.
Kids Are Cruel : Although not as much as Cartman, Kenny or even Kyle.
Knight in Sour Armor : Frequently hates doing the right thing because Being Good Sucks and he always gets screwed over , but he will still make the right choice every time... eventually.
Liz Lemon Job : Except that he doesn't even get paid for his tireless efforts to prevent the entire town of South Park from getting themselves killed.
Nice Job Breaking It, Hero : When the woodland critters order him to kill a mother lion in "Woodland Critter Christmas", allowing them to spawn the Anti Christ .
Took a Level in Jerkass : In seasons 15 and 16. He isolates all his friends and sees them as shit, becomes an alcoholic, convinces someone to kill themself (successfully), makes a video that exploits Butters for fame, jacks it in San Diego and convinces his friends into a lame ziplining trip to score a 5th generation Ipod Nano .
To be fair, seeing everything as shit wasn't his fault- he was depressed. And the guy who he made kill himself was actually convinced by an old lady, and he totally deserved it .
Took a Level In Kindness : Starting from season seven, he becomes more level headed and sympathetic, his bratty moments less frequent. Oddly prior to season six where he Took a Level in Jerkass , becoming as manipulative and apathetic as Cartman towards the gang's new fourth friend.
Trash of the Titans : Apparently he has a hoarding problem. He gets over it, though. Or does he?!
Unfazed Everyman : Being Genre Savvy in the face of South Park (and his dad's) Weirdness Magnet has made him immune to reacting to the craziness surrounding him.
What the Hell, Hero? : On a disturbingly frequent basis. "Mystery of the Urinal Deuce", "Butterballs" and "I Should Have Never Gone Ziplining" for starters.
Kyle Broflovski[ edit | hide ]
"I'm Jewish. I've got some hang-ups about killing Jesus."
Stan's closest friend. He and his parents are Jewish, but his younger brother Ike is actually from Canada. He appears to be the smartest, at least academically, of the original four, but has a tendency to get sucked into the latest fads/problems/social issues sweeping South Park.
Arch Nemesis : For Cartman (sometimes reaches The Only One Allowed to Defeat You levels).
Armoured Closet Gay : Cartman uses this to convince the school that he and Kyle are a couple to keep Kyle from succeeding in wooing Nichole. Kyle's not gay, but his insistence that he's not gay for Cartman only convinces everyone else that he is this trope.
Author Avatar : He's a stand-in for Matt Stone.
Back From the Dead : In "Imaginationland" he is choked to death by Manbearpig, only for Cartman to resuscitate him.
Berserk Button : Don't call his mom a bitch. Enough said.
Or make fun of his Jewish heritage.
Big Brother Instinct : Ike has become one of Kyle's highest priorities sometime after "Ike's Wee Wee", from following him to Somalia and getting him home safe to worrying about Ike getting circumcised or keeping him from running off with his teacher to Milan. Could arguably be Kyle's biggest drive after his antagonism towards Cartman.
Brutal Honesty : Can do this at times.
Sheila: Kyle, if you don't do as you're told, I'm going to be very angry!
Kyle: Well, you made me eat veal and didn't tell me what it was, so go ahead and be angry, you baby calf-killing bitch !
The Chessmaster
Chronic Hero Syndrome : This is available only when Cartman has a new, evil plan.
Compressed Hair : He easily gets a Jewfro that's larger than his head into a small hat. Justified since it's just the art style exaggerating the size of it.
The Conscience : Over the course of the show, he's evolved into this.
Disney Death : In "Imaginationland Part II", during a scene parodying The Abyss .
Dogged Nice Guy : Seldom gets what he wants despite tying to be a decent person. Often due to Cartman.
Four-Temperament Ensemble : The Melancholic.
Genre Savvy : Most notably in "Butt Out", where he knows exactly what is going to happen, notices that those situations have been happening more often lately, and accepts that they won't really learn their lesson..
Good Angel, Bad Angel : The voice of morality and plays the "good angel" on Stan's shoulder, prodding him to do the right thing, in direct opposition to Cartman's "bad angel" who will do the wrong thing and take Stan along for the ride.
Good Is Not Nice : Seeing some of the conflicts between him and Cartman out of context wouldn't make all that clear that Kyle's supposed to be the good guy.
This only happens in "Le Petit Tourette", though, in the perspective of the adults. Cartman fakes Tourette's Syndrome to get what he wants, and Kyle, who's known Cartman all his life , gets annoyed and says that he doesn't have Tourette's, and an authority figure that has it accuses Kyle of being a bully and he is taken to observe various kids with Tourette's (with lack of swearing). He is then forced to apologize to Cartman. However, when Cartman plans to bad-mouth Jews, it's the straw that breaks the camel's back, so Kyle devises an elaborate plan that actually saves Cartman from going in too deep.
In the earlier episodes at least, he and the other boys were essentially just lower scale bullies compared to Cartman.
Green Eyes / Brown Eyes : This has been argued, but most prefer to give Kyle green eyes.
The short live-action adaptation 'The Real South Park' gave him blue eyes.
Hair-Trigger Temper
Have I Mentioned I Am Heterosexual Today? : After Cartman starts a rumor in "Cartman Finds Love" that he and Kyle are together, Kyle tries his damnedest to express that he is not gay and not gay for Cartman.
He Who Fights Monsters : Has shades of this due to his antagonism toward Cartman. In some episodes he thinks nothing of having him dead.
Although this also depends on how far Cartman has spent in Complete Monster territory in previous episodes.
Adorkable : A number of fans see him as this.
Hot-Blooded : At least when Cartman's involved.
Ill Boy : Not too blatant, but Kyle gets sick much more often than the others boys ( unless you count Kenny's constant dying ). Suffered kidney failure and mentioned to have Type 1 Diabetes in "Cherokee Hair Tampons", got infected with a hemorrhoid in "Cartmanland" (which turned fatal), was sick throughout the entirety of "The Snuke" and had a quick cold in "Guitar Queer-O". Well, it's either this or plot convenience or for other reasons .
Informed Judaism : For all the mentioning of his family's faith, Kyle rarely goes to temple or prays, or even wears a kippah. Plus, his family eats pork products (they had pork for dinner in "Conjoined Fetus Lady" and Kyle threw up bean with bacon soup in "Cherokee Hair Tampons"), which isn't kosher. Partial justification: early on, Kyle's family was the only Jewish family in town, and they're probably not very religious to begin with (as we've mentioned, he's a stand-in for Matt Stone, who is ethnically Jewish but was raised agnostic and is an atheist). Plus, that's part of the joke .
Insufferable Genius : Sort of. Kyle, being The Smart Guy , is very intelligent, and, combined with Hot-Blooded and Snark Knight , it becomes something of a subtle version of this trope.
Mistaken for Gay : With Cartman, in Tonsil Trouble.
Again in "Cartman Finds Love" only perpetuated BY Cartman.
My Beloved Smother : Kyle on frequent occasions is shown to be submissive if not outright terrified of his overbearing mother. He has been shown to betray every moral ethic he has in fear of provoking her wrath.
Nice Hat : He even made a big deal out of it when getting his school picture taken:
Photographer: Take off your hat, please?
Kyle: But I never take off my hat.
Photographer: Come on now, I bet your parents want a picture of you lookin' natural.
Kyle: This is how I look natural.
Ms. Choksondik: Kyle, we're taking pictures without hats today!
Kyle: (taking off hat) Crap!
"No Respect" Guy
Not So Different : Kyle on occasion can show similar moments of greed or callousness as Cartman. This was highlighted in "Crack Baby Athletic Association" where Kyle agrees to exploiting crack addicted babies for profit, and spends the entire episode obsessively trying to justify himself, beginning to sound more and more like Cartman as Stan nonchalantly points out.
However, Kyle originally just wanted to volunteer to help the crack babies out of human compassion, but then, he gets suspicious of Cartman's motives as usual. And all along, Kyle wanted to have an orphanage for the crack babies, which is absolutely not a bad thing at all considering the ending to the episode.
Only Sane Man : In "A History Channel Thanksgiving".
Has emerged as this more and more in seasons 15 and 16 as Stan has taken levels in jerkass.
Out-of-Character Moment : In "Woodland Critter Christmas", he willingly becomes the human host of the Antichrist, just so that the Jews could "take control of Christmas once and for all". He comes to his senses soon after when he feels his soul burning. Of course, it's only a story Cartman wrote .
Out of Focus : He gets the short shift of the trio of Stan, him and Cartman.
The Paragon (...Or at least he tries to invoke it.)
Redheaded Hero
Rule 63 : Fanart of Kyle as a girl isn't hard to find on Deviant ART .
He Is Not My Boyfriend : Kyle would like you to know that he and Eric Cartman are not a gay couple, no matter what Cartman says.
Snark Knight
Straight Man : When Stan is the designated holder of the Idiot Ball . Has become a regular occurrence from season 15 on.
Super-Powered Evil Side : His Jersey self is treated as this. While it's not explicitly superpowered, it is the only way to take on people from Jersey on their own terms.
Took a Level In Kindness : More or less the same evolution as Stan. He still has occasional self righteous moments, though they are much more rare.
Trans Nature : According to "Mr. Garrison's Fancy New Vagina", Kyle felt he was black all his life.
Kyle: I've listened to Hip Hop , I watch UPN , and I love playing Basketball .
However, this was never mentioned again. Kyle apparently accepted the way he was born.
Tsundere : A common (somewhat fandom) trait, especially in regards to Cart man . Ties into Fiery Redhead above.
Wimpification : Well, yeah ...
What Could Have Been : He was originally going to die near the end of season five due to bearing similarities to Stan, but Trey and Matt decided to keep him and have Kenny bite the dust instead since they were getting sick of killing him off in every episode and were running out of original ways by which to do so.
"Screw you guys, I'm going home."
Kyle: "He's a fat, manipulative, bigoted, intolerant sociopath."
The fat kid of the group. Incredibly selfish and mean, but the other boys keep him around because they know he won't get along well with anyone else. One of the most well-known and polarising characters of the show.
Acrofatic : While usually very out of shape, he proves to be surprisingly athletic as "The Coon" scaling buildings and a half destroyed roller coaster with apparently little effort.
Then subverted majorly in 1% when his atrocious fitness causes and otherwise average class (and whole school) to fail a national fitness test.
A Million Is a Statistic : Cartman's Moral Event Horizon is often viewed as killing Scott Tenorman's parents. In fact, he actually probably caused more deaths in "The Red Badge of Gayness", where he lead a drunken mob in plundering towns across the United States. Okay, no one was explicitly shown getting killed, but come on, they burned at least one city to the ground with molotov cocktails.
He can also be seen as partially responsible for dooming all of hu-monity in "Trapper Keeper".
Ambiguously Gay : He has frequently shown heavily repressed attraction to men, among other strange tendencies. In various episodes, he's been known to dress like Britney Spears and dance with a Justin Timberlake stand-up, joins NAMBLA, takes a picture of Butters' penis in his mouth (then tries to take one of his penis in Butters' mouth), and in the Imaginationland trilogy he makes a bet with Kyle to suck his balls if he proves leprechauns exist, and when he does he takes it all the way to court to make him go through with it. However, some of these instances, particularly NAMBLA and the pictures of him and Butters, can be chalked up to him simply being too naive and stupid to understand what he's really doing.
His proclaiming his love for Kyle in Cartman Finds Love is certainly debatable as to whether or not he actually has feelings for him.
Anti-Hero : Type IV , prior to his Moral Event Horizon . Became a Type V and then a Villain Protagonist in later episodes, but in recent seasons has gone back to a Type IV and maybe even a Type III.
Arch Nemesis : For Kyle.
Ax Crazy : He is known for infamously chopping up the bodies of two dead corpses and feeding them to their own son in the form of chili, in the famous "Scott Tenorman Must Die" episode. He shows signs of full-blown psychosis at times, and generally has a narcissistic, psychopathic nature.
Badass Beard : As "The Dawg" in Miss Teacher Bangs a Boy.
Bad Samaritan : Crack Baby Basketball.
Becoming the Mask : He becomes "Mr. Cartmenez" in "Eek, a Penis!" for his own personal gain, but by the end of the episode becomes genuinely sincere in wanting to "reeeach these kiiiids" and teach them "the white person way of cheating".
Believing Their Own Lies : "Jewpacabra" in a form of self administered Karma.
Berserk Button : He usually just makes a quick rebuttal when he's called fat, but occasionally it falls into this.
Cartman: (sarcastically) I'm sorry I handcuffed Billy Turner's ankle to the flagpole and then I gave him a hacksaw, and then I told him I had poisoned his lunch and the only way he could cure himself was by sawing off his leg.
Ms. Cartman: Eric, that's very naughty.
Cartman: Well, he called me "chubby!"
Big Bad : The main antagonist of a few episodes, if not a Villain Protagonist .
The Big Boned Guy : When siding with his friends.
Big Eater : "Yeah I want some cheesy poofs"
Boomerang Bigot : Notably in the episode "Ginger Kids", where Cartman (after picking on and fearing gingers for the entire episode) comes to believe he is a ginger and forms a Nazi-like cult devoted to exterminating non-gingers.
Cartman: Oh my God, They Killed Kenny !
Kyle: (walking outside Cartman's yard, but suddenly stops and turns towards the clubhouse) You bastards! (continues walking past the yard like nothing happened)
Brown Eyes / Blue Eyes
The Bully : When not himself the victim of fat jokes, he is usually the most prominent in school. It is implied he provoked a tirade of abuse on one student (for crapping their pants in public) so much that the latter committed suicide.
Catch Phrase : Cartman has had many over the years including "No kitty, this is my [name of food]", "I love cheesy poofs", "suck my balls", "kickass",etc.
"Screw you guys, I'm going home", "Stupid Jew", "Goddamn Jew" and everything that insults Jews, "Respect my authoritah" and lots and lots of swearing.
"BET MEEEAAAHM..."
"AW, GODDAMMIT!", followed by a head cock and facial grimace
A Running Gag is his literal inability to say any other variation of the word "serious" other than "seriously".
Cartman:You guys, I'm seriously!
Characterization Marches On : In the early seasons, his main antagonism was with Kenny, who he constantly made fun for being poor. These days, his anti-Semitism is far, far more prominent than it used to be, and he literally can't speak to Kyle without making fun of him for being Jewish. The poverty jokes come up now and then, but much more rarely.
The Chessmaster : In some episodes, he can be this. Specifically in "Scott Tenorman Must Die."
Cluster F-Bomb : Easily the most vulgar character on the show.
Comedic Sociopath
Conspiracy Theorist : Thinks 9-11 was caused by Kyle . Also is the first one to believe that the new Muslim family in town is a terrorist.
The Corrupter : he's good at getting others to go along with his schemes, usually Butters. Taken to extremes in Crack Baby Athletic Association where he manages to serve as this to Kyle of all people.
Creepy Child
Creepy Crossdresser : He's worn women's clothing more than once. In his article on the South Park Archives , it has a detailed statement on what could be seen as gender identity issues.
Dangerously Genre Savvy : In "Scott Tenorman Must Die", Cartman exploits Unspoken Plan Guarantee by telling a fake plot to humiliate Scott to Stan and Kyle, correctly thinking they'd sabotage it.
Dragon-in-Chief : Cthulhu
Depraved Bisexual : He has shown attraction to females more than once but as said above he is also Ambiguously Gay .
Determinator : While usually very lazy and stupid, Cartman is capable of incredible things once he puts his mind to it.
Although these things only really benefit him and tend to fall into "evil" territory.
Did You Just Have Tea With Cthulhu : Cartman managed to become friends with the dark lord, Cthulhu. The two of them then flew through the sky while singing to the tune of the My Neighbor Totoro theme song.
Disproportionate Retribution : Frequently, and famously.
Does Not Like Spam : He led Cthulhu on a crusade against Whole Foods. "No more organic crap for America!"
Elimination Catchphrase : "Get the fudge out!"
Even Bad Men Love Their Mamas : Double-subverted, as when he tries to kill her, he suddenly finds he can't go through with it.
Even Evil Has Standards : Because he's evil, Cartman can deliver bits of social commentary that would seem less acceptable if it was Stan or Kyle saying it. Of particular note are his rants on hippies, Family Guy , and the Catholic Church. He also plays the trope absolutely straight in "Major Boobage," in which he shows a lot more love to cats than he ever has to a person.
Oh, and of all the evil acts he's willing to do, he draws the line at one: shooting men in the genitals. (We're looking at you, BUTTERS .)
Evil Counterpart : To Kyle and Butters (and to a lesser extent, Stan).
Evil Cannot Comprehend Good : Cartman does not understand the difference between being nice and wearing a nice sweater, as seen in Casa Bonita. He also cannot comprehend the idea of confessing to something because one feels guilty, thinking exclusively in terms of whether or not he'll be punished, and how badly. Many attempts to berate him for his callousness have fell flat since he genuinely doesn't seem to have a clue what empathy is.
Evil Gloating
Cartman: Hahahahaha I made you eat your parents.
Evil Is Petty : We all know just how large in scale Cartman's schemes can run, but he has no problem doing really petty crimes like toilet papering a teacher's house.
Evil Plan : Go to Somalia to gain massive profit: done. Tape crack babies fighting over drugs as an internet sensation to profit: done. Convince Cthulu to assist in mass slaughter and show up your friends: done. Oh hell, Cartman thrives on this trope.
Faux Affably Evil
Flanderization : Inverted. Initially he was just a spoiled brat. Now he's incredibly intelligent, calculating, and actually has motivations for some of his actions. However, in the later half of season 15(with the last episode of him showing sociopathic tendencies, being "Bass to Mouth", but this was spoken about a past event, in which Cartman was a sociopath) and season 16, he has gone from being a sociopath that we know today to being back to his old personna where he was a Jerk with a Heart of Gold and is often seeing hanging out with Kyle, pretty much, despite their occasional rivalry, they're pretty much on better terms than they were for a long time.
Fluffy Tamer : Nothing else qualifies for taming Cthulhu.
Four-Temperament Ensemble : The Choleric.
Freudian Excuse : It's heavily implied that his friends' constant cruelty towards him and his mother's (unintentional) abuse is what drove him to become the sociopath that he is today.
Genius Ditz : Can easily manipulate people and appears to be able to speak fluent Spanish at age 9, but otherwise completely clueless about a lot of things.
In Funnybot, he also speaks and understands German fluently.
Heel Realization : On occasion. It doesn't last, though.
Heroic Comedic Sociopath : Even though he is a psychopath he has done some pretty heroic things such as saving the world from Saddam's reign in the movie, demolishing Osama bin Laden's army and crippling him, and saving the town from hippies when they got out of control.
Ignored Epiphany : In "Mysterion Rises".
Should I just apologize to my friends and ask them to take me back? Tell then that I was being a selfish jerk? [...] Should I admit I was wrong? Ask for everyone's forgiveness and go back to my original team? Apparently not.
Innocent Bigot : Cartman doesn't think he's being racist in "Cartman Finds Love" by playing matchmaker between Nichole and Token, the only two black students in the school. He considers what he is doing as helping nature take its course. Boy does he go to the extreme in defending his views there. And now somehow Cartman managed to fill a trope with the word 'innocent'.
Insane Troll Logic : Uses this a lot, memorably so in "Mystery of the Urinal Deuce", "Dancing With Smurfs" and "I Should Have Never Gone Ziplining".
I Was Beaten by a Girl : And how!
Jerkass : More and more after each season.
Jerk with a Heart of Gold : Being The Sociopath that he is, he frequently lulls other characters (and the audience) into thinking he is this. He was actually this in seasons 1-4, and in season five became a Jerkass , but in the later half of season 15 and season 16, he goes back to his old characterization, even having moments with Kyle that don't involve arguing or plots to foil each other's plots.
Karma Houdini : While he usually does get some form of comeuppance, it's only temporary, usually(but not always) more of an inconvenience than any real punishment. He never suffers from any setback for longer than it takes for the next episode to air .
Knight Templar : He genuinely believes Jews are evil, apparently having had been convinced of it by Mel Gibson's films. Also subverted to a degree, as in a deleted scene from "The List" he seems to acknowledge he is a horrible person. This gets taken Up to Eleven in the new "Coon Saga", where he leads Cthulhu on a mass murdering spree, massacring the entire burning man festival, Justin Bieber and most of his fans, and the whole city of San Fransisco, all while thinking he's doing good.
Cartman: [Coon and Friends] will continue to fight for good and justice!
News Reporter: Good and justice? Justin Bieber and most of his fans have just been massacred.
Cartman: Yes, Coon and Friends are glad to help! No need to thank me.
Lack of Empathy : The Posterboy.
Large Ham : He's known for being an extremely campy character.
Last-Name Basis : Oddly, all the characters (except Stan, Kyle, Kenny, and Wendy) refer to him as Eric, whereas everyone in the real world refers to him as Cartman, including the title of the very first episode. In-universe, he may be occasionally called Cartman by minor characters, though these are probably slip-ups on the writers' parts and occasional leanings on the fourth wall (such as when Randy says "That's our Cartman!").
Likable Villain : Everyone knows Cartman covers about half of the list of Evil Tropes, we've laugh at his antics for sixteen years.
Malicious Slander : When given the bully pullpit. Writes an entire book dedicated to slandering Wendy.
Manipulative Bastard : Frequently. Apparently to the point where he can control the dark god Cthulhu.
The Matchmaker : Cartman and Cupid-Me ship same-race couples, and he actively works to get them together.
Mistaken for Gay : Happens a few times, mostly with Kyle or Butters.
Motor Mouth : During the "Kyle's Mom's a Bitch" song from the movie.
Also in "Cartman's Mom is Still a Dirty Slut" once he hears "Come Sail Away" he stops everything to finish it in order to finish in the fastest way possible.
Invoked when attempting to explain a very long string of fabricated events in "Toilet Paper".
Cartman: Okay. Last night, all four of us were at the bowling alley until about 7:30, at which time we noticed Ally Sheedy, the Goth chick from the Breakfast Club, was bowling in the lane next to us, and we asked her for her autograph, but she didn't have a pen, so we followed her out to her car, but on the way we were accosted by five Scientologists who wanted to give us all personality tests, which were administered at the Scientology Center in Denver until 10:45, at which time we accidentally boarded the wrong bus home and ended up in Rancho de Burritos Rojos, south of Castle Rock, and finally got a ride home with a man who was missing his left index finger, named Gary Bushwell, arriving home at 11:46.
Eucatastrophe : Often. Usually is undone by his own doing.
Noble Bigot : In "Cartman Finds Love" he seems to really believe he is doing the right thing in setting Token up with Nichole despite his entire basis is his racism.
Noble Demon : Cartman risks serious trouble or imprisonment to protect a load of cats in "Major Boobage". There have also have been other times where he did stuff without wanting anything in return.
The show seems to be fond of leaving ambiguity as to whether Cartman does potentially noble acts for hidden selfish reasons or out of genuine conscience, "Kenny Dies" and "Smug Alert" for example, either border him further into Jerkass territory or grant him Noble Demon qualities.
Cartman is apparently unaware of the parallels when Kyle asks pointedly whether he noticed the obvious historical parallel, after Cartman had risked arrest by harboring felines in his attic, despite Cartman earlier Hanging a Lampshade on it by suggesting his cat could "write a diary" while in hiding.
However, it should be noted that he only does anything "nice" if it will benefit him in some way, or will appeal to what warped sense of morality he has. His inability to understand what everyone else calls being "good" is brought to light a couple of times. For example, when called out by Kenny, we get this:
Cartman: I'm making the world a better place.
Kenny: For you!
Cartman: Right. That's what superheroes do.
No-Holds-Barred Beatdown : Delivers one to Mosquito (Clyde) because Mosquito wanted to help people in the Gulf instead of framing blackmailing fellow heroes.
Nominal Hero : He'll sometimes do good deeds like save the town from hippies or save some crack babies, or stop a terrorist threat. Don't expect his motivations to have anything in common with the rest of the team. See the quote for Noble Demon
Obliviously Evil : In Coon arc, he really thinks he is making the world a better place by disposing of the people he don't like. Mysterion calls him on this.
Politically-Incorrect Villain Protagonist : Especially when it comes to Jews.
Refuge in Audacity : Cartman is so popular with the fans because of his extreme tendencies.
Shipper on Deck : For Token/Nichole . He goes to ridiculous amounts to get them together.
Shock and Awe : He temporarily gets the ability to shoot lightning out of his hands near the ending of South Park: Bigger, Longer, and Uncut using the V-Chip in his head.
Sir Swearsalot : This trope applies to his friends as well, but to him more than anyone else.
Sissy Villain : Cartman likes to think he's imposing and dangerous but has basically no defense from being actually attacked. In one case, Kenny is able to easily stall him by lightly slapping at him.
In a later episode, he's perfectly willing to antagonize Wendy right up until she'll fight him, then spends the entire episode trying to avoid the conflict he willfully spawned.
Sociopathic Hero : On occasion.
Son of a Whore : His mother had slept with the entire named adult population of South Park.
Took a Level In Kindness : He starts to show concern for others, even towards Kyle.
Tourette's Shitcock Syndrome : In an attempt to get away with swearing whenever he wants, he faked Tourette's Syndrome. It backfires on him when not watching what he says causes him to blurt out personal secrets.
With Friends Like These... : His relationship with the other kids.
Would Hit a Girl : In his fight with Wendy, not that it helps him that much. He also beats up a little girl for being a fan of The Coon and Friends (of which he is no longer a member) in "Mysterion Rises."
You Are What You Hate : In the 200th episode, Cartman is agonized to learn that Scott Tenorman's dad, the guy he murdered and force-fed to Scott--is Cartman's own father...but not out of any guilt for what he did to him. Cartman's only upset because this means that he's "half-ginger."
Kenny McCormick[ edit | hide ]
"All the time! I die all the time! And you assholes NEVER REMEMBER!"
The one with the orange parka. Lives with a very poor family, and often has to struggle to survive. Used to get killed off Once an Episode , but that's not the case anymore...usually, since Parker and Stone were getting tired of killing him off in every episiode and running out of original ways to kill him. Almost always speaks with a muffled voice, with various levels of intelligibility.
All Men Are Perverts : And Kenny is the worst.
Anti-Hero : Type I or Type II normally due to his more or less quiet indifference to joining in his friends insanity and distinctly more heroic personality, but he's only a type II during episodes where his "nasty" side comes out.
Back From the Dead : All the time. It's apparently his super power.
Badass : Mysterion is hardcore.
Blessed with Suck : Either that or Cursed with Awesome . His super power is being unable to die, and people don't remember that he died. He does, however and when Kyle remarks that being immortal would be cool, Kenny snaps that it's not cool, because he remembers every single one of his deaths.
Being Good Sucks : When it comes down to it, he will do the right thing , but due to his immortality no one remembers his Heroic Sacrifices .
Berserk Button : Do NOT mess with his sister. Mysterion will appear and tear you a new one if you do.
Big Brother Instinct : You don't want to mess with Karen McCormick. Mysterion will come and kick your ass, even if you are a girl .
Big Damn Heroes : Does this a couple of times, most notably in the Cthulhu trilogy and at the end of the Movie.
As of "The Poor Kid" is this to his little sister.
Big Good : As Mysterion, he's the unofficial leader of Coon And Friends, despite Cartman thinking that he's the leader.
Blue Eyes
Broken Masquerade : He's the only one (besides his parents) who knows/can remember that he keeps dying, and is aware of (and remembers) some of the Eldritch Abominations that the cast encounters.
Butt Monkey : For the early seasons, this was passed on to Butters later on, though like the other four boys he is still made to suffer at times.
Break the Cutie / Kill the Cutie : The universe loves to break or kill him. And then bring him back again.
Catch Phrase : WOOOO-HOOOO!!!, usually said after seeing or doing something sexual.
Cerebus Retcon : In season 14 (to awesome effect).
Character Development : He starts off as the most bland one of the four, and merely a prop. Nowadays he has a fully fleshed out character and even a superhero alter-ego.
The Chew Toy
Cosmic Plaything : The universe really hates him. Taken to extremes in "The List": Wendy and Bebe are fighting over a gun, then it accidentally discharges. Everyone in the vicinity checks themselves, and none have been shot. Cut to Kenny in his house miles away, where the bullet suddenly comes through the window and strikes him in the head.
It may be due to the universe not liking the spawn of Cthulhu in it.
Death Seeker : See the spoiler immediately below
Did You Just Flip Off Cthulhu? : Pretty much literally. Come on Cthulhu! Kill me you big pussy!
Die Laughing : In "Scott Tenorman Must Die".
Dying Moment of Awesome : In the Big Damn Movie , he dies dropping his hood to his friends and saying goodbye before setting the world back to the way it was and reviving all the dead.
Enfante Terrible : Becomes this in "Cartman Joins NAMBLA" when he tries every method he can think of to stop his younger sibling from being born.
Extreme Omnivore : Will eat anything for money.
The Faceless : Except for The Movie , "Good Times with Weapons", "The Losing Edge", "Meet the Jeffersons" and "Major Boobage". Also in "The Coon" and the "Coon and Friends" trilogy.
Flanderization : Think about how poor he is or how he's ignored. His perverted nature has also been exaggerated, though granted this has arguably broadened his character as well.
Four-Temperament Ensemble : The Sanguine.
The Generic Guy : Had little character outside dying once per episode , when this recurring gag ended, he had even less involvement in the show. He has gained more development in later episodes, but still has the least involvement of the other four main boys.
Until seasons 12 onwards, then his character is slowly fleshed out until we get Mysterion where Crazy Awesome starts to kick in.
Getting Crap Past the Radar : ' The Most Offensive Song Ever ', good lord.
His muffled speech also.
In the opening credits for the first five seasons, Kenny's muffled dialogue is "I like girls with big vaginas, I like girls with big fat titties". This remains intact in all reruns, because you can't really hear it.
Good Is Not Nice : He may be ready to pull out all stops to get high or get laid but he's an honestly nice guy who cares about his friends (well... Stan and Kyle anyway), and when it comes to other people he will do the right thing (including willing to die for people, and has executed a Heroic Sacrifice on more than one occasion), even if he hates having to do it. But if he gets the chance to take revenge on some bastard who pissed him off or did the wrong thing (mostly Cartman) he will take it.
Guttural Growler : As Mysterion.
Heroic Sacrifice : He died this way 2 or 3 times, including the end of The Movie . Subverted in that he has often been shown to be aware of his constant coming Back From the Dead , so it probably wasn't a too big sacrifice for him on those occasions. Turns out he is aware of his revivals, and it really fucking hurts. Unfortunately no one else is aware of his sacrifice.
The Hedonist : Far too interested in sex and drugs for his own good. And he will do anything to get high.
Fridge Brilliance : He's trying to cope with the memories of all his painful deaths and the knowledge that he could face more. Granted, not the healthiest way of coping, but still...
Kenny keeps coming back from the dead. Why the heck would he worry about using "healthy" coping at all?
He's probably more concerned about how to lessen the SUCK of dying all the time.
It probably gotten to the point that he is so jaded about dying and the pain associated with it that he honestly doesn't care about it any more, and without the fear of pain or death, there is only the pursuit of (momentary?) pleasure left in his life.
Humanoid Abomination : The source of his immortality has something to do with the Cult of Cthulhu and R'lyeh.
In the Hood : A defining example. Not counting his time as Mysterion, he's dropped his hood less than 10 occasions, and when asked by a nurse while he was dying this one time why he insisted on wearing it, he only shrugged. His hood also has been suggested to attract bad luck to him, and although he has died without it, you really have to wonder why he's insistent on keeping it on. Also, for those who are new to South Park and may be wondering, he has Blond Shonen Hair underneath it.
Kids Are Cruel : Like Stan and Kyle, to some extent, though much more subdued later on.
See Good Is Not Nice
Though he's much more of a Jerkass than Stan and Kyle, due to the fact that he sides with Cartman a lot. An example is "Whale Whores", where he and Cartman join Stan, just because they both want to appear on tv, not because they intend to help Stan. Plus, he's not really interested in doing good most of the time (except for "The Coon And Friends" Trilogy), his primary interests being sex and drugs. He's also much more foul-mouthed than the rest of the kids.
Knight Templar Big Brother : Don't mess with his little sister Karen, or you WILL face the consequences.
Living Prop : One of the reasons for his eventual replacement. He came back, though.
Lovecraftian Superpower : Played so straight that Kenny aka. Mysterion may as well be the first "lovecraftian superhero"
Lovable Sex Maniac : YMMV on the lovable part, but he's pretty well recieved amongst the fandom and he is definitely a sex maniac. As a matter of fact, one episode even medically diagnosed him as a "Sex Addict"
Mauve Shirt : Nowadays he tends to only get killed off once a season or so.
Meaningful Name : Kenny means "born of fire". What does young Mr. McCormick and the mythological phoenix have in common?
Mundane Utility : If Kenny ever feels tired, he can just kill himself and wake up after a night of sleep.
Nietzsche Wannabe : His "superpower" might've made him a borderline case, see his whole Hedonist entry for more details
One-Scene Wonder : Did very little except die once per episode. Has gained Character Development in later episodes. Arguably still has little involvement outside a single memorable gag per episode, though at least it has actual character involvement now.
The Bully : See Anti-Hero above.
Butt Monkey : To a lesser extent, in "Tweek vs. Craig." Cartman, Kyle, Stan and Kenny fool him and Tweek into fighting.
Catch Phrase : "If I could [random thing that involves swearing or insulting someone] I would be sooooo happy."
Earlier in the show he has a habit of flipping people off.
Characterization Marches On : Prior to the "Pandemic" two-parter, he was an egotistical rival for the other boys, as opposed to an extremely stoic passive aggressive Deadpan Snarker . He was also shown to be just as willing to do crazy things as the Boys.
The Chosen One : In "Pandemic 2". He's not happy about it.
"It's like, the same shit just happens over and over and then in a week it just all resets until it happens again. Every week it's kind of the same story in a different way , but it just keeps getting more and more ridiculous!"
Stan's mom. Much saner than her husband. Not that that says much.
Closer to Earth : Duh.
Characterization Marches On : Was actually the more vindictive of the two earlier on (i.e. "Clubhouses").
A Day in the Limelight : Although it is only the B-story, "Crème Fraiche" is the only time we follow Sharon without Stan or Randy.
Hot Mom : According to the Sixth Graders, who go through great efforts to gain a picture of her breasts.
After days of trying, Butters managed to get a semen sample after thinking about them.
They stand out more when she's in her undergarments or a tight dress.
Not nearly as funny now though .
Mean Character, Nice Actor : Mary Kay Bergman , who voiced her in the film, was very nice in her life, even giving close friend Tara Strong a dog for her 26th birthday (the last one Bergman was actually around for). [1]
Karma Houdini : One might say she got off way too easily for instigating a Canadian holocaust, killing Terrence and Phillip despite Kyle's warnings and nearly causing The End of the World as We Know It .
Although to be fair, Kenny's wish at the end of the film restores everything to they way it was in the beginning, and during the closing number, she pats Terrance and Phillip on the shoulder, calling them "super sweet."
"Yes, darling. You can have whatever you want."
Cartman's mom and [2] dad, who lets him get away with anything.
Dope Slap : Believe it or not, there are a handful of episodes where she whacks Cartman after he says something offensive.
Extreme Doormat : It turns out in one episode that she spoils Cartman for his attention, because she doesn't have any real friends.
In "Coon 2: Hindsight", she actually grounds Cartman for beating up his friends and cursing. She quickly falls before the LeBron James Technique however.
Flanderization : Inverted since the show has rather seldom shown her doing anything promiscuous in recent seasons, in favor of playing out her submissive traits.
Hermaphrodite : Revealed in the season 1 finale/season 2 premiere two-part episode "Cartman's Mom Is (Still) a Dirty Slut."
In "201", its revealed that Liane is indeed Cartman's mother, she's not a hermaphrodite, and his father was Jack Tenorman.
Kenny's unemployed, neglectful, drug-addicted parents.
The Alcoholic : Both of them, but Stuart seems to be the town alcoholic.
The Chew Toy : Stuart in "Cartman Joins NAMBLA." In his words, he's had his "nuts broken..." (from Kenny hurling a baseball at his crotch), "body poisoned..." (when Kenny tried to give his mom a chocolate milk and vodka cocktail spiked with morning-after abortion pills, and Stuart drank it after Carol declined), "...and have been made love to in the ass by three dozen 40-year-old men" (which was actually his fault, as he was looking for Kenny and walked into the wrong hotel room). He also broke his nose and got violently ill on North Park Funland's "John Denver Experience" ride.
Domestic Abuse : On the season two episode, "Chicken Lover," Stuart and Carol appeared on an episode of Cops (series) where Stuart is being beaten up by Carol for being a lazy alcoholic who can't hold down a job.
Dialogue seems to indicate that they both beat on each other a lot, but it's true that on-screen we only ever see it go one way.
Further applied in "Make Love Not Warcraft". The teaser depicted a shot of Stuart just about to slug his wife, but cuts off just beforehand. The finished episode has this altered to Carol actually shown beating Stuart up onscreen.
Groin Attack : Stuart becomes the victim of this in "Cartman Joins NAMBLA."
Noodle Incident : Apparently, Mysterion (really Kenny) did something really brutal to them, as they cower at the sight of him.
Parental Neglect : Cartman pointed out in "The Wacky Molestation Adventure" that Kenny never tells his parents where he is because "they're alcoholics and they don't care."
Stoners Are Funny : More like "Drunks are Funny," but the principle's the same.
Killed Off for Real : Or maybe not.
Magical Negro : In fact, while he was on the show he seemed to be the only adult with any kind of common sense.
Subverted when he sometimes decides that helping the boys would be more trouble than it's worth (in "Simpsons Already Did It", for example, he starts singing a song when he realizes the boys just told him that they killed their teacher and the autopsy found their "sea men" in her stomach, and he starts preparing to send them to Thailand instead). And when Chef goes crazy, he really goes crazy.
In the episode "Red Hot Catholic Love", when the confused boys asked Chef why and what the priest want to put something on their butts, he walks away.
Mentor Occupational Hazard : Although this is really just because his voice actor quit (and later died).
N-Word Privileges , subverted: He calls the boys "Crackers."
Of course, the boys don't even know what it means.(Although Cartman does later on, as he says to Stan: "Token is gonna want to kick your cracker teeth in!)
Only Sane Man : At least among the other adults.
Until the time of his death when he was brainwashed into becoming a child molester.
Pluralses : While brainwashed by the Super Adventure Club , he at one point tells Kyle, "I specializes in your asshole."
Take Our Word for It : Whenever the children ask about something he really doesn't want to tell them.
Token Minority : The only non-white adult in the town in the early seasons.
Verbal Tic : Always greets the kids with "Hello there, children.", even if there's only one of them.
His father has also been heard using "children" when referring to one child. Although it was Cartman, so it could have been a fat joke.
What Could Have Been : Barry White was supposed to be the voice of Chef, but due to White's Christian upbringing, turned down the role. Kinda funny, considering that Isaac Hayes was a Scientologist and quit doing South Park because the show offended his religion.
Where Da White Women At? : He has had sex with white women (cf. "An Elephant Makes Love to a Pig," where, while watching Kyle's elephant make love to Cartman's pig, Chef realizes that it's similar to the many times he's made it with a white woman), but really, he's not picky.
"Drugs are bad, mkay?"
SPE's guidance counselor with a very large head. Incredibly mellow, mkay?
Clueless Aesop : Often tries to deliver messages to the kids with no logic or knowledge behind them. At one point he fails at teaching sex ed because he's forgotten how it works.
Drugs Are Bad : The Trope Namer , heavily parodied. When Mr. Mackey gave an anti-drug speech to the class, he got hopped up on marijuana himself for a while.
Flanderization : Seemed to go through one since "Insheeption"(season 14 episode).
Hair-Trigger Temper : He seems to have developed quite a nasty one recently, for example "Insheeption" and "Royal Pudding".
Meaningful Name : A Spoonerism of Dallas actress' Victoria Principal's name.
Moral Dissonance : In "Breast Cancer Show Ever", she specifically advises Wendy to beat up classmate Eric Cartman for making jokes about breast cancer. While some see this as her Crowning Moment of Awesome , Fridge Logic kicks in when you realize that a school staff member specifically told someone to use violence to solve their problems.
Violence against Cartman. She didn't specifically say anything about beating up Cartman. Just implied it heavily.
In Sexual Harassment Panda, she claims she killed somebody and tried to burn the body.
She's also pretty blatantly homophobic, firing Mr. Garrison for being gay. Which was a pretty blatant Retcon since Mr. Garrison was actually fired for trying to solicit sex from a minor not just for being gay.
She also fires the wrestling instructor because of "all the gay porn on your iPhone" (actually, olympic wrestling matches), though that could just be a case Rule of Funny .
" Revenge is a dish best served... chili. "
A teenager who tricked Cartman into forking over ten dollars. He manages to get his way out of all of Cartman's revenge schemes until Cartman finally has his parents killed. And tricked Scott into eating them . Scott reappears as the Big Bad of the two part "200/201" story, which reveals him as the new leader of the Ginger Separatist Movement and Cartman's half-brother.
Anti-Villain : Type I (debut) --> Type II (post-debut), he starts out as a more restrained anti-villain (as seen at the end of "Scott Tenorman Must Die"), but in "201", we see how he turned insane after Cartman tricked him into eating his parents.
Asshole Victim : Inverted since it is his parents that suffer instead, it still hits him hard however.
Big No and Big OMG : When he realises he just ate his own parents and when Radiohead saw him crying.
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i don't know
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Who was the English dressmaker, nurse and housekeeper who was hanged in 1873 for the murder of 20 people, including 3 of her husbands, by arsenic poisoning?
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Mary Ann Cotton - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia
I am a simple man trying to live a simple life !!!!!!
Mary Ann Cotton
Full Name Mary Ann Robson
Criminal penalty Death by hanging
Country England
Born 31 October 1832Low Moorsley, County Durham, England
Occupation Dressmaker, Nurse, Housekeeper
Died March 24, 1873, Durham, England, United Kingdom
Similar People Beverley Allitt, Belle Gunness, Katherine Knight, Leonarda Cianciulli, Marybeth Tinning
Mary Ann Cotton (born Mary Ann Robson; 31 October 1832 – 24 March 1873) was an English murderer, convicted and hanged for killing three of her four husbands, apparently in order to collect on their insurance policies. She may have had as many as 21 victims, including eleven of her thirteen children. She chiefly used arsenic poisoning, which caused severe gastric pain and rapid decline of health.
Early life
Mary Ann Robson was born on October 31,1832 at Low Moorsley (now part of Houghton-le-Spring in the City of Sunderland) and baptised at St Mary's, West Rainton on the 11th of November.
When Mary Ann was eight, her parents moved the family to the County Durham village of Murton, where she went to a new school and found it difficult to make friends. Soon after the move her father fell 150 feet (46 m) to his death down a mine shaft at Murton Colliery.
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In 1843, Mary Ann's widowed mother, Margaret (nee Lonsdale) married George Robert Brookes, with whom Mary Ann did not get along. At the age of 16, she moved out to become a nurse at Edward Potter's home in the nearby village of South Hetton. After three years there, she returned to her mother's home and trained as a dressmaker.
Husband 1: William Mowbray
In 1852, at the age of 20, Mary Ann married colliery labourer William Mowbray in Newcastle Upon Tyne register office; they soon moved to Plymouth, Devon. The couple had five children, four of whom died from gastric fever. William and Mary Ann moved back to North East England where they had, and lost, three more children. William became a foreman at South Hetton Colliery and then a fireman aboard a steam vessel. He died of an intestinal disorder in January 1865. William's life was insured by the British and Prudential Insurance office and Mary Ann collected a payout of £35 on his death, equivalent to about half a year's wages for a manual labourer at the time.
Husband 2: George Ward
Soon after Mowbray's death, Mary Ann moved to Seaham Harbour, County Durham, where she struck up a relationship with Joseph Nattrass. He, however, was engaged to another woman and she left Seaham after Nattrass's wedding. During this time, her 3½-year-old daughter died, leaving her with one child out of the nine she had borne. She returned to Sunderland and took up employment at the Sunderland Infirmary, House of Recovery for the Cure of Contagious Fever, Dispensary and Humane Society. She sent her remaining child, Isabella, to live with her mother.
One of her patients at the infirmary was an engineer, George Ward. They married in Monkwearmouth on 28 August 1865. He continued to suffer ill health; he died in October 1866 after a long illness characterised by paralysis and intestinal problems. The attending doctor later gave evidence that Ward had been very ill, yet he had been surprised that the man's death was so sudden. Once again, Mary Ann collected insurance money from her husband's death.
Husband 3: James Robinson
James Robinson was a shipwright at Pallion, Sunderland, whose wife, Hannah, had recently died. He hired Mary Ann as a housekeeper in November 1866. A month later, when James' baby died of gastric fever, he turned to his housekeeper for comfort and she became pregnant. Then Mary Ann's mother, living in Seaham Harbour, County Durham, became ill so she immediately went to her. Although her mother started getting better, she also began to complain of stomach pains. She died at age 54 in the spring of 1867, nine days after Mary Ann's arrival.
Mary Ann's daughter Isabella, from the marriage to William Mowbray, was brought back to the Robinson household and soon developed bad stomach pains and died; so did another two of Robinson's children. All three children were buried in the last two weeks of April 1867.
Robinson married Mary Ann at St Michael's, Bishopwearmouth on 11 August 1867. Their first child, Mary Isabella, was born that November, but she became ill and died in March 1868. Their second child George was born on 18 June 1869.
Robinson, meanwhile, had become suspicious of his wife's insistence that he insure his life; he discovered that she had run up debts of £60 behind his back and had stolen more than £50 that she was supposed to have put in the bank. The last straw was when he found she had been forcing his older children to pawn household valuables for her. He threw Mary Ann out, retaining custody of their son George.
"Husband" 4: Frederick Cotton
Mary Ann was desperate and living on the streets. Then her friend Margaret Cotton introduced her to her brother, Frederick, a pitman and recent widower living in Walbottle, Northumberland, who had lost two of his four children. Margaret had acted as substitute mother for the remaining children, Frederick Jr. and Charles. But in late March 1870 Margaret died from an undetermined stomach ailment, leaving Mary Ann to console the grieving Frederick Sr. Soon her eleventh pregnancy was underway.
Frederick and Mary Ann were bigamously married on 17 September 1870 at St Andrew's, Newcastle Upon Tyne and their son Robert was born early in 1871. Soon after, Mary Ann learnt that her former lover, Joseph Nattrass, was living 30 miles away in the County Durham village of West Auckland, and no longer married. She rekindled the romance and persuaded her new family to move near him. Frederick followed his predecessors to the grave in December of that year, from "gastric fever." Insurance had been taken out on his life and the lives of his sons.
Two lovers
After Frederick's death, Nattrass soon became Mary Ann's lodger. She gained employment as nurse to an excise officer recovering from smallpox, John Quick-Manning. Soon she became pregnant by him with her twelfth child. It may well be that the name of the excise man was in fact Richard Quick Mann. There appears to be no trace of John Quick-Manning in the records of The West Auckland Brewery or The National Archives at Kew. The census records, birth, death and marriage records also show no trace of him. Richard Quick Mann was a custom and excise man specialising in breweries and has been found in the records and this may indeed be the real name of Mary Ann Cotton's alleged lover.
Frederick Jr. died in March 1872 and the infant Robert soon after. Then Nattrass became ill with gastric fever, and died – just after revising his will in Mary Ann's favour.
The insurance policy Mary Ann had taken out on Charles' life still awaited collection.
Death of Charles Edward Cotton and inquest
Mary Ann's downfall came when she was asked by a parish official, Thomas Riley, to help nurse a woman who was ill with smallpox. She complained that the last surviving Cotton boy, Charles Edward, was in the way and asked Riley if he could be committed to the workhouse. Riley, who also served as West Auckland's assistant coroner, said she would have to accompany him. She told Riley that the boy was sickly and added: “I won’t be troubled long. He’ll go like all the rest of the Cottons.”
Five days later, Mary Ann told Riley that the boy had died. Riley went to the village police and convinced the doctor to delay writing a death certificate until the circumstances could be investigated.
Mary Ann’s first port of call after Charles' death was not the doctor’s but the insurance office. There, she discovered that no money would be paid out until a death certificate was issued. An inquest was held and the jury returned a verdict of natural causes. Mary Ann claimed to have used arrowroot to relieve his illness and said Riley had made accusations against her because she had rejected his advances.
Then the local newspapers latched on to the story and discovered Mary Ann had moved around northern England and lost three husbands, a lover, a friend, her mother, and a dozen children, all of whom had died of stomach fevers.
Arrest
Rumour turned to suspicion and forensic inquiry. The doctor who attended Charles had kept samples, and they tested positive for arsenic. He went to the police, who arrested Mary Ann and ordered the exhumation of Charles' body. She was charged with his murder, although the trial was delayed until after the delivery of her thirteenth and final child in Durham Gaol on 10 January 1873, whom she named Margaret Edith Quick-Manning Cotton.
Trial and execution
Mary Ann Cotton's trial began on 5 March 1873. The delay was caused by a problem in the selection of the public prosecutor. A Mr. Aspinwall was supposed to get the job, but the Attorney General, Sir John Duke Coleridge, chose his friend and protege Charles Russell. Russell's appointment over Aspinwall led to a question in the House of Commons. However, it was accepted, and Russell conducted the prosecution. The Cotton case would be the first of several famous poisoning cases he would be involved in during his career, including those of Adelaide Bartlett and Florence Maybrick.
The defence in the case was handled by Mr. Thomas Campbell Foster, who argued during the trial that Charles had died from inhaling arsenic used as a dye in the green wallpaper of the Cotton home. The jury retired for 90 minutes before finding Mary Ann guilty.
The Times correspondent reported on 20 March: "After conviction the wretched woman exhibited strong emotion but this gave place in a few hours to her habitual cold, reserved demeanour and while she harbours a strong conviction that the royal clemency will be extended towards her, she staunchly asserts her innocence of the crime that she has been convicted of." Several petitions were presented to the Home Secretary, but to no avail. Mary Ann Cotton was hanged at Durham County Gaol on 24 March 1873 by William Calcraft; she ultimately died not from her neck breaking but by strangulation caused by the rope being cut too short, possibly deliberately.
Of Mary Ann's thirteen children, only two survived her: Margaret Edith and her son George from her marriage to James Robinson.
TV drama
In 2015, ITV began filming a two-part TV drama starring Joanne Froggatt of Downton Abbey fame.
Nursery rhyme
Mary Ann Cotton also had her own nursery rhyme of the same title, sung after her hanging on 24 March 1873.
Mary Ann Cotton, she's dead and she's rotten,
Lying in bed with her eyes wide open.
Sing, sing, oh what should I sing?
Mary Ann Cotton, she's tied up with string.
Where, where? Up in the air.
Selling black puddings, a penny a pair.
Mary Ann Cotton, she's dead and forgotten,
Lying in bed with her bones all rotten.
Sing, sing, what can I sing?
Mary Ann Cotton, tied up with string.
Music
Hardnoise recorded "Serve Tea, then Murder" (1991) as a reference to Mary Ann Cotton, as DJ AJ described in a 2014 interview.
Macabre released a song about Mary Ann Cotton, called "Mary Ann" on their Grim Scary Tales (2011) album.
The Raveness an English performance poet from Warwickshire, with her spoken word piece entitled "Of rope and arsenic" is with regard to Mary Ann Cotton and featured the nursery rhyme taken from her debut extended play "The Raveness" (2004). As well as being one of the poems published in her teenage debut publication Lavinia : Volume One (2006) - ISBN 9781502313966
Dead Milkmen released a song about Mary Ann Cotton, called "Mary Ann Cotton (The Poisoner's Song" on their Pretty Music for Pretty People (2014) album.
Martin Bowes from Attrition made an album, titled All Mine Enemys Whispers - The story of Mary Ann Cotton.
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Mary Ann Cotton
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Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings led military coups in which African country in 1979 and 1981?
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About: Mary Ann Cotton
About: Mary Ann Cotton
An Entity of Type : person , from Named Graph : http://dbpedia.org , within Data Space : dbpedia.org
Mary Ann Cotton (born Mary Ann Robson; 31 October 1832 – 24 March 1873) was an English murderer, convicted and hanged for killing three of her four husbands, apparently in order to collect on their insurance policies. She may have had as many as 21 victims, including eleven of her thirteen children. She chiefly used arsenic poisoning, which caused severe gastric pain and rapid decline of health.
Property
abstract
ماري آن كوتون (بالإنجليزية: Mary Ann Cotton) (ولدت في أكتوبر 1832 في مقاطعة دورهام - توفيت 24 مارس 1873) كانت امرأة إنجليزية أدينت بقتل أطفالها ويعتقد أنها قتلت ما يصل إلى 21 شخصا بينهم ثلاثة من أزواجها، وذلك عن طريق تسميمهم بالزرنيخ.
(ar)
Mary Ann Cotton (* 15. Oktober 1832 in Low Moorsley, Sunderland als Mary Ann Robson; † 24. März 1873 in Durham) war eine britische Serienmörderin in der Victorianischen Ära.
(de)
Mary Ann Cotton, née en octobre 1832 et décédée le 24 mars 1873 était une tueuse en série anglaise accusée d'avoir assassiné plus de 21 personnes, principalement à l'aide d'arsenic.
(fr)
Mary Ann Cotton (oktober 1832 - 24 maart 1873) is één van de bekendste seriemoordenaressen van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Ze werd veroordeeld voor één moord, maar werd verdacht van het doden van zo'n twintig personen door vergiftiging.
(nl)
メアリー・アン・コットン（Mary Ann Cotton、1832年10月31日 - 1873年3月24日）は、自分の子らを殺害した嫌疑で有罪判決を受けたイングランドの女性である。出生時の名前は、メアリー・アン・ロブソン（Mary Ann Robson）。彼女は、おもにヒ素をもることによって、21人を殺害したとされている。こんにちロンドンに住んでいる、彼女の最も若い親戚の1人は、カーラ(Carla)である。
(ja)
Mary Ann Cotton (ur. w październiku 1832, zm. 24 marca 1873) – angielska seryjna morderczyni, skazana na śmierć i powieszona w marcu 1873 za otrucie arszenikiem trzech z czterech swoich mężów. Podczas procesu i po nim przypuszczano, że liczba jej ofiar mogła sięgnąć dwudziestu jeden. Wśród nich miało być jedenaścioro z trzynaściorga jej dzieci, a także dwóch kochanków, przyjaciółka morderczyni i matka przyjaciółki. Wszystkich zbrodni miała dokonać z motywów finansowych: w większości przypadków po śmierci ofiar to ona sama zgłaszała się po odszkodowanie z tytułu ubezpieczenia na życie. Arszenik był w owym czasie powszechnie dostępną trutką przeciwko gryzoniom, był także wykorzystywany do produkcji przedmiotów codziennego użytku, kosmetyków czy ozdób. Trucizna ta u ludzi, zwłaszcza podawana sukcesywnie, wywołuje zatrucie arszenikiem objawiające się m.in. bólami brzucha, wymiotami i biegunką, a w odpowiednio wysokich dawkach może prowadzić do śmierci. Podobne objawy zaobserwowano u dzieci Mary Ann Cotton. Wedle dostępnych szacunków około jedną trzecią wszystkich otruć w wiktoriańskiej Anglii dokonano za pomocą arszeniku. Historia Mary Ann Cotton, pierwszej znanej seryjnej morderczyni na Wyspach Brytyjskich, rozpalała wyobraźnię współczesnych, szczególnie w północno wschodniej Anglii, gdzie jej proces był szeroko opisywany w prasie; została także unieśmiertelniona w dziecięcych wyliczankach i rymowankach ułożonych jeszcze przed jej egzekucją, lub wkrótce po niej. Z czasem jednak została niemal zupełnie zapomniana, a w kulturze masowej Wielkiej Brytanii jej rola jako ikony seryjnego mordercy została przejęta przez innych zbrodniarzy, zwłaszcza przez aktywnego kilkanaście lat później Kubę Rozpruwacza. Dopiero w stulecie egzekucji, w 1973 na Wyspach Brytyjskich ukazała się biografia morderczyni autorstwa Arthura Appletona, dzięki której jej historia na nowo trafiła do szerszego odbiorcy. W ostatnich kilkudziesięciu latach notuje się jednak zwiększone zainteresowanie jej przypadkiem, jej historia bywa wykorzystywana m.in. jako przykład konieczności pogłębionych badań ról społecznych dla zrozumienia fenomenu seryjnych zabójców. W 2015 sieć telewizyjna ITV rozpoczęła nagrywanie dwuodcinkowego miniserialu telewizyjnego Dark Angel (Mroczny Anioł) opartego na motywach historii morderczyni, z Joanne Froggatt w roli Mary Ann Cotton.
(pl)
Mary Ann Cotton (Mary Ann Robson, outubro de 1832, Low Moorsley, Condado de Durham – 24 de março de 1873) foi uma inglesa condenada por assassinar seus filhos e acredita-se ter assassinado até 21 pessoas, principalmente através de envenenamento por arsênico.
(pt)
Mary Ann Cotton (born Mary Ann Robson; 31 October 1832 – 24 March 1873) was an English murderer, convicted and hanged for killing three of her four husbands, apparently in order to collect on their insurance policies. She may have had as many as 21 victims, including eleven of her thirteen children. She chiefly used arsenic poisoning, which caused severe gastric pain and rapid decline of health.
(en)
Low Moorsley, County Durham, England
(en)
Durham Gaol, Durham, County Durham, England
(en)
comment
ماري آن كوتون (بالإنجليزية: Mary Ann Cotton) (ولدت في أكتوبر 1832 في مقاطعة دورهام - توفيت 24 مارس 1873) كانت امرأة إنجليزية أدينت بقتل أطفالها ويعتقد أنها قتلت ما يصل إلى 21 شخصا بينهم ثلاثة من أزواجها، وذلك عن طريق تسميمهم بالزرنيخ.
(ar)
Mary Ann Cotton (* 15. Oktober 1832 in Low Moorsley, Sunderland als Mary Ann Robson; † 24. März 1873 in Durham) war eine britische Serienmörderin in der Victorianischen Ära.
(de)
Mary Ann Cotton, née en octobre 1832 et décédée le 24 mars 1873 était une tueuse en série anglaise accusée d'avoir assassiné plus de 21 personnes, principalement à l'aide d'arsenic.
(fr)
Mary Ann Cotton (oktober 1832 - 24 maart 1873) is één van de bekendste seriemoordenaressen van het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Ze werd veroordeeld voor één moord, maar werd verdacht van het doden van zo'n twintig personen door vergiftiging.
(nl)
メアリー・アン・コットン（Mary Ann Cotton、1832年10月31日 - 1873年3月24日）は、自分の子らを殺害した嫌疑で有罪判決を受けたイングランドの女性である。出生時の名前は、メアリー・アン・ロブソン（Mary Ann Robson）。彼女は、おもにヒ素をもることによって、21人を殺害したとされている。こんにちロンドンに住んでいる、彼女の最も若い親戚の1人は、カーラ(Carla)である。
(ja)
Mary Ann Cotton (Mary Ann Robson, outubro de 1832, Low Moorsley, Condado de Durham – 24 de março de 1873) foi uma inglesa condenada por assassinar seus filhos e acredita-se ter assassinado até 21 pessoas, principalmente através de envenenamento por arsênico.
(pt)
Mary Ann Cotton (born Mary Ann Robson; 31 October 1832 – 24 March 1873) was an English murderer, convicted and hanged for killing three of her four husbands, apparently in order to collect on their insurance policies. She may have had as many as 21 victims, including eleven of her thirteen children. She chiefly used arsenic poisoning, which caused severe gastric pain and rapid decline of health.
(en)
Mary Ann Cotton (ur. w październiku 1832, zm. 24 marca 1873) – angielska seryjna morderczyni, skazana na śmierć i powieszona w marcu 1873 za otrucie arszenikiem trzech z czterech swoich mężów. Podczas procesu i po nim przypuszczano, że liczba jej ofiar mogła sięgnąć dwudziestu jeden. Wśród nich miało być jedenaścioro z trzynaściorga jej dzieci, a także dwóch kochanków, przyjaciółka morderczyni i matka przyjaciółki.Wszystkich zbrodni miała dokonać z motywów finansowych: w większości przypadków po śmierci ofiar to ona sama zgłaszała się po odszkodowanie z tytułu ubezpieczenia na życie.
(pl)
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i don't know
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Which singer had a number one hit in April 2010 with 'OMG'?
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Usher Hits #1 With 'OMG' - That Grape Juice.net - Thirsty?
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After being written off by many, R&B star Usher can officially be hailed ‘the comeback kid’, after his latest single ‘OMG’ rocketed to the top of the Official UK Singles Chart. The will.i.am assisted track – which is currently #10 on the US chart – marks the singer’s first UK chart topper since ‘Burn’ back in 2004.
In other chart news, the eclectic Kelis scores her first UK top 10 since 2007’s ‘Lil Star’ with ‘Acapella’.
Tidbit: Today is the last day to enter our competition to win tickets to Usher’s London showcase. Click here to enter!
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Usher
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In which ex-Soviet state was Eduard Shevardnadze displaced as President after the 'Rose Revolution' of 2003?
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OMG (song) - Wikipedia
OMG (song)
Nov 2007, Aug 2008, Feb 2009; Chung King Studios
(New York City)
" Wavin' Flag (Celebration Mix) "
(2010)
"OMG" is a song by American recording artist Usher and American rapper will.i.am , who also wrote and produced the song. It uses the auto-tune effect in several lines, as well as Jock Jams -esque sports arena chanting. It was released on March 22, 2010 as the first worldwide single off his sixth studio album, Raymond v. Raymond , and the fourth single overall, following the three US singles " Papers ", " Hey Daddy (Daddy's Home) ", and " Lil Freak ". The song was met with a mixed reception from critics, who criticized the use of auto-tune, but commended the song's dance and club vibe. The song marks the second time that Usher has collaborated with will.i.am, following the single " What's Your Name ", from his previous album Here I Stand (2008).
"OMG" topped the charts in Australia , Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States. The song became his ninth number-one hit in the United States, making him the first 2010s artist to collect number-one singles in three consecutive decades. He became only the fourth artist of all-time to achieve that feat. Usher also became the third artist to have at least one number-one song from five consecutive studio albums. The song's choreography and dance-heavy accompanying music video has been compared by critics to that of " Yeah! ". Usher performed the song live several times including on the ninth season of American Idol with will.i.am . He also performed the song as a part of a medley during his critically acclaimed performance at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards . "OMG", was named the fifth best selling song of 2010 in the US, selling 3.8 million units. [1] The song sold 6.9 million copies worldwide during that year. [2]
Production and composition
You can download the clip or download a player to play the clip in your browser.
A 28-second sample of "OMG", featuring the chorus by Usher, supported by the "oh-oh, oh-oh" hook.
Problems playing this file? See media help .
"OMG was written and produced by The Black Eyed Peas frontman, will.i.am . The tune was recorded at Chung King Studios, New York City . Dylan "3-D" Dresdow mixed the record at Paper V.U. Studios, North Hollywood . [3] The vocal sample of a crowd shouting "owowowo" used in the song was recorded by will.i.am while performing with The Black Eyed Peas on the French TV show Taratata . [4]
"OMG" is a midtempo pop song, drawing from the subgenres of dance-pop and synthpop , and is also influenced by R&B . [5] The song also infuses hints of Eurodance . [6] Several lines feature the auto-tune effect, and makes use of "hypnotic" hand claps, and Jock Jams -esque arena chanting. [7] The song is set in common time , and has a tempo of 130 beats per minute. [5] It is written in the key of E minor , and Usher's vocals span from the low note of G3 to high note of E5. [5] It follows the chord progression Em–D–Bm7–C6. [5] According to James Reed of the Boston Globe , Usher is featured in a staccato delivery over the song's minimalist dance beat." [8] will.i.am begins the song with the line, "Oh my gosh" then Usher starts singing the chorus. He performs his verse and the second chorus, before will.i.am gives his verse. "OMG" concludes with an extended final chorus. [5] Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times said that the lyrics of the song detail Usher's encounter with a woman in a club. [6]
Reception
Critical
The song has garnered mixed reception, with most critics disapproving of the auto-tuned vocals, and the production and appearance by will.i.am. Edna Gundersen of USA Today said that Usher seemed "disengaged" on the song, and allowed will.i.am. to "bludgeon" the song with auto-tune. [9] Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said the song was one of the tracks where production fell short on Raymond v. Raymond, calling the song another auto-tuned "formulaic chant" by will.i.am. [10] The New York Daily News said that the song is "as annoying as the tech-speak it mimics." [11] Andrew Winistorfer of Prefix Magazine preferred " Lil Freak " to be the album's big single, stating that the song "doesn't come close to matching the filthy heights of "Little Freak," [sic] but the sports arena chanting thing hasn't been done this well since the '90s when Jock Jams were enormous." [12] Winistorfer also said that Usher brought back his "bad taste" in collaborators since Lil Jon on " Yeah! ", saying that having the latter on this song would be an improvement. [13]
James Reed of the Boston Globe said that Usher "fares better" on the collaboration. [8] Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times commended the song's "thumping" groove. [6] Gail Mitchell of Billboard said that Usher "pumps up the beat on the infectious club anthem." [14] Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian , called the track "irresistible". [15] Monica Herrera of Billboard magazine said the song, like "Yeah!", appealed to a broader audience and attuned to clubs. Herrera also said that "the lyrics are hypnotic hand claps and soccer-game chants that fade in and out to keep the party going". [7]
Controversy
In 2010, WYOY disc jockeys compared part of Usher's verse to a song sung by Homer Simpson in " Dude, Where's My Ranch? ", a 2003 episode of television comedy The Simpsons . [16] The cadences of the line, "Honey got a booty like pow, pow, pow. Honey got some boobies like wow, oh wow" were compared to those of Simpson's tune, "Christmas in December, wow wow wow. Give me tons of presents, now now now." [17] [18] Simon Vozick-Levinson of Entertainment Weekly disagreed, calling the likenesses "a random coincidence". [19]
Chart performance
The song debuted at number fourteen on the Billboard Hot 100 selling 130,000 units in its first week. [20] The song became the third-highest debut on the Billboard Hot 100 of Usher's career, behind 1997's " Nice & Slow " at number nine, and 1998's " My Way " at eight. [21] For the week ending May 15, 2010, the song lifted to number one on the chart, becoming Usher's ninth number-one single and Will.i.am's first number one single as a solo artist (or without his group, The Black eyed Peas). The song collected airplay and digital gainer honors, moving fourteen to seven on the Hot 100 Airplay chart, and two to one on the Hot Digital Songs chart. [22] The song later topped both charts. [23] By March 2011, the song has reached 4 million in sales, [24] and as of May 2013, the song has sold 4,719,000 copies. [25]
With the song, Usher tied with the Bee Gees , Elton John , and Paul McCartney for ninth among artists all time with the most Hot 100 hits. [26] Usher also became the third artist, behind McCartney and Michael Jackson to collect at least one number-one single from five consecutive albums. [26] The song made Usher the first artist in the 2010s to have a number-one single in three consecutive decades, Usher's being the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. [22] He became only the fifth artist of all time to accomplish this, the others being Stevie Wonder in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s; Michael Jackson in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; and Madonna and Janet Jackson in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. [22] "OMG" was the second shortest title to lead the chart, tying Jackson's " Ben ", " Bad ", and " ABC " with the Jackson 5 , with Britney Spears ' " 3 " being the chart-topper with the shortest title. [26]
The song charted at number three on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, two on the Pop Songs chart, and three on the Hot Dance Club Play chart. [23] It also topped the Rhythmic Top 40 , making Usher the first artist to collect ten number ones on the chart, above 50 Cent , Beyoncé , Nelly , T-Pain , and Mariah Carey , each with seven. [27] Usher led first on the chart with " You Make Me Wanna " for thirteen weeks from 1997–1998 and " Love in This Club " featuring Young Jeezy in 2008. [27]
"OMG" reached number two in Canada, and was certified Platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association . [28] [29] It was later upgraded to 2x Platinum for shipments over 160,000 copies. [29] It sold 223,000 copies during 2010 in Canada . [30] Internationally, "OMG" charted across Europe, reaching number one in the Ireland , and United Kingdom where it became the third best selling song of 2010. [31] [32] It also charted moderately in other countries, allowing it to reach a peak of six on the European Hot 100 . [33] In Australia and New Zealand the song placed at the top of the charts. [34] [35] It was certified 2× Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association , [36] and Platinum in New Zealand by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for shipments of 15,000 units. [35] It was later upgraded to 5× Platinum in Australia for shipments over 350,000 copies. [36]
Music video
Background
Usher and will.i.am shot the video the weekend of March 6, 2010. [37] The video was directed by Anthony Mandler . [37] In an interview with Rap-Up , Mandler said about the concept of the video: "...The video is a spectacle. It really emphasizes what we love about Usher and the character and the icon that he is, and most importantly, it’s really a video that showcases his superstardom". [38] The video was released on March 30, 2010, on VEVO and AMTV . [39] According to Mandler, the original idea for the video was citing Max Headroom , a fictional artificial intelligence character from 1980s British television and film. [40] The reference is made when Usher is seen on a flickering television at the beginning of the video. [40] Mandler specified, commenting, "Max Headroom was always in his room," he continued, "this unidentifiable room, '80s shapes. I used that for inspiration." [40] Usher stated that he wanted to do something theatrical and fun, and that while will.i.am. brought the international sound, he wanted to bring the producer into his world, "working off of each other and playing off of each other as artists, but the cinematography would be artistic and incredible." [40] Mandler described the visuals in the clip as " Hitchcock -ian", as well as simply captuiring Usher in his element, as he said he wanted the R&B singer's talent to take over. [40] He further explained, stating,
"The concept was to create a world where we put Usher in a space where he does what I think he does better than anyone else in the world, which is perform at a level and magnitude of a superstar and take us, the viewer, whether audible or visually, on a journey, not a ride. And, in that, I wanted to create an unpredictability, so one set leads to another and another, and you never know what's gonna happen. Along the way, Usher becomes our guide. We're so focused on him, we don't notice the change. The thing is unfolding little by little, and you can't quite see far enough ahead to know what's gonna come next." [40]
Synopsis and reception
A still from the video, showing the first scene with Usher on a flickering television, paying homage to Max Headroom
The video begins with Usher flickering on a television in a room, before we see him in a scene dancing with blue flashing lights, and will.i.am. is shown in a similar room with red flashing lights. Usher is then shown with female background dancers in a white room. In the scene he dons a pair of glasses which show the dancers performing through the lens. Usher then dances outside in front of a concrete wall, with male background dancers appearing as shadows. As will.i.am. performs his verse, he and Usher are seen in their corresponding rooms with flashing lights. After this, Usher puffs a cigar and dances with male background dancers in an arena-like area, whilst he is also joined by female dancers with flashing lights on the floor, with the video ending with Usher shown on the flashing television. [41]
In a review of the video, Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly said, "For a song with such a title, it sure does take a minute for its video to build up to wow-worthy moments. After some clean dance sequences, the magic begins. Usher grooves with shadows, puffs out O’s with cigar smoke, and then links back up with his ladies on a primary colored dance floor to show off his steps." [42] Chris Ryan of MTV News compared the video's flashing lights to the music video for " Yeah! ", and called the song an answer track to Trey Songz 's " LOL ". [43] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards , the clip was nominated for Best Dance Video, Best Choreography, and Best Male Video. [44]
Live performances
Usher performed the song with will.i.am. on the ninth season of American Idol , appearing in a black bowler and matching black suit with silver lapels, accompanied by flames and other pyrotechnics. [45] They then performed the song together on The Oprah Winfrey Show on May 10, 2010. [46] The song has also been performed live in Australia on Hey Hey it's Saturday on May 19, 2010, as well as on Sunrise on May 21, 2010. [47] Usher later performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , So You Think You Can Dance , Good Morning America and live in the United Kingdom on Britain's Got Talent . [48] [49] On August 6, 2010, he performed the song alongside other hits at his New Look Foundation’s inaugural World Leadership Awards in Atlanta, where his protege Justin Bieber and R&B singer Ciara also performed. [50] Another event the song was performed at was the Activision E3 Event. [51] The song was performed alongside " DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love " during the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards . [52] VMA executive producer Dave Sirulnick told MTV News, "We said to him, 'We want to do the best televised dance routine that you've done in years. Let's show why you're the king.'" [52] MTV Buzzworthy writer, Tamar Antai was present at the rehearsal for the show, and commented that the VMA crew was about to "pull off visual feats not just previously unseen and unparalleled at the VMAs, but unseen and unparalleled on TV." [53]
The performance was received with critical acclaim. On Usher specifically Antai said the performance was like "liquid magic", saying, "He took it to the level that comes after the next level. The penthouse level." [53] He was aided by about a dozen background dancers, the males in skeleton-like costumets, and the females donning a one-piece, gloves and boots. [54] The "OMG" performance was accompanied by red laser lights, making an illusion as if the stage disappeared. [44] The lights spelled out "O.M.G" as well as "Usher", as dancers lowered from the ceiling. [44] Jayson Rodrgiguez of MTV News commented, "The singer moved and grooved, proving that he's the R&B star that everyone pays attention to for the big moments." [52] Rochell D. Thomas, also of the site said "Call it what you will: talent, swag, skills...When he steps on the dance floor, some mysterious thing comes out of him and puts the G in groove." [44] Thomas went on to say that Usher's dance moves would make "the late great Michael Jackson jealous" in the stage production "that included more special-effects bells and whistles than a summer blockbuster." [44] Chris Ryan of MTV Buzzworthy also compared the performance to Jackson, calling it overall, "One part "Tron," one part laser show, one part Michael Jackson choreo tribute, and all spectacle." [54] Usher appeared with The Black Eyed Peas to perform the song during the halftime show of Super Bowl XLV .
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i don't know
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According to legend, who was King Arthur's illegitimate son who fought against Arthur at the Battle of Camlann?
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The Battle of Camlann
The Battle of Camlann
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The Battle Of Camlann
According to legend, Arthur's last battle was fought against Modred, the son of Lot the King of the Picts. Modred was therefore a Pict. According to the Annals of Wales, this battle involving Arthur and Modred was fought in the year 539 AD, while according to the Norman-Welsh Cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth it was fought in 542 AD.
In fact in reality the only battle in historical records fought between Arthur and the Britons on one side and the Picts on the other was fought by Arthur son of Aidan. There is no other.
The Annals of Ulster record it as the battle of Manann fought in 582 AD. Adomnan writing 100 years later calls it the battle of the Miathi (the name of the Pictish tribe involved). Legend called it the battle of Camlann.
Despite the difference in names, these are all one and the same battle. The full name for the legendary version should be the battle of Camallan, which means the crooked Allan. The battle fought by Arthur and the Picts was fought somewhere near the river Allan and this would account for the legendary name Camallan or "Crooked Allan". The word "Cam" meant crooked.
Adomnan, the 7th century AD monk who wrote the "Life of Columba", described how Arthur (Arturius) died in battle against the Miathi Picts. Adomnan however did not give a date for the battle.
The "Annals of Ulster" record a battle of Manann in the year 582AD, and describe it as a victory for Aidan, the father of Arthur (Arturius). Manann was a kingdom which lay on the south bank of the River Forth, directly opposite the Ochill Hills. These hills were inhabited by the Miathi Picts.
The "Annals of Tighernac" however, describe Arthur's death at the battle of Circenn in 596 AD, also against the Picts. Whichever date is correct does not really matter - the most important thing is that we have evidence of Arthur from two separate historical sources:
Adomnan's "Life of Columba" - 7th century AD.
The "Annals of Tighernac" - 11th century, but copied from earlier contemporary accounts.
Arthur and the Britons of Manann (the Gododdin) fought this battle against the Picts. The Picts later marked the site with a large stone to commemorate the battle. Long after Arthur and the Britons had been forgotten, later historians understandably credited the battle site to King Kenneth Mac Alpine, a 9th century AD king of the Scots.
There is however no evidence to support the belief that Kenneth Mac Alpine ever fought here. On the other hand there is indisputable historical evidence, contained within Adomnan's 'Life of Columba' to suggest that it was actually the site where Arthur and the Britons fought the Picts, in the last fatal battle of Camlann.
1. Site of Roman Fortress at Camelon/Camelot near Falkirk.
2. Invalone (Avalon).
3. Pictish stone marking probable site of Battle of Manann (Battle of Camlann) NN.
4. Dumyat - Fort of the Miathi / Maetae Picts.
5. Round Table (Kings Knot) at Stirling.
Perhaps the best way to prove that the Battle of the Miathi and the Battle of Camlaan are one and the same is to pretend that you are living in the future, five hundred years from now.
Imagine that almost all historical records have been lost or destroyed, perhaps as a result of a nuclear conflict, or some other such catastrophe. You have heard tales of a legendary battle which supposedly occurred several hundred years earlier, fought between the English and the French, which resulted in the death of the leader of the English, a warrior with the unusual name, Nelson.
As you research fragments of historical records still extant, you come across an account of a battle where the opponents are English on one side, and French on the other, and the battle resulted in the death of the leader of the English, a warrior called Nelson.
You would of course have come across an account of the Battle of Trafalgar. Not only a real battle, but the only one in history where the English and French fought, and the English leader called Nelson was killed.
Because of the fact that the leader Nelson died in this battle, there could not possibly be another.
Do you suppose if you searched for another fifty years you would find another battle where the opponents and result were the same? Of course you wouldn't - in fact we know from history that there is no other such battle.
The position is exactly the same when searching for an account of the legendary Battle of Camlaan, where the opponents are Britons on one side, Picts on the other, and the end result is the death of a leader called Arthur.
When you search through the extant historical evidence and find an account in Adomnan's "Life of Columba" where he describes a battle in which the opponents are Britons on one side, Picts on the other, and the result is the death of a leader called Arthur (Arturius), you know that this battle - which he calls the "Battle of the Miathi" - and the legendary Battle of Camlaan are one and the same.
As with the Battle of Trafalgar, if you search another fifty years, do you suppose you will find any other?
The name Arthur (Arturius) is found very rarely in historical records. In fact the only one found in a genuine historical record of the 7th century AD is Arthur the son of Aidan, King of Dalriada. Arthur the leader is every bit as rare as Nelson is.
When we find then that this same Arthur fought and died in a battle where the opponents were Britons and Picts, we can be certain that the historical "Battle of the Miathi" can be identified with the legendary "Battle of Camlaan".
Many people still believe that Arthur - if he existed - was connected with Wales and Cornwall, although no historical evidence has been found in these two regions - have you ever wondered why? Due to the lack of evidence from these two regions, Arthur has come to be regarded as a mythical figure, yet the evidence has always been available in the Irish and Scottish records, where Arthur is not a figure of mythology, but a real historical character.
King Arthur
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Mordred
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Which German footballer won the Golden Boot award for scoring the most goals at the finals of the 2006 Football World Cup?
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Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends | Robbins Library Digital Projects
Robbins Library Digital Projects › Camelot Project › Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends ›
Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends
Frequently Asked Questions about the Arthurian Legends
by: Alan Lupack (Author)
[The following are questions frequently asked of librarians who provide "chat" reference service in Rush Rhees Library at the University of Rochester. The answers have been provided by Alan Lupack ([email protected]) .]
Who was King Arthur and when/where did he live? Is there historical evidence of his existence?
Traditionally called King Arthur, an early chronicler called Nennius refers to him as 'dux bellorum', a term designating a military leader rather than a king. Nennius also names Arthur as the victor in a series of twelve battles against the Saxons, which culminate in a decisive victory at Mount Badon. The early Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen depicts him as the leader of a group of semi-mythological warriors with super powers. Welsh saints's lives sometimes portray him as an enemy of the church, who commandeers its treasures to support his wars. How much, if any, historicity can be assigned to Arthur is a matter of debate. Some have suggested that a person who lived earlier than or contemporary with the time usually associated with Arthur (the late 5th or early 6th century) performed deeds that became attached to a fictional 'Arthur'. Geoffrey Ashe, for example, has called attention to a figure referred to as 'Riothamus', a title meaning 'high king', who led an army to the continent and who, Ashe speculates, may have been associated with Arthur by Geoffrey of Monmouth (the author of a "history" of the kings of Britain, a work which introduces into the tradition many fictional elements that are now seen as essential parts of the story of Arthur). (Ashe puts forth this theory in The Discovery of King Arthur [1985].) Other scholars believe that the Arthurian legends are not based on any real person. If Arthur or someone who inspired the legends of Arthur did exist, he would have been a warrior of the late fifth and/or early sixth centuries and not the sort of person often depicted in literature, a king living in a castle with knights in shining armor serving him.
Who was Guinevere? Did King Arthur have other lovers?
Guinevere is Arthur's wife and queen; according to the Vulgate Cycle and Malory, she is the daughter of Leodegrance of Carmelide. Though one of the Welsh Triads (Triad 56) speaks of Arthur's three great queens (all named Gwenhwyfar), later romance generally gives him only one wife named Guinevere.
Geoffrey of Monmouth introduces the notion of Guinevere's infidelity (with Modred) while Arthur is fighting on the continent. In Chrétien's Lancelot, Guinevere becomes Lancelot's lover after he rescues her from Meleagant. Generally (though not always) in the romance tradition, Guinevere is portrayed as Lancelot's lover. In the Vulgate Cycle, the first meeting between Guinevere and Lancelot is arranged by Galehaut. She is later accused of not being the true Guinevere by the illegitimate daughter of her father Leodagan and the wife of his seneschal. When Arthur falls in love with the False Guinevere and accepts her as his queen, Guinevere is protected by Lancelot and Galehaut until the truth is revealed.
Malory's Guinevere is jealous and demanding but also a true lover. Her jealousy and anger drive Lancelot mad and lead her to say she wishes he were dead. Nevertheless, she remains true to him. She is accused several times of crimes-infidelity and the murder of Mador's relative-and must be saved by Lancelot, as she is once again when their love is discovered and she is sentenced to be burned at the stake. When Mordred rebels against Arthur and attempts to marry her, she flees first to the Tower of London and then to the nunnery at Amesbury, where she becomes abbess. Lancelot visits her there after the death of Arthur, but she asks him to leave and never to return and refuses even to give him a final kiss. She dies a holy death, of which Lancelot learns in a vision that instructs him to have her buried next to Arthur.
While Malory is understanding of the true love of Guinevere, Tennyson makes her an example of an unfaithful wife. Arthur, before whom she grovels with guilt when he visits her in the nunnery, says that she has "spoilt the purpose of my life."
Malory also writes that Arthur had an affair with Lyonors, the daughter of Earl Sanam. Lyonors bears him a son named Borre, who later becomes a knight of the Round Table.
Who was Merlin and what is his significance to King Arthur?
Merlin plays many roles in Arthurian literature, including bard, prophet, magician, advisor, and warrior. Though usually a figure who supports Arthur and his vision of Camelot, Merlin is, because of the stories in which he is said to be the son of a devil, sometimes presented as a villain.
Celtic tradition contains a number of related figures-the Welsh Myrddin, the Scottish Lailoken, and the Irish Suibhne-who have characteristics similar to those of Merlin. These characters all go mad and become wild men of the woods. Myrddin, who appears in the Welsh poems 'Yr Afallennau' ('The Apple Tree Stanzas') and 'Yr Oianau' ('The Little Pig Stanzas'), is driven mad because of the death of his lord Gwenddolau at the hands of Rhydderch in the Battle of Arfderydd (c. 575). After the battle, Merlin lives in exile in the forest, where he utters prophecies. Geoffrey of Monmouth combines this historical figure, who lived at a time later than that in which a historical Arthur might have lived, with the figure of the youth Ambrosius Aurelianus from Nennius (Geoffrey says that Merlin's second name was Ambrosius); in so doing, he virtually creates the now-traditional Merlin. Geoffrey's Merlin, who is fathered by an incubus, explains why Vortigern's tower will not stand and utters a long series of prophecies. He then serves both Aurelius and Uther. After transporting the Giant's Dance from Ireland to Britain and setting it up as Stonehenge, he assists Uther in satisfying his lust for Ygerna. In Geoffrey's account, Merlin does not serve as an advisor to Arthur; but later writers expand his role to include helping Arthur become king and establish his authority.
In the works of Robert de Boron and in the Vulgate Cycle, Merlin's birth is engineered by the devils in hell. They hope to bring into the world an anti-Christ who will undo the good (or, as they see it, the harm) done by Christ in redeeming mankind. Merlin's mother is impregnated by an incubus; but with the advice of her confessor Blaise she baptizes her son; and he becomes a force for good, not evil. Since he is the son of a devil, he is endowed with the knowledge of all things past, and God bestows on him the gift of knowing the future. He is also instrumental in establishing Arthur's realm and the Round Table, and he serves as an adviser to Athur. Merlin's service to Arthur ends when he is infatuated with Niniane (also called Vivien and Nyneve) and allows her to seal him up with a charm that he himself has taught her.
Perhaps the most influential modern recasting of Merlin is in T. H. White's The Once and Future King (1958). White's Merlin, who is both a comic and a philosophic figure, is a tutor who encourages Arthur to think for himself and who is gratified when Arthur arrives at the notion that might should be used for right. White's Merlin knows the future because he lives backwards in time.
Who are Bedivere? Gawain? Mordred? What is their relationship to King Arthur?
Bedivere:
Bedivere and Kay (Bedwyr and Cai in Welsh sources) are among the warriors earliest associated with Arthur. The author of Culhwch and Olwen (ca. 1100) says of Bedwyr that he never shrank from any enterprise on which Cai was bound. Wace says that Bedivere and Kay are Arthur's two most loyal subjects. In the late fourteenth-century Alliterative Morte Arthure and other works that tell the story of the Giant of St. Michael's Mount, Kay and Bedivere accompany Arthur as he sets out to confront the giant.
According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, Arthur gives Bedevere the province of Normandy for his service in the war in Gaul; later, Bedevere is slain in Arthur's continental war against Lucius. In Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Bedivere survives the continental wars and is with Arthur at the end of his final battle. Arthur orders him to return Excalibur to the lake. Tennyson adds to Malory's account a depiction of Bedivere watching the barge bearing Arthur as it grows smaller and smaller and finally disappears.
In Rosemary Sutcliff's Sword at Sunset and in Mary Stewart's The Wicked Day, Bedwyr takes on the role, usually assigned to Lancelot, of lover of Arthur's queen.
Gawain:
Gawain is Arthur's nephew, and in much Arthurian literature he is presented as the best of Arthur's knights. In a number of sources, his strength is said to increase until noon, at which point it begins to wane. According to the French Mort Artu (Death of Arthur), his strength increases around noon because the priest who baptized him prayed that his strength would increase at noon, the hour he was baptized. Malory says that a holy man gave Gawain the gift of increasing strength from undern (9 a. m.) until noon every day of the year.
In Geoffrey of Monmouth's history, Gawain is one of Arthur's most valorous knights in his continental wars, and he dies in the struggle against Modred when Arthur returns to Britain. The author of The Rise of Gawain (twelfth century) tells of Gawain's being brought to Rome by Viamundus, the fisherman who stole the boy from the merchants to whom Anna, his mother, had entrusted him because he was born before she was married to Loth (Lot). There, he is knighted by and serves the Emperor. Gawain is said by Chrétien in his Perceval (1180s) to be the most courteous knight in the world. In this work, and in numerous others by various authors, Gawain is contrasted to Kay, whose boorishness is a foil to Gawain's courtliness. In several Dutch romances, Gawain is called the Father of Adventure, and he has great skill in healing as well as in fighting and diplomacy. In many of the French romances of the twelfth through the fourteenth centuries, Gawain is the most important hero; but Lancelot eventually replaces him in this role.
In the thirteenth-century Vulgate Cycle, Gawain is presented as the second-best worldly knight after Lancelot. He refuses to join in Agravain's accusation against Lancelot and Guinevere; later, out of grief for his brothers-particularly his favorite Gaheriet (Gareth)-who are slain in the rescue of the queen, he insists on pursuing and fighting with Lancelot. Although Lancelot refuses to slay him when he has the opportunity, Gawain ultimately dies from a head wound received in their fight. Nevertheless, before his death Gawain realizes that Lancelot was the best and most generous knight, wishes he could ask his forgiveness before his death, and advises Arthur to ask him for help.
In Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Gawain is at times brave and noble and at times vengeful and treacherous. He keeps alive the feud between the house of Lot and the house of Pellinore by treacherously killing Pellinore and then Lamorak. He is also unforgiving when Lancelot accidentally kills Gareth, and he refuses to allow Arthur to make peace with him. He does, however, try to dissuade Mordred and Agravain from accusing Lancelot; and he finally realizes that Lancelot is noble and Mordred wicked.
Mordred:
The Annales Cambriae (Welsh Annals) mentions Medraut as a participant in the battle of Camlann but does not make clear whether he is an enemy or an ally of Arthur. Geoffrey of Monmouth introduces the notion of Mordred's usurpation of the throne and his adulterous relationship with Guinevere while Arthur is fighting his continental wars. Geoffrey names Mordred as one of two sons of Lot and Anna (the other being Gawain). Mordred in turn has two sons who survive him but are killed by Constantine, Arthur's successor.
In the thirteenth-century Vulgate Cycle, Mordred is the son of Arthur by his half-sister, who is Lot's wife. Although, in the Vulgate Mort Artu, it is Agravain who accuses Lancelot and Guinevere of adultery and leads the knights who trap them in the queen's chamber, Mordred betrays Arthur's trust when he is left in charge of the kingdom and the queen by forging a letter said to be from a dying Arthur declaring Mordred king and urging him to marry Guinevere. In the final battle of Salisbury Plain, Arthur kills Mordred but is fatally wounded by him. Mordred leaves behind two sons, the elder called Melehan and the younger unnamed. Bors kills Melehan, who has slain Lionel; and Lancelot kills the younger son.
In Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Mordred is the illegitimate son of Arthur and Morgause. When Arthur, who is unaware that she is related to him when they sleep together, learns that he has had a child by his half-sister, he attempts to kill Mordred by condemning all the children born on May Day to be set adrift on the sea. But his son survives when the ship he is in breaks up and he is cast up on the shore and found by a good man, who raises him until he is fourteen. Even before Mordred accuses Lancelot and Guinevere and plans to trap them, his villainy is clear. When Gawain and his brothers treacherously attack and slay Lamorak, it is Mordred who gives him a fatal wound in the back. While Arthur is besieging Lancelot's castle in France, Mordred forges letters saying that Arthur is dead, claims the throne, and intends to marry Guinevere. In the final battle, Arthur gives Mordred a fatal wound; but Mordred thrusts himself up the length of Arthur's spear so he can strike his father.
What is the Round Table?
The twelfth-century chronicler Wace first introduces the notion of the Round Table, which he says Arthur had made so that all of the noble barons whom he attracted to his court would be equally placed and served and none could boast that he had a higher position at the table than the others. Layamon expands on this notion, describing a riot at which many nobles vie for place and precedence at Arthur's table. A skilled craftsman then offers to make Arthur a table that will seat more than sixteen hundred and at which high and low will be on an equal footing because the table is round.
According to the prose rendition of Robert de Boron's Merlin and the thirteenth-century Vulgate Cycle, Uther Pendragon, instructed by Merlin, established the Round Table to symbolize the table of the Last Supper and the Grail Table established by Joseph of Arimathea at the command of the Holy Spirit. Uther gives the Round Table to Guinevere's father Leodegan, who in turn gives it to Arthur when he weds Guinevere.
The number of seats at the Round Table varies in different sources, sometimes being said to seat twelve knights and the king, sometimes as many as 150.
The Round Table has come to stand not only for the physical object at which Arthur and his knights sat but also for the order of knighthood and the code to which the knights committed themselves. The symbolic nature of the Round Table survives even into the youth groups of the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century. The founders of one of those clubs, the Knights of King Arthur, saw the roundness of Arthur's table and the equality it implied as representing 'democracy under leadership' and thus an ideal structure for a club for boys.
What do we know about the sword Excalibur?
Geoffrey of Monmouth, Wace, and Layamon all observe that Arthur's sword Caliburn was forged on the Isle of Avalon. In Sir Thomas Malory's Morte d'Arthur, Excalibur is the name given to the sword Arthur receives from the Lady of the Lake and entrusts to Bedivere to return to the water after his final battle. Malory, following his French source, explains the name Excalibur as meaning 'Kutte [Cut] Steele'. (There is only one place in the Morte where the sword drawn from the stone is referred to as Excalibur: in his battle with the kings who will not accept him, Arthur pulls the sword from the stone, on Merlin's advice, only when he is losing the battle. When he draws 'his swerd Excalibur', it gives the light of thirty torches and helps him to put his enemies to flight.) When this sword from the stone breaks in two as Arthur fights Pellinore, Merlin saves Arthur by casting an enchantment over Pellinore and then takes the king to receive another sword, Excalibur, from the Lady of the Lake. Merlin tells Arthur that Excalibur's scabbard is even more valuable than the sword itself because while he wears it he will not lose any blood or be severely wounded. Morgan le Fay, to whom Arthur has entrusted the care of Excalibur, gives the sword to her lover Accolon to use against Arthur. Provided with a counterfeit Excalibur, Arthur is saved by Nyneve (a character sometimes called Vivien, Niniane, or Nimue). Morgan then steals the scabbard and throws it into a lake so it can no longer protect Arthur. Excalibur must be returned to the water at the end of Arthur's life, a task assigned to Bedivere in Malory's account-but to others in different medieval versions of Arthur's story.
What was the Holy Grail?
The Holy Grail is generally considered to be the cup from which Christ drank at the Last Supper and the vessel used by Joseph of Arimathea to catch his blood as he hung on the cross. This significance, however, was introduced into the Arthurian legends by Robert de Boron in his verse romance Joseph d'Arimathie (sometimes also called Le Roman de l'Estoire dou Graal), which was probably written in the last decade of the twelfth century or the first few years of the thirteenth. In earlier sources as well as in some later ones, the Grail is sometimes something quite different. The term 'grail' comes from the Latin gradale, which means a dish brought to the table during various stages (Latin 'gradus') or courses of a meal. In Chrétien de Troyes and other early writers, the term 'grail' suggests such a plate. Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival (first decade of the thirteenth century) presents the Grail as a stone which provides sustenance and prevents anyone who beholds it from dying within that week. In medieval romance, the Grail was said to have been brought to Glastonbury in Britain by Joseph of Arimathea and his followers. In the time of Arthur, the quest for the Grail was the highest spiritual pursuit. For Chrétien, author of Perceval, and his continuators, Perceval is the knight who must achieve the Grail. For some other French authors, as for Malory, Galahad is the chief Grail knight, though others (Perceval and Bors in Malory's Morte d'Arthur) also achieve the quest.
Where was Camelot?
Camelot is an imaginary place and thus it is perhaps pointless to speak of its location. In literary sources, it is usually situated in the south of England. Some have speculated that if Arthur actually existed he would have needed a base of operations. John Leland identified Camelot with Cadbury Castle, a hill fort in Somerset. Excavations carried out at the site in 1966-1970 confirmed that this large hill fort (with 1200 yards of perimeter surrounding an eighteen-acre enclosure and rising about 250 feet above the surrounding countryside) was refortified in the Arthurian era and was occupied by a powerful leader and his followers.
In many medieval texts Arthur holds court at Caerleon or some other city. Camelot is first mentioned in the twelfth century in Chrétien de Troyes's Lancelot. In the thirteenth-century Vulgate Cycle, Camelot is said to have been converted by the son of Joseph of Arimathea, Josephus, who had built there the Church of St. Stephen, in which some texts say Arthur and Guinevere were married. Camelot becomes the principal city of Arthur's realm and remains so in many, though not all, later texts. In his Le Morte d'Arthur, Sir Thomas Malory identifies Camelot as Winchester.
What modern allusions are there to Camelot?
The image most modern readers have of Camelot coincides with Tennyson's description of it in "The Lady of Shalott" as "many-tower'd Camelot." More recently, largely through the influence of T. H. White, Camelot has come to be associated with the values that Arthur and his realm are believed to have represented (White's 'Might for Right'). Because of John F. Kennedy's fondness for the play Camelot and an interest in the legends that originated with his childhood reading of a version of Malory, John F. Kennedy's his presidency has been referred to as 'Camelot'. Actually, the identification between Kennedy and Camelot first occurred soon after Kennedy's death, when Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy urged her friend, reporter and historian Theodore H. White, to label her late husband's historical myth in specifically Arthurian terms. Other historians also associated Kennedy's presidency, particularly some of its more idealistic programs, with the legend of Arthur. The moral overtones of Camelot are reflected in other areas as well, but sometimes 'Camelot' is used only to represent an ideal place.
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Dean Winchester (Character) - Quotes
Dean Winchester (Character)
from "Supernatural" (2005)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
Sam Winchester : Truce?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, truce. Just for the next 100 miles.
Sam Winchester : I have a confession to make, I was the on that called them and told them I was a Hollywood producer.
Dean Winchester : Well I was the one that put the dead fish in their back seat.
Sam Winchester : [both laugh] Truce?
Dean Winchester : Ok well at least for the next 100 miles.
Sam Winchester : [Dean puts a spoon in Sam's mouth when he's sleeping] Haha. Very funny.
Dean Winchester : [laughs] Sorry. Not a lot of scenery here in East Texas, kinda got to make your own.
Dean Winchester : I thought the legend said that Morteki only goes after chicks.
Dean Winchester : Start what up?
Sam Winchester : That... prank stuff. It's stupid, and it always escalates!
Dean Winchester : Oh what's the matter Sammy, afraid you're gonna get a little Nair in your shampoo again, huh?
Sam Winchester : All right. Just remember you started it.
Dean Winchester : Oh ho, bring it on baldy.
Dean Winchester : [picking up a jar in the Hell House's basement] Hey Sam I dare you to take a swig 'a this.
Sam Winchester : The hell would I do that for?
[pause]
Sam Winchester : [laughs] Oh I did!
Dean Winchester : [Sam's talking about some signs on the walls] Exactly why you never get laid.
Dean Winchester : [hand glued to beer bottle] You didn't.
Sam Winchester : Oh, I so did.
Dean Winchester : Most of those websites wouldn't know a ghost if it bit them on the pursqueeter.
Dean Winchester : People believe in Santa Claus. How come I'm not getting hooked up every Christmas?
Sam Winchester : Because you're a bad person.
Dean Winchester : [looking into Ed and Harry's trailer] Oh, look at that. Action figures in their original packaging. What a shocker.
[Dean pulls the string on a novelty toy, making it cackle]
Sam Winchester : If you pull that string one more time, I'm gonna kill you.
[Dean pulls it again, laughs; Sam glares]
Dean Winchester : C'mon man, you need more laughter in your life, you know, you're way too tense.
Dean Winchester : I barely have any skin left on my palm.
Sam Winchester : I'm not touching that line with a ten foot pole.
[after Dean puts itching powder in Sam's shorts]
Sam Winchester : Man, I think I'm allergic to our soap or somethin'.
[Dean laughs and starts to walk away]
Sam Winchester : You did this?
[Dean laughs again]
Dean Winchester : Oh yeah!
[Sam takes his bag and coffee and leaves]
[Dean taps his beer bottle against Sam's and takes a drink; Sam smirks. Dean tries to put the bottle down and finds that it's glued to his hand. Sam laughs]
Dean Winchester : What's that?
Sam Winchester : [about Ed and Harry] I was the one who called them and told 'em I was a producer.
Dean Winchester : Well, I'm the one who put the dead fish in their backseat.
[Dean and Sam find the Hell House guarded by police]
Sam Winchester : I guess the cops don't want any more kids screwin' around in there.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, but *we* still gotta get in there.
[they hear loud whispering]
Dean Winchester : I don't believe it.
[Sam looks and sees Zeddmore and Spengler trying to sneak up on the house]
Dean Winchester : I got an idea.
[he throws his voice]
Dean Winchester : Who ya gonna call?
[the cops chase the other two; Sam and Dean sneak into the house]
Dean Winchester : We're reporters with the Dallas Morning News. I'm Dean, this is Sam.
Craig Thursten : No way. Heh. Yeah, I'm a writer too. I write for my school's lit magazine.
Dean Winchester : [sotto voce] Oh. Well good for you, Morrison.
Sam Winchester : Man, we're not kids anymore, Dean. We're not gonna start that crap up again.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, all right.
Dean Winchester : I say we find ourselves a bar and some beers and leave the legend to the locals.
[he gets in the car; Sam waits, grinning; Dean turns the ignition and music blasts out of the speakers at full volume]
Dean Winchester : Whoa! Jeez, what the...
[Sam laughs, getting in]
Dean Winchester : That's all you got? That's weak. That is bush-league!
Craig Thursten : Guys, I'm really not in the mood to answer any more of your questions, okay?
Dean Winchester : Oh don't worry, don't worry, we're just here to buy an album, that's all.
[he fishes through the rack, pulls out a record]
Dean Winchester : You know I couldn't figure out what that symbol was, and then I realized that it doesn't mean *anything*. It's a logo for Blue Oyster Cult. So tell me Craig, you uh, you into BOC? Or just scaring the hell outta people?
[he hands Craig the album with the logo on it]
Dean Winchester : Now why don't you tell us about that house? Without lyin' through your ass this time.
Craig Thursten : [sighing] All right, um. My cousin, Dana, was on break from TCU. And, I guess we were just bored, looking for something to do, so I showed her this abandoned dump I found. We thought it'd be funny if we made it look like it was haunted. So we painted symbols on the walls, some from some albums, some from some of Dana's theology textbooks, and we found out this guy Murdoch used to live there, so we, we made up some story to go along with that. So, they told people, who told other people... and then these two guys put it on their stupid website. Everything just, took on a life of its own. I mean I, I thought it was funny at first but... now that girl's dead? I mean it was just a joke! You know I mean, none of it was real, we made the whole thing up! I swear!
[to Sam, as they walk out]
Dean Winchester : If none of it was real how the hell do you explain Mordecai?
Dean Winchester : Look, if Mordecai can't leave the house and we can't kill him? We improvise.
[he flicks a lighter, tosses it through the door onto the lighter fluid he had spread around; they run as the house goes up in flames]
Sam Winchester : That's your solution? Burn the whole damn place to the ground?
Dean Winchester : Well no one'll go in anymore. I mean look, Mordecai can't haunt a house if there's no house to haunt. It's fast and dirty but it works.
Sam Winchester : Well what if the legend changes again and Mordecai is allowed to leave the house?
Dean Winchester : Well then we just have to come back.
Dean Winchester : Have you seen 'em?
Sam Winchester : Yeah. Dude, they're just people.
Dean Winchester : And they jumped you? Must be getting a little rusty there, kiddo.
Sam Winchester : I saw a motel about five miles back...
Dean Winchester : Whoa, whoa, easy. Let's have another round!
Sam Winchester : We should get an early start.
Dean Winchester : Man, you really know how to have fun, don't you Grandma.
Pa Bender : Only reason I don't let my boys take you right here and now is that there's somethin' I need to know...
Dean Winchester : Yeah, how 'bout it's not nice to marry your sister.
Pa Bender : Tell me. Any other cops gonna come lookin' for you?
Dean Winchester : Oh eat me. No no no wait, wait, wait, you actually *might*.
[they find a dirt road leading into the woods]
Officer Kathleen : Hey. You're a civilian. And a felon, I think. I'm not taking you with me.
Dean Winchester : You're not goin' without me.
Officer Kathleen : [sighs] All right. You *promise* you won't get involved. You let me handle it.
Officer Kathleen : Shake on it.
[Dean shakes her hand; she slaps her cuffs on his wrist]
Dean Winchester : Aw come on.
[she cuffs him to the car]
Dean Winchester : This is ridiculous. Kathleen, I really think you're gonna need my help!
Officer Kathleen : I'll manage, thank you.
[she locks the car and leaves; Dean jerks ineffectually at the handcuffs]
Dean Winchester : I gotta start carrying paperclips.
Dean Winchester : Well, I'll say it again. Demons I get. People are crazy.
Pa Bender : We give 'em a weapon. Give 'em a fightin' chance. It's kinda like, our tradition, passed down, father to son. 'Course, only one or two a year. Never enough to bring the law down, we never been that sloppy.
Dean Winchester : Oh. Yeah, well, don't sell yourself short, you're plenty sloppy.
Dean Winchester : These locks look like they're gonna be a bitch.
Lee Bender : C'mon. Let us hunt 'im.
Jared Bender : Yeah, this one's a fighter. Sure would be fun to hunt.
Dean Winchester : Oh you gotta be kiddin' me. That's what this is about, you, you yahoos hunt people?
Pa Bender : You a cop?
Dean Winchester : If I tell you, you promise not to make me into an ashtray?
Dean Winchester : Look, look, look. You wanna arrest me that's fine. I'll cooperate I swear. But first, please, let me find Sam.
Officer Kathleen : I don't even know who you are. Or if this Sam person is missing.
Dean Winchester : Look into my eyes, and tell me if I'm lyin' about this.
Officer Kathleen : Identity theft? You're impersonating an officer!
Dean Winchester : Here's the thing. When we were young, I pretty much pulled him from a fire. And ever since then, I've felt responsible for him. You know, like it's my job to keep him safe. I'm just afraid if we don't find him fast...
[His voice breaks a little]
Dean Winchester : Please... He's my family.
Officer Kathleen : I'm sorry. You've given me no choice. I have to take you in.
[she turns away, her eyes land on a picture of herself with her brother]
Officer Kathleen : After we find Sam Winchester.
Hot Bar Waitress: Can I help you with something?
Missy Bender : I know.
[throws knife at Dean]
Dean Winchester : If you hurt my brother I'll kill you I swear! I'll kill you all. I will kill you ALL!
Dean Winchester : Could just be a kidnapping. Maybe this isn't our kinda gig.
Sam Winchester : Yeah maybe not. Except for this. Dad marked the area, Dean. Possible hunting grounds for a phantom attacker.
Dean Winchester : Why would he even do that?
Sam Winchester : Well, he found a lot of local folklore about a dark figure that comes out at night, grabs people, then vanishes. He found this too: this county has more missing persons per capita than anywhere else in the state.
Sam Winchester : Yeah.
Dean Winchester : Don't phantom attackers usually snatch people from their beds? Jenkins was taken from a parking lot.
Sam Winchester : Well there are all kinds, you know: Spring-heeled Jacks, Phantom Gassers, they, they take people anywhere, anytime. Look Dean, I don't know if this is our kinda gig either...
Dean Winchester : Yeah you're right, we should ask around more tomorrow.
[Sam has been taken; Dean goes to the police]
Dean Winchester : Yeah, actually, I did.
[Kathleen nods slowly]
Dean Winchester : Your brother's. I'm sorry.
Officer Kathleen : So, State Police and the FBI are gonna be here within the hour. They're gonna want to talk to you. I suggest that you're both long gone by then.
Dean Winchester : Thanks. Hey listen, I don't mean to press our luck, but we're kinda in the middle of nowhere. Think we could catch a ride?
Officer Kathleen : Start walking. Duck if you see a squad car.
Sam Winchester : Sounds great to me, thanks.
Dean Winchester : Listen, um. I'm sorry about your brother.
Officer Kathleen : Thank you. It was really hard not knowing what happened to him; I thought it would be easier, once I knew the truth. But... it isn't, really. Anyway, you should go.
[they start walking]
Officer Kathleen : [Dean has requested help from the local sheriff to find Sam, who he's said is his cousin] Samuel Winchester. So, you know that his brother, Dean Winchester, died in St Louis, where he was suspected of murder.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, Dean. Kind of the black sheep of the family. Handsome though.
Officer Kathleen : [the sheriff is on to him] So, Gregory.
Dean Winchester : I talked to the bartender.
Sam Winchester : You get anything? Besides her number?
Dean Winchester : Dude. I'm a professional. I'm offended that you would think that.
[pause, Sam gives Dean a look]
Dean Winchester : All right, yeah.
[he holds up a napkin with the number]
Sam Winchester : You mind doin' a little bit of thinkin' with your upstairs brain, Dean?
Dean Winchester : [about Meg] Who the hell was she?
Sam Winchester : I don't really know. I only met her once. Meetin' up with her again... I dunno man, it's weird.
Dean Winchester : And what was she sayin'? Huh, I treat you like luggage? What were you, bitchin' about me to some chick?
Sam Winchester : Look I'm sorry Dean, it was when we had that huge fight, when I was at that bus stop in Indiana. But that's not important, just listen...
Dean Winchester : [interrupting, upset] Well is there any truth to what she's sayin', I mean am I keepin' you against your will, Sam?
Sam Winchester : No, of course not, now would you *listen*?
Dean Winchester : You got a funny way of showing your affection.
Sam Winchester : I mean, what are you gonna do when it's all over?
Dean Winchester : It's never gonna *be* over. There's gonna be others. There's always gonna be somethin' to hunt.
Sam Winchester : But there's gotta be somethin' that you want for yourself...
Dean Winchester : Yeah, I don't want you to leave the second this thing's over, Sam.
[turns his back to Sam]
Sam Winchester : Dude, what's your problem?
[pause; Dean turns back to Sam]
Dean Winchester : Why do you think I drag you everywhere? Huh? I mean, why do you think I came and got you at Stanford in the first place?
Sam Winchester : 'Cause Dad was in trouble. 'Cause you wanted to find the thing that killed Mom.
Dean Winchester : Yes, that, but it's more than that, man. You and me and Dad, I mean, I want us to... I want us to be together again. I want us to be a family again.
Sam Winchester : [gently] Dean, we *are* a family. I'd do anything for you. But things will never be the way they were before.
[Dean looks heartbroken]
Dean Winchester : Could be.
Sam Winchester : I don't want them to be. I'm not gonna live this life forever. Dean, when this is all over, you're gonna have to let me go my own way.
[they share a look]
Dean Winchester : You trapped us. Good for you. It's Miller time. Why don't you kill us already?
Meg : Not very quick on the uptake, are we? This trap isn't for you.
Sam Winchester : Dad. It's a trap for Dad.
Dean Winchester : Oh, sweetheart. You're dumber 'n you look. 'Cause even if Dad was in town, which he is not, he wouldn't walk into somethin' like this, he's too good.
Landlady : You guys said you're with the alarm company?
Landlady : Well no offense, but, your alarm's about as useful as boobs on a man.
[Dean and Sam are dressed as alarm company technicians]
Dean Winchester : You know I gotta say, Dad and me did just fine without these *stupid* costumes. I feel like a high school drama dork. What was that play that you did, that, what was it, uh, Our Town. Yeah, you were good. It was cute.
Sam Winchester : Look, you wanna pull this off or not?
Dean Winchester : I'm just sayin' these outfits cost hard-earned money, okay?
Sam Winchester : So someone's controlling it.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, that's what I'm sayin'. And uh, from what I gather it's pretty risky business too, I mean these uh, these suckers tend to bite the hand that feeds 'em. And the uh, the arms, and the torsos...
Sam Winchester : So what do they look like?
Dean Winchester : Well nobody knows, I mean nobody's seen 'em for a couple of millenia. And summoning a demon that ancient? Someone really knows their stuff. Think we got a major player in town.
Dean Winchester : So hot little Meg is summoning the Deva.
Sam Winchester : Looks like she was usin' that black altar to control the thing.
Dean Winchester : So Sammy's got a thing for the bad girl.
[he laughs, Sam rolls his eyes]
Dean Winchester : Now what's the deal with that bowl again?
Sam Winchester : She was talking into it, the way witches used to scry into crystal balls or animal entrails, she was communicating with someone.
Dean Winchester : With who, with the Deva?
Sam Winchester : No, you said those things were savages. No, this was someone different. Someone who's givin' her orders. Someone, who's comin' to that warehouse.
[pause, Dean goes and looks in a folder]
Dean Winchester : We'll be all right.
Sam Winchester : Dean! We should stick together! We'll go after this demon t...
Dean Winchester : Sam, listen to me! We almost got Dad killed in there. Don't you understand, they're not gonna stop. They're gonna try again, they're gonna use us to get to him! I mean Meg was right! Dad's vulnerable when he's with us. He... he's stronger without us around.
Sam Winchester : [to John] Dad. No. After everything. After all the time we spent lookin' for you, please. I gotta be a part of this fight.
John Winchester : This fight is just starting. And we are all gonna have a part to play. For now you gotta trust me, son. Okay? You gotta let me go.
[pause; Sam reluctantly nods]
Sam Winchester : Watch me.
Officer: We catch you around here again, son, we'll put the fear 'a god in you, understand?
Dean Winchester : Yes sir, fear of God, got it.
Sam Winchester : You know this whole' I laugh in the face of death' thing? It's crap. I can see right through it.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, whatever dude.
Dean Winchester : You're not gonna let me die in peace, are you?
Sam Winchester : I'm not gonna let you die. Period.
Dean Winchester : Man, you're a lying bastard! Thought you said we were going to see a doctor.
Sam Winchester : I believe I said a specialist. Look Dean, this guy's supposed to be the real deal.
Dean Winchester : I can't believe you brought me here to see some guy who heals people out of a tent!
Sam Winchester : But if there was something there Dean, I would have seen it too. I mean, I've been seeing an awful lot lately.
Dean Winchester : Oh, excuse me, psychic wonder!
Sam Winchester : But you said you saw a dude in a suit.
Dean Winchester : Oh, what? You thought he should have been working the whole black robe thing?
Dean Winchester : All right, well, looks like you're gonna leave town without me.
Sam Winchester : What are you talkin' about, I'm not gonna leave you here.
Dean Winchester : Hey. You better take care of that car. Or I swear I'll haunt your ass.
Sam Winchester : I don't think that's funny.
Dean Winchester : Ah c'mon, it's a little funny.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : Look Sammy, what can I say man, it's a dangerous gig. I drew the short straw. That's it, end of story.
Sam Winchester : Don't talk like that, all right? We still have options.
Dean Winchester : What options? You got burial or cremation. I know it's not easy, but I'm gonna die. And you can't stop it.
Sam Winchester : Get up there!
[Dean reluctantly stands and goes to the stage, the crowd applauds]
Dean Winchester : Yeah look, no disrespect, but uh, I'm not exactly a believer.
Rev. Roy Le Grange : You will be son. You will be. Pray with me, friends.
[the crowd falls silent, praying; the reverend lays his hand on Dean]
Rev. Roy Le Grange : All right now. All right now...
[Dean sinks to his knees and faints]
Sam Winchester : [running up] Dean!
[Dean jerks awake]
[Dean sees a gray old man in a suit appear, then turn and vanish]
Dean Winchester : Can I ask you one last question?
Sam Winchester : Yeah.
Sam Winchester : So, I put together a list: everyone Roy's healed, six people over the past year, and I cross-checked 'em with the local obits. Every time someone was healed, someone else died. And each time, the victim died of the same symptom Le Grange was healing at the time.
[cut to a woman jogging in the woods]
Dean Winchester : [voiceover] Someone's healed of cancer, someone else *dies* of cancer?
Sam Winchester : [voiceover] Somehow, Le Grange is trading a life for another.
[cut back to Dean and Sam]
Dean Winchester : Wait wait wait. So, Marshall Hall *died* to save me?
Sam Winchester : Dean. The guy probably would have died anyway. And someone else would've been healed.
Dean Winchester : [angry] You never should have brought me here.
Sam Winchester : Dean, I was just trying to save your life.
Dean Winchester : But Sam, some guy is dead now because of me!
Sam Winchester : I didn't know.
[cut to Le Grange about to heal an old man]
Rev. Roy Le Grange : Pray with me, friends.
Sam Winchester : [voiceover] The thing I don't understand, is how is Roy doing it? How, how is he trading a life for a life?
[cut to Dean]
Dean Winchester : Oh he's not doin' it.
[cut to the jogger]
Sam Winchester : What do you mean?
Dean Winchester : The old man I saw onstage.
[the jogger turns around and sees the gray man; cut back to Dean and Sam]
Dean Winchester : I didn't want to believe it, but deep down, I knew it.
Sam Winchester : You knew what? What're you talkin' about?
Dean Winchester : There's only one thing that can give and take life like that. We're dealin' with a reaper.
[cut to the jogger running for her life; the reaper takes her]
Sam Winchester : You really think it's *the* Grim Reaper? Like, angel of death, collect your soul, the whole deal?
Dean Winchester : No no no, not *the* reaper, *a* reaper. There's reaper lore in pretty much every culture on earth, they go by a hundred different names. It's possible that there's more than one of 'em.
Sam Winchester : But you said you saw a dude in a suit.
Dean Winchester : Well what, you think he should 'a been workin' the whole black robe thing? You said it yourself that the clock stopped, right? Reapers stop time. And you can only see 'em when they're comin' at you, which is why I could see it and you couldn't.
Dean Winchester : No, not yet.
Sam Winchester : Well, you figure out what it is, you can figure out a way to kill it.
Dean Winchester : I'm actually on my way to a local community college. I've got an appointment with a professor. You know, since I don't have my trusty sidekick geek boy to do all the research.
Dean Winchester : [to the scarecrow] Dude, you fugly.
[to scarecrow]
[Dean and Emily are imprisoned in a cellar]
Emily : I don't understand. They're gonna kill us?
Dean Winchester : Sacrifice us. Which is... I don't know, classier I guess. You really didn't know anything about this, did you?
Emily : About what? The scarecrow god? I can't believe this.
Dean Winchester : Well, you better start believing, 'cause I'm gonna need your help.
Emily : What tree?
Dean Winchester : Well, maybe you can help me with that. It would be really old. The locals would treat it with a lot of respect. You know, like it was sacred.
Emily : There's this one apple tree. The immigrants brought it over with them. They call it the First Tree.
[Dean and Emily are tied up in the apple orchard to be sacrificed]
Dean Winchester : How many people have you killed, sheriff? How much blood is on your hands?
Sheriff : We don't kill them.
Dean Winchester : No, but you sure cover up after. I mean how many cars have you hidden, clothes have you buried?
Emily : [crying, frightened] Uncle Harley, please.
Harley Jorgeson : [grieved] I am so sorry, Em. I wish it wasn't you.
Stacey Jorgeson : Try to understand. It's our responsibility. And there's just no other choice. There's nobody else but you.
Emily : I'm your family!
Stacey Jorgeson : Sweetheart. That's what sacrifice means. Giving up something you love, for the greater good. The town needs to be saved. The good of the many, outweighs the good of the one.
[they leave]
Dean Winchester : I hope your apple pie is freakin' worth it!
[Sam finds Dean and Emily tied up in the orchard]
Dean Winchester : [relieved] Oh, I take everything back I said. I'm so happy to see you! C'mon.
[Sam starts untying him]
Sam Winchester : Do you?
[laughs slightly]
Sam Winchester : How old were you when Mom died? Four? Jess died, *six months ago*. How the hell would you know how I feel?
Dean Winchester : Dad said it wasn't safe. For any of us. I mean, he obviously knows somethin' that we don't, so if he says to stay away, we stay away!
Sam Winchester : I don't understand the blind faith you have in the man. I mean, it's like you don't even question him!
Dean Winchester : Yeah, it's called being a good son!
Dean Winchester : So, did you grow up here?
Emily : Came here when I was thirteen. I lost my parents. Car accident. My aunt and uncle took me in.
Dean Winchester : Like that town near here, Burkettsville. Where're their ancestors from?
College Professor : Ah, Northern Europe I believe, Scandinavia.
Dean Winchester : Well what could you tell me about those pagan gods?
College Professor : Well there are hundreds of Norse gods and goddesses.
Dean Winchester : I'm actually lookin' for one. Might live in an orchard.
College Professor : [looking in a book] A woods god, hm? Well, let's see.
[flips through the book, Dean sees a picture that resembles the scarecrow]
Dean Winchester : Wait, wait, what's that one?
College Professor : Well, that's not a woods god, per se.
Dean Winchester : [reads] The Vanir were Norse gods of protection and prosperity, keeping local settlements safe from harm. The villages built effigies of the Vanir in their fields, other villages practiced human sacrifice, one male, and one female.
[about the picture]
College Professor : Well, I suppose.
Dean Winchester : This particular Vanir, its energy sprung from a sacred tree?
College Professor : Well, pagans believed all kinds of things were infused with magic.
Dean Winchester : So what would happen if this sacred tree was torched? You think it'd kill the god?
College Professor : [laughs] Son, these are just legends we're discussing.
Dean Winchester : Oh, of course. Yeah, you're right. Listen, thank you, very much.
[Sam, Dean and Emily prepare to burn the sacred tree and destroy the scarecrow god]
[she takes the torch from Dean]
Dean Winchester : You know the whole town's gonna die.
[she throws the torch, the tree goes up in flames]
Dean Winchester : How did you get here?
Dr. Sexy : [to passersby] Call security.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, go ahead pal. See, we know what you are.
[their surroundings freeze, Dr. Sexy morphs into the Trickster]
Trickster : You guys are getting better!
Dean Winchester : Get us the hell outta here.
Trickster : Or what? Don't see your wooden stakes, big guy.
Sam Winchester : That was you on the police scanner, right? And this is a trick.
Trickster : [pointing to himself] Helloooo? Trickster! Come on, I heard you two yahoos were in town, how could I resist?
Sam Winchester : We need to talk to you. We need your help.
Trickster : Hmmm. Lemme guess. You two mutton-heads broke the world, and you want me to sweep up your mess.
Sam Winchester : Please, just five minutes. Hear us out.
Trickster : Sure. Tell you what. Survive the next twenty-four hours, we'll talk.
Dean Winchester : What're the rules?
[Trickster wiggles his eyebrows and vanishes, the surroundings move]
Dean Winchester : Oh, son of a *bitch*.
[Dean has been shot, Sam is his surgeon]
Dean Winchester : Sam! Do somethin', come on!
Sam Winchester : I don't know how to use any of this crap!
Dean Winchester : Figure it out! Sam! Come on, I'm waiting!
Sam Winchester : Okay, um, I need a... penknife, some dental floss, a sewing needle, and a fifth of whiskey! Stat!
[Dean and Sam are trapped in a Japanese game show, there is a loud knocking noise]
Dean Winchester : Oh now what?
[the doors open, Castiel enters]
Castiel : Uh, what are you doing here?
Dean Winchester : Us? What are *you* doing here?
Castiel : Looking for you, you've been missing for days!
Sam Winchester : So get us the hell outta here, then!
Castiel : [reaching for them] Let's go!
[He blips out, vanishing]
Game Show Host : No no no no. Mr. Trickster does not like pretty-boy angels!
Dean Winchester : How long do we have to keep doin' this?
[laughter]
Sam Winchester : [tense smile] I dunno. Maybe forever? We might die in here.
[laughter]
Dean Winchester : [addressing the unseen audience] How is that funny? Vultures.
[Castiel enters, looking worse for wear]
Sam Winchester : What's the other half?
Trickster : Play your roles, out there.
Dean Winchester : What's that supposed to mean?
Trickster : Oh you know! Sam, starring as Lucifer! Dean, starring as Michael! You're Celebrity Deathmatch! Play your roles!
Sam Winchester : [disbelieving] You want us to say "yes" to those sonsabitches?
Trickster : *Hells* yeah! Let's light this candle!
Sam Winchester : We do that, the world will *end*!
Trickster : Yeah? And... whose fault is that? Who popped Lucifer outta the box? Hm? Look. It's started. You started it. It can't be stopped. So let's get it over with!
Dean Winchester : Heaven or Hell, which side you on?
Trickster : I'm not on either side.
Dean Winchester : Yeah right. You're grabbin' ankle for Michael or Lucifer, which one is it?
Trickster : [huffs a laugh] You listen to me, you arrogant dick. I don't work for either of those SOBs. Believe me.
Dean Winchester : Hm. Oh, you're somebody's bitch.
[Trickster grabs Dean and slams him against the door]
Trickster : [fiercely] Don't you ever, *ever* presume to know what I am. Now listen very closely. Here's what's gonna happen. You're gonna suck it up, accept your responsibilities, and play the roles that destiny has chosen for you!
Sam Winchester : And if we don't?
Trickster : Then you'll stay here in TV Land. Forever. Three hundred channels and ah, nothin's on.
[he snaps his fingers, the scene changes]
Sam Winchester : You gotta calm down.
Dean Winchester : Calm down? I am wearing *sunglasses* at night! You know who does that? No-talent douchebags! I *hate* this game! I hate that we're in a procedural cop show, and you want to know why? Because I *hate* procedural cop shows! There's like three hundred of 'em on television, they're all the freakin' same, it's "ooh, a plane crashed here," oh shut up!
Dean Winchester : I'm worried, man. What that SOB did to Cas. Y'know, where is he?
[looks around the motel room, Sam is missing]
Dean Winchester : Sam? Where are you?
[calling Sam's cell as he walks out to the car]
Dean Winchester : Sam, it's me.
[getting in the car]
Dean Winchester : But maybe you're not.
[Sam flicks a lighter, throws it down; a ring of holy fire goes up around the Trickster]
Dean Winchester : Maybe you've always been an angel.
Trickster : [laughs] A *what*? Somebody slip a mickey in your power shake, kid?
Dean Winchester : I'll tell you what. You just jump out of the holy fire and, we'll call it our mistake.
[Trickster laughs, then turns sober and the scene flips back to the empty warehouse]
Trickster : [claps] Well played, boys. Well played. Where'd you get the holy oil?
Dean Winchester : Well you might say we pulled it outta Sam's ass.
Trickster : Where'd I screw up?
Sam Winchester : You didn't. Nobody gets the jump on Cas like you did.
Dean Winchester : Mostly it was the way you talked about Armageddon.
Trickster : Meaning?
Dean Winchester : Well, call it personal experience, but nobody gets that angry unless they're talkin' about their own family.
Sam Winchester : So which one are you? Grumpy, Sneezy or Douchey?
Trickster : Gabriel, okay? They call me Gabriel.
Dean Winchester : Okay, Gabriel. How does an Archangel become a trickster?
Trickster : My own, private, witness protection. I skipped outta Heaven, had a face transplant, carved out my own little corner of the world. 'Til you two screwed it all up.
Dean Winchester : And what'd Daddy say when you ran off and joined the pagans?
Trickster : Daddy doesn't say anything about anything.
Sam Winchester : Then what happened? Why'd you ditch?
Dean Winchester : Well do you blame him? I mean his brothers are heavy-weight douche-nozzles.
Trickster : [furious] Shut your cake-hole. You don't know anything about my family. I *loved* my father, and my brothers. Loved them! But watching them turn on each other? Tear at each other's throats? I couldn't bear it! Okay? So I left. And now it's happening all over again.
Sam Winchester : Then help us stop it!
Trickster : It can't be stopped!
Dean Winchester : You want to see the end of the world?
Trickster : I want it to be *over*! I have to sit back and watch my brothers kill each other, thanks to you two! Heaven, Hell, I don't care who wins! I just want it to be over!
Sam Winchester : It doesn't have to be like that! There has to be some way to, to pull the plug!
Trickster : [laughing] Oh-ho-ho-ho, you do *not* know my family. What you guys call the Apocalypse, I used to call Sunday dinner! That's why there's no stopping this. Because this isn't about a war, it's about two brothers who loved each other, and *betrayed* each other! You think you'd be able to relate!
Sam Winchester : [confused] What're you talkin' about?
Trickster : [looks from one to the other, whistles] You sorry sonsabitches. Why do you think you two are the vessels? Think about it! Michael, the big brother, loyal to an absent father. And Lucifer, the little brother, rebellious of Daddy's plan. You were born to this, boys. It's your destiny! It was *always* you! As it is in Heaven, so it must be on Earth! One brother has to kill the other.
Dean Winchester : So what the hell are you saying?
Trickster : Why do you think I've always taken such an interest in you? Because from the moment Dad flipped on the lights around here, we knew it was all gonna end with you. Always.
Dean Winchester : No. That's not gonna happen.
Trickster : [sadly] I'm sorry. But it is. Guys. I wish this were a TV show. Easy answers, endings wrapped up in a bow. But this is real. And it's gonna end bloody for all of us. That's just how it's gotta be.
Trickster : So, boys, now what? Stare at each other for the rest of eternity?
Dean Winchester : Well first of all you're gonna bring Cas back from wherever you stashed him.
Trickster : [sarcastic] Oh am I?
Dean Winchester : [angry] Yeah. Or we're going to *dunk* you in some holy oil, and deep-fry ourselves an archangel!
[Gabriel snaps his fingers, Castiel appears, injured and breathing hard]
Dean Winchester : Cas, you okay?
Castiel : [glaring at the archangel] I'm fine. Hello Gabriel.
Trickster : Hey bro. How's the search for Daddy going? Let me guess: awful.
Dean Winchester : Okay, we're outta here. C'mon Sam.
[they start towards the door]
Trickster : [in growing panic] Uh... okay. Hey, guys? So, so what? Huh? You're just gonna, you're gonna leave me here forever?
Dean Winchester : No. We're not. Because we don't *screw* with people the way you do. And for the record? This isn't about some prize fight between your brothers, or some destiny that can't be stopped. This is about *you* bein' too afraid to stand up to your family!
[Gabriel stares at him; Dean pulls the extinguisher lever, putting out the holy fire]
Dean Winchester : Don't say I never did anything for you!
Dean Winchester : The manicured lawns. 'How was your day, Honey'. I'd blow my brains out!
Sam Winchester : There's nothing wrong with normal.
Dean Winchester : I'd take our family over normal any day.
[after Sam checks out the sinkhole where Dustin Burwash died]
Dean Winchester : [sarcastic] So you found some beetles, in a hole, in the ground. That's shocking, Sam!
Sam Winchester : There were no tunnels, no tracks, no evidence of any other kind of creature down there. You know, some beetles do eat meat. Now it's usually *dead* meat, but...
Dean Winchester : How many did you find down there?
Dean Winchester : It'd take a whole lot more than that to eat out some dude's brain.
Sam Winchester : Well maybe there were more!
Sam Winchester : [about Larry with his son] Remind you of somebody?
[Dean looks at them, confused]
Sam Winchester : Dad?
Dean Winchester : [surprised] Dad never treated us like that.
Sam Winchester : [laughs] Well Dad never treated YOU like that, you were perfect. He was all over my case.
[Dean thinks about it, shakes his head]
Sam Winchester : You know about those?
Matt Pike : There *is* somethin' goin' on here. I dunno what, but... something's happening with the insects. Lemme show you somethin'.
[they start walking through the woods]
Sam Winchester : So if you knew about all this bug stuff, why not tell your Dad? Maybe he could clear everybody out.
Matt Pike : Believe me I've tried, but uh, "Larry" doesn't listen to me.
Matt Pike : Mostly? He's too disappointed in his freak son.
[Matt brings them to a clearing in the woods; insects are heard all around]
Matt Pike : I've been keeping track of insect populations, it's um, part of an AP science class.
Dean Winchester : You two are like peas in a pod.
Dean Winchester : Um. Well, truth is...
Joe White Tree : You know who starts sentence with "truth is"? Liars.
[Dean looks at Sam]
Sam Winchester : Have you heard of Oasis Plains? It's a housing development, near the Otoka Valley.
[White Tree looks at Dean]
Joe White Tree : I like him. He's not a liar.
Sam Winchester : Something... Something bad, is happening in Oasis Plains. We think, it might have something to do with some old bones we found down there. Native American bones.
Joe White Tree : [nodding] I'll tell you what my grandfather told me. What his grandfather told him. Two hundred years ago, a band of my ancestors lived in that valley. One day, American cavalry came to relocate them. They were resistant, the cavalry impatient. As my grandfather put it, on a night the moon and the sun shared the sky as equals, the cavalry first raided our village. They murdered, raped... The next day, the cavalry came again, and the next and the next. And on the sixth night the cavalry came one last time, and by the time the sun rose, every man, woman and child still in the village was dead. They say on the sixth night as the chief of the village lay dying, he whispered to the heavens, that no white man would ever tarnish this land again. Nature would rise up and protect the valley. And it would bring as many days of misery and death to the white man, as the cavalry had brought upon his people.
Dean Winchester : Insects. Sounds like nature to me. Six days.
Joe White Tree : And on the night of the sixth day, none would survive.
Sam Winchester : So every year about this time, anybody in Oasis Plains is in danger. Larry built his neighborhood on cursed land.
Dean Winchester : And on the sixth night, that's tonight!
Sam Winchester : If we don't do something, Larry's family will be dead by sunrise. So how do we break the curse?
Dean Winchester : You don't break a curse. You get out of its way. We gotta get those people out, now.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, we went out.
Sam Winchester : You mean you dated someone. For more than one night.
Dean Winchester : Am I speakin' a language you're not gettin' here?
Sam Winchester : Which by the way, how does she know what we do?
[no response from Dean]
Sam Winchester : You told her. You told her the secret of our big family rule number one; we do what we do and we shut up about it! For a year and a half, I do nothing but lie to Jessica and you go out with this chick from Ohio a couple of times and you tell her everything! Dean!
Cassie Robinson : He swore he saw... an awful-looking black truck following him.
Sam Winchester : A truck. Who was the driver?
Cassie Robinson : He didn't talk about a driver. Just the truck. He said it would appear and disappear. And in the accident, Dad's truck was dented, like it'd been slammed into by something big.
[she hands them coffee]
Sam Winchester : Thanks. Now, you're sure this dent wasn't there before?
Cassie Robinson : He sold cars. Always drove a new one. There wasn't a scratch on that thing. It had rained hard that night, there was mud everywhere. There was a distinct set of muddy tracks from Dad's car, leading right to the edge, where he went over. One set of tracks. His!
Dean Winchester : And the first person killed was a friend of your father's?
Cassie Robinson : Best friend. Clayton Soames. They owned the car dealership together. Same thing. Dent, no tracks. And the cops said exactly what they said about Dad. He lost control of his car.
Dean Winchester : Now, can you think of any reason why your father and his partner might be targets?
Sam Winchester : Where are you?
Dean Winchester : In the middle of nowhere, with a killer truck on my ass!
Sam Winchester : So burning the body had no effect on that thing?
Dean Winchester : Oh sure it did, now it's *really* pissed!
Mayor Harold Todd : What is it, exactly, you want me to do?
Cassie Robinson : Well how about closing this section of road, for starters?
Mayor Harold Todd : Close the main road, the only road in and out of town? Accidents do happen Cassie. That's what they are: accidents!
[Dean and Sam walk up]
Dean Winchester : Did the cops check for additional denting on Jimmy's car, see if it was pushed?
Sam Winchester : You have? Where?
Black Fisherman: Not where. When. Back in the sixties there was a string of deaths. Black men. Story goes, they disappeared in a big nasty black truck.
Dean Winchester : They ever catch the guy who did it?
Black Fisherman: Never found him. Hell, not sure they even really looked. See, there was a time, this town wasn't too friendly to all its citizens.
Dean Winchester : You know I was thinkin', you heard of the Flying Dutchman?
Sam Winchester : Yeah, a ghost ship infused with the captain's evil spirit, it was basically a part of him.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, so what if we're dealin' with the same thing? You know, a phantom truck, the extension of some bastard ghost, reenacting past crimes.
Sam Winchester : The victims have all been black men.
Dean Winchester : I think it's more than that, they all seem connected to Cassie and her family.
Sam Winchester : [about Cassie] Dean, what is goin' on between you two?
Dean Winchester : All right, so maybe we were a little bit more involved than I said.
Sam Winchester : Oh, okay.
Dean Winchester : Okay, a lot more. Maybe. And I told her the secret, about what we do, and I shouldn't have.
Sam Winchester : Ah look man, everybody's gotta open up to someone sometime.
Dean Winchester : Yeah I don't. It was stupid to get that close, I mean look how it ended.
[Sam smiles at him, amused]
Dean Winchester : Would you stop? Blink or somethin'!
Dean Winchester : [walking away] Aw God.
Sam Winchester : [following] You were in love with her... But you *dumped* her.
[pause, Dean looks uncomfortable]
Sam Winchester : Oh wow. She dumped *you*.
Dean Winchester : [irked] Get in the car.
[the Mayor has been killed]
Sam Winchester : The first thing he did was bulldoze the place.
Dean Winchester : [to Cassie] Mayor Todd knocked down the Dorian place?
Cassie Robinson : [nodding] It was a big deal, one of the oldest local houses left. He made the front page.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] You got a date?
Sam Winchester : Uh... The third of last month.
Dean Winchester : Mayor Todd bulldozed the Dorian family home on the third; the first killing was the very next day.
[after the ghost truck threatens Cassie]
Dean Winchester : You didn't see who was drivin' the truck?
Cassie Robinson : It seemed to be no one. Everything was moving so fast. And then it was just gone. Why didn't it kill us?
Dean Winchester : Whatever's controlling the truck wants you afraid first.
Sam Winchester : Mrs. Robinson. Cassie said that your husband saw the truck before he died.
Dean Winchester : And?
Sam Winchester : [scrolling through news articles] Same deal. Before that, there was uh, there was Ogdenville, before that, North Haverbrook, and Brockway... Every fifteen to twenty years, it hits a new town. Dean, this thing is just gettin' started in Fitchburg. In all these other places, it goes on for months, dozens of kids, before the Shtriga finally moves on. Kids just, languish in comas and then they die.
Dean Winchester : How far back's this thing go?
Sam Winchester : Uh, I dunno. Earliest mention I could find is this place called Black River Falls back in the 1890s. Talk about a horror show.
[he scrolls up a photo]
Dean Winchester : And?
Sam Winchester : And, this picture was taken in 1893.
Sam Winchester : Then you wanna use the kid as *bait*? Are you nuts? No! Forget it, that's outta the question!
Dean Winchester : It's not outta the question Sam, it's the only way. If this thing disappears, it could be years before we get another chance!
Sam Winchester : Michael's a *kid*! And I'm not gonna dangle him in front of that thing like a worm on a hook!
Dean Winchester : Dad did not send me here to walk away!
Sam Winchester : Send *you* here? He didn't send you here, he sent *us* here!
Dean Winchester : This isn't about you Sam! All right, I'm the one that screwed up! It's *my* fault, there's no telling how many kids have gotten hurt because of me.
Sam Winchester : What're you saying, Dean? How is it your fault? Dean. You've been hiding something from the get-go. Since when does Dad bail on a hunt? Since when does he let something get away? Now talk to me, man! Tell me what's goin' on.
Dean Winchester : Fort Douglas Wisconsin. It was, it was the third night in this crap room and I was climbin' the walls, man, I needed to get some air.
[flashback shows young Dean slipping out; when he gets back, the Shtriga is in the room hanging over Sam; Dean grabs the rifle and cocks it, the Shrtiga looks up and roars; John comes in]
John Winchester : Get outta the way!
[Dean ducks, John fires at the Shtriga, the Shtriga jumps through the window and escapes; John grabs Sam]
John Winchester : Sammy, Sammy, Sammy! You okay?
John Winchester : You all right?
[he hugs him tight, turns to Dean]
John Winchester : [dangerous] What?
Young Dean : J-just for a second. I'm sorry.
John Winchester : [angry] I told you not to leave this room! I told you not to let him out of your sight!
[cut back to present]
Dean Winchester : Dad just... grabbed us and booked. Dropped us off at Pastor Jim's about three hours away; by the time he got back to Fort Douglas the Shtriga disappeared, it was, was just gone. Never resurfaced until now. You know, Dad never... spoke about it again. I didn't ask. But he uh, he looked at me different. You know? Which was worse. Not that I blame him. He gave me an order and I didn't listen, I almost got you killed.
Sam Winchester : You were just a kid.
Dean Winchester : Don't. Don't. Dad knew this was unfinished business for me. He sent me here to finish it.
Sam Winchester : You sure these iron rounds are gonna work?
Dean Winchester : Consecrated iron rounds, and yeah, it's what Dad used last time.
Dean Winchester : For what?
Sam Winchester : You know. I've really given you a lot of crap. For always following Dad's orders. But I know why you do it.
Dean Winchester : Oh God, kill me now.
John Winchester : [about to go out on a hunt] All right. You know the drill, Dean. If anybody calls, you don't pick up. If it's me, I'll ring once and then call back. You got that?
Young Dean : Mmhmm. Don't answer the phone unless it rings once first.
John Winchester : Come on, Dean, look alive. This stuff's important.
Young Dean : I know, it's just, we've gone over it, like, a million times, and you know I'm not stupid.
John Winchester : I know you're not. But it only takes one mistake, you got that?
[Dean nods]
Sam Winchester : Us.
Dean Winchester : Us, right. And that, Sam, that is exactly why our lives suck. I mean come on, we hunt monsters. What the hell? I mean, normal people, they see a monster and they run, but not us. No, no, no we-we search out things that want to kill us, yeah, huh, or eat us. You know who does that? Crazy people. We are insane. You know, and then there's the-the-the bad diner food. And-and the-the skeevy motel rooms. And then the truck stop waitress with the bizzare rash. I mean who wants this life Sam? Huh? Seriously? I mean do you actually like being stuck in a car with me eight hours a day, every single day? I don't think so. I mean, I drive too fast and I listen to the same five albums over and over and over again and-and-and I sing along, I'm annoying, I know that. And you, you're gassy. You eat half a burrito and you get toxic. I mean, you know what?
[throws keys to Sam]
Dean Winchester : You can forget it.
Sam Winchester : Whoa, Dean. Where are you going?
Dean Winchester : Stay away from me, Sam. Okay? 'Cause I am done with it. I'm done with the monsters and the-the hellhounds and the ghost sickness and the damn apocalypse! I'm out. I'm done. I quit.
Dean Winchester : [screams after cat jumps out of locker suddenly] Hoo, hoo. Ah, that was scary!
Sam Winchester : I just talked to Bobby.
[Hands a box of donuts to Dean]
[Sniffs the box then tosses it in the car. Sam watches him quizzically]
Sam Winchester : Well, you're not gonna like it.
[Dean is scratching at his arm]
Sam Winchester : Quit pickin' at that. How ya feeling?
Dean Winchester : Awesome. It's nice to have my head on the chopping block again. I almost forgot what that feels like. It's freakin' delightful.
[Dean is sitting on a bed in the motel room, fear overwhelming him, scratching at his arms, hearing his heart pound in his ears, hellhounds barking. He sees a Bible on the floor, picks it up and clutches it to himself, closing his eyes]
Lilith : [off camera] Hi, Dean.
[Deans eyes shoot open wide. He turns to see Lilith as a little girl sitting next to him and turns sharply away]
Dean Winchester : Oh. No. No!
Lilith : Yes! It's me, Lilith.
[She hugs Dean, smiling]
Lilith : Oh, I missed you so much! It's time to go back now.
Dean Winchester : [He pulls away and stands up, moving away from her] You-
[Fighting his fear, he can't look at her]
Dean Winchester : You are *not* real!
Lilith : [Standing up] What's the matter, Dean? Don't you remember all the fun you had down there?
[Dean looks at her, fear and remembrance in his eyes]
Lilith : You do remember. Four months is like 40 years in Hell. Like doggy years.
[Menacingly]
Lilith : And you remember every second.
Dean Winchester : [Tries to smile and ignore her, but suddenly grimaces and clutches at his chest in pain. He slowly crumbles to his knees at her feet on the floor] You are *not* real.
Lilith : [Lifts his head sharply to force him to look at her while her eyes go white] Doesn't matter. You're still gonna die. You're still gonna burn.
[Lets him go and smiles at him]
Dean Winchester : Why me? Why'd *I* get infected?
Lilith : [smiling with her hands on her hips] Silly goose. You know why, Dean.
[Leans close to him as her voice menaces him again]
Lilith : Listen to your heart.
Lilith : Ba-boom.
[Dean grimaces sharply pain. He collapses, eyes widening at the pain and fear as she continues to chant]
Lilith : Ba-boom. Ba-boom. Ba-boom. Ba-boom.
[He inches away from her as she advances on him, her voice rising]
Lilith : Ba-boom. Ba-boom! Ba-boom! Ba-boom!
[Dean's eyes go wide as his heart suddenly stops. Then he suddenly takes in a sharp breath of air as Sam and Bobby successfully kill the ghost. Dean is choking, breathing heavily, looking around for Lilith, sees his arms free of scratches - and collapses completely in relief on the floor]
Sam Winchester : So, uh... so what did you see? Near the end, I mean.
Dean Winchester : What, besides a cop beatin' my ass?
Dean Winchester : Well, it's a gift.
Ruby : [to Sam] I'm telling you. You can save your brother. And I can show you how.
Dean Winchester : So, that's you, huh? Our slutty little Yoda.
Ruby : Dean. Charming as ever.
Ruby : [to Dean after a fight during which Dean has led her into a corner of the basement] What the Hell are you grinning at?
Dean Winchester : [Stands up, bloodied, but smiling, holds up her Demon knife] Missing something?
Ruby : I'll kill you, you son of a bitch.
[She charges him, but can't move more than a step. Dean smirks and Ruby looks up to see the Devil's trap on the ceiling directly above her]
Dean Winchester : Like I said, I knew you'd come.
Ruby : Wait! You're just gonna leave me here?
Dean Winchester : Let's go, Sam.
[Takes a deep steadying breath before wearily starting up the stairs]
Ruby : Oh. So, you're too stupid to live, is that it? Then fine! You deserve Hell! And I wish I could be there, Dean. I wish I could smell the flesh sizzle off your bones! I wish I could be there to hear you scream!
Dean Winchester : [Climbing the stairs with Sam behind him] Yeah, I wish you'd shut your piehole, but we don't always get what we want.
Dean Winchester : All I'm sayin'- Sammy, all I'm sayin' is you're my weak spot. You are. And I'm yours.
Sam Winchester : You don't mean that. We're... we're family.
Dean Winchester : I know. And those evil sons o' bitches know it, too. I mean, what we'd do for each other, how far we'll go. They're using it against us.
Sam Winchester : [fighting back tears] So, what, we just stop looking out for each other?
Dean Winchester : No, we stop bein' martyrs. Man, we- we stop spreadin' it for these demons. We take this knife, and we go after Lilith *our* way, the way Dad taught us to. And if we go down, then uh... we go down swingin'. Whaddya think?
Sam Winchester : I think you totally shoulda been jammin' Eye of the Tiger right there.
Dean Winchester : Oh, bite me.
[pause]
Sam Winchester : No, what?
Dean Winchester : You're not gonna bust out the misty goodbye speech. Okay? I mean, if this is my last day on earth, I do not want it to be socially awkward.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : You know what I do want...
[He turns the radio on and Wanted Dead or Alive is playing]
Sam Winchester : [surprised] Bon Jovi?
Dean Winchester : Bon Jovi rocks. On occasion.
[Dean starts singing, belting it out. Then hits Sam on the arm]
[Sam joins in, quietly at first, then louder. They sing together, Dean taking Bon Jovi's lead and Sam singing Sambora's part. Sam continues to sing as Dean grows quiet, getting sober as fear and worry take over]
Sam Winchester : So what, now you're seein' demons?
Dean Winchester : I've been seein' all kinds of things lately, but nothing like this.
Bobby Singer : Actually, it's not all that crazy.
Dean Winchester : How is it not that crazy?
Bobby Singer : Well, you got just over five hours to go? You're piercing the veil, Dean. Glimpsing the B side.
Dean Winchester : [Frustrated] A little less new-agey, please.
Bobby Singer : [Bluntly] You're almost hell's bitch. So... you can see hell's other bitches.
Dean Winchester : [Sarcastically] Thank you.
Dean Winchester : [Voice dripping with sarcasm] This is a terrific plan. I'm excited to be a part of it. Can we go, please?
Sam Winchester : [Time is running out] Okay. You win. What do I have to do?
Ruby : What do you mean?
Sam Winchester : To save Dean. What do you need me to do?
[Dean comes up behind him]
Dean Winchester : [He grabs Sam] What the hell do you think you're doin'?
Sam Winchester : No. Just shut up for a second.
[Pushes Dean off]
Sam Winchester : Ruby!
Ruby : You had your chance. You can't just flip a switch. We needed time.
Sam Winchester : [Desperate now] Well, there's gotta be somethin'. There's gotta be some way. Whatever it is, I'll *do* it.
[Dean grabs him again and Sam tries to fight him off]
Sam Winchester : No. Dean! I'm not gonna let you go to hell, Dean!
Dean Winchester : Yes, you are!
[Quieter]
Dean Winchester : Yes, you are.
[Softly]
Dean Winchester : I'm sorry. I mean, this is all my fault. I know that. But, what you're doin'. It's not gonna save me. It's only gonna kill you.
Sam Winchester : [Fighting tears] Then what am I supposed to do?
Dean Winchester : Keep fightin'. Take care of my wheels. Sam, remember what Dad taught ya. 'Kay? And remember what I taught you.
[Fighting tears, tries to smile. Then a clock starts to chime midnight. Sam looks at Dean, crying as Dean smiles at him]
Dean Winchester : [His voice comes from far away at first, then closer as we move through a dark and swirling void] Sam!
[Swirling, falling, hurtling through a maze of chains, dirty smoke, filthy air and lightning to a lone figure deep in the distance]
Dean Winchester : Sam! No. No!
[Closer as we see Dean bound to the chains by large hooks driven through his flesh]
Dean Winchester : Somebody help me!
[Fighting for breath, struggling through tears and pain, Dean desperately looks around, sees nothing, no one]
[Dean slips an FBI badge into Castiel's inside pocket, fusses with his shirt and tie]
Dean Winchester : Because... we're humans. And when humans want something, really really bad... we lie.
Castiel : [puzzled] Why?
Dean Winchester : Because... that's how you become president.
Dean Winchester : [about finding Raphael] You're serious about this. So what, I'm Thelma and you're Louise and we're just gonna hold hands and drive off this cliff together?
[pause while Castiel looks at him]
Dean Winchester : Look, gimme one good reason why I should do this.
Castiel : Because you're Michael's vessel, and no angel will dare harm you.
Dean Winchester : Oh, so I'm your bullet shield!
Castiel : I need your help, because you are the *only* one who'll help me. Please.
[Castiel looks at him pleadingly]
Dean Winchester : All right fine. Where is he?
Castiel : Maine. Let's go.
Dean Winchester : This whole industry runs on absent fathers, it's, it's the natural order.
[bouncers appear at the end of the hall]
Dean Winchester : [grabbing Cas] We should go. C'mon.
[they run outside, Dean doubles over, laughing]
Castiel : What's so funny?
[Dean puts an arm around Castiel's shoulders, Cas smiles]
Dean Winchester : Oh, nothing. Whew. It's been a long time since I've laughed that hard. Oh. It's been more than a long time. Years.
Castiel : [pouring oil around Raphael's empty vessel] When the oil burns, no angel can touch or pass through the flames, or he dies.
Dean Winchester : Okay, so we trap him in a steel cage of holy fire, but, uh, one question: how the hell do we get him here?
Castiel : There's... well, almost an open phone line between a vessel and his angel. One just has to know how to dial.
[leans over and mutters some strange words in the vessel's ear]
Castiel : I'm here, Raphael. Come and get me, you little bastard.
Castiel : [entering the abandoned house after summoning Raphael] Dean, wait.
[He steps in front of Dean; Raphael appears with wings of lightning, the lights explode]
Raphael: Castiel.
Castiel : Raphael.
Dean Winchester : Oh, you know, I thought you were supposed to be impressive. All you do is black out the room?
Raphael: And the eastern seaboard.
[to Castiel]
Raphael: It is a testament to my unending mercy that I do not smite you here and now.
Dean Winchester : Or maybe you're full of crap. Maybe you're afraid that God'll bring Cas back to life again, and smite *you*, you candy-ass skirt. By the way, hi, I'm Dean.
Raphael: I know who you are. And now thanks to him, I know *where* you are.
Castiel : You won't kill him. You wouldn't dare.
Raphael: But I will take him to Michael.
Dean Winchester : [going to get a beer from the cooler] Well that sounds terrifying. It does. But, uh, I hate to tell ya, I'm not goin' anywhere with you.
[turns his back and takes a sip]
Raphael: Surely you remember Zachariah giving you stomach cancer?
[a slight nervousness crosses Dean's face, but he turns back to Raphael, all swagger]
Dean Winchester : Yeah, that was, that was hilarious.
Raphael: Yes, well, he doesn't have anything close to my *imagination*.
[Raphael advances on him, Dean glances at the floor, then at Cas]
Dean Winchester : I'll bet you didn't imagine one thing.
Raphael: [threatening] What?
Dean Winchester : We knew you were coming, you stupid sonofabitch.
[he flicks his lighter and drops it on the circle of oil Raphael just walked into; flame surrounds the archangel; Raphael glares at Dean]
Dean Winchester : Don't look at me, it was his idea!
[Castiel gives him a look]
Castiel : [to Raphael] Where is he?
Raphael: God.
Raphael: Didn't you hear? He's dead, Castiel. Dead.
Raphael : But there's no other explanation. He's gone for good.
Castiel : You're lying.
Raphael : Am I? Do you *remember* the twentieth century? Think the twenty-first is going any better? Do you think God would have let any of that happen, if he were alive?
Dean Winchester : Oh yeah, well then who invented the Chinese basket trick?
Raphael : Careful. That's my Father you're talking about, boy.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, who would be *so proud* to know that his sons started the friggin' Apocalypse!
Raphael : Who ran off and disappeared! Who left no instructions, and a world to rot.
Dean Winchester : So Daddy ran away and disappeared. He didn't happen to work for the Post Office, did he?
[Cas stares at him]
Raphael : This is funny to you? You're living in a Godless universe!
Dean Winchester : [angrily] And? What, you and the other kids just decided to throw an Apocalypse while he's gone?
Raphael : [wearily] We're tired. We just want it to be over. We just want... paradise.
Dean Winchester : So what, God dies and makes you the boss, and you think you can do whatever you want?
Raphael : [angry] Yes! And whatever we want, we get!
[the windows explode; Dean and Cas duck]
Dean Winchester : Hey, you okay?
[pause, Cas stares straight ahead, not answering]
Dean Winchester : Look, I'll be the first to tell you that this little crusade of yours is nuts, but, I do know a little something about missing fathers.
Castiel : What do you mean?
Dean Winchester : I mean, there were times when I was looking for my Dad when... all logic said that he was dead. But I knew, in my heart, that he was still alive. So who cares what some Ninja Turtle says, Cas, what do *you* believe?
Castiel : I believe he's out there.
Dean Winchester : Good. Then go find him.
Castiel : [looking at Dean] What about you?
Dean Winchester : What about me? I don't know. Honestly? I'm good. I can't believe I'm saying that, but, I am, I'm, I'm really good.
Castiel : Even without your brother.
Dean Winchester : [bitterly] Especially without my brother.
[Castiel looks at him]
Dean Winchester : I mean I spent so much time worrying about the sonofabitch... I mean, I've had more fun with you in the past twenty-four hours than I've had with Sam in years. And you're not that much fun. Funny, you know, I've been so chained by my family, but now that I'm alone... hell, I'm happy.
[smiles, looks over; Castiel is gone]
[Castiel appears behind Dean; Dean sees him in the mirror and jumps]
Dean Winchester : Wow. Well, last night on earth. What, uh, what are your plans?
Castiel : I just thought I'd sit here quietly.
Dean Winchester : Dude, come on. Anything? Hm? Booze? Women?
[Castiel glances at him, then looks away uncomfortably]
Dean Winchester : You have been with a women before? Right? Or an angel, at least?
[Castiel rubs his neck, embarrassed]
Dean Winchester : You mean to tell me you've never been up there doing a little cloud seeding?
Castiel : Look, I've never had occasion, okay?
Dean Winchester : All right. Lemme tell you something. There are two things that I know for certain, one: Bert and Ernie are gay. Two: you are *not* gonna die a virgin. Not on my watch. Let's go.
[Dean grabs his jacket and heads out, Castiel looks around uncertain, gets up and follows]
Castiel : [above the sound of the storm] If God is dead, why have I returned? Who brought me back?
Raphael : Did it ever occur to you that maybe, Lucifer raised you?
Raphael : Think about it. He needs all the rebellious angels he can find.
[pause, Dean looks at Cas]
Raphael : You know it adds up.
Castiel : [to Dean] Let's go.
[he turns, starts walking away]
Dean Winchester : Hi. Alonzo Mosely, FBI.
[Displays FBI ID]
Dean Winchester : This is my partner, Eddie Moscone.
[Cas just stands there]
Dean Winchester : Also FBI.
[Cas reaches into his pocket and displays his ID, upside down. Dean sees it and in frustrated disgust yanks the ID out of Cas' hand and puts it back right side up]
Dean Winchester : He's uh, he's new.
Dean Winchester : [Looking at Donnie Finnerman through the window of his hospital room] I take it that's not Raphael any more.
Castiel : Just an empty vessel.
Dean Winchester : So, is this what I'm looking at if Michael jumps my bones?
Castiel : No, not at all. Michael is much more powerful. It'll be far worse for you.
[Dean closes his eyes and turns his head away]
Dean Winchester : Nine Mile Road.
Sam Winchester : Same place where the frat boy was killed.
Dean Winchester : Nice job Dr. Venkman. Let's check it out.
[Sam and Dean sneak into the sorority house where Lori's roommate has been murdered; they see the message scratched on the wall]
Sam Winchester : "Aren't you glad you didn't turn on the light." That's right out of the legend.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, that's classic Hook-Man all right.
[touching his nose]
Dean Winchester : And it's definitely a spirit.
Sam Winchester : Yeah. I've never smelled ozone this strong before.
Sam Winchester : It was bugging me, right, so how is the Hook-Man tied up with Lori? So I think I came up with something.
[hands Dean news articles]
Dean Winchester : 1932, clergyman arrested for murder. 1967, seminarian held in hippie rampage...
Sam Winchester : There's a pattern here. In both cases the suspect was a man of religion who openly preached against immorality, and then found himself wanted for killings he claimed were the work of an invisible force. Killings carried out, get this: with a sharp instrument.
Dean Winchester : What's the connection to Lori?
Sam Winchester : A man of religion? Who openly preaches against immorality?
[Dean nods, getting it]
Sam Winchester : Except, maybe this time instead of saving the whole town, he's just trying to save his own daughter.
Dean Winchester : Reverend Sorenson. You think he's summoning the spirit?
Sam Winchester : Maybe. Or, you know how a poltergeist can haunt a person, instead of a place?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, the spirit latches onto the reverend's repressed emotions, feeds off them, yeah, okay.
Sam Winchester : Without the reverend ever even knowing it.
Dean Winchester : Either way, you should keep an eye on Lori tonight.
Sam Winchester : What about you?
[Dean looks at the party, disappointed]
Dean Winchester : [sighs] I'm gonna go see if I can find that unmarked grave.
Sam Winchester : I don't think the spirit is latching on to the reverend.
Dean Winchester : Well yeah, the guy wouldn't send the Hook-Man after *himself*.
Sam Winchester : I think it's latching onto Lori. Last night she found out that her father is having an affair with a married woman.
Dean Winchester : Check the church records.
Sam Winchester : [checking] St. Barnabus, donations, 1862, received, silver-handled hook, from State Penitentiary. Reforged. They melted it down. Made it into something else.
[the Hook-man is attacking them; Sam is wounded trying to protect Lori; Dean runs up behind with the shotgun]
[Sam drops; Dean shoots the Hook-man with salt rounds]
Sam Winchester : I thought we got all the silver!
Dean Winchester : So did I!
Sam Winchester : Then why is he still here?
Dean Winchester : Well maybe we missed somethin'!
[Sam looks around, notices Lori's cross]
Sam Winchester : Lori, where'd you get that chain?
Lori Sorenson : [bewildered] M-my father gave it to me!
Dean Winchester : Where'd your Dad get it?
Lori Sorenson : He said it was a church heirloom, he gave it to me when I started school...
Dean Winchester : Son of a bitch!
[shoves Evil Dean]
Dean Winchester : My father was an obsessed bastard!
[kick Evil Dean against the wall. Hits him with the sawed off shot gun and pins him with it]
Dean Winchester : All that crap he dumped on me about protecting Sam, that was his crap. He's the one that couldn't protect his family!
[hits Evil Dean again]
Dean Winchester : He's the one who let mom die! Who wasn't there for Sam, I always was! It wasn't fair! I didn't deserve what he put on me and I don't deserve to go to Hell!
[shoots Evil Dean, killing him instantly]
EvilDean : [wakes up with demon black eyes] You can't escape me, Dean. You're gonna die. And this. This is what you are going to become!
Sam Winchester : So what's Bobby doing in Pittsburgh?
Dean Winchester : Unless he's taking an extremely lame vacation...
Dean Winchester : Silene Capinses. Which, of course, means... absolutely nothing to me.
Dean Winchester : I take it we believe the legends.
Sam Winchester : Crap. You're actually suggesting we ask her for a favor?
Dean Winchester : I'm feelin' dirty just thinkin' about it, but yeah.
Sam Winchester : [They are about to drink the tea made of African Dream Root] Wait, wait! Wait. Can't forget this.
[He removes a small envelope from his pocket, removes something from it]
[He puts some in Dean's hand]
Dean Winchester : What the hell is that?
Sam Winchester : Bobby's hair.
Dean Winchester : We have to drink Bobby's hair?
Sam Winchester : [He puts some in his own drink] That's how you control whose dream you're entering. You gotta... drink some of their, uh...
[He swallows in distaste]
"Supernatural: Home (#1.9)" (2005)
[Dean reads stories from the news, Sam is sketching a tree in a notepad]
Dean Winchester : All right, I been cruisin' some websites, think I found a few candidates for our next gig. A fishing trawler found off the coast of Cali, its crew vanished. And uh, got some cattle mutilations in west Texas...
[notices that Sam doesn't seem to be listening]
Dean Winchester : Hey! Am I boring you with this "hunting evil" stuff?
Sam Winchester : No, I'm listening. Keep goin'.
Dean Winchester : And here, a Sacramento man shot himself in the head... three times.
[holds up three fingers, starts waving at Sam]
Dean Winchester : Any of these things blowing up your skirt pal?
Sam Winchester : I know where we have to go next.
Sam Winchester : Back home, back to Kansas.
Dean Winchester : OK random, where'd that come from?
[they pull up outside their old house]
Sam Winchester : You gonna be all right, man?
Dean Winchester : Let me get back to you on that.
Dean Winchester : Trust you? C'mon man, that's weak, you gotta give me a little bit more than that.
Sam Winchester : I can't... really explain it, is all.
Dean Winchester : Well tough! I'm not goin' anywhere until you do!
[pause]
Dean Winchester : [nods] I've noticed...
Sam Winchester : And sometimes... they come true.
[a beat]
Dean Winchester : When I swore to myself that I would never go back there?
Sam Winchester : Look. Dean, we have to check this out. Just to make sure.
[pause, Dean nods]
Dean Winchester : I know we do.
Sairie : Mom? Ask them if it was here when they lived here.
[pause, Jenny looks at the brothers]
Sairie : The thing in my closet.
Jenny : Oh no, baby, there's nothing in their closets.
[to Sam and Dean]
Sam Winchester : Right. No. No, of course not.
Jenny : She had a nightmare the other night.
Sairie : I wasn't dreaming! It came into my bedroom. And it was on fire!
[cut to Dean and Sam walking out of the house]
Sam Winchester : [agitated] You hear that? A figure on fire!
Dean Winchester : And that woman, Jenny, that was the woman in your dreams?
Sam Winchester : Yeah! And you hear what she was talking about? Scratching, flickering lights, both signs of a malevolent spirit!
Dean Winchester : Yeah well, I'm just freaked out that your weirdo visions are comin' true.
[on the phone]
Dean Winchester : Dad? I know I've left you messages before. I don't even know if you get 'em... But, I'm with Sam. And we're in Lawrence, and there's something in our old house. I don't know if it's the thing that killed mom or not. But, I don't know what to do... So whatever you're doing, if you could get here... Please. I need your help Dad.
Missouri Moseley : Well, let me look at you. Haha, ooh, you boys grew up handsome.
[laughs, looks at Dean]
Missouri Moseley : And you were one goofy-lookin' kid, too.
[Sam grins widely, amused]
[she takes Sam's hand, her tone turns sympathetic]
Missouri Moseley : Oh, honey. I'm sorry about your girlfriend. And your father. He's missin'?
Sam Winchester : How'd you know all that?
Missouri Moseley : Well, you were just thinkin' it, just now.
Dean Winchester : Well, where is he, is he okay?
Dean Winchester : That's a psychic?
Sam Winchester : [checking the book] Uh... yeah, yeah I guess so.
[Dean gets the journal out of the car]
Dean Winchester : Dad's journal. Here, look at this. First page, first sentence, read that.
Sam Winchester : [reads] "I went to Missouri, and I learned the truth."
Dean Winchester : [shrugs] I always thought he meant the state.
Missouri Moseley : [coming out with a client] All right then. Don't you worry about a thing. You're wife is crazy about you.
[client thanks her, she closes the door after him]
Missouri Moseley : Whew. Poor bastard. His woman is cold-bangin' the gardener.
Dean Winchester : Why didn't you tell him?
Missouri Moseley : People don't come here for the truth. They come for good news.
[the brothers stare at her]
Missouri Moseley : Well? Sam and Dean, come on already, I ain't got all day.
Sam Winchester : Okay, so, our Dad. When did you first meet him?
Missouri Moseley : He came for a reading. A few days after the fire. I just told him what was really out there in the dark. I guess you could say, I drew back the curtains for him.
Dean Winchester : What about the fire? Do you... do you know about what killed our Mom?
Missouri Moseley : A little. Your Daddy took me to your house. He was hopin' I could sense the echoes, the fingerprints of this thing.
Sam Winchester : Oh, no no no no. Pickups are your thing, Dean.
Dean Winchester : It wasn't my butt she was checking out.
Sam Winchester : Why are you trying so hard to get me laid?
Dean Winchester : Why are you trying so hard to *not* get laid?
Dean Winchester : [as they torch the painting] Ugly ass thing... If you ask me, we're doing the art world a favor.
Dean Winchester : I think we need to take a little shore leave; just a little bit. What do you think, huh?
[gestures towards girl sitting at the bar]
Dean Winchester : I'm so in the door with this one.
Dean Winchester : I'm so in the door with this one.
Sam Winchester : [glances at her] So what are we today, Dean, um, rock stars? Are we Army Rangers?
Dean Winchester : Reality TV scouts looking for people with special skills. Well hey, it's not that far off, right?
Sam Winchester : It's not who, it's what, is killing those people.
[Sarah looks at him, confused]
Sam Winchester : Sarah, you saw that painting move.
Sarah Blake : No. No, I was, I was seeing things! It's impossible!
Dean Winchester : Yeah well, welcome to our world.
Sam Winchester : Sarah, I know this sounds crazy, but we think that that painting is haunted.
[pause]
Sarah Blake : You're *not* joking. God, the guys I go out with.
Sam Winchester : Sarah, think about it. Evelyn. The Telescas. They both had the painting. And there've been others before that, wherever this thing goes, people die. And we're just tryin' to stop it. And that's the truth.
Sarah Blake : Well then I guess you better show me. I'm coming with you.
Sam Winchester : What? No. Sarah, no, you should just go home. This stuff can get dangerous, and... and I don't want you to get hurt.
Sarah Blake : Look, you guys are probably crazy, but if you're right about this, well me and my Dad sold that painting, and we might have got these people killed. Look, I'm not saying I'm not scared, because I am scared as hell, but I'm not gonna run and hide either. So are we going, or what?
[she walks out the door]
Librarian : Well.
[he pulls out an old newspaper page with the headline "New Titanic Sinks"; underneath is a smaller article titled "Father Slaughters Family, Kills Self"]
Dean Winchester : Yes, yeah, that sounds about right.
Sam Winchester : The whole family was killed?
Librarian : It seems this Isaiah, he slits his kids' throats, then his wife, then himself. Now he was a barber by trade: used a straight razor.
Sam Winchester : Why'd he do it?
Librarian : [turning the paper over] Well, let's look.
[reads]
Librarian : Uh, people who knew him described Isaiah as having stern and harsh temperament. Controlled his family with an iron fist, uh, wife, uh, two sons, adopted daughter, uh yeah, there were whispers that the wife was gonna take the kids and leave, um, which of course, you know, in that day and age... So instead, Old Man Isaiah, well, he gave 'em all a shave.
[draws a hand across his throat in a slitting motion; Dean laughs briefly]
Dean Winchester : Does it say what happened to the bodies?
Librarian : Just that they were all cremated.
Sam Winchester : [agitated] I'm telling you man, I'm sure of it! Painting at the auction house, Dad is looking down.
[shoving the copy from the history book across to Dean]
Sam Winchester : Painting here? Dad's looking out! The painting has changed, Dean!
Dean Winchester : Ah, so you think that uh, Daddy Dearest is trapped in the painting and is handing out Columbia Neckties like he did with his family?
Sam Winchester : Well yeah, it seems like it. But if his bones are already dusted, then how're we gonna stop him?
Dean Winchester : All right, well if Isaiah's position changed, then maybe some other things in the painting changed as well, you know, could give us some clues.
Sam Winchester : What, like a Da Vinci Code deal?
Dean Winchester : I don't... know, I'm just still waitin' on the movie for that one. Anyway we gotta get back in and see that painting.
Dean Winchester : What?
Sam Winchester : What? Ever since we got here you've been tryin' to pimp me out to Sarah! Just, back off, all right?
Dean Winchester : Well you like her, don't you? All right, you like her, she likes you, you're both consenting adults...
Sam Winchester : What's the point, Dean? We'll just leave! We always leave!
Dean Winchester : Well I'm not talkin' about marriage, Sam!
Sam Winchester : You know, I don't get it. What do you care if I hook up?
Dean Winchester : Because then maybe you wouldn't be so cranky all the time.
[pause, Sam makes an exasperated noise]
Dean Winchester : You know, seriously Sam, this isn't about just hooking up, okay? I mean I, I think that this Sarah girl could be good for you. And I don't mean any disrespect, but I'm, I'm sure that this is about Jessica, right? Now I don't know what it's like to lose somebody like that, but... I would think that she would want you to be happy. God forbid have fun once in a while. Wouldn't she?
Sam Winchester : [softly] Yeah I know she would.
[Dean nods]
Dean Winchester : What's it about?
[pause, Sam looks away]
Dean Winchester : Yeah, all right.
Dean Winchester : It's the third bone yard we've checked. I think this ghost is jerkin' us around.
Sarah Blake : [to Sam] So this is what you guys do for a living?
Sam Winchester : Not exactly. We don't get paid.
[inside the Merchant family crypt; Sarah notices a doll entombed above the daughter's urn]
Sarah Blake : Okay, that right there, is the creepiest thing I've ever seen.
Sam Winchester : I was uh, sort of a tradition at the time. Whenever a child died, sometimes they'd preserve the kid's favorite toy in a glass case right next to the headstone or crypt.
Dean Winchester : You notice anything strange here?
Sarah Blake : Uh, where do I start?
Dean Winchester : No, that's not what I mean. Look at the urns.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, there are only four.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, Mom and the three kids. Daddy Dearest isn't here.
[about the girl's ghost]
Dean Winchester : Shut up! I'm hilarious.
Dean Winchester : [Sam is reading their Dad's journal] Dad never wrote anything about dragons. I promise. I'd remember if I read Neverending Story in there.
Dean Winchester : [Pulls the sword from the rock he just blasted apart only to see that it is now broken in half. Turns to Dr. Visyak] You've got insurance for this, right?
Dean Winchester : [searching through the sewers with Sam] Oh, God! Just when I get used to the smell, I hit another flavor! Dude, we have been here for *hours*. There is nothing. I think the lore's off. Hey, what if, uh...
[hopefully]
Dean Winchester : what if dragons like nice hotels?
Sam Winchester : [referring to the bag of gold recovered from the dragon's lair] Why don't you just cut to the chase and roll in it?
Dean Winchester : Open your mouth!
[teenage vampire wanna-be opens mouth]
Dean Winchester : Take Those out!
[He pulls the fake teeth covered in saliva out]
Dean Winchester : Ughhh... for the love of... what are you 12? Are you wearing glitter?
Vamp Kid : I only do it to get laid man!
Dean Winchester : Does it work?
[teenage nods]
Dean Winchester : [Dean pauses and thinks] I'll be damned. Alright... MMMMBOP your way out of here. Go. Go! AND USE A CONDOM!
Dean Winchester : [about fake movie vamps] These aren't vampires, these are... these are douchebags!
Dean Winchester : Alright, you take Effron, I'll take Bieber.
Sam Winchester : What sound?
Dean Winchester : [Knocks over a lamp to cut the light. Overwhelmed by the sound of sirens, a heartbeat, car horns, people talking] Wha-?
[Realizing he's hearing people in another room, he walks over and hit his hand against the wall]
Dean Winchester : Hey c'mon! Keep it down, dammit!
[He turns, suddenly blinded by the overhead light]
Dean Winchester : Please, *please* shut that off.
[He puts his hand against the pounding in his head, pounding from the light and the sound of people's voices, Sam's footsteps, the flip of the light switch]
Sam Winchester : Dean, you should sit down.
Sam Winchester : No, Dean, he's not.
Dean Winchester : Yes, he is. Cuz I'm gonna ask him to cuz *you* won't do it.
Sam Winchester : Okay, just hold on a second.
Dean Winchester : For what, huh? *Look* at me!
Dean Winchester : C'mon, man, I'm a monster! Okay? This is not a problem that you spitball! We gotta deal with this before I hurt somebody!
Dean Winchester : [to Sam and Samuel who are wary after Dean returned from seeing Lisa] You can relax. I didn't *drink* anyone.
Dean Winchester : [Being offered blood to drink] I'm okay. I killed so many people on the way over here, so...
Robert : Yeah, uh... about that? Company line is we don't just kill people anymore. But, you gotta tell me what that's like.
Dean Winchester : Yeah. Yeah, first chance I get I'll... I'll show you myself.
Sam Winchester : [He and Samuel have followed a line of bodies and blood to find Dean in the vampires' nest. Standing on the mezzanine, they look down to see Dean sitting in the middle of the large room, holding his machete] Dean, you okay?
Dean Winchester : [Voice rough with fatigue, fear] Yeah, I'm okay.
[the camera pans down from Dean's face to show that his foot is resting on the now severed head of the vampire that turned him, his body several feet away, a trail of blood between them]
Samuel Campbell : This works, it's not gonna be a kiddy ride, you know that.
Dean Winchester : [Almost doubled over] That's great. Light 'er up.
Sam Winchester : So, what'd you see in there?
Dean Winchester : What?
Sam Winchester : In the nest. What'd you see?
Dean Winchester : Sam, I can't hear you! You... your blood is so freakin' loud! Okay? So, just back off!
[to Samuel]
Dean Winchester : Alright, gimme the damn cure.
[He takes the cup, is shaken by the smell and then tries to smile]
Dean Winchester : I don't think it-
[He suddenly doubles over and is violently sick]
Sam Winchester : Is it working?
Samuel Campbell : Either that, or he's dying.
[Dean is overcome as the cure starts to work, falling to the floor in pain as memories of the last several days flash through his mind, going back to when Boris turned him, and he sees Sam standing in the alley watching. Dean finally comes to and sees Sam smiling next to him, helping him to sit up, and he looks at Sam as his fear about him deepens]
Dean Winchester : Their Alpha's building an army.
Castiel : Hey. I'm not through with you.
Cat: Dumbass.
Dean Winchester : [Satisfied with his plans that Cas will travel with them to their next case] Alright then.
Castiel : Can I, uh... at least ride in the front seat?
Castiel : [Examining the victim's body] I can't sense any EMF or sulphur. Mr. Freleng's arterial health is, uh... excellent.
[He leans over and sniffs the body]
Castiel : Mm. He did recently suffer from a... mild, uh... what is that... bladder infection.
Dean Winchester : Cas. Stop smelling the dead guy.
Dean Winchester : Okay. Well, let's say that, uh, Gary here is on the prowl. But, he's playin' it safe because...
[Chuckles as he lifts the victim's left hand to reveal a wedding ring]
Dean Winchester : dude's married. Doesn't want anyone to see his ride parked out in front of a by-the-hour fleabag...
Sam Winchester : So, he stashes his car at the park across the street and meets Olivia there.
Dean Winchester : His wife probably found out about it and it broke her heart.
Sam Winchester : So she breaks his. Sounds witchy.
Dean Winchester : Yes, it does. Guy was living a lie and it came back to bite him the ticker.
[to Cas]
Dean Winchester : But, nice job on that bladder infection.
Mrs. Frieling : I- I don't understand. Gary had a heart attack. Why would the FBI...
Dean Winchester : Parks are government property. We've just got a few questions for you.
Castiel : [to Dean quietly] I'll, uh, I'll handle this. I've done research. I can crack her.
[He moves over to lean close to the widow]
Castiel : Now... Miss Freleng... I don't wanna bother you. I, I really don't. But, I- I do have just one question for you.
[He suddenly slams his hand on the table top, moves menacingly close to her and yells. She, Sam and Dean all jump]
Castiel : Why did you kill your husband?
Dean Winchester : Agent Stills. A word, please.
Castiel : [Moves over to Dean as Sam moves to comfort the now crying widow] What? I was being bad cop.
Dean Winchester : You were being bad *everything*!
Dean Winchester : [after learning that Gary Freleng and his widow had an "open" marriage] Friggin' suburbs, man.
Castiel : [Finally catching up] So, she's not a witch.
Dean Winchester : Just the best wife *ever*.
Castiel : Then what killed her husband?
Dean Winchester : Who gives a-
[Cut to exterior traffic scene and the sound of a loud horn honking]
Dean Winchester : The whole heart jumpin' out of a guy's chest. The, the delayed fall. That's straight up Bugs Bunny.
Castiel : So, we're looking for some sort of... insect rabbit hybrid? How do we kill it?
Sam Winchester : No. We don't, Cas. That's a character. Like uh, like Woody Woodpecker. Or Daffy Duck.
Dean Winchester : They're little animated movies. You know, uh, the coyote chases the roadrunner.
[Chuckling]
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : [in unison] Yeah right.
[a beat]
Sam Winchester : It wasn't a guess.
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : [in unison] Right, you're a mind reader. Cut it out. Sam.
[annoyed]
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : [rapidly, in unison] You think you're being funny but you're being really, really childish.
[another beat]
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : Sam Winchester cries his way through sex.
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : Sam Winchester keeps a ruler by the bed and every morning when he wakes up he... OKAY ENOUGH!
Dean Winchester : Do these tacos taste funny to you?
[Cut to Sam waking up again]
Dean Winchester : [in the shower] -So we can't even go out for breakfast?
Sam Winchester : Trust me, you'll thank me when it's Wednesday!
Sam Winchester : I know that.
Dean Winchester : The things that I saw, there aren't words, there is no forgetting, there's no making it better. Because it is right here,
[Points to head]
Dean Winchester : forever. You wouldn't understand and I could never make you understand. So I am sorry.
Wesley Mondale : Aren't you the guys from the Health Department?
Sam Winchester : Yeah. And florists on the side.
Dean Winchester : Plus FBI. And on Thursdays, we're teddy bear doctors.
Dean Winchester : We never get what we want, and in fact, we have to fight tooth and nail just to keep what we've got.
Sam Winchester : But you know what? Maybe that's the whole point, Wes.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, maybe people are people 'cause they're miserable bastards, 'cause they never get what they really want.
Sam Winchester : Right, yeah. You get what you want, you get crazy.
Sam Winchester : It's gotta be a joke, right? Some big ass mother in a gorilla suit?
Dean Winchester : Or it's a bigfoot. You know, he's some kind of a... alco-holo-porno addict. Kinda like a deep woods Duchovny.
[smiles, very pleased with himself]
Dean Winchester : [Looking at the wishing well with Sam] Think it works?
Sam Winchester : Got a better explanation for Teddy back there?
Dean Winchester : There's one way to find out.
[Pulls out a coin]
[silent beat, looking away]
Dean Winchester : Because you're a pain in my ass.
Sam Winchester : [smiling] Guess I might have to stick around and be a pain in the ass then.
Dean Winchester : [Humble and dead straight] Thanks.
Sam Winchester : Don't mention it.
Dean Winchester : [driving his rebuilt 1967 Chevy Impala] Whoo! Listen to her purr. You ever heard anything so sweet?
Sam Winchester : You know, if you two wanna get a room, just let me know, Dean.
Dean Winchester : [talking to the car] Don't listen to him, baby. He doesn't understand us.
Dean Winchester : Put the lotion in the basket.
Dean Winchester : [about John] He was one of those guys. Took some terrible beatings, but he just kept on coming, so you're saying to yourself, "He's indestructable. Nothing can kill my dad," and then just like that... he's gone.
[Dean is talking to the Impala]
Sam Winchester : [Amused] You know, if you two want to get a room, just let me know, Dean.
Dean Winchester : [to the car] Aw, don't listen to him, baby. He doesn't understand us.
Dean Winchester : Sam, clock me one. Come on. Come on. I won't even hit you back. Let's go.
[Braces himself to be punched]
Dean Winchester : Let's go. You get a freebie. Hit me. Come on.
Sam Winchester : You look like you just went 12 rounds with a block of cement, Dean.
[smiling, turning away]
Sam Winchester : You...? For what?
Dean Winchester : The way I've been acting.
[long beat]
Dean Winchester : And for dad. I mean he was your dad too, and it's my fault that he's gone.
Sam Winchester : What are you talking about?
Dean Winchester : I know you've been thinking it, so have I. It doesn't take a genius to figure it out. Back at the hospital, full recovery. It was a miracle, and five minutes later dad's dead and the colt's gone.
Sam Winchester : Dean...
Dean Winchester : You can't tell me there's not a a connection there. I don't know how the demon was involved. I don't know how the whole thing went down exactly, but dad's dead because of me and that much I do know.
Sam Winchester : We don't know that, not for sure.
Dean Winchester : Sam, you and dad, you're the most important people in my life. And now... I never should have come back Sam, it wasn't natural, and now look whats come of it. I was dead and I should've stayed dead. You wanted to know I was feeling, well thats it. So tell me, what could you possibly say to make that alright?
Dean Winchester : What's dead should stay dead - didn't you see Pet Sematary?
Dean Winchester : Sam, if you bring up dad's death one more time, I swear...
Sam Winchester : Please, Dean, it's killing you, please. We've already lost dad, we've lost mom, I've lost Jessica. And now I'm gonna lose you too?
Dean Winchester : We better get out of here before the cops come. I hear you, okay? Yeah, I'm being an ass and I'm sorry.
[Sam nods]
Dean Winchester : But right now we got a freaking zombie running around, we need to figure out how to kill it.
[Sam smiles]
Dean Winchester : Christmas is Jesus's birthday.
Sam Winchester : No, Jesus's birthday was probably in the fall. It was actually the winter solstice festival that was co-opted by the church and renamed Christmas. But I mean the yule log, the tree, even Santa's red suit is all remnants of Pagan worship.
Dean Winchester : How do you know that? What are you going to tell me next, the Easter Bunny's Jewish?
Dean Winchester : So all these Martha Stewart wannabes buying these fancy wreaths...
Sam Winchester : Yup, it pretty much like putting a neon sign on your front door saying "come kill us".
Dean Winchester : So you think we're dealing with a pagan god?
Sam Winchester : Yeah, probably Hold McCar, god of the winter solstice.
[reading from a book]
Dean Winchester : Lap dances, hopefully.
Dean Winchester : Remember that wreath dad brought home that one year?
Sam Winchester : You mean the one he stole from, like, a liquor store?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, it was a bunch of empty beer cans.
[laughs]
Dean Winchester : That thing was great.
Dean Winchester : [Madge cuts Dean's arm] You bitch!
Madge Carrigan : [stands up and looks offended] Oh, my goodness me! Somebody owes a nickel to the swear jar. Oh, do you know what I say when I feel like swearing? Fudge.
Dean Winchester : [stares at her incredulously] I'll try an remember that.
Edward Carrigan : Now open wide, and say "ah".
[Edward sticks a pair of plyers in Dean's mouth, preparing to pull out a tooth. The doorbell rings, and everyone freezes]
Dean Winchester : [with pliers in his mouth] Is somebody gonna get that?
[the Carrigans look at each other. The doorbell rings again]
Dean Winchester : [with pliers still in his mouth] You should get that.
Future Dean : Oh we're not.
[glancing at the others]
Future Dean : They are. They're the decoys. You and me, we're goin' in through the back.
Dean Winchester : [horrified] You mean you're gonna feed your friends into a meat grinder? Cas too? You want to use their *deaths* as a diversion?
[the other Dean looks away]
Dean Winchester : Oh man, something is broken in you. You're making decisions I would never make. I wouldn't sacrifice my friends!
Future Dean : You're right. *You* wouldn't. It's one of the main reasons we're in this mess, actually.
Dean Winchester : These people count on you, they trust you!
Future Dean : They trust me to kill the Devil, and to save the world. And that's exactly what I'm gonna do!
Dean Winchester : No. Not like this you're not, I'm not gonna let you!
[Future Dean punches him in the face, knocking him out]
Dean Winchester : Oh well, if it isn't the ghost of Christmas Screw You.
Zachariah : Enough. Dean, enough. You saw it, right? You saw what happens. You're the only person who can prove the Devil wrong. Just say yes.
Dean Winchester : And how do I know that this whole thing isn't one of your tricks? Huh? Some angel hocus-pocus?
Zachariah : The time for tricks is over. Give yourself to Michael. Say yes, and we can strike. Before Lucifer gets to Sam. Before billions die.
[long pause, Dean walks around the angel]
Dean Winchester : [with his back turned] Nah.
Zachariah : "Nah"? You telling me you haven't learned you lesson?
Dean Winchester : [angrily] Oh I learned a lesson all right. Just not the one you wanted to teach!
Zachariah : [furious, advancing on Dean] Well, I'll just have to teach it *again*! 'Cause I've got you now, boy, and I'm never letting you -
[Zachariah is suddenly staring in shock at the empty air where Dean used to be]
[Dean finds himself on a deserted road, turns to see Castiel regarding him calmly]
Dean Winchester : That's pretty nice timing, Cas.
Castiel : [smiling slightly] We had an appointment.
[Dean smiles, lays a hand on Cas' shoulder]
[hears the dial tone, hangs up, a little exasperated]
Castiel : ... wait here, then.
Lucifer : [after killing future Dean, turns around and sees past Dean] Oh. Hello Dean. Aren't you a surprise.
[lightning flashes, Lucifer pops up behind him]
Lucifer : You've come a long way to see this, haven't you?
Dean Winchester : Well go ahead. Kill me.
[glances around Dean at the body of future Dean]
Lucifer : Don't you think that would be a little... redundant?
[sighs]
Lucifer : I'm sorry. It must be painful. Speaking to me in this - shape. But it had to be your brother. It had to be.
[he reaches for Dean's shoulder, Dean pulls away, Lucifer's arm drops]
Lucifer : You don't have to be afraid of me, Dean. What do you think I'm going to do?
[walks past Dean, fingers a rose]
Dean Winchester : [angrily] I don't know, maybe deep-fry the planet?
Lucifer : [turning back] Why? Why would I want to destroy this stunning thing? *Beautiful* in a trillion different ways! The last, *perfect* handiwork of God?
[pause]
Lucifer : You ever hear the story of how I fell from grace?
Dean Winchester : Oh good God, you're not gonna tell me a bedtime story are you? My stomach's almost outta bile.
Lucifer : You know why God cast me down? Because I *loved* him. More than anything. And then God created...
[huffs a small laugh]
Lucifer : You. The little, hairless apes. And then he asked all of us to bow down before *you*. To love *you*, more than Him! And I said, Father, I can't. I said these human beings, were flawed, murderous. And for that, God had Michael cast me into Hell! Now tell me, does the punishment fit the crime? Especially when I was right. Look what six billion of you have done to this thing. And how many of you blame me for it.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : You're not fooling me, you know that? With this sympathy for the Devil crap? I know what you are.
Lucifer : What am I?
Dean Winchester : You're the same thing only bigger. The same brand of cockroach I been squashing my whole life. An ugly, evil, belly-to-the-ground supernatural piece of crap. The only difference between them and you? Is the size of your ego.
[pause, Lucifer smiles]
Lucifer : I like you, Dean. I get what the other angels see in you. Good-bye. We'll meet again soon.
[starts walking away]
Dean Winchester : [fiercely] You better kill me now!
Lucifer : [stops, turns back] Pardon?
Dean Winchester : You better kill me now! Or I swear, I will find a way to kill you! And I won't stop!
Lucifer : [quietly] I know you won't. I know you won't say yes to Michael either. And I know you won't kill Sam. Whatever you do, you will always end up... here. No matter what choices you make, whatever details you alter, *we* will always end up... here.
[a tear drops from Dean's eye]
Lucifer : I win. So I win.
Lucifer : See you in five years, Dean.
[he vanishes with a clap of thunder]
Chuck Shurley : So, you're really from '09?
Sam Winchester : How do you know?
[John pulls something from his pocket]
John Winchester : I found this.
[Dean takes it]
Dean Winchester : It's a... vampire fang.
John Winchester : No fangs - teeth. The second set descends when they attack.
[to Sam]
John Winchester : Any more questions? All right, let's get outta here, we're losin' daylight. Hey and Dean, why don't you touch up your car, before you get rust. I wouldn't have given you the damn thing if I thought you were gonna ruin it.
Kate : Car trouble? Lemme give you a lift. Take you back to my place.
Dean Winchester : Ah, I'll pass. I usually draw the line at necrophilia.
Kate : Ooo.
[Backhands him across the face; Dean falls. Kate grabs his chin and lifts him in the air]
Dean Winchester : I don't normally get this friendly till the second date, but...
Kate : You know, we could have some fun. I always like to make new friends.
[Kisses Dean]
Dean Winchester : Sorry. Don't really stay with a chick that long. Definitely not eternity.
[Sam and John hit the vampires with crossbow bolts; Kate looks down at the arrow in her chest]
Kate : [mildly irritated] Dammit.
[to John]
Kate : Barely even stings.
John Winchester : Give it time, sweetheart. The arrow's soaked in dead man's blood. It's like poison to you, isn't it?
[Kate passes out]
[Dean comes back after stealing dead man's blood from a mortuary]
Dean Winchester : Whew. Man, some heavy security to protect a bunch of dead guys.
[John reads a letter Elkins left for him]
John Winchester : "If you're reading this, I'm already dead..." That sonofabitch.
Sam Winchester : You heard me!
John Winchester : [angry] Yeah. You left! Your brother and me, we needed you. You walked away, Sam, you walked away!
Dean Winchester : Stop it, both of you!
Sam Winchester : [increasingly belligerent] You're the one who said don't come back, Dad. You were the one who closed that door, not me! You were just pissed off you couldn't control me anymore!
[they grapple; Dean shoves between them]
Dean Winchester : Listen, stop it, stop it, STOP IT! That's enough!
[to John]
Dean Winchester : That means you too.
[observing the vampire nest]
Dean Winchester : Son of a bitch. So they're really not afraid of the sun.
John Winchester : No. Direct sunlight hurts like a nasty sunburn. The only way to kill 'em, is by beheading. And yeah, they sleep during the day; doesn't mean they won't wake up.
Dean Winchester : So I guess walkin' right in isn't our best option.
Dean Winchester : That's no excuse.
[Sees a vendor selling soft pretzels]
Dean Winchester : Big pretzel!
[Hurries over to buy a couple. Sam smiles and shakes his head fondly]
Dean Winchester : I, uh, pulled it off during the fight. Look at the label on the ribbon.
Sam Winchester : It's a costume rental.
Dean Winchester : All three monsters - the Dracula, Wolf Man, and the Mummy - all the same critter, which means we need to catch this freak before he "Creature from the Black Lagoon's" somebody.
Jamie : So, you guys are like Mulder and Scully or something, and the X-Files are real?
Dean Winchester : No, "The X-Files" is a TV show. This is real.
Dracula : [referring to portrait of woman] She is beautiful, no? Bride number three from the first film. She never got the acclaim that she deserved. Which is why I chose her shape, her form to move among the mortals unnoticed, to listen to the cricket songs of the living. That is when I discovered my bride had been reborn in this century.
Dean Winchester : [chuckles] I can't get over what a pumpkin-pie-eyed, crazy son of a bitch you really are. You're not Dracula. You get that right? Or even if you think you are Dracula, what the hell's up with the Mummy?
Dracula : [punches Dean in his face] I am *all* monsters!
Dean Winchester : Life ain't a movie you sorry sack of...
Dracula : [again punches Dean] Life is small, meager, messy. The movies are grand, simple, elegant. I have chosen elegance.
Dean Winchester : You think "elegance" is really the word for what you did to Marissa or Rick Deacon? Or any of the others?
Dracula : But of course. It is a monster movie, after all.
Dean Winchester : You do realize what happens at the end of *every* monster movie?
Dracula : Ah. But this movie is *mine*. And in it, the monster wins. The monster gets the girl. And the hero, he's... electrocuted.
[reaches for pulley switch]
Dracula : And tonight, Jonathan Harker, you will be my hero.
Dean Winchester : Hey, you think this Dracula can turn into a bat? That'd be cool.
Dean Winchester : Oh, thank God. Just in the nick of time. That guy was about to Frankenstein me.
Sam Winchester : We're looking for Ed Brewer.
Jamie : What do you want with Ed?
Dean Winchester : Well, we are uh... federal agents.
[They pull out and show her their IDs]
Dean Winchester : Mr. Brewer was witness to a serious crime. We just need to...
Jamie : Wait a minute.
Jamie : You're a Fed? Wow, you don't come on like a Fed.
[smiling]
Jamie : Seriously?
Dean Winchester : [Moving closer, suggestively] I'm a maverick, really. A rebel with a badge. One thing I don't play by? The rules.
[He winks at her]
Dean Winchester : What?
Jamie : That must suck. I mean, you're giving up your life for this terrible, I don't know... responsibility.
Dean Winchester : [thoughtfully] Last few years, I started thinking that way. And uh... yeah, it started- started weighing on me. Of course, that was before...
[long silence]
Dean Winchester : A little while ago, I had this, let's call it a near death experience. Very near. And uh... when I came to... things were different. My life's been... different. I realize that I help people. You know... not just help them though. I save them.
[shrugs self consciously]
Dean Winchester : And I gotta say it's, it's awesome. It's, it's kinda like a gift.
[softly, seriously]
Dean Winchester : Like a mission. Kinda like a... mission from God.
Dean Winchester : [after laughing] I can't get over what a pumpkin pie eyed crazy son of a bitch you really are. You're not Dracula! You get that, right? Even if you think you *are* Dracula, what the Hell is up with the Mummy?
Sam Winchester : [smiling at Dean's outfit after releasing him from Dracula's electrocution table] Hey there, Hansel.
[Sam smirks at Dean. Dean points his finger at Sam]
Jamie : Thank you, G man. You've been a great service to our country.
Dean Winchester : Oh yes, I'm very patriotic.
Dean Winchester : It feels good to be back on the job, doesn't it? Hero gets the girl; monster gets the gank. A happy ending.
[smirking]
Bobby Singer : Can't be too careful.
Bobby Singer : Dean. Your chest was ribbons. Your insides were slop. And you've been buried *four* months. Even if you *could* slip outta Hell and back into your meatsuit...
Dean Winchester : I know. I should look like a Thriller video reject.
Sam Winchester : I assume you'll wanna drive?
[He tosses keys to Dean who is seeing the Impala for the first time since being pulled out of Hell]
Dean Winchester : [laughing] I almost forgot. Hey, sweetheart. Ya miss me?
[He climbs in, shuts the door and settles into the driver's seat]
[He looks at the dash]
Dean Winchester : What the Hell is that?
Sam Winchester : That's an iPod jack.
Dean Winchester : [disgusted] You were supposed to take of her, not douche her up.
Sam Winchester : Dean, I thought it was my car.
Dean Winchester : [Starts the car and the iPod plays pop music. Dean gives Sam a hard look] Really?
[Sam shrugs and Dean throws the iPod into the back seat]
[He smiles. Sam scoffs]
Dean Winchester : What? Come on, man. Craps table? We'd clean up.
Sam Winchester : Dean I'm scared, man. These nightmares weren't bad enough, now I'm seeing things when I'm awake? And these... visions, or whatever, they're getting more intense. And painful.
Dean Winchester : C'mon man, it'll be all right. You'll be fine.
Sam Winchester : What is it about the Millers? Why am I connected to them? Why am I watching them *die*? Why the hell is this happening to me?
Dean Winchester : I don't know Sam, but we'll figure it out, okay? We face the unexplainable every single day, this is just another thing.
Sam Winchester : No. It's never been *us*. It's never been in the family like this! Tell me the truth, you can't tell me this doesn't freak you out.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : [unconvincing] This doesn't freak me out.
Sam Winchester : We were just wondering if you might recall a family, they used to live right across the street.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, the Millers, they had a little boy named Max.
Sam Winchester : Dean! He's a *person*. We can talk to him! Hey, promise me you'll follow my lead on this one.
Dean Winchester : All right fine. But I'm not lettin' him hurt anybody else.
[he pulls a gun from the glove compartment]
[Max is threatening Alice with the gun]
[Dean moves to protect Alice]
Max Miller : [to Dean] Stay back. It's not about you.
Dean Winchester : You're gonna kill her, you gotta go through me first.
Max Miller : Okay.
[he cocks the gun; Sam bursts in]
Sam Winchester : No don't! Don't! Please! Please, Max. Max, we can help you. All right? But this, what you're doing, it's not the solution. It's not gonna fix anything.
[pause]
Max Miller : [quietly] You're right.
[He swings the gun around and shoots himself in the head]
Dean Winchester : Cas. It's okay.
Castiel : [Sincere] You are not the burnt and broken shell of a man that I believed you to be.
Dean Winchester : [Trying to keep the sarcasm from his voice] Thank you.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : I appreciate that.
Dean Winchester : [Trying to bluff his way into the security room of a convalescent home] Hey. Hi, uh, I'm looking for my nana. Her name is Eunice... Kennedy.
Security Guard : Go around front and see the nurse.
Dean Winchester : [Realizes it's not working, so he steps in and closes the door] You mind just helping me out, sir? Uh, she's about, uh... oh about that small,
[Holds his hand about waist high as the guard leans forward in his chair]
Dean Winchester : gray hair, wears diapers.
[He punches the guard who falls backward, out cold. Then he bangs on the door]
Sam Winchester : [Steps inside and closes the door] Eunice Kennedy?
Dean Winchester : That's the beauty about improv, Sammy. You never know what's gonna come outta your mouth.
Sam Winchester : [They are both weak, in pain, retching and fighting off unconsciousness as they struggle to move down the hall towards Pestilence] We must be getting close.
Dean Winchester : Not really.
Death : Sit down. It took you long enough to find me. I've been wanting to talk to you.
Dean Winchester : [Fearful, cautious] I gotta say... mixed feelings about that. So, is this the part where...
[Clears his throat]
Dean Winchester : where you kill me?
[He tries to smile bravely]
Death : [Gives Dean a long look as Dean's smiles disappears. Very measured and calm] You have an inflated sense of your importance. To a thing like me, a thing like you, well... Think how you'd feel if a bacteria sat at your table and started to get snarky. This is one little planet in one tiny solar system in a galaxy that's barely out of its diapers. I'm old, Dean. Very old. So, I invite you to contemplate how insignificant I find you.
Dean Winchester : So, why am I still breathing? Sitting here with you... what do you want?
Death : [He shows the first spark of emotion] The leash around my neck, off! Lucifer has me bound to him. Some unseemly little spell. He has me where he wants, when he wants. That's why I couldn't go to you. I had to wait for you to catch up. He's made me his weapon. Hurricanes. Floods. Raising the dead. I'm more powerful than you can process, and I'm enslaved to a bratty child having a tantrum.
Dean Winchester : And you think... *I* can unbind you?
Death : There's your ridiculous bravado again. Of course, you can't. But, you can help take the bullets out of Lucifer's gun.
[Holds up his hand with his ring]
Death : I understand you want this.
Dean Winchester : What, you think...
Death : I know. So I need a promise. You're going to let your brother jump right into that fiery pit.
[He extends the ring to Dean as Dean's face hardens]
Death : Well, do I have your word?
Dean Winchester : [pauses, looking at the ring] Okay, yeah. Yes.
[He holds out his hand]
Death : [Forcefully] That better be yes, Dean. You know you can't cheat Death.
[He drops the ring into Dean's hand]
Dean Winchester : [Seeing Bobby walk into the tool shed] How'd it go at the Rockettes audition?
Bobby Singer : Uhhhh... High kick's fair. Boobs need work.
Dean Winchester : Oh my god.
Sam Winchester : This isn't just anyone we're talking about, this is Dad. I know how you felt about the man.
Dean Winchester : You know what, just back off, okay? Just because I'm not sharing and caring like you want me to.
Sam Winchester : No-no-no. That's not what this is about, Dean. I don't care how you deal with this, but you have to deal with it man! Listen I'm your brother, I just want to make sure you're ok.
Dean Winchester : Dude, I'm okay! I'm okay, okay? I swear, the next person who asks me if I'm okay, I'm gonna start throwing punches. These are your issues, quit dumping them on me.
Sam Winchester : What are you talking about?
Dean Winchester : I just think it's really interesting, this sudden obedience you have to Dad. Its like, 'Oh, what would Dad want me to do?' Sam, you spent your entire life slugging it out with that man. I mean, hell, you picked a fight the last time you ever saw him. And now that he's dead, now you want to make it right. Well, I'm sorry Sam but you can't. It's too little, too late.
Sam Winchester : Why are you saying this to me?
Dean Winchester : Because I want you to be honest with yourself about this! I'm dealing with Dad's death! Are you?
Dean Winchester : Excuse me. We're looking for a Mr. Cooper. Have you seen him around?
Barry (Blind Man): What is that, some kind of joke?
[pulls sunglasses off]
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm sorry.
Barry (Blind Man): Do you think I wouldn't give my eye-teeth to see Mr. Cooper or a sunset or anything at all?
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] Could you give me a little help here?
Midget: Hey Barry, is there a problem?
Barry (Blind Man): Yeah, this guy hates blind people.
Dean Winchester : No, I don't.
Midget: Hey buddy, what's your problem?
Dean Winchester : Nothin', it's just a little misunderstanding.
Midget: Little? You SOB!
Dean Winchester : Hey. So what'd you find out from the mop jockey's girlfriend?
Sam Winchester : Nothing. Just how great he was.
[He speaks rhythmically as he enumerates the mop jockey's great points]
Sam Winchester : Went to church. Donated to charity. Rubbed her feet during Glee.
Dean Winchester : [Mimicking Sam's tone] I just threw up in my mouth.
Sam Winchester : Wait. That anatomy dummy you were molesting at the lab.
Sam Winchester : What if that's what this is about?
Dean Winchester : What exactly are you accusing me of?
Dean Winchester : [staring at a mannequin] So, we dig.
[points away from the mannequin]
[waves his hand in front of the mannequin's face]
Dean Winchester : I don't like the way Kim Cattrall's lookin' at me.
Dean Winchester : [to Ben] I think my job turns me into somebody who can't sit at your dinner table.
Dean Winchester : Excuse me?
Ben Braeden : You say family is so important, but... but what do you call people who care for you, who love you even when you're a dick! You know you're walking out on your family, right?
Dean Winchester : No, no, no, no, no.
[the Impala has been possessed by Rose's vengeful spirit, gunning its engine]
Dean Winchester : She possesses sex dolls. This is a not a sex doll!
[the Impala's headlights turn on. The engine is gunned even higher]
Dean Winchester : Hey, you leave my baby alone! She's got nothin' to do with this!
[the car starts chasing Dean around the parking lot. He runs toward a small building]
Dean Winchester : Son. Of. A. Bitch!
[Dean stands in front of the building and lets the car advance on him]
Dean Winchester : I'm so sorry, baby.
[Dean dives out of the way at the last second and the car slams into the building]
Sam Winchester : Look, we... keep our heads down, keep swinging. We'll lose some. Hopefully, we'll win more. And... I don't know. Anyway. For what it's worth, I got your back.
Dean Winchester : You mean fan fiction.
Marie : Call it whatever you like, okay? It's inspired by Carver Edlund's books... with a few embellishments.
Dean Winchester : You want to piñata this asshat?
Marie : "Asshat"? Nice. It's, uh, very Dean.
Dean Winchester : Sam. Out there, hunting. It's the only normal I know.
[POV from Baby's truck, reminiscent of a similar scene in the Supernatural pilot]
Dean Winchester : We got work to do.
[Dean drops the shot gun inside and closes the trunk lid]
Sam Winchester : [Unsettled after seeing two actors portraying them and showing fake FBI badges] I'm, uh, Special Agent Smith. This is my partner, Special Agent...
Sam Winchester : Really?
Dean Winchester , Marie : [to Sam in unison] It's a classic!
Marie : [Referring to the missing drama teacher] She had a nasty divorce last year. Most of the time she's sipping on her, uh... grown up juice, or passed out. Usually in that order.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, well, I don't blame her. I'm gonna need 50 jello shots and a hose down to get this stink off me.
[Surprised when Maeve makes a threatening move toward him]
Dean Winchester : I'm gonna throw up.
Sam Winchester : [Looking around, smiling, charmed with the high school atmosphere] I mean, I gotta say, it's kinda charming. The, the production value and the at-
[Turning back to Dean and the stone cold look on his face]
Sam Winchester : No? N- no.
[Clears his throat and plasters a serious, disapproving look on his own face]
Sam Winchester : I'm gonna check for EMF. You, you... look for, uh, cursed objects.
Dean Winchester : [Pointing to the two girls playing Sam and Dean, leaning against the car] What are they doin'?
Marie : Oh, uh... they're rehearsing the BM scene.
Dean Winchester : The bowel movement scene?
Marie : No! The boy melodrama scene.
[At his confused look]
Marie : You know, the scene where the boys get together, and they're, they're driving or leaning against Baby... drinking a beer... sharing their feelings...
[Her voice softens]
Sam Winchester : I mean, shouldn't it be *Dea*stiel?
Dean Winchester : Really? That's your issue with this?
Sam Winchester : No. Of course, it's not my issue. You know... how about... Sastiel? Samstiel?
Dean Winchester : Okay. Alright. You know what? You're gonna do that thing... where you just shut the hell up. Forever.
Sam Winchester : [Chuckles, then... ] Look. Man, no EMF, no hex bags. None of the props are even remotely hinky. Other than the Charlie Kaufman of it all, I got nothin'. You?
Dean Winchester : No, Miss Chandler's office was just a pile of empty bottles and regret. She's probably face down in a bar somewhere. Or a ditch. Alright, so what? This, this whole... this whole musical thing, everything, it's just... is it... It's all a coincidence? There is no case?
Sam Winchester : Unless you're seein' somethin' I'm not. No, Dean, there's no case here.
Dean Winchester : [Upset, but resigned to Sam's logic] Okay.
[He walks around the car to get in while Sam gets a thoughtful look on his face]
Sam Winchester : [Turns to Dean as a thought occurs] Casdean?
Dean Winchester : Shut your face! Get in the car!
Sam Winchester : Oh, shut up.
Sam Winchester : What time did I lay down?
Dean Winchester : You took a siesta around noon... yesterday.
[He tosses Sam a beer which sails right passed him as he watches and breaks on the floor]
Sam Winchester : [Very slow as he looks back at the broken beer bottle and beer all over the floor then back to Dean] I'm sorry. Uh...
Dean Winchester : That's why we don't have nice things, Sam.
Sam Winchester : [Looking at an email that just came in] It's from Charlie. In the neighborhood, found you guys a case. Found us a case?
Dean Winchester : In the neighborhood? How the hell she know where we are?
Sam Winchester : Uhhh... Well, she doesn't. Not exactly at least. It says she tracked our cells to a 20 mile radius then the signal went out.
[Gives Dean a surprised and impressed look]
Sam Winchester : Huh. This place must be in some kind of, like, Bermuda Triangle.
Dean Winchester : What, you're sayin' that we can make or receive phone calls from here and no one can track us?
[Reverently, looking around him]
[Turns and walks away]
Charlie Bradbury : You guys fight like an old married couple.
Sam Winchester : [He and Charlie are waiting and watching Dean break into the morgue. Dean turns and jumps when he sees them already inside] What took you so long?
Dean Winchester : I stopped for gas.
[At Sam's raised eyebrows... ]
Dean Winchester : Shut up!
Dean Winchester : [to Sam just before drinking a potion that will allow him inside Charlie's dream to save her] Alright, let's do this.
[He gulps it down]
Dean Winchester : Ahh! Okay. Alright, I'm gonna need to go to sleep fast, so uh... punch me.
[Sam gives him a look]
Dean Winchester : Look, man, I know you don't want to, okay-
[Sam punches him with a right cross and Dean is knocked sideways, but still upright]
Dean Winchester : Alright, you're a little off your game there, cuz that was, uh, that was pretty-
[Sam gets him square on the chin with an upper cut, and Dean is knocked out and falls into a chair]
Dean Winchester : Listen to me. This poison, it's designed to put your mind into an endless cycle while your insides turn to mush, okay? And its fuel is fear. Now, call me crazy, but I think the only way to break the cycle is to let go of the fear and stop playing the game.
Charlie Bradbury : You don't know that.
Dean Winchester : I know that your fear is creating all this. But, you're not afraid of those super soldier vamps out there. And you're not afraid of this game. And you're not afraid of what it did to you. Hey. Look at me.
[Referring to her mother]
Dean Winchester : You're afraid of losing her.
[His tone softens]
Dean Winchester : Charlie, she's already gone.
Charlie Bradbury : You don't understand. You don't understand. I was at a sleep over, and I got scared.
[Fighting tears]
Charlie Bradbury : So, I called my parents to come and get me. They should never have been driving that night.
Dean Winchester : [Bobby is showing Sam and Dean a spike in monster activity in the past week, circling locations on a US map] Is it just me, or is that a straight kick line down I80?
Bobby Singer : [Draws a line along the interstate on the map] Exactly.
Dean Winchester : Looks to me like it's a... Sherman march monster mash.
Dean Winchester : [Big smile] Well, look what the cat dragged in.
[He and Sam are seeing Rufus for the first time in a long time]
Sam Winchester : It really is good to see you, Rufus.
Rufus Turner : [shaking hands with Sam and Dean] I can believe it. It must get old dealing with this miserable cuss here all by yourselves.
Sam Winchester : Ha! Is it that obvious?
Bobby Singer : Why don't you three get a room?
Dean Winchester : [Advancing on Samuel with his gun aimed, cocked, ready to fire] Welcome to next time!
Rufus Turner : [referring to Samuel] I take it you know each other.
Bobby Singer : Check your ear.
Dean Winchester : [Looks at Bobby and lowers his gun] What do you mean, check my ear? Check my ear for what?
[while he's distracted, Rufus pokes his finger into Dean's ear]
[Pulls away, then checks his own ear, muttering]
Dean Winchester : Why don't you buy me a drink first?
Dean Winchester : You know what I think Mom would say? She'd say just cuz you're blood doesn't make you family. You gotta *earn* that.
Dean Winchester : [Watching Bobby as he comes to tied to a chair, possessed by the worm] Well, hey there, you little herpe.
[Places the live wire against Bobby's neck then steps back]
Sam Winchester : Why do you keep talkin' about herpes?
[Sam just looks at him]
Dean Winchester : I don't- shut up. Shut up!
Dean Winchester : No way out now, Sluggo!
Bobby Singer : It was Omaha. It was my fault. And he never let it go.
Dean Winchester : [without hesitation] Well, he should have.
Bobby Singer : You don't know what I did, Dean.
Mr. Pendleton : [to Crowley] Damn you.
[walks away]
Crowley : Enjoy the obscene wealth! See you in ten years.
[He walks off, Castiel following; they vanish]
Castiel : [outside Crowley's hideout] I followed him. It's not far, but... it's layered in Enochian warding magic. I can't get in.
Dean Winchester : That's okay. You did great. We'll take it from here.
Sam Winchester : It's Crowley, right?
Crowley : So, the Hardy Boys finally found me. Took you long enough.
[he approaches, looks down at the rug, turns it up to find the Devil's Trap painted underneath]
Crowley : Do you have any idea how much this rug cost?
[demons come up from behind and restrain the brothers; Crowley holds up the Colt]
Crowley : This is it, right? This is what it's all about.
[raises the gun, shoots the two demons holding them; the brothers look at each other in confusion]
Crowley : We need to talk. Privately.
Dean Winchester : What the hell is this?
Crowley : Do you know how deep I could have buried this thing? There's no reason you or anyone should know this even exists at all. Except that I told you.
Sam Winchester : *You* told us?
Crowley : Rumors. Innuendo. Sent out on the grapevine.
Sam Winchester : Why? Why tell us anything?
Crowley : [pointing the Colt at Dean] I want you, to take this thing to Lucifer, and empty it into his face.
Dean Winchester : Uh-huh. Okay, and why, exactly would *you* want the Devil dead?
Crowley : [putting the Colt down] It's called survival. But I forgot, you two at best are functional morons.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you're functioning morons... more.
Dean Winchester : Uh, excuse me for asking, but aren't you kinda signing your own death warrant? I mean, what happens to you if we go up against the Devil and lose?
Crowley : Number one, he's gonna wipe us all out anyway, two, after you leave here I go on an extended vacation to all points nowhere, and three, HOW ABOUT YOU DON'T MISS, OKAY? MORONS!
[tosses Dean a bag of ammo, vanishes]
Dean Winchester : You know, trap or no trap, if we got a snowball's chance we gotta take it, right?
Dean Winchester : Right. Okay, right.
Bobby Singer : Now, tell me what you got.
Bobby Singer : Before he went missing, did Cas say how many reapers?
Dean Winchester : I don't, I don't know, he said a lot of things I guess, I mean does the number matter?
Bobby Singer : Devil's in the details, Dean.
[Ellen nudges Dean, he holds out the radio for her]
Ellen Harvelle : Bobby it's Ellen. The way he was looking, the number of places Castiel's eyes went, I'd say we're talkin' over a dozen reapers, probably more.
Bobby Singer : I do not like the sound of that.
Dean Winchester : Nobody likes the sound of that, Bobby, but... what, what does that sound *like*?
Bobby Singer : It sounds like Death, son. I think Satan's in town to work a ritual. I think he's planning to unleash Death.
Dean Winchester : You mean like as in, this dude and taxes are the only sure thing?
Bobby Singer : As in *Death*, the Horseman, the Pale Rider in the flesh.
Dean Winchester : Unleash, I mean, hasn't Death been trompin' all over the place, I mean hell I've died several times myself!
Bobby Singer : Not this guy, this is, this is the Angel of Death! Big Daddy Reaper. They keep this guy chained in a box six hundred feet under. Last time they hauled him up, Noah was buildin' a boat. That's why the place is crawlin' with reapers. They're waitin' on the big boss to show.
Bobby Singer : The Angel of Death must be brought into this world at midnight, through a place of awful carnage. Now back during the Civil War there was a battle in Carthage. A battle so intense the soldiers called it the Battle of Hell-hole.
Dean Winchester : Where'd the massacre go down?
Bobby Singer : On the land of William Jasper's farm.
Dean Winchester : So now we know where the Devil's gonna be, we know when, and we have the Colt.
Sam Winchester : Yeah. We just have to get past, eight or so Hellhounds and get to the farm by midnight.
Dean Winchester : And that's after we get Jo and Ellen the hell outta town.
[laughs]
Dean Winchester : No, but if I was, would that work?
Jo Harvelle : [smiles at him and sets her beer on the counter. She moves in closer, puts her hand close to the back of his neck and tilts her face up to his. Just as their lips are about to connect, she pulls back] No. Sweetheart, if this is our last night on earth, then I'm going to spend it with a little thing I call self-respect.
[she turns and laughs softly as she walks away]
Dean Winchester : [watches her walk away and raises his beer to his lips] If you're into that kinda thing.
Dean Winchester : Well how's it work?
Ezra Moore : You stick this end in his heart. Miss, he has you for supper.
Dean Winchester : [Sam is showing Dean results on the laptop of research into past killings similar to their current hunt] Any pattern here other than location?
Sam Winchester : Random vics. Random years. But they seem to drop in threes.
Dean Winchester : That's two down, one to go. Alright, let me drive for a sec.
[turns the laptop towards himself]
Sam Winchester : You gonna... look at more anime? Or are you... strictly into Dick now?
[small smile]
Dean Winchester : [With Sam, presenting fake ID's to a civilian] Special Agent Smith.
[points to Sam]
Dean Winchester : This is, uh... Special Agent Smith. No relation.
Dean Winchester : So who died in your life that made you a Hunter?
Eliot Ness : Who died? Nobody died, you morbid son of a bitch. I started doin' this cuz vampires were turnin' folks in Cleveland.
Dean Winchester : And you caught the bug.
Eliot Ness : That's when I caught the bug. Sometimes you just wanna... punch through the red tape with a silver bullet. Yeah, huntin' sets me free. Anyone you know hunt?
Dean Winchester : I used to do it cuz that's what my family did. But they just seem to keep dyin'. Tell you the truth, I don't know why I'm doin' much of anything anymore.
Eliot Ness : Boo hoo. Cry me a river, ya Nancy.
[Dean looks uncertainly at Ness]
Eliot Ness : Tell me... Are all Hunters as soft as you in the future?
[Dean gets a chastised look on his face]
Eliot Ness : Everybody loses everybody. And then one day, boom, your number's up. But, at least you're makin' a difference.
[a sort of realization dawns on Dean's face]
Eliot Ness : So, enjoy while it lasts, kid, cuz hunting's the only clarity you're gonna find in this life. And that makes you luckier than most.
Dean Winchester : [With reverence upon seeing the arsenal in Eliot Ness' trunk] Sweet merciful awesome.
Dean Winchester : Oh, like "Poltergeist"?
Sam Winchester : It could be a poltergeist.
Dean Winchester : No, no, no. Like the movie, "Poltergeist."
[Sam looks confused]
Dean Winchester : You know nothing of your cultural heritage, do you?
Brad Redding : Uh, excuse me, green-shirt guy? Yeah, yeah, you, come here. Could you get me a smoothie from craft?
Dean Winchester : You want a what from who?
Sam Winchester : So what do you think?
Dean Winchester : Well, I think being a PA sucks, but the food these people get? Are you kidding me? I mean, look at these things, they're like miniature philly cheese steak sandwiches, they're delicious!
[offers one to Sam, who looks grossed out]
Bela Talbot : No... A great thief.
Dean Winchester : [to Bela] Anywho, this has been charming but, uh... look at the time. Oh, and this
[holds up lucky rabbits foot, inciting a look of fury from Bela]
Dean Winchester : Looks like you're not the only one with sticky fingers. If it's any consolation, I think you're a truly *awful* person.
Bela Talbot : [holding a gun on Sam and Dean] Put the foot down, honey.
Dean Winchester : No. You're not gonna shoot anybody. You see, I happen to be able to read people. Okay, you're a thief, fine. But you're not--
[Bela turns and shoots Sam in the shoulder]
Dean Winchester : Son of a....
Bela Talbot : Back off, Tiger. Back off. You make one more move, and I pull the trigger. You've got the luck Dean, you I can't hit. But your brother...
[Bela aims the gun at Sam]
Det. Diana Ballard : Yeah. I've noticed.
[Smiles]
Jeff Krause : I'm Jeff Krause. I'm with the public defenders office. I'm your lawyer.
Dean Winchester : Oh, thank God, I'm saved.
Dean Winchester : Can we make this quick, I'm a little tired. It's been a long day, you know, with your partner assaulting me and all
Det. Diana Ballard : I wanna know more about that stuff you were talking about earlier.
Dean Winchester : Time Life, Mysteries of the Unknown. Look it up.
Dean Winchester : Pee break? So soon? You know, you might wanna get your prostate checked.
Dean Winchester : You don't wanna do something that you're gonna regret.
[Det. Pete Sheridan cocks his gun]
Bobby Singer : Okay. Good talk.
[makes to roll out the door]
Dean Winchester : No, wait a minute, listen to me.
[Dean sits down in front of him]
Dean Winchester : You don't stop bein' a soldier 'cause you got wounded in battle. Okay, no matter what shape you're in, bottom line is, you're *family*. And I don't know if you've noticed, but me an' Sam, we don't have much left. I can't do this without you. I can't. So don't you *dare* think about checkin' out. I don't want to hear that again.
Dean Winchester : Okay. Good.
Bobby Singer : Thanks. Now, we done feelin' our feeling's? 'Cause I'd like to get outta this room before we both start growin' lady parts.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, we're done. Let's go, Ironsides.
Bobby Singer : [sarcastic] Oh, *that* one's stickin', huh?
[Dean smiles]
Older Dean Winchester : So, you were gonna just shoot some old guy? Is that it?
Sam Winchester : I didn't know *what* you were. I mean, have you seen you? You look like...
Older Dean Winchester : The old chick in "Titanic." I know. Shut up.
Sam Winchester : I was gonna say "Emperor Palpatine."
[Bobby punches the door open with his wheelchair]
Bobby Singer : I see you met John McCain there.
Sam Winchester : Yeah. Either of you wanna tell me what happened?
Bobby Singer : What else what?
Dean Winchester : What else could do it?
Bobby Singer : Airlift your ass out of the hotbox? As far as I can tell, nothin'.
Dean Winchester : I'm trying to come up with a theory here, okay? Work with me.
Sam Winchester : Dean, we have a theory.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, one with a little less fairy dust on it, please.
Dean Winchester : See, this is why I can't get behind God.
Sam Winchester : What are you talking about?
Dean Winchester : If He doesn't exist, fine. Bad crap happens to good people. That's how it is. And no rhyme or reason, just random horrible, evil. I get it. Okay? I can roll with that. But if He is out there, what's wrong with Him? Where the hell is He while all these decent people are getting torn to shreds? How does He live with Himself? You know, why doesn't He help?
[long pause]
Dean Winchester : [quietly] To stop Lucifer.
Castiel : [nods] That's why we've arrived.
Dean Winchester : Well, bang-up job so far. Stellar work with the witnesses. That's nice.
Castiel : We tried. There are other battles, other seals. Some we'll win, some we'll lose. This one we lost.
[Dean snorts derisively. Castiel moves closer to him]
Castiel : Our numbers are not unlimited. Six of my brothers died in the field this week. You think the armies of heaven should just follow you around? There's a bigger picture here.
[leans in even closer; Dean looks uncomfortable. With intensity:]
Castiel : You should show me some respect. I dragged you out of hell. I can throw you back in.
[he disappears]
Dean Winchester : I thought angels were supposed to be guardians. Fluffy wings, halos - you know, Michael Landon. Not dicks.
Castiel : Read the Bible. Angels are warriors of God. I'm a soldier.
Bobby Singer : Solid iron, completely coated in salt. One hundred percent ghost proof.
Sam Winchester : You built a panic room?
Bobby Singer : ...I had a weekend off.
Dean Winchester : This sucks out loud.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, tell me about it.
Meg : An exorcism. Are you serious?
Dean Winchester : Oh, we're going for it, baby. Head spinning, projectile vomiting, the whole nine yards.
Dean Winchester : Hey, what's happening, is there a fire?
Fireman: We're figuring that out right now. Just stay back.
Dean Winchester : Well, I've got a yorkie upstairs and he pees when he's nervous.
Meg : He begged for his life with tears in his eyes. He begged to see his sons one last time. That's when I slit his throat.
Dean Winchester : For your sake, I hope you're lying. 'Cause if it's true, I swear to *God* I will march into hell myself, and I will slaughter each and every one of you evil sons of bitches, so help me God.
Dean Winchester : Listen, do you mind just getting this over with, huh? Because I really can't stand the monologuing.
John Winchester : Funny. But that's all M.O., isn't it? Mask all that nasty pain. Mask the truth.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you can't kill Death.
Dean Winchester : Dude, I full on Swayze-d that mother.
[In a very heart-felt way]
Dean Winchester : Thanks for not givin' up on me, Sammy.
Dean Winchester : Don't worry, Sam, I'm not goin' anywhere.
Dean Winchester : I feel like I'm at a slumber party.
Dean Winchester : You see me mucking around with crystals and listening to Yanni?
John Winchester : I just want you to know that I'm proud of you.
Dean Winchester : Is this really you talking?
[Upon seeing Tessa's body]
Tessa : I don't understand, I just came in for an appendectomy.
Dean Winchester : I hate to bear bad news, but I think there were some complications.
Dean Winchester : [Dean is a spirit and can't be heard] Dude you need to find some voodoo priest to lay some mojo on me.
Sam Winchester : [Talking to his dad] I don't know, I'll just find some voodoo priest and lay some mojo on him.
[He is unaware where that came from]
Dean Winchester : I think I'll pass the 72 virgins, thanks. I'm not that into prude chicks anyway.
Tessa : That's funny. You're very cute.
Dean Winchester : Well, how 'bout this. The Suite Life of Zach and Cas.
[Castiel and Zacharaiah don't appear to understand]
Dean Winchester : It's a... Never mind.
Dean Winchester : [a phone message faked by the angels to push Sam into killing Lilith] Listen to me you blood-sucking freak. Dad always said I'd either have to save you or kill you. Well, I'm giving you fair warning. I'm done trying to save you. You're a monster, Sam, a vampire. You're not you anymore. And there's no going back.
Castiel : This is long foretold. This is your...
Dean Winchester : Destiny? Don't give me that holy crap.
Dean Winchester : [reading Chuck's prophetic story] St. Mary's, what is that, a convent?
Chuck Shurley : Yeah, but you guys aren't supposed to be there. You're not in this story!
Castiel : Yeah well, we're making it up as we go.
[Brilliant light appears in the window, the room starts to shake]
Chuck Shurley : What? Aw man, not again!
Castiel : [to Dean] It's the archangel! I'll hold him off, I'll hold them ALL off! Just stop Sam!
[He presses a hand to Dean's forehead; Dean finds himself in the convent]
[Dean is trying vainly to contact Sam on his phone, Castiel appears]
Castiel : You can't reach him, Dean. You're outside your coverage zone.
Dean Winchester : What're you gonna do to Sam?
Castiel : [sighs] Nothing. He's gonna do it to himself.
Dean Winchester : What's that supposed to mean?
[pause, Castiel looks down]
Dean Winchester : Oh right, right, gotta toe the company line. Why're you here, Cas?
Castiel : We've been through much together, you and I. And I just wanted... to say, I'm sorry it ended like this.
Dean Winchester : [stares at him] Sorry?
[he punches Castiel in the face, turns away nursing his hand]
Dean Winchester : It's Armageddon, Cas, you need a bigger word than "sorry"!
Castiel : Try to understand, this is long foretold. This is your...
Dean Winchester : Destiny? Don't gimme that holy crap. Destiny, God's plan, it's all a bunch of lies, you poor stupid sonofabitch! It's just a way for your bosses to keep me and keep you in line! You know what's real? People. Families. *That's* real. And you're gonna watch 'em all burn?
Castiel : [Advancing] What is so worth saving? I see nothing but pain here! I see inside you, I see your guilt, your anger, confusion. In paradise, all is forgiven. You'll be at peace. Even with Sam.
[he looks away, but Dean leans slightly, catching his eyes again]
Dean Winchester : You can take your peace, and shove it up your lily-white ass. 'Cause I'll take the pain, and the guilt, I'll even take Sam as is. It's a lot better than bein' some Stepford Bitch in paradise! This is simple, Cas!
[Castiel turns away]
Dean Winchester : No more crap about bein' a good soldier, there is a right and there is a wrong here, and you know it!
[grabs Castiel and spins him back around]
Dean Winchester : Look at me! You *know* it! Now you were gonna help me once, weren't you? You were gonna warn me about all this before they dragged you back to Bible Camp. Help me, now. *Please!*
Castiel : [pained] What would you have me do?
Dean Winchester : Get me to Sam, we can stop this before it's too late!
Castiel : I do that, we will all be hunted. We'll *all* be killed!
Dean Winchester : [earnestly] If there is anything worth dyin' for, this is it.
[pause, Castiel slowly shakes his head, looks away]
Dean Winchester : [angry] You spineless, *soulless* sonofabitch. What do you care about dyin', you're already dead. We're done.
Dean Winchester : We're *done*!
[Castiel vanishes]
[Castiel appears, slams Dean against the wall with a hand over his mouth and pulls out a knife. Castiel stares hard at Dean, who nods slightly. Castiel takes his hand off Dean's mouth, bares an arm and cuts himself, uses the blood to draw a sigil on the wall]
Zachariah : [appearing suddenly] Castiel! Would you mind explaining just what the Hell you're doing?
[he advances threateningly; Castiel slams his palm onto the sigil; Zachariah vanishes in a flash of light]
Castiel : He won't be gone long. We have to find Sam now.
Zachariah : Lilith's going to break the final seal. Fait accompli at this point. Train's left the station.
[he crosses the room, sits down smiling]
Dean Winchester : But me an' Sam, we can stop...
[pause as he looks at Zachariah, realizing]
Dean Winchester : You don't want to stop it, do you?
Zachariah : Nope. Never did. The End is nigh, the Apocalypse is coming, kiddo. To a theater near you.
Dean Winchester : What was all that crap about savin' seals?
Zachariah : Grunts on the ground, we couldn't just tell 'em the whole truth. We'd have a full-scale rebellion on our hands. I mean, think about it, would we really let sixty-five seals get broken, unless Senior Management wanted it that way?
Dean Winchester : [shocked] But why?
Zachariah : [cheerfully] Why not? "The Apocalypse." Poor name, bad marketing, puts people off. When all it is, is Ali/Foreman, on a slightly larger scale, and we like our chances. When our side wins - and we will - it's Paradise on Earth! What's not to like about that?
Dean Winchester : [softly, horrified] And what happens to all the people during your little pissing contest?
Zachariah : Well, can't make an omelet without crackin' a few eggs. In this case, truckloads of eggs, but you get the picture. Look. It happens. This isn't the first planetary enema we've delivered.
[Dean glances at a heavy-looking statue]
Zachariah : Um, no, Dean, probably shouldn't try to bash my skull in with that thing. Wouldn't end up too pleasant for you.
Dean Winchester : What about Sam? He won't go quietly, he'll stop Lilith.
Zachariah : Sam... has a part to play. A very important part. He may need a little nudging in the right direction, but I'll make sure he plays it.
Dean Winchester : [frightened] What does that mean? What're you gonna do to him?
Zachariah : Sam Sam Sam, Marsha Marsha Marsha, forget about him, would you? You have larger concerns. Why do you think I'm confiding in you? You're still vital, Dean, we weren't lying about your destiny. Just... omitted a few pertinent details. But nothing's changed, you are chosen. You will stop it. Just... not Lilith or the Apocalypse, that's all.
Dean Winchester : Which means?
Zachariah : Lucifer. You're going to stop Lucifer. You're our own little Russel Crowe, complete with surly attitude. And when it's over, and when you've won, your rewards will be... unimaginable. Peace, happiness, two virgins and seventy sluts?
[chuckles, walking away]
Zachariah : Trust me, one day we'll look back on this and laugh.
Dean Winchester : Tell me something. Where's God in all this?
Zachariah : [without looking at Dean] God? God has left the building.
[He disappears]
Dean Winchester : [snarls] I don't care!
[Sam jumps up and holds Ruby still, Dean kills her with the knife]
[last lines]
[Lucifer opens the door to Earth]
Dean Winchester : [Grabbing Sam] Sammy, let's go.
Sam Winchester : [Staring at the opening doorway] Dean... he's coming!
Bobby Singer : [Talking about Sam] Dean? Dean! You listen to a word I said?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, I heard you. I'm not calling him.
Bobby Singer : Don't make me get my gun, boy.
Dean Winchester : We are damn near kickoff for Armageddon. Don't you think we got bigger fish at the moment?
Bobby Singer : I know you're pissed, and I'm not making apologies for what he's done, but he's your...
Dean Winchester : Blood? He's my blood? Is that what you were gonna say?
Bobby Singer : He's your brother. And he's drowning.
Dean Winchester : Bobby, I tried to help him, but... look what happened.
Dean Winchester : Yeah.
Max Hilby : [He removes his glove and pulls up his sleeve to show the same tree on his arm] Uh. I got sick last month after this thing just appeared on my arm. I thought it looked really cool so I turned it into my family crest. I mean, after my dermatologist said it wasn't malignant.
Dean Winchester : [In full getup, face paint and wig, pacing in front of the Queen's army, preparing for the battle of the Kingdom and having some fun!] Dying in your beds many years from now, would you be willing to trade *all* the days... from this day to that... for one chance...
Charlie Bradbury : [Whispering to Sam, who is also dressed for the occasion] Isn't that the speech from...
Sam Winchester : [Whispering back] It's the only one he knows.
Dean Winchester : Just *one* chance... to come back here and tell our enemies that they may take our lives, but they will never take...
LARPer: Hold!
[a Frisbee flies through the air and lands on the ground near Dean. Everyone waits while a guy runs up, grabs it and runs out]
Dean Winchester : [Nods to the player to resume] Our freedom!
[the warriors all charge across the field with Sam and Dean in the lead]
Dean Winchester : 'S like we got a contract on us.
[Smiles]
Dean Winchester : Think it's because we're so awesome? I think it's 'cause we're so awesome.
FBI Agent Henricksen : I got a lot to celebrate. I mean, after all, seein' you two in chains?
Dean Winchester : You kinky son of a bitch. We don't swing that way.
FBI Agent Henricksen : You know what I'm trying to decide?
Dean Winchester : I don't know, what, whether Cialis will help you with your little condition?
Dean Winchester : I'm not going to let the demon kill some sweet innocent girl, that hasn't even been laid yet.
FBI Agent Henricksen : I better call in. Hell of a story I won't be telling.
Sam Winchester : So what are you gonna tell 'em?
FBI Agent Henricksen : The least ridiculous lie I can come up with in the next five minutes.
Dean Winchester : Good luck with that. Not to pressure you or anything, but... what are you planning to do about us?
FBI Agent Henricksen : I'm gonna kill you.
[he smiles]
FBI Agent Henricksen : Sam and Dean Winchester were in the chopper when it caught on fire. Nothing's left. Can't even identify 'em with dental records. Rest in peace, guys.
Dean Winchester : Needed? We just got *back* from needed!
Uriel : [low and menacing] Now you mind your tone with me.
Dean Winchester : No, you mind your damn tone with us.
[Takes a step towards Uriel but Sam cautions him to stop]
Sam Winchester : We just back from Pamela's funeral.
Dean Winchester : Pamela. You know, psychic Pamela? You remember her. Cas, you remember her. You- you burned her eyes out. Remember that? Good times! Yeah, then she died saving one of your precious seals. So, maybe you can stop pushing us around like pieces on a chess board for FIVE *FREAKIN'* MINUTES!
Uriel : [Menacing] We raised you outta Hell... for *our* purposes.
Dean Winchester : [Not backing down] Yeah, what were those again? What exactly do you want from me?
Uriel : Start with gratitude.
[Dean looks at Cas, but Cas stays silent]
Dean Winchester : So, you need our help hunting a demon?
Castiel : Not quite. We have Alistair.
Dean Winchester : Great. He should be able to name your trigger man.
Castiel : But, he won't talk. Alistair's will is very strong. We've arrived at an impasse.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, well, he's like a black belt in torture. I mean, you guys are outta your league.
Uriel : That's why we've come to his student. You happen to be the most qualified interrogator we've got.
[Realization dawns on Dean and he swallows hard and lowers his head]
Castiel : Dean. You're our best hope.
Alastair : The whole bloody thing, Dean. The reason Lilith wanted you there in the first place.
Dean Winchester : Well, then, I'll just make you shut up.
[Pours salt down Alistair's throat]
Alastair : [choking] Something caught in my throat... I think it's my throat.
Dean Winchester : Well strap in. Cuz I'm just startin' to have fun.
[Turns back to the table with various implements on it]
Alastair : You know. It was supposed to be your father. He was supposed to bring it on. But, in the end... it was you.
Dean Winchester : [Turns back to Alastair] Bring what on?
Alastair : Every night, the same offer, remember? Same as your father. And finally you said, sign me up. Oh, the first time you picked up my razor, the first time you sliced into that... weeping bitch. That was the first seal.
Dean Winchester : You're lying.
Alastair : And it is written that the first seal shall be broken when a righteous man sheds blood in Hell. As he breaks, so shall it break.
[Dean walks away in horror]
Alastair : We had to break the first seal before any others. Only way to get the dominoes to fall, right? Top of the order, the front of the line.
[pause, then thoughtfully]
Alastair : When we win, when we bring on the apocalypse and burn this earth down, we'll owe it all to you... Dean Winchester.
[Dean closes his eyes as dread fills him]
Alastair : Believe me, son, I wouldn't lie about this. It's kind of a... religious... sort of thing with me.
[Looks at the water leak he's caused to break the Devil's trap]
Dean Winchester : No. I don't think you are lying. But, even if the demons do win, you won't be there to see it.
[Dean turns back to the trap but Alistair has freed himself]
Alastair : You should talk to your plumber about the pipes.
[He knocks Dean to the ground with one blow]
Castiel : [Sitting next to Dean's bed in the hospital room] You alright?
Dean Winchester : [Voice rough after being taken off the ventilator] No thanks to you.
Castiel : You need to be more careful.
Dean Winchester : You need to learn how to manage a damn Devil's trap.
Castiel : That's not what I mean. Uriel is dead.
Sam Winchester : Dean. What?
Dean Winchester : Dude you... You like full on had a girl inside you for like a whole week.
[Dean chuckles]
Dean Winchester : I'll call you later.
[he leaves]
Jo Harvelle : No you won't.
Dean Winchester : Hi, so sorry to bother you but my son snuck out of the house last night and went to a Justin Timberlake concert... What?... Uh yeah... Justin's quite the triple threat.
[Sam wants Dean to shot him so he won't kill anyone else]
Dean Winchester : You know, I've fought so hard to keep you safe.
Sam Winchester : I know.
Dean Winchester : I can't. I'd rather die.
Sam Winchester : Dean, back from the dead. Getting to be a regular thing for you, isn't it? Like a cockroach.
Dean Winchester : How bout I smack that smartass right out of your mouth?
Sam Winchester : Oh, careful now... wouldn't want to bruise this fine packaging
Dean Winchester : You checked in two days ago under the name Richard Sambora. I think the scariest part of this whole thing is the fact that you're a Bon Jovi fan.
Dean Winchester : But, it wasn't *you*! Alright? I mean, yeah, it might have been you, but it wasn't *you*.
[Sam was possessed by a demon who was torturing Dean by punching him, grinding his fingers into his gunshot wound and taunting him about his grief over the loss of their father and his fear of not being able to save Sam. Dean and Bobby have just exorcised Sam of the demon]
Dean Winchester : [In pain and exhausted] Sammy?
Sam Winchester : Did I miss anything?
[Dean uses all the strength he has left to punch Sam, then falls over]
Sam Winchester : When I told Dad I was scared of the thing in my closet, he gave me a .45!
Dean Winchester : Well, what was he supposed to do?
Sam Winchester : I was *nine* years old! He was supposed to say "don't be afraid of the dark!"
Dean Winchester : Don't be afraid of the dark? What are you, kidding me? Of course you should be afraid of the dark. You know what's out there!
Sheriff : So, you want to give us your real name?
Dean Winchester : I told you it's Nugent. Ted Nugent.
Deputy: So, fake US Marshall, fake credit cards. You got anything that's real?
Dean Winchester : Okay.
Castiel : I'm not a hammer, as you say. I have questions. I-I have doubts. I don't know what is right and what is wrong anymore, whether you passed or failed here. But, in the coming months, you will have more decisions to make. I don't envy the weight that's on your shoulders, Dean. I truly don't.
Astronaut: [Outside their motel, Sam and Dean cross paths with a kid dressed as an astronaut with a bucket of candy] Trick or treat?
Dean Winchester : This is a motel.
Astronaut: So?
Dean Winchester : So, we don't have any candy.
Sam Winchester : No, we have a ton in the-
[Dean cuts him off]
Dean Winchester : We did, but it's gone.
[the kid isn't buying it]
Dean Winchester : Sorry, kid, we can't help you.
Astronaut: I want candy.
Dean Winchester : Well, I think *you've* had enough.
Astronaut: [the boy narrows his eyes into a steely-eyed glare and walks away roughly shouldering past Dean]
Bela Talbot : You don't understand.
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm pretty sure I understand perfectly. Y'see, I noticed something interesting in your hotel room. Something tucked above the door, an herb. Devil's Shoestring. Well there's only one use for that.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : Holding Hellhounds at bay. So you know what I did? I went back and took another look at your folks obit, turns out they died ten years ago today. You didn't kill them. A demon did your dirty work. You made a deal, didn't you, Bela. And it's come due.
Dean Winchester : Is that why you stole the Colt, huh? Try to wiggle out of your deal? Our gun for your soul?
Dean Winchester : But stealing the Colt wasn't quite enough, I'm guessing.
Bela Talbot : They changed the deal. They wanted me to kill Sam.
Dean Winchester : [sarcastic] Really. Wow. Demons, untrustworthy. Huh. Shocker. That's, uh, kind of a tight deadline too, uh, what time is it? Oh, look at that! Almost midnight.
Bela Talbot : [crying] Dean, listen, I need help.
Dean Winchester : Sweetheart, we are weeks past help.
Bela Talbot : I know I don't deserve it.
Dean Winchester : You know what, you're right. You don't. But you know what the bitch of the bunch is? If you would have just come to us sooner and asked for help, we probably could have taken the Colt and saved you.
Bela Talbot : [still crying] I know, and saved yourself.
[pause]
Bela Talbot : Her name is Lilith.
Dean Winchester : ...Lilith? Why should I believe you?
Bela Talbot : You shouldn't, but it's the truth.
Dean Winchester : This can't help you, Bela. Not now. Why are you tellin' me this?
Bela Talbot : Because just maybe you can kill the bitch.
Dean Winchester : [long pause] I'll see you in Hell.
[he hangs up on her]
Dean Winchester : [Dial tone. Bela hangs up as the clock switches to 12:00 midnight. Hellhounds howl in the background. Bela stands to look out window, and there is a crash as the Hellhounds presumably attack and scene fades to black]
Dean Winchester : Hiya, Bela. Here's a fun fact you may not know: I felt your hand in my pocket when you swiped that motel receipt.
Bela Talbot : You don't understand.
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm pretty sure I understand perfectly. Y'see, I noticed something interesting in your hotel room. Something tucked above the door, an herb. Devil's Shoestring. Well there's only one use for that.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : Holding Hellhounds at bay. So you know what I did? I went back and took another look at your folks obit, turns out they died ten years ago today. You didn't kill them. A demon did your dirty work. You made a deal, didn't you, Bela. And it's come due.
Lilith: [flashback, young Bela swinging, crying] I can take care of them for you. And it won't even cost you anything for ten whole years.
[her eyes glow red]
Dean Winchester : Is that why you stole the Colt, huh? Try to wiggle out of your deal? Our gun for your soul?
Dean Winchester : But stealing the Colt wasn't quite enough, I'm guessing.
Bela Talbot : They changed the deal. They wanted me to kill Sam.
Dean Winchester : [sarcastic] Really. Wow. Demons, untrustworthy. Huh. Shocker. That's, uh, kind of a tight deadline too, uh, what time is it? Oh, look at that! Almost midnight.
Bela Talbot : [crying] Dean, listen, I need help.
Dean Winchester : Sweetheart, we are weeks past help.
Bela Talbot : I know I don't deserve it.
Dean Winchester : You know what, you're right. You don't. But you know what the bitch of the bunch is? If you would have just come to us sooner and asked for help, we probably could have taken the Colt and saved you.
Bela Talbot : [still crying] I know, and saved yourself.
[pause]
Bela Talbot : Her name is Lilith.
Dean Winchester : ...Lilith? Why should I believe you?
Bela Talbot : You shouldn't, but it's the truth.
Dean Winchester : This can't help you, Bela. Not now. Why are you tellin' me this?
Bela Talbot : Because just maybe you can kill the bitch.
Dean Winchester : [long pause] I'll see you in Hell.
[he hangs up on her]
Dean Winchester : [Dial tone. Bela hangs up as the clock switches to 12:00 midnight. Hellhounds howl in the background. Bela stands to look out window, and there is a crash as the Hellhounds presumably attack and scene fades to black]
Dean Winchester : Welcome to the club.
[She laughes]
Dean Winchester : Something funny?
Dr. Flagstaff : Not funny, ha ha. But, you. Thinking you *help* people. It's amusing. *I* help people. Clogged artery here. Tumor there. I do good in this world. You...
[She continues as his face hardens]
Dr. Flagstaff : You believe every problem can be solved with a gun. You play the hero, but underneath the hype, you're a killer with oceans of blood on his hands. I *hate* men like you.
[His face fills with rage. Then he leaps up, throws the table aside, pushes her back onto the floor in her chair and holds an angel blade to her throat]
Dean Winchester : Honey? There ain't no other men like me.
Dean Winchester : No. No, see...
[Pulls the First Blade from behind his back]
Dean Winchester : The fun's just gettin' started.
Tessa : [Shocked at seeing the blade] Dean, what have you done?
Dean Winchester : What I had to.
Tessa : Welcome to the club.
[She grabs his shoulders and pushes herself into the blade. Dean is shocked. She looks into his eyes]
Tessa : Thank you.
[She pushes the blade home and dies. Dean takes a deep breath as power and calm from another use of the blade sinks in]
Sam Winchester : So. We gonna... Are we gonna talk about this or what?
Dean Winchester : About what? Yeah. I lied. But you were being an infant.
Sam Winchester : Wow. Even for you, that apology sucked.
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm not apologizing. I'm telling you how it's gonna be.
Sam Winchester : [Desperate to get through to his brother] Dean. That blade...
Dean Winchester : That blade is the only thing that can kill Metatron. And I am the only one who can use it! So, from here on out, I'm callin' the shots. Capice?
[Sam is so angry and worried for Dean, he can only stare at him]
Dean Winchester : Look, until I jam that blade through that douche bag's heart, we are not a team. This is a dictatorship. Now, you don't hafta like it, but that's how it's gonna be.
Castiel : You really believe we three will be enough?
"Supernatural: Heaven and Hell (#4.10)" (2008)
[last lines]
Dean Winchester : They sliced and carved and tore me in ways that you- Until there was nothing left. And then suddenly, I would be whole again, like magic. Just so they could start in all over. And Alastair, at the end of every day, every one, he would come over and he would make me an offer to take me off the rack if I put souls on. If I started the torture. And every day I told him to stick it where the sun shines. For thirty years I told him. But then I couldn't do it anymore, Sammy. I couldn't. Then I got off that rack, God help me I got right off it, and I started ripping them apart. I lost count of how many souls. The things that I did to them.
Sam Winchester : Dean... Dean, look you held out for thirty years. That's longer than any one would've.
Dean Winchester : How I feel, this... inside me, I wish I couldn't feel anything, Sammy. I wish I couldn't feel a damn thing.
Dean Winchester : It wasn't four months, you know.
Sam Winchester : Try me.
Dean Winchester : [distant look in his eye] It was bloody. Messy. Thirty-one flavors of bottom dwelling nasties. Hell, most days it felt like 360 degree combat. But, there was somethin' about bein' there.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : It felt pure.
Dean Winchester : [a hamburger and fries have just been delivered to their table] Sweet mother of God.
[Sam pushes the plate over to Dean]
Dean Winchester : For me? Seriously?
[Sam just gives him a look and Dean just smiles and picks up the hamburger]
Sam Winchester : Check this out.
[looking at his laptop]
Sam Winchester : So, I went through campus security archives around the time Kevin should've been here. Anyone look familiar?
[He turns the laptop towards Dean]
Dean Winchester : [eyes closed, chewing] Mm, mmm, mmm.
Sam Winchester : He's definitely off.
Dean Winchester : Off? He hasn't been right since he got back from purgatory. We still don't know how he got out of there.
Sam Winchester : I don't know, Dean. If he's so sketchy, then why were you praying to him?
Castiel : You know, I can hear you both. I am a celestial being.
Dean Winchester : [Cas, being controlled by Naomi, is beating the crap out of Dean so he can take the Angel tablet. He's forced Dean to his knees, broken and/or dislocated Dean's arm and is holding it while punching him repeatedly. Cas looks down at the tablet] You want it? Take it! But, you're gonna hafta kill me first. C'mon, you coward. Do it. Do it!
[Cas punches him more as we cut to Heaven with Naomi]
[Cut back to the crypt where Cas hits Dean again]
Dean Winchester : Cas... this isn't you. This isn't you!
[Cas keeps throwing punches as we cut to Heaven]
Naomi : Bring. Me. The. Tablet.
[Cut back to the crypt. Cas throws yet another punch]
Dean Winchester : Ahh!
[weak and bloodied, looking up at Cas, holding up his uninjured arm beseechingly]
Dean Winchester : Cas... Cas... I know you're in there. I know you can hear me. Cas. It's me.
[weaker, but not giving up]
Dean Winchester : We're family... We *need* you. *I* need you.
[Cut to Heaven]
Naomi : You have to choose, Castiel. Us. Or them.
[Cut to the crypt]
Meg : You ever miss the apocalypse?
Castiel : No, why would I miss the end of times?
Meg : I miss the simplicity. I was bad, you were good, life was easier. Now it's all so messy. I'm kinda good - which sucks - and you're kinda bad - which is actually all manner of hot!
[pause; Cas looks at her quizzically]
Meg : We survive this...
Meg : I'm gonna order some pizza and we're gonna move some furniture around, you understand?
Castiel : [shaking his head] No, I... I...
[pause; Meg raises her brows suggestively]
Castiel : Wait, actually... yes, I...
Dean Winchester : [abruptly walking into the room] Alright! Let's roll, campers!
Dean Winchester : Do you really think we can trust Megstiel?
Dean Winchester : What, now you trust Meg?
Meg : Hey, I got you this far.
Dean Winchester : And that'd be you.
Metatron : Why not me?
Dean Winchester : You've been working those people outside, for what, a day? They've already spilled blood in your name. You were nothing but Bernie Madoff with wings.
Metatron : So I'm a fake. Do you have any idea how much pan-cake makeup and soft lighting it took to get God to work a rope-line? He hated it. And, you know, humans sense that. So they prayed harder and longer and fought more wars in His name. And for what? So they could die of malaria? Leukemia? And all the while, blaming themselves! "Oh, if only I had been more prayerful. God would have loved me. God would have saved me." You know what? God didn't even know their name! But I do. Because I've walked among them. And I can save them.
Dean Winchester : Sure, you can. So long as your mug is in every Bible and "What Would Metatron Do?" is on every bumper.
Metatron : What, are you blaming me for giving them for what they want, giving them a brand they can believe in?
Dean Winchester : I'm blaming you for Kevin! I'm blaming you for taking Cass' grace. Hell, I'm blaming you for the Cubs not a winning a World Series in the last 100 freaking years. Whatever it is... I'm blaming you.
Metatron : The First Blade. Nasty piece of work, isn't she? Okay, let's say you win, Dean, and I die. What's the world left with then, hmm? A herd of panty-wasted angels and you? Half out of your mind with lord knows what pumping through those veins?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you said, the only thing you said that went into my ear was that you die.
Metatron : Ohh. Fine. We'll fight. I don't know what you expect is gonna come of all this. Unless... that's why you're stalling. Because you know nothing's gonna come of this unless your pal's succeed upstairs. Well, here's a news flash - Humpty and Dumpty are starring in their very own version of "Locked Up Abroad: Heaven" right now.
[Dean takes a swing of the blade, Metratron stops him in mid-swing, Dean then punches him]
Metatron : Wow, that big blade and that... douchey tribal tat sure gave you some super juice. Whoo! Okay.
Dean Winchester : What happened with you being okay with this?
Dean Winchester : Yup.
Crowley : And you never get tired of the rat race? Never get the urge to just bugger off and howl at the moon? Never ask yourself, is this it? Is this all there is?
Dean Winchester : [Fear and uncertainty in his eyes] What the hell is happening to me, you son of a bitch?
Crowley : Liquor before beer? Bad tacos? How should I know?
Dean Winchester : I can't turn it off!
[He can barely stand still]
Dean Winchester : Ever since I killed Abaddon, it's- it's like this whole... other *thing*! I get this high, and I- I- I need to kill. I mean I really, *really* need to kill, and if I don't...
Crowley : You yack your guts out.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : I think I'm adorable.
Dean Winchester : [takes his meal tray and sits opposite a very large and scary looking inmate in order to start a fight] Save room for dessert Tiny.
[chuckles]
Dean Winchester : Hey, I wanted to ask you, 'cause I couldn't help but notice you are two tons of fun... just curious, is that just a thyroid problem? Or is that just some deep-seated self esteem issue? 'Cause y'know, they're, uh, just doughnuts. They're not love.
Dean Winchester : We may not be saints, but we're loyal and we pay our debts.
Dean Winchester : I'll stay here, hook up with the posse.
[Dean tries to keep a serious face]
Dean Winchester : Because you know me, I'm a posse magnet. I mean, I love posse.
[grins]
Castiel : There is no "out". Only duty.
Kevin Tran : Get the hell off me!
Castiel : You are a Prophet of The Lord, always and forever!
Castiel : [pauses, catches himself] ... Until the day you cease to exist and then another Prophet takes your place.
[Dean rolls his eyes on Castiel's obligatory full disclosure]
Castiel : [pushes Kevin to the table] Now, are you clear as to the task before you?
[Kevin nods]
Castiel : [to Dean] And let's go.
[with the rustle of angelic wings, Dean and Castiel are gone]
Crowley : Hello, boys. What's that old expression? "Success has many fathers; failure is a Winchester"? Where's the stone?
Dean Winchester : You show us yours and we'll show you ours.
Crowley : Really, Dean? I'm trying to conduct a professional negotiation here and you want to talk dangly bits?
[Dean puts a free bottle of beer in front of Castiel]
Castiel : You really think it's wise to be drinking on the job?
Dean Winchester : What show *you* been watchin'?
Dean Winchester : What's the good Father's playbook say now?
Sam Winchester : Well, now that we got the consecrated ground, I just, uh... I slip Crowley one dose of blood every hour for eight hours, then seal the deal with a bloody fist sandwich. That should do it.
Dean Winchester : Okay, the blood's supposed to be purified, isn't it? You ever, uh... you ever done the "Forgive me, Father" before?
Sam Winchester : Once. When we were kids.
[a surprised look crosses Dean's face]
Sam Winchester : Which is why I have no clue what to say now.
Dean Winchester : Um, well, I could give you a few suggestions, if you want.
Sam Winchester : Uh, okay, yeah, sure.
Dean Winchester : Okay, well. Just spit ballin' here,
[Hesitating a bit, starts slowly]
Dean Winchester : but if I were you... uh... Ruby? Killing Lilith. Letting Lucifer out.
[Picking up speed now]
Dean Winchester : [Lifts his hands in a "Don't mind me" gesture] For starters.
[Sam grabs his gear and heads to the door]
Dean Winchester : Oh, hey, how 'bout, how about what you did to, uh, Penny Markle in the 6th grade?
[With a smirk on his face]
Dean Winchester : Why don't you lead with that?
Sam Winchester : [Turns to Dean] Wait, that was you.
Dean Winchester : [the smirk disappears and he looks away, hardening his voice] Carry on.
Sam Winchester : [Weakened, pale and sick, barely able to stand. His hand is bleeding from a cut, ready to take the last step of this third trial] Look at him. Look at him. Look how close we are. Other people will die if I don't finish this!
Dean Winchester : Think about it. Think about what we know. Huh? Pulling souls from Hell. Curing demons. Hell, ganking a hell hound! We have enough knowledge on our side to turn the tide here. But, I can't do it without you.
Sam Winchester : You can barely do it *with* me. I mean, you think I screw up everything I try. You think I need a chaperone, remember?
Dean Winchester : C'mon, man, that's not what I meant.
Sam Winchester : No, it's exactly what you meant. Do you wanna know what I confessed in there? What my greatest sin was? Was how many times I let you down. I can't do that again.
Sam Winchester : What happens when you've decided I can't be trusted? Again? I mean, who are you gonna turn to next time instead of me? Another angel? Another...
[fighting tears]
Sam Winchester : ... another vampire? Do you have any idea what it feels like to watch your *brother*...
Dean Winchester : Just hold it. Hold on!
[Desperate to make Sam understand and believe]
Dean Winchester : You seriously think that? Because none of it- *none* of it- is true! Listen, man, I know we've had... our disagreements, okay? Hell, I know I've said some junk that set you back on your heels. But, Sammy... C'mon... I killed Benny... to save you. I'm willing to let this bastard, and all the sons o' bitches that killed Mom, *walk* because of you. Don't you *dare*... think that there is anything, past or present, that I would put in front of you! It has * never* been like that! *Ever*! I *need* you to see that. I'm beggin' you.
Sam Winchester : [Shaking, extremely weak] How do I stop?
Dean Winchester : [Steps up to Sam, his voice softer] Just let it go.
Sam Winchester : I can't. It's in me, Dean. You don't know what this feels like.
[Wrapping a kerchief around Sam's bleeding hand]
Dean Winchester : We will figure it out, okay?
[He gives Sam a smile]
Dean Winchester : Just like we always do. C'mon.
[He grabs Sam in a hug]
Dean Winchester : C'mon. Let it go. Okay? Let it go, brother.
[Sam notices the glow leaving his arms and pulls away to show Dean]
Dean Winchester : [Dean spots Sam through a motel window] Oh, thank god you're okay.
[Sam moves to reveal Ava]
Dean Winchester : Oh, you're better than okay! Sam, you sly dog.
Dean Winchester : Well, you are a son of a bitch.
Gordon Walker : [slaps Dean] That's my momma you're talking about.
Dean Winchester : [Sam has called the police on Gordon] You're a fine upstanding citizen, Sam.
Dean Winchester : Dude, you ever take off like that again...
Sam Winchester : What? You'll kill me?
Dean Winchester : That is so not funny.
[Sam laughs]
Dean Winchester : Come on man. I know Sam, ok? Better than anyone. He's got more of a conscience than i do. I mean the guy feels guilty searching the internet for porn.
Dean Winchester : [as he finds Gordon taking sniper shots at Sam] You do that to my brother?
Dean Winchester : [kicks the rifle away and slugs him] I'll kill you!
[Nurse Foreman walks into the Morgue Room to see Dean and Sam standing in the middle of the room]
Nurse Foreman : What are you boys doing in here?
[Sam looks awkwardly at Dean and Dean looks back at Sam. Sam laughs nervously. Nurse Foreman waits for an answer]
Dean Winchester : [with a goofy look on his face, pulls down his pants, raises his arms in the air, and wiggles his body yelling out] *Pudding*!
Nurse Foreman : [slightly shocked] All right. Come on you two.
Dean Winchester : [pulls up his pants and turns around to whisper to Sam] Crazy works.
[Nurse Foreman has a smile on her face as Dean and Sam walk past her to exit the morgue room]
[Sam and Dean are posing as brothers Alex and Edward Van Halen]
Dr. Aaron Fuller : You were referred to me by a Dr. Babar in Chicago.
Dean Winchester : Sam, I think I know what we're dealing with here... It's the Stay Puff Marshmallow Man
Dean Winchester : [to Ellen] You weren't really joking about coming, were you?
[Sam and Jo look at each other in the back seat]
Dean Winchester : How about some music?
[He turns on the radio, Foreigner is playing]
Radio: You're as cold as ice...
[Ellen immediately turns it off]
Dean Winchester : [Quietly to himself] This is going to be a long ride.
Dean Winchester : Los Angeles, California. A young girl got kidnapped by an evil cult.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, and does this girl have a name?
[Bobby and Dean take refuge from the zombies in a closet. Dean turns on the light and locks the door from the inside as the horde pound on the door]
Bobby Singer : Kind of a tight fit, don't you think?
Dean Winchester : [confident] It's all right: they're idiots; they can't pick a lock.
[the pounding immediately stops, then the zombies start picking the lock]
Bobby Singer : Don't you ever get tired of being wrong?
Dean Winchester : I'm making this stuff up as I go. Sue me.
Dean Winchester : Mr. Wells, why don't you tell us what you saw? In your own words.
[He pulls a business card from his jacket and hands it to the sheriff who dials a number on her cell. Cut to Bobby's house where a phone is ringing]
Bobby Singer : [Picks up the phone marked FBI] Agent Willis speaking.
Sheriff Jody Mills : Agent Willis, this is Sheriff Jody Mills of-
[with a quizzical look]
Bobby Singer : [under his breath] Oh... Excuse me?
Sheriff Jody Mills : [sternly after giving Sam and Dean a look] Is this Bobby Singer?
[Sam and Dean give each other a worried look]
Bobby Singer : Listen, I don't who this is, but this is Agent Tom Willis of the FBI.
Sam Winchester : So uh, so you know Bobby Singer.
Dean Winchester : That- that is... a fun coincidence.
[chuckles]
Sheriff Jody Mills : Here's what I know about Bobby Singer. He's a menace around here. Assful of drunk and disorderlies, and mail fraud. You understanding me?
Dean Winchester : [quietly, chagrined, while Sam looks down, embarrassed] I think we all can agree that you've made yourself perfectly clear, yes.
Sheriff Jody Mills : So whatever the three of you are planning, it ends here. *Now.* 10-4 on that? Agents?
[Smiles at her then shakes his head when she leaves]
Dean Winchester : What's that smell? Is that soap? Did you clean?
Bobby Singer : What are you, my mother? Bite me!
Dean Winchester : You got any more ammo? I'm low.
Bobby Singer : Yeah, we got plenty. Just run back past the zombies. It's in the van where we left it.
Dean Winchester : A simple no would've been fine.
Bobby Singer : [Sam and Dean join Bobby at the funeral pyre for his wife] So... thinking maybe I should apologize for losing my head back there.
Sam Winchester : Bobby, you don't owe us anything.
Dean Winchester : Hey look, I don't know squat from shinola about love, but... at least you got to spend 5 days with her... Right?
Bobby Singer : Right. Which makes things... about a thousand times worse.
[sighs heavily]
Bobby Singer : She was the love of my life...
[voice breaking]
Dean Winchester : [to Crowley who is trying to steal candy from a vending machine] Hey. Hey! Cut it out, man! Image. You're the king of rotten. *Act* like it!
Sam Winchester : So, the First Blade was never on display.
Dr. McElroy : No authenticated item by that name was ever on these premises.
Dean Winchester : Authenticated. Dr. McElroy, this blade was stolen and smuggled into the US in violation of treaties with several governments. We can compel you to speak.
[Gives her a confident smile]
Dr. McElroy : [with a very direct, flirtatious smile at Dean] Compel.
[softly]
Dr. McElroy : And what might that involve?
[Dean's confident smile drops and he looks a little surprised at her straightforward come on. She smiles confidently right back at him]
Dr. McElroy : Alright, look. I did acquire the so-called First Blade. And carbon dating did peg it to biblical times, but the authentication proved unreliable.
Sam Winchester : So, it was in the vault.
Dr. McElroy : I removed it myself. The guards didn't know.
Sam Winchester : And where is it now?
Dr. McElroy : Several weeks ago a confidential offer was made to purchase it. I was afraid we would never authenticate the thing, so...
Dean Winchester : Who was the buyer?
Dr. McElroy : [Smiling at Dean] Sorry. The buyer insisted on absolute secrecy.
Dean Winchester : Well... Federal statutes trump your little deal. So... the buyer?
Dr. McElroy : And you'll get it out of me one way or the other, won't you, Agent?
[She gives Dean another very suggestive smile until his smile turns to uncertainty]
Dr. McElroy : I never did know his real identity. He called himself Magnus. Don't ask me where he lives; I have no idea. But, I do have a meeting, so
[pulling out a business card to hand it to Dean]
Dr. McElroy : here is my number should you need anything else.
[Sam reaches for the card, but she pulls it out of his reach and extends it to Dean. He takes the card then watches her walk away. Sam gives Dean a look]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Dean. I am offering you the moon here. To be part of the greatest collection of all time!
[Dean looks horrified]
Cuthbert Sinclair : To be young. Forever. Let me teach you my secrets. Hm? Be my companion. I have to be honest with you. It has gotten lonely here over the years.
Dean Winchester : When you were saying any of that, did it feel at all creepy?
Dean Winchester : [Chained to a pillar while Magnus approaches him with the First Blade] Boy, you're a real piece of work, ya know that? Holed up in here, doin' nothin'. You bitch about the Men of Letters. Huh. You're way worse.
Cuthbert Sinclair : [waving the blade in front of Dean] Shall we fire it up?
[with an excited smile]
Dean Winchester : [grimly] Go to Hell.
Cuthbert Sinclair : Oh, c'mon, Dean, this is the object of your quest.
[Places the tip of the blade against Dean's chest. Dean gets very still and raises his head away from the blade]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Tell me Henry Winchester's grandson isn't curious to see if it works. Give me your hand.
[Dean doesn't move and gives Magnus a hard look]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Give me your hand.
[He grabs Dean's right hand and forces the blade into it]
[Looks down at the blade as the mark of Cain starts to glow like fire]
Cuthbert Sinclair : [steps back to watch the reaction] That's it.
[Dean's right arm begins to shake and the mark glows brighter as the connection between him and the blade grows. Dean winces then is shocked as he is overwhelmed with the power pulsing through him. His arm shakes more and he tries to catch his breath until finally, completely overwhelmed, he drops the blade]
[Dean stares at his right arm and Magnus is fascinated with the results, watching as if overseeing an experiment. He retrieves the blade from the floor as Dean breathes deeply and stares, horrified, at his right hand]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Next time, it'll be easier. You'll get used to the feelings, even welcome them.
Cuthbert Sinclair : [to Sam, tied to another another pillar after trying to rescue Dean with Crowley, who is hiding. Magnus takes a knife from his collection] Ya know, I discarded you far too quickly, Sam. You're way more valuable than I thought you were.
[to Dean, still chained to a pillar]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Why would I knock myself out trying to sap your will,
[moving towards Sam with the knife]
Cuthbert Sinclair : when I think Sam here will get you to see things my way.
Dean Winchester : [threateningly] Magnus, I swear to God!
Cuthbert Sinclair : [to Dean] What? What're you gonna do?
[to Sam]
Cuthbert Sinclair : What is he gonna do? Huh?
[Magnus cuts Sam's cheek. Sam grimaces in pain and Dean struggles against his chains. Magnus moves even closer to Sam and speaks softly, almost gently]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Look, look, Sam. I'm not gonna kill ya, course not.
[Dean notices Crowley sneak into the room out of sight of Magnus]
Cuthbert Sinclair : But, I am gonna make you suffer unimaginably.
[He cuts Sam's neck. He watches Sam's reaction, but turns as he hears Dean's chains dropping to the floor. Angry now, Magnus swings his arm back to stab Sam. Dean grabs his arm then cuts his head off with the First Blade. Crowley walks up to see Dean's reaction to using the blade. Dean is becoming overwhelmed again, more this time after having used it. He looks at Crowley, then stares at the blade in his hand as his arm shakes and the mark glows brightly]
Sam Winchester : Drop the blade.
[Sam's eyes are pleading, worried as Dean's eyes and face clear, finally realizing where he is and trying to shake off the overwhelming feelings. Dean finally drops the blade, his hand shaking as he lowers it to his side. He looks down at it then up at Sam, shocked and mortified]
Dean Winchester : [Sees that the Impala has been broken into] No. No! C'mon!
[Sam and Dean rush forward to check the damage]
Sam Winchester : Sulfur. Demons.
[Dean checks the interior while Sam checks the trunk]
Dean Winchester : Ah! Abaddon's. Well, she's just one jump behind us. Guess she couldn't find Magnus' joint either. What about the trunk?
Sam Winchester : Safe. Warding kept 'em out.
Dean Winchester : [muttering] Demon mitts all over my baby.
[Closes the back door and notices the scratches along the side]
[Slams the front door shut to find more scratches]
Dean Winchester : What, now they're keying cars?
[He goes down on his knees to check the damage, licks his thumb and rubs it along a scratch]
Sam Winchester : What language is that?
Crowley : It's Enokian. The message isn't for you. It's for me.
[Points to the scratches while Dean briefly puts his forehead against the door dejectedly then continues to check the damage]
Crowley : 'Be afraid. Your queen.' Abaddon's getting more brazen. She thinks I'm losing my grip.
Sam Winchester : Listen. You said Crowley was only useful til we got the blade.
[pauses while he raises his eyebrows significantly]
Sam Winchester : We got the blade.
[Both brothers turn to face Crowley, who immediately waves his hand and slams and pins them both against the side of the car. Sam drops the blade]
Dean Winchester : Uh! Ahhh!
[in complete frustration]
Crowley : You know, boys. I'm in debt to you. You forced sobriety on me, and now I can see the situation for what it is. Dean, you are quite the killing machine and it occurs to me that Abaddon is not the only name on your list. My name must be up there as well.
[With the flick of a finger, he pulls the blade from the ground into his hand]
Dean Winchester : It's no good to you without me.
Crowley : Yes, but as long as I have it, it's no good to you. Now this is the way it's going to go. I'll hang on to ol' donkey teeth here until such time as you locate Abaddon. Then, you'll destroy her.
[to Sam]
Sam Winchester : Mrs. Tran, your friend was possessed by a demon.
Kevin Tran : Have you ever seen The Exorcist?
Linda Tran : Is that what you've been doing all year - watching television? Did you really have to kill her?
Dean Winchester : The demon would have warned Crowley where Kevin was if we didn't.
Linda Tran : And Crowley is the one who kidnapped you?
Kevin Tran : Yeah. He needs me to translate his stupid tablet so he could take over the universe or something.
Dean Winchester : Which is why we need to get it so we can slam the Gates of Hell forever with Crowley inside.
Sam Winchester : So that things like that don't ever happen again.
Linda Tran : Prophet of the Lord, huh? It does have a nice ring to it.
Beau : Oh, if you're worried about the safety of the prophet, rest assured that we have a strict "no casting, no cursing, no supernaturally flicking the two of you against the wall just for the fun of it" policy.
Sam Winchester : Is that right? How'd you manage that?
Beau : Well, I am the right hand of a God, after all - Plutus, specifically.
Dean Winchester : Is that even a planet anymore?
Beau : It's the God of Greed. And my liege has warded these premises against Hell, Heaven and beyond - quite necessary against with some of the players we see. And incidentally, quite possibly the safest place your precious prophet could be. Mm. Well, since time is of the essence, perhaps I'll just go ahead and add a plus-three to the prophet's invitation. Copacetic?
[tosses the invitation and vanishes]
Dean Winchester : Well, thank you, Mr. Peanut!
Dean Winchester : What do we have to bid? What? We can't just show up there empty-handed.
Sam Winchester : Dean, all we have to our names is a few hacked gold cards.
Dean Winchester : All right. Well, then, we have to get creative.
Sam Winchester : Huh. Well...
[Sam looks at the Impala]
Dean Winchester : No. Mnh-mnh. Say it, and I will kill you, your children, and your grandchildren.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] Plan "C" tanked.
Crowley : Maybe you should try plan "D" for dumbass.
Beau : Our next lot, the word of God, capital "G" - very old, very rare.
Castiel : If the pizzaman truly loves this babysitter, why does he keep slapping her rear?
[pauses]
Dean Winchester : You're watching porn? Why?
Castiel : It was there.
Dean Winchester : You don't watch porn in a room full of dudes. And... you don't talk about it. Just turn it off.
Castiel : [Looks between his legs]
Dean Winchester : Oh, now he's got a boner
Dean Winchester : [Sam and Dean wake up tied to chairs facing one another] What now?
Sam Winchester : I think I know who you can ask.
Dean Winchester : [Looks over his shoulder] Evil bitch.
Meg : Keep sweet-talking me; this could go a whole new direction.
Dean Winchester : Meg. I've been dying to see you again.
Meg : Well, here I am, big boy. So what should we do now?
Dean Winchester : How 'bout I rip you to shreds?
Meg : Kinky, I like. But a little Q n' A first if you don't mind. Now where's your boss?
Meg : I'll hold off the dogs.
Dean Winchester : Well, how are you gonna do that exactl - -
[Meg pulls Castiel into a kiss and reaches into his trench coat. They pull apart, and Castiel spins Meg around, pushes her against the wall, and kisses her again]
Meg : [Almost dreamily] What was that?
Castiel : [Looks at Dean and Sam, who are dumbfounded] I learned that from the pizza man.
Meg : Well, A plus for you. I feel so... clean.
Dean Winchester : How? Why? Why me?
Zachariah : Because you're chosen! It's a great honor, Dean.
Dean Winchester : Oh, yeah. Yeah, life as an Angel condom. That's real fun!
[Zachariah has been threatening and tormenting Dean; Castiel appears and kills the other angels with a silver stiletto]
Zachariah : How are you...?
Castiel : Alive? It's a good question.
[indicating Dean and Sam]
Castiel : How did these two end up on that airplane? Another good question, because the angels didn't do it. I think we both know the answer, don't we?
Zachariah : No... It's not possible.
Castiel : [fiercely] It scares you. Well, it should. Now, put these boys back together, and go. I won't ask twice.
[Zachariah disappears; the brothers recover]
Castiel : You two need to be more careful.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, starting to get that. Your frat brothers are bigger dicks than I thought.
Castiel : I don't mean the angels. Lucifer is circling his vessel, and once he takes it those hex bags won't be enough to protect you.
[he touches their chests, the brothers flinch and groan]
Dean Winchester : What the hell was that?
Castiel : An Enochian sigil. It'll hide you from every angel in creation. Including Lucifer.
Dean Winchester : What, did you just brand us with it?
Castiel : No, I carved it into your ribs.
[pause while they take this in]
Sam Winchester : Hey Cas, were you really dead?
[a beat]
Castiel : Yes.
Dean Winchester : Then how are you back?
[Castiel looks at them for a moment, not answering, then vanishes with a sound of wingbeats]
Dean Winchester : [angrily] You listen to me, you two-faced douche. After what you did, I don't want jack-squat from you!
Zachariah : You listen to *me*, boy. You think you can rebel against us? As Lucifer did?
[looks down, sees blood dripping from Dean's hand]
Dean Winchester : [looks down] Oh yeah. A little insurance policy in case you dicks showed up.
[whips the sliding door out, revealing the angel-banishing sigil]
Zachariah : [lurching forward] No...!
[Dean slams his palm onto the sigil; the angels vanish in a flash of light]
Dean Winchester : [to the empty air] Learned that from my friend Cas, you sonofabitch.
Zachariah : Unfortunately, yes.
Dean Winchester : Well, there's got to be another way.
Zachariah : There is no other way. There must be a battle. Michael must defeat the Serpent. It is written.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, maybe. But, on the other hand... eat me. The answer's no!
[the Winchesters have been told about the Sword of Michael]
Dean : You think we're talking about the actual sword from the actual archangel?
Bobby : You better friggin' hope so.
[opens a book to a Renaissance painting depicting a beautiful and feminine angelic warrior]
Bobby : That's Michael. Toughest son of a bitch they got.
Dean : You kidding me? Tough? That guy looks like Cate Blanchett.
Bobby : Well, I wouldn't want to meet him in a dark alley, believe me. He commands the heavenly host. During the last big dust-up upstairs, he's the one who booted Lucifer's ass to the basement. Did it with that sword. So if we can find it...
Dean : We can kick the devil's ass all over again.
Dean Winchester : Huh?
Castiel : Well, slowly but surely, everyone in this town is falling prey to famine, but so far you seem unaffected.
Dean Winchester : Hey, when I want a drink, I drink. When I want sex, I go get it. The same goes for a sandwich or a fight.
Castiel : So, you're saying you're just well adjusted?
Dean Winchester : God, no. I'm just well fed.
[Dean calls Castiel on his cell phone to tell him where they are]
Dean Winchester : Cas, it's Dean... Yeah, room 31C, basement level, St. James Medical Cente...
[Dean walks right into Castiel]
Castiel : [through his cell phone, while looking at Dean] I'm there now.
Sam Winchester : "Geek"?
Aaron Bass : The Rabbi who was murdered, Isaac Bass, he was my grandfather. That's why we're here. When you guys started to follow up on his case, we started following you.
Dean Winchester : So, wait. What you're saying that you and me - We, uh, we didn't have a moment?
Aaron Bass : No, man, I was tailing you.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] Told you I was being followed. He was my gay thing.
Dean Winchester : [shows his badge to a man who's been following him] Special Agent Bolan.
[slaps the badge on the table in front of Aaron]
Aaron Bass : [flirting] Really? Wow. I thought you were like a head hunter or something.
Dean Winchester : [nods] This is the second, maybe third time I'm seeing you today? Why you following me, ginger bread?
[gives hard, intimidating look to Aaron]
Aaron Bass : Oh, so, we, um... We didn't have a thing back there, huh?
Dean Winchester : [the look of intimidation drops, replaced with confusion] Back where? Wh- what now?
Aaron Bass : I'm sorry, man, I- I thought- I thought we had a thing back at the quad. You know, a little eye magic... moment.
[Dean slowly pulls his ID back, closes it... ]
Aaron Bass : I saw you here, and I figured I'd wait until you were done with your meeting, and maybe you might, uh... well.
Dean Winchester : Yeah. Uh, okay. But, no. Uh, no moment.
[a little nervous, embarrassed, as he realizes he's being flirted with]
Dean Winchester : This is uh,
[looking down at his ID]
Aaron Bass : [still flirting] Is that supposed to make you less interesting?
[Dean looks back up at him, a little confused]
Aaron Bass : No, I- I'm sorry, man. I- I hope I didn't freak you out or anything.
Dean Winchester : Nah. Nah. No, not, not, not, not freaked out. It's just a... you know, a... federal... thing.
[flustered and trying to cover it]
Dean Winchester : Uh. Okay. Citizen. As you were.
[turns to leave]
[quickly walks away]
Dean Winchester : [Walks up behind a man crouched behind some trees watching Sam] Hey, pal.
[the man slowly rises to at least a foot taller than Dean. Dean takes in the man's height and size, and his intimidating stance changes to one of conciliation. Dean gives him a shrug and small smile. Cut to a shot of Dean being thrown out of the trees to land several feet away against a car, smashing the window and crumbling to the ground]
Sam Winchester : Dean?
[Sam sees Dean, and then the big man coming out of the trees. Sam quickly opens the trunk of their car and pulls out a large blade. He turns just as the big man reaches him and swings the blade into the man's arm with no effect. Sam yanks the blade out and the big man grabs Sam by the throat and starts to choke him]
[the big man lets Sam go]
Dean Winchester : [off camera] Oh, my spleen... Ahh...
Sam Winchester : [looking up at the big man] What. The Hell. Is that?
Aaron Bass : He's a golem. Well, he's my golem.
Sam Winchester : Hey. Just calm down. Just get in the car.
Pigeon: Ha ha. That's right, Sally. Go cry to Mama.
Dean Winchester : [pulls out his gun] Oh, that's it, you son of a bitch!
Dean Winchester : Hey. You know who wears sunglasses inside? Blind people. And douchebags.
Dean Winchester : I always knew I'd find the source of all evil at a vegan bakery.
Dean Winchester : You really think the power you hold over other people's lives can make up for what you lack in your own?
Colonel the Dog : By the way, as an honorary dog, there's something you should know. Dogs aren't really man's best friend.
Dean Winchester : What are you talkin' about?
Colonel the Dog : I know it sounds like a conspiracy theory... but the real reason we were put here was to-
[Colonel's voice suddenly changes as he starts barking]
Dean Winchester : Put here to do what?
[Colonel barks again]
Cole Trenton : Talked on the phone.
Dean Winchester : Right, right. You're the guy that's supposed to put a bullet in Sammy's brain.
[Indulgently, as if speaking to a child]
Dean Winchester : Did you miss?
Sam Winchester : You know what, Dean? I saw what happened back there. You coulda killed that guy and you didn't. You took mercy on him.
Dean Winchester : You call that mercy? Imagine you spend your whole life huntin' down the guy that knifed your father. When you finally find him, he whips you like a dog.
[Smiling, with deep satisfaction]
Dean Winchester : How do you think that feels? That kid's gonna spend his whole life knowing that he had his shot and that he couldn't beat me.
[Softly]
Dean Winchester : That ain't mercy. That's the worst thing I coulda done to him. And what I'm gonna do to you, Sammy... Well, that ain't gonna be mercy either.
"Supernatural: Metamorphosis (#4.4)" (2008)
Dean Winchester : Sam loves research. He does. He keeps it under his mattress, right next to his KY. It's a sickness, it is.
Dean Winchester : It's already gone too far, Sam! If I didn't know you, I would want to hunt you - and so would other hunters.
Sam Winchester : [after Dean confronts Sam about using his powers] You were gone. I was here. I had to keep on fighting without you. And what I'm doing, it works.
Dean Winchester : Tell me, if it's so terrific, then why'd you lie about it to me? Why did an angel tell me to stop you?
Sam Winchester : [Sam looks up, startled at Dean] What?
Dean Winchester : Cas said if I don't stop you, he will. See what that means, Sam? That means that *God* doesn't want you doing this. So, are you just gonna stand there and tell me that everything is all good?
Jack Montgomery : Who the Hell are you guys?
Dean Winchester : We're people who know a little something about something.
Dean Winchester : [Sam and Dean have burst into a woman's apartment to save her from Jack, a Ruguru. She screams] Wait! Whoa, whoa!
[Looks around, sees that the Ruguru isn't there]
Dean Winchester : We're here to save you... I guess.
Sheriff Jody Mills : Yeah, joke all you want.
Annie : Wilson and Fisher? You two are FBI, then I'm Taylor Swift. That wasn't a dental I.D. It was a fang check. You're hunters.
Dean Winchester : And you're alive because, uh, hunters trained the sheriff.
Dean Winchester : [walking up behind a vampire feeding a body into a wood chipper] Hey. Hey! Do you need any help with that?
[the vampire turns the machine off then turns to face Dean. A hand is left stuck in the chipper]
Dean Winchester : I guess not.
Dean Winchester : [Dean has a vampire pinned against a wall with a blade pressed against his throat. He is about to behead the vamp, then stops when the vamp looks away] Look at me. Look at me, bitch!
[the vamp looks at Dean, and Dean shoves the blade through his throat all the way against the wall, watches the headless vamp slide to the floor]
Sam Winchester : Nice work back there.
[pause]
[Sam gives him a disbelieving look]
Dean Winchester : Well, sorry for not putting on a Hair shirt.
[Sam looks away in disbelief]
Dean Winchester : Killing things that need killing, it's kind of our job. Last I checked, taking pleasure in that's not a crime.
Sam Winchester : So you just, what, unsunk a giant boat?
Balthazar : Oh, come on, I saved people. I thought you loved that kind of thing.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, but now those people and their kids and their kids' kids... They must have interacted with so many other people changed so much crap. You totally Butterfly Effect-ed history.
Dean Winchester : Dude, dude. Rule one: No Kutcher references.
Balthazar : Yes, unfortunately, there's still an Ashton Kutcher. And you still averted an apocalypse and there are still archangels.
Sam Winchester : I just had the weirdest dream.
Dean Winchester : Twenty bucks says mine was weirder. I'm not kidding.
Sam Winchester : No, no. I'm not kidding either. I mean, it was just bizarre.
Dean Winchester : Mine had the actual Titanic in it.
[Sam gives him a stare]
Dean Winchester : What? There something on my face?
Sam Winchester : Did it, uh, not sink? Because Balthazar...
Dean Winchester : Had a hate-on for Billy Zane? Why are you having my dreams, dude?
Dean Winchester : Why did you unsink the ship?
Balthazar : Oh, because, I *hated* the movie.
Dean Winchester : Change into what?
Sam Winchester : Into you. I've gotta be more like you.
Dean Winchester : [talking on his cell phone] I'd like to report a dead body, 309 Mayfair circle... My name? Yeah, sure, my name is-
[flips cell phone shut]
"Supernatural: Out of the Darkness, Into the Fire (#11.1)" (2015)
Dean Winchester : [He and Sam are walking back to the car, the left rear tire stick in a muddy hole] We know what she looks like, and we know that she's evil. The question is what does *she* know? I mean, she's been locked away since the beginning of time. Does she even know what a cheeseburger is? All I know is that we set her free, and we're gonna put her back in no matter what it takes.
[He opens the car door, sits down, then immediately gets back out again, looking at the rear tire. He turns to Sam]
Dean Winchester : You let me get in the car?
Sam Winchester : You were on a roll.
Dean Winchester : Just a couple hours ago, I killed Death. I'm pretty much open for anything.
Dean Winchester : [to Cas] We were hoping you could tell us what kind of Def Con Screwed we are.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] We *have* a plan. Okay? Same plan as it's always been. In order to get out, we go through.
Dean Winchester : Well, now that you've said your thanks, let's talk about what happens next.
Amara : I like it here - with you. I haven't felt this peaceful in a long, long time...
Dean Winchester : Well, let's get something straight - I'm not here to bring you peace. I know what you are.
Amara : [surprised] Really? I've been gone so long I didn't think anyone remembered.
Dean Winchester : Well, Death painted one Hell of a picture.
Amara : [confused] I don't know this "Death"... and He doesn't know me.
Dean Winchester : [taking out a blade] Are you saying I shouldn't try to kill you right now?
Amara : Am I saying that, or are you?
Dean Winchester : If you're as bad as they say you are, why haven't you hurt me?
Amara : For the same reason that you'll never hurt me.
[shows the Mark of Cain on her collarbone]
Amara : We're bound, Dean. We'll always be bound. You helped me, I helped you. No matter where I am, who I am, we will always help each other.
Castiel : I need your help. It seems this is going to involve... talking to people.
Dean Winchester : C'mon, Cas. I thought you were a hunter now.
[Goes to sit at the table where his laptop is]
Castiel : Yeah well. I thought so, too but- It seems I lack a certain...
Dean Winchester : You saw nothing.
[Cas starts to say something, stops, then looks away. Dean opens the laptop again, a little embarrassed, and tries to cover the website picture with one hand while closing the site with the other]
[Relieved]
Dean Winchester : What am I looking for?
Dean Winchester : [He and Cas have just entered a hospital room] Mr. Hinkley? Hi, uh, we're from the, uh, Geneva Gazette. I wanted to ask you a few questions about your... ambush.
[Chuckles with a small smile]
Chris Hinkley : Yeah, well, I'd laugh too if it didn't feel like the Sun just ate my face.
Castiel : [to Dean] That's a metaphor.
Dean Winchester : [Gives Cas a look. Then back to Hinkley] Sorry. Uh, now in the police report it said that the, uh, the bush, it talked to you. Yeah?
Chris Hinkley : Yeah, I know it sounds crazy, but yeah.
Castiel : What did it say?
Chris Hinkley : No clue. Sounded like... Klingon to me.
Dean Winchester : Bring me some pie!
Dean Winchester : We got work to do.
Dean Winchester : Whoo, that was about as fun as getting kicked in the jewels.
[in regards to the vision he received]
Dean Winchester : [after Sam gets stabbed] Hey, hey... come here, come here, let me look at ya.
[checks the wound on Sam's back]
Dean Winchester : Oh, hey look, it's not even that bad... It's not even that bad, alright? Sammy, Sam! Hey, listen to me, we are going to patch you up okay... You'll be as good as new. Huh? I'm going to take care of you, I'm going to take care of you! I gotcha. It's my job, right, watch after my pain-in-the-ass little brother... Sam... Sam... Sam! Sammy!
[Sam dies]
Sam Winchester : Did you call Bobby?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, he's workin' his own case. I gotta move and I need backup, and that means you.
Sam Winchester : Wh- wait. You sure about that?
Dean Winchester : I know, you're bonkers. But, luckily I just need ya to keep the engine runnin' and wait by the back door. Just don't, uh, don't let Satan change my presets.
Lucifer : [Impersonating Dean. The real Dean has just walked into the warehouse where Lucifer is tormenting Sam] Oh, look, another me.
Dean Winchester : Sam, what are you doing?
[Sam points his gun at the real Dean]
Sam Winchester : I thought I was with *you*, Dean.
Dean Winchester : Okay. Well, here I am.
Sam Winchester : No. No, I don't- I-
[looks at Lucifer leaning against the wall]
Sam Winchester : I can't know that for sure. You understand me?
Dean Winchester : Okay, then, we're gonna hafta start small.
Sam Winchester : I don't remember driving here.
Lucifer : [to Sam] That's because I drove. You thought.
[shrugs, then to Dean whispering conspiratorially]
Lucifer : Sam is very suggestible.
[Sam fires his gun at Lucifer]
Dean Winchester : Whoa! Whoa! Sam! This discussion does not require a weapon's discharge. Look at me. C'mon. You wanna know what's real? Look, man, I've been to Hell. Okay? I know a thing or two about torture. Enough to know that if feels *different*. Than the pain of this regular... stupid... crappy... *this*!
Sam Winchester : [desperate] No, no, how can know that for sure?
Dean Winchester : Lemme see your hand.
[Sam looks down at his gun hand]
Dean Winchester : No, no. The gimp hand, lemme see it.
Lucifer : [now behind Sam] Well, smell you, Florence Nightingale.
[Sam looks over his shoulder at Lucifer. Dean follows his gaze, then desperately grabs Sam's injured left hand]
Dean Winchester : *Hey!*
[Sam looks at his hand, then at Dean. Sam is starting to calm down]
Dean Winchester : This is real. Not a year ago. Not in Hell. *Now.* I was with you when you cut it. I sewed it up. Look!
[Dean presses the wound on Sam's hand until it bleeds, and grabs the gun in his right. Sam winces]
Lucifer : [now next to Dean, starts to flicker in and out] We've had a lot more with pain.
Dean Winchester : [applying more pressure to Sam's wound] This is *different.* Right? Than the *crap* that's tearin' at your walnut? *I'm* different! Right?
Sam Winchester : [pulls his left hand from Dean and holds it. Dean takes the gun from Sam's right hand] Yeah, I think so.
Lucifer : You sure about that, bunk buddy?
Lucifer : [flickering in and out again as Sam presses the wound on his hand] Doesn't mean anything.
[Sam looks at Lucifer]
Dean Winchester : Hey.
[pulling Sam's attention back to him]
Dean Winchester : I am your flesh and blood brother. Okay? I am the only who can legitimately kick your ass in real time. You got away. We got you out, Sammy.
Lucifer : Sammy. Sammy, I'm the only one who can-
[flashes in and out again as Sam mercilessly presses his wounded hand]
Dean Winchester : Believe in *that!*
[Lucifer flashes out]
Dean Winchester : Believe *me*, okay? You gotta believe me. You gotta make it stone number one, and *build* on it. You understand?
Dean Winchester : Si.
Dean Winchester : But when you get down to it, what's the big deal? Sure, there's the touching and the feeling all of each other, my hands everywhere, tracing every inch of her body. The two of us moving together, pressing, pulling, grinding, and then you hit that sweet spot and everything just builds, builds and builds until it all just... *explosion noise*... But the whole thing was just a little too sticky.
Suzy Lee : Sam. What brought you here to reclaim your virginity?
Sam Winchester : Well. I guess it's because every- woman I've- ever- had relations with, uh, it- hasn't- ended well.
Dean Winchester : [big grin] He ain't lyin'.
[chuckles]
Sam Winchester : Well, you know what? Maybe it's like iron or silver, you know? Hurts them, not us.
Dean Winchester : Maybe, but a fat lot of good it does us till we find that bitch.
Bobby Singer : I'm looking, but I'm thinking maybe it's time you made a call.
Dean Winchester : Why's it always gotta to be me, huh? It's not like Cass lives in my ass. The dude's busy.
[Castiel appears behind him]
Dean Winchester : Cass, get out of my ass.
Castiel : I was never in your...
Castiel : I'll search the town. Give me a moment.
[Cass doesn't disappear]
Kevin Tran : I can't take it.
Dean Winchester : [Sternly] Yes, you can. Hey. Look at me. Now this whole thing sucks. I know. But, you suck it up. And you push through because that's what we do. And when you get on board with that, the ride is a lot smoother.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : French fry?
Kevin Tran : [Picks up a tray with fries, a drink and a pie] I'm gonna be in my room. Let me know when there's a good day.
Dean Winchester : [Watches Kevin leave, disappointed] That's my pie.
Dean Winchester : You want nothin' to do with this, I completely understand.
Benny : [Whistles] Wow. When Dean Winchester asks for a favor, he's not screwin' around.
Dean Winchester : Benny, sendin' you back there is the last thing I ever wanted to do.
Benny : I know. I know.
Dean Winchester : But, my little brother is stuck down there.
Benny : This would be the little brother that wants to kill me, right?
Dean Winchester : You got access to the place.
Benny : By access, you mean, gettin' beheaded?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you're right. It's too much. It's not like I've exactly been there for you lately.
Benny : What? Oh, c'mon, Dean. You know I love a challenge.
Dean Winchester : [Hope enters his eyes] You serious?
Benny : Hey. He's your brother. I say let's do this.
Dean Winchester : [Knowing there's little chance he could ever repay him] I owe you.
Benny : You don't owe me nothin'. Truth is, uh... I could use a break from all this.
Dean Winchester : [Sorrow and empathy fill him] Really been that tough?
Benny : I'm not a good fit, Dean. Not with vampires. For sure, not with the humans. I don't belong.
[His voice thickens with emotion]
Benny : And after awhile... that starts to weigh on you.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam, after hugging him after he just returned from Purgatory] So, Purgatory. A real garden spot, huh?
Dean Winchester : The whistle makes me their god.
[Dean is undercover at a high school, posing as a gym teacher]
Dean Winchester : Today, you will have the honor of playing one of the greatest games ever invented. A game of skill, agility, and cunning. A game with one simple rule:
[Dean picks up a red gym ball]
Kid in Gym Class: Miss Budroll never let us play dodgeball.
Dean Winchester : Well, Miss. B's in Massachusetts getting married, so we're playing.
Kid in Gym Class: She says it's dangerous!
Dean Winchester : [Dean blows his whistle] Take a lap!
"Supernatural: All Hell Breaks Loose: Part 2 (#2.22)" (2007)
Dean Winchester : You know when we were little, you couldn't have been more than five, you started asking me questions. Like, how come we didn't have a mom? Why we always have to move around? Where'd dad go? When he'd take off for days at a time. I remember I begged you to quit asking, Sammy, you don't want to know. I just wanted you to be a kid, just a little while longer. I was trying to protect you, keep you safe. Dad didn't even have to tell me, it was just always my responsibility. It was like I had one job. I had one job and I screwed it up. I blew it and for that I am sorry.
[Tears fall from his eyes and he wipes his eyes]
Dean Winchester : I guess that's what I do, I let down the people I love. I let dad down. And now, I guess I'm supposed to let you down, too. How can I? How am I supposed to live with that? What am I supposed to do, Sammy?
[Long pause]
Dean Winchester : What am I supposed to do?
[Gets up and kicks the bed]
Dean Winchester : [shouting] What am I supposed to do?
Sam Winchester : How long did you get?
Dean Winchester : One year. I got one year.
Dean Winchester : I couldn't let him die, Bobby. I just couldn't. He's my brother.
Bobby Singer : How's your brother gonna feel when he knows you're going to hell?
Dean Winchester : Angel or not, I will stab you in your face.
Dean Winchester : I'm gonna do a public service and, uh, let you know that-that you over-share.
[In in alternate world where Dean is a corporate man and Sam works in tech support... ]
Dean Winchester : Should we go check this out?
Castiel : Yes! He isn't in Heaven; he has to be somewhere.
Dean Winchester : Try New Mexico, I hear he's on a tortilla.
[a beat as the joke goes over Castiel's head]
Castiel : No, he's not on any flatbread.
Dean Winchester : Listen chuckles, even if there *is* a God, he is either dead, and that's the generous theory...
Castiel : He *is* out there, Dean.
Dean Winchester : ...or, he's up and kicking, and doesn't give a rat's ass about any of us. I mean look around you man, the world is in the toilet! We are *literally* at the End of Days here, and he's off somewhere, drinkin' booze out of a coconut! Alright?
Castiel : Enough! This is not a theological issue, it's strategic. With God's help, we *can* win.
Dean Winchester : It's a pipe dream, Cas.
Castiel : [advancing, furious] I killed two angels this week. Those are my brothers. I'm hunted, I rebelled, and I did it, all of it, for *you*, and you failed. You and your brother *destroyed* the *world*, and I lost everything... for nothing.
[pause, Dean and Sam look uncomfortable]
Castiel : So keep... your *opinions*... to yourself.
Dean Winchester : [to Lucky] Now we can do this the easy way
[holds up a stack of clothes]
Dean Winchester : or the hard way
[holds up training collar]
[Sam snickers, Dean gives him a look]
Sam Winchester : What? Soul or not that's funnny.
Dean Winchester : I did everything I could to get you out! Everything.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : I did *not* leave you.
Castiel : So you think this was your fault?
Castiel : Everything isn't your responsibility. Getting me out of Purgatory wasn't your responsibility...
Dean Winchester : You *didn't* get out. So, whose fault was it?
Castiel : It's not about fault. It's about will. Dean, do you really not remember?
Dean Winchester : I lived it, Cas. Kay? I *know* what happened.
Castiel : No. No, you think you know. You remembered it the way you needed to.
Dean Winchester : Look, I don't need to feel like Hell for failing you. Okay? For failing you like I failed every other God forsaken thing that I care about! I don't need it!
Castiel : Dean. Just look at it. *Really* look at it.
[He touches Dean's forehead. Dean remembers climbing through the portal and grabbing Cas' hand. But, he now remembers that he didn't let Cas fall but that Cas pulled away]
Castiel : See, it wasn't that I was weak. I was stronger than you. I pulled away. Nothing you could have done would have saved me because I didn't want to be saved.
Dean Winchester : [In disbelief] What the Hell you talkin' about?
Castiel : It's where I belonged. I needed to do penance. After the things I did on Earth and in Heaven, I didn't deserve to be out. And I saw that clearly when I was there. I... I planned to stay all along. I just didn't know how to tell you. You can't save everyone, my friend. You try.
Frank Devereaux : You wanna keep going?
Dean Winchester : [sternly] I want Dick Roman on a spit.
Frank Devereaux : [sarcastically] But you're gonna drive yourself into the ground first. Good plan!
Dean Winchester : [sighs, quietly] I'm not gonna quit. Not even an option. Not gonna walk out on my brother.
Frank Devereaux : Okay, then fine. Do what I did.
Dean Winchester : [sarcastically] Huh! What? Go native? Stock up on C rations?
[Shakes his head, looking away]
Frank Devereaux : No, cupcake.
[quietly now]
Frank Devereaux : What I did when I was 26 and came home to find my wife and two kids gutted on the floor.
[Dean looks back at Frank, face sober now]
Frank Devereaux : Decide to be fine til the end of the week. Make yourself smile because... you're alive and that's your job. And do it again the next week.
Dean Winchester : [after a pause] So, fake it?
Frank Devereaux : I call it being professional. Do it right. With a smile. Or don't do it.
Dean Winchester : [wakes up in a chair in Frank's RV] How long was I out?
Sam Winchester : Hey, did you know the Nazis had a special branch devoted to archeology?
Dean Winchester : A little early for Nazi trivia, especially without caffeine.
[Dean takes a swig of beer]
Sam Winchester : Seriously? Dude, it's like noon.
Dean Winchester : Uh, well, you drank all the coffee so what am I supposed to drink, water?
"Supernatural: I Think I'm Gonna Like It Here (#9.1)" (2013)
Dean Winchester : There ain't no me if there ain't no you!
Grief Counselor: [Dean has been told that Sam's prognosis is grim. Grief counselor enters Sam's hospital room to talk to Dean] I'm afraid as hard as this may be, this might be a good time to talk... about the inevitable.
Dean Winchester : Look, I'm sure you're a nice person, and that you mean well, but Inevitable... that's a funny word where I come from. There's always a way.
Grief Counselor: And I'm a prayerful woman, who believes in miracles just as much as the next. But I also know how to read an EEG, and unless you're telling me you have a direct line to those Angels that you were looking for...
Dean Winchester : Yeah... no, I ,uh guess I don't.
[long pause]
Dean Winchester : ...But I might have something better. I've got the King of Hell in my trunk.
Charlie Bradbury : I know. Not a good idea, according to the Supernatural books.
Sam Winchester : You really can't delete those from the internet?
Charlie Bradbury : Not even I can do that. I mean, c'mon.
Dean Winchester : Where do you even find them?
Charlie Bradbury : A top secret place I call Amazon.
[Dean looks exasperated]
Charlie Bradbury : And someone uploaded all the unpublished works. I thought it was fan fic at first, but it was clearly Edlund's work.
Sam Winchester : Who uploaded it?
Charlie Bradbury : I don't know. Their screen name was beckywinchester176. Ring a bell?
[Dean gives Sam a hard, frustrated look]
Sam Winchester : None. Uh, nobody's. Uh, no, there are no bells. Uh... No.
Dean Winchester : I'll have some beef jerky and a pack of menthols.
Castiel : What are you doing here?
Dean Winchester : Gee, it's nice to see you too, Cas.
Castiel : It's Steve now. And, uh, you surprised me.
Dean Winchester : Well, the feeling is mutual. I mean, I knew you had to lay low from the angel threat, but, uh... Wow. This is some cover.
Castiel : My grace is gone. What did you expect? Do you have any idea how hard it was? When I fell to earth, I didn't just lose my powers. I- I had nothing.
[with pride]
Dean Winchester : A sales associate.
Vendor: Hey, Steve. Can you sign here?
[hands clipboard to Cas who signs it and hands it back]
Castiel : I'm responsible for inventory, sales, customer service. I keep this place - thank you - clean and presentable. And when my manager's busy, I even prepare the food.
Dean Winchester : Wow. So you went from fighting heavenly battles to nuking taquitos?
Castiel : [nodding proudly] Nachos too.
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Piñata
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Which architect designed the Monument to the Great Fire of London on Pudding Lane in London?
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Dean Winchester (Character) - Quotes
Dean Winchester (Character)
from "Supernatural" (2005)
The content of this page was created by users. It has not been screened or verified by IMDb staff.
Sam Winchester : Truce?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, truce. Just for the next 100 miles.
Sam Winchester : I have a confession to make, I was the on that called them and told them I was a Hollywood producer.
Dean Winchester : Well I was the one that put the dead fish in their back seat.
Sam Winchester : [both laugh] Truce?
Dean Winchester : Ok well at least for the next 100 miles.
Sam Winchester : [Dean puts a spoon in Sam's mouth when he's sleeping] Haha. Very funny.
Dean Winchester : [laughs] Sorry. Not a lot of scenery here in East Texas, kinda got to make your own.
Dean Winchester : I thought the legend said that Morteki only goes after chicks.
Dean Winchester : Start what up?
Sam Winchester : That... prank stuff. It's stupid, and it always escalates!
Dean Winchester : Oh what's the matter Sammy, afraid you're gonna get a little Nair in your shampoo again, huh?
Sam Winchester : All right. Just remember you started it.
Dean Winchester : Oh ho, bring it on baldy.
Dean Winchester : [picking up a jar in the Hell House's basement] Hey Sam I dare you to take a swig 'a this.
Sam Winchester : The hell would I do that for?
[pause]
Sam Winchester : [laughs] Oh I did!
Dean Winchester : [Sam's talking about some signs on the walls] Exactly why you never get laid.
Dean Winchester : [hand glued to beer bottle] You didn't.
Sam Winchester : Oh, I so did.
Dean Winchester : Most of those websites wouldn't know a ghost if it bit them on the pursqueeter.
Dean Winchester : People believe in Santa Claus. How come I'm not getting hooked up every Christmas?
Sam Winchester : Because you're a bad person.
Dean Winchester : [looking into Ed and Harry's trailer] Oh, look at that. Action figures in their original packaging. What a shocker.
[Dean pulls the string on a novelty toy, making it cackle]
Sam Winchester : If you pull that string one more time, I'm gonna kill you.
[Dean pulls it again, laughs; Sam glares]
Dean Winchester : C'mon man, you need more laughter in your life, you know, you're way too tense.
Dean Winchester : I barely have any skin left on my palm.
Sam Winchester : I'm not touching that line with a ten foot pole.
[after Dean puts itching powder in Sam's shorts]
Sam Winchester : Man, I think I'm allergic to our soap or somethin'.
[Dean laughs and starts to walk away]
Sam Winchester : You did this?
[Dean laughs again]
Dean Winchester : Oh yeah!
[Sam takes his bag and coffee and leaves]
[Dean taps his beer bottle against Sam's and takes a drink; Sam smirks. Dean tries to put the bottle down and finds that it's glued to his hand. Sam laughs]
Dean Winchester : What's that?
Sam Winchester : [about Ed and Harry] I was the one who called them and told 'em I was a producer.
Dean Winchester : Well, I'm the one who put the dead fish in their backseat.
[Dean and Sam find the Hell House guarded by police]
Sam Winchester : I guess the cops don't want any more kids screwin' around in there.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, but *we* still gotta get in there.
[they hear loud whispering]
Dean Winchester : I don't believe it.
[Sam looks and sees Zeddmore and Spengler trying to sneak up on the house]
Dean Winchester : I got an idea.
[he throws his voice]
Dean Winchester : Who ya gonna call?
[the cops chase the other two; Sam and Dean sneak into the house]
Dean Winchester : We're reporters with the Dallas Morning News. I'm Dean, this is Sam.
Craig Thursten : No way. Heh. Yeah, I'm a writer too. I write for my school's lit magazine.
Dean Winchester : [sotto voce] Oh. Well good for you, Morrison.
Sam Winchester : Man, we're not kids anymore, Dean. We're not gonna start that crap up again.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, all right.
Dean Winchester : I say we find ourselves a bar and some beers and leave the legend to the locals.
[he gets in the car; Sam waits, grinning; Dean turns the ignition and music blasts out of the speakers at full volume]
Dean Winchester : Whoa! Jeez, what the...
[Sam laughs, getting in]
Dean Winchester : That's all you got? That's weak. That is bush-league!
Craig Thursten : Guys, I'm really not in the mood to answer any more of your questions, okay?
Dean Winchester : Oh don't worry, don't worry, we're just here to buy an album, that's all.
[he fishes through the rack, pulls out a record]
Dean Winchester : You know I couldn't figure out what that symbol was, and then I realized that it doesn't mean *anything*. It's a logo for Blue Oyster Cult. So tell me Craig, you uh, you into BOC? Or just scaring the hell outta people?
[he hands Craig the album with the logo on it]
Dean Winchester : Now why don't you tell us about that house? Without lyin' through your ass this time.
Craig Thursten : [sighing] All right, um. My cousin, Dana, was on break from TCU. And, I guess we were just bored, looking for something to do, so I showed her this abandoned dump I found. We thought it'd be funny if we made it look like it was haunted. So we painted symbols on the walls, some from some albums, some from some of Dana's theology textbooks, and we found out this guy Murdoch used to live there, so we, we made up some story to go along with that. So, they told people, who told other people... and then these two guys put it on their stupid website. Everything just, took on a life of its own. I mean I, I thought it was funny at first but... now that girl's dead? I mean it was just a joke! You know I mean, none of it was real, we made the whole thing up! I swear!
[to Sam, as they walk out]
Dean Winchester : If none of it was real how the hell do you explain Mordecai?
Dean Winchester : Look, if Mordecai can't leave the house and we can't kill him? We improvise.
[he flicks a lighter, tosses it through the door onto the lighter fluid he had spread around; they run as the house goes up in flames]
Sam Winchester : That's your solution? Burn the whole damn place to the ground?
Dean Winchester : Well no one'll go in anymore. I mean look, Mordecai can't haunt a house if there's no house to haunt. It's fast and dirty but it works.
Sam Winchester : Well what if the legend changes again and Mordecai is allowed to leave the house?
Dean Winchester : Well then we just have to come back.
Dean Winchester : Have you seen 'em?
Sam Winchester : Yeah. Dude, they're just people.
Dean Winchester : And they jumped you? Must be getting a little rusty there, kiddo.
Sam Winchester : I saw a motel about five miles back...
Dean Winchester : Whoa, whoa, easy. Let's have another round!
Sam Winchester : We should get an early start.
Dean Winchester : Man, you really know how to have fun, don't you Grandma.
Pa Bender : Only reason I don't let my boys take you right here and now is that there's somethin' I need to know...
Dean Winchester : Yeah, how 'bout it's not nice to marry your sister.
Pa Bender : Tell me. Any other cops gonna come lookin' for you?
Dean Winchester : Oh eat me. No no no wait, wait, wait, you actually *might*.
[they find a dirt road leading into the woods]
Officer Kathleen : Hey. You're a civilian. And a felon, I think. I'm not taking you with me.
Dean Winchester : You're not goin' without me.
Officer Kathleen : [sighs] All right. You *promise* you won't get involved. You let me handle it.
Officer Kathleen : Shake on it.
[Dean shakes her hand; she slaps her cuffs on his wrist]
Dean Winchester : Aw come on.
[she cuffs him to the car]
Dean Winchester : This is ridiculous. Kathleen, I really think you're gonna need my help!
Officer Kathleen : I'll manage, thank you.
[she locks the car and leaves; Dean jerks ineffectually at the handcuffs]
Dean Winchester : I gotta start carrying paperclips.
Dean Winchester : Well, I'll say it again. Demons I get. People are crazy.
Pa Bender : We give 'em a weapon. Give 'em a fightin' chance. It's kinda like, our tradition, passed down, father to son. 'Course, only one or two a year. Never enough to bring the law down, we never been that sloppy.
Dean Winchester : Oh. Yeah, well, don't sell yourself short, you're plenty sloppy.
Dean Winchester : These locks look like they're gonna be a bitch.
Lee Bender : C'mon. Let us hunt 'im.
Jared Bender : Yeah, this one's a fighter. Sure would be fun to hunt.
Dean Winchester : Oh you gotta be kiddin' me. That's what this is about, you, you yahoos hunt people?
Pa Bender : You a cop?
Dean Winchester : If I tell you, you promise not to make me into an ashtray?
Dean Winchester : Look, look, look. You wanna arrest me that's fine. I'll cooperate I swear. But first, please, let me find Sam.
Officer Kathleen : I don't even know who you are. Or if this Sam person is missing.
Dean Winchester : Look into my eyes, and tell me if I'm lyin' about this.
Officer Kathleen : Identity theft? You're impersonating an officer!
Dean Winchester : Here's the thing. When we were young, I pretty much pulled him from a fire. And ever since then, I've felt responsible for him. You know, like it's my job to keep him safe. I'm just afraid if we don't find him fast...
[His voice breaks a little]
Dean Winchester : Please... He's my family.
Officer Kathleen : I'm sorry. You've given me no choice. I have to take you in.
[she turns away, her eyes land on a picture of herself with her brother]
Officer Kathleen : After we find Sam Winchester.
Hot Bar Waitress: Can I help you with something?
Missy Bender : I know.
[throws knife at Dean]
Dean Winchester : If you hurt my brother I'll kill you I swear! I'll kill you all. I will kill you ALL!
Dean Winchester : Could just be a kidnapping. Maybe this isn't our kinda gig.
Sam Winchester : Yeah maybe not. Except for this. Dad marked the area, Dean. Possible hunting grounds for a phantom attacker.
Dean Winchester : Why would he even do that?
Sam Winchester : Well, he found a lot of local folklore about a dark figure that comes out at night, grabs people, then vanishes. He found this too: this county has more missing persons per capita than anywhere else in the state.
Sam Winchester : Yeah.
Dean Winchester : Don't phantom attackers usually snatch people from their beds? Jenkins was taken from a parking lot.
Sam Winchester : Well there are all kinds, you know: Spring-heeled Jacks, Phantom Gassers, they, they take people anywhere, anytime. Look Dean, I don't know if this is our kinda gig either...
Dean Winchester : Yeah you're right, we should ask around more tomorrow.
[Sam has been taken; Dean goes to the police]
Dean Winchester : Yeah, actually, I did.
[Kathleen nods slowly]
Dean Winchester : Your brother's. I'm sorry.
Officer Kathleen : So, State Police and the FBI are gonna be here within the hour. They're gonna want to talk to you. I suggest that you're both long gone by then.
Dean Winchester : Thanks. Hey listen, I don't mean to press our luck, but we're kinda in the middle of nowhere. Think we could catch a ride?
Officer Kathleen : Start walking. Duck if you see a squad car.
Sam Winchester : Sounds great to me, thanks.
Dean Winchester : Listen, um. I'm sorry about your brother.
Officer Kathleen : Thank you. It was really hard not knowing what happened to him; I thought it would be easier, once I knew the truth. But... it isn't, really. Anyway, you should go.
[they start walking]
Officer Kathleen : [Dean has requested help from the local sheriff to find Sam, who he's said is his cousin] Samuel Winchester. So, you know that his brother, Dean Winchester, died in St Louis, where he was suspected of murder.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, Dean. Kind of the black sheep of the family. Handsome though.
Officer Kathleen : [the sheriff is on to him] So, Gregory.
Dean Winchester : I talked to the bartender.
Sam Winchester : You get anything? Besides her number?
Dean Winchester : Dude. I'm a professional. I'm offended that you would think that.
[pause, Sam gives Dean a look]
Dean Winchester : All right, yeah.
[he holds up a napkin with the number]
Sam Winchester : You mind doin' a little bit of thinkin' with your upstairs brain, Dean?
Dean Winchester : [about Meg] Who the hell was she?
Sam Winchester : I don't really know. I only met her once. Meetin' up with her again... I dunno man, it's weird.
Dean Winchester : And what was she sayin'? Huh, I treat you like luggage? What were you, bitchin' about me to some chick?
Sam Winchester : Look I'm sorry Dean, it was when we had that huge fight, when I was at that bus stop in Indiana. But that's not important, just listen...
Dean Winchester : [interrupting, upset] Well is there any truth to what she's sayin', I mean am I keepin' you against your will, Sam?
Sam Winchester : No, of course not, now would you *listen*?
Dean Winchester : You got a funny way of showing your affection.
Sam Winchester : I mean, what are you gonna do when it's all over?
Dean Winchester : It's never gonna *be* over. There's gonna be others. There's always gonna be somethin' to hunt.
Sam Winchester : But there's gotta be somethin' that you want for yourself...
Dean Winchester : Yeah, I don't want you to leave the second this thing's over, Sam.
[turns his back to Sam]
Sam Winchester : Dude, what's your problem?
[pause; Dean turns back to Sam]
Dean Winchester : Why do you think I drag you everywhere? Huh? I mean, why do you think I came and got you at Stanford in the first place?
Sam Winchester : 'Cause Dad was in trouble. 'Cause you wanted to find the thing that killed Mom.
Dean Winchester : Yes, that, but it's more than that, man. You and me and Dad, I mean, I want us to... I want us to be together again. I want us to be a family again.
Sam Winchester : [gently] Dean, we *are* a family. I'd do anything for you. But things will never be the way they were before.
[Dean looks heartbroken]
Dean Winchester : Could be.
Sam Winchester : I don't want them to be. I'm not gonna live this life forever. Dean, when this is all over, you're gonna have to let me go my own way.
[they share a look]
Dean Winchester : You trapped us. Good for you. It's Miller time. Why don't you kill us already?
Meg : Not very quick on the uptake, are we? This trap isn't for you.
Sam Winchester : Dad. It's a trap for Dad.
Dean Winchester : Oh, sweetheart. You're dumber 'n you look. 'Cause even if Dad was in town, which he is not, he wouldn't walk into somethin' like this, he's too good.
Landlady : You guys said you're with the alarm company?
Landlady : Well no offense, but, your alarm's about as useful as boobs on a man.
[Dean and Sam are dressed as alarm company technicians]
Dean Winchester : You know I gotta say, Dad and me did just fine without these *stupid* costumes. I feel like a high school drama dork. What was that play that you did, that, what was it, uh, Our Town. Yeah, you were good. It was cute.
Sam Winchester : Look, you wanna pull this off or not?
Dean Winchester : I'm just sayin' these outfits cost hard-earned money, okay?
Sam Winchester : So someone's controlling it.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, that's what I'm sayin'. And uh, from what I gather it's pretty risky business too, I mean these uh, these suckers tend to bite the hand that feeds 'em. And the uh, the arms, and the torsos...
Sam Winchester : So what do they look like?
Dean Winchester : Well nobody knows, I mean nobody's seen 'em for a couple of millenia. And summoning a demon that ancient? Someone really knows their stuff. Think we got a major player in town.
Dean Winchester : So hot little Meg is summoning the Deva.
Sam Winchester : Looks like she was usin' that black altar to control the thing.
Dean Winchester : So Sammy's got a thing for the bad girl.
[he laughs, Sam rolls his eyes]
Dean Winchester : Now what's the deal with that bowl again?
Sam Winchester : She was talking into it, the way witches used to scry into crystal balls or animal entrails, she was communicating with someone.
Dean Winchester : With who, with the Deva?
Sam Winchester : No, you said those things were savages. No, this was someone different. Someone who's givin' her orders. Someone, who's comin' to that warehouse.
[pause, Dean goes and looks in a folder]
Dean Winchester : We'll be all right.
Sam Winchester : Dean! We should stick together! We'll go after this demon t...
Dean Winchester : Sam, listen to me! We almost got Dad killed in there. Don't you understand, they're not gonna stop. They're gonna try again, they're gonna use us to get to him! I mean Meg was right! Dad's vulnerable when he's with us. He... he's stronger without us around.
Sam Winchester : [to John] Dad. No. After everything. After all the time we spent lookin' for you, please. I gotta be a part of this fight.
John Winchester : This fight is just starting. And we are all gonna have a part to play. For now you gotta trust me, son. Okay? You gotta let me go.
[pause; Sam reluctantly nods]
Sam Winchester : Watch me.
Officer: We catch you around here again, son, we'll put the fear 'a god in you, understand?
Dean Winchester : Yes sir, fear of God, got it.
Sam Winchester : You know this whole' I laugh in the face of death' thing? It's crap. I can see right through it.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, whatever dude.
Dean Winchester : You're not gonna let me die in peace, are you?
Sam Winchester : I'm not gonna let you die. Period.
Dean Winchester : Man, you're a lying bastard! Thought you said we were going to see a doctor.
Sam Winchester : I believe I said a specialist. Look Dean, this guy's supposed to be the real deal.
Dean Winchester : I can't believe you brought me here to see some guy who heals people out of a tent!
Sam Winchester : But if there was something there Dean, I would have seen it too. I mean, I've been seeing an awful lot lately.
Dean Winchester : Oh, excuse me, psychic wonder!
Sam Winchester : But you said you saw a dude in a suit.
Dean Winchester : Oh, what? You thought he should have been working the whole black robe thing?
Dean Winchester : All right, well, looks like you're gonna leave town without me.
Sam Winchester : What are you talkin' about, I'm not gonna leave you here.
Dean Winchester : Hey. You better take care of that car. Or I swear I'll haunt your ass.
Sam Winchester : I don't think that's funny.
Dean Winchester : Ah c'mon, it's a little funny.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : Look Sammy, what can I say man, it's a dangerous gig. I drew the short straw. That's it, end of story.
Sam Winchester : Don't talk like that, all right? We still have options.
Dean Winchester : What options? You got burial or cremation. I know it's not easy, but I'm gonna die. And you can't stop it.
Sam Winchester : Get up there!
[Dean reluctantly stands and goes to the stage, the crowd applauds]
Dean Winchester : Yeah look, no disrespect, but uh, I'm not exactly a believer.
Rev. Roy Le Grange : You will be son. You will be. Pray with me, friends.
[the crowd falls silent, praying; the reverend lays his hand on Dean]
Rev. Roy Le Grange : All right now. All right now...
[Dean sinks to his knees and faints]
Sam Winchester : [running up] Dean!
[Dean jerks awake]
[Dean sees a gray old man in a suit appear, then turn and vanish]
Dean Winchester : Can I ask you one last question?
Sam Winchester : Yeah.
Sam Winchester : So, I put together a list: everyone Roy's healed, six people over the past year, and I cross-checked 'em with the local obits. Every time someone was healed, someone else died. And each time, the victim died of the same symptom Le Grange was healing at the time.
[cut to a woman jogging in the woods]
Dean Winchester : [voiceover] Someone's healed of cancer, someone else *dies* of cancer?
Sam Winchester : [voiceover] Somehow, Le Grange is trading a life for another.
[cut back to Dean and Sam]
Dean Winchester : Wait wait wait. So, Marshall Hall *died* to save me?
Sam Winchester : Dean. The guy probably would have died anyway. And someone else would've been healed.
Dean Winchester : [angry] You never should have brought me here.
Sam Winchester : Dean, I was just trying to save your life.
Dean Winchester : But Sam, some guy is dead now because of me!
Sam Winchester : I didn't know.
[cut to Le Grange about to heal an old man]
Rev. Roy Le Grange : Pray with me, friends.
Sam Winchester : [voiceover] The thing I don't understand, is how is Roy doing it? How, how is he trading a life for a life?
[cut to Dean]
Dean Winchester : Oh he's not doin' it.
[cut to the jogger]
Sam Winchester : What do you mean?
Dean Winchester : The old man I saw onstage.
[the jogger turns around and sees the gray man; cut back to Dean and Sam]
Dean Winchester : I didn't want to believe it, but deep down, I knew it.
Sam Winchester : You knew what? What're you talkin' about?
Dean Winchester : There's only one thing that can give and take life like that. We're dealin' with a reaper.
[cut to the jogger running for her life; the reaper takes her]
Sam Winchester : You really think it's *the* Grim Reaper? Like, angel of death, collect your soul, the whole deal?
Dean Winchester : No no no, not *the* reaper, *a* reaper. There's reaper lore in pretty much every culture on earth, they go by a hundred different names. It's possible that there's more than one of 'em.
Sam Winchester : But you said you saw a dude in a suit.
Dean Winchester : Well what, you think he should 'a been workin' the whole black robe thing? You said it yourself that the clock stopped, right? Reapers stop time. And you can only see 'em when they're comin' at you, which is why I could see it and you couldn't.
Dean Winchester : No, not yet.
Sam Winchester : Well, you figure out what it is, you can figure out a way to kill it.
Dean Winchester : I'm actually on my way to a local community college. I've got an appointment with a professor. You know, since I don't have my trusty sidekick geek boy to do all the research.
Dean Winchester : [to the scarecrow] Dude, you fugly.
[to scarecrow]
[Dean and Emily are imprisoned in a cellar]
Emily : I don't understand. They're gonna kill us?
Dean Winchester : Sacrifice us. Which is... I don't know, classier I guess. You really didn't know anything about this, did you?
Emily : About what? The scarecrow god? I can't believe this.
Dean Winchester : Well, you better start believing, 'cause I'm gonna need your help.
Emily : What tree?
Dean Winchester : Well, maybe you can help me with that. It would be really old. The locals would treat it with a lot of respect. You know, like it was sacred.
Emily : There's this one apple tree. The immigrants brought it over with them. They call it the First Tree.
[Dean and Emily are tied up in the apple orchard to be sacrificed]
Dean Winchester : How many people have you killed, sheriff? How much blood is on your hands?
Sheriff : We don't kill them.
Dean Winchester : No, but you sure cover up after. I mean how many cars have you hidden, clothes have you buried?
Emily : [crying, frightened] Uncle Harley, please.
Harley Jorgeson : [grieved] I am so sorry, Em. I wish it wasn't you.
Stacey Jorgeson : Try to understand. It's our responsibility. And there's just no other choice. There's nobody else but you.
Emily : I'm your family!
Stacey Jorgeson : Sweetheart. That's what sacrifice means. Giving up something you love, for the greater good. The town needs to be saved. The good of the many, outweighs the good of the one.
[they leave]
Dean Winchester : I hope your apple pie is freakin' worth it!
[Sam finds Dean and Emily tied up in the orchard]
Dean Winchester : [relieved] Oh, I take everything back I said. I'm so happy to see you! C'mon.
[Sam starts untying him]
Sam Winchester : Do you?
[laughs slightly]
Sam Winchester : How old were you when Mom died? Four? Jess died, *six months ago*. How the hell would you know how I feel?
Dean Winchester : Dad said it wasn't safe. For any of us. I mean, he obviously knows somethin' that we don't, so if he says to stay away, we stay away!
Sam Winchester : I don't understand the blind faith you have in the man. I mean, it's like you don't even question him!
Dean Winchester : Yeah, it's called being a good son!
Dean Winchester : So, did you grow up here?
Emily : Came here when I was thirteen. I lost my parents. Car accident. My aunt and uncle took me in.
Dean Winchester : Like that town near here, Burkettsville. Where're their ancestors from?
College Professor : Ah, Northern Europe I believe, Scandinavia.
Dean Winchester : Well what could you tell me about those pagan gods?
College Professor : Well there are hundreds of Norse gods and goddesses.
Dean Winchester : I'm actually lookin' for one. Might live in an orchard.
College Professor : [looking in a book] A woods god, hm? Well, let's see.
[flips through the book, Dean sees a picture that resembles the scarecrow]
Dean Winchester : Wait, wait, what's that one?
College Professor : Well, that's not a woods god, per se.
Dean Winchester : [reads] The Vanir were Norse gods of protection and prosperity, keeping local settlements safe from harm. The villages built effigies of the Vanir in their fields, other villages practiced human sacrifice, one male, and one female.
[about the picture]
College Professor : Well, I suppose.
Dean Winchester : This particular Vanir, its energy sprung from a sacred tree?
College Professor : Well, pagans believed all kinds of things were infused with magic.
Dean Winchester : So what would happen if this sacred tree was torched? You think it'd kill the god?
College Professor : [laughs] Son, these are just legends we're discussing.
Dean Winchester : Oh, of course. Yeah, you're right. Listen, thank you, very much.
[Sam, Dean and Emily prepare to burn the sacred tree and destroy the scarecrow god]
[she takes the torch from Dean]
Dean Winchester : You know the whole town's gonna die.
[she throws the torch, the tree goes up in flames]
Dean Winchester : How did you get here?
Dr. Sexy : [to passersby] Call security.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, go ahead pal. See, we know what you are.
[their surroundings freeze, Dr. Sexy morphs into the Trickster]
Trickster : You guys are getting better!
Dean Winchester : Get us the hell outta here.
Trickster : Or what? Don't see your wooden stakes, big guy.
Sam Winchester : That was you on the police scanner, right? And this is a trick.
Trickster : [pointing to himself] Helloooo? Trickster! Come on, I heard you two yahoos were in town, how could I resist?
Sam Winchester : We need to talk to you. We need your help.
Trickster : Hmmm. Lemme guess. You two mutton-heads broke the world, and you want me to sweep up your mess.
Sam Winchester : Please, just five minutes. Hear us out.
Trickster : Sure. Tell you what. Survive the next twenty-four hours, we'll talk.
Dean Winchester : What're the rules?
[Trickster wiggles his eyebrows and vanishes, the surroundings move]
Dean Winchester : Oh, son of a *bitch*.
[Dean has been shot, Sam is his surgeon]
Dean Winchester : Sam! Do somethin', come on!
Sam Winchester : I don't know how to use any of this crap!
Dean Winchester : Figure it out! Sam! Come on, I'm waiting!
Sam Winchester : Okay, um, I need a... penknife, some dental floss, a sewing needle, and a fifth of whiskey! Stat!
[Dean and Sam are trapped in a Japanese game show, there is a loud knocking noise]
Dean Winchester : Oh now what?
[the doors open, Castiel enters]
Castiel : Uh, what are you doing here?
Dean Winchester : Us? What are *you* doing here?
Castiel : Looking for you, you've been missing for days!
Sam Winchester : So get us the hell outta here, then!
Castiel : [reaching for them] Let's go!
[He blips out, vanishing]
Game Show Host : No no no no. Mr. Trickster does not like pretty-boy angels!
Dean Winchester : How long do we have to keep doin' this?
[laughter]
Sam Winchester : [tense smile] I dunno. Maybe forever? We might die in here.
[laughter]
Dean Winchester : [addressing the unseen audience] How is that funny? Vultures.
[Castiel enters, looking worse for wear]
Sam Winchester : What's the other half?
Trickster : Play your roles, out there.
Dean Winchester : What's that supposed to mean?
Trickster : Oh you know! Sam, starring as Lucifer! Dean, starring as Michael! You're Celebrity Deathmatch! Play your roles!
Sam Winchester : [disbelieving] You want us to say "yes" to those sonsabitches?
Trickster : *Hells* yeah! Let's light this candle!
Sam Winchester : We do that, the world will *end*!
Trickster : Yeah? And... whose fault is that? Who popped Lucifer outta the box? Hm? Look. It's started. You started it. It can't be stopped. So let's get it over with!
Dean Winchester : Heaven or Hell, which side you on?
Trickster : I'm not on either side.
Dean Winchester : Yeah right. You're grabbin' ankle for Michael or Lucifer, which one is it?
Trickster : [huffs a laugh] You listen to me, you arrogant dick. I don't work for either of those SOBs. Believe me.
Dean Winchester : Hm. Oh, you're somebody's bitch.
[Trickster grabs Dean and slams him against the door]
Trickster : [fiercely] Don't you ever, *ever* presume to know what I am. Now listen very closely. Here's what's gonna happen. You're gonna suck it up, accept your responsibilities, and play the roles that destiny has chosen for you!
Sam Winchester : And if we don't?
Trickster : Then you'll stay here in TV Land. Forever. Three hundred channels and ah, nothin's on.
[he snaps his fingers, the scene changes]
Sam Winchester : You gotta calm down.
Dean Winchester : Calm down? I am wearing *sunglasses* at night! You know who does that? No-talent douchebags! I *hate* this game! I hate that we're in a procedural cop show, and you want to know why? Because I *hate* procedural cop shows! There's like three hundred of 'em on television, they're all the freakin' same, it's "ooh, a plane crashed here," oh shut up!
Dean Winchester : I'm worried, man. What that SOB did to Cas. Y'know, where is he?
[looks around the motel room, Sam is missing]
Dean Winchester : Sam? Where are you?
[calling Sam's cell as he walks out to the car]
Dean Winchester : Sam, it's me.
[getting in the car]
Dean Winchester : But maybe you're not.
[Sam flicks a lighter, throws it down; a ring of holy fire goes up around the Trickster]
Dean Winchester : Maybe you've always been an angel.
Trickster : [laughs] A *what*? Somebody slip a mickey in your power shake, kid?
Dean Winchester : I'll tell you what. You just jump out of the holy fire and, we'll call it our mistake.
[Trickster laughs, then turns sober and the scene flips back to the empty warehouse]
Trickster : [claps] Well played, boys. Well played. Where'd you get the holy oil?
Dean Winchester : Well you might say we pulled it outta Sam's ass.
Trickster : Where'd I screw up?
Sam Winchester : You didn't. Nobody gets the jump on Cas like you did.
Dean Winchester : Mostly it was the way you talked about Armageddon.
Trickster : Meaning?
Dean Winchester : Well, call it personal experience, but nobody gets that angry unless they're talkin' about their own family.
Sam Winchester : So which one are you? Grumpy, Sneezy or Douchey?
Trickster : Gabriel, okay? They call me Gabriel.
Dean Winchester : Okay, Gabriel. How does an Archangel become a trickster?
Trickster : My own, private, witness protection. I skipped outta Heaven, had a face transplant, carved out my own little corner of the world. 'Til you two screwed it all up.
Dean Winchester : And what'd Daddy say when you ran off and joined the pagans?
Trickster : Daddy doesn't say anything about anything.
Sam Winchester : Then what happened? Why'd you ditch?
Dean Winchester : Well do you blame him? I mean his brothers are heavy-weight douche-nozzles.
Trickster : [furious] Shut your cake-hole. You don't know anything about my family. I *loved* my father, and my brothers. Loved them! But watching them turn on each other? Tear at each other's throats? I couldn't bear it! Okay? So I left. And now it's happening all over again.
Sam Winchester : Then help us stop it!
Trickster : It can't be stopped!
Dean Winchester : You want to see the end of the world?
Trickster : I want it to be *over*! I have to sit back and watch my brothers kill each other, thanks to you two! Heaven, Hell, I don't care who wins! I just want it to be over!
Sam Winchester : It doesn't have to be like that! There has to be some way to, to pull the plug!
Trickster : [laughing] Oh-ho-ho-ho, you do *not* know my family. What you guys call the Apocalypse, I used to call Sunday dinner! That's why there's no stopping this. Because this isn't about a war, it's about two brothers who loved each other, and *betrayed* each other! You think you'd be able to relate!
Sam Winchester : [confused] What're you talkin' about?
Trickster : [looks from one to the other, whistles] You sorry sonsabitches. Why do you think you two are the vessels? Think about it! Michael, the big brother, loyal to an absent father. And Lucifer, the little brother, rebellious of Daddy's plan. You were born to this, boys. It's your destiny! It was *always* you! As it is in Heaven, so it must be on Earth! One brother has to kill the other.
Dean Winchester : So what the hell are you saying?
Trickster : Why do you think I've always taken such an interest in you? Because from the moment Dad flipped on the lights around here, we knew it was all gonna end with you. Always.
Dean Winchester : No. That's not gonna happen.
Trickster : [sadly] I'm sorry. But it is. Guys. I wish this were a TV show. Easy answers, endings wrapped up in a bow. But this is real. And it's gonna end bloody for all of us. That's just how it's gotta be.
Trickster : So, boys, now what? Stare at each other for the rest of eternity?
Dean Winchester : Well first of all you're gonna bring Cas back from wherever you stashed him.
Trickster : [sarcastic] Oh am I?
Dean Winchester : [angry] Yeah. Or we're going to *dunk* you in some holy oil, and deep-fry ourselves an archangel!
[Gabriel snaps his fingers, Castiel appears, injured and breathing hard]
Dean Winchester : Cas, you okay?
Castiel : [glaring at the archangel] I'm fine. Hello Gabriel.
Trickster : Hey bro. How's the search for Daddy going? Let me guess: awful.
Dean Winchester : Okay, we're outta here. C'mon Sam.
[they start towards the door]
Trickster : [in growing panic] Uh... okay. Hey, guys? So, so what? Huh? You're just gonna, you're gonna leave me here forever?
Dean Winchester : No. We're not. Because we don't *screw* with people the way you do. And for the record? This isn't about some prize fight between your brothers, or some destiny that can't be stopped. This is about *you* bein' too afraid to stand up to your family!
[Gabriel stares at him; Dean pulls the extinguisher lever, putting out the holy fire]
Dean Winchester : Don't say I never did anything for you!
Dean Winchester : The manicured lawns. 'How was your day, Honey'. I'd blow my brains out!
Sam Winchester : There's nothing wrong with normal.
Dean Winchester : I'd take our family over normal any day.
[after Sam checks out the sinkhole where Dustin Burwash died]
Dean Winchester : [sarcastic] So you found some beetles, in a hole, in the ground. That's shocking, Sam!
Sam Winchester : There were no tunnels, no tracks, no evidence of any other kind of creature down there. You know, some beetles do eat meat. Now it's usually *dead* meat, but...
Dean Winchester : How many did you find down there?
Dean Winchester : It'd take a whole lot more than that to eat out some dude's brain.
Sam Winchester : Well maybe there were more!
Sam Winchester : [about Larry with his son] Remind you of somebody?
[Dean looks at them, confused]
Sam Winchester : Dad?
Dean Winchester : [surprised] Dad never treated us like that.
Sam Winchester : [laughs] Well Dad never treated YOU like that, you were perfect. He was all over my case.
[Dean thinks about it, shakes his head]
Sam Winchester : You know about those?
Matt Pike : There *is* somethin' goin' on here. I dunno what, but... something's happening with the insects. Lemme show you somethin'.
[they start walking through the woods]
Sam Winchester : So if you knew about all this bug stuff, why not tell your Dad? Maybe he could clear everybody out.
Matt Pike : Believe me I've tried, but uh, "Larry" doesn't listen to me.
Matt Pike : Mostly? He's too disappointed in his freak son.
[Matt brings them to a clearing in the woods; insects are heard all around]
Matt Pike : I've been keeping track of insect populations, it's um, part of an AP science class.
Dean Winchester : You two are like peas in a pod.
Dean Winchester : Um. Well, truth is...
Joe White Tree : You know who starts sentence with "truth is"? Liars.
[Dean looks at Sam]
Sam Winchester : Have you heard of Oasis Plains? It's a housing development, near the Otoka Valley.
[White Tree looks at Dean]
Joe White Tree : I like him. He's not a liar.
Sam Winchester : Something... Something bad, is happening in Oasis Plains. We think, it might have something to do with some old bones we found down there. Native American bones.
Joe White Tree : [nodding] I'll tell you what my grandfather told me. What his grandfather told him. Two hundred years ago, a band of my ancestors lived in that valley. One day, American cavalry came to relocate them. They were resistant, the cavalry impatient. As my grandfather put it, on a night the moon and the sun shared the sky as equals, the cavalry first raided our village. They murdered, raped... The next day, the cavalry came again, and the next and the next. And on the sixth night the cavalry came one last time, and by the time the sun rose, every man, woman and child still in the village was dead. They say on the sixth night as the chief of the village lay dying, he whispered to the heavens, that no white man would ever tarnish this land again. Nature would rise up and protect the valley. And it would bring as many days of misery and death to the white man, as the cavalry had brought upon his people.
Dean Winchester : Insects. Sounds like nature to me. Six days.
Joe White Tree : And on the night of the sixth day, none would survive.
Sam Winchester : So every year about this time, anybody in Oasis Plains is in danger. Larry built his neighborhood on cursed land.
Dean Winchester : And on the sixth night, that's tonight!
Sam Winchester : If we don't do something, Larry's family will be dead by sunrise. So how do we break the curse?
Dean Winchester : You don't break a curse. You get out of its way. We gotta get those people out, now.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, we went out.
Sam Winchester : You mean you dated someone. For more than one night.
Dean Winchester : Am I speakin' a language you're not gettin' here?
Sam Winchester : Which by the way, how does she know what we do?
[no response from Dean]
Sam Winchester : You told her. You told her the secret of our big family rule number one; we do what we do and we shut up about it! For a year and a half, I do nothing but lie to Jessica and you go out with this chick from Ohio a couple of times and you tell her everything! Dean!
Cassie Robinson : He swore he saw... an awful-looking black truck following him.
Sam Winchester : A truck. Who was the driver?
Cassie Robinson : He didn't talk about a driver. Just the truck. He said it would appear and disappear. And in the accident, Dad's truck was dented, like it'd been slammed into by something big.
[she hands them coffee]
Sam Winchester : Thanks. Now, you're sure this dent wasn't there before?
Cassie Robinson : He sold cars. Always drove a new one. There wasn't a scratch on that thing. It had rained hard that night, there was mud everywhere. There was a distinct set of muddy tracks from Dad's car, leading right to the edge, where he went over. One set of tracks. His!
Dean Winchester : And the first person killed was a friend of your father's?
Cassie Robinson : Best friend. Clayton Soames. They owned the car dealership together. Same thing. Dent, no tracks. And the cops said exactly what they said about Dad. He lost control of his car.
Dean Winchester : Now, can you think of any reason why your father and his partner might be targets?
Sam Winchester : Where are you?
Dean Winchester : In the middle of nowhere, with a killer truck on my ass!
Sam Winchester : So burning the body had no effect on that thing?
Dean Winchester : Oh sure it did, now it's *really* pissed!
Mayor Harold Todd : What is it, exactly, you want me to do?
Cassie Robinson : Well how about closing this section of road, for starters?
Mayor Harold Todd : Close the main road, the only road in and out of town? Accidents do happen Cassie. That's what they are: accidents!
[Dean and Sam walk up]
Dean Winchester : Did the cops check for additional denting on Jimmy's car, see if it was pushed?
Sam Winchester : You have? Where?
Black Fisherman: Not where. When. Back in the sixties there was a string of deaths. Black men. Story goes, they disappeared in a big nasty black truck.
Dean Winchester : They ever catch the guy who did it?
Black Fisherman: Never found him. Hell, not sure they even really looked. See, there was a time, this town wasn't too friendly to all its citizens.
Dean Winchester : You know I was thinkin', you heard of the Flying Dutchman?
Sam Winchester : Yeah, a ghost ship infused with the captain's evil spirit, it was basically a part of him.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, so what if we're dealin' with the same thing? You know, a phantom truck, the extension of some bastard ghost, reenacting past crimes.
Sam Winchester : The victims have all been black men.
Dean Winchester : I think it's more than that, they all seem connected to Cassie and her family.
Sam Winchester : [about Cassie] Dean, what is goin' on between you two?
Dean Winchester : All right, so maybe we were a little bit more involved than I said.
Sam Winchester : Oh, okay.
Dean Winchester : Okay, a lot more. Maybe. And I told her the secret, about what we do, and I shouldn't have.
Sam Winchester : Ah look man, everybody's gotta open up to someone sometime.
Dean Winchester : Yeah I don't. It was stupid to get that close, I mean look how it ended.
[Sam smiles at him, amused]
Dean Winchester : Would you stop? Blink or somethin'!
Dean Winchester : [walking away] Aw God.
Sam Winchester : [following] You were in love with her... But you *dumped* her.
[pause, Dean looks uncomfortable]
Sam Winchester : Oh wow. She dumped *you*.
Dean Winchester : [irked] Get in the car.
[the Mayor has been killed]
Sam Winchester : The first thing he did was bulldoze the place.
Dean Winchester : [to Cassie] Mayor Todd knocked down the Dorian place?
Cassie Robinson : [nodding] It was a big deal, one of the oldest local houses left. He made the front page.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] You got a date?
Sam Winchester : Uh... The third of last month.
Dean Winchester : Mayor Todd bulldozed the Dorian family home on the third; the first killing was the very next day.
[after the ghost truck threatens Cassie]
Dean Winchester : You didn't see who was drivin' the truck?
Cassie Robinson : It seemed to be no one. Everything was moving so fast. And then it was just gone. Why didn't it kill us?
Dean Winchester : Whatever's controlling the truck wants you afraid first.
Sam Winchester : Mrs. Robinson. Cassie said that your husband saw the truck before he died.
Dean Winchester : And?
Sam Winchester : [scrolling through news articles] Same deal. Before that, there was uh, there was Ogdenville, before that, North Haverbrook, and Brockway... Every fifteen to twenty years, it hits a new town. Dean, this thing is just gettin' started in Fitchburg. In all these other places, it goes on for months, dozens of kids, before the Shtriga finally moves on. Kids just, languish in comas and then they die.
Dean Winchester : How far back's this thing go?
Sam Winchester : Uh, I dunno. Earliest mention I could find is this place called Black River Falls back in the 1890s. Talk about a horror show.
[he scrolls up a photo]
Dean Winchester : And?
Sam Winchester : And, this picture was taken in 1893.
Sam Winchester : Then you wanna use the kid as *bait*? Are you nuts? No! Forget it, that's outta the question!
Dean Winchester : It's not outta the question Sam, it's the only way. If this thing disappears, it could be years before we get another chance!
Sam Winchester : Michael's a *kid*! And I'm not gonna dangle him in front of that thing like a worm on a hook!
Dean Winchester : Dad did not send me here to walk away!
Sam Winchester : Send *you* here? He didn't send you here, he sent *us* here!
Dean Winchester : This isn't about you Sam! All right, I'm the one that screwed up! It's *my* fault, there's no telling how many kids have gotten hurt because of me.
Sam Winchester : What're you saying, Dean? How is it your fault? Dean. You've been hiding something from the get-go. Since when does Dad bail on a hunt? Since when does he let something get away? Now talk to me, man! Tell me what's goin' on.
Dean Winchester : Fort Douglas Wisconsin. It was, it was the third night in this crap room and I was climbin' the walls, man, I needed to get some air.
[flashback shows young Dean slipping out; when he gets back, the Shtriga is in the room hanging over Sam; Dean grabs the rifle and cocks it, the Shrtiga looks up and roars; John comes in]
John Winchester : Get outta the way!
[Dean ducks, John fires at the Shtriga, the Shtriga jumps through the window and escapes; John grabs Sam]
John Winchester : Sammy, Sammy, Sammy! You okay?
John Winchester : You all right?
[he hugs him tight, turns to Dean]
John Winchester : [dangerous] What?
Young Dean : J-just for a second. I'm sorry.
John Winchester : [angry] I told you not to leave this room! I told you not to let him out of your sight!
[cut back to present]
Dean Winchester : Dad just... grabbed us and booked. Dropped us off at Pastor Jim's about three hours away; by the time he got back to Fort Douglas the Shtriga disappeared, it was, was just gone. Never resurfaced until now. You know, Dad never... spoke about it again. I didn't ask. But he uh, he looked at me different. You know? Which was worse. Not that I blame him. He gave me an order and I didn't listen, I almost got you killed.
Sam Winchester : You were just a kid.
Dean Winchester : Don't. Don't. Dad knew this was unfinished business for me. He sent me here to finish it.
Sam Winchester : You sure these iron rounds are gonna work?
Dean Winchester : Consecrated iron rounds, and yeah, it's what Dad used last time.
Dean Winchester : For what?
Sam Winchester : You know. I've really given you a lot of crap. For always following Dad's orders. But I know why you do it.
Dean Winchester : Oh God, kill me now.
John Winchester : [about to go out on a hunt] All right. You know the drill, Dean. If anybody calls, you don't pick up. If it's me, I'll ring once and then call back. You got that?
Young Dean : Mmhmm. Don't answer the phone unless it rings once first.
John Winchester : Come on, Dean, look alive. This stuff's important.
Young Dean : I know, it's just, we've gone over it, like, a million times, and you know I'm not stupid.
John Winchester : I know you're not. But it only takes one mistake, you got that?
[Dean nods]
Sam Winchester : Us.
Dean Winchester : Us, right. And that, Sam, that is exactly why our lives suck. I mean come on, we hunt monsters. What the hell? I mean, normal people, they see a monster and they run, but not us. No, no, no we-we search out things that want to kill us, yeah, huh, or eat us. You know who does that? Crazy people. We are insane. You know, and then there's the-the-the bad diner food. And-and the-the skeevy motel rooms. And then the truck stop waitress with the bizzare rash. I mean who wants this life Sam? Huh? Seriously? I mean do you actually like being stuck in a car with me eight hours a day, every single day? I don't think so. I mean, I drive too fast and I listen to the same five albums over and over and over again and-and-and I sing along, I'm annoying, I know that. And you, you're gassy. You eat half a burrito and you get toxic. I mean, you know what?
[throws keys to Sam]
Dean Winchester : You can forget it.
Sam Winchester : Whoa, Dean. Where are you going?
Dean Winchester : Stay away from me, Sam. Okay? 'Cause I am done with it. I'm done with the monsters and the-the hellhounds and the ghost sickness and the damn apocalypse! I'm out. I'm done. I quit.
Dean Winchester : [screams after cat jumps out of locker suddenly] Hoo, hoo. Ah, that was scary!
Sam Winchester : I just talked to Bobby.
[Hands a box of donuts to Dean]
[Sniffs the box then tosses it in the car. Sam watches him quizzically]
Sam Winchester : Well, you're not gonna like it.
[Dean is scratching at his arm]
Sam Winchester : Quit pickin' at that. How ya feeling?
Dean Winchester : Awesome. It's nice to have my head on the chopping block again. I almost forgot what that feels like. It's freakin' delightful.
[Dean is sitting on a bed in the motel room, fear overwhelming him, scratching at his arms, hearing his heart pound in his ears, hellhounds barking. He sees a Bible on the floor, picks it up and clutches it to himself, closing his eyes]
Lilith : [off camera] Hi, Dean.
[Deans eyes shoot open wide. He turns to see Lilith as a little girl sitting next to him and turns sharply away]
Dean Winchester : Oh. No. No!
Lilith : Yes! It's me, Lilith.
[She hugs Dean, smiling]
Lilith : Oh, I missed you so much! It's time to go back now.
Dean Winchester : [He pulls away and stands up, moving away from her] You-
[Fighting his fear, he can't look at her]
Dean Winchester : You are *not* real!
Lilith : [Standing up] What's the matter, Dean? Don't you remember all the fun you had down there?
[Dean looks at her, fear and remembrance in his eyes]
Lilith : You do remember. Four months is like 40 years in Hell. Like doggy years.
[Menacingly]
Lilith : And you remember every second.
Dean Winchester : [Tries to smile and ignore her, but suddenly grimaces and clutches at his chest in pain. He slowly crumbles to his knees at her feet on the floor] You are *not* real.
Lilith : [Lifts his head sharply to force him to look at her while her eyes go white] Doesn't matter. You're still gonna die. You're still gonna burn.
[Lets him go and smiles at him]
Dean Winchester : Why me? Why'd *I* get infected?
Lilith : [smiling with her hands on her hips] Silly goose. You know why, Dean.
[Leans close to him as her voice menaces him again]
Lilith : Listen to your heart.
Lilith : Ba-boom.
[Dean grimaces sharply pain. He collapses, eyes widening at the pain and fear as she continues to chant]
Lilith : Ba-boom. Ba-boom. Ba-boom. Ba-boom.
[He inches away from her as she advances on him, her voice rising]
Lilith : Ba-boom. Ba-boom! Ba-boom! Ba-boom!
[Dean's eyes go wide as his heart suddenly stops. Then he suddenly takes in a sharp breath of air as Sam and Bobby successfully kill the ghost. Dean is choking, breathing heavily, looking around for Lilith, sees his arms free of scratches - and collapses completely in relief on the floor]
Sam Winchester : So, uh... so what did you see? Near the end, I mean.
Dean Winchester : What, besides a cop beatin' my ass?
Dean Winchester : Well, it's a gift.
Ruby : [to Sam] I'm telling you. You can save your brother. And I can show you how.
Dean Winchester : So, that's you, huh? Our slutty little Yoda.
Ruby : Dean. Charming as ever.
Ruby : [to Dean after a fight during which Dean has led her into a corner of the basement] What the Hell are you grinning at?
Dean Winchester : [Stands up, bloodied, but smiling, holds up her Demon knife] Missing something?
Ruby : I'll kill you, you son of a bitch.
[She charges him, but can't move more than a step. Dean smirks and Ruby looks up to see the Devil's trap on the ceiling directly above her]
Dean Winchester : Like I said, I knew you'd come.
Ruby : Wait! You're just gonna leave me here?
Dean Winchester : Let's go, Sam.
[Takes a deep steadying breath before wearily starting up the stairs]
Ruby : Oh. So, you're too stupid to live, is that it? Then fine! You deserve Hell! And I wish I could be there, Dean. I wish I could smell the flesh sizzle off your bones! I wish I could be there to hear you scream!
Dean Winchester : [Climbing the stairs with Sam behind him] Yeah, I wish you'd shut your piehole, but we don't always get what we want.
Dean Winchester : All I'm sayin'- Sammy, all I'm sayin' is you're my weak spot. You are. And I'm yours.
Sam Winchester : You don't mean that. We're... we're family.
Dean Winchester : I know. And those evil sons o' bitches know it, too. I mean, what we'd do for each other, how far we'll go. They're using it against us.
Sam Winchester : [fighting back tears] So, what, we just stop looking out for each other?
Dean Winchester : No, we stop bein' martyrs. Man, we- we stop spreadin' it for these demons. We take this knife, and we go after Lilith *our* way, the way Dad taught us to. And if we go down, then uh... we go down swingin'. Whaddya think?
Sam Winchester : I think you totally shoulda been jammin' Eye of the Tiger right there.
Dean Winchester : Oh, bite me.
[pause]
Sam Winchester : No, what?
Dean Winchester : You're not gonna bust out the misty goodbye speech. Okay? I mean, if this is my last day on earth, I do not want it to be socially awkward.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : You know what I do want...
[He turns the radio on and Wanted Dead or Alive is playing]
Sam Winchester : [surprised] Bon Jovi?
Dean Winchester : Bon Jovi rocks. On occasion.
[Dean starts singing, belting it out. Then hits Sam on the arm]
[Sam joins in, quietly at first, then louder. They sing together, Dean taking Bon Jovi's lead and Sam singing Sambora's part. Sam continues to sing as Dean grows quiet, getting sober as fear and worry take over]
Sam Winchester : So what, now you're seein' demons?
Dean Winchester : I've been seein' all kinds of things lately, but nothing like this.
Bobby Singer : Actually, it's not all that crazy.
Dean Winchester : How is it not that crazy?
Bobby Singer : Well, you got just over five hours to go? You're piercing the veil, Dean. Glimpsing the B side.
Dean Winchester : [Frustrated] A little less new-agey, please.
Bobby Singer : [Bluntly] You're almost hell's bitch. So... you can see hell's other bitches.
Dean Winchester : [Sarcastically] Thank you.
Dean Winchester : [Voice dripping with sarcasm] This is a terrific plan. I'm excited to be a part of it. Can we go, please?
Sam Winchester : [Time is running out] Okay. You win. What do I have to do?
Ruby : What do you mean?
Sam Winchester : To save Dean. What do you need me to do?
[Dean comes up behind him]
Dean Winchester : [He grabs Sam] What the hell do you think you're doin'?
Sam Winchester : No. Just shut up for a second.
[Pushes Dean off]
Sam Winchester : Ruby!
Ruby : You had your chance. You can't just flip a switch. We needed time.
Sam Winchester : [Desperate now] Well, there's gotta be somethin'. There's gotta be some way. Whatever it is, I'll *do* it.
[Dean grabs him again and Sam tries to fight him off]
Sam Winchester : No. Dean! I'm not gonna let you go to hell, Dean!
Dean Winchester : Yes, you are!
[Quieter]
Dean Winchester : Yes, you are.
[Softly]
Dean Winchester : I'm sorry. I mean, this is all my fault. I know that. But, what you're doin'. It's not gonna save me. It's only gonna kill you.
Sam Winchester : [Fighting tears] Then what am I supposed to do?
Dean Winchester : Keep fightin'. Take care of my wheels. Sam, remember what Dad taught ya. 'Kay? And remember what I taught you.
[Fighting tears, tries to smile. Then a clock starts to chime midnight. Sam looks at Dean, crying as Dean smiles at him]
Dean Winchester : [His voice comes from far away at first, then closer as we move through a dark and swirling void] Sam!
[Swirling, falling, hurtling through a maze of chains, dirty smoke, filthy air and lightning to a lone figure deep in the distance]
Dean Winchester : Sam! No. No!
[Closer as we see Dean bound to the chains by large hooks driven through his flesh]
Dean Winchester : Somebody help me!
[Fighting for breath, struggling through tears and pain, Dean desperately looks around, sees nothing, no one]
[Dean slips an FBI badge into Castiel's inside pocket, fusses with his shirt and tie]
Dean Winchester : Because... we're humans. And when humans want something, really really bad... we lie.
Castiel : [puzzled] Why?
Dean Winchester : Because... that's how you become president.
Dean Winchester : [about finding Raphael] You're serious about this. So what, I'm Thelma and you're Louise and we're just gonna hold hands and drive off this cliff together?
[pause while Castiel looks at him]
Dean Winchester : Look, gimme one good reason why I should do this.
Castiel : Because you're Michael's vessel, and no angel will dare harm you.
Dean Winchester : Oh, so I'm your bullet shield!
Castiel : I need your help, because you are the *only* one who'll help me. Please.
[Castiel looks at him pleadingly]
Dean Winchester : All right fine. Where is he?
Castiel : Maine. Let's go.
Dean Winchester : This whole industry runs on absent fathers, it's, it's the natural order.
[bouncers appear at the end of the hall]
Dean Winchester : [grabbing Cas] We should go. C'mon.
[they run outside, Dean doubles over, laughing]
Castiel : What's so funny?
[Dean puts an arm around Castiel's shoulders, Cas smiles]
Dean Winchester : Oh, nothing. Whew. It's been a long time since I've laughed that hard. Oh. It's been more than a long time. Years.
Castiel : [pouring oil around Raphael's empty vessel] When the oil burns, no angel can touch or pass through the flames, or he dies.
Dean Winchester : Okay, so we trap him in a steel cage of holy fire, but, uh, one question: how the hell do we get him here?
Castiel : There's... well, almost an open phone line between a vessel and his angel. One just has to know how to dial.
[leans over and mutters some strange words in the vessel's ear]
Castiel : I'm here, Raphael. Come and get me, you little bastard.
Castiel : [entering the abandoned house after summoning Raphael] Dean, wait.
[He steps in front of Dean; Raphael appears with wings of lightning, the lights explode]
Raphael: Castiel.
Castiel : Raphael.
Dean Winchester : Oh, you know, I thought you were supposed to be impressive. All you do is black out the room?
Raphael: And the eastern seaboard.
[to Castiel]
Raphael: It is a testament to my unending mercy that I do not smite you here and now.
Dean Winchester : Or maybe you're full of crap. Maybe you're afraid that God'll bring Cas back to life again, and smite *you*, you candy-ass skirt. By the way, hi, I'm Dean.
Raphael: I know who you are. And now thanks to him, I know *where* you are.
Castiel : You won't kill him. You wouldn't dare.
Raphael: But I will take him to Michael.
Dean Winchester : [going to get a beer from the cooler] Well that sounds terrifying. It does. But, uh, I hate to tell ya, I'm not goin' anywhere with you.
[turns his back and takes a sip]
Raphael: Surely you remember Zachariah giving you stomach cancer?
[a slight nervousness crosses Dean's face, but he turns back to Raphael, all swagger]
Dean Winchester : Yeah, that was, that was hilarious.
Raphael: Yes, well, he doesn't have anything close to my *imagination*.
[Raphael advances on him, Dean glances at the floor, then at Cas]
Dean Winchester : I'll bet you didn't imagine one thing.
Raphael: [threatening] What?
Dean Winchester : We knew you were coming, you stupid sonofabitch.
[he flicks his lighter and drops it on the circle of oil Raphael just walked into; flame surrounds the archangel; Raphael glares at Dean]
Dean Winchester : Don't look at me, it was his idea!
[Castiel gives him a look]
Castiel : [to Raphael] Where is he?
Raphael: God.
Raphael: Didn't you hear? He's dead, Castiel. Dead.
Raphael : But there's no other explanation. He's gone for good.
Castiel : You're lying.
Raphael : Am I? Do you *remember* the twentieth century? Think the twenty-first is going any better? Do you think God would have let any of that happen, if he were alive?
Dean Winchester : Oh yeah, well then who invented the Chinese basket trick?
Raphael : Careful. That's my Father you're talking about, boy.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, who would be *so proud* to know that his sons started the friggin' Apocalypse!
Raphael : Who ran off and disappeared! Who left no instructions, and a world to rot.
Dean Winchester : So Daddy ran away and disappeared. He didn't happen to work for the Post Office, did he?
[Cas stares at him]
Raphael : This is funny to you? You're living in a Godless universe!
Dean Winchester : [angrily] And? What, you and the other kids just decided to throw an Apocalypse while he's gone?
Raphael : [wearily] We're tired. We just want it to be over. We just want... paradise.
Dean Winchester : So what, God dies and makes you the boss, and you think you can do whatever you want?
Raphael : [angry] Yes! And whatever we want, we get!
[the windows explode; Dean and Cas duck]
Dean Winchester : Hey, you okay?
[pause, Cas stares straight ahead, not answering]
Dean Winchester : Look, I'll be the first to tell you that this little crusade of yours is nuts, but, I do know a little something about missing fathers.
Castiel : What do you mean?
Dean Winchester : I mean, there were times when I was looking for my Dad when... all logic said that he was dead. But I knew, in my heart, that he was still alive. So who cares what some Ninja Turtle says, Cas, what do *you* believe?
Castiel : I believe he's out there.
Dean Winchester : Good. Then go find him.
Castiel : [looking at Dean] What about you?
Dean Winchester : What about me? I don't know. Honestly? I'm good. I can't believe I'm saying that, but, I am, I'm, I'm really good.
Castiel : Even without your brother.
Dean Winchester : [bitterly] Especially without my brother.
[Castiel looks at him]
Dean Winchester : I mean I spent so much time worrying about the sonofabitch... I mean, I've had more fun with you in the past twenty-four hours than I've had with Sam in years. And you're not that much fun. Funny, you know, I've been so chained by my family, but now that I'm alone... hell, I'm happy.
[smiles, looks over; Castiel is gone]
[Castiel appears behind Dean; Dean sees him in the mirror and jumps]
Dean Winchester : Wow. Well, last night on earth. What, uh, what are your plans?
Castiel : I just thought I'd sit here quietly.
Dean Winchester : Dude, come on. Anything? Hm? Booze? Women?
[Castiel glances at him, then looks away uncomfortably]
Dean Winchester : You have been with a women before? Right? Or an angel, at least?
[Castiel rubs his neck, embarrassed]
Dean Winchester : You mean to tell me you've never been up there doing a little cloud seeding?
Castiel : Look, I've never had occasion, okay?
Dean Winchester : All right. Lemme tell you something. There are two things that I know for certain, one: Bert and Ernie are gay. Two: you are *not* gonna die a virgin. Not on my watch. Let's go.
[Dean grabs his jacket and heads out, Castiel looks around uncertain, gets up and follows]
Castiel : [above the sound of the storm] If God is dead, why have I returned? Who brought me back?
Raphael : Did it ever occur to you that maybe, Lucifer raised you?
Raphael : Think about it. He needs all the rebellious angels he can find.
[pause, Dean looks at Cas]
Raphael : You know it adds up.
Castiel : [to Dean] Let's go.
[he turns, starts walking away]
Dean Winchester : Hi. Alonzo Mosely, FBI.
[Displays FBI ID]
Dean Winchester : This is my partner, Eddie Moscone.
[Cas just stands there]
Dean Winchester : Also FBI.
[Cas reaches into his pocket and displays his ID, upside down. Dean sees it and in frustrated disgust yanks the ID out of Cas' hand and puts it back right side up]
Dean Winchester : He's uh, he's new.
Dean Winchester : [Looking at Donnie Finnerman through the window of his hospital room] I take it that's not Raphael any more.
Castiel : Just an empty vessel.
Dean Winchester : So, is this what I'm looking at if Michael jumps my bones?
Castiel : No, not at all. Michael is much more powerful. It'll be far worse for you.
[Dean closes his eyes and turns his head away]
Dean Winchester : Nine Mile Road.
Sam Winchester : Same place where the frat boy was killed.
Dean Winchester : Nice job Dr. Venkman. Let's check it out.
[Sam and Dean sneak into the sorority house where Lori's roommate has been murdered; they see the message scratched on the wall]
Sam Winchester : "Aren't you glad you didn't turn on the light." That's right out of the legend.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, that's classic Hook-Man all right.
[touching his nose]
Dean Winchester : And it's definitely a spirit.
Sam Winchester : Yeah. I've never smelled ozone this strong before.
Sam Winchester : It was bugging me, right, so how is the Hook-Man tied up with Lori? So I think I came up with something.
[hands Dean news articles]
Dean Winchester : 1932, clergyman arrested for murder. 1967, seminarian held in hippie rampage...
Sam Winchester : There's a pattern here. In both cases the suspect was a man of religion who openly preached against immorality, and then found himself wanted for killings he claimed were the work of an invisible force. Killings carried out, get this: with a sharp instrument.
Dean Winchester : What's the connection to Lori?
Sam Winchester : A man of religion? Who openly preaches against immorality?
[Dean nods, getting it]
Sam Winchester : Except, maybe this time instead of saving the whole town, he's just trying to save his own daughter.
Dean Winchester : Reverend Sorenson. You think he's summoning the spirit?
Sam Winchester : Maybe. Or, you know how a poltergeist can haunt a person, instead of a place?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, the spirit latches onto the reverend's repressed emotions, feeds off them, yeah, okay.
Sam Winchester : Without the reverend ever even knowing it.
Dean Winchester : Either way, you should keep an eye on Lori tonight.
Sam Winchester : What about you?
[Dean looks at the party, disappointed]
Dean Winchester : [sighs] I'm gonna go see if I can find that unmarked grave.
Sam Winchester : I don't think the spirit is latching on to the reverend.
Dean Winchester : Well yeah, the guy wouldn't send the Hook-Man after *himself*.
Sam Winchester : I think it's latching onto Lori. Last night she found out that her father is having an affair with a married woman.
Dean Winchester : Check the church records.
Sam Winchester : [checking] St. Barnabus, donations, 1862, received, silver-handled hook, from State Penitentiary. Reforged. They melted it down. Made it into something else.
[the Hook-man is attacking them; Sam is wounded trying to protect Lori; Dean runs up behind with the shotgun]
[Sam drops; Dean shoots the Hook-man with salt rounds]
Sam Winchester : I thought we got all the silver!
Dean Winchester : So did I!
Sam Winchester : Then why is he still here?
Dean Winchester : Well maybe we missed somethin'!
[Sam looks around, notices Lori's cross]
Sam Winchester : Lori, where'd you get that chain?
Lori Sorenson : [bewildered] M-my father gave it to me!
Dean Winchester : Where'd your Dad get it?
Lori Sorenson : He said it was a church heirloom, he gave it to me when I started school...
Dean Winchester : Son of a bitch!
[shoves Evil Dean]
Dean Winchester : My father was an obsessed bastard!
[kick Evil Dean against the wall. Hits him with the sawed off shot gun and pins him with it]
Dean Winchester : All that crap he dumped on me about protecting Sam, that was his crap. He's the one that couldn't protect his family!
[hits Evil Dean again]
Dean Winchester : He's the one who let mom die! Who wasn't there for Sam, I always was! It wasn't fair! I didn't deserve what he put on me and I don't deserve to go to Hell!
[shoots Evil Dean, killing him instantly]
EvilDean : [wakes up with demon black eyes] You can't escape me, Dean. You're gonna die. And this. This is what you are going to become!
Sam Winchester : So what's Bobby doing in Pittsburgh?
Dean Winchester : Unless he's taking an extremely lame vacation...
Dean Winchester : Silene Capinses. Which, of course, means... absolutely nothing to me.
Dean Winchester : I take it we believe the legends.
Sam Winchester : Crap. You're actually suggesting we ask her for a favor?
Dean Winchester : I'm feelin' dirty just thinkin' about it, but yeah.
Sam Winchester : [They are about to drink the tea made of African Dream Root] Wait, wait! Wait. Can't forget this.
[He removes a small envelope from his pocket, removes something from it]
[He puts some in Dean's hand]
Dean Winchester : What the hell is that?
Sam Winchester : Bobby's hair.
Dean Winchester : We have to drink Bobby's hair?
Sam Winchester : [He puts some in his own drink] That's how you control whose dream you're entering. You gotta... drink some of their, uh...
[He swallows in distaste]
"Supernatural: Home (#1.9)" (2005)
[Dean reads stories from the news, Sam is sketching a tree in a notepad]
Dean Winchester : All right, I been cruisin' some websites, think I found a few candidates for our next gig. A fishing trawler found off the coast of Cali, its crew vanished. And uh, got some cattle mutilations in west Texas...
[notices that Sam doesn't seem to be listening]
Dean Winchester : Hey! Am I boring you with this "hunting evil" stuff?
Sam Winchester : No, I'm listening. Keep goin'.
Dean Winchester : And here, a Sacramento man shot himself in the head... three times.
[holds up three fingers, starts waving at Sam]
Dean Winchester : Any of these things blowing up your skirt pal?
Sam Winchester : I know where we have to go next.
Sam Winchester : Back home, back to Kansas.
Dean Winchester : OK random, where'd that come from?
[they pull up outside their old house]
Sam Winchester : You gonna be all right, man?
Dean Winchester : Let me get back to you on that.
Dean Winchester : Trust you? C'mon man, that's weak, you gotta give me a little bit more than that.
Sam Winchester : I can't... really explain it, is all.
Dean Winchester : Well tough! I'm not goin' anywhere until you do!
[pause]
Dean Winchester : [nods] I've noticed...
Sam Winchester : And sometimes... they come true.
[a beat]
Dean Winchester : When I swore to myself that I would never go back there?
Sam Winchester : Look. Dean, we have to check this out. Just to make sure.
[pause, Dean nods]
Dean Winchester : I know we do.
Sairie : Mom? Ask them if it was here when they lived here.
[pause, Jenny looks at the brothers]
Sairie : The thing in my closet.
Jenny : Oh no, baby, there's nothing in their closets.
[to Sam and Dean]
Sam Winchester : Right. No. No, of course not.
Jenny : She had a nightmare the other night.
Sairie : I wasn't dreaming! It came into my bedroom. And it was on fire!
[cut to Dean and Sam walking out of the house]
Sam Winchester : [agitated] You hear that? A figure on fire!
Dean Winchester : And that woman, Jenny, that was the woman in your dreams?
Sam Winchester : Yeah! And you hear what she was talking about? Scratching, flickering lights, both signs of a malevolent spirit!
Dean Winchester : Yeah well, I'm just freaked out that your weirdo visions are comin' true.
[on the phone]
Dean Winchester : Dad? I know I've left you messages before. I don't even know if you get 'em... But, I'm with Sam. And we're in Lawrence, and there's something in our old house. I don't know if it's the thing that killed mom or not. But, I don't know what to do... So whatever you're doing, if you could get here... Please. I need your help Dad.
Missouri Moseley : Well, let me look at you. Haha, ooh, you boys grew up handsome.
[laughs, looks at Dean]
Missouri Moseley : And you were one goofy-lookin' kid, too.
[Sam grins widely, amused]
[she takes Sam's hand, her tone turns sympathetic]
Missouri Moseley : Oh, honey. I'm sorry about your girlfriend. And your father. He's missin'?
Sam Winchester : How'd you know all that?
Missouri Moseley : Well, you were just thinkin' it, just now.
Dean Winchester : Well, where is he, is he okay?
Dean Winchester : That's a psychic?
Sam Winchester : [checking the book] Uh... yeah, yeah I guess so.
[Dean gets the journal out of the car]
Dean Winchester : Dad's journal. Here, look at this. First page, first sentence, read that.
Sam Winchester : [reads] "I went to Missouri, and I learned the truth."
Dean Winchester : [shrugs] I always thought he meant the state.
Missouri Moseley : [coming out with a client] All right then. Don't you worry about a thing. You're wife is crazy about you.
[client thanks her, she closes the door after him]
Missouri Moseley : Whew. Poor bastard. His woman is cold-bangin' the gardener.
Dean Winchester : Why didn't you tell him?
Missouri Moseley : People don't come here for the truth. They come for good news.
[the brothers stare at her]
Missouri Moseley : Well? Sam and Dean, come on already, I ain't got all day.
Sam Winchester : Okay, so, our Dad. When did you first meet him?
Missouri Moseley : He came for a reading. A few days after the fire. I just told him what was really out there in the dark. I guess you could say, I drew back the curtains for him.
Dean Winchester : What about the fire? Do you... do you know about what killed our Mom?
Missouri Moseley : A little. Your Daddy took me to your house. He was hopin' I could sense the echoes, the fingerprints of this thing.
Sam Winchester : Oh, no no no no. Pickups are your thing, Dean.
Dean Winchester : It wasn't my butt she was checking out.
Sam Winchester : Why are you trying so hard to get me laid?
Dean Winchester : Why are you trying so hard to *not* get laid?
Dean Winchester : [as they torch the painting] Ugly ass thing... If you ask me, we're doing the art world a favor.
Dean Winchester : I think we need to take a little shore leave; just a little bit. What do you think, huh?
[gestures towards girl sitting at the bar]
Dean Winchester : I'm so in the door with this one.
Dean Winchester : I'm so in the door with this one.
Sam Winchester : [glances at her] So what are we today, Dean, um, rock stars? Are we Army Rangers?
Dean Winchester : Reality TV scouts looking for people with special skills. Well hey, it's not that far off, right?
Sam Winchester : It's not who, it's what, is killing those people.
[Sarah looks at him, confused]
Sam Winchester : Sarah, you saw that painting move.
Sarah Blake : No. No, I was, I was seeing things! It's impossible!
Dean Winchester : Yeah well, welcome to our world.
Sam Winchester : Sarah, I know this sounds crazy, but we think that that painting is haunted.
[pause]
Sarah Blake : You're *not* joking. God, the guys I go out with.
Sam Winchester : Sarah, think about it. Evelyn. The Telescas. They both had the painting. And there've been others before that, wherever this thing goes, people die. And we're just tryin' to stop it. And that's the truth.
Sarah Blake : Well then I guess you better show me. I'm coming with you.
Sam Winchester : What? No. Sarah, no, you should just go home. This stuff can get dangerous, and... and I don't want you to get hurt.
Sarah Blake : Look, you guys are probably crazy, but if you're right about this, well me and my Dad sold that painting, and we might have got these people killed. Look, I'm not saying I'm not scared, because I am scared as hell, but I'm not gonna run and hide either. So are we going, or what?
[she walks out the door]
Librarian : Well.
[he pulls out an old newspaper page with the headline "New Titanic Sinks"; underneath is a smaller article titled "Father Slaughters Family, Kills Self"]
Dean Winchester : Yes, yeah, that sounds about right.
Sam Winchester : The whole family was killed?
Librarian : It seems this Isaiah, he slits his kids' throats, then his wife, then himself. Now he was a barber by trade: used a straight razor.
Sam Winchester : Why'd he do it?
Librarian : [turning the paper over] Well, let's look.
[reads]
Librarian : Uh, people who knew him described Isaiah as having stern and harsh temperament. Controlled his family with an iron fist, uh, wife, uh, two sons, adopted daughter, uh yeah, there were whispers that the wife was gonna take the kids and leave, um, which of course, you know, in that day and age... So instead, Old Man Isaiah, well, he gave 'em all a shave.
[draws a hand across his throat in a slitting motion; Dean laughs briefly]
Dean Winchester : Does it say what happened to the bodies?
Librarian : Just that they were all cremated.
Sam Winchester : [agitated] I'm telling you man, I'm sure of it! Painting at the auction house, Dad is looking down.
[shoving the copy from the history book across to Dean]
Sam Winchester : Painting here? Dad's looking out! The painting has changed, Dean!
Dean Winchester : Ah, so you think that uh, Daddy Dearest is trapped in the painting and is handing out Columbia Neckties like he did with his family?
Sam Winchester : Well yeah, it seems like it. But if his bones are already dusted, then how're we gonna stop him?
Dean Winchester : All right, well if Isaiah's position changed, then maybe some other things in the painting changed as well, you know, could give us some clues.
Sam Winchester : What, like a Da Vinci Code deal?
Dean Winchester : I don't... know, I'm just still waitin' on the movie for that one. Anyway we gotta get back in and see that painting.
Dean Winchester : What?
Sam Winchester : What? Ever since we got here you've been tryin' to pimp me out to Sarah! Just, back off, all right?
Dean Winchester : Well you like her, don't you? All right, you like her, she likes you, you're both consenting adults...
Sam Winchester : What's the point, Dean? We'll just leave! We always leave!
Dean Winchester : Well I'm not talkin' about marriage, Sam!
Sam Winchester : You know, I don't get it. What do you care if I hook up?
Dean Winchester : Because then maybe you wouldn't be so cranky all the time.
[pause, Sam makes an exasperated noise]
Dean Winchester : You know, seriously Sam, this isn't about just hooking up, okay? I mean I, I think that this Sarah girl could be good for you. And I don't mean any disrespect, but I'm, I'm sure that this is about Jessica, right? Now I don't know what it's like to lose somebody like that, but... I would think that she would want you to be happy. God forbid have fun once in a while. Wouldn't she?
Sam Winchester : [softly] Yeah I know she would.
[Dean nods]
Dean Winchester : What's it about?
[pause, Sam looks away]
Dean Winchester : Yeah, all right.
Dean Winchester : It's the third bone yard we've checked. I think this ghost is jerkin' us around.
Sarah Blake : [to Sam] So this is what you guys do for a living?
Sam Winchester : Not exactly. We don't get paid.
[inside the Merchant family crypt; Sarah notices a doll entombed above the daughter's urn]
Sarah Blake : Okay, that right there, is the creepiest thing I've ever seen.
Sam Winchester : I was uh, sort of a tradition at the time. Whenever a child died, sometimes they'd preserve the kid's favorite toy in a glass case right next to the headstone or crypt.
Dean Winchester : You notice anything strange here?
Sarah Blake : Uh, where do I start?
Dean Winchester : No, that's not what I mean. Look at the urns.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, there are only four.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, Mom and the three kids. Daddy Dearest isn't here.
[about the girl's ghost]
Dean Winchester : Shut up! I'm hilarious.
Dean Winchester : [Sam is reading their Dad's journal] Dad never wrote anything about dragons. I promise. I'd remember if I read Neverending Story in there.
Dean Winchester : [Pulls the sword from the rock he just blasted apart only to see that it is now broken in half. Turns to Dr. Visyak] You've got insurance for this, right?
Dean Winchester : [searching through the sewers with Sam] Oh, God! Just when I get used to the smell, I hit another flavor! Dude, we have been here for *hours*. There is nothing. I think the lore's off. Hey, what if, uh...
[hopefully]
Dean Winchester : what if dragons like nice hotels?
Sam Winchester : [referring to the bag of gold recovered from the dragon's lair] Why don't you just cut to the chase and roll in it?
Dean Winchester : Open your mouth!
[teenage vampire wanna-be opens mouth]
Dean Winchester : Take Those out!
[He pulls the fake teeth covered in saliva out]
Dean Winchester : Ughhh... for the love of... what are you 12? Are you wearing glitter?
Vamp Kid : I only do it to get laid man!
Dean Winchester : Does it work?
[teenage nods]
Dean Winchester : [Dean pauses and thinks] I'll be damned. Alright... MMMMBOP your way out of here. Go. Go! AND USE A CONDOM!
Dean Winchester : [about fake movie vamps] These aren't vampires, these are... these are douchebags!
Dean Winchester : Alright, you take Effron, I'll take Bieber.
Sam Winchester : What sound?
Dean Winchester : [Knocks over a lamp to cut the light. Overwhelmed by the sound of sirens, a heartbeat, car horns, people talking] Wha-?
[Realizing he's hearing people in another room, he walks over and hit his hand against the wall]
Dean Winchester : Hey c'mon! Keep it down, dammit!
[He turns, suddenly blinded by the overhead light]
Dean Winchester : Please, *please* shut that off.
[He puts his hand against the pounding in his head, pounding from the light and the sound of people's voices, Sam's footsteps, the flip of the light switch]
Sam Winchester : Dean, you should sit down.
Sam Winchester : No, Dean, he's not.
Dean Winchester : Yes, he is. Cuz I'm gonna ask him to cuz *you* won't do it.
Sam Winchester : Okay, just hold on a second.
Dean Winchester : For what, huh? *Look* at me!
Dean Winchester : C'mon, man, I'm a monster! Okay? This is not a problem that you spitball! We gotta deal with this before I hurt somebody!
Dean Winchester : [to Sam and Samuel who are wary after Dean returned from seeing Lisa] You can relax. I didn't *drink* anyone.
Dean Winchester : [Being offered blood to drink] I'm okay. I killed so many people on the way over here, so...
Robert : Yeah, uh... about that? Company line is we don't just kill people anymore. But, you gotta tell me what that's like.
Dean Winchester : Yeah. Yeah, first chance I get I'll... I'll show you myself.
Sam Winchester : [He and Samuel have followed a line of bodies and blood to find Dean in the vampires' nest. Standing on the mezzanine, they look down to see Dean sitting in the middle of the large room, holding his machete] Dean, you okay?
Dean Winchester : [Voice rough with fatigue, fear] Yeah, I'm okay.
[the camera pans down from Dean's face to show that his foot is resting on the now severed head of the vampire that turned him, his body several feet away, a trail of blood between them]
Samuel Campbell : This works, it's not gonna be a kiddy ride, you know that.
Dean Winchester : [Almost doubled over] That's great. Light 'er up.
Sam Winchester : So, what'd you see in there?
Dean Winchester : What?
Sam Winchester : In the nest. What'd you see?
Dean Winchester : Sam, I can't hear you! You... your blood is so freakin' loud! Okay? So, just back off!
[to Samuel]
Dean Winchester : Alright, gimme the damn cure.
[He takes the cup, is shaken by the smell and then tries to smile]
Dean Winchester : I don't think it-
[He suddenly doubles over and is violently sick]
Sam Winchester : Is it working?
Samuel Campbell : Either that, or he's dying.
[Dean is overcome as the cure starts to work, falling to the floor in pain as memories of the last several days flash through his mind, going back to when Boris turned him, and he sees Sam standing in the alley watching. Dean finally comes to and sees Sam smiling next to him, helping him to sit up, and he looks at Sam as his fear about him deepens]
Dean Winchester : Their Alpha's building an army.
Castiel : Hey. I'm not through with you.
Cat: Dumbass.
Dean Winchester : [Satisfied with his plans that Cas will travel with them to their next case] Alright then.
Castiel : Can I, uh... at least ride in the front seat?
Castiel : [Examining the victim's body] I can't sense any EMF or sulphur. Mr. Freleng's arterial health is, uh... excellent.
[He leans over and sniffs the body]
Castiel : Mm. He did recently suffer from a... mild, uh... what is that... bladder infection.
Dean Winchester : Cas. Stop smelling the dead guy.
Dean Winchester : Okay. Well, let's say that, uh, Gary here is on the prowl. But, he's playin' it safe because...
[Chuckles as he lifts the victim's left hand to reveal a wedding ring]
Dean Winchester : dude's married. Doesn't want anyone to see his ride parked out in front of a by-the-hour fleabag...
Sam Winchester : So, he stashes his car at the park across the street and meets Olivia there.
Dean Winchester : His wife probably found out about it and it broke her heart.
Sam Winchester : So she breaks his. Sounds witchy.
Dean Winchester : Yes, it does. Guy was living a lie and it came back to bite him the ticker.
[to Cas]
Dean Winchester : But, nice job on that bladder infection.
Mrs. Frieling : I- I don't understand. Gary had a heart attack. Why would the FBI...
Dean Winchester : Parks are government property. We've just got a few questions for you.
Castiel : [to Dean quietly] I'll, uh, I'll handle this. I've done research. I can crack her.
[He moves over to lean close to the widow]
Castiel : Now... Miss Freleng... I don't wanna bother you. I, I really don't. But, I- I do have just one question for you.
[He suddenly slams his hand on the table top, moves menacingly close to her and yells. She, Sam and Dean all jump]
Castiel : Why did you kill your husband?
Dean Winchester : Agent Stills. A word, please.
Castiel : [Moves over to Dean as Sam moves to comfort the now crying widow] What? I was being bad cop.
Dean Winchester : You were being bad *everything*!
Dean Winchester : [after learning that Gary Freleng and his widow had an "open" marriage] Friggin' suburbs, man.
Castiel : [Finally catching up] So, she's not a witch.
Dean Winchester : Just the best wife *ever*.
Castiel : Then what killed her husband?
Dean Winchester : Who gives a-
[Cut to exterior traffic scene and the sound of a loud horn honking]
Dean Winchester : The whole heart jumpin' out of a guy's chest. The, the delayed fall. That's straight up Bugs Bunny.
Castiel : So, we're looking for some sort of... insect rabbit hybrid? How do we kill it?
Sam Winchester : No. We don't, Cas. That's a character. Like uh, like Woody Woodpecker. Or Daffy Duck.
Dean Winchester : They're little animated movies. You know, uh, the coyote chases the roadrunner.
[Chuckling]
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : [in unison] Yeah right.
[a beat]
Sam Winchester : It wasn't a guess.
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : [in unison] Right, you're a mind reader. Cut it out. Sam.
[annoyed]
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : [rapidly, in unison] You think you're being funny but you're being really, really childish.
[another beat]
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : Sam Winchester cries his way through sex.
Dean Winchester , Sam Winchester : Sam Winchester keeps a ruler by the bed and every morning when he wakes up he... OKAY ENOUGH!
Dean Winchester : Do these tacos taste funny to you?
[Cut to Sam waking up again]
Dean Winchester : [in the shower] -So we can't even go out for breakfast?
Sam Winchester : Trust me, you'll thank me when it's Wednesday!
Sam Winchester : I know that.
Dean Winchester : The things that I saw, there aren't words, there is no forgetting, there's no making it better. Because it is right here,
[Points to head]
Dean Winchester : forever. You wouldn't understand and I could never make you understand. So I am sorry.
Wesley Mondale : Aren't you the guys from the Health Department?
Sam Winchester : Yeah. And florists on the side.
Dean Winchester : Plus FBI. And on Thursdays, we're teddy bear doctors.
Dean Winchester : We never get what we want, and in fact, we have to fight tooth and nail just to keep what we've got.
Sam Winchester : But you know what? Maybe that's the whole point, Wes.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, maybe people are people 'cause they're miserable bastards, 'cause they never get what they really want.
Sam Winchester : Right, yeah. You get what you want, you get crazy.
Sam Winchester : It's gotta be a joke, right? Some big ass mother in a gorilla suit?
Dean Winchester : Or it's a bigfoot. You know, he's some kind of a... alco-holo-porno addict. Kinda like a deep woods Duchovny.
[smiles, very pleased with himself]
Dean Winchester : [Looking at the wishing well with Sam] Think it works?
Sam Winchester : Got a better explanation for Teddy back there?
Dean Winchester : There's one way to find out.
[Pulls out a coin]
[silent beat, looking away]
Dean Winchester : Because you're a pain in my ass.
Sam Winchester : [smiling] Guess I might have to stick around and be a pain in the ass then.
Dean Winchester : [Humble and dead straight] Thanks.
Sam Winchester : Don't mention it.
Dean Winchester : [driving his rebuilt 1967 Chevy Impala] Whoo! Listen to her purr. You ever heard anything so sweet?
Sam Winchester : You know, if you two wanna get a room, just let me know, Dean.
Dean Winchester : [talking to the car] Don't listen to him, baby. He doesn't understand us.
Dean Winchester : Put the lotion in the basket.
Dean Winchester : [about John] He was one of those guys. Took some terrible beatings, but he just kept on coming, so you're saying to yourself, "He's indestructable. Nothing can kill my dad," and then just like that... he's gone.
[Dean is talking to the Impala]
Sam Winchester : [Amused] You know, if you two want to get a room, just let me know, Dean.
Dean Winchester : [to the car] Aw, don't listen to him, baby. He doesn't understand us.
Dean Winchester : Sam, clock me one. Come on. Come on. I won't even hit you back. Let's go.
[Braces himself to be punched]
Dean Winchester : Let's go. You get a freebie. Hit me. Come on.
Sam Winchester : You look like you just went 12 rounds with a block of cement, Dean.
[smiling, turning away]
Sam Winchester : You...? For what?
Dean Winchester : The way I've been acting.
[long beat]
Dean Winchester : And for dad. I mean he was your dad too, and it's my fault that he's gone.
Sam Winchester : What are you talking about?
Dean Winchester : I know you've been thinking it, so have I. It doesn't take a genius to figure it out. Back at the hospital, full recovery. It was a miracle, and five minutes later dad's dead and the colt's gone.
Sam Winchester : Dean...
Dean Winchester : You can't tell me there's not a a connection there. I don't know how the demon was involved. I don't know how the whole thing went down exactly, but dad's dead because of me and that much I do know.
Sam Winchester : We don't know that, not for sure.
Dean Winchester : Sam, you and dad, you're the most important people in my life. And now... I never should have come back Sam, it wasn't natural, and now look whats come of it. I was dead and I should've stayed dead. You wanted to know I was feeling, well thats it. So tell me, what could you possibly say to make that alright?
Dean Winchester : What's dead should stay dead - didn't you see Pet Sematary?
Dean Winchester : Sam, if you bring up dad's death one more time, I swear...
Sam Winchester : Please, Dean, it's killing you, please. We've already lost dad, we've lost mom, I've lost Jessica. And now I'm gonna lose you too?
Dean Winchester : We better get out of here before the cops come. I hear you, okay? Yeah, I'm being an ass and I'm sorry.
[Sam nods]
Dean Winchester : But right now we got a freaking zombie running around, we need to figure out how to kill it.
[Sam smiles]
Dean Winchester : Christmas is Jesus's birthday.
Sam Winchester : No, Jesus's birthday was probably in the fall. It was actually the winter solstice festival that was co-opted by the church and renamed Christmas. But I mean the yule log, the tree, even Santa's red suit is all remnants of Pagan worship.
Dean Winchester : How do you know that? What are you going to tell me next, the Easter Bunny's Jewish?
Dean Winchester : So all these Martha Stewart wannabes buying these fancy wreaths...
Sam Winchester : Yup, it pretty much like putting a neon sign on your front door saying "come kill us".
Dean Winchester : So you think we're dealing with a pagan god?
Sam Winchester : Yeah, probably Hold McCar, god of the winter solstice.
[reading from a book]
Dean Winchester : Lap dances, hopefully.
Dean Winchester : Remember that wreath dad brought home that one year?
Sam Winchester : You mean the one he stole from, like, a liquor store?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, it was a bunch of empty beer cans.
[laughs]
Dean Winchester : That thing was great.
Dean Winchester : [Madge cuts Dean's arm] You bitch!
Madge Carrigan : [stands up and looks offended] Oh, my goodness me! Somebody owes a nickel to the swear jar. Oh, do you know what I say when I feel like swearing? Fudge.
Dean Winchester : [stares at her incredulously] I'll try an remember that.
Edward Carrigan : Now open wide, and say "ah".
[Edward sticks a pair of plyers in Dean's mouth, preparing to pull out a tooth. The doorbell rings, and everyone freezes]
Dean Winchester : [with pliers in his mouth] Is somebody gonna get that?
[the Carrigans look at each other. The doorbell rings again]
Dean Winchester : [with pliers still in his mouth] You should get that.
Future Dean : Oh we're not.
[glancing at the others]
Future Dean : They are. They're the decoys. You and me, we're goin' in through the back.
Dean Winchester : [horrified] You mean you're gonna feed your friends into a meat grinder? Cas too? You want to use their *deaths* as a diversion?
[the other Dean looks away]
Dean Winchester : Oh man, something is broken in you. You're making decisions I would never make. I wouldn't sacrifice my friends!
Future Dean : You're right. *You* wouldn't. It's one of the main reasons we're in this mess, actually.
Dean Winchester : These people count on you, they trust you!
Future Dean : They trust me to kill the Devil, and to save the world. And that's exactly what I'm gonna do!
Dean Winchester : No. Not like this you're not, I'm not gonna let you!
[Future Dean punches him in the face, knocking him out]
Dean Winchester : Oh well, if it isn't the ghost of Christmas Screw You.
Zachariah : Enough. Dean, enough. You saw it, right? You saw what happens. You're the only person who can prove the Devil wrong. Just say yes.
Dean Winchester : And how do I know that this whole thing isn't one of your tricks? Huh? Some angel hocus-pocus?
Zachariah : The time for tricks is over. Give yourself to Michael. Say yes, and we can strike. Before Lucifer gets to Sam. Before billions die.
[long pause, Dean walks around the angel]
Dean Winchester : [with his back turned] Nah.
Zachariah : "Nah"? You telling me you haven't learned you lesson?
Dean Winchester : [angrily] Oh I learned a lesson all right. Just not the one you wanted to teach!
Zachariah : [furious, advancing on Dean] Well, I'll just have to teach it *again*! 'Cause I've got you now, boy, and I'm never letting you -
[Zachariah is suddenly staring in shock at the empty air where Dean used to be]
[Dean finds himself on a deserted road, turns to see Castiel regarding him calmly]
Dean Winchester : That's pretty nice timing, Cas.
Castiel : [smiling slightly] We had an appointment.
[Dean smiles, lays a hand on Cas' shoulder]
[hears the dial tone, hangs up, a little exasperated]
Castiel : ... wait here, then.
Lucifer : [after killing future Dean, turns around and sees past Dean] Oh. Hello Dean. Aren't you a surprise.
[lightning flashes, Lucifer pops up behind him]
Lucifer : You've come a long way to see this, haven't you?
Dean Winchester : Well go ahead. Kill me.
[glances around Dean at the body of future Dean]
Lucifer : Don't you think that would be a little... redundant?
[sighs]
Lucifer : I'm sorry. It must be painful. Speaking to me in this - shape. But it had to be your brother. It had to be.
[he reaches for Dean's shoulder, Dean pulls away, Lucifer's arm drops]
Lucifer : You don't have to be afraid of me, Dean. What do you think I'm going to do?
[walks past Dean, fingers a rose]
Dean Winchester : [angrily] I don't know, maybe deep-fry the planet?
Lucifer : [turning back] Why? Why would I want to destroy this stunning thing? *Beautiful* in a trillion different ways! The last, *perfect* handiwork of God?
[pause]
Lucifer : You ever hear the story of how I fell from grace?
Dean Winchester : Oh good God, you're not gonna tell me a bedtime story are you? My stomach's almost outta bile.
Lucifer : You know why God cast me down? Because I *loved* him. More than anything. And then God created...
[huffs a small laugh]
Lucifer : You. The little, hairless apes. And then he asked all of us to bow down before *you*. To love *you*, more than Him! And I said, Father, I can't. I said these human beings, were flawed, murderous. And for that, God had Michael cast me into Hell! Now tell me, does the punishment fit the crime? Especially when I was right. Look what six billion of you have done to this thing. And how many of you blame me for it.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : You're not fooling me, you know that? With this sympathy for the Devil crap? I know what you are.
Lucifer : What am I?
Dean Winchester : You're the same thing only bigger. The same brand of cockroach I been squashing my whole life. An ugly, evil, belly-to-the-ground supernatural piece of crap. The only difference between them and you? Is the size of your ego.
[pause, Lucifer smiles]
Lucifer : I like you, Dean. I get what the other angels see in you. Good-bye. We'll meet again soon.
[starts walking away]
Dean Winchester : [fiercely] You better kill me now!
Lucifer : [stops, turns back] Pardon?
Dean Winchester : You better kill me now! Or I swear, I will find a way to kill you! And I won't stop!
Lucifer : [quietly] I know you won't. I know you won't say yes to Michael either. And I know you won't kill Sam. Whatever you do, you will always end up... here. No matter what choices you make, whatever details you alter, *we* will always end up... here.
[a tear drops from Dean's eye]
Lucifer : I win. So I win.
Lucifer : See you in five years, Dean.
[he vanishes with a clap of thunder]
Chuck Shurley : So, you're really from '09?
Sam Winchester : How do you know?
[John pulls something from his pocket]
John Winchester : I found this.
[Dean takes it]
Dean Winchester : It's a... vampire fang.
John Winchester : No fangs - teeth. The second set descends when they attack.
[to Sam]
John Winchester : Any more questions? All right, let's get outta here, we're losin' daylight. Hey and Dean, why don't you touch up your car, before you get rust. I wouldn't have given you the damn thing if I thought you were gonna ruin it.
Kate : Car trouble? Lemme give you a lift. Take you back to my place.
Dean Winchester : Ah, I'll pass. I usually draw the line at necrophilia.
Kate : Ooo.
[Backhands him across the face; Dean falls. Kate grabs his chin and lifts him in the air]
Dean Winchester : I don't normally get this friendly till the second date, but...
Kate : You know, we could have some fun. I always like to make new friends.
[Kisses Dean]
Dean Winchester : Sorry. Don't really stay with a chick that long. Definitely not eternity.
[Sam and John hit the vampires with crossbow bolts; Kate looks down at the arrow in her chest]
Kate : [mildly irritated] Dammit.
[to John]
Kate : Barely even stings.
John Winchester : Give it time, sweetheart. The arrow's soaked in dead man's blood. It's like poison to you, isn't it?
[Kate passes out]
[Dean comes back after stealing dead man's blood from a mortuary]
Dean Winchester : Whew. Man, some heavy security to protect a bunch of dead guys.
[John reads a letter Elkins left for him]
John Winchester : "If you're reading this, I'm already dead..." That sonofabitch.
Sam Winchester : You heard me!
John Winchester : [angry] Yeah. You left! Your brother and me, we needed you. You walked away, Sam, you walked away!
Dean Winchester : Stop it, both of you!
Sam Winchester : [increasingly belligerent] You're the one who said don't come back, Dad. You were the one who closed that door, not me! You were just pissed off you couldn't control me anymore!
[they grapple; Dean shoves between them]
Dean Winchester : Listen, stop it, stop it, STOP IT! That's enough!
[to John]
Dean Winchester : That means you too.
[observing the vampire nest]
Dean Winchester : Son of a bitch. So they're really not afraid of the sun.
John Winchester : No. Direct sunlight hurts like a nasty sunburn. The only way to kill 'em, is by beheading. And yeah, they sleep during the day; doesn't mean they won't wake up.
Dean Winchester : So I guess walkin' right in isn't our best option.
Dean Winchester : That's no excuse.
[Sees a vendor selling soft pretzels]
Dean Winchester : Big pretzel!
[Hurries over to buy a couple. Sam smiles and shakes his head fondly]
Dean Winchester : I, uh, pulled it off during the fight. Look at the label on the ribbon.
Sam Winchester : It's a costume rental.
Dean Winchester : All three monsters - the Dracula, Wolf Man, and the Mummy - all the same critter, which means we need to catch this freak before he "Creature from the Black Lagoon's" somebody.
Jamie : So, you guys are like Mulder and Scully or something, and the X-Files are real?
Dean Winchester : No, "The X-Files" is a TV show. This is real.
Dracula : [referring to portrait of woman] She is beautiful, no? Bride number three from the first film. She never got the acclaim that she deserved. Which is why I chose her shape, her form to move among the mortals unnoticed, to listen to the cricket songs of the living. That is when I discovered my bride had been reborn in this century.
Dean Winchester : [chuckles] I can't get over what a pumpkin-pie-eyed, crazy son of a bitch you really are. You're not Dracula. You get that right? Or even if you think you are Dracula, what the hell's up with the Mummy?
Dracula : [punches Dean in his face] I am *all* monsters!
Dean Winchester : Life ain't a movie you sorry sack of...
Dracula : [again punches Dean] Life is small, meager, messy. The movies are grand, simple, elegant. I have chosen elegance.
Dean Winchester : You think "elegance" is really the word for what you did to Marissa or Rick Deacon? Or any of the others?
Dracula : But of course. It is a monster movie, after all.
Dean Winchester : You do realize what happens at the end of *every* monster movie?
Dracula : Ah. But this movie is *mine*. And in it, the monster wins. The monster gets the girl. And the hero, he's... electrocuted.
[reaches for pulley switch]
Dracula : And tonight, Jonathan Harker, you will be my hero.
Dean Winchester : Hey, you think this Dracula can turn into a bat? That'd be cool.
Dean Winchester : Oh, thank God. Just in the nick of time. That guy was about to Frankenstein me.
Sam Winchester : We're looking for Ed Brewer.
Jamie : What do you want with Ed?
Dean Winchester : Well, we are uh... federal agents.
[They pull out and show her their IDs]
Dean Winchester : Mr. Brewer was witness to a serious crime. We just need to...
Jamie : Wait a minute.
Jamie : You're a Fed? Wow, you don't come on like a Fed.
[smiling]
Jamie : Seriously?
Dean Winchester : [Moving closer, suggestively] I'm a maverick, really. A rebel with a badge. One thing I don't play by? The rules.
[He winks at her]
Dean Winchester : What?
Jamie : That must suck. I mean, you're giving up your life for this terrible, I don't know... responsibility.
Dean Winchester : [thoughtfully] Last few years, I started thinking that way. And uh... yeah, it started- started weighing on me. Of course, that was before...
[long silence]
Dean Winchester : A little while ago, I had this, let's call it a near death experience. Very near. And uh... when I came to... things were different. My life's been... different. I realize that I help people. You know... not just help them though. I save them.
[shrugs self consciously]
Dean Winchester : And I gotta say it's, it's awesome. It's, it's kinda like a gift.
[softly, seriously]
Dean Winchester : Like a mission. Kinda like a... mission from God.
Dean Winchester : [after laughing] I can't get over what a pumpkin pie eyed crazy son of a bitch you really are. You're not Dracula! You get that, right? Even if you think you *are* Dracula, what the Hell is up with the Mummy?
Sam Winchester : [smiling at Dean's outfit after releasing him from Dracula's electrocution table] Hey there, Hansel.
[Sam smirks at Dean. Dean points his finger at Sam]
Jamie : Thank you, G man. You've been a great service to our country.
Dean Winchester : Oh yes, I'm very patriotic.
Dean Winchester : It feels good to be back on the job, doesn't it? Hero gets the girl; monster gets the gank. A happy ending.
[smirking]
Bobby Singer : Can't be too careful.
Bobby Singer : Dean. Your chest was ribbons. Your insides were slop. And you've been buried *four* months. Even if you *could* slip outta Hell and back into your meatsuit...
Dean Winchester : I know. I should look like a Thriller video reject.
Sam Winchester : I assume you'll wanna drive?
[He tosses keys to Dean who is seeing the Impala for the first time since being pulled out of Hell]
Dean Winchester : [laughing] I almost forgot. Hey, sweetheart. Ya miss me?
[He climbs in, shuts the door and settles into the driver's seat]
[He looks at the dash]
Dean Winchester : What the Hell is that?
Sam Winchester : That's an iPod jack.
Dean Winchester : [disgusted] You were supposed to take of her, not douche her up.
Sam Winchester : Dean, I thought it was my car.
Dean Winchester : [Starts the car and the iPod plays pop music. Dean gives Sam a hard look] Really?
[Sam shrugs and Dean throws the iPod into the back seat]
[He smiles. Sam scoffs]
Dean Winchester : What? Come on, man. Craps table? We'd clean up.
Sam Winchester : Dean I'm scared, man. These nightmares weren't bad enough, now I'm seeing things when I'm awake? And these... visions, or whatever, they're getting more intense. And painful.
Dean Winchester : C'mon man, it'll be all right. You'll be fine.
Sam Winchester : What is it about the Millers? Why am I connected to them? Why am I watching them *die*? Why the hell is this happening to me?
Dean Winchester : I don't know Sam, but we'll figure it out, okay? We face the unexplainable every single day, this is just another thing.
Sam Winchester : No. It's never been *us*. It's never been in the family like this! Tell me the truth, you can't tell me this doesn't freak you out.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : [unconvincing] This doesn't freak me out.
Sam Winchester : We were just wondering if you might recall a family, they used to live right across the street.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, the Millers, they had a little boy named Max.
Sam Winchester : Dean! He's a *person*. We can talk to him! Hey, promise me you'll follow my lead on this one.
Dean Winchester : All right fine. But I'm not lettin' him hurt anybody else.
[he pulls a gun from the glove compartment]
[Max is threatening Alice with the gun]
[Dean moves to protect Alice]
Max Miller : [to Dean] Stay back. It's not about you.
Dean Winchester : You're gonna kill her, you gotta go through me first.
Max Miller : Okay.
[he cocks the gun; Sam bursts in]
Sam Winchester : No don't! Don't! Please! Please, Max. Max, we can help you. All right? But this, what you're doing, it's not the solution. It's not gonna fix anything.
[pause]
Max Miller : [quietly] You're right.
[He swings the gun around and shoots himself in the head]
Dean Winchester : Cas. It's okay.
Castiel : [Sincere] You are not the burnt and broken shell of a man that I believed you to be.
Dean Winchester : [Trying to keep the sarcasm from his voice] Thank you.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : I appreciate that.
Dean Winchester : [Trying to bluff his way into the security room of a convalescent home] Hey. Hi, uh, I'm looking for my nana. Her name is Eunice... Kennedy.
Security Guard : Go around front and see the nurse.
Dean Winchester : [Realizes it's not working, so he steps in and closes the door] You mind just helping me out, sir? Uh, she's about, uh... oh about that small,
[Holds his hand about waist high as the guard leans forward in his chair]
Dean Winchester : gray hair, wears diapers.
[He punches the guard who falls backward, out cold. Then he bangs on the door]
Sam Winchester : [Steps inside and closes the door] Eunice Kennedy?
Dean Winchester : That's the beauty about improv, Sammy. You never know what's gonna come outta your mouth.
Sam Winchester : [They are both weak, in pain, retching and fighting off unconsciousness as they struggle to move down the hall towards Pestilence] We must be getting close.
Dean Winchester : Not really.
Death : Sit down. It took you long enough to find me. I've been wanting to talk to you.
Dean Winchester : [Fearful, cautious] I gotta say... mixed feelings about that. So, is this the part where...
[Clears his throat]
Dean Winchester : where you kill me?
[He tries to smile bravely]
Death : [Gives Dean a long look as Dean's smiles disappears. Very measured and calm] You have an inflated sense of your importance. To a thing like me, a thing like you, well... Think how you'd feel if a bacteria sat at your table and started to get snarky. This is one little planet in one tiny solar system in a galaxy that's barely out of its diapers. I'm old, Dean. Very old. So, I invite you to contemplate how insignificant I find you.
Dean Winchester : So, why am I still breathing? Sitting here with you... what do you want?
Death : [He shows the first spark of emotion] The leash around my neck, off! Lucifer has me bound to him. Some unseemly little spell. He has me where he wants, when he wants. That's why I couldn't go to you. I had to wait for you to catch up. He's made me his weapon. Hurricanes. Floods. Raising the dead. I'm more powerful than you can process, and I'm enslaved to a bratty child having a tantrum.
Dean Winchester : And you think... *I* can unbind you?
Death : There's your ridiculous bravado again. Of course, you can't. But, you can help take the bullets out of Lucifer's gun.
[Holds up his hand with his ring]
Death : I understand you want this.
Dean Winchester : What, you think...
Death : I know. So I need a promise. You're going to let your brother jump right into that fiery pit.
[He extends the ring to Dean as Dean's face hardens]
Death : Well, do I have your word?
Dean Winchester : [pauses, looking at the ring] Okay, yeah. Yes.
[He holds out his hand]
Death : [Forcefully] That better be yes, Dean. You know you can't cheat Death.
[He drops the ring into Dean's hand]
Dean Winchester : [Seeing Bobby walk into the tool shed] How'd it go at the Rockettes audition?
Bobby Singer : Uhhhh... High kick's fair. Boobs need work.
Dean Winchester : Oh my god.
Sam Winchester : This isn't just anyone we're talking about, this is Dad. I know how you felt about the man.
Dean Winchester : You know what, just back off, okay? Just because I'm not sharing and caring like you want me to.
Sam Winchester : No-no-no. That's not what this is about, Dean. I don't care how you deal with this, but you have to deal with it man! Listen I'm your brother, I just want to make sure you're ok.
Dean Winchester : Dude, I'm okay! I'm okay, okay? I swear, the next person who asks me if I'm okay, I'm gonna start throwing punches. These are your issues, quit dumping them on me.
Sam Winchester : What are you talking about?
Dean Winchester : I just think it's really interesting, this sudden obedience you have to Dad. Its like, 'Oh, what would Dad want me to do?' Sam, you spent your entire life slugging it out with that man. I mean, hell, you picked a fight the last time you ever saw him. And now that he's dead, now you want to make it right. Well, I'm sorry Sam but you can't. It's too little, too late.
Sam Winchester : Why are you saying this to me?
Dean Winchester : Because I want you to be honest with yourself about this! I'm dealing with Dad's death! Are you?
Dean Winchester : Excuse me. We're looking for a Mr. Cooper. Have you seen him around?
Barry (Blind Man): What is that, some kind of joke?
[pulls sunglasses off]
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm sorry.
Barry (Blind Man): Do you think I wouldn't give my eye-teeth to see Mr. Cooper or a sunset or anything at all?
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] Could you give me a little help here?
Midget: Hey Barry, is there a problem?
Barry (Blind Man): Yeah, this guy hates blind people.
Dean Winchester : No, I don't.
Midget: Hey buddy, what's your problem?
Dean Winchester : Nothin', it's just a little misunderstanding.
Midget: Little? You SOB!
Dean Winchester : Hey. So what'd you find out from the mop jockey's girlfriend?
Sam Winchester : Nothing. Just how great he was.
[He speaks rhythmically as he enumerates the mop jockey's great points]
Sam Winchester : Went to church. Donated to charity. Rubbed her feet during Glee.
Dean Winchester : [Mimicking Sam's tone] I just threw up in my mouth.
Sam Winchester : Wait. That anatomy dummy you were molesting at the lab.
Sam Winchester : What if that's what this is about?
Dean Winchester : What exactly are you accusing me of?
Dean Winchester : [staring at a mannequin] So, we dig.
[points away from the mannequin]
[waves his hand in front of the mannequin's face]
Dean Winchester : I don't like the way Kim Cattrall's lookin' at me.
Dean Winchester : [to Ben] I think my job turns me into somebody who can't sit at your dinner table.
Dean Winchester : Excuse me?
Ben Braeden : You say family is so important, but... but what do you call people who care for you, who love you even when you're a dick! You know you're walking out on your family, right?
Dean Winchester : No, no, no, no, no.
[the Impala has been possessed by Rose's vengeful spirit, gunning its engine]
Dean Winchester : She possesses sex dolls. This is a not a sex doll!
[the Impala's headlights turn on. The engine is gunned even higher]
Dean Winchester : Hey, you leave my baby alone! She's got nothin' to do with this!
[the car starts chasing Dean around the parking lot. He runs toward a small building]
Dean Winchester : Son. Of. A. Bitch!
[Dean stands in front of the building and lets the car advance on him]
Dean Winchester : I'm so sorry, baby.
[Dean dives out of the way at the last second and the car slams into the building]
Sam Winchester : Look, we... keep our heads down, keep swinging. We'll lose some. Hopefully, we'll win more. And... I don't know. Anyway. For what it's worth, I got your back.
Dean Winchester : You mean fan fiction.
Marie : Call it whatever you like, okay? It's inspired by Carver Edlund's books... with a few embellishments.
Dean Winchester : You want to piñata this asshat?
Marie : "Asshat"? Nice. It's, uh, very Dean.
Dean Winchester : Sam. Out there, hunting. It's the only normal I know.
[POV from Baby's truck, reminiscent of a similar scene in the Supernatural pilot]
Dean Winchester : We got work to do.
[Dean drops the shot gun inside and closes the trunk lid]
Sam Winchester : [Unsettled after seeing two actors portraying them and showing fake FBI badges] I'm, uh, Special Agent Smith. This is my partner, Special Agent...
Sam Winchester : Really?
Dean Winchester , Marie : [to Sam in unison] It's a classic!
Marie : [Referring to the missing drama teacher] She had a nasty divorce last year. Most of the time she's sipping on her, uh... grown up juice, or passed out. Usually in that order.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, well, I don't blame her. I'm gonna need 50 jello shots and a hose down to get this stink off me.
[Surprised when Maeve makes a threatening move toward him]
Dean Winchester : I'm gonna throw up.
Sam Winchester : [Looking around, smiling, charmed with the high school atmosphere] I mean, I gotta say, it's kinda charming. The, the production value and the at-
[Turning back to Dean and the stone cold look on his face]
Sam Winchester : No? N- no.
[Clears his throat and plasters a serious, disapproving look on his own face]
Sam Winchester : I'm gonna check for EMF. You, you... look for, uh, cursed objects.
Dean Winchester : [Pointing to the two girls playing Sam and Dean, leaning against the car] What are they doin'?
Marie : Oh, uh... they're rehearsing the BM scene.
Dean Winchester : The bowel movement scene?
Marie : No! The boy melodrama scene.
[At his confused look]
Marie : You know, the scene where the boys get together, and they're, they're driving or leaning against Baby... drinking a beer... sharing their feelings...
[Her voice softens]
Sam Winchester : I mean, shouldn't it be *Dea*stiel?
Dean Winchester : Really? That's your issue with this?
Sam Winchester : No. Of course, it's not my issue. You know... how about... Sastiel? Samstiel?
Dean Winchester : Okay. Alright. You know what? You're gonna do that thing... where you just shut the hell up. Forever.
Sam Winchester : [Chuckles, then... ] Look. Man, no EMF, no hex bags. None of the props are even remotely hinky. Other than the Charlie Kaufman of it all, I got nothin'. You?
Dean Winchester : No, Miss Chandler's office was just a pile of empty bottles and regret. She's probably face down in a bar somewhere. Or a ditch. Alright, so what? This, this whole... this whole musical thing, everything, it's just... is it... It's all a coincidence? There is no case?
Sam Winchester : Unless you're seein' somethin' I'm not. No, Dean, there's no case here.
Dean Winchester : [Upset, but resigned to Sam's logic] Okay.
[He walks around the car to get in while Sam gets a thoughtful look on his face]
Sam Winchester : [Turns to Dean as a thought occurs] Casdean?
Dean Winchester : Shut your face! Get in the car!
Sam Winchester : Oh, shut up.
Sam Winchester : What time did I lay down?
Dean Winchester : You took a siesta around noon... yesterday.
[He tosses Sam a beer which sails right passed him as he watches and breaks on the floor]
Sam Winchester : [Very slow as he looks back at the broken beer bottle and beer all over the floor then back to Dean] I'm sorry. Uh...
Dean Winchester : That's why we don't have nice things, Sam.
Sam Winchester : [Looking at an email that just came in] It's from Charlie. In the neighborhood, found you guys a case. Found us a case?
Dean Winchester : In the neighborhood? How the hell she know where we are?
Sam Winchester : Uhhh... Well, she doesn't. Not exactly at least. It says she tracked our cells to a 20 mile radius then the signal went out.
[Gives Dean a surprised and impressed look]
Sam Winchester : Huh. This place must be in some kind of, like, Bermuda Triangle.
Dean Winchester : What, you're sayin' that we can make or receive phone calls from here and no one can track us?
[Reverently, looking around him]
[Turns and walks away]
Charlie Bradbury : You guys fight like an old married couple.
Sam Winchester : [He and Charlie are waiting and watching Dean break into the morgue. Dean turns and jumps when he sees them already inside] What took you so long?
Dean Winchester : I stopped for gas.
[At Sam's raised eyebrows... ]
Dean Winchester : Shut up!
Dean Winchester : [to Sam just before drinking a potion that will allow him inside Charlie's dream to save her] Alright, let's do this.
[He gulps it down]
Dean Winchester : Ahh! Okay. Alright, I'm gonna need to go to sleep fast, so uh... punch me.
[Sam gives him a look]
Dean Winchester : Look, man, I know you don't want to, okay-
[Sam punches him with a right cross and Dean is knocked sideways, but still upright]
Dean Winchester : Alright, you're a little off your game there, cuz that was, uh, that was pretty-
[Sam gets him square on the chin with an upper cut, and Dean is knocked out and falls into a chair]
Dean Winchester : Listen to me. This poison, it's designed to put your mind into an endless cycle while your insides turn to mush, okay? And its fuel is fear. Now, call me crazy, but I think the only way to break the cycle is to let go of the fear and stop playing the game.
Charlie Bradbury : You don't know that.
Dean Winchester : I know that your fear is creating all this. But, you're not afraid of those super soldier vamps out there. And you're not afraid of this game. And you're not afraid of what it did to you. Hey. Look at me.
[Referring to her mother]
Dean Winchester : You're afraid of losing her.
[His tone softens]
Dean Winchester : Charlie, she's already gone.
Charlie Bradbury : You don't understand. You don't understand. I was at a sleep over, and I got scared.
[Fighting tears]
Charlie Bradbury : So, I called my parents to come and get me. They should never have been driving that night.
Dean Winchester : [Bobby is showing Sam and Dean a spike in monster activity in the past week, circling locations on a US map] Is it just me, or is that a straight kick line down I80?
Bobby Singer : [Draws a line along the interstate on the map] Exactly.
Dean Winchester : Looks to me like it's a... Sherman march monster mash.
Dean Winchester : [Big smile] Well, look what the cat dragged in.
[He and Sam are seeing Rufus for the first time in a long time]
Sam Winchester : It really is good to see you, Rufus.
Rufus Turner : [shaking hands with Sam and Dean] I can believe it. It must get old dealing with this miserable cuss here all by yourselves.
Sam Winchester : Ha! Is it that obvious?
Bobby Singer : Why don't you three get a room?
Dean Winchester : [Advancing on Samuel with his gun aimed, cocked, ready to fire] Welcome to next time!
Rufus Turner : [referring to Samuel] I take it you know each other.
Bobby Singer : Check your ear.
Dean Winchester : [Looks at Bobby and lowers his gun] What do you mean, check my ear? Check my ear for what?
[while he's distracted, Rufus pokes his finger into Dean's ear]
[Pulls away, then checks his own ear, muttering]
Dean Winchester : Why don't you buy me a drink first?
Dean Winchester : You know what I think Mom would say? She'd say just cuz you're blood doesn't make you family. You gotta *earn* that.
Dean Winchester : [Watching Bobby as he comes to tied to a chair, possessed by the worm] Well, hey there, you little herpe.
[Places the live wire against Bobby's neck then steps back]
Sam Winchester : Why do you keep talkin' about herpes?
[Sam just looks at him]
Dean Winchester : I don't- shut up. Shut up!
Dean Winchester : No way out now, Sluggo!
Bobby Singer : It was Omaha. It was my fault. And he never let it go.
Dean Winchester : [without hesitation] Well, he should have.
Bobby Singer : You don't know what I did, Dean.
Mr. Pendleton : [to Crowley] Damn you.
[walks away]
Crowley : Enjoy the obscene wealth! See you in ten years.
[He walks off, Castiel following; they vanish]
Castiel : [outside Crowley's hideout] I followed him. It's not far, but... it's layered in Enochian warding magic. I can't get in.
Dean Winchester : That's okay. You did great. We'll take it from here.
Sam Winchester : It's Crowley, right?
Crowley : So, the Hardy Boys finally found me. Took you long enough.
[he approaches, looks down at the rug, turns it up to find the Devil's Trap painted underneath]
Crowley : Do you have any idea how much this rug cost?
[demons come up from behind and restrain the brothers; Crowley holds up the Colt]
Crowley : This is it, right? This is what it's all about.
[raises the gun, shoots the two demons holding them; the brothers look at each other in confusion]
Crowley : We need to talk. Privately.
Dean Winchester : What the hell is this?
Crowley : Do you know how deep I could have buried this thing? There's no reason you or anyone should know this even exists at all. Except that I told you.
Sam Winchester : *You* told us?
Crowley : Rumors. Innuendo. Sent out on the grapevine.
Sam Winchester : Why? Why tell us anything?
Crowley : [pointing the Colt at Dean] I want you, to take this thing to Lucifer, and empty it into his face.
Dean Winchester : Uh-huh. Okay, and why, exactly would *you* want the Devil dead?
Crowley : [putting the Colt down] It's called survival. But I forgot, you two at best are functional morons.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you're functioning morons... more.
Dean Winchester : Uh, excuse me for asking, but aren't you kinda signing your own death warrant? I mean, what happens to you if we go up against the Devil and lose?
Crowley : Number one, he's gonna wipe us all out anyway, two, after you leave here I go on an extended vacation to all points nowhere, and three, HOW ABOUT YOU DON'T MISS, OKAY? MORONS!
[tosses Dean a bag of ammo, vanishes]
Dean Winchester : You know, trap or no trap, if we got a snowball's chance we gotta take it, right?
Dean Winchester : Right. Okay, right.
Bobby Singer : Now, tell me what you got.
Bobby Singer : Before he went missing, did Cas say how many reapers?
Dean Winchester : I don't, I don't know, he said a lot of things I guess, I mean does the number matter?
Bobby Singer : Devil's in the details, Dean.
[Ellen nudges Dean, he holds out the radio for her]
Ellen Harvelle : Bobby it's Ellen. The way he was looking, the number of places Castiel's eyes went, I'd say we're talkin' over a dozen reapers, probably more.
Bobby Singer : I do not like the sound of that.
Dean Winchester : Nobody likes the sound of that, Bobby, but... what, what does that sound *like*?
Bobby Singer : It sounds like Death, son. I think Satan's in town to work a ritual. I think he's planning to unleash Death.
Dean Winchester : You mean like as in, this dude and taxes are the only sure thing?
Bobby Singer : As in *Death*, the Horseman, the Pale Rider in the flesh.
Dean Winchester : Unleash, I mean, hasn't Death been trompin' all over the place, I mean hell I've died several times myself!
Bobby Singer : Not this guy, this is, this is the Angel of Death! Big Daddy Reaper. They keep this guy chained in a box six hundred feet under. Last time they hauled him up, Noah was buildin' a boat. That's why the place is crawlin' with reapers. They're waitin' on the big boss to show.
Bobby Singer : The Angel of Death must be brought into this world at midnight, through a place of awful carnage. Now back during the Civil War there was a battle in Carthage. A battle so intense the soldiers called it the Battle of Hell-hole.
Dean Winchester : Where'd the massacre go down?
Bobby Singer : On the land of William Jasper's farm.
Dean Winchester : So now we know where the Devil's gonna be, we know when, and we have the Colt.
Sam Winchester : Yeah. We just have to get past, eight or so Hellhounds and get to the farm by midnight.
Dean Winchester : And that's after we get Jo and Ellen the hell outta town.
[laughs]
Dean Winchester : No, but if I was, would that work?
Jo Harvelle : [smiles at him and sets her beer on the counter. She moves in closer, puts her hand close to the back of his neck and tilts her face up to his. Just as their lips are about to connect, she pulls back] No. Sweetheart, if this is our last night on earth, then I'm going to spend it with a little thing I call self-respect.
[she turns and laughs softly as she walks away]
Dean Winchester : [watches her walk away and raises his beer to his lips] If you're into that kinda thing.
Dean Winchester : Well how's it work?
Ezra Moore : You stick this end in his heart. Miss, he has you for supper.
Dean Winchester : [Sam is showing Dean results on the laptop of research into past killings similar to their current hunt] Any pattern here other than location?
Sam Winchester : Random vics. Random years. But they seem to drop in threes.
Dean Winchester : That's two down, one to go. Alright, let me drive for a sec.
[turns the laptop towards himself]
Sam Winchester : You gonna... look at more anime? Or are you... strictly into Dick now?
[small smile]
Dean Winchester : [With Sam, presenting fake ID's to a civilian] Special Agent Smith.
[points to Sam]
Dean Winchester : This is, uh... Special Agent Smith. No relation.
Dean Winchester : So who died in your life that made you a Hunter?
Eliot Ness : Who died? Nobody died, you morbid son of a bitch. I started doin' this cuz vampires were turnin' folks in Cleveland.
Dean Winchester : And you caught the bug.
Eliot Ness : That's when I caught the bug. Sometimes you just wanna... punch through the red tape with a silver bullet. Yeah, huntin' sets me free. Anyone you know hunt?
Dean Winchester : I used to do it cuz that's what my family did. But they just seem to keep dyin'. Tell you the truth, I don't know why I'm doin' much of anything anymore.
Eliot Ness : Boo hoo. Cry me a river, ya Nancy.
[Dean looks uncertainly at Ness]
Eliot Ness : Tell me... Are all Hunters as soft as you in the future?
[Dean gets a chastised look on his face]
Eliot Ness : Everybody loses everybody. And then one day, boom, your number's up. But, at least you're makin' a difference.
[a sort of realization dawns on Dean's face]
Eliot Ness : So, enjoy while it lasts, kid, cuz hunting's the only clarity you're gonna find in this life. And that makes you luckier than most.
Dean Winchester : [With reverence upon seeing the arsenal in Eliot Ness' trunk] Sweet merciful awesome.
Dean Winchester : Oh, like "Poltergeist"?
Sam Winchester : It could be a poltergeist.
Dean Winchester : No, no, no. Like the movie, "Poltergeist."
[Sam looks confused]
Dean Winchester : You know nothing of your cultural heritage, do you?
Brad Redding : Uh, excuse me, green-shirt guy? Yeah, yeah, you, come here. Could you get me a smoothie from craft?
Dean Winchester : You want a what from who?
Sam Winchester : So what do you think?
Dean Winchester : Well, I think being a PA sucks, but the food these people get? Are you kidding me? I mean, look at these things, they're like miniature philly cheese steak sandwiches, they're delicious!
[offers one to Sam, who looks grossed out]
Bela Talbot : No... A great thief.
Dean Winchester : [to Bela] Anywho, this has been charming but, uh... look at the time. Oh, and this
[holds up lucky rabbits foot, inciting a look of fury from Bela]
Dean Winchester : Looks like you're not the only one with sticky fingers. If it's any consolation, I think you're a truly *awful* person.
Bela Talbot : [holding a gun on Sam and Dean] Put the foot down, honey.
Dean Winchester : No. You're not gonna shoot anybody. You see, I happen to be able to read people. Okay, you're a thief, fine. But you're not--
[Bela turns and shoots Sam in the shoulder]
Dean Winchester : Son of a....
Bela Talbot : Back off, Tiger. Back off. You make one more move, and I pull the trigger. You've got the luck Dean, you I can't hit. But your brother...
[Bela aims the gun at Sam]
Det. Diana Ballard : Yeah. I've noticed.
[Smiles]
Jeff Krause : I'm Jeff Krause. I'm with the public defenders office. I'm your lawyer.
Dean Winchester : Oh, thank God, I'm saved.
Dean Winchester : Can we make this quick, I'm a little tired. It's been a long day, you know, with your partner assaulting me and all
Det. Diana Ballard : I wanna know more about that stuff you were talking about earlier.
Dean Winchester : Time Life, Mysteries of the Unknown. Look it up.
Dean Winchester : Pee break? So soon? You know, you might wanna get your prostate checked.
Dean Winchester : You don't wanna do something that you're gonna regret.
[Det. Pete Sheridan cocks his gun]
Bobby Singer : Okay. Good talk.
[makes to roll out the door]
Dean Winchester : No, wait a minute, listen to me.
[Dean sits down in front of him]
Dean Winchester : You don't stop bein' a soldier 'cause you got wounded in battle. Okay, no matter what shape you're in, bottom line is, you're *family*. And I don't know if you've noticed, but me an' Sam, we don't have much left. I can't do this without you. I can't. So don't you *dare* think about checkin' out. I don't want to hear that again.
Dean Winchester : Okay. Good.
Bobby Singer : Thanks. Now, we done feelin' our feeling's? 'Cause I'd like to get outta this room before we both start growin' lady parts.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, we're done. Let's go, Ironsides.
Bobby Singer : [sarcastic] Oh, *that* one's stickin', huh?
[Dean smiles]
Older Dean Winchester : So, you were gonna just shoot some old guy? Is that it?
Sam Winchester : I didn't know *what* you were. I mean, have you seen you? You look like...
Older Dean Winchester : The old chick in "Titanic." I know. Shut up.
Sam Winchester : I was gonna say "Emperor Palpatine."
[Bobby punches the door open with his wheelchair]
Bobby Singer : I see you met John McCain there.
Sam Winchester : Yeah. Either of you wanna tell me what happened?
Bobby Singer : What else what?
Dean Winchester : What else could do it?
Bobby Singer : Airlift your ass out of the hotbox? As far as I can tell, nothin'.
Dean Winchester : I'm trying to come up with a theory here, okay? Work with me.
Sam Winchester : Dean, we have a theory.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, one with a little less fairy dust on it, please.
Dean Winchester : See, this is why I can't get behind God.
Sam Winchester : What are you talking about?
Dean Winchester : If He doesn't exist, fine. Bad crap happens to good people. That's how it is. And no rhyme or reason, just random horrible, evil. I get it. Okay? I can roll with that. But if He is out there, what's wrong with Him? Where the hell is He while all these decent people are getting torn to shreds? How does He live with Himself? You know, why doesn't He help?
[long pause]
Dean Winchester : [quietly] To stop Lucifer.
Castiel : [nods] That's why we've arrived.
Dean Winchester : Well, bang-up job so far. Stellar work with the witnesses. That's nice.
Castiel : We tried. There are other battles, other seals. Some we'll win, some we'll lose. This one we lost.
[Dean snorts derisively. Castiel moves closer to him]
Castiel : Our numbers are not unlimited. Six of my brothers died in the field this week. You think the armies of heaven should just follow you around? There's a bigger picture here.
[leans in even closer; Dean looks uncomfortable. With intensity:]
Castiel : You should show me some respect. I dragged you out of hell. I can throw you back in.
[he disappears]
Dean Winchester : I thought angels were supposed to be guardians. Fluffy wings, halos - you know, Michael Landon. Not dicks.
Castiel : Read the Bible. Angels are warriors of God. I'm a soldier.
Bobby Singer : Solid iron, completely coated in salt. One hundred percent ghost proof.
Sam Winchester : You built a panic room?
Bobby Singer : ...I had a weekend off.
Dean Winchester : This sucks out loud.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, tell me about it.
Meg : An exorcism. Are you serious?
Dean Winchester : Oh, we're going for it, baby. Head spinning, projectile vomiting, the whole nine yards.
Dean Winchester : Hey, what's happening, is there a fire?
Fireman: We're figuring that out right now. Just stay back.
Dean Winchester : Well, I've got a yorkie upstairs and he pees when he's nervous.
Meg : He begged for his life with tears in his eyes. He begged to see his sons one last time. That's when I slit his throat.
Dean Winchester : For your sake, I hope you're lying. 'Cause if it's true, I swear to *God* I will march into hell myself, and I will slaughter each and every one of you evil sons of bitches, so help me God.
Dean Winchester : Listen, do you mind just getting this over with, huh? Because I really can't stand the monologuing.
John Winchester : Funny. But that's all M.O., isn't it? Mask all that nasty pain. Mask the truth.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you can't kill Death.
Dean Winchester : Dude, I full on Swayze-d that mother.
[In a very heart-felt way]
Dean Winchester : Thanks for not givin' up on me, Sammy.
Dean Winchester : Don't worry, Sam, I'm not goin' anywhere.
Dean Winchester : I feel like I'm at a slumber party.
Dean Winchester : You see me mucking around with crystals and listening to Yanni?
John Winchester : I just want you to know that I'm proud of you.
Dean Winchester : Is this really you talking?
[Upon seeing Tessa's body]
Tessa : I don't understand, I just came in for an appendectomy.
Dean Winchester : I hate to bear bad news, but I think there were some complications.
Dean Winchester : [Dean is a spirit and can't be heard] Dude you need to find some voodoo priest to lay some mojo on me.
Sam Winchester : [Talking to his dad] I don't know, I'll just find some voodoo priest and lay some mojo on him.
[He is unaware where that came from]
Dean Winchester : I think I'll pass the 72 virgins, thanks. I'm not that into prude chicks anyway.
Tessa : That's funny. You're very cute.
Dean Winchester : Well, how 'bout this. The Suite Life of Zach and Cas.
[Castiel and Zacharaiah don't appear to understand]
Dean Winchester : It's a... Never mind.
Dean Winchester : [a phone message faked by the angels to push Sam into killing Lilith] Listen to me you blood-sucking freak. Dad always said I'd either have to save you or kill you. Well, I'm giving you fair warning. I'm done trying to save you. You're a monster, Sam, a vampire. You're not you anymore. And there's no going back.
Castiel : This is long foretold. This is your...
Dean Winchester : Destiny? Don't give me that holy crap.
Dean Winchester : [reading Chuck's prophetic story] St. Mary's, what is that, a convent?
Chuck Shurley : Yeah, but you guys aren't supposed to be there. You're not in this story!
Castiel : Yeah well, we're making it up as we go.
[Brilliant light appears in the window, the room starts to shake]
Chuck Shurley : What? Aw man, not again!
Castiel : [to Dean] It's the archangel! I'll hold him off, I'll hold them ALL off! Just stop Sam!
[He presses a hand to Dean's forehead; Dean finds himself in the convent]
[Dean is trying vainly to contact Sam on his phone, Castiel appears]
Castiel : You can't reach him, Dean. You're outside your coverage zone.
Dean Winchester : What're you gonna do to Sam?
Castiel : [sighs] Nothing. He's gonna do it to himself.
Dean Winchester : What's that supposed to mean?
[pause, Castiel looks down]
Dean Winchester : Oh right, right, gotta toe the company line. Why're you here, Cas?
Castiel : We've been through much together, you and I. And I just wanted... to say, I'm sorry it ended like this.
Dean Winchester : [stares at him] Sorry?
[he punches Castiel in the face, turns away nursing his hand]
Dean Winchester : It's Armageddon, Cas, you need a bigger word than "sorry"!
Castiel : Try to understand, this is long foretold. This is your...
Dean Winchester : Destiny? Don't gimme that holy crap. Destiny, God's plan, it's all a bunch of lies, you poor stupid sonofabitch! It's just a way for your bosses to keep me and keep you in line! You know what's real? People. Families. *That's* real. And you're gonna watch 'em all burn?
Castiel : [Advancing] What is so worth saving? I see nothing but pain here! I see inside you, I see your guilt, your anger, confusion. In paradise, all is forgiven. You'll be at peace. Even with Sam.
[he looks away, but Dean leans slightly, catching his eyes again]
Dean Winchester : You can take your peace, and shove it up your lily-white ass. 'Cause I'll take the pain, and the guilt, I'll even take Sam as is. It's a lot better than bein' some Stepford Bitch in paradise! This is simple, Cas!
[Castiel turns away]
Dean Winchester : No more crap about bein' a good soldier, there is a right and there is a wrong here, and you know it!
[grabs Castiel and spins him back around]
Dean Winchester : Look at me! You *know* it! Now you were gonna help me once, weren't you? You were gonna warn me about all this before they dragged you back to Bible Camp. Help me, now. *Please!*
Castiel : [pained] What would you have me do?
Dean Winchester : Get me to Sam, we can stop this before it's too late!
Castiel : I do that, we will all be hunted. We'll *all* be killed!
Dean Winchester : [earnestly] If there is anything worth dyin' for, this is it.
[pause, Castiel slowly shakes his head, looks away]
Dean Winchester : [angry] You spineless, *soulless* sonofabitch. What do you care about dyin', you're already dead. We're done.
Dean Winchester : We're *done*!
[Castiel vanishes]
[Castiel appears, slams Dean against the wall with a hand over his mouth and pulls out a knife. Castiel stares hard at Dean, who nods slightly. Castiel takes his hand off Dean's mouth, bares an arm and cuts himself, uses the blood to draw a sigil on the wall]
Zachariah : [appearing suddenly] Castiel! Would you mind explaining just what the Hell you're doing?
[he advances threateningly; Castiel slams his palm onto the sigil; Zachariah vanishes in a flash of light]
Castiel : He won't be gone long. We have to find Sam now.
Zachariah : Lilith's going to break the final seal. Fait accompli at this point. Train's left the station.
[he crosses the room, sits down smiling]
Dean Winchester : But me an' Sam, we can stop...
[pause as he looks at Zachariah, realizing]
Dean Winchester : You don't want to stop it, do you?
Zachariah : Nope. Never did. The End is nigh, the Apocalypse is coming, kiddo. To a theater near you.
Dean Winchester : What was all that crap about savin' seals?
Zachariah : Grunts on the ground, we couldn't just tell 'em the whole truth. We'd have a full-scale rebellion on our hands. I mean, think about it, would we really let sixty-five seals get broken, unless Senior Management wanted it that way?
Dean Winchester : [shocked] But why?
Zachariah : [cheerfully] Why not? "The Apocalypse." Poor name, bad marketing, puts people off. When all it is, is Ali/Foreman, on a slightly larger scale, and we like our chances. When our side wins - and we will - it's Paradise on Earth! What's not to like about that?
Dean Winchester : [softly, horrified] And what happens to all the people during your little pissing contest?
Zachariah : Well, can't make an omelet without crackin' a few eggs. In this case, truckloads of eggs, but you get the picture. Look. It happens. This isn't the first planetary enema we've delivered.
[Dean glances at a heavy-looking statue]
Zachariah : Um, no, Dean, probably shouldn't try to bash my skull in with that thing. Wouldn't end up too pleasant for you.
Dean Winchester : What about Sam? He won't go quietly, he'll stop Lilith.
Zachariah : Sam... has a part to play. A very important part. He may need a little nudging in the right direction, but I'll make sure he plays it.
Dean Winchester : [frightened] What does that mean? What're you gonna do to him?
Zachariah : Sam Sam Sam, Marsha Marsha Marsha, forget about him, would you? You have larger concerns. Why do you think I'm confiding in you? You're still vital, Dean, we weren't lying about your destiny. Just... omitted a few pertinent details. But nothing's changed, you are chosen. You will stop it. Just... not Lilith or the Apocalypse, that's all.
Dean Winchester : Which means?
Zachariah : Lucifer. You're going to stop Lucifer. You're our own little Russel Crowe, complete with surly attitude. And when it's over, and when you've won, your rewards will be... unimaginable. Peace, happiness, two virgins and seventy sluts?
[chuckles, walking away]
Zachariah : Trust me, one day we'll look back on this and laugh.
Dean Winchester : Tell me something. Where's God in all this?
Zachariah : [without looking at Dean] God? God has left the building.
[He disappears]
Dean Winchester : [snarls] I don't care!
[Sam jumps up and holds Ruby still, Dean kills her with the knife]
[last lines]
[Lucifer opens the door to Earth]
Dean Winchester : [Grabbing Sam] Sammy, let's go.
Sam Winchester : [Staring at the opening doorway] Dean... he's coming!
Bobby Singer : [Talking about Sam] Dean? Dean! You listen to a word I said?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, I heard you. I'm not calling him.
Bobby Singer : Don't make me get my gun, boy.
Dean Winchester : We are damn near kickoff for Armageddon. Don't you think we got bigger fish at the moment?
Bobby Singer : I know you're pissed, and I'm not making apologies for what he's done, but he's your...
Dean Winchester : Blood? He's my blood? Is that what you were gonna say?
Bobby Singer : He's your brother. And he's drowning.
Dean Winchester : Bobby, I tried to help him, but... look what happened.
Dean Winchester : Yeah.
Max Hilby : [He removes his glove and pulls up his sleeve to show the same tree on his arm] Uh. I got sick last month after this thing just appeared on my arm. I thought it looked really cool so I turned it into my family crest. I mean, after my dermatologist said it wasn't malignant.
Dean Winchester : [In full getup, face paint and wig, pacing in front of the Queen's army, preparing for the battle of the Kingdom and having some fun!] Dying in your beds many years from now, would you be willing to trade *all* the days... from this day to that... for one chance...
Charlie Bradbury : [Whispering to Sam, who is also dressed for the occasion] Isn't that the speech from...
Sam Winchester : [Whispering back] It's the only one he knows.
Dean Winchester : Just *one* chance... to come back here and tell our enemies that they may take our lives, but they will never take...
LARPer: Hold!
[a Frisbee flies through the air and lands on the ground near Dean. Everyone waits while a guy runs up, grabs it and runs out]
Dean Winchester : [Nods to the player to resume] Our freedom!
[the warriors all charge across the field with Sam and Dean in the lead]
Dean Winchester : 'S like we got a contract on us.
[Smiles]
Dean Winchester : Think it's because we're so awesome? I think it's 'cause we're so awesome.
FBI Agent Henricksen : I got a lot to celebrate. I mean, after all, seein' you two in chains?
Dean Winchester : You kinky son of a bitch. We don't swing that way.
FBI Agent Henricksen : You know what I'm trying to decide?
Dean Winchester : I don't know, what, whether Cialis will help you with your little condition?
Dean Winchester : I'm not going to let the demon kill some sweet innocent girl, that hasn't even been laid yet.
FBI Agent Henricksen : I better call in. Hell of a story I won't be telling.
Sam Winchester : So what are you gonna tell 'em?
FBI Agent Henricksen : The least ridiculous lie I can come up with in the next five minutes.
Dean Winchester : Good luck with that. Not to pressure you or anything, but... what are you planning to do about us?
FBI Agent Henricksen : I'm gonna kill you.
[he smiles]
FBI Agent Henricksen : Sam and Dean Winchester were in the chopper when it caught on fire. Nothing's left. Can't even identify 'em with dental records. Rest in peace, guys.
Dean Winchester : Needed? We just got *back* from needed!
Uriel : [low and menacing] Now you mind your tone with me.
Dean Winchester : No, you mind your damn tone with us.
[Takes a step towards Uriel but Sam cautions him to stop]
Sam Winchester : We just back from Pamela's funeral.
Dean Winchester : Pamela. You know, psychic Pamela? You remember her. Cas, you remember her. You- you burned her eyes out. Remember that? Good times! Yeah, then she died saving one of your precious seals. So, maybe you can stop pushing us around like pieces on a chess board for FIVE *FREAKIN'* MINUTES!
Uriel : [Menacing] We raised you outta Hell... for *our* purposes.
Dean Winchester : [Not backing down] Yeah, what were those again? What exactly do you want from me?
Uriel : Start with gratitude.
[Dean looks at Cas, but Cas stays silent]
Dean Winchester : So, you need our help hunting a demon?
Castiel : Not quite. We have Alistair.
Dean Winchester : Great. He should be able to name your trigger man.
Castiel : But, he won't talk. Alistair's will is very strong. We've arrived at an impasse.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, well, he's like a black belt in torture. I mean, you guys are outta your league.
Uriel : That's why we've come to his student. You happen to be the most qualified interrogator we've got.
[Realization dawns on Dean and he swallows hard and lowers his head]
Castiel : Dean. You're our best hope.
Alastair : The whole bloody thing, Dean. The reason Lilith wanted you there in the first place.
Dean Winchester : Well, then, I'll just make you shut up.
[Pours salt down Alistair's throat]
Alastair : [choking] Something caught in my throat... I think it's my throat.
Dean Winchester : Well strap in. Cuz I'm just startin' to have fun.
[Turns back to the table with various implements on it]
Alastair : You know. It was supposed to be your father. He was supposed to bring it on. But, in the end... it was you.
Dean Winchester : [Turns back to Alastair] Bring what on?
Alastair : Every night, the same offer, remember? Same as your father. And finally you said, sign me up. Oh, the first time you picked up my razor, the first time you sliced into that... weeping bitch. That was the first seal.
Dean Winchester : You're lying.
Alastair : And it is written that the first seal shall be broken when a righteous man sheds blood in Hell. As he breaks, so shall it break.
[Dean walks away in horror]
Alastair : We had to break the first seal before any others. Only way to get the dominoes to fall, right? Top of the order, the front of the line.
[pause, then thoughtfully]
Alastair : When we win, when we bring on the apocalypse and burn this earth down, we'll owe it all to you... Dean Winchester.
[Dean closes his eyes as dread fills him]
Alastair : Believe me, son, I wouldn't lie about this. It's kind of a... religious... sort of thing with me.
[Looks at the water leak he's caused to break the Devil's trap]
Dean Winchester : No. I don't think you are lying. But, even if the demons do win, you won't be there to see it.
[Dean turns back to the trap but Alistair has freed himself]
Alastair : You should talk to your plumber about the pipes.
[He knocks Dean to the ground with one blow]
Castiel : [Sitting next to Dean's bed in the hospital room] You alright?
Dean Winchester : [Voice rough after being taken off the ventilator] No thanks to you.
Castiel : You need to be more careful.
Dean Winchester : You need to learn how to manage a damn Devil's trap.
Castiel : That's not what I mean. Uriel is dead.
Sam Winchester : Dean. What?
Dean Winchester : Dude you... You like full on had a girl inside you for like a whole week.
[Dean chuckles]
Dean Winchester : I'll call you later.
[he leaves]
Jo Harvelle : No you won't.
Dean Winchester : Hi, so sorry to bother you but my son snuck out of the house last night and went to a Justin Timberlake concert... What?... Uh yeah... Justin's quite the triple threat.
[Sam wants Dean to shot him so he won't kill anyone else]
Dean Winchester : You know, I've fought so hard to keep you safe.
Sam Winchester : I know.
Dean Winchester : I can't. I'd rather die.
Sam Winchester : Dean, back from the dead. Getting to be a regular thing for you, isn't it? Like a cockroach.
Dean Winchester : How bout I smack that smartass right out of your mouth?
Sam Winchester : Oh, careful now... wouldn't want to bruise this fine packaging
Dean Winchester : You checked in two days ago under the name Richard Sambora. I think the scariest part of this whole thing is the fact that you're a Bon Jovi fan.
Dean Winchester : But, it wasn't *you*! Alright? I mean, yeah, it might have been you, but it wasn't *you*.
[Sam was possessed by a demon who was torturing Dean by punching him, grinding his fingers into his gunshot wound and taunting him about his grief over the loss of their father and his fear of not being able to save Sam. Dean and Bobby have just exorcised Sam of the demon]
Dean Winchester : [In pain and exhausted] Sammy?
Sam Winchester : Did I miss anything?
[Dean uses all the strength he has left to punch Sam, then falls over]
Sam Winchester : When I told Dad I was scared of the thing in my closet, he gave me a .45!
Dean Winchester : Well, what was he supposed to do?
Sam Winchester : I was *nine* years old! He was supposed to say "don't be afraid of the dark!"
Dean Winchester : Don't be afraid of the dark? What are you, kidding me? Of course you should be afraid of the dark. You know what's out there!
Sheriff : So, you want to give us your real name?
Dean Winchester : I told you it's Nugent. Ted Nugent.
Deputy: So, fake US Marshall, fake credit cards. You got anything that's real?
Dean Winchester : Okay.
Castiel : I'm not a hammer, as you say. I have questions. I-I have doubts. I don't know what is right and what is wrong anymore, whether you passed or failed here. But, in the coming months, you will have more decisions to make. I don't envy the weight that's on your shoulders, Dean. I truly don't.
Astronaut: [Outside their motel, Sam and Dean cross paths with a kid dressed as an astronaut with a bucket of candy] Trick or treat?
Dean Winchester : This is a motel.
Astronaut: So?
Dean Winchester : So, we don't have any candy.
Sam Winchester : No, we have a ton in the-
[Dean cuts him off]
Dean Winchester : We did, but it's gone.
[the kid isn't buying it]
Dean Winchester : Sorry, kid, we can't help you.
Astronaut: I want candy.
Dean Winchester : Well, I think *you've* had enough.
Astronaut: [the boy narrows his eyes into a steely-eyed glare and walks away roughly shouldering past Dean]
Bela Talbot : You don't understand.
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm pretty sure I understand perfectly. Y'see, I noticed something interesting in your hotel room. Something tucked above the door, an herb. Devil's Shoestring. Well there's only one use for that.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : Holding Hellhounds at bay. So you know what I did? I went back and took another look at your folks obit, turns out they died ten years ago today. You didn't kill them. A demon did your dirty work. You made a deal, didn't you, Bela. And it's come due.
Dean Winchester : Is that why you stole the Colt, huh? Try to wiggle out of your deal? Our gun for your soul?
Dean Winchester : But stealing the Colt wasn't quite enough, I'm guessing.
Bela Talbot : They changed the deal. They wanted me to kill Sam.
Dean Winchester : [sarcastic] Really. Wow. Demons, untrustworthy. Huh. Shocker. That's, uh, kind of a tight deadline too, uh, what time is it? Oh, look at that! Almost midnight.
Bela Talbot : [crying] Dean, listen, I need help.
Dean Winchester : Sweetheart, we are weeks past help.
Bela Talbot : I know I don't deserve it.
Dean Winchester : You know what, you're right. You don't. But you know what the bitch of the bunch is? If you would have just come to us sooner and asked for help, we probably could have taken the Colt and saved you.
Bela Talbot : [still crying] I know, and saved yourself.
[pause]
Bela Talbot : Her name is Lilith.
Dean Winchester : ...Lilith? Why should I believe you?
Bela Talbot : You shouldn't, but it's the truth.
Dean Winchester : This can't help you, Bela. Not now. Why are you tellin' me this?
Bela Talbot : Because just maybe you can kill the bitch.
Dean Winchester : [long pause] I'll see you in Hell.
[he hangs up on her]
Dean Winchester : [Dial tone. Bela hangs up as the clock switches to 12:00 midnight. Hellhounds howl in the background. Bela stands to look out window, and there is a crash as the Hellhounds presumably attack and scene fades to black]
Dean Winchester : Hiya, Bela. Here's a fun fact you may not know: I felt your hand in my pocket when you swiped that motel receipt.
Bela Talbot : You don't understand.
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm pretty sure I understand perfectly. Y'see, I noticed something interesting in your hotel room. Something tucked above the door, an herb. Devil's Shoestring. Well there's only one use for that.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : Holding Hellhounds at bay. So you know what I did? I went back and took another look at your folks obit, turns out they died ten years ago today. You didn't kill them. A demon did your dirty work. You made a deal, didn't you, Bela. And it's come due.
Lilith: [flashback, young Bela swinging, crying] I can take care of them for you. And it won't even cost you anything for ten whole years.
[her eyes glow red]
Dean Winchester : Is that why you stole the Colt, huh? Try to wiggle out of your deal? Our gun for your soul?
Dean Winchester : But stealing the Colt wasn't quite enough, I'm guessing.
Bela Talbot : They changed the deal. They wanted me to kill Sam.
Dean Winchester : [sarcastic] Really. Wow. Demons, untrustworthy. Huh. Shocker. That's, uh, kind of a tight deadline too, uh, what time is it? Oh, look at that! Almost midnight.
Bela Talbot : [crying] Dean, listen, I need help.
Dean Winchester : Sweetheart, we are weeks past help.
Bela Talbot : I know I don't deserve it.
Dean Winchester : You know what, you're right. You don't. But you know what the bitch of the bunch is? If you would have just come to us sooner and asked for help, we probably could have taken the Colt and saved you.
Bela Talbot : [still crying] I know, and saved yourself.
[pause]
Bela Talbot : Her name is Lilith.
Dean Winchester : ...Lilith? Why should I believe you?
Bela Talbot : You shouldn't, but it's the truth.
Dean Winchester : This can't help you, Bela. Not now. Why are you tellin' me this?
Bela Talbot : Because just maybe you can kill the bitch.
Dean Winchester : [long pause] I'll see you in Hell.
[he hangs up on her]
Dean Winchester : [Dial tone. Bela hangs up as the clock switches to 12:00 midnight. Hellhounds howl in the background. Bela stands to look out window, and there is a crash as the Hellhounds presumably attack and scene fades to black]
Dean Winchester : Welcome to the club.
[She laughes]
Dean Winchester : Something funny?
Dr. Flagstaff : Not funny, ha ha. But, you. Thinking you *help* people. It's amusing. *I* help people. Clogged artery here. Tumor there. I do good in this world. You...
[She continues as his face hardens]
Dr. Flagstaff : You believe every problem can be solved with a gun. You play the hero, but underneath the hype, you're a killer with oceans of blood on his hands. I *hate* men like you.
[His face fills with rage. Then he leaps up, throws the table aside, pushes her back onto the floor in her chair and holds an angel blade to her throat]
Dean Winchester : Honey? There ain't no other men like me.
Dean Winchester : No. No, see...
[Pulls the First Blade from behind his back]
Dean Winchester : The fun's just gettin' started.
Tessa : [Shocked at seeing the blade] Dean, what have you done?
Dean Winchester : What I had to.
Tessa : Welcome to the club.
[She grabs his shoulders and pushes herself into the blade. Dean is shocked. She looks into his eyes]
Tessa : Thank you.
[She pushes the blade home and dies. Dean takes a deep breath as power and calm from another use of the blade sinks in]
Sam Winchester : So. We gonna... Are we gonna talk about this or what?
Dean Winchester : About what? Yeah. I lied. But you were being an infant.
Sam Winchester : Wow. Even for you, that apology sucked.
Dean Winchester : Oh, I'm not apologizing. I'm telling you how it's gonna be.
Sam Winchester : [Desperate to get through to his brother] Dean. That blade...
Dean Winchester : That blade is the only thing that can kill Metatron. And I am the only one who can use it! So, from here on out, I'm callin' the shots. Capice?
[Sam is so angry and worried for Dean, he can only stare at him]
Dean Winchester : Look, until I jam that blade through that douche bag's heart, we are not a team. This is a dictatorship. Now, you don't hafta like it, but that's how it's gonna be.
Castiel : You really believe we three will be enough?
"Supernatural: Heaven and Hell (#4.10)" (2008)
[last lines]
Dean Winchester : They sliced and carved and tore me in ways that you- Until there was nothing left. And then suddenly, I would be whole again, like magic. Just so they could start in all over. And Alastair, at the end of every day, every one, he would come over and he would make me an offer to take me off the rack if I put souls on. If I started the torture. And every day I told him to stick it where the sun shines. For thirty years I told him. But then I couldn't do it anymore, Sammy. I couldn't. Then I got off that rack, God help me I got right off it, and I started ripping them apart. I lost count of how many souls. The things that I did to them.
Sam Winchester : Dean... Dean, look you held out for thirty years. That's longer than any one would've.
Dean Winchester : How I feel, this... inside me, I wish I couldn't feel anything, Sammy. I wish I couldn't feel a damn thing.
Dean Winchester : It wasn't four months, you know.
Sam Winchester : Try me.
Dean Winchester : [distant look in his eye] It was bloody. Messy. Thirty-one flavors of bottom dwelling nasties. Hell, most days it felt like 360 degree combat. But, there was somethin' about bein' there.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : It felt pure.
Dean Winchester : [a hamburger and fries have just been delivered to their table] Sweet mother of God.
[Sam pushes the plate over to Dean]
Dean Winchester : For me? Seriously?
[Sam just gives him a look and Dean just smiles and picks up the hamburger]
Sam Winchester : Check this out.
[looking at his laptop]
Sam Winchester : So, I went through campus security archives around the time Kevin should've been here. Anyone look familiar?
[He turns the laptop towards Dean]
Dean Winchester : [eyes closed, chewing] Mm, mmm, mmm.
Sam Winchester : He's definitely off.
Dean Winchester : Off? He hasn't been right since he got back from purgatory. We still don't know how he got out of there.
Sam Winchester : I don't know, Dean. If he's so sketchy, then why were you praying to him?
Castiel : You know, I can hear you both. I am a celestial being.
Dean Winchester : [Cas, being controlled by Naomi, is beating the crap out of Dean so he can take the Angel tablet. He's forced Dean to his knees, broken and/or dislocated Dean's arm and is holding it while punching him repeatedly. Cas looks down at the tablet] You want it? Take it! But, you're gonna hafta kill me first. C'mon, you coward. Do it. Do it!
[Cas punches him more as we cut to Heaven with Naomi]
[Cut back to the crypt where Cas hits Dean again]
Dean Winchester : Cas... this isn't you. This isn't you!
[Cas keeps throwing punches as we cut to Heaven]
Naomi : Bring. Me. The. Tablet.
[Cut back to the crypt. Cas throws yet another punch]
Dean Winchester : Ahh!
[weak and bloodied, looking up at Cas, holding up his uninjured arm beseechingly]
Dean Winchester : Cas... Cas... I know you're in there. I know you can hear me. Cas. It's me.
[weaker, but not giving up]
Dean Winchester : We're family... We *need* you. *I* need you.
[Cut to Heaven]
Naomi : You have to choose, Castiel. Us. Or them.
[Cut to the crypt]
Meg : You ever miss the apocalypse?
Castiel : No, why would I miss the end of times?
Meg : I miss the simplicity. I was bad, you were good, life was easier. Now it's all so messy. I'm kinda good - which sucks - and you're kinda bad - which is actually all manner of hot!
[pause; Cas looks at her quizzically]
Meg : We survive this...
Meg : I'm gonna order some pizza and we're gonna move some furniture around, you understand?
Castiel : [shaking his head] No, I... I...
[pause; Meg raises her brows suggestively]
Castiel : Wait, actually... yes, I...
Dean Winchester : [abruptly walking into the room] Alright! Let's roll, campers!
Dean Winchester : Do you really think we can trust Megstiel?
Dean Winchester : What, now you trust Meg?
Meg : Hey, I got you this far.
Dean Winchester : And that'd be you.
Metatron : Why not me?
Dean Winchester : You've been working those people outside, for what, a day? They've already spilled blood in your name. You were nothing but Bernie Madoff with wings.
Metatron : So I'm a fake. Do you have any idea how much pan-cake makeup and soft lighting it took to get God to work a rope-line? He hated it. And, you know, humans sense that. So they prayed harder and longer and fought more wars in His name. And for what? So they could die of malaria? Leukemia? And all the while, blaming themselves! "Oh, if only I had been more prayerful. God would have loved me. God would have saved me." You know what? God didn't even know their name! But I do. Because I've walked among them. And I can save them.
Dean Winchester : Sure, you can. So long as your mug is in every Bible and "What Would Metatron Do?" is on every bumper.
Metatron : What, are you blaming me for giving them for what they want, giving them a brand they can believe in?
Dean Winchester : I'm blaming you for Kevin! I'm blaming you for taking Cass' grace. Hell, I'm blaming you for the Cubs not a winning a World Series in the last 100 freaking years. Whatever it is... I'm blaming you.
Metatron : The First Blade. Nasty piece of work, isn't she? Okay, let's say you win, Dean, and I die. What's the world left with then, hmm? A herd of panty-wasted angels and you? Half out of your mind with lord knows what pumping through those veins?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you said, the only thing you said that went into my ear was that you die.
Metatron : Ohh. Fine. We'll fight. I don't know what you expect is gonna come of all this. Unless... that's why you're stalling. Because you know nothing's gonna come of this unless your pal's succeed upstairs. Well, here's a news flash - Humpty and Dumpty are starring in their very own version of "Locked Up Abroad: Heaven" right now.
[Dean takes a swing of the blade, Metratron stops him in mid-swing, Dean then punches him]
Metatron : Wow, that big blade and that... douchey tribal tat sure gave you some super juice. Whoo! Okay.
Dean Winchester : What happened with you being okay with this?
Dean Winchester : Yup.
Crowley : And you never get tired of the rat race? Never get the urge to just bugger off and howl at the moon? Never ask yourself, is this it? Is this all there is?
Dean Winchester : [Fear and uncertainty in his eyes] What the hell is happening to me, you son of a bitch?
Crowley : Liquor before beer? Bad tacos? How should I know?
Dean Winchester : I can't turn it off!
[He can barely stand still]
Dean Winchester : Ever since I killed Abaddon, it's- it's like this whole... other *thing*! I get this high, and I- I- I need to kill. I mean I really, *really* need to kill, and if I don't...
Crowley : You yack your guts out.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : I think I'm adorable.
Dean Winchester : [takes his meal tray and sits opposite a very large and scary looking inmate in order to start a fight] Save room for dessert Tiny.
[chuckles]
Dean Winchester : Hey, I wanted to ask you, 'cause I couldn't help but notice you are two tons of fun... just curious, is that just a thyroid problem? Or is that just some deep-seated self esteem issue? 'Cause y'know, they're, uh, just doughnuts. They're not love.
Dean Winchester : We may not be saints, but we're loyal and we pay our debts.
Dean Winchester : I'll stay here, hook up with the posse.
[Dean tries to keep a serious face]
Dean Winchester : Because you know me, I'm a posse magnet. I mean, I love posse.
[grins]
Castiel : There is no "out". Only duty.
Kevin Tran : Get the hell off me!
Castiel : You are a Prophet of The Lord, always and forever!
Castiel : [pauses, catches himself] ... Until the day you cease to exist and then another Prophet takes your place.
[Dean rolls his eyes on Castiel's obligatory full disclosure]
Castiel : [pushes Kevin to the table] Now, are you clear as to the task before you?
[Kevin nods]
Castiel : [to Dean] And let's go.
[with the rustle of angelic wings, Dean and Castiel are gone]
Crowley : Hello, boys. What's that old expression? "Success has many fathers; failure is a Winchester"? Where's the stone?
Dean Winchester : You show us yours and we'll show you ours.
Crowley : Really, Dean? I'm trying to conduct a professional negotiation here and you want to talk dangly bits?
[Dean puts a free bottle of beer in front of Castiel]
Castiel : You really think it's wise to be drinking on the job?
Dean Winchester : What show *you* been watchin'?
Dean Winchester : What's the good Father's playbook say now?
Sam Winchester : Well, now that we got the consecrated ground, I just, uh... I slip Crowley one dose of blood every hour for eight hours, then seal the deal with a bloody fist sandwich. That should do it.
Dean Winchester : Okay, the blood's supposed to be purified, isn't it? You ever, uh... you ever done the "Forgive me, Father" before?
Sam Winchester : Once. When we were kids.
[a surprised look crosses Dean's face]
Sam Winchester : Which is why I have no clue what to say now.
Dean Winchester : Um, well, I could give you a few suggestions, if you want.
Sam Winchester : Uh, okay, yeah, sure.
Dean Winchester : Okay, well. Just spit ballin' here,
[Hesitating a bit, starts slowly]
Dean Winchester : but if I were you... uh... Ruby? Killing Lilith. Letting Lucifer out.
[Picking up speed now]
Dean Winchester : [Lifts his hands in a "Don't mind me" gesture] For starters.
[Sam grabs his gear and heads to the door]
Dean Winchester : Oh, hey, how 'bout, how about what you did to, uh, Penny Markle in the 6th grade?
[With a smirk on his face]
Dean Winchester : Why don't you lead with that?
Sam Winchester : [Turns to Dean] Wait, that was you.
Dean Winchester : [the smirk disappears and he looks away, hardening his voice] Carry on.
Sam Winchester : [Weakened, pale and sick, barely able to stand. His hand is bleeding from a cut, ready to take the last step of this third trial] Look at him. Look at him. Look how close we are. Other people will die if I don't finish this!
Dean Winchester : Think about it. Think about what we know. Huh? Pulling souls from Hell. Curing demons. Hell, ganking a hell hound! We have enough knowledge on our side to turn the tide here. But, I can't do it without you.
Sam Winchester : You can barely do it *with* me. I mean, you think I screw up everything I try. You think I need a chaperone, remember?
Dean Winchester : C'mon, man, that's not what I meant.
Sam Winchester : No, it's exactly what you meant. Do you wanna know what I confessed in there? What my greatest sin was? Was how many times I let you down. I can't do that again.
Sam Winchester : What happens when you've decided I can't be trusted? Again? I mean, who are you gonna turn to next time instead of me? Another angel? Another...
[fighting tears]
Sam Winchester : ... another vampire? Do you have any idea what it feels like to watch your *brother*...
Dean Winchester : Just hold it. Hold on!
[Desperate to make Sam understand and believe]
Dean Winchester : You seriously think that? Because none of it- *none* of it- is true! Listen, man, I know we've had... our disagreements, okay? Hell, I know I've said some junk that set you back on your heels. But, Sammy... C'mon... I killed Benny... to save you. I'm willing to let this bastard, and all the sons o' bitches that killed Mom, *walk* because of you. Don't you *dare*... think that there is anything, past or present, that I would put in front of you! It has * never* been like that! *Ever*! I *need* you to see that. I'm beggin' you.
Sam Winchester : [Shaking, extremely weak] How do I stop?
Dean Winchester : [Steps up to Sam, his voice softer] Just let it go.
Sam Winchester : I can't. It's in me, Dean. You don't know what this feels like.
[Wrapping a kerchief around Sam's bleeding hand]
Dean Winchester : We will figure it out, okay?
[He gives Sam a smile]
Dean Winchester : Just like we always do. C'mon.
[He grabs Sam in a hug]
Dean Winchester : C'mon. Let it go. Okay? Let it go, brother.
[Sam notices the glow leaving his arms and pulls away to show Dean]
Dean Winchester : [Dean spots Sam through a motel window] Oh, thank god you're okay.
[Sam moves to reveal Ava]
Dean Winchester : Oh, you're better than okay! Sam, you sly dog.
Dean Winchester : Well, you are a son of a bitch.
Gordon Walker : [slaps Dean] That's my momma you're talking about.
Dean Winchester : [Sam has called the police on Gordon] You're a fine upstanding citizen, Sam.
Dean Winchester : Dude, you ever take off like that again...
Sam Winchester : What? You'll kill me?
Dean Winchester : That is so not funny.
[Sam laughs]
Dean Winchester : Come on man. I know Sam, ok? Better than anyone. He's got more of a conscience than i do. I mean the guy feels guilty searching the internet for porn.
Dean Winchester : [as he finds Gordon taking sniper shots at Sam] You do that to my brother?
Dean Winchester : [kicks the rifle away and slugs him] I'll kill you!
[Nurse Foreman walks into the Morgue Room to see Dean and Sam standing in the middle of the room]
Nurse Foreman : What are you boys doing in here?
[Sam looks awkwardly at Dean and Dean looks back at Sam. Sam laughs nervously. Nurse Foreman waits for an answer]
Dean Winchester : [with a goofy look on his face, pulls down his pants, raises his arms in the air, and wiggles his body yelling out] *Pudding*!
Nurse Foreman : [slightly shocked] All right. Come on you two.
Dean Winchester : [pulls up his pants and turns around to whisper to Sam] Crazy works.
[Nurse Foreman has a smile on her face as Dean and Sam walk past her to exit the morgue room]
[Sam and Dean are posing as brothers Alex and Edward Van Halen]
Dr. Aaron Fuller : You were referred to me by a Dr. Babar in Chicago.
Dean Winchester : Sam, I think I know what we're dealing with here... It's the Stay Puff Marshmallow Man
Dean Winchester : [to Ellen] You weren't really joking about coming, were you?
[Sam and Jo look at each other in the back seat]
Dean Winchester : How about some music?
[He turns on the radio, Foreigner is playing]
Radio: You're as cold as ice...
[Ellen immediately turns it off]
Dean Winchester : [Quietly to himself] This is going to be a long ride.
Dean Winchester : Los Angeles, California. A young girl got kidnapped by an evil cult.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, and does this girl have a name?
[Bobby and Dean take refuge from the zombies in a closet. Dean turns on the light and locks the door from the inside as the horde pound on the door]
Bobby Singer : Kind of a tight fit, don't you think?
Dean Winchester : [confident] It's all right: they're idiots; they can't pick a lock.
[the pounding immediately stops, then the zombies start picking the lock]
Bobby Singer : Don't you ever get tired of being wrong?
Dean Winchester : I'm making this stuff up as I go. Sue me.
Dean Winchester : Mr. Wells, why don't you tell us what you saw? In your own words.
[He pulls a business card from his jacket and hands it to the sheriff who dials a number on her cell. Cut to Bobby's house where a phone is ringing]
Bobby Singer : [Picks up the phone marked FBI] Agent Willis speaking.
Sheriff Jody Mills : Agent Willis, this is Sheriff Jody Mills of-
[with a quizzical look]
Bobby Singer : [under his breath] Oh... Excuse me?
Sheriff Jody Mills : [sternly after giving Sam and Dean a look] Is this Bobby Singer?
[Sam and Dean give each other a worried look]
Bobby Singer : Listen, I don't who this is, but this is Agent Tom Willis of the FBI.
Sam Winchester : So uh, so you know Bobby Singer.
Dean Winchester : That- that is... a fun coincidence.
[chuckles]
Sheriff Jody Mills : Here's what I know about Bobby Singer. He's a menace around here. Assful of drunk and disorderlies, and mail fraud. You understanding me?
Dean Winchester : [quietly, chagrined, while Sam looks down, embarrassed] I think we all can agree that you've made yourself perfectly clear, yes.
Sheriff Jody Mills : So whatever the three of you are planning, it ends here. *Now.* 10-4 on that? Agents?
[Smiles at her then shakes his head when she leaves]
Dean Winchester : What's that smell? Is that soap? Did you clean?
Bobby Singer : What are you, my mother? Bite me!
Dean Winchester : You got any more ammo? I'm low.
Bobby Singer : Yeah, we got plenty. Just run back past the zombies. It's in the van where we left it.
Dean Winchester : A simple no would've been fine.
Bobby Singer : [Sam and Dean join Bobby at the funeral pyre for his wife] So... thinking maybe I should apologize for losing my head back there.
Sam Winchester : Bobby, you don't owe us anything.
Dean Winchester : Hey look, I don't know squat from shinola about love, but... at least you got to spend 5 days with her... Right?
Bobby Singer : Right. Which makes things... about a thousand times worse.
[sighs heavily]
Bobby Singer : She was the love of my life...
[voice breaking]
Dean Winchester : [to Crowley who is trying to steal candy from a vending machine] Hey. Hey! Cut it out, man! Image. You're the king of rotten. *Act* like it!
Sam Winchester : So, the First Blade was never on display.
Dr. McElroy : No authenticated item by that name was ever on these premises.
Dean Winchester : Authenticated. Dr. McElroy, this blade was stolen and smuggled into the US in violation of treaties with several governments. We can compel you to speak.
[Gives her a confident smile]
Dr. McElroy : [with a very direct, flirtatious smile at Dean] Compel.
[softly]
Dr. McElroy : And what might that involve?
[Dean's confident smile drops and he looks a little surprised at her straightforward come on. She smiles confidently right back at him]
Dr. McElroy : Alright, look. I did acquire the so-called First Blade. And carbon dating did peg it to biblical times, but the authentication proved unreliable.
Sam Winchester : So, it was in the vault.
Dr. McElroy : I removed it myself. The guards didn't know.
Sam Winchester : And where is it now?
Dr. McElroy : Several weeks ago a confidential offer was made to purchase it. I was afraid we would never authenticate the thing, so...
Dean Winchester : Who was the buyer?
Dr. McElroy : [Smiling at Dean] Sorry. The buyer insisted on absolute secrecy.
Dean Winchester : Well... Federal statutes trump your little deal. So... the buyer?
Dr. McElroy : And you'll get it out of me one way or the other, won't you, Agent?
[She gives Dean another very suggestive smile until his smile turns to uncertainty]
Dr. McElroy : I never did know his real identity. He called himself Magnus. Don't ask me where he lives; I have no idea. But, I do have a meeting, so
[pulling out a business card to hand it to Dean]
Dr. McElroy : here is my number should you need anything else.
[Sam reaches for the card, but she pulls it out of his reach and extends it to Dean. He takes the card then watches her walk away. Sam gives Dean a look]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Dean. I am offering you the moon here. To be part of the greatest collection of all time!
[Dean looks horrified]
Cuthbert Sinclair : To be young. Forever. Let me teach you my secrets. Hm? Be my companion. I have to be honest with you. It has gotten lonely here over the years.
Dean Winchester : When you were saying any of that, did it feel at all creepy?
Dean Winchester : [Chained to a pillar while Magnus approaches him with the First Blade] Boy, you're a real piece of work, ya know that? Holed up in here, doin' nothin'. You bitch about the Men of Letters. Huh. You're way worse.
Cuthbert Sinclair : [waving the blade in front of Dean] Shall we fire it up?
[with an excited smile]
Dean Winchester : [grimly] Go to Hell.
Cuthbert Sinclair : Oh, c'mon, Dean, this is the object of your quest.
[Places the tip of the blade against Dean's chest. Dean gets very still and raises his head away from the blade]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Tell me Henry Winchester's grandson isn't curious to see if it works. Give me your hand.
[Dean doesn't move and gives Magnus a hard look]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Give me your hand.
[He grabs Dean's right hand and forces the blade into it]
[Looks down at the blade as the mark of Cain starts to glow like fire]
Cuthbert Sinclair : [steps back to watch the reaction] That's it.
[Dean's right arm begins to shake and the mark glows brighter as the connection between him and the blade grows. Dean winces then is shocked as he is overwhelmed with the power pulsing through him. His arm shakes more and he tries to catch his breath until finally, completely overwhelmed, he drops the blade]
[Dean stares at his right arm and Magnus is fascinated with the results, watching as if overseeing an experiment. He retrieves the blade from the floor as Dean breathes deeply and stares, horrified, at his right hand]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Next time, it'll be easier. You'll get used to the feelings, even welcome them.
Cuthbert Sinclair : [to Sam, tied to another another pillar after trying to rescue Dean with Crowley, who is hiding. Magnus takes a knife from his collection] Ya know, I discarded you far too quickly, Sam. You're way more valuable than I thought you were.
[to Dean, still chained to a pillar]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Why would I knock myself out trying to sap your will,
[moving towards Sam with the knife]
Cuthbert Sinclair : when I think Sam here will get you to see things my way.
Dean Winchester : [threateningly] Magnus, I swear to God!
Cuthbert Sinclair : [to Dean] What? What're you gonna do?
[to Sam]
Cuthbert Sinclair : What is he gonna do? Huh?
[Magnus cuts Sam's cheek. Sam grimaces in pain and Dean struggles against his chains. Magnus moves even closer to Sam and speaks softly, almost gently]
Cuthbert Sinclair : Look, look, Sam. I'm not gonna kill ya, course not.
[Dean notices Crowley sneak into the room out of sight of Magnus]
Cuthbert Sinclair : But, I am gonna make you suffer unimaginably.
[He cuts Sam's neck. He watches Sam's reaction, but turns as he hears Dean's chains dropping to the floor. Angry now, Magnus swings his arm back to stab Sam. Dean grabs his arm then cuts his head off with the First Blade. Crowley walks up to see Dean's reaction to using the blade. Dean is becoming overwhelmed again, more this time after having used it. He looks at Crowley, then stares at the blade in his hand as his arm shakes and the mark glows brightly]
Sam Winchester : Drop the blade.
[Sam's eyes are pleading, worried as Dean's eyes and face clear, finally realizing where he is and trying to shake off the overwhelming feelings. Dean finally drops the blade, his hand shaking as he lowers it to his side. He looks down at it then up at Sam, shocked and mortified]
Dean Winchester : [Sees that the Impala has been broken into] No. No! C'mon!
[Sam and Dean rush forward to check the damage]
Sam Winchester : Sulfur. Demons.
[Dean checks the interior while Sam checks the trunk]
Dean Winchester : Ah! Abaddon's. Well, she's just one jump behind us. Guess she couldn't find Magnus' joint either. What about the trunk?
Sam Winchester : Safe. Warding kept 'em out.
Dean Winchester : [muttering] Demon mitts all over my baby.
[Closes the back door and notices the scratches along the side]
[Slams the front door shut to find more scratches]
Dean Winchester : What, now they're keying cars?
[He goes down on his knees to check the damage, licks his thumb and rubs it along a scratch]
Sam Winchester : What language is that?
Crowley : It's Enokian. The message isn't for you. It's for me.
[Points to the scratches while Dean briefly puts his forehead against the door dejectedly then continues to check the damage]
Crowley : 'Be afraid. Your queen.' Abaddon's getting more brazen. She thinks I'm losing my grip.
Sam Winchester : Listen. You said Crowley was only useful til we got the blade.
[pauses while he raises his eyebrows significantly]
Sam Winchester : We got the blade.
[Both brothers turn to face Crowley, who immediately waves his hand and slams and pins them both against the side of the car. Sam drops the blade]
Dean Winchester : Uh! Ahhh!
[in complete frustration]
Crowley : You know, boys. I'm in debt to you. You forced sobriety on me, and now I can see the situation for what it is. Dean, you are quite the killing machine and it occurs to me that Abaddon is not the only name on your list. My name must be up there as well.
[With the flick of a finger, he pulls the blade from the ground into his hand]
Dean Winchester : It's no good to you without me.
Crowley : Yes, but as long as I have it, it's no good to you. Now this is the way it's going to go. I'll hang on to ol' donkey teeth here until such time as you locate Abaddon. Then, you'll destroy her.
[to Sam]
Sam Winchester : Mrs. Tran, your friend was possessed by a demon.
Kevin Tran : Have you ever seen The Exorcist?
Linda Tran : Is that what you've been doing all year - watching television? Did you really have to kill her?
Dean Winchester : The demon would have warned Crowley where Kevin was if we didn't.
Linda Tran : And Crowley is the one who kidnapped you?
Kevin Tran : Yeah. He needs me to translate his stupid tablet so he could take over the universe or something.
Dean Winchester : Which is why we need to get it so we can slam the Gates of Hell forever with Crowley inside.
Sam Winchester : So that things like that don't ever happen again.
Linda Tran : Prophet of the Lord, huh? It does have a nice ring to it.
Beau : Oh, if you're worried about the safety of the prophet, rest assured that we have a strict "no casting, no cursing, no supernaturally flicking the two of you against the wall just for the fun of it" policy.
Sam Winchester : Is that right? How'd you manage that?
Beau : Well, I am the right hand of a God, after all - Plutus, specifically.
Dean Winchester : Is that even a planet anymore?
Beau : It's the God of Greed. And my liege has warded these premises against Hell, Heaven and beyond - quite necessary against with some of the players we see. And incidentally, quite possibly the safest place your precious prophet could be. Mm. Well, since time is of the essence, perhaps I'll just go ahead and add a plus-three to the prophet's invitation. Copacetic?
[tosses the invitation and vanishes]
Dean Winchester : Well, thank you, Mr. Peanut!
Dean Winchester : What do we have to bid? What? We can't just show up there empty-handed.
Sam Winchester : Dean, all we have to our names is a few hacked gold cards.
Dean Winchester : All right. Well, then, we have to get creative.
Sam Winchester : Huh. Well...
[Sam looks at the Impala]
Dean Winchester : No. Mnh-mnh. Say it, and I will kill you, your children, and your grandchildren.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] Plan "C" tanked.
Crowley : Maybe you should try plan "D" for dumbass.
Beau : Our next lot, the word of God, capital "G" - very old, very rare.
Castiel : If the pizzaman truly loves this babysitter, why does he keep slapping her rear?
[pauses]
Dean Winchester : You're watching porn? Why?
Castiel : It was there.
Dean Winchester : You don't watch porn in a room full of dudes. And... you don't talk about it. Just turn it off.
Castiel : [Looks between his legs]
Dean Winchester : Oh, now he's got a boner
Dean Winchester : [Sam and Dean wake up tied to chairs facing one another] What now?
Sam Winchester : I think I know who you can ask.
Dean Winchester : [Looks over his shoulder] Evil bitch.
Meg : Keep sweet-talking me; this could go a whole new direction.
Dean Winchester : Meg. I've been dying to see you again.
Meg : Well, here I am, big boy. So what should we do now?
Dean Winchester : How 'bout I rip you to shreds?
Meg : Kinky, I like. But a little Q n' A first if you don't mind. Now where's your boss?
Meg : I'll hold off the dogs.
Dean Winchester : Well, how are you gonna do that exactl - -
[Meg pulls Castiel into a kiss and reaches into his trench coat. They pull apart, and Castiel spins Meg around, pushes her against the wall, and kisses her again]
Meg : [Almost dreamily] What was that?
Castiel : [Looks at Dean and Sam, who are dumbfounded] I learned that from the pizza man.
Meg : Well, A plus for you. I feel so... clean.
Dean Winchester : How? Why? Why me?
Zachariah : Because you're chosen! It's a great honor, Dean.
Dean Winchester : Oh, yeah. Yeah, life as an Angel condom. That's real fun!
[Zachariah has been threatening and tormenting Dean; Castiel appears and kills the other angels with a silver stiletto]
Zachariah : How are you...?
Castiel : Alive? It's a good question.
[indicating Dean and Sam]
Castiel : How did these two end up on that airplane? Another good question, because the angels didn't do it. I think we both know the answer, don't we?
Zachariah : No... It's not possible.
Castiel : [fiercely] It scares you. Well, it should. Now, put these boys back together, and go. I won't ask twice.
[Zachariah disappears; the brothers recover]
Castiel : You two need to be more careful.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, starting to get that. Your frat brothers are bigger dicks than I thought.
Castiel : I don't mean the angels. Lucifer is circling his vessel, and once he takes it those hex bags won't be enough to protect you.
[he touches their chests, the brothers flinch and groan]
Dean Winchester : What the hell was that?
Castiel : An Enochian sigil. It'll hide you from every angel in creation. Including Lucifer.
Dean Winchester : What, did you just brand us with it?
Castiel : No, I carved it into your ribs.
[pause while they take this in]
Sam Winchester : Hey Cas, were you really dead?
[a beat]
Castiel : Yes.
Dean Winchester : Then how are you back?
[Castiel looks at them for a moment, not answering, then vanishes with a sound of wingbeats]
Dean Winchester : [angrily] You listen to me, you two-faced douche. After what you did, I don't want jack-squat from you!
Zachariah : You listen to *me*, boy. You think you can rebel against us? As Lucifer did?
[looks down, sees blood dripping from Dean's hand]
Dean Winchester : [looks down] Oh yeah. A little insurance policy in case you dicks showed up.
[whips the sliding door out, revealing the angel-banishing sigil]
Zachariah : [lurching forward] No...!
[Dean slams his palm onto the sigil; the angels vanish in a flash of light]
Dean Winchester : [to the empty air] Learned that from my friend Cas, you sonofabitch.
Zachariah : Unfortunately, yes.
Dean Winchester : Well, there's got to be another way.
Zachariah : There is no other way. There must be a battle. Michael must defeat the Serpent. It is written.
Dean Winchester : Yeah, maybe. But, on the other hand... eat me. The answer's no!
[the Winchesters have been told about the Sword of Michael]
Dean : You think we're talking about the actual sword from the actual archangel?
Bobby : You better friggin' hope so.
[opens a book to a Renaissance painting depicting a beautiful and feminine angelic warrior]
Bobby : That's Michael. Toughest son of a bitch they got.
Dean : You kidding me? Tough? That guy looks like Cate Blanchett.
Bobby : Well, I wouldn't want to meet him in a dark alley, believe me. He commands the heavenly host. During the last big dust-up upstairs, he's the one who booted Lucifer's ass to the basement. Did it with that sword. So if we can find it...
Dean : We can kick the devil's ass all over again.
Dean Winchester : Huh?
Castiel : Well, slowly but surely, everyone in this town is falling prey to famine, but so far you seem unaffected.
Dean Winchester : Hey, when I want a drink, I drink. When I want sex, I go get it. The same goes for a sandwich or a fight.
Castiel : So, you're saying you're just well adjusted?
Dean Winchester : God, no. I'm just well fed.
[Dean calls Castiel on his cell phone to tell him where they are]
Dean Winchester : Cas, it's Dean... Yeah, room 31C, basement level, St. James Medical Cente...
[Dean walks right into Castiel]
Castiel : [through his cell phone, while looking at Dean] I'm there now.
Sam Winchester : "Geek"?
Aaron Bass : The Rabbi who was murdered, Isaac Bass, he was my grandfather. That's why we're here. When you guys started to follow up on his case, we started following you.
Dean Winchester : So, wait. What you're saying that you and me - We, uh, we didn't have a moment?
Aaron Bass : No, man, I was tailing you.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] Told you I was being followed. He was my gay thing.
Dean Winchester : [shows his badge to a man who's been following him] Special Agent Bolan.
[slaps the badge on the table in front of Aaron]
Aaron Bass : [flirting] Really? Wow. I thought you were like a head hunter or something.
Dean Winchester : [nods] This is the second, maybe third time I'm seeing you today? Why you following me, ginger bread?
[gives hard, intimidating look to Aaron]
Aaron Bass : Oh, so, we, um... We didn't have a thing back there, huh?
Dean Winchester : [the look of intimidation drops, replaced with confusion] Back where? Wh- what now?
Aaron Bass : I'm sorry, man, I- I thought- I thought we had a thing back at the quad. You know, a little eye magic... moment.
[Dean slowly pulls his ID back, closes it... ]
Aaron Bass : I saw you here, and I figured I'd wait until you were done with your meeting, and maybe you might, uh... well.
Dean Winchester : Yeah. Uh, okay. But, no. Uh, no moment.
[a little nervous, embarrassed, as he realizes he's being flirted with]
Dean Winchester : This is uh,
[looking down at his ID]
Aaron Bass : [still flirting] Is that supposed to make you less interesting?
[Dean looks back up at him, a little confused]
Aaron Bass : No, I- I'm sorry, man. I- I hope I didn't freak you out or anything.
Dean Winchester : Nah. Nah. No, not, not, not, not freaked out. It's just a... you know, a... federal... thing.
[flustered and trying to cover it]
Dean Winchester : Uh. Okay. Citizen. As you were.
[turns to leave]
[quickly walks away]
Dean Winchester : [Walks up behind a man crouched behind some trees watching Sam] Hey, pal.
[the man slowly rises to at least a foot taller than Dean. Dean takes in the man's height and size, and his intimidating stance changes to one of conciliation. Dean gives him a shrug and small smile. Cut to a shot of Dean being thrown out of the trees to land several feet away against a car, smashing the window and crumbling to the ground]
Sam Winchester : Dean?
[Sam sees Dean, and then the big man coming out of the trees. Sam quickly opens the trunk of their car and pulls out a large blade. He turns just as the big man reaches him and swings the blade into the man's arm with no effect. Sam yanks the blade out and the big man grabs Sam by the throat and starts to choke him]
[the big man lets Sam go]
Dean Winchester : [off camera] Oh, my spleen... Ahh...
Sam Winchester : [looking up at the big man] What. The Hell. Is that?
Aaron Bass : He's a golem. Well, he's my golem.
Sam Winchester : Hey. Just calm down. Just get in the car.
Pigeon: Ha ha. That's right, Sally. Go cry to Mama.
Dean Winchester : [pulls out his gun] Oh, that's it, you son of a bitch!
Dean Winchester : Hey. You know who wears sunglasses inside? Blind people. And douchebags.
Dean Winchester : I always knew I'd find the source of all evil at a vegan bakery.
Dean Winchester : You really think the power you hold over other people's lives can make up for what you lack in your own?
Colonel the Dog : By the way, as an honorary dog, there's something you should know. Dogs aren't really man's best friend.
Dean Winchester : What are you talkin' about?
Colonel the Dog : I know it sounds like a conspiracy theory... but the real reason we were put here was to-
[Colonel's voice suddenly changes as he starts barking]
Dean Winchester : Put here to do what?
[Colonel barks again]
Cole Trenton : Talked on the phone.
Dean Winchester : Right, right. You're the guy that's supposed to put a bullet in Sammy's brain.
[Indulgently, as if speaking to a child]
Dean Winchester : Did you miss?
Sam Winchester : You know what, Dean? I saw what happened back there. You coulda killed that guy and you didn't. You took mercy on him.
Dean Winchester : You call that mercy? Imagine you spend your whole life huntin' down the guy that knifed your father. When you finally find him, he whips you like a dog.
[Smiling, with deep satisfaction]
Dean Winchester : How do you think that feels? That kid's gonna spend his whole life knowing that he had his shot and that he couldn't beat me.
[Softly]
Dean Winchester : That ain't mercy. That's the worst thing I coulda done to him. And what I'm gonna do to you, Sammy... Well, that ain't gonna be mercy either.
"Supernatural: Metamorphosis (#4.4)" (2008)
Dean Winchester : Sam loves research. He does. He keeps it under his mattress, right next to his KY. It's a sickness, it is.
Dean Winchester : It's already gone too far, Sam! If I didn't know you, I would want to hunt you - and so would other hunters.
Sam Winchester : [after Dean confronts Sam about using his powers] You were gone. I was here. I had to keep on fighting without you. And what I'm doing, it works.
Dean Winchester : Tell me, if it's so terrific, then why'd you lie about it to me? Why did an angel tell me to stop you?
Sam Winchester : [Sam looks up, startled at Dean] What?
Dean Winchester : Cas said if I don't stop you, he will. See what that means, Sam? That means that *God* doesn't want you doing this. So, are you just gonna stand there and tell me that everything is all good?
Jack Montgomery : Who the Hell are you guys?
Dean Winchester : We're people who know a little something about something.
Dean Winchester : [Sam and Dean have burst into a woman's apartment to save her from Jack, a Ruguru. She screams] Wait! Whoa, whoa!
[Looks around, sees that the Ruguru isn't there]
Dean Winchester : We're here to save you... I guess.
Sheriff Jody Mills : Yeah, joke all you want.
Annie : Wilson and Fisher? You two are FBI, then I'm Taylor Swift. That wasn't a dental I.D. It was a fang check. You're hunters.
Dean Winchester : And you're alive because, uh, hunters trained the sheriff.
Dean Winchester : [walking up behind a vampire feeding a body into a wood chipper] Hey. Hey! Do you need any help with that?
[the vampire turns the machine off then turns to face Dean. A hand is left stuck in the chipper]
Dean Winchester : I guess not.
Dean Winchester : [Dean has a vampire pinned against a wall with a blade pressed against his throat. He is about to behead the vamp, then stops when the vamp looks away] Look at me. Look at me, bitch!
[the vamp looks at Dean, and Dean shoves the blade through his throat all the way against the wall, watches the headless vamp slide to the floor]
Sam Winchester : Nice work back there.
[pause]
[Sam gives him a disbelieving look]
Dean Winchester : Well, sorry for not putting on a Hair shirt.
[Sam looks away in disbelief]
Dean Winchester : Killing things that need killing, it's kind of our job. Last I checked, taking pleasure in that's not a crime.
Sam Winchester : So you just, what, unsunk a giant boat?
Balthazar : Oh, come on, I saved people. I thought you loved that kind of thing.
Sam Winchester : Yeah, but now those people and their kids and their kids' kids... They must have interacted with so many other people changed so much crap. You totally Butterfly Effect-ed history.
Dean Winchester : Dude, dude. Rule one: No Kutcher references.
Balthazar : Yes, unfortunately, there's still an Ashton Kutcher. And you still averted an apocalypse and there are still archangels.
Sam Winchester : I just had the weirdest dream.
Dean Winchester : Twenty bucks says mine was weirder. I'm not kidding.
Sam Winchester : No, no. I'm not kidding either. I mean, it was just bizarre.
Dean Winchester : Mine had the actual Titanic in it.
[Sam gives him a stare]
Dean Winchester : What? There something on my face?
Sam Winchester : Did it, uh, not sink? Because Balthazar...
Dean Winchester : Had a hate-on for Billy Zane? Why are you having my dreams, dude?
Dean Winchester : Why did you unsink the ship?
Balthazar : Oh, because, I *hated* the movie.
Dean Winchester : Change into what?
Sam Winchester : Into you. I've gotta be more like you.
Dean Winchester : [talking on his cell phone] I'd like to report a dead body, 309 Mayfair circle... My name? Yeah, sure, my name is-
[flips cell phone shut]
"Supernatural: Out of the Darkness, Into the Fire (#11.1)" (2015)
Dean Winchester : [He and Sam are walking back to the car, the left rear tire stick in a muddy hole] We know what she looks like, and we know that she's evil. The question is what does *she* know? I mean, she's been locked away since the beginning of time. Does she even know what a cheeseburger is? All I know is that we set her free, and we're gonna put her back in no matter what it takes.
[He opens the car door, sits down, then immediately gets back out again, looking at the rear tire. He turns to Sam]
Dean Winchester : You let me get in the car?
Sam Winchester : You were on a roll.
Dean Winchester : Just a couple hours ago, I killed Death. I'm pretty much open for anything.
Dean Winchester : [to Cas] We were hoping you could tell us what kind of Def Con Screwed we are.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam] We *have* a plan. Okay? Same plan as it's always been. In order to get out, we go through.
Dean Winchester : Well, now that you've said your thanks, let's talk about what happens next.
Amara : I like it here - with you. I haven't felt this peaceful in a long, long time...
Dean Winchester : Well, let's get something straight - I'm not here to bring you peace. I know what you are.
Amara : [surprised] Really? I've been gone so long I didn't think anyone remembered.
Dean Winchester : Well, Death painted one Hell of a picture.
Amara : [confused] I don't know this "Death"... and He doesn't know me.
Dean Winchester : [taking out a blade] Are you saying I shouldn't try to kill you right now?
Amara : Am I saying that, or are you?
Dean Winchester : If you're as bad as they say you are, why haven't you hurt me?
Amara : For the same reason that you'll never hurt me.
[shows the Mark of Cain on her collarbone]
Amara : We're bound, Dean. We'll always be bound. You helped me, I helped you. No matter where I am, who I am, we will always help each other.
Castiel : I need your help. It seems this is going to involve... talking to people.
Dean Winchester : C'mon, Cas. I thought you were a hunter now.
[Goes to sit at the table where his laptop is]
Castiel : Yeah well. I thought so, too but- It seems I lack a certain...
Dean Winchester : You saw nothing.
[Cas starts to say something, stops, then looks away. Dean opens the laptop again, a little embarrassed, and tries to cover the website picture with one hand while closing the site with the other]
[Relieved]
Dean Winchester : What am I looking for?
Dean Winchester : [He and Cas have just entered a hospital room] Mr. Hinkley? Hi, uh, we're from the, uh, Geneva Gazette. I wanted to ask you a few questions about your... ambush.
[Chuckles with a small smile]
Chris Hinkley : Yeah, well, I'd laugh too if it didn't feel like the Sun just ate my face.
Castiel : [to Dean] That's a metaphor.
Dean Winchester : [Gives Cas a look. Then back to Hinkley] Sorry. Uh, now in the police report it said that the, uh, the bush, it talked to you. Yeah?
Chris Hinkley : Yeah, I know it sounds crazy, but yeah.
Castiel : What did it say?
Chris Hinkley : No clue. Sounded like... Klingon to me.
Dean Winchester : Bring me some pie!
Dean Winchester : We got work to do.
Dean Winchester : Whoo, that was about as fun as getting kicked in the jewels.
[in regards to the vision he received]
Dean Winchester : [after Sam gets stabbed] Hey, hey... come here, come here, let me look at ya.
[checks the wound on Sam's back]
Dean Winchester : Oh, hey look, it's not even that bad... It's not even that bad, alright? Sammy, Sam! Hey, listen to me, we are going to patch you up okay... You'll be as good as new. Huh? I'm going to take care of you, I'm going to take care of you! I gotcha. It's my job, right, watch after my pain-in-the-ass little brother... Sam... Sam... Sam! Sammy!
[Sam dies]
Sam Winchester : Did you call Bobby?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, he's workin' his own case. I gotta move and I need backup, and that means you.
Sam Winchester : Wh- wait. You sure about that?
Dean Winchester : I know, you're bonkers. But, luckily I just need ya to keep the engine runnin' and wait by the back door. Just don't, uh, don't let Satan change my presets.
Lucifer : [Impersonating Dean. The real Dean has just walked into the warehouse where Lucifer is tormenting Sam] Oh, look, another me.
Dean Winchester : Sam, what are you doing?
[Sam points his gun at the real Dean]
Sam Winchester : I thought I was with *you*, Dean.
Dean Winchester : Okay. Well, here I am.
Sam Winchester : No. No, I don't- I-
[looks at Lucifer leaning against the wall]
Sam Winchester : I can't know that for sure. You understand me?
Dean Winchester : Okay, then, we're gonna hafta start small.
Sam Winchester : I don't remember driving here.
Lucifer : [to Sam] That's because I drove. You thought.
[shrugs, then to Dean whispering conspiratorially]
Lucifer : Sam is very suggestible.
[Sam fires his gun at Lucifer]
Dean Winchester : Whoa! Whoa! Sam! This discussion does not require a weapon's discharge. Look at me. C'mon. You wanna know what's real? Look, man, I've been to Hell. Okay? I know a thing or two about torture. Enough to know that if feels *different*. Than the pain of this regular... stupid... crappy... *this*!
Sam Winchester : [desperate] No, no, how can know that for sure?
Dean Winchester : Lemme see your hand.
[Sam looks down at his gun hand]
Dean Winchester : No, no. The gimp hand, lemme see it.
Lucifer : [now behind Sam] Well, smell you, Florence Nightingale.
[Sam looks over his shoulder at Lucifer. Dean follows his gaze, then desperately grabs Sam's injured left hand]
Dean Winchester : *Hey!*
[Sam looks at his hand, then at Dean. Sam is starting to calm down]
Dean Winchester : This is real. Not a year ago. Not in Hell. *Now.* I was with you when you cut it. I sewed it up. Look!
[Dean presses the wound on Sam's hand until it bleeds, and grabs the gun in his right. Sam winces]
Lucifer : [now next to Dean, starts to flicker in and out] We've had a lot more with pain.
Dean Winchester : [applying more pressure to Sam's wound] This is *different.* Right? Than the *crap* that's tearin' at your walnut? *I'm* different! Right?
Sam Winchester : [pulls his left hand from Dean and holds it. Dean takes the gun from Sam's right hand] Yeah, I think so.
Lucifer : You sure about that, bunk buddy?
Lucifer : [flickering in and out again as Sam presses the wound on his hand] Doesn't mean anything.
[Sam looks at Lucifer]
Dean Winchester : Hey.
[pulling Sam's attention back to him]
Dean Winchester : I am your flesh and blood brother. Okay? I am the only who can legitimately kick your ass in real time. You got away. We got you out, Sammy.
Lucifer : Sammy. Sammy, I'm the only one who can-
[flashes in and out again as Sam mercilessly presses his wounded hand]
Dean Winchester : Believe in *that!*
[Lucifer flashes out]
Dean Winchester : Believe *me*, okay? You gotta believe me. You gotta make it stone number one, and *build* on it. You understand?
Dean Winchester : Si.
Dean Winchester : But when you get down to it, what's the big deal? Sure, there's the touching and the feeling all of each other, my hands everywhere, tracing every inch of her body. The two of us moving together, pressing, pulling, grinding, and then you hit that sweet spot and everything just builds, builds and builds until it all just... *explosion noise*... But the whole thing was just a little too sticky.
Suzy Lee : Sam. What brought you here to reclaim your virginity?
Sam Winchester : Well. I guess it's because every- woman I've- ever- had relations with, uh, it- hasn't- ended well.
Dean Winchester : [big grin] He ain't lyin'.
[chuckles]
Sam Winchester : Well, you know what? Maybe it's like iron or silver, you know? Hurts them, not us.
Dean Winchester : Maybe, but a fat lot of good it does us till we find that bitch.
Bobby Singer : I'm looking, but I'm thinking maybe it's time you made a call.
Dean Winchester : Why's it always gotta to be me, huh? It's not like Cass lives in my ass. The dude's busy.
[Castiel appears behind him]
Dean Winchester : Cass, get out of my ass.
Castiel : I was never in your...
Castiel : I'll search the town. Give me a moment.
[Cass doesn't disappear]
Kevin Tran : I can't take it.
Dean Winchester : [Sternly] Yes, you can. Hey. Look at me. Now this whole thing sucks. I know. But, you suck it up. And you push through because that's what we do. And when you get on board with that, the ride is a lot smoother.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : French fry?
Kevin Tran : [Picks up a tray with fries, a drink and a pie] I'm gonna be in my room. Let me know when there's a good day.
Dean Winchester : [Watches Kevin leave, disappointed] That's my pie.
Dean Winchester : You want nothin' to do with this, I completely understand.
Benny : [Whistles] Wow. When Dean Winchester asks for a favor, he's not screwin' around.
Dean Winchester : Benny, sendin' you back there is the last thing I ever wanted to do.
Benny : I know. I know.
Dean Winchester : But, my little brother is stuck down there.
Benny : This would be the little brother that wants to kill me, right?
Dean Winchester : You got access to the place.
Benny : By access, you mean, gettin' beheaded?
Dean Winchester : Yeah, you're right. It's too much. It's not like I've exactly been there for you lately.
Benny : What? Oh, c'mon, Dean. You know I love a challenge.
Dean Winchester : [Hope enters his eyes] You serious?
Benny : Hey. He's your brother. I say let's do this.
Dean Winchester : [Knowing there's little chance he could ever repay him] I owe you.
Benny : You don't owe me nothin'. Truth is, uh... I could use a break from all this.
Dean Winchester : [Sorrow and empathy fill him] Really been that tough?
Benny : I'm not a good fit, Dean. Not with vampires. For sure, not with the humans. I don't belong.
[His voice thickens with emotion]
Benny : And after awhile... that starts to weigh on you.
Dean Winchester : [to Sam, after hugging him after he just returned from Purgatory] So, Purgatory. A real garden spot, huh?
Dean Winchester : The whistle makes me their god.
[Dean is undercover at a high school, posing as a gym teacher]
Dean Winchester : Today, you will have the honor of playing one of the greatest games ever invented. A game of skill, agility, and cunning. A game with one simple rule:
[Dean picks up a red gym ball]
Kid in Gym Class: Miss Budroll never let us play dodgeball.
Dean Winchester : Well, Miss. B's in Massachusetts getting married, so we're playing.
Kid in Gym Class: She says it's dangerous!
Dean Winchester : [Dean blows his whistle] Take a lap!
"Supernatural: All Hell Breaks Loose: Part 2 (#2.22)" (2007)
Dean Winchester : You know when we were little, you couldn't have been more than five, you started asking me questions. Like, how come we didn't have a mom? Why we always have to move around? Where'd dad go? When he'd take off for days at a time. I remember I begged you to quit asking, Sammy, you don't want to know. I just wanted you to be a kid, just a little while longer. I was trying to protect you, keep you safe. Dad didn't even have to tell me, it was just always my responsibility. It was like I had one job. I had one job and I screwed it up. I blew it and for that I am sorry.
[Tears fall from his eyes and he wipes his eyes]
Dean Winchester : I guess that's what I do, I let down the people I love. I let dad down. And now, I guess I'm supposed to let you down, too. How can I? How am I supposed to live with that? What am I supposed to do, Sammy?
[Long pause]
Dean Winchester : What am I supposed to do?
[Gets up and kicks the bed]
Dean Winchester : [shouting] What am I supposed to do?
Sam Winchester : How long did you get?
Dean Winchester : One year. I got one year.
Dean Winchester : I couldn't let him die, Bobby. I just couldn't. He's my brother.
Bobby Singer : How's your brother gonna feel when he knows you're going to hell?
Dean Winchester : Angel or not, I will stab you in your face.
Dean Winchester : I'm gonna do a public service and, uh, let you know that-that you over-share.
[In in alternate world where Dean is a corporate man and Sam works in tech support... ]
Dean Winchester : Should we go check this out?
Castiel : Yes! He isn't in Heaven; he has to be somewhere.
Dean Winchester : Try New Mexico, I hear he's on a tortilla.
[a beat as the joke goes over Castiel's head]
Castiel : No, he's not on any flatbread.
Dean Winchester : Listen chuckles, even if there *is* a God, he is either dead, and that's the generous theory...
Castiel : He *is* out there, Dean.
Dean Winchester : ...or, he's up and kicking, and doesn't give a rat's ass about any of us. I mean look around you man, the world is in the toilet! We are *literally* at the End of Days here, and he's off somewhere, drinkin' booze out of a coconut! Alright?
Castiel : Enough! This is not a theological issue, it's strategic. With God's help, we *can* win.
Dean Winchester : It's a pipe dream, Cas.
Castiel : [advancing, furious] I killed two angels this week. Those are my brothers. I'm hunted, I rebelled, and I did it, all of it, for *you*, and you failed. You and your brother *destroyed* the *world*, and I lost everything... for nothing.
[pause, Dean and Sam look uncomfortable]
Castiel : So keep... your *opinions*... to yourself.
Dean Winchester : [to Lucky] Now we can do this the easy way
[holds up a stack of clothes]
Dean Winchester : or the hard way
[holds up training collar]
[Sam snickers, Dean gives him a look]
Sam Winchester : What? Soul or not that's funnny.
Dean Winchester : I did everything I could to get you out! Everything.
[pause]
Dean Winchester : I did *not* leave you.
Castiel : So you think this was your fault?
Castiel : Everything isn't your responsibility. Getting me out of Purgatory wasn't your responsibility...
Dean Winchester : You *didn't* get out. So, whose fault was it?
Castiel : It's not about fault. It's about will. Dean, do you really not remember?
Dean Winchester : I lived it, Cas. Kay? I *know* what happened.
Castiel : No. No, you think you know. You remembered it the way you needed to.
Dean Winchester : Look, I don't need to feel like Hell for failing you. Okay? For failing you like I failed every other God forsaken thing that I care about! I don't need it!
Castiel : Dean. Just look at it. *Really* look at it.
[He touches Dean's forehead. Dean remembers climbing through the portal and grabbing Cas' hand. But, he now remembers that he didn't let Cas fall but that Cas pulled away]
Castiel : See, it wasn't that I was weak. I was stronger than you. I pulled away. Nothing you could have done would have saved me because I didn't want to be saved.
Dean Winchester : [In disbelief] What the Hell you talkin' about?
Castiel : It's where I belonged. I needed to do penance. After the things I did on Earth and in Heaven, I didn't deserve to be out. And I saw that clearly when I was there. I... I planned to stay all along. I just didn't know how to tell you. You can't save everyone, my friend. You try.
Frank Devereaux : You wanna keep going?
Dean Winchester : [sternly] I want Dick Roman on a spit.
Frank Devereaux : [sarcastically] But you're gonna drive yourself into the ground first. Good plan!
Dean Winchester : [sighs, quietly] I'm not gonna quit. Not even an option. Not gonna walk out on my brother.
Frank Devereaux : Okay, then fine. Do what I did.
Dean Winchester : [sarcastically] Huh! What? Go native? Stock up on C rations?
[Shakes his head, looking away]
Frank Devereaux : No, cupcake.
[quietly now]
Frank Devereaux : What I did when I was 26 and came home to find my wife and two kids gutted on the floor.
[Dean looks back at Frank, face sober now]
Frank Devereaux : Decide to be fine til the end of the week. Make yourself smile because... you're alive and that's your job. And do it again the next week.
Dean Winchester : [after a pause] So, fake it?
Frank Devereaux : I call it being professional. Do it right. With a smile. Or don't do it.
Dean Winchester : [wakes up in a chair in Frank's RV] How long was I out?
Sam Winchester : Hey, did you know the Nazis had a special branch devoted to archeology?
Dean Winchester : A little early for Nazi trivia, especially without caffeine.
[Dean takes a swig of beer]
Sam Winchester : Seriously? Dude, it's like noon.
Dean Winchester : Uh, well, you drank all the coffee so what am I supposed to drink, water?
"Supernatural: I Think I'm Gonna Like It Here (#9.1)" (2013)
Dean Winchester : There ain't no me if there ain't no you!
Grief Counselor: [Dean has been told that Sam's prognosis is grim. Grief counselor enters Sam's hospital room to talk to Dean] I'm afraid as hard as this may be, this might be a good time to talk... about the inevitable.
Dean Winchester : Look, I'm sure you're a nice person, and that you mean well, but Inevitable... that's a funny word where I come from. There's always a way.
Grief Counselor: And I'm a prayerful woman, who believes in miracles just as much as the next. But I also know how to read an EEG, and unless you're telling me you have a direct line to those Angels that you were looking for...
Dean Winchester : Yeah... no, I ,uh guess I don't.
[long pause]
Dean Winchester : ...But I might have something better. I've got the King of Hell in my trunk.
Charlie Bradbury : I know. Not a good idea, according to the Supernatural books.
Sam Winchester : You really can't delete those from the internet?
Charlie Bradbury : Not even I can do that. I mean, c'mon.
Dean Winchester : Where do you even find them?
Charlie Bradbury : A top secret place I call Amazon.
[Dean looks exasperated]
Charlie Bradbury : And someone uploaded all the unpublished works. I thought it was fan fic at first, but it was clearly Edlund's work.
Sam Winchester : Who uploaded it?
Charlie Bradbury : I don't know. Their screen name was beckywinchester176. Ring a bell?
[Dean gives Sam a hard, frustrated look]
Sam Winchester : None. Uh, nobody's. Uh, no, there are no bells. Uh... No.
Dean Winchester : I'll have some beef jerky and a pack of menthols.
Castiel : What are you doing here?
Dean Winchester : Gee, it's nice to see you too, Cas.
Castiel : It's Steve now. And, uh, you surprised me.
Dean Winchester : Well, the feeling is mutual. I mean, I knew you had to lay low from the angel threat, but, uh... Wow. This is some cover.
Castiel : My grace is gone. What did you expect? Do you have any idea how hard it was? When I fell to earth, I didn't just lose my powers. I- I had nothing.
[with pride]
Dean Winchester : A sales associate.
Vendor: Hey, Steve. Can you sign here?
[hands clipboard to Cas who signs it and hands it back]
Castiel : I'm responsible for inventory, sales, customer service. I keep this place - thank you - clean and presentable. And when my manager's busy, I even prepare the food.
Dean Winchester : Wow. So you went from fighting heavenly battles to nuking taquitos?
Castiel : [nodding proudly] Nachos too.
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i don't know
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Which 'New Town' in Hertfordshire was founded in 1903 as the world's first 'Garden City'?
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HertsInternet. Guide for Letchworth, Hertfordshire UK
Other Towns..
Letchworth has developed over the years after starting life as the worlds first Garden City, founded in 1903 and built on what was a greenfield site in northern Hertfordshire. Letchworth came about after the urban planning ideas of Ebenezer Howard's book Tomorrow: A peaceful path to real reform, which inspired the developers of the new garden city to build a city where the countryside and town became one, and offered people nice houses in a well planned area instead of the cramped housing situations of in the inner-cities such as London.
The city is quite small in size in comparison with a lot of cities, with a population of just over 30,000 but offers a relaxed way of life, with tree lined streets, and many open spaces providing pleasant green areas along side parades of shops selling a range of goods.
Letchworth is well situated for both road travel via the A1(M) and also fast trains to London via Hitchin, and is widely known as a leafy commuter location, with many of it's inhabitants travelling via train into London to go to work.
Books and maps about Letchworth... (listed by popularity)
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Letchworth
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Which architect designed the Roman Catholic basilica known as La Sagrada Familia in Barcelona?
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JCR-UK: Letchworth & Hitchin Jewish Communities, Hertfordshire, England
Page created: 1 February 2006
Latest revision or update: 11 December 2016
Letchworth and Hitchin Jewish Communities
Letchworth Garden City
Letchworth, officially called Letchworth Garden City, is a town in Hertfordshire in southeast England. It was founded as a new town in 1903, and is known as the world's first Garden City. Letchworth was an urban district until 1974, when it was merged with adjoining areas to form the North Hertfordshire District, a local government district within the county of Hertfordshire. The population of the town is approximately 33,000.
Town of Hitchin
The historic town of Hitchin, situated immediately to the west of Letchworth, was also an urban district until its incorporation into the local government district of North Hertfordshire in 1974. The population of Hitchin is approximately 30,000.
The Jewish Communities
The Letchworth Jewish Community was founded in 1939. It was almost unique among those communities formed during World War II by Jewish families relocating from London to escape the German air raids, in that the community was almost exclusively orthodox. The Letchworth Jewish community had the infrastructure that normally accompanied much larger communities, such as a kosher butcher, mikva, Talmud Torah, etc. The community began to decline following the end of the War, but continued to exist until 1971.
Adjoining Hitchin also had a war time congregation and, today, there is a yeshiva in the the close-by village of Great Offley.
Listed below are congregations that existed in Letchworth and Hitchin. Hitchin also had a medieval Jewish community:
The Jewish Congregations
Listed below are congregations that existed in Letchworth and Hitchin. Hitchin also had a medieval Jewish community:
Letchworth
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i don't know
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Which town in Hertfordshire was designated the UK's first 'New Town' in 1946?
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HertsInternet. Guide for Stevenage, Hertfordshire UK
Other Towns..
Stevenage was designated the first New Town in the UK in 1946, after much protest from the residents of the town who felt they were being used as a test of what new towns could develop in to. Farmers were also angry about the fact that they were going to loose huge amounts of land to the new town development, but it still went ahead, creating homes for what now stands at a population of around 80,000.
Development of Stevenage's new town was in the form of separate residential areas Bedwell, Broadwater, Chells, Pin Green, Shephall, Symonds Green, St. Nicholas, and Poplars. Each one builds up the town, and offers services to the localised community in each area, and provides for the needs of people without a journey across the town being necessary in many cases.
Stevenage was the first pedestrianised traffic free shopping area in the country, which was officially named the Queensway by the Queen in 1959. The town also has approximately 50 miles of cycle paths crossing the entire town, offering a safe way for people to cycle from one place to another.
In the central part of the shopping area there is the Town Square, which has the 'Joyride' bronze statue of a mother and child, by Franta Belsky. There are also other monuments from the time of the New Town development, and these are part of what makes Stevenage have it's 50's/60's character and feel.
The town is ideally situated for transport, with the East Coast main line adjacent to the centre, with trains from Scotland and the North of England, to Kings Cross in London. The A1(M) motorway is to the west of the town, with the M25 orbital motorway around London only 15 minutes down the A1(M).
Books and maps about Stevenage... (listed by popularity)
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Stevenage
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Which professional Snooker player from Canada was known as 'The Grinder' because of his slow determined style of play?
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New Town | UK Housing Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
Following World War II, a number of towns were designated under the 1946 Act as New Towns, and were developed partly to house the large numbers of people who had lost homes during the War. New Towns policy was also informed by a series of wartime commissions, including:
the Barlow Commission (1940) into the distribution of industrial population,
the Scott Committee into rural land use (1941)
the Uthwatt Committee into compensation and betterment (1942)
(later) the Reith Report into New Towns (1947).
The first of a ring of such "first generation" New Towns around London (1946) was Stevenage in Hertfordshire. Two new towns were also planned in Scotland at East Kilbride (1947), and Glenrothes (1948). Later a scatter of "second-generation" towns were built to meet specific problems, such as the development of the Corby steelworks. Finally, five "third-generation" towns were launched in the late 1960s: these were larger, some of them based on substantial existing settlements such as Peterborough , and the most famous was probably the new town of Milton Keynes , midway between London and Birmingham , known for its huge central park and shopping centre, and its Concrete Cows. Other towns, such as Ashford , Basingstoke and Swindon , were designated "Expanded Towns" and share many characteristics with the new towns. Scotland also gained three more new towns, Cumbernauld in 1956, famous for its enclosed 'town centre', Livingston (1962) and Irvine (1966).
All the new towns featured a car-oriented layout with many roundabouts and a grid-based road system unusual in the old world. The earlier new towns, where construction was often rushed and whose inhabitants were generally plucked out of their established communities with little ceremony, rapidly got a poor press reputation as the home of "new town blues". These issues were systematically addressed in the later towns, with the third generation towns in particular devoting substantial resources to cycle routes, public transport and community facilities, as well as employing teams of officers for social development work.
The financing of the UK new towns was creative. Land within the designated area was acquired at agricultural use value by the development corporation for each town, and infrastructure and building funds borrowed on 60-year terms from the UK Treasury. Interest on these loans was rolled up, in the expectation that the growth in land values caused by the development of the town would eventually allow the loans to be repaid in full. However, the high levels of retail price inflation experienced in the developed world in the 1970s and 1980s fed through into interest rates and frustrated this expectation, so that substantial parts of the loans had ultimately to be written off.
From the 1970s the first generation towns began to reach their initial growth targets. As they did so, their development corporations were wound up and the assets disposed of: rented housing to the local authority, and other assets to the Commission for the New Towns (in England; but alternative arrangements were made in Scotland and Wales). The Thatcher Government, from 1979, saw the new towns as a socialist experiment to be discontinued, and all the development corporations were dissolved by 1990, even for the third generation towns whose growth targets were still far from being achieved. Ultimately the Commission for the New Towns was also dissolved and its assets - still including a lot of undeveloped land - passed to the English Industrial Estates Corporation (later known as English Partnerships).
Many of the New Towns attempted to incorporate public art and cultural programmes but with mixed methods and results. In Harlow the development corporation endowed the ' Harlow Arts Trust ' that purchased works by leading contemporary sculptors who had limited connection to the town. In Peterlee the abstract artist Victor Pasmore was appointed part of the design team resulting in the Apollo Pavilion. Washington New Town was provided with a community theatre and art gallery. The concrete cows in Milton Keynes resulted from another 'town artist' commission and have gone on to become a recognised landmark. Glenrothes led the way in Scotland being the first new town to appoint a town artist in 1968. A massive range of artworks (around 132 in total) ranging from concrete hippos to bronze statues, dancing children, giant flowers, a dinosaur, a horse and chariot and crocodiles, to name but a few, were created. Town artists appointed in Glenrothes include David Harding and Malcolm Roberston.
In the 1990s an experimental "new town" developed by The Prince of Wales to use very traditional or vernacular architectural styles was started at Poundbury in Dorset.
In Northern Ireland, Craigavon in County Armagh was a successful town commenced and built in 1966 outside of Belfast , although entire blocks of flats and shops laid empty, and later derelict, before eventually being bulldozed. The area, which now has a population exceeding 50,000 is mostly a dormitory town for Belfast.
England
Newtown (designated December 18, 1967) [22]
Northern Ireland
Edit
The New Towns Act (Northern Ireland) 1965 gave the Minister of Development of the Government of Northern Ireland the power to designate an area as a New Town, and to appoint a Development Commission. An order could be made to transfer municipal functions of all or part of any existing local authorities to the commission, which took the additional title of urban district council, although unelected. This was done in the case of Craigavon.
The New Towns Amendment Act (Northern Ireland) 1968 was passed to enable the establishment of the Londonderry Development Commission to replace the County Borough and rural district of Londonderry, and implement the Londonderry Area Plan. On April 3, 1969 the development commission took over the municipal functions of the two councils, the area becoming Londonderry Urban District.
Craigavon (designated July 26, 1965) [23]
Londonderry (designated February 5, 1969) (see above) [24]
References
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i don't know
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A 'Dobson Unit' is a measurement of the thickness of what?
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Ozone Hole Watch: Facts about Dobson Units
What is EESC?
What is a Dobson Unit?
The Dobson Unit is the most common unit for measuring ozone concentration. One Dobson Unit is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere (the air pressure at the surface of the Earth). Expressed another way, a column of air with an ozone concentration of 1 Dobson Unit would contain about 2.69x1016ozone molecules for every square centimeter of area at the base of the column. Over the Earth’s surface, the ozone layer’s average thickness is about 300 Dobson Units or a layer that is 3 millimeters thick.
Seen from space, the edge of the Earth is blurred by the pale blue atmosphere. Most dense at the surface, the atmosphere thins with altitude, until it gradually merges with vacuum. Total ozone is measured through the entire atmospheric column, from the surface to the edge of space. (Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center. “The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth.” ISS011-E-5487 [07/22/2011 17:01:03])
Ozone in the atmosphere isn’t all packed into a single layer at a certain altitude above the Earth’s surface; it’s dispersed. Even the stratospheric ozone known as “the ozone layer” is not a single layer of pure ozone. It is simply a region where ozone is more common than it is at other altitudes. Satellite sensors and other ozone-measuring devices measure the total ozone concentration for an entire column of the atmosphere. The Dobson Unit is a way to describe how much ozone there would be in the column if it were all squeezed into a single layer.
The average amount of ozone in the atmosphere is roughly 300 Dobson Units, equivalent to a layer 3 millimeters (0.12 inches) thick—the height of 2 pennies stacked together. What scientists call the Antarctic Ozone “Hole” is an area where the ozone concentration drops to an average of about 100 Dobson Units. One hundred Dobson Units of ozone would form a layer only 1 millimeter thick if it were compressed into a single layer, about the height of a dime.
Compressed to sea-level pressure, the ozone in the atmosphere would form a layer about the height of two pennies stacked together. Levels in the ozone hole are much less—only the height of a single dime.
How much is this, compared to the rest of the atmosphere? If all of the air in a vertical column that extends from the ground up to space were collected and squeezed together at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere, that column would be 8 kilometers thick (or about 5 miles). Compare that to the 3 millimeters described above, and you may realize just how tenuous is the Earth’s ozone layer.
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Ozone layer
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Which pretender to the English throne landed in England in 1495 in an attempt to overthrow King Henry VII, and was hanged at Tyburn?
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How Is Ozone Measured?
The abundance and measurement of ozone levels
Ozone is what is known as a trace gas, meaning there is very little of it in the atmosphere. In fact, out of every million molecules of gas in the atmosphere, less than ten are ozone. Ozone is measured in what are called Dobson units. A Dobson unit of gas is equal to a layer of gas, at the surface of the Earth, with a thickness of one hundredth of a millimeter. The ozone in the atmosphere is about 300 Dobsons. That means if you brought all of the ozone in the atmosphere down to a layer of pure ozone at the surface, it would be about three millimeters thick. It doesn't seem like much, but it's enough to protect you from the Sun's UV rays. Much of the ozone is located about twenty kilometers above the ground, in a part of the atmosphere called the stratosphere. This is why it's called the "ozone layer".
Credit: NASA/GSFC
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i don't know
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Which American writer shot and killed his ex-wife during a drunken party game in Mexico City in 1951?
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21 Celebrities Who Have Killed Someone | Criminal Justice
21 Celebrities Who Have Killed Someone
Celebrities who have either admitted to or have been convicted of killing someone…outside of military service or as political leaders, that is. Some have paid the price; others, not so much.
Robert Blake
On May 4, 2001, actor Robert Blake’s wife Bonnie Lee Bakley was shot and killed while sitting in a car outside a Studio City, California restaurant. Blake claimed to be inside the restaurant at the time, retrieving a gun that he’d left at his table. Almost a year later, Blake was arrested and charged with murder, but despite the testimony of two men who claimed that he tried to recruit them to kill Bakley, Blake was found not guilty by the jury. However, when Bakley’s three children filed a civil suit against Blake in 2005, he was found liable for the wrongful death of his wife and was ordered to pay them $30 million. In April 2008, an appeals court upheld the civil case verdict but cut Blake’s penalty in half.
John Wilkes Booth
John Wilkes Booth is known today as the person who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, but before then, he was already a celebrity, nationally known as a theatrical actor. His family was already known on the theater circuit through Booth’s father Junius and older brother Edwin, the latter perhaps the foremost American Shakespearean actor of his day. John Wilkes Booth meanwhile made a name for himself with his energetic performances in roles that were lighter in tone than Edwin’s, and he came to headline plays around the country. He was so well-known and trusted that he had easy access to all parts of Ford Theater in Washington, DC, on April 14, 1865, during a performance of My American Cousin, even though he was not in the play. That evening, at around 10 PM, he slipped into Lincoln’s box and shot the President in the back of the head during the play. He fled to rural Virginia, where he was killed by federal troops 12 days later.
Matthew Brodderick
On August 5, 1987, actor Matthew Broderick was driving on a country road in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland with then-girlfriend (and Ferris Bueller’s Day Off co-star) Jennifer Grey when his car veered into the wrong lane, colliding with an oncoming vehicle. The two passengers of the other car — 30-year-old Anna Gallagher and her 63-year-old mother Margaret Doherty — were killed instantly. Broderick spent a month in the hospital but because of memory loss, he was unable to explain what happened. It was determined that the actor wasn’t drunk at the time of the accident, and he was charged with causing death by dangerous driving, although he was eventually convicted only of careless driving, escaping with a $175 fine. Initially upset at the ruling, the victims’ family has since come to terms with it and met with Brodderick in 2003 to gain a sense of closure.
Aaron Burr
On the morning of July 11, 1804, Aaron Burr, then the Vice President of the United States, engaged in a duel with former Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton (and future $10 bill model) in rural Weehawken, New Jersey. The two politicians had a long-standing feud across party lines that came to a head when Hamilton made disparaging remarks about Burr’s qualifications for the governorship of New York, a race that Burr had just lost (having realized that he wouldn’t return for a second term as Vice President). Duels at the time were often just for show, with participants routinely “throwing away their fire” (intentionally missing), but while Hamilton threw away his fire, Burr’s shot found its mark, and Hamilton was mortally wounded. Some historians chalk the death up to miscommunication over the intentions of the duel, with Burr thinking that Hamilton had tried to hit him, while others claim that Burr fully intended on killing Hamilton all along. Because dueling was illegal, Burr was charged with murder, but those charges were later dropped. However, the duel signaled an end to his political career, ironically damaging Burr’s reputation more than anything Hamilton may have said about him.
William S. Burroughs
One of the most influential writers of the 20th century, William S. Burroughs shot and killed his common-law wife, Joan Vollmer, on September 6, 1951, in Mexico City. Initially, he claimed that the two had been playing a drunken game of William Tell, with Burroughs attempting to shoot a water glass on Vollmer’s head, but he’d missed and struck her in the head. However, after consulting with an attorney, he changed his story to state that he’d simply mishandled the gun, which accidentally discharged. He was jailed briefly and after a year of legal maneuvering — including, by many accounts, bribery from Burroughs’ brother — the writer was found guilty of manslaughter and sentenced to two years in jail, suspended. In total, he spent about two weeks in prison. Burroughs later stated that Vollmer’s death spurred him to become a full-time writer.
Laura Bush
On the evening of November 6, 1963, future First Lady of the United States Laura Bush née Welch was driving with a friend on a rural highway in Midland, Texas when she ran a stop sign and broadsided another car. The driver of the other vehicle, 17-year-old Michael Dutton Douglas, a classmate and friend of Welch’s, was killed. Welch, who wasn’t reported to be drinking or speeding, wasn’t charged and received only minor injuries.
C-Murder
On January 12, 2002, rapper Corey “C-Murder” Miller was at the Platinum Club in Harvey, Louisiana when an altercation erupted in which 16-year-old Steve Thomas was beaten and shot to death. Miller was identified and arrested as the trigger man and was convicted in 2003 of second-degree murder. However, that verdict was overturned by the Louisiana Supreme Court in 2006, and Miller, the brother of rap mogul Percy “Master P” Miller, was re-tried in 2009 and once again found guilty of second-degree murder, earning a mandatory life sentence in jail. The reason for the attack is still a mystery to this day, although some say that Thomas embarrassed C-Murder during a rap battle that the club was hosting that evening.
Rebecca Gayheart
On June 13, 2001, actress Rebecca Gayheart was driving on a Los Angeles street when shestruck and killed nine-year-old Jorge Cruz, Jr. Although Cruz wasn’t using the crosswalk, the cars in front of Gayheart had stopped to allow him to cross the street. However, the actress, not seeing the boy, veered around the cars in an effort to avoid stopping and struck Cruz in the left-turn lane. Gayheart was also talking on a cell phone at the time. She pleaded no contest to vehicular manslaughter and was sentenced to three years’ probation, a one-year suspension of her license, a $2,800 fine and 750 hours of
community service. A civil lawsuit from the Cruz family was settled out of court.
Howard Hughes
On July 11, 1936, eccentric billionaire-to-be Howard Hughes — then a successful movie producer — struck and killed a pedestrian named Gabriel Meyer at an intersection in Los Angeles. Although Hughes had been drinking earlier that evening, he wasn’t reported to be drunk at the time and claimed that the man stepped in front of his car. While a witness initially refuted that story, the witness eventually corroborated Hughes’ version of things (some claim he was bribed), and negligent homicide charges were dropped. Nevertheless, Hughes paid the Meyer family $20,000 “in this their time of need.”
John Huston
On September 25, 1933, before starting a career as an Academy-Award winning film director, 27-year-old John Huston struck and killed a female pedestrian at a Los Angeles intersection. After an investigation, charges weren’t filed against Huston, who was at the time a screenwriter.
Ted Kennedy
On the night of July 18, 1969, Senator Ted Kennedy left a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts with 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne. During the drive, Kennedy took a wrong turn down a dirt road and drove off the Dike Bridge, his car coming to rest upside-down in the water. While Kennedy swam to safety, Kopechne never emerged from the car. The senator, however, didn’t notify police, and when the body was found the next morning, he turned himself in, claiming that he’d been in shock. Kennedy later pleaded guilty to leaving the scene of an accident, but no other charges were filed. He received a two-month suspended jail sentence, and his driver’s license was suspended for over a year. The scandal surrounding not only the accident but also the fact that the married Kennedy was alone at night with a young woman effectively ended his aspirations of running for President.
Don King
Flamboyant future boxing promoter Don King killed not one, but two men early in his life while running an illegal gambling operation in Cleveland, Ohio. In 1954, at the age of 23, he shot and killed a man named Hillary Brown, a death that was ruled justifiable because Brown was trying to rob one of King’s gambling stations. Later, in 1966, he was involved in a fight with an employee of his named Sam Garrett, whom King claimed owed him money. During the scuffle, Garrett’s head hit the pavement — although some say King repeatedly stomped him to death. He was convicted of manslaughter and spent four years in jail before being paroled in 1971, at which point he moved from gambling to boxing. King was eventually granted a full pardon by Ohio Governor James Rhodes in 1983.
Lead Belly
Blues/folk musician and future Rock ‘n Roll Hall of Fame inductee, Huddie “Lead Belly” Ledbetter also had a fiery temper that landed him in jail for four extended stretches of his life. The longest stint stemmed from an incident in January 1918 when he killed a relative of his named Will Stafford over a woman. He received a sentence of seven to 35 years in prison and was released in 1925 — due in part to a song he wrote for Texas Governor Pat Morris Neff pleading for his release. Lead Belly would go on to national notoriety — as well as a couple more jail sentences for fighting.
Keith Moon
On 4 January, 1970, Keith Moon, the iconic drummer for The Who, accidentally ran over his bodyguard, Neil Boland, outside a pub in Hatfield, England. Although Moon was known for his destructive behavior — in particular, blowing up hotel toilets — Boland’s death was ruled an accident that resulted while the drummer was fleeing from a group of aggressive skinheads. Moon wasn’t charged in the death.
Vince Neil
On the evening of December 8, 1984, Mötley Crüe lead singer Vince Neil was driving in Redondo Beach, California with Nicholas Dingley (AKA Razzle), drummer for the Finnish band Hanoi Rocks, when Neil lost control of his vehicle and crashed into an oncoming car. Dingley was killed, and the two occupants of the other car suffered serious injuries. Neil had a blood-alcohol level more than twice the legal limit and was arrested for drunk driving and vehicular manslaughter. In 1986, he was sentenced to 30 days in jail, five years of probation and 200 hours of community service and was ordered to pay the victims of the crash $2.6 million. He served only 15 of the 30 days in jail.
O.J. Simpson
On the night of on June 12, 1994, Nicole Brown Simpson, the ex-wife of actor and ex-football star O.J. Simpson, was stabbed to death outside her Los Angeles home, along with her friend Ronald Goldman. The former football player was arrested and following one of the most publicized trials in history, during which many of the evidence-collecting techniques of the prosecution were called into question, Simpson was found not guilty of homicide. However, in a civil trial in 1997, he was deemed to be liable for the two deaths. The Goldman family was awarded $8.5 million in compensatory damages, and each family was awarded $12.5 million in punitive damages.
J.R. Smith
On June 9, 2007, star basketball player J.R. Smith was driving through an intersection in Millstone Township, New Jersey, when his SUV collided with another vehicle, killing Smith’s passenger, Andre Bell. It was determined that Smith had run a stop sign, driving around another vehicle that was stopped in front of him at the sign. His SUV was then struck by an oncoming car that had the right of way, flipping Smith’s vehicle. Neither he nor Bell were wearing seat belts at the time of the crash. Smith had previously been cited seven times — five for speeding — and had his driver’s license suspended five times in a nine-month span between 2005 and 2006, but his driving record was “in good standing” at the time of the crash. For his role in the accident, Smith was charged with improper passing, failure to stop, speeding (67-plus miles per hour in a 35 MPH zone), reckless driving and failure to wear a seat belt, but he avoided vehicular manslaughter charges. Smith was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 90 days in jail, but the judge suspended all but 30 days. He ended up spending 24 days in prison and was sentenced to 500 hours of community service.
Phil Spector
Early in the morning of February 3, 2003, the body of 40-year-old actress Lana Clarkson was found dead in the Alhambra, California home of legendary music producer Phil Spector. Clarkson had been shot in the mouth at close range. She had met Spector that night while she worked at the House of Blues in Hollywood. They returned to his house and were inside for about an hour before Spector’s driver, who waited outside, heard a gunshot. The driver testified that Spector stated, “I think I just shot her.” Spector was arrested and charged with second-degree murder. The producer claimed that Clarkson shot herself while kissing the gun, but during the trial, several women came forth claiming that Spector had pulled guns on them while drunk. Although the first trial, in 2007, resulted in a hung jury, the second, in 2009, ended with a conviction. Spector received a jail sentence of 19 years to life.
Donte Stallworth
Early in the morning of March 14, 2009, football player Donte Stallworth struck and killed a pedestrian — 59-year-old Mario Reyes — while driving in Miami Beach, Florida. Stallworth was drunk at the time and was charged with DUI and second-degree manslaughter, which could have carried a 15-year prison sentence. However, although he pled guilty to both charges, he received only 30 days in jail, plus two years of house arrest, eight years of probation, 1,000 hours of community service and a lifetime suspension of his Florida driver’s license. He was also suspended by the National Football League from playing for a year. His light sentence was due largely to Florida’s DUI laws, which require proof that there was some action on the drunk driver’s part (aside from merely being drunk) that caused the fatal accident. Since Reyes was not in the crosswalk when he was struck, there was reasonable doubt about Stallworth’s liability. Stallworth and the Reyes family settled on a financial agreement out of court.
Adlai Stevenson
Future governor of Illinois, UN Ambassador and two-time nominee for President, a 12-year-old Adlai Stevenson inadvertently shot and killed 16-year-old Ruth Merwin at his childhood home in Bloomington, Illinois on December 30, 1912. Stevenson was performing a drill technique with a .22 rifle, which he didn’t realize was loaded, when it went off, striking the girl. The gun had previously been checked to make sure it wasn’t loaded, but the ejecting mechanism had a rusty spring that prevented the bullet from being released upon examination. Charges weren’t filed.
Jayson Williams
On February 14, 2002, former professional basketball star Jayson Williams shot and killed 55-year-old Costas “Gus” Christofi, a limousine driver hired for the day, at his home in Alexandria Township, New Jersey. Williams claimed that he was showing a group of people the shotgun during a tour of his home, and when he snapped it closed, it discharged, striking Christofi. In 2004, Williams was found not guilty of aggravated manslaughter and aggravated assault, while the jury deadlocked on the charge of reckless manslaughter. He ended up being convicted of four lesser charges involved with trying to cover up the shooting. However, he currently faces the possibility of a retrial on the reckless manslaughter charge.
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William S. Burroughs
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In meteorology, what is measured in 'Oktas'?
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William S. Burroughs - Junkie Vagabond - Vagobond
Vago Damitio beat hotel , beatnik , England , London , Morocco , Paris , Tangier , William S. Burroughs
William S. Burroughs – no other name rings so loudly in the annals of extraordinary literary vagabonds of the 20th century. While his friend, Jack Kerouac may have found greater acclaim among stoned poets and hitch-hikers, it is Burroughs who was the true vagabond, though one with a trust fund to help him fund his movement and addictions.
Born February 5, 1914 in St. Louis, Missouri, Burroughs lived to the age of 83 and died August 2nd, 1997 in Lawrence, Kansas. He was a founder of the ‘Beat’ movement and a giant in 20th century American popular culture. Even if you’ve never heard of Burroughs – you’ve seen him or been exposed to his work. If you don’t believe me – ask yourself if you’ve ever seen the cover of the Beatles album – Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band – Burroughs is on it.
Burroughs influence affected a range of popular culture as well as literature. His 18 novels and novellas, six collections of short stories and four collections of essays had nothing less than a profound effect on pop culture.. Five books have been published of his interviews and correspondences. He also collaborated on projects and recordings with numerous performers and musicians, and made many appearances in films.
He was born to a wealthy family and left home in 1932 to attend Harvard University where he studied English and anthropology as a postgraduate, and later attended medical school in Vienna. It was being turned down by the US Navy during World War II that led him to begin experimenting with the drugs that became such a key part of his life. He dropped out and became an addict and later befriended Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. The three of them were the basis of the counter-cultural movement of the Beat Generation which in turn led to the age of the Hippies.
Much of Burroughs’s work is semi-autobiographical, primarily drawn from his experiences as a heroin addict, as he lived throughout Mexico City, London, Paris, Berlin, the South American Amazon and Tangier in Morocco. Finding success with his confessional first novel, Junkie (1953), Burroughs is perhaps best known for his third novel Naked Lunch (1959), a work fraught with controversy that underwent a court case under the U.S. sodomy laws.
Jack Kerouac called Burroughs the “greatest satirical writer since Jonathan Swift,” because of his “lifelong subversion” of the moral, political and economic systems of modern American society, articulated in often darkly humorous sardonicism. J. G. Ballard considered Burroughs to be “the most important writer to emerge since the Second World War,” while Norman Mailer declared him “the only American writer who may be conceivably possessed by genius.”
Europe
He traveled to Europe after Harvard, which proved a window into Austrian and Hungarian Weimar-era homosexuality; he picked up boys in steam baths in Vienna, and moved in a circle of exiles, homosexuals, and runaways. It was there, he met Ilse Klapper, a Jewish woman fleeing the Nazi government.
Burroughs married her, in Croatia, against the wishes of his parents, to allow her to gain a visa to the United States. She made her way to New York City, and eventually divorced Burroughs.
He deliberately severed the last joint of his left little finger, right at the knuckle, to impress a man with whom he was infatuated. This event made its way into his early fiction as the short story “The Finger.” Yes, Burroughs was most definitely a queer .
Paris and the ‘Beat Hotel’
Burroughs moved into a rundown hotel in the Latin Quarter of Paris in 1959 when Naked Lunch was still looking for a publisher since Tangier, Morocco with its easy access to drugs, small groups of homosexuals, growing political unrest and odd collection of criminals became increasingly unhealthy for Burroughs.
In Paris, he met with Ginsberg and talked with Olympia Press. In so doing, he left a brewing legal problem, which eventually transferred itself to Paris. Paul Lund, a former British career criminal and cigarette smuggler whom Burroughs met in Tangier, was arrested on suspicion of importing narcotics into France. Lund gave up Burroughs and some evidence implicated Burroughs in the possible importation into France of narcotics. Once again, the man faced criminal charges, this time in Paris for conspiracy to import opiates, when the Moroccan authorities forwarded their investigation to French officials. Yet it was under this impending threat of criminal sanction that Maurice Girodias published Naked Lunch, and it was helpful in getting Burroughs a suspended sentence, as a literary career, according to Ted Morgan, is a respected profession in France.
The ‘Beat Hotel’ was a typical European-style rooming house hotel, with common toilets on every floor, and a small place for personal cooking in the room. Life there was documented by the photographer Harold Chapman, who lived in the attic room. This shabby, inexpensive hotel was populated by Gregory Corso, Ginsberg and Peter Orlovsky for several months after Naked Lunch first appeared. Burroughs used the $3,000 advance from Grove Press to buy drugs.
The London years
Burroughs left Paris for London in 1966 to take the cure again with Dr. Dent, a well-known English medical doctor who spearheaded a painless heroin withdrawal treatment using an electronic box affixed to the patient’s temple. Keith Richards and Anita Pallenberg would take this same cure over a decade later from Dr. Dent’s nurse, Smitty.
Burroughs ended up working out of London for six years, traveling back to the United States on several occasions, including one time escorting his son to Lexington Narcotics Farm and Prison after the younger Burroughs had been convicted of prescription fraud in Florida.
Burroughs took a large advance from Playboy to write an article about his trip back to St. Louis that was eventually published in The Paris Review, after Burroughs refused to alter the style for Playboy’s publishers.
In 1968 Burroughs joined Jean Genet, John Sack, and Terry Southern in covering the 1968 Democratic National Convention for Esquire magazine. Southern and Burroughs, who had first become acquainted in London, would remain lifelong friends and collaborators. In 1972, Burroughs and Southern unsuccessfully attempted to adapt Naked Lunch for the screen in conjunction with legendary insane American game show producer Chuck Barris.
In the 1960s Burroughs joined and left the Church of Scientology. In talking about the experience, he claimed that the techniques and philosophy of Scientology helped him and that he felt that further study into Scientology would produce great results. He was skeptical of the organization itself, and felt that it fostered an environment that did not accept critical discussion.
Mexico and South America
Burroughs fled to Mexico to escape possible detention in Louisiana’s Angola state prison. Vollmer and their children followed him. Burroughs planned to stay in Mexico for at least five years, the length of his charge’s statute of limitations. Burroughs also attended classes at the Mexico City College in 1950 studying Spanish as well as “Mexican picture writing” (codices) and the Mayan language with R. H. Barlow.
In 1951, Burroughs shot and killed Vollmer in a drunken game of “William Tell” at a party above the American-owned Bounty Bar in Mexico City. He spent 13 days in jail before his brother came to Mexico City and bribed Mexican lawyers and officials to release him.
Burroughs began to write what would eventually become the short novel Queer while awaiting his trial.
After leaving Mexico, Burroughs drifted through South America for several months, looking for a drug called yagé, which promised the user telepathy. A book, composed of letters between Burroughs and Ginsberg, The Yage Letters, was published in 1963 by City Lights Books.
In music, film and television
Burroughs not only appears on the cover of The Beatles’ eighth studio album, Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band but has many more musical connections. Burroughs participated on numerous album releases by Giorno Poetry Systems, including The Nova Convention (featuring Frank Zappa, John Cage, and Philip Glass) and You’re the Guy I Want to Share My Money With (with John Giorno and Laurie Anderson). He is featured in a spoken word piece entitled “Sharkey’s Night” on Laurie Anderson’s album Mister Heartbreak. In addition, Burroughs provided vocal samples for the soundtrack of Anderson’s 1986 concert film, Home of the Brave, and made a cameo appearance in it. He also recites the lyrics of R.E.M.’s “Star Me Kitten” for a special version of the song on the Songs in the Key of X: Music from and Inspired by the X-Files soundtrack.
In 1990, Island Records released Dead City Radio, a collection of readings set to a broad range of musical compositions. It was produced by Hal Willner and Nelson Lyon, with musical accompaniment from John Cale, Donald Fagen, Lenny Pickett, Chris Stein, Sonic Youth, and others. The remastered edition of Sonic Youth’s album Goo includes a longer version of “Dr. Benway’s House,” which had appeared, in shorter form, on Dead City Radio.
In 1992 he recorded “Quick Fix” with Ministry, which appeared on their single for “Just One Fix.” The single featured cover art by Burroughs and a remix of the song dubbed the “W.S.B. mix.” Burroughs also made an appearance in the video for “Just One Fix.” The same year he also recorded the EP The “Priest” They Called Him; Burroughs reads the short story of the same name, while Kurt Cobain creates layers of guitar feedback and distortion. Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic is featured on the cover as the titular “Priest.” In 1992 Burroughs worked with The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy on Spare Ass Annie and Other Tales, with the duo providing musical background and accompaniment to Burroughs’s spoken readings from several of his books.
Burroughs appears near the end of U2’s music video “Last Night on Earth”, pushing a shopping cart with a large spotlight positioned inside it. The video ends with a close up of his eyes.
In 2000, Spring Heel Jack released the album Oddities, on which appears the band’s remix of Material’s Road to the Western Lands, featuring Burroughs, which had originally appeared on the remix album Seven Souls.
Numerous bands have found their names in Burroughs’s work. The most widely known of these is Steely Dan, a group named after a dildo in Naked Lunch.Also from Naked Lunch came the names The Mugwumps and The Insect Trust. The novel Nova Express inspired the names of Grant Hart’s post-Hüsker Dü band Nova Mob, as well as Australian 1960s R&B band Nova Express. British band Soft Machine took its moniker from the Burroughs novel of the same name, as did protopunk band Dead Fingers Talk, from Hull, England; their only album was titled Storm the Reality Studios, after a quote from Nova Express. Alt-country band Clem Snide is named for a Burroughs character. Thin White Rope took their name from Burroughs’s euphemism for ejaculation.The American extreme metal band Success Will Write Apocalypse Across the Sky took their name from the 1989 text “Apocalypse”, in which Burroughs describes “art and creative expression taking a literal and physical form.”
Burroughs played Opium Jones in the 1966 Conrad Rooks cult film Chappaqua, which also featured cameo roles by Allen Ginsberg, Moondog, and others. In 1968, an abbreviated—77 minutes as opposed to the original’s 104 minutes—version of Benjamin Christensen’s 1922 film Häxan was released, subtitled Witchcraft Through The Ages. This version, produced by Anthony Balch, featured an eclectic jazz score by Daniel Humair and narration by Burroughs. He also appeared alongside Brion Gysin in a number of short films in the 1960s directed by Balch. Jack Sargeant’s book Naked Lens: Beat Cinema details Burroughs film work at length, covering his collaborations with Balch and Burroughs’ theories of film.
Burroughs narrated part of the 1980 documentary Shamans of the Blind Country by anthropologist and filmmaker Michael Oppitz. He gave a reading on Saturday Night Live on November 7, 1981, in an episode hosted by Lauren Hutton.
Burroughs subsequently made cameo appearances in a number of other films and videos, such as David Blair’s Wax: or the Discovery of Television among the Bees, in which he plays a beekeeper, in an elliptic story about the first Gulf War, and Decoder by Klaus Maeck. He played an aging junkie priest in Gus Van Sant’s 1989 film Drugstore Cowboy. He also appears briefly at the beginning of Van Sant’s Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (based on the Tom Robbins novel), in which he is seen crossing a city street; as the noise of the city rises around him he pauses in the middle of the intersection and speaks the single word “ominous”. Van Sant’s short film “Thanksgiving Prayer” features Burroughs reading the poem “Thanksgiving Day, Nov. 28, 1986,” from Tornado Alley, intercut with a collage of black and white images.
A documentary titled Burroughs, directed by Howard Brookner, was released in 1984. It included footage of Burroughs and many of his friends and colleagues. Near the end of his life, recordings of Burroughs reading his short stories “A Junky’s Christmas” and “Ah Pook is Here” were used on the soundtracks of two highly acclaimed animated films.
Filmmakers Lars Movin and Steen Moller Rasmussen used footage of Burroughs taken during a 1983 tour of Scandinavia in the documentary Words of Advice: William S. Burroughs on the Road. A 2010 documentary, William S. Burroughs: A Man Within, was made for Independent Lens on PBS.
As a fictional character
Burroughs was fictionalized in Jack Kerouac’s autobiographical novel On the Road as “Old Bull Lee.” He also makes an appearance in J. G. Ballard’s semi-autobiographical 1991 novel The Kindness of Women. In the 2004 novel Move Under Ground, Burroughs, Kerouac, and Neal Cassady team up to defeat Cthulhu.
Burroughs appears in the first part of The Illuminatus! Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson during the 1968 Democratic Convention riots and is described as a person devoid of anger, passion, indignation, hope, or any other recognizable human emotion. He is presented as a polar opposite of Allen Ginsberg, as Ginsberg believed in everything and Burroughs believed in nothing. Wilson would recount in his Cosmic Trigger II: Down to Earth having interviewed both Burroughs and Ginsberg for Playboy the day the riots began as well as his experiences with Shea during the riots, providing some detail on the creation of the fictional sequence.
Can there be a more iconic vagabond of the 20th century than William Seward Burroughs?
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Who was the ten-year-old child pretender to the throne of England during the time of Henry VII who claimed, falsely, to be the Earl of Warwick?
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Tudor and Stuart Britain HOME Henry VII and the Pretenders
Posted on September 12, 2011, from Athens, Alabama
Oh yes, I'm the great pretender
Just laughing and gay like a clown
I seem to be what I'm not you see
I'm wearing my heart like a crown
The Platters
We don�t use the term �pretender� in American political discourse very much and we definitely don�t use it in the sense that people living under a system of hereditary monarchy used the term. In the monarchial governments of the past, a pretender was someone who aspired to an office or the throne, usually under false pretenses.
Under a system of hereditary monarchy, power normally was passed on as an inheritance to a son or some other member of the family of the ruling dynasty. Occasionally someone would seize the throne through force, which is exactly what Henry VII did to gain the English throne in 1485. But whenever people made such power grabs, they quickly attempted to justify their actions through some sort of appeal to hereditary succession.
In Henry VII�s case, he did that by appealing to his Lancastrian roots and his descent from Edward III, which he bolstered by marrying Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter of the deceased Edward IV. But he still faced challenges from Yorkist claimants. Adding to Henry VII�s problems with challengers was the appearance of a couple of impostors who claimed to be important members of the York dynasty with strong claims to the throne.
Now you might ask, didn�t anyone realize that these two pretenders were not the people whom they claimed to be? Yes, some members of the York family and their close associates were in a good position to know that these two young men were fakes. But to Yorkist plotters, the facts didn�t matter, and they encouraged the impostors in the hope of overthrowing the hated Henry VII.
Without Photos or TV Talking Heads,
What's an Englishman to Believe?
Otherwise, most people of that era never got a close look at their rulers. Londoners had greater opportunities to see monarchs, but in large parts of the realm, the common people never saw their king and his family in the flesh. They also did not see photographs of
monarchs or get to watch them on television. Those kinds of ready popular imagery lay over 400 years in the future.
So, anybody who showed up looking and acting sufficiently royal would have been given credence. If you looked like a king, dressed like a king, and acted like a king, you must be a king. The English were not alone in granting some credibility to impostors claiming the throne. The phenomenon of pretenders was even more common and more successful in seventeenth-century Russia. It has occurred throughout history in many parts of the globe.
Keep in mind, impostors pretending to a throne also benefit from people wanting to believe. Many people in my lifetime were reluctant to accept the finality of pop music king Elvis Presley�s death, giving rise to frequent reports of Elvis sightings for many years after his demise -- a situation most likely aggravated by the proliferation of Elvis imitators. The same phenomenon occurred after the death of the singer Jim Morrison, although (so far) I have heard no reports of Michael Jackson sightings.
From King Sebastian to President Kennedy. . . .
When someone famous or important dies prematurely, a spirit of anxious denial is sure to arise. Stories circulated almost immediately that President John F. Kennedy had not died from his wounds at Dallas. These stories represent societal delusions with deep roots. For example, when King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Al Kazar al Kebir, rumors of his survival and claims of sightings followed in Portugal for several years. The delusion even had a name, Sebastianismo. Another case involved Edward VI of England, who death as a young man in 1553 led to tales that he had not really died.
These kinds of rumors were often tinged with political undertones and sinister motives. The people who supported Henry VII�s rival pretenders didn�t float false rumors of Richard III�s survival, but all the same they were the kind of people who wanted to believe. They disliked Henry VII with passionate intensity and wanted the dynasty of York restored to the throne. That made it easy for an impostor to fool them into accepting a false heir.
Raising Up the First Pretender
The first pretender to appear during the reign of Henry VII was
named Lambert Simnel, who came on the scene in 1486 and 1487. Simnel was a ten-year-old boy, the humble son of a tradesman. Nevertheless, an ambitious priest named Richard Symonds concluded that Lambert would make a good fake Yorkist heir to the throne.
Sir Francis Bacon, over a century later in his The History of the Reign of King Henry the Seventh, described Simnel as �a comely youth, and well favoured, not without some extraordinary dignity and grace of aspect.� Other members of the Yorkist family decided to support Simnel. Bacon asserted that Elizabeth Woodville, the queen dowager, was one of Simnel�s backers, but his true promoter were a pair of determined plotters: John de le Pole, the Earl of Lincoln, and Margaret of Burgundy, the sister of the last Yorkist kings Edward IV and Richard III.
According to Bacon, the initial plan was to have Simnel impersonate Richard, the Duke of York, the second son of Edward IV. But the conspirators changed their minds and instead assigned to Simnel the role of Edward, Earl of Warwick and nephew of Edward IV. The plan became problematic because Henry VII held the true Earl of Warwick in the Tower of London. When the threat from Lambert Simnel became serious, the king brought the real Earl of Warwick out of captivity and displayed him to Londoners to show that Simnel was a fake.
The Irish Were Determined to Believe,
And Then to Fight! (They Lost.)
The gesture convinced most Londoners, but over in Ireland, amidst a hotbed of pro-Yorkist sentiment, the actual Earl�s presence made no difference. According to Sir Francis Bacon, the Irish �turned the imposture upon the King [Henry VII]; and gave out that the King, to defeat the true inheritor, and to mock the world and blind the eyes of simple men, had tricked up a boy in the likeness of Edward Plantagenet [the Earl of Warwick], and shewed him to the people.� Accordingly the Irish nobles and clergy crowned Simnel as their king in Dublin Cathedral.
Soon thereafter an invasion of England took place, but it garnered little support from the English people. The resilient Henry VII gathered his army and defeated the Irish invaders at the Battle of Stoke on 16 June 1487. The conspirator Lincoln died in the battle and Simnel was taken prisoner. The magnanimous Henry VII released the young pretender and gave him a job as a turnspit in the royal kitchens. Simnel later graduated to serving as one of the king�s falconers.
The Male Model Who Wanted to Be King
The second threat from a pretender occurred several years
later, beginning in 1491 and lasting until 1499. This pretender�s name was Perkin Warbeck, who was born in the Low Countries in 1475. An attractive child, he secured a job modeling expensive clothes with an upscale clothier named Pregent Meno. Yes, that�s right. He was a male model!
More importantly, Warbeck came to the attention of some of the perennial Yorkist plotters. According the Sir Francis Bacon, Margaret, the Duchess of Burgundy and the sister of Edward IV and Richard III, had been on the lookout for potential candidates to impersonate the disappeared Princes in the Tower. She despised Henry VII and wanted to topple him from his newly acquired throne. Having the vast resources of the Duchy of Burgundy at her disposal, she was in a good position to give Henry VII serious problems. Her implacable animosity was so intense that Henry VII�s courtiers referred to her as the goddess Juno to Henry VII�s Aeneas.
Soon after Margaret�s agents spotted Warbeck, she recruited him and groomed him as the impostor Richard, the Duke of York. She kept her role secret so as to bolster Warbeck�s supposed bona fides. Bacon described Warbeck�s four assets in this way:
�For first, the years agreed well [i.e., he was the right age]. Secondly, he was a youth of fine favour and shape; but more than that, he had such a crafty and bewitching fashion both to move pity and to induce belief, as was like a kind of fascination and inchantment to those that saw him or heard him. Thirdly, he had from his childhood been such a wanderer, or (as the King called it) was a landloper, as it was extreme hard to hunt out his nest and parents; neither again could any man, by company or conversing with him, be able to say or detect well what he was; he did so flit from place to place. Lastly, there was a circumstance (which was mentioned by one that writ in the same time) that is very likely to have made somewhat to the matter; which is, that King Edward the Fourth was his godfather. Which, as it is somewhat suspicious for a wanton prince to become gossip [i.e., be a godfather] in so mean a house [i.e., Warbeck came from a family of commoners], and might make a man think that he [Warbeck] might indeed have in him some base [illegitimate] blood of the house of York.�
Warbeck was a much better impostor than Simnel. In the judgment of Sir Francis Bacon, Warbeck:
�was a finer counterfeit stone than Lambert Symnell; better done, and worn upon greater hands; being graced after with the wearing of a King of France and a King of Scotland, not of a Duchess of Burgundy only. And for Symnell, there was not much in him, more than that he was a handsome boy, and did not shame his robes. But this youth (of whom we are now to speak) was such a mercurial, as the like hath seldom been known; and could make his own part, if any time he chanced to be out. Wherefore this being one of the strangest examples of a personation, that ever was in elder or later times.�
As Bacon alludes, Margaret of Burgundy was not the only powerful player to promote the cause of Perkin Warbeck. For a period of time he was supported by both Charles VIII of France and James IV of Scotland along with the usual Irish malcontents. Both the French and the Scottish king used Warbeck for their own purposes during their wars with Henry VII. James IV even took Warbeck along on an invasion of northern England that was supposed to be a prelude to placing him on the throne.
Warbeck Falls into the Hands
of a Magnanimous Regent.
Political expediency eventually led both kings to cut Warbeck loose to satisfy a much desired agreement with Henry VII. But neither man turned the pretender over to the English king as Henry VII requested. James IV even allowed Warbeck to marry one of his cousins, Lady Catherine Gordon. Ultimately, Warbeck unwisely attempted his own invasion of England in the West Country. He failed to capture Exeter. Royal forces cut off his escape and he was forced to surrender.
Once again Henry VII tried to be generous to the failed pretender. Lady Catherine Gordon, who had accompanied Warbeck on his invasion, was appointed as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth of York. Warbeck was kept under a loose house arrest at Westminster Palace, but he tried to escape in June 1498. From that point, he was imprisoned in the Tower of London with his supposed cousin, the real Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick.
Finally, an Execution and Regal Remorse
Unfortunately for both young men, Henry VII was negotiating for the marriage of his son Arthur to Catherine, the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain. The Spanish monarchs informed Henry VII that no deal could be finalized as long as potential Yorkist rivals remained to threaten the new Tudor dynasty. They wanted both Warbeck and Warwick eliminated. Henry VII obliged. His agents lured the two prisoners into making an escape attempt. They were caught and promptly tried for treason and executed.
Thus ended the last great Yorkist plot against Henry VII. True, the king had managed to secure the crown for his family, but the security came at a psychic price. Contemporaries speculated that although Henry won the political struggle, he failed to secure a clean conscience. Contemporaries claimed that he quickly aged twenty years in the wake of the judicial murder of Warwick and Warbeck.
�But, sirrah, ran there in thy veins one drop Of such a royal blood as flows in mine, Thou wouldst not change condition, to be second In England's state, without the crown itself. Coarse creatures are incapable of excellence : But let the world, as all to whom I am This day a spectacle, to time deliver, And by tradition fix posterity .�-�Without another chronicle than truth, How constantly my resolution suffer'd martyrdom of majesty.�
— Perkin Warbeck to Lambert Simnel during their fictional meeting in the Tower of London as imagined by John Ford�s (c1586-c1637) play, Perkin Warbeck (written c1629-1634)
To read Dr. Fritze's previous Tudor and Stuart Britain essay, Good to Be King? Give Henry VII His Proper Due as Tudor Founder, click the reading glasses above.
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Lambert Simnel
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For what did the 'S' stand in the name of American author William S. Burroughs?
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King Henry VII (1485 - 1509) The House Of Tudor - ArtiFact :: Free Encyclopedia of Everything Art, Antiques & Collectibles
Born: January 28, 1457 at Pembroke Castle
Parents: Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, and Margaret Beaufort
Relation to Elizabeth II: 13th great-grandfather
House of: Tudor
Ascended to the throne: August 22, 1485 aged 28 years
Crowned: October 30, 1485 at Westminster Abbey
Married: Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV
Children: Three sons and four daughters. Only 4 of whom survived infancy; Arthur, Margaret, Henry and Mary
Died: April 21, 1509 at Richmond Palace, Surrey, aged 52 years, 2 months, and 21 days
Buried at: Westminster
Reigned for: 23 years, 7 months, and 28 days
Succeeded by: his son Henry VIII
Henry was the son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who died before Henry was born, and Margaret Beaufort, a descendant of Edward III through John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. Although the Beaufort line, which was originally illegitimate, had been specifically excluded (1407) from all claim to the throne, the death of the imprisoned Henry VI (1471) made Henry Tudor head of the house of Lancaster. At this point, however, the Yorkist Edward IV had established himself securely on the throne, and Henry, who had been brought up in Wales, fled to Brittany for safety.
House of Tudor
Royal Coat of Arms
The death of Edward IV (1483) and accession of Richard III, left Henry the natural leader of the party opposing Richard, whose rule was very unpopular. Henry made an unsuccessful attempt to land in England during the abortive revolt (1483) of Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. Thereafter he bided his time in France until 1485 when, aided by other English refugees, he landed in Wales. At the battle of Bosworth Field, Leicestershire, he defeated the royal forces of Richard, who was killed. Henry advanced to London, was crowned, and in 1486 fulfilled a promise made earlier to Yorkist dissidents to marry Edward IV’s daughter, Elizabeth of York. He thus united the houses of York and Lancaster, founding the Tudor royal dynasty.
Although Henry’s accession marked the end of the Wars of the Roses, the early years of his reign were disturbed by Yorkist attempts to regain the throne. The first serious attempt, an uprising in favour of the imposter Lambert Simnel, was easily crushed (1487). In 1494, Henry sent Sir Edward Poynings to Ireland to consolidate English rule there. Poynings drove out of Ireland the Yorkist pretender Perkin Warbeck, who then sought support from the Scottish king, James IV. James attempted (1496) to invade England, but the next year, under pressure from Spain, he expelled Warbeck. The latter was defeated shortly thereafter in an attempted invasion of Cornwall. A truce (1497) between England and Scotland was followed by the marriage (1503) of Henry’s sister Margaret Tudor, to James a marriage that led ultimately to the union of the monarchies of England and Scotland.
Henry succeeded in crushing the independence of the nobility by means of a policy of forced loans and fines. His chancellor, Cardinal Morton, was made responsible for the collection of these fines, and they were enforced by the privy councillors Empson and Dudley. Henry married his son Arthur to Catharine of Aragón, daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragón and Isabella of Castile, his daughter Margaret to James IV of Scotland, and his youngest daughter Mary to Louis XII of France. After Arthur died in 1502, an agreement was reached by which Catharine married Arthur’s brother Henry (later Henry VIII).
King Henry VII’s Signature
Henry VII dies at Richmond Palace, at the age of 52.
Young Henry VII, by a French artist (Musée Calvet, Avignon)
Henry VII (Welsh: Harri Tudur; 28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizing the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
Henry won the throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He was the last king of England to win his throne on the field of battle. Henry cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV and niece of Richard III. Henry was successful in restoring the power and stability of the English monarchy after the political upheavals of the civil wars known as the Wars of the Roses. He founded a long-lasting dynasty and, after a reign of nearly 24 years, was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII.
Although Henry can be credited with the restoration of political stability in England, and a number of commendable administrative, economic and diplomatic initiatives, the latter part of his reign was characterised by a financial rapacity which stretched the bounds of legality. The capriciousness and lack of due process which indebted many in England were soon ended upon Henry VII’s death after a commission revealed widespread abuses. According to the contemporary historian Polydore Vergil, simple “greed” in large part underscored the means by which royal control was over-asserted in Henry’s final years.
Ancestry and Early Life
The first of the Tudor dynasty, Henry VII won the prize of England’s throne in battle at Bosworth from his Yorkist adversary, Richard III,
last of the Plantagenet kings. Henry was considered “the nearest thing to royalty the Lancastrian party possessed” by the country’s Yorkist element, he was the son of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and Lady Margaret Beaufort and was born on 28th January, 1457 at Pembroke Castle, Wales.
Henry’s father, Edmund Tudor, was the half-brother of Henry VI, born of an illicit union between Queen Catherine of Valois, widow of Henry V and Owen Tudor, her Welsh Clerk of the Wardrobe. The discovery of at least three of the queen’s illegitimate children had caused scandal at the time, it was seen as an insult to the memory of the great Henry V. Despite this, Henry VI bestowed the Earldom of Richmond on Edmund and that of Pembroke on his brother Jasper and they in return became staunch supporters of the House of Lancaster.
Henry’s mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort, (pictured below left) from whom he derived his debatable claim to the throne, was an intelligent and learned woman, she was said to be the heir of John of Gaunt after the extinction of Henry V’s line. This was arguable, since her descent was through Gaunt’s illegitimate son John Beaufort, born of the Duke’s affair with his long term mistress Katherine Swynford, whom he later married. It was accepted that the Beauforts were later legitimized by King Richard II, but a clause had been inserted into the document debarring the Beauforts from the throne. This Henry’s adherents conveniently chose to forget.Click for Tudor genealogy.
The future King Henry VII had been born into the civil strife of the Wars of the Roses, Edmund Tudor’s posthumous son, his mother had been only thirteen at the time of his birth. It was reported to have been a difficult confinement. After the death of her husband, Margaret Beaufort had taken refuge in Pembrokeshire, Wales, with her brother-in-law, Jasper Tudor. Henry’s grandfather, Owen Tudor, an ardent Lancastrian supporter, had been executed by the Yorkists after the battle of Mortimers Cross. Many of his Beaufort relations had met their death in the long and bloody drawn out struggle against the House of York.
Prior to Bosworth, Henry had spent much of his life in exile. Although his mother went through three husbands, Henry was Margaret Beaufort’s only child. He had nearly been captured and handed over to Edward IV on one occasion but he had escaped to the court of France, who had backed his expedition to England and his bid for the throne.
Reign
Late 16th century copy of a portrait of Henry VII
The first concern Henry had was to secure his hold on the throne.
He honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York. They were third cousins, as both were great-great-grandchildren of John of Gaunt. The marriage took place on 18 January 1486 at Westminster. The marriage unified the warring houses and gave his children a strong claim to the throne. The unification of the houses of York and Lancaster by this marriage is symbolised by the heraldic emblem of the Tudor rose, a combination of the white rose of York and the red rose of Lancaster. It also ended future discussion as to whether the descendants of the fourth son of Edward III, Edmund, Duke of York, through marriage to Philippa, heiress of the second son, Lionel, Duke of Clarence, had a superior or inferior claim to those of the third son John of Gaunt, who had held the throne for three generations. In addition, Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV’s marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. Amateur historians Bertram Fields and Sir Clements Markham have claimed that he may have been involved in the murder of the Princes in the Tower, as the repeal of Titulus Regius gave the Princes a stronger claim to the throne than his own. Alison Weir, however, points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was possible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead.
Henry’s second action was to declare himself king retroactively from the day before Bosworth Field. This meant that anyone who had fought for Richard against him would be guilty of treason. Thus, Henry could legally confiscate the lands and property of Richard III while restoring his own. However, he spared Richard’s nephew and designated heir, the Earl of Lincoln. He also created Margaret Plantagenet, a Yorkist heiress, Countess of Salisbury sui juris. He took great care not to address the baronage, or summon Parliament, until after his coronation, which took place in Westminster Abbey on 30 October 1485.[25] Almost immediately afterwards, he issued an edict that any gentleman who swore fealty to him would, notwithstanding any previous attainder, be secure in his property and person.
Henry secured his crown principally by dividing and undermining the power of the nobility, especially through the aggressive use of bonds and recognisances to secure loyalty. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords’ practice of having large numbers of “retainers” who wore their lord’s badge or uniform and formed a potential private army.
Henry was threatened by several rebellions in the next few years. The first was the Stafford and Lovell Rebellion of 1486, which collapsed without fighting.
In 1487, Yorkists led by Lincoln rebelled in support of Lambert Simnel, a boy who was claimed to be the Earl of Warwick, son of Edward IV’s brother Clarence (who had last been seen as a prisoner in the Tower). The rebellion was defeated and Lincoln killed at the Battle of Stoke. Henry made the boy, Simnel, a servant in the royal kitchen.
In 1490, a young Fleming, Perkin Warbeck, appeared and claimed to be Richard, the younger of the “Princes in the Tower”.
Warbeck won the support of Edward IV’s sister Margaret of Burgundy. He led attempted invasions of Ireland in 1491 and England in 1495, and persuaded James IV of Scotland to invade England in 1496. In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed.
In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. However, he spared Warwick’s elder sister Margaret. She survived until 1541, when she was executed by Henry VIII.
Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes. In this, he was largely successful. However, such a level of paranoia persisted that anyone (John de la Pole, Earl of Richmond, is an example) with blood ties to the Plantagenets was suspected of coveting the throne
After the Battle of Bosworth, Henry announced that he had come to the throne by inheritance, leaving the details studiously vague. Henry secured the person of chief male surviving Yorkist claimant to the throne, the young Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, who he imprisoned in the Tower. Warwick was the son of George, Duke of Clarence, Edward IV’s brother.
Elizabeth of York
Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV, whom he had vowed to marry, was escorted to London. He did not marry her until after his coronation, thereby underlining to all that he ruled in his own right but hoped that the marriage would satisfy some of the less extreme Yorkists and lead to their acceptance of the newly established Tudor dynasty.
Elizabeth was tall, fair haired, attractive and gentle natured. The marriage took place on 18th January 1486 at Westminster Abbey. Nine months later, the new Queen was delivered of a son. He was given the symbolic name of Arthur, in honour of the legendary Dark Age British King.
The Tudor rose, the product of art not horticulture, was born, the emblem of a rose both red and white was adopted as one of the king’s badges, meant to symbolize the union of the Houses of Lancaster and York. The Queen’s household was ruled by Lady Margaret Beaufort. The Queen’s own mother, the meddlesome and grasping Elizabeth Woodville, suspected of involvement in Yorkist plots, was shut up in a nunnery and stripped of all her belongings.
Henry and Elizabeth went on to have a large family, four of whom were to survive to adulthood. The birth of Arthur was followed by that of a daughter, Margaret, destined to be Queen of Scots, in 1489, then came Henry, a second son, (the future Henry VIII) on whom his father bestowed the title Duke of York, which had been previously held by the Queen’s brother Richard, one of the ‘Princes in the Tower’. Another daughter followed named Elizabeth for her mother, who did not survive the trials of infancy in Tudor times. A further daughter, Mary was born in 1498, she was briefly to become Queen of France. Then came Edmund and Katherine who both died in infancy.
In the spring of 1486 the new king went on progress through his realm, among other places, he visited York, where Richard III had, through his connections with the city, been very popular. Outwardly at least, he seems to have been well received.
Lady Margaret Beaufort
Rebellion broke out in support of a pretender, Lambert Simnel, who posed as the young Earl of Warwick. He was supported by Richard’s appointed heir, John de la Pole, the Earl of Lincoln and Francis Lovell, along with Richard’s sister Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy. Henry paraded the real Warwick through the streets of London to no avail. The rebels landed from Ireland and the king’s army, under the Earl of Oxford, a superb general, met them at Stoke on 16th June,1487. Lincoln himself was killed. Henry dealt leniently with Simnel who was taken and put to work in the palace kitchens.
Henry’s foreign policy was dictated by the need to secure the dynasty he had founded. In 1488 he aided Francis of Brittany. His motives seem to have been to check the power of France, whom he did not want in control of the Channel, as this conjured up the haunting spectre of France, in alliance with the Scots at her northern border, surrounding England, representing a very real threat to her security. Francis eventually accepted French domination. Henry later aided Francis successor, Anne of Brittany.
The King formed alliances with the Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg and Ferdinand and Isabella, the joint sovereigns of Spain, who were eager to gain French territories. To strengthen his dynasty and obtain international recognition of it, Henry signed the Treaty of Medina del Campo with the Spanish monarchs whereby Henry’s eldest son, Arthur, the heir to the throne, was to marry Katherine of Aragon, their youngest daughter. Maximillian, with his characteristic aptitude for self preservation, deserted his allies once his own ends had been achieved.
Anne of Brittany in the meantime, had been forced to accept a proposal of marriage by Charles VIII of France, thereby Brittany had been annexed to France. An English army landed at Calais in 1492. Henry was bought off by Charles with the offer of reimbursement of the cost of his Breton campaigns and the arrears of pension owed to Edward IV (from the Treaty in Piquiny of 1475).
Perkin Warbeck
Perkin Warbeck
A second pretender arose to threaten the security of the new regime, Perkin Warbeck, a handsome young man with a superficial resemblance to Edward IV, who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, the younger of the Princes in the Tower.
Warbeck was purported to have been rescued before his “brother” Edward V had been murdered in the Tower and smuggled abroad to safety. He gained the immediate support of the old Duchess of Burgundy, determined to be a thorn in the side of her brother’s supplanter on the English throne, it was said that she schooled Warbeck in his role, and made him extremely convincing. Sir William Stanley was reported to have said that if this was indeed Edward IV’s son, he would never fight against him.
When Burgundy refused to surrender Warbeck, Henry severed all trade links with Flanders illustrating that securing the Tudor dynasty was put above the economy and all other considerations.
Report was made to the king regarding Stanley’s comments about the pretender. When it was pointed out to the king that it was Sir William Stanley’s timely intervention that had saved his life at Bosworth, he replied that he had also delayed long enough for him to have lost it. Stanley was executed on 16th February 1495. Thereafter Henry’s slighted step-father stayed away from court. Lady Margaret Beaufort herself took a vow of chastity and ceased to co-habit with her husband.
Perkin Warbeck landed in Ireland in July 1495 and besieged Waterford, when the siege was raised he sailed for Scotland where he was welcomed by James IV. The King of Scots formed an alliance with him, marrying Warbeck to his cousin, Lady Katherine Gordon. Their planned invasion of England was however, abandoned.
The pretender then returned to Ireland while his Scots allies conducted border raids. He landed in England but as Henry’s army approached, Warbeck lost his nerve and fled, claiming sanctuary in Beaulieu Abbey but then had a sudden change of mind, surrendered and threw himself on the King’s mercy. Henry was lenient with him and kept him and his wife close at hand, at court.
Arthur, Prince of Wales
Henry had been haggling with Ferdinand and Isabella for some time regarding the terms of the arranged marriage between his son Arthur and their daughter Katherine of Aragon. The main bones of contention being the dowry she would receive and the two fathers deep distrust of each other, based on past experience. A final marriage treaty was arrived at in October, 1496, after which a proxy marriage took place.
Ferdinand and Isabella raised their fears about sending their daughter to England before the Tudor dynasty was secured by the removal of rival claimants to the throne. Due to his Yorkist descent, Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of George Duke of Clarence, posed the largest threat to the Tudor claim to the throne.
A plot was hatched whereby an escape attempt would be engineered involving Warwick and Warbeck, who would then be hastily recaptured. This resulted in Warbeck being hanged at Tyburn and Warwick beheaded. Warwick, believed to have been mentally retarded, (his sister later said ‘he did not know a goose from a capon’), was held prisoner all his short life for being who he was and died because he tried to escape.
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon was sent to England in 1501 and recieved in her new country with much rejoicing. The royal family waited to receive her in London, Henry, still fearing he had been deceived in some way by the cunning Ferdinand and suspecting that Arthur’s bride could be ugly or even worse, deformed, could contain his anxiety no longer and rode with Arthur to see her at Basingstoke. Catherine was a sweet faced, pretty girl with attractive red-gold hair. A pleasant interlude took place, where Catherine danced some of her native Spanish dances for the King and her future husband, who then departed well satisfied. Henry wrote to her parents that he ‘much admired her beauty as well as her agreeable and dignified manner.’
Arthur and Catherine were married at St. Paul’s Cathedral, the bride was given away by Arthur’s ebullient ten year old brother, Henry, Duke of York. There were feasts, jousts and disguisings to celebrate the event. Even the parsimonious Henry, always inclined to be very frugal with money, spent lavishly on the celebrations. The ‘upstart’ Tudor dynasty gained much in prestige from its new-forged links with the powerful House of Trastamara.
Arthur and Catherine where sent to Ludlow, on the Welsh Marches, traditionally the seat of the Prince of Wales. During the spring, an epidemic of sweating sickness was rife in the area and both Arthur and Catherine contracted it. Catherine recovered, but Arthur, a pale thin youth who had never enjoyed robust health, did not and died at Ludlow Castle.
The Death of Elizabeth of York
Henry and Elizabeth were prostrate with grief at the loss of their eldest son and heir and attempted to comfort each other. The survival of the dynasty they had founded now rested on their one surviving son, Prince Henry.
The grieving parents decided to try for another son to secure the succession in the Tudor line. Elizabeth quickly became pregnant. The pregnancy affected her health and she was unwell throughout it. Nine days after giving birth to a daughter, Catherine, she died in the Tower of London, on 11th February, 1503, dying of a post-pregnancy infection on her 37th birthday. The child lived only a day. Henry VII gave his wife a magnificent funeral, Elizabeth was buried at Westminster Abbey in the ornate Henry VII chapel which her husband was building. The young Sir Thomas More wrote an elegiac poem in her memory.
Margaret Tudor
The King’s elder daughter Margaret Tudor , was married to James IV, King of Scots, to seal an alliance with Scotland. Scotland and England concluded the Treaty of Perpetual Peace, the first peace agreement between the two realms in over 170 years. Even before Margaret’s sixth birthday, Henry had considered a marriage between Margaret and James IV as a means of ending James’ support for the Yorkist pretender Perkin Warbeck, Henry escorted his daughter part of the way north, calling en-route to see his aged mother, Margaret Beaufort, at her home in Collyweston, Northamptonshire. It was through this marriage that the Scottish Stuart dynasty were eventually to inherit England’s throne.
The Later Years
Tomb of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York
New disputes arose between Henry VII and Ferdinand of Aragon, who still could not bring themselves to trust each other. Since his daughter was now widowed, Ferdinand wished to be reimbursed of the first installment of her dowry. Henry, on the other hand, having got the money, was singularly inclined not to part with it and inflamed the situation further by promptly demanding the rest of it.
Henry suggested that he should marry Catherine himself. This proposal met with an icy response from Isabella, ‘It would be an evil thing,’ she wrote ‘the mere mention of which offends the ears’. Agreement was finally reached that Catherine should marry the young Henry, the new heir to the throne. Even this arrangement did not run smoothly, Henry and Ferdinand continued to haggle endlessly about money.
Catherine was forced to live in near penury with a frugal allowance from her father-in-law. Henry at one point instructed his son to repudiate his betrothed and embarked on a series of alternative negotiations with the Habsburgs. This resulted in his younger daughter Mary being betrothed to the Habsburg heir, the ugly and highly inbred, Charles V.
After the death of Elizabeth of York, Henry became somewhat reclusive and even more avaricious. He entertained the idea of marrying Catherine’s mentally deranged sister, Joanna, who since the death of their elder sister, was heiress to her mother’s kingdom of Castille.
Henry VII died on 21st April, 1509 of tuberculosis at the age of 52 and was buried at Westminster beside Elizabeth of York. Their magnificent effigies, provided by his son, Henry VIII and that of Henry’s mother, Margaret Beaufort, (who followed him to the grave but a few months later) by the Renaissance sculptor Pietro Torrigiano can still be seen in the Henry VII chapel at Westminster Abbey.
The Family of Elizabeth of York and Henry VII
The marriage of Elizabeth of York and Henry Tudor was to produce 7 children, of which only 4 survived the perils of infancy in Tudor times:-
*Arthur, Prince of Wales (September 20, 1486 – April 2, 1502) m. Katherine of Aragon
Arthur predeceased his father, Henry VII, he died suddenly at the early age of 15, of the sweating sickness, at Ludlow Castle in the Welsh Marches soon after his marriage to Katherine of Aragon, and is buried at Worcester Cathedral.
There was no issue from the marriage.
*Margaret Tudor, (November 28, 1489 – October 18, 1541) m. (1) James IV, King of Scots (2) Archibald Douglas, Earl of Angus (3) Henry Stewart, Lord Methven.
Issue by (1):-
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Which former postman won the World Snooker Championship at his first attempt in 1979?
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BBC SPORT | Other Sport... | Snooker | 1979: Griffiths ushers new dawn
1979: Griffiths ushers new dawn
Griffiths' final efforts paid dividends
In winning the world title at his first attempt, Terry Griffiths ushered in a new era for snooker, an era in which the standards would reach levels never before seen.
Griffiths, a former bus conductor and postman from Llanelli, had entered the championship with the modest goal of qualifying for The Crucible.
But in the final stages he beat Perrie Mans, runner-up the previous year, 13-8 and made a break of 107 in the deciding frame of his thrilling 13-12 victory over Alex Higgins in the quarter-finals.
He had to rely on tactical nous and great patience to scrape past durable Australian Eddie Charlton in the semi-finals, eventually achieving a 19-17 victory at 1.40 am following a five hours and 25 minutes final session.
Dennis Taylor came through the other half of the draw to reach the final for the first time.
He led 14-12, but Griffiths, defying tiredness after his semi-final exertions and the pressure of his first major final, won 12 of the next 14 frames to complete his remarkable 24-16 victory.
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Terry Griffiths
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Which religious denomination was founded by John Thomas in 1848?
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We were all snooker loopy in the 80s, remembers Jamie Jackson | Sport | The Guardian
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Spandau Ballet, leg-warmers, the Rubik's Cube, big hair, synthesisers, Yuppies, the Falklands War and Margaret Thatcher. All of them, and plenty more besides, are currently being reformed, repackaged, reappraised or resold. The 1980s, the decade that began with Lady Diana falling in love with Prince Charles, are being reinvented.
The sporting landscape in Britain then was totally different. Football was suffering an image problem, mostly because of hooliganism and stadium disasters, and there was no Sky, and therefore far less televised football. Amazingly, snooker regularly drew a bigger audience.
The waistcoated men of the green baize were genuine superstars: Steve Davis, Jimmy White, Alex Higgins and Dennis Taylor were able to earn small fortunes while the country went as Snooker Loopy as Chas & Dave in their top-10 hit of 1986.
Step forward Neal Foulds, Eddie Charlton, Joe Johnson, Kirk Stevens, Cliff Thorburn, Willie Thorne, Bill Werbeniuk, Alain Robidoux, Jim Wych, Doug Mountjoy, Mike Hallett, Silvino Francisco, Tony Meo, Tony Knowles and David Taylor, aka the Silver Fox: all supporting acts who found their names suddenly lit up.
With football in the doldrums, the wall-to-wall coverage of snooker – 18.5 million watched Davis lose to Dennis Taylor on the final black of the 1985 World Championship final – revealed enough drama to keep lucrative sponsorship money flowing in, fill column after column on the sports pages, and fuel constant pub debate.
"It's difficult to look back to those days without smiling. All I remember is earning loads of money and laughing all the time," says Barry Hearn, the impresario who joined forces with Davis in 1975 before dominating snooker in the 1980s with his Matchroom sports management company, which looked after many of the prominent players.
"Nothing compares to those 10 years. It was led by these amazing characters – Bill Werbeniuk drinking 16 pints in a day, Terry Griffiths singing Welsh lullabies, Willie Thorne giving you the best price on the favourite, Dennis Taylor telling his jokes, Jimmy White the little urchin and Davis being boring," says Hearn, who tells his yarns like a prospector recalling the discovery of Klondike gold.
"I was in my office in 1981 and the telephone went. A voice said: 'Mr Bally Hearn? This is Channel 7 TV Bangkok. We want you to come here.' I didn't even know where Bangkok was. The BBC's pictures were going all around the place, you see.
"He said: 'Steve Davis is world champion, you're his manager. How much do you want?' I had no idea. I said: 'Twenty thousand dollars.' When he agreed, I thought 'Bollocks! I could have done better than that.'"
Davis won the first of his world titles in 1981 when he beat Doug Mountjoy, yet snooker's "Gazza 1990" moment might be traced to Alex Higgins' tears when the errant Irishman won a second world title the following season.
That was the sixth year the World Championship had been played at Sheffield's Crucible Theatre. The arena's atmosphere for the showpiece event was another vital ingredient in the sport's allure. And when the chain-smoking, argumentative Hurricane broke down clutching his baby daughter on live television, Box-Office Snooker was born.
That same year Tony Knowles was a 26-year-old former Bolton art college student with good looks and a mullet haircut. In his second appearance at the Crucible he trounced the defending champion Davis 10-1 in the first round. It was big news. As were his tabloid revelations about his bedroom exploits with snooker groupies the following season.
"It was all a long time ago now," Knowles tells Observer Sport. He was fined £5,000 by the WPBSA, the governing body, for bringing snooker into disrepute. "But beating Davis by such a score was a career highlight," he says, before also picking out his two tournament wins. The first of those was in the Scottish Open of 1982 against David Taylor. Now 65 and a hotel owner in Cheshire, Taylor says: "The biggest moment of my life was reaching the semi-final of the World Championship in 1980. And, I also commentated on Steve Davis's 147."
That was the first televised maximum break, but it was overshadowed by Thorburn pulling off the same feat at the Crucible a season later against Griffiths, which was one of snooker's key moments as the sport built towards a critical mass. "It was purgatory because my wife had just lost a baby and she'd told a friend not to tell me," says Thorburn, now 61 and living back in Canada. "Then I made the 147, was having a glass of champagne and it slipped out. When I called my wife there was a press photographer saying, 'Come on Cliff, smile, smile!' because of the 147, while my wife's sobbing."
Thorburn, the 1980 world champion, headed a five-strong Canadian contingent at the time. Robidoux, a former World Championship semi-finalist who still plays in Canada, arrived in 1988 as a 27-year-old "with only my suitcase and not even speaking the language". Jim Wych, now 54 and a commentator, reached the quarter-finals at the Crucible in 1980 at his first attempt "which is still the record for an overseas player", he proudly says, and "Big" Bill Werbeniuk, who drank 16 pints of lager to settle his nerves, reached four World Championship quarter-finals. He died six years ago.
In 1985 Stevens, who in his pomp had a penchant for wearing all-white suits at the table, was involved in the era's most notorious episode. Francisco, a 39-year-old South African, defeated him in the British Open final before accusing the 27-year-old of being as "high as a kite."
Francisco was fined and docked ranking points before Stevens admitted to a cocaine addiction. It proved to be a final contested by two cursed players. While Stevens' career never recovered, Francisco was later forced to work in a fish and chip shop to survive and in 1997 was caught smuggling £115,000 worth of cannabis through Dover. He served three years in prison.
When Observer Sport caught up with both men they were reluctant to speak. On the phone from Toronto, Stevens, who is the current Canadian Open champion but no longer plays the professional circuit, was asked about his experiences. "No thanks, I'm all right," he said.
When Francisco's son was contacted in Leeds the Observer was told that his father had mellowed with age. "I'll give him a ring and tell him [to call]." But the player once known as the Silver Fish never rang back.
Davis was back in the World Championship final the year after losing to Taylor, but Joe Johnson, a 33-year-old from Bradford who had never before won a match at the Crucible, beat Davis comfortably 18-12. "It was a fairytale," Johnson says. "But I had no fears. Everybody treated Steve Davis as God, but I'd played him as an amateur – we'd never met as professionals – and beaten him 10-1."
Johnson put down his cue when he was 53 and is now a commentator for TV channel Eurosport, alongside Hallett, who turned professional in 1979 with Jimmy White and Tony Meo. "It was family – we used to travel to Hong Kong, New Zealand, Australia and Thailand. One year I played 21 events," says Hallett who, at 49, is still competing, having won close to £1m.
Hallett describes himself as fortunate to have played during what Foulds, who did become a millionaire and is now a BBC commentator, says was "the best time for snooker. There was less sport on television, less to do if you were indoors. And, there were a few charismatic people around."
White, the loser of six world finals but always the crowd's darling "because I took on shots", certainly had personality. Now 45, he has not given up the dream. "It's a bit of a sickener that I've never won a world final, but I believe I can still win it," says the Whirlwind, who will be watching the final tomorrow.
White also believes that despite the loss of sponsors – the 2004 ban on tobacco advertising hobbled many tournaments – and the lowering of snooker's profile in a modern era that offers myriad leisure choices, the game retains robust health. He points to the World Championship's new sponsor (Betfred.com) and the fact that more than 100 million viewers in China watched Ding Junhui and Liang Wenbo play in the first round a fortnight ago. In a sense White is right. But, it is hardly the same.
"Fucking hell, it was only a game of snooker," is Hearn's closing reflection on his and the sport's golden period. "But we were introduced to state governors and ambassadors.
"In China in 1983, Steve Davis did a billiard exhibition in front of the top man and his government. They all came in with these little girls helping them – basically the game had to be stopped every 10 minutes because they were all incontinent and had to keep going to the loo.
"People who weren't around then can't understand what it was like. Terry Griffiths said to me recently, 'The only problem with those days was I didn't appreciate them enough at the time'.
"But I think most of us did."
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i don't know
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Which African cat, that is extensively hunted for its fur, has the longest legs of all cats relative to its body size?
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Serval (Leptailurus Serval) - Wild Cats Magazine
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Serval (Leptailurus Serval)
The Serval is a medium-sized African wild cat. It is closely related to the African Golden Cat and the Caracal.
It is a slender animal, with long legs and a fairly short tail. The head is small in relation to the body, and the tall, oval ears are set close together. The pattern of the fur is variable. Usually, the Serval is boldly spotted black on tawny. The “servaline” form has much smaller, freckled spots. In addition, melanism is known to exist in this species, giving a similar appearance to the black panther. White servals are white with silvery grey spots and have only occurred in captivity.
Its main habitat is the savanna, although melanistic individuals are more usually found in mountainous areas. The Serval needs watercourses within its territory, so it does not live in semi-deserts or dry steppes. It is able to climb and swim, but seldom does so. It has now dwindled in numbers due to human population taking over its habitat and also hunting its pelt. It is protected in most countries. The Serval is listed in Cites Appendix 2, indicating that it is “not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled.”
Although the Serval is highly specialised for catching rodents, it is an opportunistic predator whose diet also includes hares, hyraxes, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and frogs. The Serval has been observed taking larger animals, such as small Springbok, but over 90% of the Serval’s prey weighs less than 200g. The Serval eats very quickly, and if its food is big enough, it sometimes eats too quickly, causing it to regurgitate the food because of clogging in the throat.
As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the Serval boasts long legs (the longest of all cats, relative to body size) and large ears. The long legs and neck allow the Serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. While hunting, the Serval will pause for up to 15 minutes at a time to listen with eyes closed. The Serval’s pounce is a distinctive vertical ‘hop’, which may be an adaptation for catching flushed birds. The Serval is a highly efficient hunter, catching prey on as many as 50% of attempts, compared to around one of ten for most species of cat. The Serval has been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey.
The gestation period for a female Serval is 66-77 days – 2 to 2 1/2 months. The litter consists of two or three kittens, sometimes as few as one or as many as five. They are raised in sheltered locations such as abandoned aardvark burrows. If such an ideal location is not available, a place behind a shrub may be sufficient. The Serval is sometimes preyed upon by the leopard and other large cats. More dangerous for this cat are humans. The Serval was extensively hunted for its fur. It is still common in West and East Africa, but it is extinct in the South African Cape Province and very rare north of the Sahara.
The Serval has been bred with the domestic cat to create a hybrid breed of domestic cat called the Savannah.
Black servals
Melanistic (black) servals are relatively common in the Aberdare mountains of Kenya. Most Aberdare servals are black and this may be an adaptation to help retain body heat in the cold mountainous area. Black servals have been reported on the moorlands of the Aberdare Mountains at 9800 ft (3000 metres) and they have also been reported from Mount Kenya, the Mau Forest, the Cheringani Hills and Kilimanjaro.Servals found in the Kruger Park are tawny in colour, with black spots and stripes.
Very rare… a white serval!
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Serval
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Which English poet, known as the 'Northamptonshire Peasant Poet', was committed to an asylum from 1837 until his death?
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Wikijunior:Big Cats/Complete Edition - Wikibooks, open books for an open world
Wikijunior:Big Cats/Complete Edition
This is the reviewed version , checked on 7 July 2010. There are template/file changes awaiting review. (+)
Quality: poor/unrated
Foreword[ edit ]
A rare Barbary Lion
Wild cats are some of Earth's grandest treasures, and their stories excite the imagination of children of all ages. Many of these cats are endangered, and the children who will one day assume responsibility for these animals should be able to learn what they can about their lives. After all, we appreciate what we understand, and save what we appreciate. The importance of this task has led many experts here at Wikibooks to donate their time and talents to bring this volume together.
Wikibooks is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, aimed at providing free, easily available quality reading for adults and children to promote the global spread of knowledge. Traditional publishing houses make the bulk of their income from re-issues of classic books, new books by authors with long track records, or celebrities who are famous in their own right. The chances of a truly good new work being published solely on the basis of merit skyrocket when you overturn the traditional business model and tap the wellspring of new talent out there using the 'net.
With this project we have reached a crossroad between the books of yesterday, and the encyclopedia of everything for tomorrow. Simply by reading this book and telling your friends, you have advanced the cause of free access to information and of democratizing the field of publishing. Thank you, and once again, welcome.
Meet The Cats[ edit ]
An African lioness surveys her domain
In Africa, they say that a male lion roars Hii inchi na ya nani? Ni yangu, yangu, yangu! (Whose land is this? It is mine, mine, mine!). It is hard to listen to this ancient challenge without edging a little closer to the campfire. But what is behind that remarkable call? Certainly, to some degree, all cats are cats, everywhere you look. When you see one of the neighborhood tabbies stalking a squirrel, you can see a miniature tiger stalking deer on the meadows of Rhanthambore.
Superb Predators[ edit ]
Tigers and lions are among nature's grandest predators. A grizzly bear may be larger than a Siberian tiger, but the tiger is much quicker. A wolf may have a better sense of smell than a jaguar, but a jaguar can handle large prey alone while wolves hunt in packs. Dogs rival cats (from domestic cats to any but lions and tigers) of like size in strength and power, but they don't have as big teeth and claws; having to behave well around people to survive and being well fed by humans, they rarely get to show their ability as killers unless hunting with people. Cats have excellent night vision, sharp hearing and enormous physical strength. They sneak up on their prey; the camouflage patterns in their fur and their graceful, quiet movements make the cats difficult to notice.
There are cats for every job. Each continent except Antarctica has its cat king. Africa is ruled by the lion, Asia by the tiger (although the Himalayas are too high for tigers; there the snow leopard is king.) In South and Central America the monarch is certainly the jaguar. North America is the domain of the puma. Australia has no big cats, but it has many small cats that descend from tame cats but have since gone wild. Like their giant relatives, these cats have become keen predators even if they are much the same as the pet cats that you have met. Some of them, though, are so much larger than most domestic house cats that they have been mistaken for larger species like pumas.
The natural order is carefully balanced. There are a few big predators. Under them are more medium sized cats that eat medium sized prey ranging from rabbits to antelopes and deer. Finally, there are many small cats (including loose pet cats) that eat the far more numerous small prey like insects, rodents, lizards, and birds. The secret to their success is the concept of the niche, a special job each cat holds that keeps it from competing with others. A shopping mall with nothing but music stores would see a lot of fighting over customers. Like a shopping mall, a natural environment keeps order by having a variety of different plants, prey species, and hunters. The field mice that don't interest the tiger keep the wild cat happy, and the cheetah zooms after a small antelope while leaving the buffalo for the stronger lions.
Meat on the Menu[ edit ]
Cats hunt because they need meat to survive. Animals that eat grass and leaves have special stomachs that allow bacteria to break down complex plant sugars into the simpler sugars animals can digest. Cats have a very short digestive tract that quickly breaks down meat and absorbs its energy and building materials. Cats cannot survive on a diet of grass, therefore they live from the meat they can get from other plant-eating animals. That is how the food chain works.
Intelligence[ edit ]
Cats are among the most intelligent species on Earth. They are ranked just behind primates (monkeys and apes), cetaceans (whales and dolphins), elephants, pigs, and seals. Lions hunt in groups when they tackle large and dangerous prey. All cats are very curious and can learn quickly. Large predators need to be extra smart in order to be successful as hunters. Mother cats spend a long time (one to two years) teaching their offspring the many things they need to know in order to survive. You may also consider this time of their life as their school time, where they learn how to deal with the world they live in.
Found Everywhere But Safe Nowhere[ edit ]
Cats are native to all continents but Australia and Antarctica. In Australia, the only cats are small ones — domestic cats and their feral (domesticated animals gone wild) descendants that kill small animals as effectively as the great cats kill larger animals. Unfortunately, many of these wonderful creatures face extinction or are critically endangered. (There are about 700 million domestic or feral domestic cats worldwide, roughly one for every ten humans — and those cats are in no danger of extinction). Wild large cats are often hunted for their fur or meat. In Asia, thousands of tigers are killed each year just for their body parts. They are also killed by people who want the animals that cats hunt all to themselves. Still other people hunt cats for sport. Worse, the healthy environment that cats need to survive is not being treated with the respect it deserves.
Fortunately, more and more people now think of cats as companions to be admired rather than enemies to be destroyed. Learn more about these great cats and their remarkable world and share what you learn with your family and friends. After all, when we understand something, we can appreciate its value much better. Valuable things, including the marvelous cats, large and small, are worth protecting. To keep these superb predators in the world our children and grandchildren will live in, we must learn to make room for other living things to use Earth's limited resources.
Lions[ edit ]
Lions are a major symbol of wild Africa. They have been worshipped by African tribes for their strength and beauty. Lions are the only big cats that live in large groups. Also, they have the loudest roar of any cat, which can be heard for up to five miles!
Where do lions live?[ edit ]
Places where lions live are colored green.
Despite the nickname King of the jungle, lions do not live in the jungle. They live in a flat grassy plains called savannas; they usually have a certain place in the savannas where they like to stay. In ancient times, lions roamed nearly every continent. Today, they can commonly be found across central and southern Africa. There is also a small population in the Gir forest of India on the continent of Asia. Also, most people know lions as "The King of the Beasts" today.
What do lions look like?[ edit ]
A lioness
Lions have tawny, or yellowish brown, fur. They grow to a length of about 10 feet (3 m) and stand about 4 feet (1.2 m) tall. Male lions are larger than the lionesses (females), weighing as much as five men or about 550 lb (250 kg). The more slender lioness usually weighs about as much as two and a half men or 400 lb (180 kg).
Adult males can be recognized by the furry mane that runs around the heads and down the neck. For some lions the mane even runs along the belly. There is no other big cat with such a dramatic difference in appearance between males and females.
Both lions and lionesses have tufts on the end of their tails, something no other cat has. If you could touch a male lion's tail, you would feel a sharp bone tucked into the tail tuft. One old legend claims that lions would use the tail spur to whip themselves into a frenzy before fighting.
What is a pride?[ edit ]
Lions are the most social cats, living in large groups called prides. Prides are made up of one to three related adult males, along with as many as thirty females and cubs. The females are usually closely related to each other, being a large family of sisters and daughters. Lion prides act much like packs of wolves or dogs, animals surprisingly similar to lions (but not other big cats) in behavior, and also very deadly to their prey.
The male lion is much stronger than the female. This makes him an able protector, especially when a group of females are hunting and the cubs are at risk of marauders, such as hyenas. Male lions use their muscles and fighting skills to guard the land and keep enemies away. Sometimes those enemies are other lions.
In prides, cubs are cared for not just by their mothers but by other adult females, as well. Often, one or two lionesses (female lions) will stay with the cubs while the other females hunt. If a cub becomes an orphan, it is common for it to be cared for by other females who are related to it, perhaps by a lioness who is an aunt or older sister.
According to a study on sciencedirect.com, "male lions were frequent and successful hunters. The main prey species of all male group types, but particularly nonterritorial males, was buffalo. By contrast, females preyed more frequently on the most abundant medium-sized ungulates, such as wildebeest." There are photographs of both male and female lions hunting at http://www.laocomics.com/blog/category/animals/ .
When young male lions reach the age of one year, they are chased from the prides they are born into by the older male lions. If the lead male is elderly, the young male, either alone or with male siblings, will sometimes fight to take over the leadership of the pride. If the young males leave the pride, they become "rogue" males. They travel alone or may partner with other rogues, perhaps brothers. Having a partner makes it easier for a rogue lion to survive and eventually win a pride of his own. These rogue lions are often found scavenging food killed by smaller predators, such as hyenas or jackals, which can be chased away. Rogue lions hunt for themselves until they are able to take over a pride of their own!
What do lions eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
A lioness tries to move a buffalo
Lions eat large prey, such as gazelles, antelopes, zebras, wildebeests, giraffes, and buffalo. They have been known to take down even elephants, but then only with all of the adults of the pride participating in the kill. Even elephants dread lions. When food becomes scarce, lions will hunt smaller prey or sometimes eat the kills of other animals.
Most prey animals can run much faster than the average lion. Therefore, lions hunt in fairly well organized groups and stalk, or sneak up on, their prey. They may try to surround them first, then make a swift, sudden charge from the tall grass. The grass where lions live is not short and green but grows very tall and is a light brownish color most of the time. The lions' fur is the same color as this grass, making it difficult for other animals to see them. Coloring that helps to hide an animal or thing is called "camouflage".
Females do most of the hunting and work in groups although, if she has to, a single lioness is able to hunt on her own. Male lions are actually more capable hunters than females but they usually focus more on protecting the pride. Lions might spend hours stalking prey but the actual kill is made in just minutes. After a kill is made, the females let out low roars. This tells the pride to join them for a meal. Adult males eat first, followed by females, and then cubs.
To avoid the dangerous heat of the mid-day sun, lions usually hunt at night when the dim light helps to keep them hidden from their prey. Lions have very good night vision so the darkness does not pose a problem for them. Animals that are active at night like lions are called nocturnal creatures. Lions can eat 69kg of meat a day!
Fun facts[ edit ]
A male lion's roar can be heard up to 5 miles away.
The hunting grounds for a pride of lions can range from 8 to 150 square miles.
The largest lion on record was almost 11.8 feet long and weighed nearly 900 pounds.
Lions rarely eat an entire kill. Hyenas and vultures finish the rest.
A lion can run as fast as 50 mph for short distances and can leap a distance of more than 30 feet.
There are only a quarter the number of lions in Africa as there were just 40 years ago.
A lion's eyesight is five times better than a human's eyesight, and it can hear prey that is more than a mile away.
It may take up to 4 hours for a pride of lions to finish eating.
A male lion eats first, even though the females actually catch the prey.
After eating, a thirsty lion may drink for as long as 20 minutes.
Lions were once thought to be magical creatures and were worshiped as gods. Domestic cats replaced lions in that role, especially in Egypt, because they were much safer and easier to care for.
There can be up to 40 members in a pride with over half of them being cubs and young adults.
Females will often stay with the pride their entire life, while young males are driven out.
A lion eats 36 kg of meat a day.
When a male lion gets old, its mane may fall off.
The lion is the only social predator among the Big Cats.
Lions can't climb as well as leopards.
Lions can steal food from other predators such as cheetahs.
For more information[ edit ]
Tigers[ edit ]
A Bengal tiger
Their speed and agility give the tiger the title of "Top Predator," over the larger but slower grizzly bear. The tiger is the largest and most powerful cat species living today. A well rounded athlete, the tiger can climb (though not well), swim, leap great distances and pull with five times the force of a strong human. The tiger is in the same group (Genus Panthera) as lions, leopards, and jaguars. These four cats are the only ones who can roar. The tiger's roar is not like the full-voiced roar of a lion, but more like a sentence of snarly, shouted words.
Where do tigers live?[ edit ]
Places where tigers live are marked in dark green
Tigers live in forests and grasslands of eastern and southeastern Asia. They live in countries such as Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam, Indonesia (Sumatra), and the Russian Far East. The Bengal Tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh and India.
What do tigers look like?[ edit ]
White tigers
Like the other big cats, tigers are built much like the much smaller domestic cats that people often have as pets; they are just much bigger and more powerful.
Tigers are usually orange or reddish orange with very bold, uneven black stripes and white areas on the chest, neck, belly and inside of the legs. Their stripes act as camouflage, making it difficult for them to be seen when they are among the trees and shrubs of the jungle. The stripes will vary with each individual tiger.
A tiger usually is about 6 ft to 9 ft in length from nose to tail tip. A large tiger might be 10 ft (3 meters) long. The tail is about 36 inches (91 cm or 3 ft). Tigers weigh about 350 to 550 pounds (160 to 250 kg).
Tigers have very strong teeth and jaws. Their paws are soft and heavily padded, sheathing large, very sharp claws. They also have short, thick, and soft fur and thick long whiskers.
White tigers are those who are born with a certain genetic defect causing loss of pigment in their skin, eyes and fur. These tigers can be white with black, grey, very dark blue, or no stripes; they are not albino.
This loss of pigment is unfortunate for tigers in the wild because their camouflage becomes inadequate. However, this trait may be even more unfortunate for tigers held in captivity. White tigers held in captivity are often forced to breed with their mothers, fathers, siblings, etc. This is usually done to assure that another white tiger cub will be born due to the fact that they are rare and draw in large crowds to zoos, circuses and magic shows. Because these unusually colored tigers are so beautiful and rare, the majority of the public is oblivious to the horrible effects that inbreeding causes in tiger cubs.
These effects may include: an elevated incidence of recessive genetic diseases; reduced fertility both in litter size and in sperm viability; increased congenital defects such as cryptorchidism, heart defects, cleft palates, fluctuating asymmetry (such as crooked faces, or uneven eye placement and size); lower birthweight; loss of immune system function; slower growth rate, smaller adult size; mental retardation, and an increased risk of infant mortality.
What do tigers eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
A Siberian tiger chasing a deer
Tigers have very strong jaws and dagger-like canine teeth
Tigers mostly feed on plant-eaters, or herbivores, like elk, deer, wild pigs, and buffalo. Like the majority of cats, they are solitary hunters, meaning they hunt alone. When a tiger has spotted its prey, it may seek out a good location where it can hide, staying close to the ground, and wait for the perfect moment to pounce and ambush its prey. But when prey becomes scarce tigers also hunt peacocks and rabbits.
People who traditionally live in areas where tigers hunt have learned to avoid tiger attacks by wearing a face-mask on the backs of their heads. Tigers prefer to approach other animals from behind and think twice about pouncing when they can see a face. Fortunately, they rarely attack humans unless they are too ill to hunt their normal prey. [1] . Tigers that attack humans are called man-eaters. Jim Corbett was a famous hunter and conservationist who killed many man-eating tigers in India.
Fun facts[ edit ]
Tigers are striped through and through. If you were to shave a tiger, and few ever have, you would see the stripes on the skin.
Tigers are superb swimmers, unlike most other cats. They have been known to board fishing boats from the waters in which they swim. Usually they swim because they want to cool off.
No two tigers have exactly the same pattern of stripes.
The Siberian tiger is the world's largest naturally occurring cat.
A tiger was once measured to be 13 feet long.
Although the tiger is best known for killing with its jaws and teeth, a tiger is strong enough (like bears) to kill animals as large as cattle with a swipe of its paw.
A tiger named Shere Khan is the arch-villain of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book as the nemesis of the "man-cub" Mowgli.
A Bengal tiger named "Richard Parker" is a key character in the novel (and highly-successful movie) "The Life of Pi" who must share a boat with a young man cast adrift at sea after the sinking of a ship during a hurricane.
For more information[ edit ]
Leopards[ edit ]
Leopard relaxing in a tree
The leopard is the champion athlete of the cat world. Most big cats can pull with five times as much force as the same weight of human athletes. The leopard can pull seven times as hard. It would take three Olympic class weightlifters merely to achieve a draw at tug of war with one 100 pound leopard. This amazing strength is demonstrated when a successful hunter scrambles up the side of a tree with a full grown antelope in its jaws to eat in peace.
The leopard gets its name from the ancient Greek words for "lion" (leon) and "panther" (pard).
Where do leopards live?[ edit ]
Leopards live in the Middle East, parts of Asia, and Africa. This means they live in more places than any other big cat. Leopards spend a lot of time in trees, often sleeping draped over a branch. They will even pull entire prey animals up into the branches where they can eat without having to fight off other predators trying to steal their food.
What do leopards look like?[ edit ]
A baby spotted leopard cub.
Leopards are usually 6.5-10 feet (2-3 m) long, including 23-43 inches (58-110cm) of tail, and weigh about the same as a human or a large dog, 65-155 pounds (30-70 kg). They stand 17.5–30.5 inches (43-78 cm) tall. Female leopards are usually only two-thirds the size of male leopards.
A leopard's coat is short and sleek. Depending on where it lives, a leopard's coat can be a pale straw color, grey, ochre, or black. All leopards have black spots. Because the fur in a leopard's spots is thicker and more coarse, they can be felt as well as seen.
Black leopards are sometimes called panthers, and they were once thought to be a separate species. Though they are all black, they still have the black spots that leopards are famous for. On black leopards, these spots are only slightly darker than the surrounding fur, but under very bright light, they stand out from the lighter, somewhat purplish, background fur.
What do leopards eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Leopards tend to eat antelopes and similarly sized herd animals. They avoid the larger herbivores, such as water buffalo, because the larger beasts can only be safely captured by groups of animals that hunt in teams, such as lions. Leopards also eat smaller animals including rodents, rabbits, and even large insects. Some have been known to eat Nile crocodiles, which are powerful reptiles!
They are known to kill and eat dogs, so those persons who bring a dog into leopard country are advised to cage the dog so that it does not become food for leopards.
Fun facts[ edit ]
In captivity, leopards are the most temperamental of the large cats and can be difficult to handle. While they can be affectionate, they cause an unusually large number of animal-related injuries among caretakers in zoos, circuses, and animal care centers.
It is built like and acts much like a house cat, so anyone fascinated by the big cats might as well have a house cat that behaves much the same as a leopard -- except that a house cat can't hurt you a lot when it scratches or bites.
One of the funniest movies ever made was one called Bringing Up Baby. It is old -- it was made in 1939 and it is in black-and-white -- and it stars a leopard named "Baby" that creates problems for the great human movie stars Cary Grant and Katherine Hepburn. (If you don't know who Cary Grant and Katherine Hepburn are, then ask an adult over 50. Those were two of the greatest movie stars ever).
But don't ask for a pet leopard. A little house cat is far safer.
For more information[ edit ]
Jaguars[ edit ]
A spotted jaguar
The Jaguar is sometimes called Onça by South Americans and El Tigre (the tiger) by Central Americans. Long ago, they called it Yaguara, the "cat that kills with a single spring." Both names convey the awe and reverence this largest New World cat inspires. Their gold coat spangled with black rosettes was said to be the stars of night. In the Mayan religion, the sun took the form of a jaguar when travelling through the underworld at night. Jaguars are closely related to lions, tigers, and leopards. The jaguar and leopard are almost the same but their spots are different. If you look very closely you will see that they have a different pattern.
Where do jaguars live?[ edit ]
Places where jaguars live are colored green.
Jaguars live in the rain forests and more open countryside in South and Central America, and are the largest members of the cat family there. Jaguars are strong swimmers and climbers, and they often prefer to live by rivers, in swamps, and in dense forest with thick cover for stalking prey.
Jaguars once lived as far north as the southwestern United States. The last wild jaguar in the United States died around 1960. Some of these cats are once again migrating north from Mexico.
What do jaguars look like?[ edit ]
A black jaguar clearly showing its darker spots
Jaguars look very similar to leopards, but they behave more like tigers. The jaguar has the strongest jaw structure in the cat family. Its powerful cheek muscles and lower jaw gives the Jaguar a much more rounded face than the leopard. Jaguars are also rather short-legged compared to other cats, which increases their strength rather than their speed.
Jaguars usually have background fur that is orange-yellow in color. There are numerous rings of spots on their flanks and spots on their heads and necks. Jaguars and leopards can be distinguished by the fact that jaguars have spots within the centers of their ring markings, while leopards do not. Some scientific evidence suggests these two cats are very closely related but jaguars are native to the New World while leopards are native to the Old World . There are some jaguars that seem to be entirely black in color, but the spots can still be seen if you look closely. Jaguars with the all black coloring are sometimes called black panthers, but they are really jaguars.
What do jaguars eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Jaguars mostly take large prey, such as deer and peccaries, but they are great opportunists and will eat anything from frogs and mice to birds, fish, and domestic livestock. Jaguars can run quite quickly, but do not have much endurance and rarely make long chases. Their strong, muscular jaws let them crush through large, thick bones and they can even crunch through a turtle's shell quickly. This great strength allows these cats to crush the skull of prey animals rather than suffocating them with a neck bite, as most cats do. Jaguars have very good night vision and do most of their hunting on the ground at night. They are nocturnal creatures, meaning that they prefer to be active at night.
Fun facts[ edit ]
Jaguars will sometimes wait by the water, hitting it occasionally with their tail. When fish are attracted by this, they swipe out with a paw, spearing the fish in their claws.
Snow Leopards[ edit ]
A snow leopard's coat protects it from the cold
Snow leopards dare to live where icy gales would freeze a human's blood in minutes. Their bodies are adapted to survive and thrive in an icy wilderness of breathtaking beauty and great danger. Until recently, no one had photographed a snow leopard in the wild.The first ever close-up pictures taken by humans were made by program Planet Earth, although very few people have had the privilege of seeing a snow leopard in its native habitat, much less taking its picture. The snow leopards seem to like it that way -- they avoid humans with amazing skill. Their fur contains swirls of gray and black, much like the colors of the rocky outcrops where they live. This coloration provides such good camouflage that a snow leopard can seem to disappear just by staying still.
Where do snow leopards live?[ edit ]
Places colored green are where snow leopards live
Snow leopards live in the high mountains of China and Central Asia, particularly throughout the Himalayas. They typically have a hunting range or territory of 100 square miles (260 square km), because very few prey animals live in the harsh, mountain habitat that is home to the snow leopard.
What do snow leopards look like?[ edit ]
Note the intense gaze
Snow leopards have grey-and-white fur with long tails and rosettes on the flanks and spots on the head and neck, like jaguars. This color resembles the rocks and snow of their environment and helps them stalk their prey. Their tails are unusually long, thickly furred, and striped. Their paws are covered in fur to keep them warm and to act like snowshoes. During blizzards, they wrap their tail around their face, using it like a muff, to keep warm. Their eyes are round in shape, ranging from pale green to grey in colour. Male snow leopards weigh between 90-115 pounds (40-52 kg), and females weigh between 75-90 pounds (34-40 kg). Snow leopards have grey-and-white fur with long tails and rosettes on the flanks and spots on the head and neck, like jaguars. This color resembles the rocks and snow of their environment and helps them stalk their prey. Their tails are unusually long, thickly furred, and striped. Their paws are covered in fur to keep them warm and to act like snowshoes. During blizzards, they wrap their tail around their face, using it like a muff, to keep warm. Their eyes are round in shape, ranging from pale green to grey in colour. Male snow leopards weigh between 90-115 pounds (40-52 kg), and females weigh between 75-90 Snow leopards have grey-and-white fur with long tails and rosettes on the flanks and spots on the head and neck, like jaguars. This color resembles the rocks and snow of their environment and helps them stalk their prey. Their tails are unusually long, thickly furred, and striped. Their paws are covered in fur to keep them warm and to act like snowshoes. During blizzards, they wrap their tail around their face, using it like a muff, to keep warm. Their eyes are round in shape, ranging from pale green to grey in colour. Male snow leopards weigh between 90-115 pounds (40-52 kg), and females weigh between 75-90 pounds (34-40 kg).pounds (34-40 kg).
What do snow leopards eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Snow leopards are masters of vertical space
Snow leopards eat almost anything they can catch, often hunting animals three times their size. Their main sources of food include wild sheep and goats, pikas, hares, and game birds. In the summer, they eat mostly smaller prey, such as marmots. At other times their prey includes wild boars, gazelles, markhor, bobak, tahr, ibex, bharal, mice, and deer. They stalk their prey and usually begin their attack when they are 20 to 50 feet (6-15 m) away.
The snow leopard's broad paws act as snow shoes and give them traction as they chase their prey across stone, snow, and icy surfaces. They are at their best when they can run across the hard, icy crusts that form above banks of deep snow while their hooved prey breaks through the crust, getting mired in the soft, underlying snow.
The snow leopard has the longest tail of any cat.
Snow leopards will attack prey weighing four times as much as themselves.
The large, thickly furred paws of the snow leopard act as built-in snowshoes.
Snow leopards have the thickest fur of all cats
Unlike most other big cats such as the lion, snow leopards cannot roar.
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Clouded Leopards[ edit ]
A clouded leopard is at home in trees
Clouded leopards are not truly leopards at all but they spend a great deal of time in trees, just as the true leopards of Africa do.
Where do clouded leopards live?[ edit ]
Areas where the clouded leopards live are colored green
Clouded leopards live throughout southern China, the eastern Himalayan Mountains, south-east Asia, and some parts of Indonesia. They prefer to live in tropical or subtropical forests, yet they can also be found living in mangrove swamps and grasslands.
The clouded leopard is a medium-sized wild cat found in the forests of Asia. Little is known about the wild behavior of clouded leopards due to their extremely secretive nature. Much of our understanding of this cat’s natural history and behavior is a result of observations of them in captivity.
What do clouded leopards look like?[ edit ]
A clouded leopard at the San Antonio zoo
At adult age a clouded leopard will range from somewhere between two and a half feet, nose to rump, to three and a half feet. The clouded leopard has short legs for its size. It also has the longest canine teeth (2-inch fangs) for any similarly sized cat species that lives today. Only the extinct sabretooth cats had longer canine teeth for their body size.
Clouded leopards are excellent climbers and their major prey animals live in trees. Short flexible legs, large paws, and keen claws combine to make them very sure-footed in this environment. The clouded leopard's tail can be as long as the rest of its body and helps to maintain the cat's balance while moving through the trees. Amazingly, these cats can hang upside-down under branches, and can even climb down tree trunks head-first. Other cats cannot do this because their claws are not shaped in the same way.
The beautiful pattern of the clouded leopard's fur is its most interesting feature. The large square rosettes look like clouds to some people, and that is how they got the name "clouded leopard." Other people think the blotches look more like mint leaves, so they are also called "mint leopards."
What do clouded leopards eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
While not much is known about their behaviour in the wild, their prey is thought to be mostly mammals that live in trees, particularly monkeys, along with small mammals, deer, birds, porcupines, goats, wild boar, young buffalo, and domestic livestock.
See how much you know about the clouded leopard:
They can climb down tree trunks head first.
Like marbled cats and margays, they will sometimes hang head-down from branches using their hind legs.
Young clouded leopards are born with spots that become open squares as they grow older.
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Marbled Cats[ edit ]
The marbled cat is the big cat that isn't big at all, only slightly larger than a domestic cat. Scientists place it in the same closely related group as the lion, tiger and leopard, the Subfamily Pantherinae, and even though it's much smaller than the clouded leopard it has the same long fangs and a very similar fur pattern. Scientific examination of their blood (blood serum analysis) suggests that they are similar in form to the forest ancestors of the big cats some ten million years ago. However, they may have also decreased in size more recently due to competition with other big cats.
Where do marbled cats live?[ edit ]
Places where marbled cats live are colored blue.
The marbled cat may be found in the forests of the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo and some neighboring small islands.
What do marbled cats look like?[ edit ]
Marbled cats look similar to clouded leopards but they are smaller, have shorter faces more like a domestic cat, and have a fuzzier tail. Its beautiful, striking coat is pale brown, with irregular slightly darker brown blotches sharply outlined in dark brown or black. Its long cylindrical tail is full from rump to tip and carries its body pattern.
What do marbled cats eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Marbled cats spend a great deal of time in the trees and it is likely that they catch much of their prey there, hunting birds, squirrels, rodents, frogs and reptiles. They have been seen hunting on the ground on the island of Borneo, and this may be a local habit. Not much is known about their habits because they are rare in the wild and there are no specimens currently kept in zoos.
Fun facts[ edit ]
Marbled cats make sounds similar to a domestic cat, but they purr rarely and their meow is somewhat like a twittering bird call.
The longest a marbled cat lived in captivity was 12 years.
For more information[ edit ]
Cheetahs[ edit ]
Two cheetahs together.
Cheetahs are built for speed, with a whip-like spine, long legs, and a long tail that acts as a rudder for sudden turns. They are the world's fastest land animal. The cheetah can chase its prey for 274 meters (almost a sixth of a mile) at the speed of 114 kilometers (almost 71 miles per hour) per hour. Both the male and the female of the species are referred to as 'cheetahs' unlike in the case of other animals. Cheetahs can generally live up to 7 years.
Where do cheetahs live?[ edit ]
Places where cheetahs live are colored green.
Today, most cheetahs are found in sub-Saharan Africa, though a few are still seen in Iran. In the past, they used to be found throughout northern India and Iran. They prefer to live in semi-deserts, savannah, prairies, and thick brush. As they rely upon speed to hunt, they avoid dense forests. Conservation efforts are required in order to avoid the cheetah becoming an entry on the endangered species list. In India, the forests in which many cheetahs live are not secured and they can leave the forests and travel into cities or villages. In the last 2-3 years, cheetahs have been found in these urban areas.
What do cheetahs look like?[ edit ]
Cheetahs used as hunters, Persia, early 1560s
Cheetahs are rather dog-like, medium-sized spotted cats with long legs and slender, but muscular, bodies. They have a white belly, and a dark stripe that looks like a tear on both sides of their faces. In contrast to leopards, which have palmette shaped spots, cheetahs have round dark spots on their fur. Adult cheetahs weigh from 90 to 140 pounds (40-65 kg), and are around 4 to 5 feet (112-135 cm) in length. Cheetahs are built to do what they do--run! Their long tail provides them with balance. They have a big chest, a narrow waist, and powerful muscles in their hind legs. They have small heads and muzzles; large nostrils for increased oxygen intake; and small, round ears. All of this makes the cheetah very sleek and aerodynamic when it runs.
What do they eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Cheetahs mostly eat mammals like gazelles, impala, gnu calves, and hares, which are all about the same size as, or smaller than an adult cheetah.
Cheetahs stalk their prey until they are within about thirty meters, and then give chase. The chase is usually over in less than a minute, and if the cheetah doesn't catch its prey quickly, it will often give up rather than waste energy. This is because cheetahs use a lot of energy when chasing prey at such high speed. They are very fast runners due to the build of their legs and about half of the chases are successful.
Cheetahs must eat their catch quickly or risk losing their food to other stronger predators. They will not usually fight with a larger animal over food as risking an injury would mean certain starvation.
Cheetahs are well-adapted to living in arid environments. In the Kalahari desert, they have been estimated to travel an average of 82 km between drinks of water. They have been seen getting their water from the blood or urine of their prey or by eating Tsamma melons.
Fun facts[ edit ]
See how much you know about the world's fastest land mammal:
After running at full speed, a cheetah must rest at least 15 minutes before running again.
Cheetahs do not roar, but they make a number of very un-catlike sounds, many of which resemble bird chirps.
Cheetah sounds include purrs, bleats, barks, growls, hisses and chirps but the chirp can be heard at a distance of a mile away!
Cheetahs were called leopards before leopards were! Earlier the word for Cheetah was "leopard", and the word for leopard was simply "pard". Cheetahs were called leo-pards then as a mix between "leo" - Latin for lion, and "pard", then the name of leopards.
Apart from pumas , cheetahs are the only big cats that purr.
Many cheetah cubs are killed by a lack of food or their natural enemies - lions, leopards, and hyenas. An old African legend says the tear stain marks on the cheetah's face are from the mother weeping for her lost cubs.
Cheetahs do not usually eat the skin or bones of their prey.
Hyenas, leopards, and lions steal the cheetah's prey after the cheetah has killed it.
For more information[ edit ]
Pumas[ edit ]
A puma hiding behind a rock
The Puma or Mountain Lion is a rather large cat, though it is classified as a smaller cat by scientists. Like smaller cats, pumas cannot roar though they can muster a very startling snarl or a piercing cry. In some places, these cats are also called cougars, catamounts, painted cats, panthers or painters. Scientists call them Puma concolor.
According to an old Mayan legend, all the animals of the jungle once looked the same until the gods offered to make them look different. The jaguar asked, "Let me be spangled with stars," and it was so. He was pleased with his gift and showed it to the puma. Not to be outdone, the puma asked the gods that he be as splendid as the jaguar, and it was so. Pleased with himself the puma went out to hunt. Unfortunately, he fell and rolled in the dust which clung to his still-wet design. For this foolishness he and all pumas afterwards went through life the color of the earth.
Where do pumas live?[ edit ]
Places pumas live are colored green
Pumas are widely spread in North, Central and South America. They can be seen in a variety of habitats including deserts, swamps and forests from northern British Columbia all the way down to the southern end of the Andes mountain range. Pumas were driven out of the eastern half of North America by human pressure; a small population remains in Florida and occasionally there are puma sightings in other eastern states. The puma's habitat looks mostly green or yellow depending on where they are in the world.
What do pumas look like?[ edit ]
A mountain lion in Arizona
Most pumas are a light brown color, with black-tipped ears and tail. The pumas that live closest to the Equator are the smallest, and increase in size in populations closer to the poles. (This sort of size increase is seen in tigers too. The smallest ones live in the tropics, the largest Siberian tigers live far to the north where winters are very cold.) The endangered Florida Panther is the smallest of the Pumas. Like many other cats, they can retract their sharp claws into their paws, which have four toes. The largest male pumas can be as big as eight feet (2.4 meters) long, and females can be as large as seven feet (2.1 meters). The males weigh in a bit less than the average adult human at about 150 pounds (70 kilograms), with females weighing even less at 75 pounds (35 kilograms) or less.
Although pumas do not have a bright pattern, there are distinct black "tearstains" on their upper lips and a vivid white fur around the mouth that emphasizes facial expressions. Although cougars cannot roar, when they growl their "business end" looks rather intimidating, helped along by the markings.
What do pumas eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Puma closeup.
Pumas mostly eat large animals like deer. Because the puma can run very fast, as much as 45 mph (72.42 km/h), and because they can jump 30 ft (10 m) forward from a standing position, they can very easily catch slower animals. Pumas can jump 18 ft (6 m) straight up and can climb onto rocks and up trees to hunt. Their bite is very strong, much stronger than a strong dog's bite, and their largest teeth are about twice the size of a large dog's teeth.
Pumas have a very powerful hunting instinct, and have sometimes been known to chase and catch humans on bicycles. A favorite food for pumas is the deer, but they will also eat smaller animals. In areas where pumas and people live close together, pumas have hunted dogs and cats for food, but they usually do not hunt people for food. If you are around a puma, it is better not to run fast or to ride a bicycle, because their instinct is to chase, catch and kill running animals.
On January 8, 2004 a puma killed and partly ate a mountain biker in Whiting Ranch Wilderness Park, in Orange County, California, but attacks on humans are rare.
Stay safe around pumas[ edit ]
These are good safety ideas for areas where pumas live:
Never hike alone, Pumas are more likely to attack people who are alone than in a group.
If you see a puma, do not run, because their instinct might make them chase you. Instead, stand and face the animal, and look into its eyes. Stand tall, raise your arms, and make yourself look large. The puma will think you are a giant and run away. If it comes toward you, scare it away by shouting, waving your arms, or throwing things.
Do not turn away from the puma; do not crouch down or do anything that would make you seem like an animal. If you or someone in your group is attacked, fight back by throwing stones, hitting or kicking. Pumas have been chased away by using rocks, sticks, garden tools and bare hands. The best place to hit a puma is on the nose.
Watch around you when in an area where pumas might be. Like other cats, they like to spring out from a hiding place and attack their prey from behind.
Don't go hiking with your pet in areas with pumas, because any animal (even a dog) can make a puma want to chase and kill it, because of the "chase reflex" that pumas have. Also, the puma might be attracted to your pet's food.
Fun facts[ edit ]
Female pumas call to potential mates with a piercing cry that sounds much like a high pitched scream. Every year some panicked people call the police to report an "attack" in progress.
For more information[ edit ]
Lynx and bobcats[ edit ]
A bobcat
These odd-shaped, ruff-faced cats are not as lordly as the lion or powerful as the tiger. They are mid-sized predators, too big to bother with mice and too small to tackle a healthy adult deer. But they do one job rather well--keeping the rabbit population under control. With their long legs and short tails, they are superbly equipped to tackle anything from a tiny cottontail to a huge snowshoe hare. The natural enemies of the Iberian Lynx are the wolf and the bear but the most dangerous enemy that almost extincts it is the human that kills it with traps, venom and hunts them.
Where do lynx live?[ edit ]
Places where lynx live are colored green.
The four species of lynx are very widespread. The European Lynx lives in northern Europe and Asia. The Canadian Lynx lives in North America. The Iberian (or Spanish) Lynx is one of the most highly endangered cats and only lives in wild parts of Spain . Bobcats are the smallest type of lynx, living in North America. Because they hunt small prey, they live in a wide variety of habitats. The Iberian Lynx is an animal which lives only in the Iberian Peninsula.
What do lynx look like?[ edit ]
A lynx
Not all lynx look the same. Some of them have dark spots, while others have plain yellow or gray fur. All of them have white bellies. Lynx have long hairs at the tops of their ears, and a beard around their jaw. A bobcat is much smaller than a regular lynx. The lynx males weigh 40 pounds (18 kg) or more, and females weigh 18 to 30 pounds (8 to 14 kg), but the bobcat males only weigh 16 to 28 pounds (7 to 13 kg) and the females weigh 10 to 18 pounds (5 to 8 kg). The lynx also stands at 30 to 42 inches (74 to 107 cm) high, but the bobcat only is only 17 to 23 inches (43 to 58 cm) high. The bobcat also lacks the distinctive ear tufts and looks more like a big house cat. They have smaller feet and shorter legs compared to other lynx, and almost always have spots. The most unique part on the lynx and bobcat is their tail. The bobcat was named after its tail, because it is "bobbed" or short.
What do lynx and bobcats eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
A lynx hunting
Lynx eat mainly arctic hares (a large member of the rabbit family). They sometimes eat squirrels, ptarmigan (birds that look like large pigeons), and grouse (which look like fancy chickens). The Iberian Lynx feeds mostly on rabbits and hares.
Bobcats eat smaller animals like squirrels, rabbits, and mice. Their odd shape with long legs, a short neck and short tail, is an adaptation to hunting prey that must be captured with a sudden burst of speed and a killing pounce. In order to catch their prey, they must first sneak up as carefully and close as they can (stalking), and only make a final rushing attack when the prey makes a run for it. Obviously the closer they can approach before the run, the greater their chances of success.
They can't eat more than three pounds of meat at a time.
One common prey species for lynx, the arctic hare, has a secret weapon. Every year when the snow melts on the Arctic tundra (swampy grasslands) the timid animal sheds its white winter coat for a new crop of brown fur. This does not happen all at once, so while the hare still has patches of white, it still matches the surroundings where bits of snow still linger on the ground. By staying perfectly still, these hares are nearly impossible to see. This strategy often accomplishes a great deal more than running away.
Fun facts[ edit ]
To show their toughness, people used to claim that, in a fight, they could triumph over their "weight in bobcats". However, bobcat experts would not believe this claim for a moment. All cats are stronger for their size than any human.
For more information[ edit ]
Ocelots[ edit ]
Ocelot
The ocelot is a beautiful small-to-medium sized cat whose markings resemble the much-larger jaguar. That beauty once brought them close to extinction, though they have fared better in recent years with legal protection.
Where do the ocelots live?[ edit ]
Places where ocelots live are colored green
Ocelots mostly live in South and Central America, but there are some as far north as the southernmost reaches of the United States of America. There are eleven different types (or subspecies) of ocelot. These live in different parts of the south of the Americas.
Three of these eleven subspecies live in Mexico, and a different subspecies lives in each of the Amazon Rainforest, Atlantic Forest, the Northern Andes (Venezuela and Guyana) and all other countries of South America, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil (the biggest area on the map), Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay.
Ocelots are excellent climbers, but they do most of their hunting on the ground. Ocelots mostly come out at night. During the day they sleep in trees, bushes and thick grasses. Some ocelots live alone, while others have been reported to live in pairs, maintaining contact by mewing to each other.
What do ocelots look like?[ edit ]
An Ocelot at the Marwell Zoo
Ocelots grow up to 3 feet and 2 inches (100 cm) in length, plus a foot and a half (45 cm) tail length. It is similar in appearance to the oncilla and the margay, who inhabit the same region, but the ocelot is larger. Their fur is gold with black spots. They are very thin, have huge teeth, and can jump quite far. Ocelots have long spots.
What do ocelots eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Ocelots like to eat small animals. They will catch monkeys, snakes, rodents and birds if they can. Almost all of the animals that the ocelot hunts are far smaller than it is. Scientists think that ocelots follow and find animals to eat (prey) by smell, sniffing for where they've been on the ground. They can see very well in the dark with night vision, and move very stealthily, too. Ocelots hunt their prey by blending in with their surroundings then pouncing on their prey.
Fun facts[ edit ]
Ocelot comes from the Aztec word tlalocelot which means "field tiger."
Ocelots have only 36 pairs of chromosomes while most other cats have 38. Their close relatives the margay and oncilla are the others to share this distinction.
Ocelots often sit perfectly still for a half hour or more waiting for unsuspecting prey.
Some observers believe that ocelots remain faithful to their chosen mates.
How to catch an ocelot?
Scientists at the Dallas Zoo in Texas, including Jennifer Fontana Cooke and Suzy Steele, first discovered that ocelots were attracted to Obsession for Men cologne by Calvin Klein in 1999. In south Texas, researchers were having a hard time finding the few ocelots that lived in the area. They tried using all kinds of animal smells but the ocelots would never show up. So, now Obsession for Men cologne is used in the wild to attract and survey ocelot populations. They are now trying to use the cologne to help in their project to raise the number of ocelots.
For more information[ edit ]
Margays[ edit ]
A margay is at home in trees
Margays are the masters of vertical space, spending much of their lives in the branches of trees where they pursue their prey and even nap hanging upside down by their back feet.
Where do margays live?[ edit ]
Margays live from Mexico in the north all the way south to northern Argentina. Margays also live in rainforests. Margays used to be found in Texas, but have been hunted out all the way to southern mexico. They prefer to live in damp areas.
What do margays look like?[ edit ]
A margay has spots like a cheetah, two stripes on its forehead, and some on its cheeks. It also has thick stripes on its tail. Like a tiger's, leopard's, or cheetah's, the margay's patterns are specific to each individual. It has very large eyes and a very long tail that is 70 percent as long as its body. It can jump higher than an ocelot by 20 feet! The margay, also known as the Long Tailed Spotted Cat, is similar in appearance to the ocelot —- its body however, is smaller, growing up to 27 inches. In comparison with the ocelot, the margay displays longer legs and tail. This cat is often confused with its relatives –- the ocelot and the oncilla. Their coats are very similar. The margay's fur is thick and its tail is really long. The tail is used as weight to help with balance. The margay is a spotted, golden brown cat with white on the belly, chest, throat, and chin. The spots may be solid black or have pale centers. The ears have white eye spots on the backs and the tail is either ringed or spotted. Margays weigh between 9-20 pounds and are between 34-52 inches long. The margay also has extremely big eyes, which helps its night time vision. Also the Margay is one of two species of cat that have flexible enough ankle joints to be able to climb down trees headfirst like a squirrel!
What do margays eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Margays are agile hunters, leaping after and chasing birds and monkeys through the treetops. The ankles on their back legs are so flexible that they can run down a tree head first like a squirrel. Since Margays are such great tree climbers, they often eat other mammals that live in trees such as big eared climbing rats, squirrels, opossums, small monkeys, and sloths. They also eat tree frogs, lizards and birds. They also will sometimes eat insects, grasses and sometimes even fruit.
See how much you know about margays:
Margays have the ankle flexibility needed to climb down trees head first.
Margays can hang from a branch by one back foot.
Captive margays have lived for 20 years.
Margay kittens weigh about 450 grams at birth (In comparison, a domestic kitten may weigh 110 grams).
Margays scientific name is Leopardus Wiedii
For more information[ edit ]
Jaguarundis[ edit ]
A jaguarundi
Jaguarundis are one of the oddest members of the cat family, rarely seen, and often thought to be otters when they were spotted. Their scientific name, Herpailurus, means "snake-like cat".
Where do jaguarundis live?[ edit ]
Jaguarundis live in Central and South America, and in the southern tip of Texas. They live in areas of lowland brush close to a running water source and will occasionally inhabit dense tropical areas.
What do jaguarundis look like?[ edit ]
This medium-sized cat has an average length of 65 cm (30 inches) with 45 cm (20 in) of tail. It has short legs and an appearance somewhat like an otter; the ears are short and rounded. The fur is a uniform chestnut brown, but can range from grey to dark brown. Their coats have no markings except for spots at birth.
What do jaguarundis eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Jaguarundis eat fish, small mammals, reptiles and birds. They feel comfortable in trees but prefer to hunt on the ground.
Fun facts[ edit ]
See how much you know about the jaguarundi:
They have a name like the jaguar, but are the closest living relative of the puma.
The Jaguarundi can reach speeds of over 60 mph
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Rusty spotted cats are the smallest members of the cat family.
Where do rusty spotted cats live?[ edit ]
The range of the rusty-spotted cat appears in green
Rusty spotted cats live in southern India and Sri Lanka. Those living in India mostly live in tropical dry forests and dry grasslands, but in Sri Lanka rainforests are the preferred habitat. This may be due to competition with the Leopard Cat, which occupies the rainforests of the mainland, but does not live in Sri Lanka.
What do rusty spotted cats look like?[ edit ]
They are the smallest cats, with small, round ears, a body about 40 cm in length, plus a relatively short 20 cm tail. The color of the fur is gray, with rusty spots all over the back and the flanks. It is rather similar to its close relative the Leopard Cat. They weigh from three to four pounds.
What do rusty spotted cats eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Rusty spotted cats hunt at night, looking for rodents, birds and lizards. They are known to make a meal of domestic poultry when the opportunity arises.They are popular as pets to control mice and rats
For more information[ edit ]
Caracals[ edit ]
Slanted eyes and long black ear tufts give the caracal a distinctive look
The Caracal, also called Persian lynx or "African lynx", is a medium-sized wild cat. The caracal resembles a lynx and is related. Caracals are labeled as small cats but are the heaviest of all small cats as well as the fastest.
Where do caracals live?[ edit ]
Caracals are distributed over Africa and West Asia. Their habitat is dry steppes and semi-deserts, but also woodlands, savanna, and scrub forest. They are solitary, or paired, territorial cats.
What do caracals look like?[ edit ]
A caracal in profile
The length is 65 cm (about 2 ft), plus 30 cm tail (about 1 foot). It has longer legs and a slimmer appearance than a lynx. The color of the fur may be wine-red, gray or sand-colored. Young caracals bear reddish spots on the underside, while adults do not have markings except for black spots above the eyes. The caracal has long, tufted black ears, which also explain the origin of its name--"karakulak", Turkish for "black ears"
What do caracals eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
A quiet moment
A caracal may survive without drinking for a long period - the water demand is satisfied with the body fluids of the prey. It hunts at night (but in colder seasons also in the daytime) for rodents and hares; rarely it may even attack a gazelle, a small antelope or a young ostrich.
They are picky eaters, and discard the internal organs of the mammals they catch, partially pluck the fur off of hyraxes and larger kills, and avoid eating hair by shearing meat neatly from the skin. But they will eat the feathers of small birds and are tolerant of rotten meat. Caracal ears are controlled by 20 different muscles. Tufts of fur on their ears help them pinpoint their prey accurately.
They are most well-known, however, for their skill with hunting birds; a caracal is able to snatch a bird in flight, sometimes more than one at a time. Caracals can jump and climb exceptionally well, which enables it to catch hyraxes better than probably any other carnivore.
Fun facts[ edit ]
The caracal is the fastest cat in its size range.
Sometimes called a desert lynx or African lynx because of its tufted ears, it is not a lynx at all.
Tame caracals are sometimes used to assist hunters in Iran and India.
Wild caracals in the Western Cape of South Africa are attacking and eating domesticated cats. The cause of this is confusing to cat owners as there seems to be plenty of food in the wild for the caracal to eat. One can assume that domestic cats are easier to catch than wild prey.
For more information[ edit ]
Servals[ edit ]
A Serval
The serval is a little-known but fascinating creature, a lightweight cat living in tall grass where the lions hunt gazelles and buffalo. It does not attempt to compete with the mighty "king of beasts", content to tackle smaller prey. Gliding along on stilt-like limbs, with a long neck and large ears, the serval looks like no other cat, and for a reason... From the tall grass a startled flock of birds takes flight only to be chased in the air. With a spring of its powerful limbs, a serval shoots straight up, battering one of the birds back to earth with its long front limbs.
Where do servals live?[ edit ]
Places where servals live are colored green.
Servals live in the savannahs (grasslands) of Africa. This allows them to see both their prey and their predators. As a medium sized cat they have to be wary of lions and hyenas. Servals are good swimmers, and often live near open water where they can take an occasional dip to hunt for fish or swipe at the birds that stop by.
What do servals look like?[ edit ]
The serval is built for tall grass
The serval's lanky body gives them the most advantage for their bulk in coping with the tall grass where they roam. It gives them the appearance of being larger than they really are. In fact, the smaller female ranges from less than twenty pounds up to about thirty-five pounds. Males generally weigh thirty to fifty pounds. Their large ears give them an advantage in hearing their prey before it hears them. Their fur is yellow with black spots. On the back of the ears are horizontal gray bars. Servals use the position of their ears to communicate with each other. They also hiss a great deal, but this sound can have friendly meanings too. People often think a captive raised serval is being aggressive that is only trying to say hello.
What do servals eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Servals usually eat birds, fish and small rodents. When hunting a bird, the serval will jump up in the air and bat the bird with its front paws. This stuns the bird and makes it fall to the ground. When hunting rodents, the serval uses its large ears to listen for them under the ground. It then jumps straight up into the air six feet or higher, and comes straight down on its prey. Like most cats, a serval will take advantage of other opportunities that come along, taking on anything it feels it can safely subdue. However a serval never poses a threat to humans.
Servals can jump up to 10 feet straight up to catch birds.
Their hearing is so acute they can hear burrowing rodents underground and dig them up.
A cross between a male serval and a female domestic cat is called a savannah cat.
The mother will chase her male offspring away as soon as they can hunt, at about 8 to 10 months of age, but will let females stay with her for a little longer, up to a year.
For more information[ edit ]
Manuls[ edit ]
Manul or Pallas' Cat
Manuls or Pallas' Cats are the oldest living species of cat, traceable in the fossil record to 10 million years ago. They were once thought to be the ancestor of the domestic cat Persian breed because of their highly unusual face.
Where do manuls live?[ edit ]
Manuls live on the rocky plateaus and riverbanks of Central Asia.
What do manuls look like?[ edit ]
The manul is similar to the lynx in facial structure, with a large, sturdy body and short legs. Its head is short and broad, with large round eyes and blunt wide-set ears. Its long, silky coat varies in color from light gray to russet brown, with white tips to its hairs giving a sparkling, almost iridescent appearance. There are dark lines on its cheeks, rings on its tail, and its lips, chin, and throat are white. Pallas cats are the only living species of small cat whose eyes have round pupils.
What do manuls eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Manuls hunt by night, from the ground, and seek small mammals and birds. The vast majority of their diet is a small animal called a pika (pronounced PY-kah) that is closely related to rabbits but has small, round ears. Where pikas are plentiful, a manul will eat almost nothing else.
See how much you know about the manul:
The name Pallas' Cat came from the first scientist to describe one, Peter Pallas.
For more information[ edit ]
Wild cats[ edit ]
The European Wild Cat looks much like a domestic cat
Wild cats, which still roam the wilds, are the ancestors of the domestic cats that live in our homes. There are three different types: the European, African (or Desert), and Asiatic Wild Cat (sometimes called Asian Steppe Wild Cat or Indian Desert Cat).
Where do wildcats live?[ edit ]
The European Wild Cat lives in forests of Western, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as in Scotland and Turkey; it is not found in Scandinavia, Iceland, England, Wales, or Ireland. The African Wild Cat is found in deserts and savannas of Africa and the Arabian peninsula. The Asiatic Wild Cat primarily inhabits the scrub desert of Central Asia. It is commonly believed that African wild cats were domesticated by the Egyptians and are the original domestic cats. These mated with European wild cats as they were traded by their owners to the rest of the world.
What do wild cats look like?[ edit ]
The European Wild Cat is much bigger than the Asian or African wild cats or domestic cats. The thick fur and the size are a distinguishing mark, so that a Wild Cat normally should not be mistaken for a domestic cat. The African Wild Cat has shorter fur. The Asiatic Wild Cat has distinct small black or red-brown spots.
What do wild cats eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
Their diet consists mainly of rodents, rabbits, hares and other small mammals, but it is likely that small birds are also eaten when the opportunity comes along.
Fun facts[ edit ]
See how much you know about the wild cat:
There is evidence of the domestication of the African wild cat as early as 7500 BC. Domestication of the cat may have begun as early as 8000 BC.
The Ancient Egyptians worshipped cats as gods. Cats seem to have never forgotten this.
For more information[ edit ]
Sand cats[ edit ]
A sand cat
Sand cats are the other extreme cat, taking the desert heat the way the snow leopard takes the icy cold.
Where do sand cats live?[ edit ]
As its name implies, the sand cat is commonly found in sandy desert areas in the arid countries of Northern Africa, Arabia, and parts of Central Asia and Pakistan.
What do sand cats look like?[ edit ]
The sand cat’s body is well adapted to desert life - its thick, medium length fur insulates it against the extreme cold of the desert nights and its feet and pads are covered with long hair which protects them from the heat of the desert surface and gives it extra support needed in moving across the soft, shifting sands. The large triangular ears are very sensitive to sound.
What do sand cats eat, and how do they catch their prey?[ edit ]
The sand cat hunts at night, spending the hottest part of the day sleeping under rough scrubby vegetation or a shallow burrow dug into the sand. At sunset the cat will become active, moving away from its den in search of prey. Its diet is known to include small rodents such as gerbil and jerboas, insects, reptiles, including venomous desert snakes and birds. They occasionally catch larger prey. They also have really great eye sight.
See how much you know about the sand cat:
Sand cats have a low-pitched meow, but can also bark to communicate at long distances.
Most sand cats never drink water. They get all their moisture from their prey.
This cat also tends to chase its tail when it gets bored or nervous.
For more information[ edit ]
HYBRIDS[ edit ]
Tigons and Ligers[ edit ]
Ligers and tigons are hybrids, the offspring of the pairing of a lion and a tiger. Ligers have lion fathers and tiger mothers. They usually grow much larger than their parents, and female ligers (sometimes called ligresses) can sometimes have babies. Tigons (also called tiglons) all have tiger fathers and lion mothers. They are usually smaller than their parents. Lions are very social animals while tigers tend to be lonely and to live by themselves. The offspring of a lion-tiger share the conflicting instincts of both parents. Sometimes they seek out interaction with other big cats, but other times they will attack them. So, they can be a danger if they are raised with other big cats. In general, however, ligers are gentle, even-tempered and tolerant.
Wild Ligers and Tigons have recently been found[ edit ]
Breeding offspring of a lion and tiger requires human intervention, since the two species do not live near each other in the wild. In the past, some zoos experimented with breeding lions and tigers with one another. Due to conservation efforts, hybridization on purpose is not allowed in most zoos. However, it happens regularly by accident, and some private breeders try to breed ligers for the purposes of creating something new and unusual.
Recently a wild liger has allegedly been found in the far south of the Sahara Desert. Ligers were also allegedly found in the wild sometime between 1930's and the 1950s. However, tigers have never evolved in Africa, and if true would have had to been the result of released captive tigresses. Claims have been made for wild liger sightings in or near the Gir Forest in India in the past; today, there are no reliable reports of tigers within a hundred miles of the Gir Forest, making such a meeting extremely unlikely.
Fascinating![ edit ]
Ligers are the largest of the Big Cats. They can weigh up to about 1500 pounds (680kg), and stand up to 13 feet (4 m) tall on their hind legs. Tigons are sometimes called dwarfs, tions and tilons; while they do not exhibit many signs of dwarfism, fully grown tigons of both sexes usually weigh less than 350 pounds (160 kg), which is small for male lions or tigers.
Both hybrids have a combination of lion and tiger physical characteristics. However, the Ligers look more like their lion fathers with a hint of light striping on their backs and faces. Tigons have more defined striping like their tiger fathers. Like tigers, the striping pattern is unique to each individual animal. Tigons can also have small manes or spots.
Can they have offspring?[ edit ]
It was originally assumed that ligers couldn't have babies, which is true for most hybrid species, such as the mule (a cross between a horse and a donkey). However, females can have babies. There are such things as li-ligers and li-tigons along with ti-ligers and ti-tigons — these are mixes of ligers and tigons with lions and tigers.
For more information[ edit ]
How do cats raise their young?[ edit ]
Mountain lion siblings
Cats can have anywhere from one to eight cubs or kittens in a litter, but most of them only have about two or three. Some of the smaller cats may have more, from four to seven. Cub is usually what you call young big cats, and kitten what you call young small cats. Cubs or kittens born in the same litter are called siblings.
Because most cats live in tropical locations, it doesn’t matter what time of the year they have their young, because food will usually be plentiful. However, for cats that live in places that get cold in the winter, they will usually have their young in the spring.
A little cheetah lying on its mother.
The father almost never has any part in raising the young. Male lions take the job of protecting the pride instead of taking care of the young, but most fathers will leave completely. This may sound selfish, but it is not. In the animal world, often the responsibility for finding food and for the young rests upon the female. As carnivores, most would be too noisy hunting in pairs, so they would have less of a chance to catch their prey.
When the young are born, they are blind and keep their eyes closed. They will open their eyes in about 10 days to 14 days after birth. Most young also have different markings from their parents when they are born. Lion and puma cubs have spots or splotches that disappear as they get older. Clouded leopard cubs have dark spots that eventually change into the shape of the adult spots. Cheetahs are one kind of cat in which the cubs have the same spots as the adults.
It can be very dangerous for the young of many big cats. Many cheetah cubs are killed by a lack of food or their natural enemies (lions and hyenas). Lion cubs may be killed if a new male lion takes over a pride.
The young are not able to eat meat right away; they usually must drink their mother’s milk anywhere from one to two months for the smaller cats and up to seven months in bigger cats. When they reach an age of about two to three months, the mother can start taking the young out and teaching them how to hunt.
Two lynx kittens playing
At a few months of age, cubs and kittens become very playful. They chase one another and pounce on anything that moves. This play teaches them basic hunting techniques, which helps them to become successful hunters as adults.
Most cats will leave their mother after one or two years. Smaller types of cats may leave earlier, as soon as four or five months in the case of the wild cat. Sometimes the mother will chase her cubs or kittens away so that they can become independent. Often, the siblings will usually stay together for a few more months or years and work together before completely splitting up. Rogue lions and male cheetahs are especially known for staying together after leaving the mothers.
Fossil History[ edit ]
How carnivores are related[ edit ]
Carnivores are meat eaters. Among the mammals, one entire order is noted for this: Carnivora, which including all cats big and small as well as all hyenas, bears, seals, otters, and animals resembling weasels, wolves, mongooses, and raccoons. Except for the giant panda, all members of Carnivora are deadly hunters. That includes dogs, even if they are well-behaved. All are strong, powerful, intelligent, cunning, agile animals with sharp teeth and claws. All but the panda are fast enough to catch prey.
All living members of Carnivora are related to each other, having descended from the ancestor Miacis, a small meat-eating weasel-like tree climber which lived between 36 million to 58 million years ago, or the Eocene period, in North America, Europe and Asia. It had a larger brain capacity than other carnivores of its day, which is probably why it survived to become the father of all modern carnivores.
Not all carnivorous animals are members of Carnivora. Dolphins and whales are formidable hunters and voracious eaters of meat (typically fish), but they are no closer to being cats than are the Great Apes that eat meat (especially humans, chimpanzees, and baboons). Neither are small mammals called Insectivora (like shrews) that feed on insects and other tiny creatures.
How old is Family Felidae?[ edit ]
The fossil record of Family Felidae extends to the Late Eocene, 34 million years ago. If each of those years lasted a second, the Cat Family would have been around for roughly one year and five weeks. By comparison, the Great Pyramid at Giza would have been around for only 83 minutes, and the Internet for less than 15 seconds (as of 2008). The first known feline was Aelurogale. Its descendent, Proailurus, gave rise to the major branches of the cat family we see today as well as the two sabre-toothed cat lines. Proailurus lived in Europe from 30-20 million years ago.
Notable fossil cats[ edit ]
Smilodon - Smilodon fatalis and others - Often called the "Sabre-toothed Tiger" though it is not a tiger, and "Sabre-toothed Cat" though it was not the only line of cats with sabre teeth. The most widely recognized of the fossil cats, it lived in North and South America from 3 million to 10,000 years ago. A fully grown Smilodon weighed about 450 pounds (203 kg) and had fangs 7 inches (17 cm) long that were used to subdue its large prey.
The American Lion - Panthera atrox - It lived from 25,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago in North America. In life, this cat was about 1/4 larger than the African lion, even bigger than the Siberian tiger. The average male at 11.5 feet (3.5 m) in length would have averaged about 520 pounds (235 kg). Females were smaller, averaging about 385 pounds (175 kg). Fossil evidence indicates it had the most highly developed brain of any known cat.
The Eurasian Cave Lion - Panthera spelaea - It lived from 30,000 years ago to 10,000 years ago from as far west as England to as far east as Siberia. The largest cat that ever lived, it was 25% larger than the African lion and even bigger than the American Lion. Ancient cave paintings and carvings indicate this cat had faint stripes, a hint of a mane in some males, tufted tails, and protruding ears.
Miracinonyx - Miracinonyx trumani and others - Sometimes referred to as the "American Cheetah," it is remarkably cheetah like and relied upon the same sprinting tactic to overtake its prey. It is thought to have a common ancestor with the Puma. Miracinonyx lived from 3 million to 10,000 years ago in the prairies and open plains of North America where it specialized in hunting newly-evolved swift herbivores such as the Pronghorn.
Cats and humans in history[ edit ]
Ancient Egyptian statue of a cat
For many years the domestic cat was described as a separate species from all other cats, Felis catus. It is now thought to be a subspecies (slight variation) of the Wildcat (Felis sylvestris) and is given the name Felis sylvestris catus. Archeological evidence shows a relationship between man and cat for the past 8,000 years. The most unusual relationship existed among the Ancient Egyptians who considered cats as children of the goddess Bast. When a cat died, family members showed grief by shaving off their eyebrows, and cats were routinely mummified and laid to rest with great reverence.
Certain other cats have been kept over the years for different reasons, but these relationships have never been maintained long enough to result in true domestication. The proper term for cats such as lions or cheetahs that accept human companionship is "human socialized". This indicates that these animals still possess their entire range of wild instincts, which makes properly and safely handling them more of a challenge. There are paintings and engravings of ancient rulers with big cats seated near their throne. Many people kept cheetahs for hunting swift prey.
Certain fossil species such as Smilodon, the Cave Lion and the American Lion were hunted by early humans, who may have contributed to their extinction. Hopefully no future scholars will find us responsible for the disappearance of more splendid animals.
In Danger of Extinction[ edit ]
Extinction is Forever[ edit ]
A photo of an extinct Bali tiger
Some big cats throughout history have become extinct because they were replaced with newer species better suited to the environment. The Sabretooth (Smilodon fatalis) is one example of a large Ice-Age predator that died out because the large prey it needed retreated with the glaciers. Pumas and jaguars now roam where the mighty Sabertooth once ruled. Natural extinction is part of the grand drama of life on Earth. However, many more cat species are in danger of dying out due to unnatural extinction, the killing of an entire species by man for reasons having nothing to do with fitness for survival. These species are not replaced with newer ones, their death merely leaves a hole in the fabric of life on Earth.
Predation[ edit ]
Many big cats have been killed because they either compete with humans for the same prey animals or because they occasionally attack human-raised livestock. Some big cats that become too weak to hunt their own natural prey find domestic livestock much simpler to acquire. Other big cats develop a taste for livestock out of sheer opportunity. There are times when control of individual predators, through moving or killing, appear to be justified. However there is a much more dangerous approach to predator control where an entire population or even an entire species is classified as a "pest" and open to extermination.
Extermination is an attempt to kill every last individual of a population or species. There were times when pumas were targeted for extermination in large areas of the American west. Bobcats and jaguars have also been targets of extermination. These days most governments in the world agree that extermination is not a good way to control cats, but sometimes local peoples ignore laws designed to protect species from extermination.
Sport Hunting[ edit ]
The majority of people in western countries no longer give big game hunters the same respect they once held in the writings of Ernest Hemmingway. The cheetah, which was once abundant in India, was hunted to complete extinction there. The Mughal emperor Akbar killed nearly 1000 cheetahs during his lifetime when the number of cheetahs was already declining. The Asian lion met with the same fate.
Most outdoorsmen no longer seek trophies for their mantles and entrance halls. However, a number of people still consider locating, outwitting, and defeating large predators to be the ultimate test of courage and a satisfying form of enjoying the out of doors. This practice is losing popularity, though. In all fairness, it should be said that sport hunters support laws and practices that benefit wildlife.
In the United States, wildlife populations have increased within the past century. This is largely due to funds generated via an excise tax on hunting equipment known as the Pittman-Robertson Act. In addition, sportsmen contribute hundreds of millions of dollars each year to wildlife conservation through sporting organizations that benefit all wildlife.
Poaching[ edit ]
People who defy existing laws to kill predators for money, animal parts, or personal reasons are called poachers. As outlaws, many poachers are dangerous people who are willing to protect their livelihood through violent means. Famous conservation leaders George Adamson and Diane Fossey were killed by poachers who saw them as a threat. Stopping poaching is very difficult because most big cat habitat is remote land that is difficult to patrol and exists in some of the world's poorest countries without many law enforcement resources. The most effective way to curb poaching is to reduce the demand for the products they provide.
Folk Medicines[ edit ]
A number of people believe, without any scientific evidence, that folk medicines made from parts of big cats can treat or even cure certain illnesses and conditions. Belief in sympathetic magic, that like-causes-like, leads people to seek the attributes they most admire about big cats by using parts of their bodies. People seeking courage, strength, or a greater capacity for physical intimacy attempt to acquire those things through eating, drinking, applying or wearing parts of the animals that are supposed to possess those traits. For nearly everything supposedly treatable with feline folk medicines, there are effective, safe and proven remedies available in modern medicine.
The Fur Trade[ edit ]
The soft, warm, boldly patterned pelts (skins with fur) of big cats were long considered the ultimate expression of fashion and extravagance. Even today, most fashion items made with real fur come from carnivores such as bobcats and mink. Those legal for sale are produced from animals raised on fur farms rather than taken from the wild. The vast majority of natural leopard, ocelot, lynx and jaguar furs are banned on the international market by laws protecting endangered species.
Habitat Loss[ edit ]
Habitat loss is the silent killer
Habitat loss is the silent killer. An animal's habitat is an area where it can live, and for most large predators that means cover, adequate prey, freedom of movement, and water. Due to their predatory lifestyle, most big cats require large areas of land without many manmade barriers where they can hunt and raise young unmolested.
Uncontrolled development of wild areas, including such wasteful practices as slash-and-burn agriculture, reduce the number of places where big cats can survive and thrive. To some degree protected areas known as Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries help preserve endangered species habitat.
However in many poor countries there is not adequate law enforcement to prevent poaching or illegal development of land inside park boundaries. In addition, animals need more land than the human race can afford to protect in parks.
More enlightened use of habitat by man can increase the number of big cats and preserve their genetic diversity. For instance, a timber plantation can provide both high quality wood and habitat for predators and their prey. Using sustainable management techniques, land can provide a never-ending source of quality wood products while continuing to preserve wildlife.
It Is Up To You[ edit ]
As someone interested in big cats, you can make your love of big cats known through the way you vote, your lifestyle, and your charitable giving. Governments can only do so much to help stop extinction. For big cats to be saved, they must be saved by all of us working together. Learn what you can do about the challenges facing your favorite animals, and get involved. Always remember: "We appreciate what we understand and save what we appreciate."
Keeping Cats[ edit ]
Missy Cougar at Tiger Touch likes cameras ... really.
Captive management of big cats is part of a strategy to keep endangered species from becoming extinct. It also provides a source of education and inspiration to zoo visitors and helps us study what these cats need to survive and thrive. What follows is from an interview with John Burkitt of Tiger Touch , a non-profit organization that keeps cats.
The Four Types of Fitness[ edit ]
Once zoos were terrible places for big cats. Their needs were poorly understood, and therefore poorly met. Today we understand that there are four types of fitness, all equally important. Physical Fitness is more than basic life support. Animals evolved in a complex environment, and meeting their whole range of needs makes their life longer and better. Mental Fitness is as important in captivity as it is in the wild. It promotes natural social behavior within and between species and reduces neurotic behaviors such as pacing and self-injury. Emotional Fitness is the cornerstone of a humane, trusting partnership between man and animal. When we bring life into the world, we owe it happiness and contentment. Moral Fitness is a clear understanding of rules and expectations by man and animal that promotes trust, minimizes stress, reduces accidents, and helps cooperation.
Safety[ edit ]
Missy Cougar also likes love ... really.
Ideally, safety is guaranteed for the animals, their staff, and the visiting public. The animals are protected as well as possible against items thrown over the fence that may injure the cats or be eaten. When big cats eat the wrong sort of objects, such as toys or bottle fragments, it causes potentially deadly blockages of the intestines. The staff is protected by the use of "lockouts" and "air locks". "Lockouts" are areas where big cats can be confined while someone performs maintenance on their living area. It is the only safe way to remove wastes, cut grass, remove foreign objects, or repair fixtures. "Air Locks" are small chambers with a door on each end that allow people to enter and exit a cat enclosure without having an opening clear to the outside at any one moment. People come in the outer door, close it behind them, then open the inner door to enter the cat enclosure. At no time can a cat push past the keeper and escape. Guard rails around certain exhibits keep visitors at least five feet (1.8 meters) away from the animal's outer fence at all times. This prevents people from being tempted to touch animals through the mesh or bars and get injured. Such injuries are more often fatal to the cat than to the visitor since most states require the animal to be killed and tested for rabies if the victim refuses to take precautionary rabies vaccination shots. Zoo visitors that follow the rules are completely safe. One less obvious safety feature of zoos and animal parks are the off-hours security systems that protect the animals against nighttime intruders. Motion sensors, infrared cameras, and perimeter fences prevent people from disturbing the animals after hours. Finally, the animals are usually confined to smaller areas during off hours, and only released into their large enclosures shortly before opening time.
Species Survival Plans[ edit ]
One function of zoos is to provide safe places where endangered animals can breed. To be effective in producing healthy cats that are genetically diverse (born to unrelated parents), zoos will often ship animals long distances to find mates that would make a good match. If you let closely related cats have offspring together, their young would be considered inbred, which means they don't have a healthy mix of different backgrounds in their physical makeup. Inbred animals are prone to be sick or even die. Computer technology helps zoos be sure which animals would make the best mates for each other and avoid inbreeding.
Animals used in a Species Survival Plan are sometimes taken out of the public viewing areas for a private, less stressful area to breed and care for their offspring in the first critical weeks. Usually you can tell if animals on display in a zoo are involved in an SSP because there will be a sign posted on their enclosure.
One of the most important differences in zoos today from zoos long ago is that they are more than just living museums. They are also valuable partners in the battle to save endangered species.
Food Preparation[ edit ]
A tiger eating and "tucking in" at a zoo.
Food has to be wholesome and free from disease and parasites. It may be meat, a prepared diet such as ZuPreem or Mazuri, or a combination of both. Food is served raw to prevent nutrient loss from cooking. Additives make up for the loss of calcium and micronutrients available in regular prey. Finally as part of good animal husbandry, food is individually prepared for each animal based on weight control and medication needs.
Veterinary Care[ edit ]
Like all other animals in captivity, zoo animals require occasional trips to the vet. The veterinarians that handle zoo animals are specially trained in exotic medicine, the diseases and conditions of animals not usually kept as pets. Veterinary care usually is done at the zoo in a special health care building that has the special equipment needed to fill cavities in a tiger's teeth or perform surgery on a lion.
The Nursery[ edit ]
When, for one reason or another, the parents of young big cats cannot raise their own offspring, the cubs and kittens are sent to a nursery where specially trained zoo staff and volunteers provide them with the food, stimulation, and affection. Young cats of all species cannot properly pass solid wastes on their own. A warm, wet washrag or sponge is used to wipe the backside of kittens and cubs to stimulate them to pass wastes, something they usually do in the wild when their mother cleans them with her tongue. Proper nursing is especially important: cubs and kittens are never given milk while they are lying on their back. This can cause pneumonia. The milk given to cats is different than the milk given to human children in a number of ways. Zoo personnel know the right way to mix milk for the different species of large and small cats in their care. Temperature is carefully controlled since these young animals are not as good at controlling their body temperature as are adults.
Enrichment[ edit ]
A lioness plays with a bucket.
Keeping animals happy as well as healthy is a challenge. The best way is a combination of several things: physical interaction with others of its own kind or specially-trained human companions, desirable features in the enclosure such as swimming pools and ledges for perching and sleeping, and toys to play with. Sometimes food is hidden about or put on ropes where it can be jerked away to stimulate chase, hunt, and play behaviors and reduce boredom. Many zoo animals are fond of visitors and develop routines to impress the people that come to see them. Large, natural enclosures give the animals more freedom of movement and encourage physical activity.
Training[ edit ]
While most modern zoos do not teach animals to perform "tricks", they do train animals to respond to certain commands to make them safer to handle, move and examine. This training emphasizes rewards for good behavior rather than punishment for bad behavior. Using the reward system not only makes training easier and more humane, it avoids the ever-present danger that an angry cat may find a chance to lash out at its tormentor. That only needs to happen once briefly for tragedy to occur.
End of Life Issues[ edit ]
Although it is unpleasant to think about, death is a part of life. When a decision is made by the zoo staff that a certain cat is in too much pain to have a good life, the life of that cat is humanely ended. The phrase put to sleep or put down is not accurate and does not confer the dignity that usually accompanies the act. Zookeepers almost always experience grief when one of their long-term friends dies. Whenever possible, someone the cat loves is allowed to be with them as the drug is administered. This special drug is designed to calm the cat and lull it to sleep before death occurs. After death has been certified by the veterinarian, a necropsy (animal autopsy) is performed to determine the exact cause of the animal's illness or injury. This information is used to help protect other animals. Many zoos, and most sanctuaries and animal parks, have special plots where beloved animals are laid to rest. These are rarely open to the public. Animals that are not buried are usually cremated (burned) for health reasons or used to provide skeletons and skins for educational use at the zoo or in museums and universities.
Cat Classification[ edit ]
Scientists classify all living things into different groups. This helps to see what some animals have in common and how related some animals are. It is like building a family tree for living things. They classify cats as well. All cats are in the family Felidae.
In English, a Puma may be called a cougar in one place or a mountain lion somewhere else. Animals also have different names in other languages like Russian, Greek and Spanish. To prevent confusion, scientists agree on a single Latin name for each animal. Some early humans did draw pictures of mammoths, mastodons, and European cave lions, but any common names for these extinct animals are forgotten. That's why many fossil big cats have an odd scientific name like Miraconyx inexpectatus instead of a short, graceful name like Cheetah.
Below is a list of the classification of the cats in this book.
Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)
A glossary of terms used in this book:
Canine teeth: Sometimes called fangs, they are teeth used as weapons and to grasp and hold prey.
Captivity: When animals are kept by humans.
Carnivore: An animal that eats meat.
Carrion: The flesh of a dead animal, which is eaten by carnivores or scavengers.
Classification: The way scientists give animals names that everyone around the world will understand, in a way that reflects our scientific understanding of how closely different animals are related to one another.
Conservation: Ways of reducing the amount of natural resources used, including reusing and recycling.
Diurnal: Active during the day and asleep at night.
Domestication: Taking animals from their natural habitat into the human habitat, then changing them in ways that make them more suitable to living with humans.
Endangered: Animals that are in danger of becoming extinct.
Extinction: When all animals of a kind are gone, that kind of animal is extinct. They can never come back.
Family: A medium sized group used in classification, it is made up of very closely related animals.
Fertile: Able to have offspring.
Flank: The side part of an animal's body.
Habitat: An area able to support a type of animal.
Herbivore: An animal that eats plants such as leaves and berries.
Hybrid: The offspring of two animals of different but similar kinds, such as a lion and a tiger.
Hybridization: When two animals of different kinds have offspring together.
Instinct: An animal's inherited knowledge; knowledge that did not have to be learned.
Jungle: A large forest in warm countries with many different kinds of animals and plants. Also called a rainforest.
Life span: How long an animal usually lives.
Litter: A group of baby mammals with the same parents.
Mammal: A warm-blooded animal that has hair on its skin and gives its young milk to drink.
Mane: The furry crown around a male Lion's head.
Muzzle: The part of an animal's face that includes the nose and jaws.
National Park: Land that is kept in a natural state for a variety of reasons, all of them important.
Nature preserve: Land that is kept in a natural state for conservation reasons where the welfare of plants and animals is more important than any other uses.
New World: North, Central and South America.
Nocturnal: Active at night and asleep during the day.
Offspring: The children of an animal.
Old World: Europe, Asia, Australia and Africa.
Order: A very large group used in classification, it contains a number of closely related families.
Poaching: Illegally killing an animal.
Prairie: A large, flat plain with a lot of grass and almost no trees, such as the Great Plains of North America.
Predator: An animal that hunts other animals and eats them.
Prey: An animal hunted by another animal for food.
Rainforest: A large forest that stays warm and wet year round with many different kinds of animals and plants. Also called a jungle.
Rosette: A mark in an animal's fur where a number of closely placed spots form an unbroken circle.
Retract (claw): The hiding of claws inside a paw.
Savannah: A large, flat plain with a lot of grass and scattered groups of trees, such as in East Central Africa.
Scavenge: To look for meat for food that was killed by a different animal.
Scientific name: The name given to a species by scientists when they classify it.
Siblings: All the offspring from one litter, or sometimes offspring with the same parents from two different litters.
Species: A group of animals that under normal conditions can have offspring together.
Steppes: A large, flat plain with a lot of grass and almost no trees.
Sterile: Not able to have children.
Subtropical: An area that never gets very cold in the winter, but which has different seasons.
Tropical: An area that never gets cold and does not have different seasons. Tropical areas are found close to the equator, and on a world map the area between the Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer is considered the tropics.
Wildlife refuge: Land that is used to protect of wild animals. Sometimes parts of a wildlife refuge are not kept in a natural state to give certain species of animals a little extra help. Planting rice in a water bird area is one example.
Zoo: A type of living museum where animals are kept for people to learn about them and have fun.
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i don't know
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Deriving from the Turkish for 'black ear' because of its distinctive black ears, what is the common name for the cat that is also known as the 'Persian or African Lynx'?
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1000+ images about African lynx on Pinterest | Persian, The persians and Kittens
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Caracal – Also known as the African Lynx, this beautiful cat with its unusual ear tufts is seen from time to time in many areas of the Serengeti (Ndutu, Seronera and Grumeti West) perhaps 1 to 2 times a year. The caracal is very shy and elusive and only a handful of our safari guests have ever managed to snap a decent shot before it disappears into thick cover. There was a great documentary filmed about the caracals of the Serengeti several years ago called chasing big cats that can be…
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Caracal
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Which Victorian painter, noted for his pictures of fairies and other supernatural creatures, murdered his father in 1843 and was committed to a lunatic asylum for the remaining 43 years of his life?
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Jagdtiere in Namibien
Jagdtiere in Namibien
Von Jadtieren kӧnnen wir Ihnen folgende anbieten:
Baboon
Baboon
BABOON Papio ursinius There are four subspecies of baboon. they occurr south of the Sahara from west Africa across to the Horn of Africa and down through east and southern Africa.
The four subspecies are:
P.c. anubis – Olive baboon from west and east Africa
P.c. cynocephalus – Yellow baboon of east Africa and theHorn
P.c. ursinus – Chacma baboon of southern Africa
P.c. papio – Guinea baboon of west Africa
Blesbok
The Blesbok or Blesbuck (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) is an antelope with a distinctive white face and forehead. Its white face is the origin of its name, because bles is the Afrikaans word for blaze. Although it is a close relative of the Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus dorcas) and can interbreed with it, creating an animal known as the Bontebles or Baster Blesbok, it does not have the same habitat. The Blesbok is indigenous to South Africa and is found in large numbers in all national parks with open grasslands, from the Transvaal Highveld, through the Free State veld, to as far south as the Eastern Cape. It is a plains species and dislikes wooded areas. It was first discovered in the 17th-century, in numbers so numerous that herds reached from horizon to horizon.
Caracal
The caracal (Caracal caracal) is a fiercely territorial medium-sized cat ranging over Western Asia and Africa. The word caracal comes from the Turkish word "karakulak", meaning "black ear". In North India and Pakistan, the caracal is locally known as syahgosh (स्याहगोष/سیاه گوش) or shyahgosh, which is a Persian term meaning black ears. Although it has traditionally had the alternative names Persian Lynx, Egyptian Lynx and African Lynx, it is no longer considered to be an actual lynx. Instead, it is now believed to be closely related to the African golden cat and the serval. The caracal is classified as a small cat, yet is amongst the heaviest of all small cats, as well as the quickest, being nearly as fast as the serval.
Cheetah
The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is a large-sized feline (family Felidae) inhabiting most of Africa and parts of Middle East. The cheetah is the only extant member of the genus Acinonyx, most notable for modifications in the species' paws. As such, it is the only felid with non-retractable claws and pads that, by their scope, disallow gripping (therefore cheetah cannot climb vertical trees, although they are generally capable of reaching easily accessible branches). The cheetah, however, achieves by far the fastest land speed of any living animal — between 112 and 120 km/h (70 and 75 mph) in short bursts covering distances up to 500 m (1,600 ft), and has the ability to accelerate from 0 to over 100 km/h (62 mph) in three seconds.
Leopard
Leopard (Panthera pardus) životinja je iz porodice mačaka. U povijesno vrijeme leopard je nastanjivao cijelu Afriku s obje strane Sahare, kao i velike dijelove Azije. U Africi živi kako u središnjim dijelovima u tropskim šumama, tako i u brdima,savanama i polupustinjama od Maroka pa sve do Rta Dobre nade na krajnjem jugu. Leopard izbjegava samo velika, vrlo suha područja, pa ih tako nema u Sahari niti u najsušim dijelovima Namiba.
Dik-dik
A dik-dik, pronounced "dĭk’ dĭk", is a small antelope of the Genus Madoqua that lives in the bushes of East Africa, Angola and Namibia. Dik-diks stand 30–40 cm (approx. 12–16 inches) at the shoulder, are 50–70 cm (approx. 20-28 inches) long, weigh 3–6 kg (approx. 7-16 pounds) and can live for up to 10 years. Dik-diks are named for the alarm calls of the females, which make a dik-dik, or zik-zik sound. In addition to the female's alarm call, both the male and female make a shrill whistling sound. These calls often alert a variety of other animals to any disturbance in the area. Consequently, hunters regard dik-diks as a nuisance and have killed great numbers in the past in order to prevent them from scaring away game animals.
Duiker
A duiker is any of about 19 small to medium-sized antelope species from the subfamily Cephalophinae native to Sub-Saharan Africa. Common Duiker. Duikers are shy and elusive creatures with a fondness for dense cover; most are forest dwellers and even the species living in more open areas are quick to disappear into thickets. Their name comes from the Afrikaans/Dutch word for diver and refers to their practice of diving into tangles of shrubbery.
With a slightly arched body and the front legs a little shorter than the hind legs, they are well-shaped to penetrate thickets. They are primarily browsers rather than grazers, eating leaves, shoots, seeds, fruit, buds and bark, and often follow flocks of birds or troops of monkeys to take advantage of the fruit they drop. They supplement their diet with meat: duikers take insects and carrion from time to time, and even stalk and capture rodents or small birds. The Blue Duiker has a fondness for ants.
Common Eland
The Common Eland (Taurotragus oryx) (Swahili: Mbunga), also known as the Southern Eland or Eland antelope, is a savannah and plains antelope found in East and Southern Africa. It is the largest antelope in the African continent. It is native to Botswana, Burundi, Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania,Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe; and is possibly extinct in Angola. The elands are spiral-horned antelopes belonging to the Bovid tribe of Tragelaphini. Females weigh 300–600 kg, measure 200–280 cm from the snout to the base of the tail and stand 125–153 cm at the shoulder. Bulls weigh 400–900 kg, are 240–345 cm from the snout to the base of the tail and stand 150–183 cm at the shoulder.
Gemsbok
The gemsbok or gemsbuck (Oryx gazella) is a large antelope in the Oryx genus. It is native to the arid regions (for example the Kalahari Desert) of southern Africa, but formerly some authorities included the East African Oryx as a subspecies. The name is derived from the Dutch name of the male chamois, gemsbok. Although there are some superficial similarities in appearance (especially in the colour of the face area), the chamois and the oryx are not closely related.
Hartebeest
The hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) is a grassland antelope found in West Africa, East Africa and Southern Africa. It is one of the three species classified in the genus Alcelaphus. Hartebeest stand almost 1.5 m (5 ft) at the shoulder and weigh anywhere from 120–200 kg (265–440 lb). Male hartebeest are a dark brown colour while females are yellow brown. Both sexes have horns which can reach lengths up to 70 cm (27 in). Hartebeest live in grassland and open forest where they eat grass. They are diurnal and spend the morning and late afternoon eating. Herds contain five to twenty individuals but can occasionally contain up to 350.
Impala
An impala (Aepyceros melampus Greek αιπος, aipos "high" κερος, ceros "horn" + melas "black" pous "foot") is a medium-sized African antelope. The name impala comes from the Zulu languagemeaning "gazelle". They are found in savannas and thick bushveld in Kenya, Tanzania, Swaziland, Mozambique, northern Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, southern Angola, northeastern South Africa and Uganda. Impalas can be found in numbers of up to 2 million in Africa.
Jackal
Side-striped jackal Canis adustus
Primarily resides in wooded areas, unlike other jackal species. It is the least aggressive of the jackals, rarely preying on large mammals.
Golden jackal Canis aureus
The heaviest of the jackals, and the only species to subsist outside of Africa. Although often grouped with the other jackals, genetic and morphological research indicates that the golden jackal is more closely related to the gray wolf and the coyote.
Black-backed jackal Canis mesomelas
The most lightly-built jackal, this is considered to be the oldest living member of the genus Canis. It is the most aggressive of the jackals, having been known to attack animal prey many times its own weight, and it has more quarrelsome intra-pack relationships.
Klipspringer
The Klipspringer, Oreotragus oreotragus, is a small species of African antelope.
Reaching approximately 58 cm (22 inches) at the shoulder, klipspringers are relatively small animals compared to some of their larger antelope cousins. They stand on the tips of their hooves and can fit all four hooves on a piece of cliff the size of a Canadian dollar coin. Male klipspringers have horns that are usually about 10–15 cm (4–6 inches) long. Female klipspringers in Eastern African populations also have horns.
With a thick and dense speckled "salt and pepper" patterned coat of an almost olive shade, klipspringers blend in well with the kopje (rock outcrops, pronounced "kah-pee") on which they can usually be found.
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i don't know
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The East River separates Long Island from which New York borough?
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Bronx, the
Encyclopedia > Places > United States, Canada, and Greenland > U.S. Political Geography
Bronx, the
Bronx, the, borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx co. (1990 pop. 1,203,789), land area 42 sq mi (106 sq km), SE N.Y. The name comes from Jonas Bronck, who purchased the land from Native Americans in 1639. New York City acquired the Bronx, which had been the lower portion of Westchester co., in two stages in 1874 and 1895. With the consolidation of New York City in 1898 it became a separate borough; the county was not organized until 1914. The only mainland borough of New York City, it comprises the southern part of a peninsula bordered on the W by the Hudson River, on the SW by the Harlem River (which separates it from Manhattan), on the S by the East River, and on the E by Long Island Sound. Among the many bridges linking the borough to Manhattan and Queens are the Henry Hudson, the Robert F. Kennedy (formerly Triborough), the Bronx-Whitestone, and the Throgs Neck. The borough is also connected to Manhattan by subway lines. With the extension of mass transit to the Bronx in the early 20th cent. the population of the sparsely settled area rapidly increased, becoming home to many immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. After World War II, African-American and Hispanic residents became the majority, and there are growing African and Caribbean communities. The declining local economy led to a deterioration of housing, and the term "South Bronx" became synonymous with urban blight. Attempts at renovation have been successful in many neighborhoods that had been abandoned for much of the 1970s and 1980s. Although the Bronx is no longer an extensive shipping, warehouse, and factory center, the Hunts Point Terminal Market is the major wholesale produce center for New York City. Large areas of the borough are set aside for parks, notably Bronx Park, with the New York Zoological Park (Bronx Zoo) and the New York Botanical Garden; Van Cortlandt Park, and Pelham Bay Park, with Orchard Beach on Long Island Sound. Among the institutions of higher learning in the Bronx are Fordham Univ., Manhattan College, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva Univ., the New York State Maritime College, and Herbert H. Lehman College of the City Univ. of New York. Other points of interest are Yankee Stadium (1923) and the Edgar Allan Poe cottage (1812).
See L. Ultan, The Beautiful Bronx (1982); L. Ultan and G. Hermalyn, The Bronx in the Innocent Years (1985); E. Gonzalez et al., Building a Borough (1986).
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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Manhattan
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Which ecumenical Christian community was founded by the Scottish clergyman Reverend George MacLeod in 1938?
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Long Island City Piers, East River, New York City Collage Video - YouTube
Long Island City Piers, East River, New York City Collage Video
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Published on Dec 31, 2014
Powered by http://www.tanmarket.com - Long Island City (L.I.C.) is the westernmost residential and commercial neighborhood of the New York City borough of Queens. L.I.C. is noted for its rapid and ongoing gentrification, its waterfront parks, and its thriving arts community. L.I.C. has among the highest concentration of art galleries, art institutions, and studio space of any neighborhood in New York City. The neighborhood is bounded on the north by the Queens neighborhood of Astoria; on the west by the East River; on the east by Hazen Street, 31st Street, and New Calvary Cemetery; and on the south by Newtown Creek, which separates Queens from Greenpoint, Brooklyn. It originally was the seat of government of Newtown Township, and remains the largest neighborhood in Queens. The area is part of Queens Community Board 1 north of the Queensboro (59th Street) Bridge and Queens Community Board 2 south of the Bridge.
Long Island City is the eastern terminus of the Queensboro Bridge, also known as the 59th Street Bridge, which is the only non-toll automotive route connecting Queens and Manhattan. Northwest of the bridge terminus are the Queensbridge Houses, a development of the New York City Housing Authority and the largest public housing complex in North America
Source: wikipedia.org
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i don't know
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To what did the Gilbert Islands change its name after gaining independence from Britain in 1979?
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Pacific Island Books : Kiribati (Gilbert Islands)
Pacific Island Books
Kiribati (Gilbert Islands)
Kiribati
Akekeia! Traditional Dance in Kiribati by Tony & Joan Whincup. ISBN 0646415549. Published by Tobaraoi Travel. Recommended retail price $74.99.
Dance is the expression of joy and sorrow, maybe love, friendship being expressed through the dance in the highest way – so dancing in Kiribati is one of the highest forms of expression. It’s a way of bringing the community together, participating in certain celebrations, that’s why you develop this sense of unity in the community through dance, also beginning to appreciate your own culture. It gives joy to the people, they cannot celebrate without dance. Also the preparation of dance takes a long time, so in doing that they really develop their sense of unity towards the community – it’s a way of educating our young people, participating in their culture especially in dances – so dance is the center of our life really…this is the way our highest point of expression, our emotions and feelings about life and relationship between one another and also the relationship with the invisible world, the spirit are all in the dance; so it’s a big wealth for us and a very rich expression of our life through the dances. Hard cover, 168 pages. Published in 2001.
Ana Otabwanin Kiritimati: The Environment of Christmas Island by Roger Perry and Martin Garnett. Recommended retail price $12.
Originally published as The Natural History of Birdlife of Christmas Island, this book was written thanks to a grant from the Overseas Development Administration (British Development Division, Fiji). It includes diagrams and photos of the many different bird populations residing and visiting Christmas Island as well as some information and drawings on the plants, land crabs and lizards. Soft cover, 36 pages. Published in 1998.
Book of Banaba, The by H. C and H. E Maude. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies. ISBN 06420128X. Recommended retail price $15.
When the Banabans had to leave their ancestral homeland as a result of the devastation caused by the phosphate mining industry they settled on the island of Rabi in Fiji.
Unfortunately the traumatic upheavals which the community has been through since the beginning of the century, and particularly since the Japanese occupation, have resulted in an understandable loss of confidence and a questioning of their identity and future. The Rabi born, in particular, have little conception of their rich historical heritage and former culture.
This book, therefore, has been prepared to provide the present and future generations of Rabi islanders with all that thas been recorded of their former way of life on Banaba from the time their forebears first settled it over a thousand years ago and created a prosperous, self-supporting and happy society numbering several thousand.
The work will be of interest as well to a wider readership since it is the first to detail the settlement of an isolated Pacific Island, the development on it over the centuries of a community superbly integrated into its unique environment, and its final reluctant abandonment owing to external pressures beyond their control. Soft cover, 124 pages. Published in 1994.
Borau Ni Kiribati, Te (text of Kiribati) by Etekia Ainati and Abera Timea. ISBN 9820201306. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies . Recommended retail price $12.
Kaain Kiribati bon taani borau mangkoa aika a konabwai. N te boki ae kakaawaki aei, e kaokira rikaki Etekia Ainati bwa ti na nori bonganan manin ao bwain abara, marawa ao karawa. E teretere man te boki bwa ngaia bon taian “tirotaam” taabo aikai. A kona n noraki ao ni warekaki iai kanikina ake a kaoti kanoan bong aika a na roko bwa te buaka ke te raoi ao a bati riki. Aikai rabakau aika a bongana irouia aomata nako, riki taan borau ao taan akawa. Soft cover, 61 pages. Published in 1997.
Kiribati by Tony Whincup. Published by Tobaraoi Travel. Recommended retail price $22.50.
This is a collection of photographs depicting everyday life in Kiribati.
Tony Whincup was born and educated in Britain. He has worked extensively as an educator and photographer in Britain, Uganda and Kiribati. Whincup has an arts training in painting and photography, a degree in education, a masters degree in anthropology and is currently a Fellow of the New Zealand Institute of Professional Photographers and Senior Lecturer at Massey University
His work is in both private and public collections and numerous publications including; Nareau’s Nation – a portrait of the Gilbert Islands, Te Katake – a joint publication with his wife Joan on the ancient singing styles of Kiribati, Pacific Way, Kiribati Politics, Aspects of Kiribati Hostory, The Gilbertese Maneaba, Year in the Life of New Zealand and Wellington Album.
The collection of photographs in this book he feels, captures some of the timeless and peaceful qualities of Kiribati. Hard cover, 59 pages. Published in 1999.
Kiribati: A Changing Atoll Culture by Batiri T. Bataua et al. Recommended retail price $15.
The small nations of the Pacific demand special attention owing to their vulnerability in numbers and resources. Now a group of I-Kiribati write about the changes taking place in their atoll culture. the clash of tradition and modernization is explored by men and women who experience daily the indecisions of the present. Their personal statements about the future of Kiribati which now stands at the crossroads are compelling and will no doubt provoke controversy both within Kiribati and in other small Pacific nations facing similar questions of cultural identity. Soft cover, 205 pages.
Kiribati: Aspects of History by sister Alaima Talu and others. ISBN 9820200512. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies. Recommended retail price $15.
This book was written by a team of Gilbertese men and women on the occasion of that country's independence. It does not aim to be an exhaustive academic history, but rather to see from a Gilbertese perspective what has so far been available only through the eyes of others. This is an important breakthrough for the Gilberts and the Pacific. Kiribati became an independent sovereign nation on 12 July, 1979 incorporating within its boundaries the former Gilbert Islands, the Line Islands and the Phoenix Islands. Kiribati has been used in the title of this book. However, because the text was prepared for printing before the decision to change the name was made, the old name of Gilbert Islands has been used in the English text to refer to the country as a whole. Soft cover, 146 pages. Published in 1984.
Management of Marine Resources in Kiribati by Roniti Teiwaki. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies . Recommended retail price $14.
The Law of the Sea Convention made Kiribati a major actor in international ocean affairs. Kiribati, a late starter in the field of marine management, benefited from others� mistakes. The question of marine resources has been significant to Kiribati for generations. Prior to the coming of external forces the people of Kiribati (I-Kiribati) had their unique system of traditional sea tenure, which allowed them to live more or less in harmony with their atoll environment. British colonialism recognized the vital importance of the sea in the subsistence economy of the local people and for over half a century, during their administration of the islands, the British government deliberately avoided upsetting the status quo. However, the need for overseas earnings have changed the once subsistence exploitation of the fisheries into exploitative international harvesting .
After independence in 1979, the Kiribati government continued the exploration and development of marine resources as an integral part of its overall economic program, and is being assisted in the process by foreign aid, principally by Britain and Japan. Soft cover, 239 pages.
Material Culture of Kiribati by Gerd Koch. Recommended retail price $16.
This work was originally published in German as "Materielle Kultur der Gilbert Inseln" - "Material Culture of the Gilbert Islands," as the islands were at that time, part of the then Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony. In 1979 the group achieved its independence, becoming a Republic within the British Commonwealth and taking the name 'Kiribati'. As the book deals with the culture of the people who have inhabited the islands for a considerable period of time, Professor Koch felt it would be sensible to refer to the islands and the people by their present names rather than their former ones. Throughout, therefore, references in the original to the "Gilbert Islands" and "Gilbertese" have been translated as "Kiribati" and the "I Kiribati."
Topics covered include: Food supply and preparation, hygiene, clothing, ornaments, cords, houses, furniture, rafts, canoes, games, weapons in their historical, cultural context. Soft cover, 272 pp.
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Kiribati
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Jeff Bridges won this years 'Oscar' for Best Actor for his role as 'Otis Blake', in which film?
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Pacific Islands | region, Pacific Ocean | Britannica.com
Pacific Islands
Polynesian culture
Pacific Islands, island geographic region of the Pacific Ocean . It comprises three ethnogeographic groupings— Melanesia , Micronesia , and Polynesia —but conventionally excludes the neighbouring island continent of Australia , the Asia-related Indonesian , Philippine , and Japanese archipelagoes, and the Ryukyu , Bonin , Volcano , and Kuril island arcs that project seaward from Japan . Neither does the term include the Aleutian chain or such isolated islands of the Pacific Ocean as the Juan Fernández group off the coast of South America. The more inclusive term Oceania , in its broadest definition, encompasses all the foregoing; however, the term is used less strictly in this article to refer to the Pacific Islands as defined above. The Pacific Island region covers more than 300,000 square miles (800,000 square km) of land—of which New Zealand and the island of New Guinea make up approximately nine-tenths—and millions of square miles of ocean. It is a mixture of independent states, associated states, integral parts of non-Pacific Island countries, and dependent states.
Map of the Pacific Islands.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Houses on stilts, Port Moresby, P.N.G.
Geogphotos/Alamy
The great arc of islands located north and east of Australia and south of the Equator is called Melanesia (from the Greek words melas, “black,” and nēsos, “island”) for the predominantly dark-skinned peoples of New Guinea island, the Bismarck Archipelago , Solomon Islands , Vanuatu (the New Hebrides), New Caledonia , and Fiji .
Culture areas of the Pacific Islands.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
North of the Equator and east of the Philippines are the islands of Micronesia, which form an arc that ranges from Palau , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands in the west eastward through the Federated States of Micronesia (the Caroline Islands), Nauru , and the Marshall Islands to Kiribati .
In the eastern Pacific, largely enclosed within a huge triangle formed by the Hawaiian Islands to the north, New Zealand to the southwest, and Easter Island (Rapa Nui) far to the east, are the many (“poly”) islands of Polynesia. Other components of this widely scattered collection, again generally from west to east, are Tuvalu , Wallis and Futuna , Tokelau , Samoa (the former Western Samoa), American Samoa , Tonga , Niue , the Cook Islands , and French Polynesia (including the Society , Tuamotu , and Marquesas islands).
Similar Topics
Galapagos Islands
The main Pacific Islands span the Equator obliquely from northwest to southeast and can be divided into two major physiographic regions by island type: continental and oceanic. Deep ocean trenches form the Andesite Line along the eastern borders of Japan, the Marianas , New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Fiji, and New Zealand. The line separates the basaltic volcanic islands of the central and eastern Pacific from the islands of the broad western Pacific margin, which are formed mainly of metamorphosed rocks, sediment, and andesitic volcanic material.
The continental islands , lying southwestward of the Andesite Line, are faulted and folded in mountainous arcs, tend to be higher and larger than those farther east, and have rich soils that support almost every kind of vegetation. Continental islands are generally larger (most notably, the Marianas, New Guinea, the Bismarcks, the Solomons, Vanuatu, Fiji, New Caledonia, and the North and South islands of New Zealand) and have richer mineral-bearing soils than their oceanic counterparts.
The parent lava material of the oceanic type of island is basalt. Oceanic islands are differentiated as high volcanic-based islands, such as Hawaii, or low coral islands and atolls , such as the Marshalls. Most Pacific islands are coral formations, although all of these rest on volcanic or other cores. In the shallow waters of the tropics, both continental and oceanic islands attract coral growth in the form of fringing reefs, partially submerged platforms of consolidated limestone , with coral organisms at the ocean edge feeding on materials carried in by waves and currents. Many islands have been gradually submerged through a combination of sinking, caused by geologic action, and flooding, caused by the melting of ice caps. As islands were flooded, coral growth continued outward, producing barrier reefs farther from the shorelines and separated from them by lagoons.
Volcanic peaks of Bora-Bora, a high volcanic island surrounded by a lagoon, Society Islands, French …
© Nicholas DeVore III/Bruce Coleman Inc.
A computer visualization of the process by which volcanic island chains are formed. Great plumes of …
Displayed by permission of The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
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A coral atoll results when still further flooding reduces an island to a submarine condition. The usually irregular reef continues to build up in the warm shallows. It encircles a clear-surfaced lagoon of moderate depth and in time supports a number of islets built up from reef debris to 20–30 feet (6–9 metres ) above sea level . Rain catchments are usually the only source of fresh water on atolls .
Islet of Bairiki, Tarawa atoll, Kiribati.
Richard Vogel/AP
History Randomizer
The successive geologic lifting of some islands above sea level has created a variety of “raised” coral formations. The northern half of Guam, for example, is a coralline limestone plateau with a general elevation of about 500 feet (150 metres), while the mountains in the southern half of the island, formed by volcanic activity, reach a maximum elevation of over 1,300 feet (400 metres). Nauru and Banaba (in Kiribati) are raised coral islands that stand at elevations of about 210 and 285 feet (65 and 90 metres), respectively. They have deeper soil and a more adequate water supply than atoll islets, as well as surface deposits of phosphate rock (derived from guano ) that have been mined commercially.
The climate of the Pacific Islands is generally tropical (except in New Zealand, which has a temperate climate), with temperatures , humidity , and rainfall relatively uniform throughout the year. Temperature varies from averages in the low 80s F (about 28 °C) on both Nauru and Kiribati to an average in the low 60s F (about 15 °C) on Norfolk Island, one of the southernmost Pacific Islands. Most vegetation is derived from Indonesia and New Guinea, and its generic variety declines eastward across the Pacific. Local environmental differences and relative isolation have resulted in the evolution of numerous new endemic species. The introduction of new species from throughout the world has also markedly altered island flora. Only a small proportion of the total land area is arable and, outside New Zealand and Papua New Guinea, is devoted mostly to the cultivation of coconut and cassava. Most of the larger islands also support some livestock. As much as two-thirds of the Pacific Islands’ total land area is forested. Most of the islands are poor in mineral resources.
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The population is concentrated in Papua New Guinea, New Zealand (which has a majority of people of European descent), Hawaii, Fiji, and Solomon Islands. Most Pacific Islands are densely populated, and habitation tends to be concentrated along the coasts.
Traditionally dressed dancers in Honiara, Sol.Is.
Tim Page/Corbis
Melanesians make up more than three-fourths of the total indigenous population of the Pacific Islands. Polynesians account for more than one-sixth of the total, and Micronesians constitute about one-twentieth. People of European origin account for as much as one-third of the Pacific Islands’ population if New Zealand is included in the total and less than one-tenth if it is not; outside New Zealand the largest concentration of people of European origin is in Hawaii.
Several hundred distinct languages are spoken in the Pacific Islands; these are mostly Austronesian in origin. Most islanders have some familiarity with English or French; one or the other of these is the official language of virtually all Pacific Islands. Christianity has largely supplanted traditional beliefs and practices, although in some areas, such as Papua New Guinea, Christian faith is often combined with traditional practices.
In general the Pacific Islands have developing economies in which both public and private sectors participate. The gross national product (GNP) per capita varies widely. Agriculture , fishing, and services are generally the largest economic sectors, and mining is important on a few of the islands. Subsistence farming predominates on the smaller islands. Almost all the islands grow coconuts, which, with copra, are a major export. Pasture is available only on the larger islands; pigs, cattle , and chickens are raised commercially there, and sufficient milk and meat are produced to satisfy domestic needs. Villagers on some smaller islands and New Guinea rear pigs and goats for local use. Subsistence fishing is important everywhere except Hawaii and New Zealand and provides a major source of protein in local diets. There is also commercial fishing , notably in Solomon Islands, Kiribati, and Fiji, which account for much of the regional catch.
Islanders fishing in shallow waters off Ifalik Island, Yap state, Micron.
Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis
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Commercially exploitable forests in Fiji, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Samoa, and Vanuatu produce timber, sawn wood, and wood products for domestic consumption and export. The other islands generally must import quality lumber. Mineral production is limited to a few of the continental islands, such as New Caledonia, New Guinea, and New Zealand.
The manufacturing sector, except in Hawaii and New Zealand, is mostly undeveloped and limited to processing fish and agricultural products and producing handicrafts. Other islands with significant manufacturing besides Hawaii and New Zealand include Guam, Fiji, the Northern Marianas, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomons. Regional electricity is generated largely from imported fuels.
Most Pacific Islands’ annual imports (excluding those of New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Hawaii) far exceed exports. Tourism and remittances from expatriates only partially offset the trade deficits. Frozen or canned fish, minerals , copra , cocoa , coffee , tea , and spices are among the leading exports, mainly to Japan, France , the United States, and Australia. Machinery and transport equipment, mineral fuels, food, and manufactured goods are among the chief imports and come mainly from Australia, France, Japan, and the United States . Only a small proportion of the Pacific Islands’ external trade is intraregional.
Tourism is very important to the Pacific Ocean islands. Attractions include fine beaches, good fishing and boating, and local customs and crafts. French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, Fiji, and New Zealand have the most developed tourist sectors, but many of the other islands place a priority on developing facilities. Most Pacific Islands that are overseas territories of other countries receive budgetary and development aid, mainly from the continental governing countries, while the smaller independent island states receive aid particularly from Australia and New Zealand, as well as from Japan, the United Kingdom , and the United States. Air transport and interisland shipping are the principal means of transport. Many of the island groups have international airports. Extensive road networks are limited to the larger islands.
Offshore hut, Bora-Bora, French Polynesia.
© Digital Vision/Getty Images
The remainder of this article covers the history of the region. For more detailed discussion of the land and people of individual island groups and states, see the articles American Samoa , Caroline Islands , Cook Islands , Fiji , French Polynesia , Guam , Kiribati , Line Islands , Mariana Islands , Marshall Islands , Federated States of Micronesia , Midway Islands , Nauru , New Caledonia , Niue , Northern Mariana Islands , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Pitcairn Island , Samoa , Solomon Islands , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Vanuatu , Wake Island , and Wallis and Futuna . For discussion of the arts and cultures of the region, see the articles Oceanic art and architecture , Oceanic music and dance , Oceanic literature , Melanesian culture , Micronesian culture , and Polynesian culture . Area (excluding Indonesian New Guinea and the Hawaiian Islands but including Papua New Guinea) 317,739 square miles (833,926 square km). Pop. (2007 est.; excluding Indonesian New Guinea and the Hawaiian Islands but including Papua New Guinea) 13,518,070.
Early period
The prehistory of the Pacific Islands, the period before written records begin, extends back at least 33,000 years, according to archaeological remains in the Bismarck Archipelago , and migration to the region may have begun more than 40,000 years ago. Settlers had reached every habitable island by the 2nd millennium ce. Since the arrival of Europeans in the early 16th century, the cultures , populations, and economies of the Pacific Islands have been transformed to varying extents, at first by contact with passing explorers and then, from the late 18th century, by the influence of more permanent visitors such as castaways, beachcombers, missionaries, and traders. During the 19th and 20th centuries, settlers flowed in, labourers immigrated or were brought in from other countries (predominantly India and China), and European administrators arrived. Missionaries and immigrants still make up significant segments of the population on the islands today, although European governments, with the exception of that of France, have entirely withdrawn from the region.
Historical documents for the region are chiefly of European origin and are therefore the products of people who may not accurately have depicted cultures different from their own—cultures they perceived and understood only imperfectly. This distortion can be corrected to some extent by using the findings of social anthropology and the oral traditions of the Pacific Island people, but these sources may describe the past inaccurately because they serve contemporary purposes; they do not record the past for its own sake. But the main historiographic challenge provided by the region is its diversity . Some 10,000 islands scattered across a wide expanse of ocean, a variety of cultures, hundreds of mutually unintelligible languages, and diverse historical experiences make generalizations difficult. (The arts of the region are treated in separate articles; see Oceanic art and architecture ; Oceanic music and dance ; and Oceanic literature .)
The influence of physical geography
Because of the distances involved, contact between islands has never been easy. In addition, the islands’ physical environments are isolated and varied. The large continental islands of Melanesia have widely varied landscapes, climates, and soil types; moreover, their rugged terrain has facilitated social isolation. The smaller volcanic high islands have greater homogeneity and easily support life well above the subsistence level.
The physical environment did not determine the kinds of society that developed, but it did limit them. The large islands of Melanesia set the stage for profound cultural differences between people of the coast and those of the interior, particularly those in the more isolated valleys. Thus, Melanesia became characterized by many small groups of people, divided from each other by language and custom. There was little political and social organization, because most families and communities expended their energies on gathering food and other basic necessities. The high volcanic islands of Polynesia offered no such barriers to social and political unity. Their fertility allowed elaborate social, religious, and political rituals to develop. These geographic and cultural contrasts between the Pacific Islands, which were obvious to early European visitors, concealed a similarity: the societies all rested on the principle of reciprocity . Whether the society was small, with leadership a matter of acquiring influence rather than hereditary position, or larger, with chiefs who were looked on with awe and treated with reverence, every gift or service had to be reciprocated .
Origins of Oceanian peoples
Jules-Sébastien-César Dumont d’Urville , an early 19th-century French navigator and explorer, classified the islanders as Melanesian, Micronesian, and Polynesian. The apparent differences between the islanders were regarded as evidence of separate waves of ethnically different people out of Southeast Asia . (A discredited variant theory traced the Polynesians to South America). More recent research suggests that the differences arose within the islands themselves, through the intermixture of an original settlement of non-Austronesian-language speakers (see Papuan languages ) from Southeast Asia with a later wave of Austronesian speakers (see Austronesian languages ). The earlier wave of settlement occurred in Melanesia at least 33,000 years ago and probably, since New Guinea and Australia were then linked by land, at dates contemporaneous with Australian dates of settlement, extending back some 40,000 years or more. Secure dates in the interior of New Guinea approach 30,000 years ago. However, more sites must be uncovered to increase the level of certainty. Linguists have used a chronology of sound changes to trace the time and place of dispersion of language groups, but a considerable number of the languages of Oceania are as yet unstudied and unclassified. Geneticists have conducted studies in order to establish connections between contemporary human groups, thereby revealing past migrations, but systematic sampling has not yet been carried out.
The later Austronesian speakers, members of the prehistoric Lapita culture , which produced the well-known pottery known as Lapita ware, established themselves in the Bismarck Archipelago about 4,000 years ago. They then spread to Fiji , Tonga , and Samoa, which have been regarded as the Polynesian homeland. Newer evidence, however, has led to disagreement among prehistorians about the Lapita cultural complex: it may have arrived in Fiji with a later wave of seafaring immigrants. There is also disagreement about the speed with which the Lapita culture , distinctively linked with the Polynesians, moved from Southeast Asia through Melanesia into Fiji and thence to eastern Polynesia. The Marianas were probably settled about 1500 bce. It is possible that the Marquesas were settled as early as the 2nd century bce, rather than 300 ce, a date at which settlements may have occurred in Hawaii. The Society Islands were occupied by at least the 9th century ce.
Lapita pottery, reconstructed two-dimensional anthropomorphic design, c. 1000 bc.
Courtesy of R.C. Green
At the time of European contact, Oceanian societies had developed a technology based on stone, bone, and shell objects, and they cultivated tubers and tree fruits, most of which were of Southeast Asian origin. Genetic research has shown that some of the cultigens were native to wider areas, including New Guinea . The most notable exception was the sweet potato , which had spread from South America through most of Polynesia in pre-European times but only marginally into Melanesia. There were three main groups of domesticated animals: pigs, dogs , and chickens. The coastal people had developed fishing techniques and considerable skills as sailors. Navigation between the closer islands was well developed, and regular trade may have occurred between several islands. Some skills were lost; pottery , for example, disappeared in Samoa and the Marquesas shortly after initial settlement.
European exploration
The 16th and 17th centuries
The world of the Pacific Islands was not a static one, but changes were slow compared with those that attended European contact. Vasco Núñez de Balboa was the first European to sight the Pacific, in 1513; seven years later Ferdinand Magellan rounded South America and sailed across the ocean, missing the main island groups but probably encountering Pukapuka Atoll , in the Tuamotu Archipelago , and Guam . After his death in the Philippines, his expedition encountered some of the Carolines . These northern islands were further explored by the Spaniards as they established a galley trade between Manila , in the Philippines , and Acapulco , in western Mexico . The next major Spanish explorations were made by Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira and Pedro Fernández de Quirós . In 1567 the former set out from Peru to discover the great southern continent that was believed to exist in the South Pacific. He reached the Solomons but failed to find them again on his second journey, during which he died. In 1606 his chief pilot, Quirós, after finding part of the Tuamotu Archipelago, reached the northern Cook Islands , Tikopia (a small Solomon Islands atoll), and the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu ). One of his companions, Luis Váez de Torres , charted southeastern New Guinea and then the strait (later named for him) between that island and Australia, although the discovery was unknown to later sailors. These Spanish expeditions were motivated by the search for riches, by zeal to extend Christianity , and, in the case of Quirós, by an interest in exploration for its own sake. But with the voyage of Torres, the Spanish effort was ended.
Thereafter, the Dutch , who were already established in Indonesia , entered the Pacific. They too looked for a southern continent. In 1615–16 the Dutch navigator Jakob Le Maire traveled from the east through the Tuamotus to Tonga and New Ireland and New Hanover in the Bismarck Archipelago. In 1642 Abel Janszoon Tasman , sailing from Batavia (now Jakarta ), the Dutch headquarters in the East Indies , saw New Zealand , Tasmania , Tonga, some of the Fiji Islands, and New Britain . The Dutch were primarily interested in commerce; they found none. Tasman thought that New Zealand was part of the great southern continent.
The effect of these visitors on Oceania was transitory. The Europeans stayed for periods of at most a few months. Their contacts with the islanders were based on simple barter, but the demands they made on food supplies often caused hostilities in which some European and many islanders’ lives were lost, as on Guadalcanal , in Solomon Islands, and in the Marquesas during Mendaña’s visits.
The 18th century
During the early 18th century, the extent of Oceania was further revealed. The English buccaneer William Dampier visited New Hanover, New Britain, and New Ireland in command of a Royal Navy ship. Dampier’s journey was a forerunner of the voyages of scientific exploration that followed, and he proved that those islands were separated from each other and from Australia. In 1722 the Dutch admiral Jacob Roggeveen crossed the Pacific from east to west on a voyage of exploration that also had commercial objectives. He reached Easter Island , more of the Tuamotu Archipelago, the northern islands of the Society group, and some of the Samoan islands.
William Dampier.
Courtesy of the American Geographical Society
These voyages were not essentially different from earlier ones, but they too foreshadowed the scientific interest of the later 18th century. Further study was delayed by European wars. But in 1765 the English admiral John Byron (grandfather of poet Lord George Gordon Byron ), who was sent by the British Admiralty in search of the supposed southern continent, visited more of the Tuamotus and the southern Gilberts . In 1767 Samuel Wallis and Philip Carteret followed, but their ships were separated as they entered the Pacific. Wallis reached Tahiti, more of the Tuamotus, and the Society Islands, while Carteret found Pitcairn Island and revisited the Solomons that Mendaña had visited, although he did not so identify them. This was left to the French following Louis-Antoine de Bougainville ’s visit in 1768, during which he also charted some of the New Hebrides and Rossel Island , in the Louisiade Archipelago .
Dampier’s A New Voyage Round the World and Bougainville’s description of the “noble savage” in Tahiti were particularly influential in Europe. The interest their journeys created was in part responsible for the instructions given to the greatest of all 18th-century explorers of Oceania, James Cook . After three voyages he left others little to do but fill in occasional details of Oceania. Cook was sent (1768–71) to observe the transit of the planet Venus at Tahiti in 1769 and then to search for the great southern continent. He reached some of the Society Islands, but he also circumnavigated New Zealand, and he defined the limits of eastern Australia. During his second voyage (1772–75), he proved that there was no southern continent, but he also charted further lands in Oceania: in the Tuamotus, the Cooks, the Marquesas, Fiji, Niue , Tonga, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Norfolk Island . During his third voyage (1776–79), which was mainly concerned with the North Pacific, he located some of the Tongan group, Christmas Island ( Kiritimati Atoll ), and the Sandwich Islands ( Hawaii ), where he was killed in 1779. He had completed the main work of exploration with an exactitude previously unknown. Although his contacts with islanders were not essentially different from those of his predecessors, his relations with them were nevertheless more prolonged and more humane. His exploration of eastern Australia, through the account of his naturalist, Joseph Banks , was of great importance in Oceania because it led to the founding of towns on the Australian coast, relatively close to the islands.
Early European settlement
Itinerants
Oceania became a supply source in 1788 for the settlement of Australia. Pigs from Tahiti were landed at Sydney in 1793, and until 1826 the trade remained important, although it was subject to price fluctuations. The competition among Europeans for sandalwood, pearl shell, and bêche-de-mer (sea cucumber)—valuable cargoes that attracted ships from the Australian colony—further involved Oceania with the European world. Sandalwood was found in Fiji in 1804, and for the next decade it attracted European traders. The sealing industry drew seal hunters to New Zealand, and in the 1790s fur traders wintered in Hawaii. All of these sustained and prolonged contacts began to affect the island societies. In addition, there were increasing numbers of European castaways and beachcombers, who had begun to live in the islands from the days of first European contact, because of the expansion of commercial shipping in the region. Castaways, such as HMS Bounty mutineers who went to Tahiti in 1789, began to alter the political climate by using their muskets to support the chiefs who befriended them.
Missionary activity
Christian missionaries traveled to Oceania with the deliberate intention of changing its societies. In 1797 the London Missionary Society (LMS) sent a party to Tahiti. After some vicissitudes the missionaries converted a prominent chief, Pomare II , who controlled the area of Matavai Bay, where European ships had called since Wallis’s landing. The LMS failed in its first attempts in Tonga and the Marquesas, although it was more successful in Huahine (in the Society Islands), the Tuamotus, the Cook Islands, and, later, Samoa. English and American missionaries then tried to win over additional Polynesian chiefs so that the masses would follow. Indigenous converts were sent to other islands to spread the word. In 1823 John Williams of the LMS took Polynesian missionaries to Rarotonga and other islands, and he took Christianity to Samoa in 1830. The Methodists began arriving in Tonga in 1822 and Fiji in 1835. Roman Catholic missionaries began working in New Caledonia in the 1840s, and, at about the same time, the Church of England began to penetrate into Oceania from New Zealand. Meanwhile, Polynesian societies were facing varying degrees of lawlessness and disorder at the hands of European beachcombers and traders. British missionaries responded to the situation by creating missionary kingdoms, whereas the French established direct political control.
In Tahiti, Hawaii, and Tonga, native chiefs became powerful kings by gaining access to European arms and support, consolidating power, and accepting missionary advisers and missionary-designed codes of law. In 1819 Pomare II of Tahiti promulgated such a code. In Tonga, Taufaʿahau took the name George in 1833, and in 1845, when he took the Tongan title Tuʿi Kanokupolu, he became king of Tonga; during his reign Tonga became unified and adopted a constitution (1875). The missionary kingdoms addressed problems of European lawlessness in the islands by attempting to enforce a scriptural code of law. Although missionaries could not prevent the sale of arms, they could at least ensure that these passed into the hands of friendly chiefs. However, the authority of the “kings” was challenged from two sides. Many opposed them because they believed that, by becoming Christian, they had cut themselves off from the mana (a Polynesian and Melanesian religious concept sometimes described as an all-pervasive energy) that came from the old gods. In Tahiti in 1830 there was a revolt against the new Christian order by supporters of the old ways; in 1831 there was a similar reaction in Tonga. In Samoa, where the holder of the chiefly title Malietoa had embraced Christianity from Tahitian missionaries, heretical movements arose. Traditional beliefs thus resisted the chiefs and their missionary supporters. At the same time, European traders also resisted the political authority of the kings. Dissidents and heretics looked to these Europeans for leadership, and they turned to their own national governments for protection. The French took control of the Society Islands and nearby archipelagoes beginning in 1842. They also established missionary control of Wallis and Futuna.
In Melanesia events transpired differently. In Fiji the missionaries who landed in 1835, accompanied by an envoy from George of Tonga, made no headway with the rising chief Cakobau , who was not converted until 1854, when his fortunes were at a low ebb and he needed Tongan support. Elsewhere in Melanesia, the absence of chiefs meant that missionary work had to be conducted with small groups of people and repeated every few miles. There was no wholesale conversion of the kind that had happened in Polynesia. The LMS failed to win over the New Hebrides (Vanuatu) in the 1840s, and the Anglican Melanesian mission in the Solomons made slow progress in the 1850s. Mission work in New Guinea was divided into four spheres of influence in Papua but did not begin systematically until the 1870s. Micronesia was considered a backwater. The Spaniards had established missionaries in the Marianas in 1668, but the missionaries in the Carolines were killed in 1733. The main effort came from the Hawaiian Evangelical Mission in the 1850s, which dissolved the old ties of society by attacking the supernatural sanctions that supported leadership and social mores. Missionaries thus altered political structures, introduced both European goods and the desire for them, and acted as intermediaries between Pacific Island societies and other Europeans—as political advisers, as agents, and as interpreters.
Growth of trading communities
Beachcombers and castaways preceded missionaries in many of the islands, but trading communities grew partly because of the missionaries’ work in restraining native violence. Those individuals were initially pork traders in Tahiti, but European captains followed valuable cargoes from island to island. When the supply of sandalwood was depleted in Fiji by 1813, the traders then found it in Hawaii in the 1820s, in the New Hebrides in 1825, and in New Caledonia in 1840. Pearl shell attracted traders to the Tuamotus in 1807, and the sandalwood trade declined as supplies were exhausted. However, Europeans in both trades were harsh and sometimes committed atrocities, and pearling declined as islanders began to take reprisals. The needs of the Oceanians also changed the character of trade. Once native polities had been established, the demand for muskets fell off; under missionary influence the demand for alcohol was limited. Islanders increasingly desired clothing and hardware. Exchange trading encouraged the establishment of resident agents in the islands, who met the needs of the whalers who went ashore to refit their vessels. After 1840, exchange trading also met the needs of the staple trade of the islands—coconut oil, derived from copra and used for soap and candles. Copra trading became the mainstay of European trade because even islands that had no other resources had coconut palms.
Such commerce promoted the growth of the port towns and of resident trading communities. Papeete in Tahiti, Apia in Samoa, and Levuka in Fiji became centres for Europeans, including respectable traders as well as lawless people who might be escaped convicts from New South Wales (Australia) or others seeking to free themselves from the rules of European societies. Native kings and visiting European captains had difficulty establishing order in these types of frontier towns.
Plantation societies
Problems became more serious after permanent European settlers arrived. In Fiji, for example, following Cakobau’s first offer to cede the islands to Great Britain in 1858, Europeans began to establish plantations of coconuts and then, during the American Civil War , of cotton and afterward of sugarcane. Developments in Samoa were similar. But planters needed land on a much larger scale than did traders, and they needed labour in much greater quantities to work the plantations. Land sales caused friction because “ownership” was not an Oceanian concept, and land titles were thus disputed or resented. Labour recruiting often caused the breakup of traditional societies if too many males left their communities and the creation of immigrant labour communities if they did not. By 1870 there were 2,000 such permanent European residents in Fiji.
The settlers desired political and economic stability, including secure land titles and a large labour supply, but the missionary kingdoms and independent native governments failed to satisfy their requirements. In Tahiti, Tonga, Samoa, and Fiji no native authority was able to keep order in the novel circumstances created by European enterprise; in any case, the native kings were themselves open to challenge within their own societies. Pomare II encountered revolt in Tahiti; Samoan politics were always a matter of rivalry between chiefs; and Cakobau’s government was threatened by the Tongan chief Maʿafu, who had established his own confederacy in the Lau Group in Fiji.
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What term describes the point at which a celestial object in orbit around the Earth, such as the Moon, makes its closest approach to Earth?
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Moon Glossary: Lunar Terms and Definitions
Moon Posters
Moon Glossary: Lunar Terms and Definitions
A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | W | X, Y, Z
A
Albedo This term is a unit-less measure that refers to the how much an object diffusely reflects light from the sun.
Angular Diameter The measurement of the diameter of a distant object from the perspective of the angle resulting between the observer and the object's outer edges. Also known as the 'visual diameter'.
Annular Eclipse Refers to an solar eclipse where the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth, but with the Moon appearing smaller than the Sun to the observer, leaving a bright ring around the circumference of the Moon.
Anomalistic Month The length of time that the Moon takes to pass between perigee (or apogee) passages that is, the 27.55455 day period during which the Moon moves from its closest (or farthest) point to the Earth, all the way around and back again.
Anorthositic Rock A calcium-rich rock type found in abundance on the Moon.
Aphelion The farthest point from the Sun in a planetary body's orbit.
Apogee The farthest point from the Earth in the Moon's orbit.
Apogean Tide The name for low tide when the Moon is at it's farthest point from the Earth.
Apolune The farthest point from the Moon in an object's orbit around it.
B
Basalt Volcanic rock formed by rapidly cooling lava. Found on the moon and the earth.
Breccia A type of rock that is composed of a matrix of different materials, minerals and fragments of other rocks. Found on the moon and the earth.
C
Celestial equator The projection of the Earth's equator into space. It could be considered an invisible belt that surrounds the Earth in the minds of astronomers.
Celestial Mechanics The specialized areas of astrology that describes the gravitational effects of heavenly bodies as well as their motion.
Colongitude Also called selenographic colongitude, it is the longitude of the Moon's morning terminator.
Conjunction The term applied when two planets are in close proximity to each other in the sky, from the perspective of an Earth-bound observer.
Crater Wall The cliff-like wall formed by the impact of a meteor with a celestial body such as a planet or moon.
Crescent Moon The famous image of the Moon frequently used in the media, consisting of only a thin crescent slice of the Moon being visible from Earth. This phase of the moon occurs just after the New Moon phase, which is also known as Dark of the Moon. There is also a Crescent Moon phase just prior to the next New Moon as well.
D
Dark of the Moon So named because during this phase, the Moon is not visible in the sky, Dark of the Moon is also known as New Moon.
Declination Declination is the position of a celestial body, such as the Moon, in the equatorial coordinate system. Declination is measured by degrees in relation to the celestial equator.
Diurnal In astronomy, diurnal generally refers to the motion of an object in a 24 hour period. An example would be Moon-rise. These activities repeat every 24 hours. The diurnal arc describes the amount of time a celestial object takes to transition from fully risen to fully set.
DST Daylight Savings Time.
E
Earthshine The light of the sun that is reflected back into space by the Earth, and which can illuminate other objects such as the Moon.
Eclipse Any interference between the light from the Sun and the object being illuminated. The Moon frequently moves between the Earth and the Sun, blocking out the Sun's rays.
Ecliptic A term applied to the invisible path in the sky that the Sun moves through during the year, in relation to Earth and the other planets.
Elongation The angle found between a planet and the Sun, from the perspective of the Earth.
Ephemeris An astronomical text which contains the position of celestial bodies in the sky as seen from Earth at specific times. These positions are given in coordinates that astronomers can then use to locate and view these bodies.
Equatorial Tide A tide with a period of 328 hours (approximately every two weeks) that occurs when the Moon is positioned above the equator.
F
Far Side The side of the Moon which faces away from the Earth and which is not visible via planetary observation.
First Quarter Moon During this phase of the Moon fifty percent of it is illuminated and visible from the Earth. It occurs after the Crescent phase and before the Waxing Gibbous phase.
Full Moon During this phase of the Moon it is entirely illuminated and visible from the Earth. The Moon is opposite the Sun in this phase, with the Earth in between.
G
Gibbous Moon There are two Gibbous phases of the Moon, with the first representing the growing moon between the First Quarter and the Full Moon and the second when it describes the Moon growing smaller as it shrinks down from the Full Moon to the Last Quarter. These phases are referred to as the Waxing and Waning Gibbous, respectively.
Gravity Gravity is the attractive force which governs the motion of the celestial bodies. Gravity controls the orbits of all planets in our solar system as well as our solar system's relative motion to the Universe. It also plays a significant role in the distribution of mass throughout the Universe.
Grazing Occultation A phenomenon in which the varied topography of the Moon's surface causes stellar objects such as stars to disappear and reappear at the northern or sudden limit of the Moon intermittently. This occurs due to the motion of the Moon itself across the path between a certain patch of the heavens and the Earth.
Greenwich Mean Time Time derived from the annual average movement of the sun over the zero degrees longitude position of the Greenwich Observatory in England. The mean is used in order to compensate for the Sun's non-uniform motion. It has since been replaced in astronomical circles by Universal Time.
H
Half Moon Term that is used to describe the First Quarter Moon and the Last Quarter Moon.
I
Intercalation The source of leap years, or the addition of an extra day or other period of time in order to reconcile the solar year with that of the calendar we use. This is necessary because the solar year contains approximately 365.25 days, making it necessary to add a full extra day to the calendar every four years. In the past, much longer periods of time were used during intercalation. Intercalary days or months can also be added to the lunar calendar.
L
Lacus Areas on the Moons surface that have the topography of lakes are prefaced with this Latin term for lake.
Last Quarter The phase of the Moon between the Waning Gibbous and the Waning Crescent, where fifty percent of the Moon is still visible before the Waning Crescent phase wipes it from the sky.
Latitude Coordinate system used on a planetary body to give the location of a point in relation to its equator. There are ninety degrees of latitude north and south of the equatorial line.
Librations The gentle rocking motion of the Moon as it orbits the Earth that allows observation of the side that normally faces away from our planet. In total, through this irregular motion fifty-nine percent of the Moon can be seen.
Limb The outermost edge of a planetary body or celestial object.
Longitude Coordinate system used on a planetary body to give the location of a point in relation to a reference meridian. Meridians are lines drawn by cartographers and astronomers that pass through the northern point on the horizon, meeting at the celestial pole. As there is no natural starting meridian, the base or center meridian is chosen arbitrarily on each planet or moon. On Earth's Moon, Sinus Medii represents the zero degree point for longitude, with ninety degrees of longitude available to the east and west.
Lunar Day There are two definitions of this term. The first refers to the period of time it takes for the Moon to spin completely on its axis in terms of its position to the sun. The second is the amount of time it takes for the Moon to complete a single orbit around the Earth. Due to the eccentric orbit, a Lunar Day varies in length. Lunar Eclipse This event occurs when the Full Moon moves through the shadow cast by the Earth as it passes between the Sun and the Moon.
Lunar Interval The difference in time between a phase of the Moon or tide occurring at the Greenwich meridian and a local meridian. This interval represents the passage of the Moon during this time.
Lunar Rays Lines scored into the crust of a celestial body caused by mass ejected on impact from a meter. Found on both the Moon and Mars.
Lunitidal Interval The period of time that occurs between the Moon passing over a point on Earth and the next high tide for that point.
M
Magnitude The brightness of a celestial body. A lower magnitude number indicates a brighter object.
Mare Name given to plains composed of basalt on the Moon. From the Latin word for 'sea', so-called due to their large landmass. These basalt deposits were left by the eruptions of now-extinct volcanoes.
Mascon A region in the crust of a celestial body which is denser than average and as such acts to create a local gravitational anomaly. On the moon, there are several basins which demonstrate these properties.
Meridian Meridians are lines drawn by cartographers and astronomers that pass through the northern point on the horizon of a planetary body or moon, meeting at the celestial pole.
Meteoroid A meteoroid is any body drifting in space that has a large enough mass to be detected but which is significantly smaller than an asteroid. The exact limit at which a meteoroid is reclassified as an asteroid is up for debate, but generally, any object smaller than 50 meters in diameter is considered a meteoroid.
Moon The natural satellite in orbit around the planet Earth. Also the classification for any natural satellite found in orbit around any other planet.
Moon Rise Similar to sunrise, it is the first appearance that the Moon makes over the Earth's horizon, and as such it is relative to the geographical position of the observer.
Moon Set The opposite of Moon Rise, it is the when the Moon disappears behind the Earth's horizon, relative to the observer.
N
Nadir The point with a negative ninety degree inclination in relation to the observer, or the point directly beneath their feet.
Neap Tide When the Moon is at its First Quarter or Last Quarter, its forces are partially cancelled out by the Sun. This leads to a lower high tide than normal.
Near Side The side of the Moon that is visible from the Earth.
New Moon If the Moon is on the same side of the Earth as the Sun, then the face of the Moon that can be seen from the Earth is no longer illuminated by the Sun's rays as only the opposing side is facing the Sun. As a result, it is invisible in the Earth's sky.
Nodes Also called Lunar Nodes, these are the points where the orbit of the moon intersects the path of the Sun in terms of how it appears to move against the stars. This solar path is called the ecliptic.
Nodical Month A period of 27.212220 days representing the movement of the Moon starting and finishing at a specific Lunar Node.
O
Occultation The act of one celestial body obscuring another as a result of moving between the observer and the object being observed. The most well known occultations are the lunar and solar eclipses.
Old Crescent Moon Phase of the Moon that occurs between the Last Quarter and the New Moon. In this phase, the Moon is visible only as a very thin crescent.
Opposition The term used to describe two celestial bodies as being opposite each other in the sky, relative to the observer. An example is when the Moon is opposite the Sun, with the observer on the Earth in the middle.
Orbital Eccentricity Objects orbit in an elliptical fashion; eccentricity can be thought of as the amount by which the orbit of a celestial body deviates from a circular shape.
P
Palus A Latin term meaning 'swamp' that is used to describe topographical features on the moon which resemble dark plains or swamps.
Parallax The apparent motion of an observed object against the background caused by the movement of the observer. An example of this is the motion of the stars as seen from observatories on Earth.
Partial Eclipse When a celestial body gets between another object and a light source, it casts 2 shadows. The umbra blocks all of the light from the light source (usually a sun), and the penumbra blocks only a portion of that light. A partial eclipse occurs when an object finds itself in the penumbra.
Penumbra The name given to the shadow cast by a celestial object that only blocks a portion of the light.
Perigee The closest point to the Earth in the Moon's orbit.
Perigean Tide The tide that occurs when the moon is at its closest point to the earth during its orbit. These tides are higher than normal.
Perihelion The closest point to the Sun in a planetary body's orbit.
Perilune The closest point to the Moon in an object's orbit around it.
Phases When applied to the Moon, the phases refer to the different illumination that it undergoes during it's orbit around the Earth and the Sun. The most commonly known phases of the Moon include Full Moon and the Quarter Moon.
Q
Quadrature Term that describes two celestial bodies appearing to be ninety degrees apart, from the perspective of the observer. An example is when the Moon appears to be at a right angle to the Sun, as viewed from Earth.
R
Radius Half the diameter of any sphere or circle.
Regression of nodes The westward movement of the nodal points of the Moon's orbit where it intercepts the orbit of the sun, also known as the elliptic.
Revolution A way to describe the movement of one celestial body as it orbits another. A complete revolution is a complete orbit.
Rille Grooves in the Moon's surface which resemble canals or canyons.
Rotation The motion of a sphere which is spinning around its own axis. An example would be a basketball spinning on the tip of a finger.
S
Saber's Beads Detached points of light seen along the limb of very young and old lunar crescents. The striking resemblance to 2nd and 3rd contacts during a total solar eclipse was first noted by American astronomer Stephen Saber.
Saros Cycle This cycle predicts the occurrence of eclipses, as after a period of 18 years and 11.3 days the Earth, Moon and Sun all line up in the formation necessary to generate this celestial event.
Satellite Any object that orbits another celestial body.
Selenography The study of the topography and features of the Moon's surface.
Sidereal Month Period of 27.32166 days which represents the Moon's movement through space relative to a start point amongst the stars.
Sinus Latin term that describes topographical features of the moon that resemble bays.
Solar Eclipse Term that describes when the Sun is obscured by the Moon from the perspective of Earth.
Spring Tide When the conjunction or opposition of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon occurs, approximately at the times of the Full Moon and the New Moon, the Sun acts to augment the tidal forces of the Moon, creating a higher than normal tide.
T
Tektites Objects made from natural glass that are created from the impact of meteorites. They can be found on the Earth and the Moon.
Terminator The line which delimits night (shadowed portion) and day (sunlit portion) on a celestial body. The Moon's phases illustrate this.
Tides The rising and falling levels of the ocean in comparison with the bodies of land on Earth. Tides are the result of the gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon acting upon the planet.
Transit The movement of a celestial body across another, from the viewpoint of an observer.
Tropical Month The period of time, (27.321582 days ), that it takes for the Moon to return to a specific celestial longitude (its position in reference to the stars).
U
Umbra The name given to the shadow cast by a celestial object that entirely blocks out illumination.
W
Waning Moon The term used to describe the period of the Moon as it moves from a Full Moon to a New Moon, decreasing in visibility with respect to an Earth-bound observer.
Waxing Moon The term used to describe the period of the Moon as it moves from a New Moon to a Full Moon, increasing in visibility with respect to an Earth-bound observer.
X, Y, Z
Young Crescent Moon Name for the initially visible crescent of the Moon immediately after the New Moon.
Zenith The point with a ninety degree inclination in relation to the observer, or the point directly above them.
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Apsis
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Which Liberal Democrat has been appointed Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, in David Cameron's first Cabinet?
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Basics of Space Flight: Orbital Mechanics
Conic Sections
A conic section, or just conic, is a curve formed by passing a plane through a right circular cone. As shown in Figure 4.1, the angular orientation of the plane relative to the cone determines whether the conic section is a circle, ellipse, parabola, or hyperbola. The circle and the ellipse arise when the intersection of cone and plane is a bounded curve. The circle is a special case of the ellipse in which the plane is perpendicular to the axis of the cone. If the plane is parallel to a generator line of the cone, the conic is called a parabola. Finally, if the intersection is an unbounded curve and the plane is not parallel to a generator line of the cone, the figure is a hyperbola. In the latter case the plane will intersect both halves of the cone, producing two separate curves.
We can define all conic sections in terms of the eccentricity. The type of conic section is also related to the semi-major axis and the energy. The table below shows the relationships between eccentricity, semi-major axis, and energy and the type of conic section.
Conic Section
Time of Periapsis Passage, T
Longitude of Ascending Node,
An orbiting satellite follows an oval shaped path known as an ellipse with the body being orbited, called the primary, located at one of two points called foci. An ellipse is defined to be a curve with the following property: for each point on an ellipse, the sum of its distances from two fixed points, called foci, is constant (see Figure 4.2). The longest and shortest lines that can be drawn through the center of an ellipse are called the major axis and minor axis, respectively. The semi-major axis is one-half of the major axis and represents a satellite's mean distance from its primary. Eccentricity is the distance between the foci divided by the length of the major axis and is a number between zero and one. An eccentricity of zero indicates a circle.
Inclination is the angular distance between a satellite's orbital plane and the equator of its primary (or the ecliptic plane in the case of heliocentric, or sun centered, orbits). An inclination of zero degrees indicates an orbit about the primary's equator in the same direction as the primary's rotation, a direction called prograde (or direct). An inclination of 90 degrees indicates a polar orbit. An inclination of 180 degrees indicates a retrograde equatorial orbit. A retrograde orbit is one in which a satellite moves in a direction opposite to the rotation of its primary.
Periapsis is the point in an orbit closest to the primary. The opposite of periapsis, the farthest point in an orbit, is called apoapsis. Periapsis and apoapsis are usually modified to apply to the body being orbited, such as perihelion and aphelion for the Sun, perigee and apogee for Earth, perijove and apojove for Jupiter, perilune and apolune for the Moon, etc. The argument of periapsis is the angular distance between the ascending node and the point of periapsis (see Figure 4.3). The time of periapsis passage is the time in which a satellite moves through its point of periapsis.
Nodes are the points where an orbit crosses a plane, such as a satellite crossing the Earth's equatorial plane. If the satellite crosses the plane going from south to north, the node is the ascending node; if moving from north to south, it is the descending node. The longitude of the ascending node is the node's celestial longitude. Celestial longitude is analogous to longitude on Earth and is measured in degrees counter-clockwise from zero with zero longitude being in the direction of the vernal equinox.
In general, three observations of an object in orbit are required to calculate the six orbital elements. Two other quantities often used to describe orbits are period and true anomaly. Period, P, is the length of time required for a satellite to complete one orbit. True anomaly,
, is the angular distance of a point in an orbit past the point of periapsis, measured in degrees.
Types Of Orbits
For a spacecraft to achieve Earth orbit, it must be launched to an elevation above the Earth's atmosphere and accelerated to orbital velocity. The most energy efficient orbit, that is one that requires the least amount of propellant, is a direct low inclination orbit. To achieve such an orbit, a spacecraft is launched in an eastward direction from a site near the Earth's equator. The advantage being that the rotational speed of the Earth contributes to the spacecraft's final orbital speed. At the United States' launch site in Cape Canaveral (28.5 degrees north latitude) a due east launch results in a "free ride" of 1,471 km/h (914 mph). Launching a spacecraft in a direction other than east, or from a site far from the equator, results in an orbit of higher inclination. High inclination orbits are less able to take advantage of the initial speed provided by the Earth's rotation, thus the launch vehicle must provide a greater part, or all, of the energy required to attain orbital velocity. Although high inclination orbits are less energy efficient, they do have advantages over equatorial orbits for certain applications. Below we describe several types of orbits and the advantages of each:
Geosynchronous orbits (GEO) are circular orbits around the Earth having a period of 24 hours. A geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of zero degrees is called a geostationary orbit. A spacecraft in a geostationary orbit appears to hang motionless above one position on the Earth's equator. For this reason, they are ideal for some types of communication and meteorological satellites. A spacecraft in an inclined geosynchronous orbit will appear to follow a regular figure-8 pattern in the sky once every orbit. To attain geosynchronous orbit, a spacecraft is first launched into an elliptical orbit with an apogee of 35,786 km (22,236 miles) called a geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). The orbit is then circularized by firing the spacecraft's engine at apogee.
Polar orbits (PO) are orbits with an inclination of 90 degrees. Polar orbits are useful for satellites that carry out mapping and/or surveillance operations because as the planet rotates the spacecraft has access to virtually every point on the planet's surface.
Walking orbits: An orbiting satellite is subjected to a great many gravitational influences. First, planets are not perfectly spherical and they have slightly uneven mass distribution. These fluctuations have an effect on a spacecraft's trajectory. Also, the sun, moon, and planets contribute a gravitational influence on an orbiting satellite. With proper planning it is possible to design an orbit which takes advantage of these influences to induce a precession in the satellite's orbital plane. The resulting orbit is called a walking orbit, or precessing orbit.
Sun synchronous orbits (SSO) are walking orbits whose orbital plane precesses with the same period as the planet's solar orbit period. In such an orbit, a satellite crosses periapsis at about the same local time every orbit. This is useful if a satellite is carrying instruments which depend on a certain angle of solar illumination on the planet's surface. In order to maintain an exact synchronous timing, it may be necessary to conduct occasional propulsive maneuvers to adjust the orbit.
Molniya orbits are highly eccentric Earth orbits with periods of approximately 12 hours (2 revolutions per day). The orbital inclination is chosen so the rate of change of perigee is zero, thus both apogee and perigee can be maintained over fixed latitudes. This condition occurs at inclinations of 63.4 degrees and 116.6 degrees. For these orbits the argument of perigee is typically placed in the southern hemisphere, so the satellite remains above the northern hemisphere near apogee for approximately 11 hours per orbit. This orientation can provide good ground coverage at high northern latitudes.
Hohmann transfer orbits are interplanetary trajectories whose advantage is that they consume the least possible amount of propellant. A Hohmann transfer orbit to an outer planet, such as Mars, is achieved by launching a spacecraft and accelerating it in the direction of Earth's revolution around the sun until it breaks free of the Earth's gravity and reaches a velocity which places it in a sun orbit with an aphelion equal to the orbit of the outer planet. Upon reaching its destination, the spacecraft must decelerate so that the planet's gravity can capture it into a planetary orbit.
To send a spacecraft to an inner planet, such as Venus, the spacecraft is launched and accelerated in the direction opposite of Earth's revolution around the sun (i.e. decelerated) until it achieves a sun orbit with a perihelion equal to the orbit of the inner planet. It should be noted that the spacecraft continues to move in the same direction as Earth, only more slowly.
To reach a planet requires that the spacecraft be inserted into an interplanetary trajectory at the correct time so that the spacecraft arrives at the planet's orbit when the planet will be at the point where the spacecraft will intercept it. This task is comparable to a quarterback "leading" his receiver so that the football and receiver arrive at the same point at the same time. The interval of time in which a spacecraft must be launched in order to complete its mission is called a launch window.
Newton's Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation
Newton's laws of motion describe the relationship between the motion of a particle and the forces acting on it.
The first law states that if no forces are acting, a body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion in a straight line. Thus, if no forces are acting, the velocity (both magnitude and direction) will remain constant.
The second law tells us that if a force is applied there will be a change in velocity, i.e. an acceleration, proportional to the magnitude of the force and in the direction in which the force is applied. This law may be summarized by the equation
where F is the force, m is the mass of the particle, and a is the acceleration.
The third law states that if body 1 exerts a force on body 2, then body 2 will exert a force of equal strength, but opposite in direction, on body 1. This law is commonly stated, "for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction".
In his law of universal gravitation, Newton states that two particles having masses m1 and m2 and separated by a distance r are attracted to each other with equal and opposite forces directed along the line joining the particles. The common magnitude F of the two forces is
where G is an universal constant, called the constant of gravitation, and has the value 6.67259x10-11 N-m2/kg2 (3.4389x10-8 lb-ft2/slug2).
Let's now look at the force that the Earth exerts on an object. If the object has a mass m, and the Earth has mass M, and the object's distance from the center of the Earth is r, then the force that the Earth exerts on the object is GmM /r2 . If we drop the object, the Earth's gravity will cause it to accelerate toward the center of the Earth. By Newton's second law (F = ma), this acceleration g must equal (GmM /r2)/m, or
At the surface of the Earth this acceleration has the valve 9.80665 m/s2 (32.174 ft/s2).
Many of the upcoming computations will be somewhat simplified if we express the product GM as a constant, which for Earth has the value 3.986005x1014 m3/s2 (1.408x1016 ft3/s2). The product GM is often represented by the Greek letter
.
For additional useful constants please see the appendix Basic Constants .
For a refresher on SI versus U.S. units see the appendix Weights & Measures .
Uniform Circular Motion
In the simple case of free fall, a particle accelerates toward the center of the Earth while moving in a straight line. The velocity of the particle changes in magnitude, but not in direction. In the case of uniform circular motion a particle moves in a circle with constant speed. The velocity of the particle changes continuously in direction, but not in magnitude. From Newton's laws we see that since the direction of the velocity is changing, there is an acceleration. This acceleration, called centripetal acceleration is directed inward toward the center of the circle and is given by
where v is the speed of the particle and r is the radius of the circle. Every accelerating particle must have a force acting on it, defined by Newton's second law (F = ma). Thus, a particle undergoing uniform circular motion is under the influence of a force, called centripetal force, whose magnitude is given by
The direction of F at any instant must be in the direction of a at the same instant, that is radially inward.
A satellite in orbit is acted on only by the forces of gravity. The inward acceleration which causes the satellite to move in a circular orbit is the gravitational acceleration caused by the body around which the satellite orbits. Hence, the satellite's centripetal acceleration is g, that is g = v2/r. From Newton's law of universal gravitation we know that g = GM /r2. Therefore, by setting these equations equal to one another we find that, for a circular orbit,
Click here for example problem #4.1
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Motions of Planets and Satellites
Through a lifelong study of the motions of bodies in the solar system, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was able to derive three basic laws known as Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Using the data compiled by his mentor Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), Kepler found the following regularities after years of laborious calculations:
1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus.
2. A line joining any planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
3. The square of the period of any planet about the sun is proportional to the cube of the planet's mean distance from the sun.
These laws can be deduced from Newton's laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Indeed, Newton used Kepler's work as basic information in the formulation of his gravitational theory.
As Kepler pointed out, all planets move in elliptical orbits, however, we can learn much about planetary motion by considering the special case of circular orbits. We shall neglect the forces between planets, considering only a planet's interaction with the sun. These considerations apply equally well to the motion of a satellite about a planet.
Let's examine the case of two bodies of masses M and m moving in circular orbits under the influence of each other's gravitational attraction. The center of mass of this system of two bodies lies along the line joining them at a point C such that mr = MR. The large body of mass M moves in an orbit of constant radius R and the small body of mass m in an orbit of constant radius r, both having the same angular velocity
. For this to happen, the gravitational force acting on each body must provide the necessary centripetal acceleration. Since these gravitational forces are a simple action-reaction pair, the centripetal forces must be equal but opposite in direction. That is, m
2r must equal M
2R. The specific requirement, then, is that the gravitational force acting on either body must equal the centripetal force needed to keep it moving in its circular orbit, that is
If one body has a much greater mass than the other, as is the case of the sun and a planet or the Earth and a satellite, its distance from the center of mass is much smaller than that of the other body. If we assume that m is negligible compared to M, then R is negligible compared to r. Thus, equation (4.7) then becomes
If we express the angular velocity in terms of the period of revolution,
= 2
/P, we obtain
where P is the period of revolution. This is a basic equation of planetary and satellite motion. It also holds for elliptical orbits if we define r to be the semi-major axis (a) of the orbit.
A significant consequence of this equation is that it predicts Kepler's third law of planetary motion, that is P2~r3.
Click here for example problem #4.3
In celestial mechanics where we are dealing with planetary or stellar sized bodies, it is often the case that the mass of the secondary body is significant in relation to the mass of the primary, as with the Moon and Earth. In this case the size of the secondary cannot be ignored. The distance R is no longer negligible compared to r and, therefore, must be carried through the derivation. Equation (4.9) becomes
More commonly the equation is written in the equivalent form
where a is the semi-major axis. The semi-major axis used in astronomy is always the primary-to-secondary distance, or the geocentric semi-major axis. For example, the Moon's mean geocentric distance from Earth (a) is 384,403 kilometers. On the other hand, the Moon's distance from the barycenter (r) is 379,732 km, with Earth's counter-orbit (R) taking up the difference of 4,671 km.
Kepler's second law of planetary motion must, of course, hold true for circular orbits. In such orbits both
and r are constant so that equal areas are swept out in equal times by the line joining a planet and the sun. For elliptical orbits, however, both
and r will vary with time. Let's now consider this case.
Figure 4.5 shows a particle revolving around C along some arbitrary path. The area swept out by the radius vector in a short time interval
t is shown shaded. This area, neglecting the small triangular region at the end, is one-half the base times the height or approximately r(r
t)/2. This expression becomes more exact as
t approaches zero, i.e. the small triangle goes to zero more rapidly than the large one. The rate at which area is being swept out instantaneously is therefore
For any given body moving under the influence of a central force, the value
r2 is constant.
Let's now consider two points P1 and P2 in an orbit with radii r1 and r2, and velocities v1 and v2. Since the velocity is always tangent to the path, it can be seen that if
is the angle between r and v, then
where vsin
is the transverse component of v. Multiplying through by r, we have
or, for two points P1 and P2 on the orbital path
Note that at periapsis and apoapsis,
= 90 degrees. Thus, letting P1 and P2 be these two points we get
Let's now look at the energy of the above particle at points P1 and P2. Conservation of energy states that the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of a particle remains constant. The kinetic energy T of a particle is given by mv2/2 while the potential energy of gravity V is calculated by the equation -GMm/r. Applying conservation of energy we have
From equations (4.14) and (4.15) we obtain
Rearranging terms we get
Click here for example problem #4.5
The eccentricity e of an orbit is given by
Click here for example problem #4.6
If the semi-major axis a and the eccentricity e of an orbit are known, then the periapsis and apoapsis distances can be calculated by
Launch of a Space Vehicle
The launch of a satellite or space vehicle consists of a period of powered flight during which the vehicle is lifted above the Earth's atmosphere and accelerated to orbital velocity by a rocket, or launch vehicle. Powered flight concludes at burnout of the rocket's last stage at which time the vehicle begins its free flight. During free flight the space vehicle is assumed to be subjected only to the gravitational pull of the Earth. If the vehicle moves far from the Earth, its trajectory may be affected by the gravitational influence of the sun, moon, or another planet.
A space vehicle's orbit may be determined from the position and the velocity of the vehicle at the beginning of its free flight. A vehicle's position and velocity can be described by the variables r, v, and
, where r is the vehicle's distance from the center of the Earth, v is its velocity, and
is the angle between the position and the velocity vectors, called the zenith angle (see Figure 4.7). If we let r1, v1, and
1 be the initial (launch) values of r, v, and
, then we may consider these as given quantities. If we let point P2 represent the perigee, then equation (4.13) becomes
Substituting equation (4.23) into (4.15), we can obtain an equation for the perigee radius Rp.
Multiplying through by -Rp2/(r12v12) and rearranging, we get
Note that this is a simple quadratic equation in the ratio (Rp/r1) and that 2GM /(r1 × v12) is a nondimensional parameter of the orbit.
Solving for (Rp/r1) gives
Like any quadratic, the above equation yields two answers. The smaller of the two answers corresponds to Rp, the periapsis radius. The other root corresponds to the apoapsis radius, Ra.
Please note that in practice spacecraft launches are usually terminated at either perigee or apogee, i.e.
= 90. This condition results in the minimum use of propellant.
Click here for example problem #4.8
Equation (4.26) gives the values of Rp and Ra from which the eccentricity of the orbit can be calculated, however, it may be simpler to calculate the eccentricity e directly from the equation
Click here for example problem #4.9
To pin down a satellite's orbit in space, we need to know the angle
, the true anomaly, from the periapsis point to the launch point. This angle is given by
Click here for example problem #4.10
In most calculations, the complement of the zenith angle is used, denoted by
. This angle is called the flight-path angle, and is positive when the velocity vector is directed away from the primary as shown in Figure 4.8. When flight-path angle is used, equations (4.26) through (4.28) are rewritten as follows:
The semi-major axis is, of course, equal to (Rp+Ra)/2, though it may be easier to calculate it directly as follows:
Click here for example problem #4.11
If e is solved for directly using equation (4.27) or (4.30), and a is solved for using equation (4.32), Rp and Ra can be solved for simply using equations (4.21) and (4.22).
Orbit Tilt, Rotation and Orientation
Above we determined the size and shape of the orbit, but to determine the orientation of the orbit in space, we must know the latitude and longitude and the heading of the space vehicle at burnout.
Figure 4.9 above illustrates the location of a space vehicle at engine burnout, or orbit insertion.
is the azimuth heading measured in degrees clockwise from north,
is the geocentric latitude (or declination) of the burnout point,
is the angular distance between the ascending node and the burnout point measured in the equatorial plane, and
is the angular distance between the ascending node and the burnout point measured in the orbital plane.
1 and
2 are the geographical longitudes of the ascending node and the burnout point at the instant of engine burnout. Figure 4.10 pictures the orbital elements, where i is the inclination,
is the longitude at the ascending node,
is the argument of periapsis, and
is the true anomaly.
2 are given, the other values can be calculated from the following relationships:
In equation (4.36), the value of
is found using equation (4.28) or (4.31). If
is positive, periapsis is west of the burnout point (as shown in Figure 4.10); if
is negative, periapsis is east of the burnout point.
The longitude of the ascending node,
, is measured in celestial longitude, while
1 is geographical longitude. The celestial longitude of the ascending node is equal to the local apparent sidereal time, in degrees, at longitude
1 at the time of engine burnout. Sidereal time is defined as the hour angle of the vernal equinox at a specific locality and time; it has the same value as the right ascension of any celestial body that is crossing the local meridian at that same instant. At the moment when the vernal equinox crosses the local meridian, the local apparent sidereal time is 00:00. See this sidereal time calculator .
Click here for example problem #4.12
Geodetic Latitude, Geocentric Latitude, and Declination
Latitude is the angular distance of a point on Earth's surface north or south of Earth's equator, positive north and negative south. The geodetic latitude (or geographical latitude),
, is the angle defined by the intersection of the reference ellipsoid normal through the point of interest and the true equatorial plane. The geocentric latitude,
', is the angle between the true equatorial plane and the radius vector to the point of intersection of the reference ellipsoid and the reference ellipsoid normal passing through the point of interest. Declination,
, is the angular distance of a celestial object north or south of Earth's equator. It is the angle between the geocentric radius vector to the object of interest and the true equatorial plane.
R is the magnitude of the reference ellipsoid's geocentric radius vector to the point of interest on its surface, r is the magnitude of the geocentric radius vector to the celestial object of interest, and the altitude h is the perpendicular distance from the reference ellipsoid to the celestial object of interest. The value of R at the equator is a, and the value of R at the poles is b. The ellipsoid's flattening, f, is the ratio of the equatorial-polar length difference to the equatorial length. For Earth, a equals 6,378,137 meters, b equals 6,356,752 meters, and f equals 1/298.257.
When solving problems in orbital mechanics, the measurements of greatest usefulness are the magnitude of the radius vector, r, and declination,
, of the object of interest. However, we are often given, or required to report, data in other forms. For instance, at the time of some specific event, such as "orbit insertion", we may be given the spacecraft's altitude along with the geodetic latitude and longitude of the sub-vehicle point. In such cases, it may be necessary to convert the given data to a form more suitable for our calculations.
The relationship between geodetic and geocentric latitude is,
The radius of the reference ellipsoid is given by,
The length r can be solved from h, or h from r, using one of the following,
And declination is calculated using,
For spacecraft in low earth orbit, the difference between
and
' is very small, typically not more than about 0.00001 degree. Even at the distance of the Moon, the difference is not more than about 0.01 degree. Unless very high accuracy is needed, for operations near Earth we can assume
≈
' and r ≈ R + h.
It is important to note that the value of h is not always measured as described and illustrated above. In some applications it is customary to express h as the perpendicular distance from a reference sphere, rather than the reference ellipsoid. In this case, R is considered constant and is often assigned the value of Earth's equatorial radius, hence h = r � a. This is the method typically used when a spacecraft's orbit is expressed in a form such as "180 km × 220 km". The example problems presented in this web site also assume this method of measurement.
Position in an Elliptical Orbit
Johannes Kepler was able to solve the problem of relating position in an orbit to the elapsed time, t-to, or conversely, how long it takes to go from one point in an orbit to another. To solve this, Kepler introduced the quantity M, called the mean anomaly, which is the fraction of an orbit period that has elapsed since perigee. The mean anomaly equals the true anomaly for a circular orbit. By definition,
where Mo is the mean anomaly at time to and n is the mean motion, or the average angular velocity, determined from the semi-major axis of the orbit as follows:
This solution will give the average position and velocity, but satellite orbits are elliptical with a radius constantly varying in orbit. Because the satellite's velocity depends on this varying radius, it changes as well. To resolve this problem we can define an intermediate variable E, called the eccentric anomaly, for elliptical orbits, which is given by
where
is the true anomaly. Mean anomaly is a function of eccentric anomaly by the formula
For small eccentricities a good approximation of true anomaly can be obtained by the following formula (the error is of the order e3):
The preceding five equations can be used to (1) find the time it takes to go from one position in an orbit to another, or (2) find the position in an orbit after a specific period of time. When solving these equations it is important to work in radians rather than degrees, where 2
radians equals 360 degrees.
Click here for example problem #4.14
At any time in its orbit, the magnitude of a spacecraft's position vector, i.e. its distance from the primary body, and its flight-path angle can be calculated from the following equations:
And the spacecraft's velocity is given by,
Orbit Perturbations
The orbital elements discussed at the beginning of this section provide an excellent reference for describing orbits, however there are other forces acting on a satellite that perturb it away from the nominal orbit. These perturbations, or variations in the orbital elements, can be classified based on how they affect the Keplerian elements. Secular variations represent a linear variation in the element, short-period variations are periodic in the element with a period less than the orbital period, and long-period variations are those with a period greater than the orbital period. Because secular variations have long-term effects on orbit prediction (the orbital elements affected continue to increase or decrease), they will be discussed here for Earth-orbiting satellites. Precise orbit determination requires that the periodic variations be included as well.
Third-Body Perturbations
The gravitational forces of the Sun and the Moon cause periodic variations in all of the orbital elements, but only the longitude of the ascending node, argument of perigee, and mean anomaly experience secular variations. These secular variations arise from a gyroscopic precession of the orbit about the ecliptic pole. The secular variation in mean anomaly is much smaller than the mean motion and has little effect on the orbit, however the secular variations in longitude of the ascending node and argument of perigee are important, especially for high-altitude orbits.
For nearly circular orbits the equations for the secular rates of change resulting from the Sun and Moon are
Longitude of the ascending node:
Argument of perigee:
where i is the orbit inclination, n is the number of orbit revolutions per day, and
and
are in degrees per day. These equations are only approximate; they neglect the variation caused by the changing orientation of the orbital plane with respect to both the Moon's orbital plane and the ecliptic plane.
Click here for example problem #4.16
Perturbations due to Non-spherical Earth
When developing the two-body equations of motion, we assumed the Earth was a spherically symmetrical, homogeneous mass. In fact, the Earth is neither homogeneous nor spherical. The most dominant features are a bulge at the equator, a slight pear shape, and flattening at the poles. For a potential function of the Earth, we can find a satellite's acceleration by taking the gradient of the potential function. The most widely used form of the geopotential function depends on latitude and geopotential coefficients, Jn, called the zonal coefficients.
The potential generated by the non-spherical Earth causes periodic variations in all the orbital elements. The dominant effects, however, are secular variations in longitude of the ascending node and argument of perigee because of the Earth's oblateness, represented by the J2 term in the geopotential expansion. The rates of change of
and
due to J2 are
where n is the mean motion in degrees/day, J2 has the value 0.00108263, RE is the Earth's equatorial radius, a is the semi-major axis in kilometers, i is the inclination, e is the eccentricity, and
and
are in degrees/day. For satellites in GEO and below, the J2 perturbations dominate; for satellites above GEO the Sun and Moon perturbations dominate.
Molniya orbits are designed so that the perturbations in argument of perigee are zero. This conditions occurs when the term 4-5sin2i is equal to zero or, that is, when the inclination is either 63.4 or 116.6 degrees.
Perturbations from Atmospheric Drag
Drag is the resistance offered by a gas or liquid to a body moving through it. A spacecraft is subjected to drag forces when moving through a planet's atmosphere. This drag is greatest during launch and reentry, however, even a space vehicle in low Earth orbit experiences some drag as it moves through the Earth's thin upper atmosphere. In time, the action of drag on a space vehicle will cause it to spiral back into the atmosphere, eventually to disintegrate or burn up. If a space vehicle comes within 120 to 160 km of the Earth's surface, atmospheric drag will bring it down in a few days, with final disintegration occurring at an altitude of about 80 km. Above approximately 600 km, on the other hand, drag is so weak that orbits usually last more than 10 years - beyond a satellite's operational lifetime. The deterioration of a spacecraft's orbit due to drag is called decay.
The drag force FD on a body acts in the opposite direction of the velocity vector and is given by the equation
where CD is the drag coefficient,
is the air density, v is the body's velocity, and A is the area of the body normal to the flow. The drag coefficient is dependent on the geometric form of the body and is generally determined by experiment. Earth orbiting satellites typically have very high drag coefficients in the range of about 2 to 4. Air density is given by the appendix Atmosphere Properties .
The region above 90 km is the Earth's thermosphere where the absorption of extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun results in a very rapid increase in temperature with altitude. At approximately 200-250 km this temperature approaches a limiting value, the average value of which ranges between about 700 and 1,400 K over a typical solar cycle. Solar activity also has a significant affect on atmospheric density, with high solar activity resulting in high density. Below about 150 km the density is not strongly affected by solar activity; however, at satellite altitudes in the range of 500 to 800 km, the density variations between solar maximum and solar minimum are approximately two orders of magnitude. The large variations imply that satellites will decay more rapidly during periods of solar maxima and much more slowly during solar minima.
For circular orbits we can approximate the changes in semi-major axis, period, and velocity per revolution using the following equations:
where a is the semi-major axis, P is the orbit period, and V, A and m are the satellite's velocity, area, and mass respectively. The term m/(CDA), called the ballistic coefficient, is given as a constant for most satellites. Drag effects are strongest for satellites with low ballistic coefficients, this is, light vehicles with large frontal areas.
A rough estimate of a satellite's lifetime, L, due to drag can be computed from
where H is the atmospheric density scale height. A substantially more accurate estimate (although still very approximate) can be obtained by integrating equation (4.53), taking into account the changes in atmospheric density with both altitude and solar activity.
Click here for example problem #4.18
Perturbations from Solar Radiation
Solar radiation pressure causes periodic variations in all of the orbital elements. The magnitude of the acceleration in m/s2 arising from solar radiation pressure is
where A is the cross-sectional area of the satellite exposed to the Sun and m is the mass of the satellite in kilograms. For satellites below 800 km altitude, acceleration from atmospheric drag is greater than that from solar radiation pressure; above 800 km, acceleration from solar radiation pressure is greater.
Orbit Maneuvers
At some point during the lifetime of most space vehicles or satellites, we must change one or more of the orbital elements. For example, we may need to transfer from an initial parking orbit to the final mission orbit, rendezvous with or intercept another spacecraft, or correct the orbital elements to adjust for the perturbations discussed in the previous section. Most frequently, we must change the orbit altitude, plane, or both. To change the orbit of a space vehicle, we have to change its velocity vector in magnitude or direction. Most propulsion systems operate for only a short time compared to the orbital period, thus we can treat the maneuver as an impulsive change in velocity while the position remains fixed. For this reason, any maneuver changing the orbit of a space vehicle must occur at a point where the old orbit intersects the new orbit. If the orbits do not intersect, we must use an intermediate orbit that intersects both. In this case, the total maneuver will require at least two propulsive burns.
Orbit Altitude Changes
The most common type of in-plane maneuver changes the size and energy of an orbit, usually from a low-altitude parking orbit to a higher-altitude mission orbit such as a geosynchronous orbit. Because the initial and final orbits do not intersect, the maneuver requires a transfer orbit. Figure 4.11 represents a Hohmann transfer orbit. In this case, the transfer orbit's ellipse is tangent to both the initial and final orbits at the transfer orbit's perigee and apogee respectively. The orbits are tangential, so the velocity vectors are collinear, and the Hohmann transfer represents the most fuel-efficient transfer between two circular, coplanar orbits. When transferring from a smaller orbit to a larger orbit, the change in velocity is applied in the direction of motion; when transferring from a larger orbit to a smaller, the change of velocity is opposite to the direction of motion.
The total change in velocity required for the orbit transfer is the sum of the velocity changes at perigee and apogee of the transfer ellipse. Since the velocity vectors are collinear, the velocity changes are just the differences in magnitudes of the velocities in each orbit. If we know the initial and final orbits, rA and rB, we can calculate the total velocity change using the following equations:
Note that equations (4.59) and (4.60) are the same as equation (4.6), and equations (4.61) and (4.62) are the same as equation (4.45).
Ordinarily we want to transfer a space vehicle using the smallest amount of energy, which usually leads to using a Hohmann transfer orbit. However, sometimes we may need to transfer a satellite between orbits in less time than that required to complete the Hohmann transfer. Figure 4.12 shows a faster transfer called the One-Tangent Burn. In this instance the transfer orbit is tangential to the initial orbit. It intersects the final orbit at an angle equal to the flight path angle of the transfer orbit at the point of intersection. An infinite number of transfer orbits are tangential to the initial orbit and intersect the final orbit at some angle. Thus, we may choose the transfer orbit by specifying the size of the transfer orbit, the angular change of the transfer, or the time required to complete the transfer. We can then define the transfer orbit and calculate the required velocities.
For example, we may specify the size of the transfer orbit, choosing any semi-major axis that is greater than the semi-major axis of the Hohmann transfer ellipse. Once we know the semi-major axis of the ellipse, atx, we can calculate the eccentricity, angular distance traveled in the transfer, the velocity change required for the transfer, and the time required to complete the transfer. We do this using equations (4.59) through (4.63) and (4.65) above, and the following equations:
Click here for example problem #4.20
Another option for changing the size of an orbit is to use electric propulsion to produce a constant low-thrust burn, which results in a spiral transfer. We can approximate the velocity change for this type of orbit transfer by
where the velocities are the circular velocities of the two orbits.
Orbit Plane Changes
To change the orientation of a satellite's orbital plane, typically the inclination, we must change the direction of the velocity vector. This maneuver requires a component of
V to be perpendicular to the orbital plane and, therefore, perpendicular to the initial velocity vector. If the size of the orbit remains constant, the maneuver is called a simple plane change. We can find the required change in velocity by using the law of cosines. For the case in which Vf is equal to Vi, this expression reduces to
where Vi is the velocity before and after the burn, and
is the angle change required.
Click here for example problem #4.21
From equation (4.73) we see that if the angular change is equal to 60 degrees, the required change in velocity is equal to the current velocity. Plane changes are very expensive in terms of the required change in velocity and resulting propellant consumption. To minimize this, we should change the plane at a point where the velocity of the satellite is a minimum: at apogee for an elliptical orbit. In some cases, it may even be cheaper to boost the satellite into a higher orbit, change the orbit plane at apogee, and return the satellite to its original orbit.
Typically, orbital transfers require changes in both the size and the plane of the orbit, such as transferring from an inclined parking orbit at low altitude to a zero-inclination orbit at geosynchronous altitude. We can do this transfer in two steps: a Hohmann transfer to change the size of the orbit and a simple plane change to make the orbit equatorial. A more efficient method (less total change in velocity) would be to combine the plane change with the tangential burn at apogee of the transfer orbit. As we must change both the magnitude and direction of the velocity vector, we can find the required change in velocity using the law of cosines,
where Vi is the initial velocity, Vf is the final velocity, and
is the angle change required. Note that equation (4.74) is in the same form as equation (4.69).
Click here for example problem #4.22
As can be seen from equation (4.74), a small plane change can be combined with an altitude change for almost no cost in
V or propellant. Consequently, in practice, geosynchronous transfer is done with a small plane change at perigee and most of the plane change at apogee.
Another option is to complete the maneuver using three burns. The first burn is a coplanar maneuver placing the satellite into a transfer orbit with an apogee much higher than the final orbit. When the satellite reaches apogee of the transfer orbit, a combined plane change maneuver is done. This places the satellite in a second transfer orbit that is coplanar with the final orbit and has a perigee altitude equal to the altitude of the final orbit. Finally, when the satellite reaches perigee of the second transfer orbit, another coplanar maneuver places the satellite into the final orbit. This three-burn maneuver may save propellant, but the propellant savings comes at the expense of the total time required to complete the maneuver.
When a plane change is used to modify inclination only, the magnitude of the angle change is simply the difference between the initial and final inclinations. In this case, the initial and final orbits share the same ascending and descending nodes. The plane change maneuver takes places when the space vehicle passes through one of these two nodes.
In some instances, however, a plane change is used to alter an orbit's longitude of ascending node in addition to the inclination. An example might be a maneuver to correct out-of-plane errors to make the orbits of two space vehicles coplanar in preparation for a rendezvous. If the orbital elements of the initial and final orbits are known, the plane change angle is determined by the vector dot product. If ii and
i are the inclination and longitude of ascending node of the initial orbit, and if and
f are the inclination and longitude of ascending node of the final orbit, then the angle between the orbital planes,
, is given by
Click here for example problem #4.23
The plane change maneuver takes place at one of two nodes where the initial and final orbits intersect. The latitude and longitude of these nodes are determined by the vector cross product. The position of one of the two nodes is given by
Knowing the position of one node, the second node is simply
Click here for example problem #4.24
Orbit Rendezvous
Orbital transfer becomes more complicated when the object is to rendezvous with or intercept another object in space: both the interceptor and the target must arrive at the rendezvous point at the same time. This precision demands a phasing orbit to accomplish the maneuver. A phasing orbit is any orbit that results in the interceptor achieving the desired geometry relative to the target to initiate a Hohmann transfer. If the initial and final orbits are circular, coplanar, and of different sizes, then the phasing orbit is simply the initial interceptor orbit. The interceptor remains in the initial orbit until the relative motion between the interceptor and target results in the desired geometry. At that point, we would inject the interceptor into a Hohmann transfer orbit.
Launch Windows
Similar to the rendezvous problem is the launch-window problem, or determining the appropriate time to launch from the surface of the Earth into the desired orbital plane. Because the orbital plane is fixed in inertial space, the launch window is the time when the launch site on the surface of the Earth rotates through the orbital plane. The time of the launch depends on the launch site's latitude and longitude and the satellite orbit's inclination and longitude of ascending node.
Orbit Maintenance
Once in their mission orbits, many satellites need no additional orbit adjustment. On the other hand, mission requirements may demand that we maneuver the satellite to correct the orbital elements when perturbing forces have changed them. Two particular cases of note are satellites with repeating ground tracks and geostationary satellites.
After the mission of a satellite is complete, several options exist, depending on the orbit. We may allow low-altitude orbits to decay and reenter the atmosphere or use a velocity change to speed up the process. We may also boost satellites at all altitudes into benign orbits to reduce the probability of collision with active payloads, especially at synchronous altitudes.
V Budget
To an orbit designer, a space mission is a series of different orbits. For example, a satellite might be released in a low-Earth parking orbit, transferred to some mission orbit, go through a series of resphasings or alternate mission orbits, and then move to some final orbit at the end of its useful life. Each of these orbit changes requires energy. The
V budget is traditionally used to account for this energy. It sums all the velocity changes required throughout the space mission life. In a broad sense the
V budget represents the cost for each mission orbit scenario.
The Hyperbolic Orbit
The discussion thus far has focused on the elliptical orbit, which will result whenever a spacecraft has insufficient velocity to escape the gravity of its primary. There is a velocity, called the escape velocity, Vesc, such that if the spacecraft is launched with an initial velocity greater than Vesc, it will travel away from the planet and never return. To achieve escape velocity we must give the spacecraft enough kinetic energy to overcome all of the negative gravitational potential energy. Thus, if m is the mass of the spacecraft, M is the mass of the planet, and r is the radial distance between the spacecraft and planet, the potential energy is -GmM /r. The kinetic energy of the spacecraft, when it is launched, is mv2/2. We thus have
which is independent of the mass of the spacecraft.
Click here for example problem #4.25
A space vehicle that has exceeded the escape velocity of a planet will travel a hyperbolic path relative to the planet. The hyperbola is an unusual and interesting conic section because it has two branches. The arms of a hyperbola are asymptotic to two intersecting straight line (the asymptotes). If we consider the left-hand focus, f, as the prime focus (where the center of our gravitating body is located), then only the left branch of the hyperbola represents the possible orbit. If, instead, we assume a force of repulsion between our satellite and the body located at f (such as the force between two like-charged electric particles), then the right-hand branch represents the orbit. The parameters a, b and c are labeled in Figure 4.14. We can see that c2 = a2+ b2 for the hyperbola. The eccentricity is,
. This turning angle is related to the geometry of the hyperbola as follows:
If we let
equal the angle between the periapsis vector and the departure asymptote, i.e. the true anomaly at infinity, we have
If we know the radius, r, velocity, v, and flight path angle,
, of a point on the orbit (see Figure 4.15), we can calculate the eccentricity and semi-major axis using equations (4.30) and (4.32) as previously presented. Note that the semi-major axis of a hyperbola is negative.
The true anomaly corresponding to known valves of r, v and
can be calculated using equation (4.31), however special care must be taken to assure the angle is placed in the correct quadrant. It may be easier to first calculate e and a, and then calculate true anomaly using equation (4.43), rearranged as follows:
Whenever
should be taken as positive; whenever
is negative,
should be taken as negative.
The impact parameter, b, is the distance of closest approach that would result between a spacecraft and planet if the spacecraft trajectory was undeflected by gravity. The impact parameter is,
Closet approach occurs at periapsis, where the radius distance, ro, is equal to
p is a geometrical constant of the conic called the parameter or semi-latus rectum, and is equal to
Click here for example problem #4.26
At any known true anomaly, the magnitude of a spacecraft's radius vector, its flight-path angle, and its velocity can be calculated using equations (4.43), (4.44) and (4.45).
Click here for example problem #4.27
Early we introduced the variable eccentric anomaly and its use in deriving the time of flight in an elliptical orbit. In a similar manner, the analytical derivation of the hyperbolic time of flight, using the hyperbolic eccentric anomaly, F, can be derived as follows:
where,
is positive, F should be taken as positive; whenever
is negative, F should be taken as negative.
Hyperbolic Excess Velocity
If you give a space vehicle exactly escape velocity, it will just barely escape the gravitational field, which means that its velocity will be approaching zero as its distance from the force center approaches infinity. If, on the other hand, we give our vehicle more than escape velocity at a point near Earth, we would expect the velocity at a great distance from Earth to be approaching some finite constant value. This residual velocity the vehicle would have left over even at infinity is called hyperbolic excess velocity. We can calculate this velocity from the energy equation written for two points on the hyperbolic escape trajectory – a point near Earth called the burnout point and a point an infinite distance from Earth where the velocity will be the hyperbolic excess velocity, v∞. Solving for v∞ we obtain
Note that if v∞ = 0 (as it is on a parabolic trajectory), the burnout velocity, vbo, becomes simply the escape velocity.
Click here for example problem #4.29
It is, of course, absurd to talk about a space vehicle "reaching infinity" and in this sense it is meaningless to talk about escaping a gravitational field completely. It is a fact, however, that once a space vehicle is a great distance from Earth, for all practical purposes it has escaped. In other words, it has already slowed down to very nearly its hyperbolic excess velocity. It is convenient to define a sphere around every gravitational body and say that when a probe crosses the edge of this sphere of influence it has escaped. Although it is difficult to get agreement on exactly where the sphere of influence should be drawn, the concept is convenient and is widely used, especially in lunar and interplanetary trajectories. For most purposes, the radius of the sphere of influence for a planet can be calculated as follows:
where Dsp is the distance between the Sun and the planet, Mp is the mass of the planet, and Ms is the mass of the Sun. Equation (4.89) is also valid for calculating a moon's sphere of influence, where the moon is substituted for the planet and the planet for the Sun.
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i don't know
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To what did the New Hebrides change its name after gaining independence from France and Britain in 1980?
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Flashpoint: South Pacific - Vanuatu and New Caledonia
Willemez 8 Comments
Who knew that France is still involved in a conflict over South Pacific maritime boundaries? Tell the French that their opponent in the conflict is Vanuatu and many will answer “What’s a Vanuatu?”
Few French even know that France claims one of the biggest aggregate maritime territories in the world. Indeed, due to its numerous overseas departments and territories, France possesses the second largest exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in the world, covering 11,035,000 km², just behind that of the United States, with 11,351,000km².
Shinzo Abe, the Japanese Prime Minister, even said in June 2013, that “France is a big maritime power,” and that France and Japan should collaborate for security issues in the Asia-Pacific region. Following up this sentiment, during Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida’s visit to Paris, the two nations agreed to closer military ties.
Funny enough, France is never mentioned in Australia’s Defence White Paper 2013. And yet Spain is, despite lacking any territory in the South Pacific. France on the other hand retains French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna, and New Caledonia, a territory with an EEZ as big as South Africa’s.
One of New Caledonia’s neighbors, Vanuatu, then known as the New Hebrides, was a Franco-British Condominium (a territory with shared sovereignty) from 1906 to 1980. Nowhere else on earth were two colonial powers sharing an island. (Well, they of course first competed for it, before deciding to rule it jointly.)
While the former colony maintained formal relations with France after gaining independence, two little inhabited rocky islands known as Matthew and Hunter became the cause of a maritime boundary issue between the two nations.
In 1976, prior to Vanuatu’s/New Hebrides’ independence, France annexed Matthew and Hunter islands to New Caledonia rather than keep them in the New Hebrides condominium.
The Vanuatu government of the time rejected French sovereignty over the islands and planted the Vanuatu flag on Hunter Island in 1993 but a French patrol vessel prevented the party from reaching Matthew Island. France nowadays maintains a naval presence and an automated weather station on Matthew.
In 2009, the Vanuatu Prime Minister and the independence movement of New Caledonia, the FLNKS, signed a document – with no legal value – recognizing the Vanuatu sovereignty over Matthew and Hunter islands. This gesture is all the more surprising given that France has always stated that the two islands belong to the territory of New Caledonia, and that Vanuatu’s economy is largely supported by French development aid, as well as aid from Iceland, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and others.
But in Vanuatu, the legends associated with these southern islands demonstrate the importance of these two islands in the Ni-Vanuatu (Vanuatu people) tradition. Matthew is known as the “House of the Gods” where the spirits of the dead go rest. Ni-Vanuatu speak of traveling regularly from the islands of the Vanuatu archipelago to Hunter and Matthew, singing and dancing when they were on one or the other of the two islands in dispute today. On the other hand, there is no known legend of these islands in New Caledonia.
Vanuatu claims that the two islands are part of its archipelago based on its offered geological and cartographic evidence. Those two islets are even being fought for before the UN under terms of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
The dispute spilled has also unsettled relations with neighbors. In 1982, for example, Fiji and New Caledonia signed an agreement on mutual recognition of their maritime boundaries, in which Fiji recognized French ownership of the Matthew and Hunter Islands. The action upset Vanuatu, which demanded that Fiji recognize Ni-Vanuatu sovereignty over the islands, stating that failure to do so would be a blow to peace in the region, but Fiji did not revoke its signature.
Oh, I almost forgot: Hunter Island is also unofficially claimed by the micronation Republic of Lostisland, which undertook an expedition to the island in July 2012. Lostisland is an international project generally classified as a micronation, with citizens from all over the world aiming to achieve the independence and sovereignty of the Hunter Island. But the likelihood of it impacting New Caledonian or Ni-Vanuatu claims is nil.
For all the fuss, the Matthew and Hunter Islands are two little volcanic islets that look pretty boring from above. See for yourself:
Nor are they big – Matthew is 0.1km² and Hunter 0.4km². So why are they so important for France? Is it because they are a sanctuary for the terns and playground for the studies of meteorologists and ornithologists? Of course not. France dreams of extending its sovereign rights over an additional 2,000,000km².
But it is serious business – at stake are the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons and rare metals, as well fishery resources. The exact resource contents of these areas will have to be determined by further scientific studies. It is clearly a bet for the future.
To take advantage of these potential riches, France filed extension requests for fourteen geographical areas with the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf of the United Nations in 2009. A special French interdepartmental program (steering committee composed of seven departments) called Extraplac was created in 2002 to prepare for all potential expansion areas, without studying fisheries or mineral resources. Extraplac could also present common issues with other coastal states sharing the same continental shelf.
But the extension of the continental shelf would involve substantial financial resources to ensure the protection and control of the newly acquired areas, but the deep cut in the finances of the Ministry of Defense does not make this possible at the moment.
A final problem exists. Article 121 of UNCLOS states that “rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own, have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf.” However, the story of the inhabited Clipperton islet in the North Pacific with its 431,015 km² big EEZ shows that France, like many, has a broad interpretation of the ability to sustain economic life.
At the same time, Article 47 of UNCLOS states that an archipelagic State may draw straight baselines “joining the outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of the archipelago provided that within such baselines are included the main islands.” As such a state, if Vanuatu can also claim Matthew and Hunter islands as part of its territory and archipelago, it would be able to draw its baseline to the islands and thereby extend its EEZ from the islands without concern for Article 121.
It’s important to note that the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf is charged with making recommendations to states, based on scientific evidence, on demarcating continental shelves (thereby conferring rights) when these shelves exceed the standard 200nm EEZ. However, it is up to the states themselves to enact the recommendations and settle the territorial claims.
Pretty interesting stuff happens in the South Pacific, huh?
Alix is a writer, researcher, and correspondent on the Asia-Pacific region for Marine Renewable Energy LTD. She previously served as a maritime policy advisor to the New Zealand Consul General in New Caledonia and as the French Navy’s Deputy Bureau Chief for State Action at Sea, New Caledonia Maritime Zone.
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Vanuatu | Global Education
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GNI per capita (PPP US$):
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90%
Did you know?
Vanuatu was known as the New Hebrides before its independence from England and France in 1980.
Contributors' notes
Geography
Physical geography
Vanuatu is a Y-shaped archipelago comprising 4 main islands and 80 smaller islands with a total land area of 12,200 square kilometres. It is 2.5 hours flying time north-east of Brisbane, Australia. Many of the islands are mountainous, rising straight out of the ocean, with little flat coastal land. The highest point is Mount Tabwemasana, which is 1,877 metres, on the island Espiritu Santo. Because it is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, there are active volcanoes and the country experiences frequent Earth tremors and occasional tsunamis.
Climate
Vanuatu has a tropical climate with high temperatures. In the capital, Port Vila, January temperatures average 27°C and and July temperatures average 22°C. During the wet season, from November to April, rainfall totals vary from 2,250 millimetres in the south to 3,875 millimetres (nearly 4 metres) in the north. Cyclones may occur during the wet season.
Environment
Forests in Vanuatu are richly varied and include giant banyan trees, kauri pines and some remnant stands of sandalwood. Over 150 plant species are endemic to Vanuatu. The steep terrain has protected Vanuatu’s forests from logging. Vanuatu is home to 11 species of bat, including the white flying fox. It is also the easternmost habitation of the dugong, or sea-cow. The island of Espiritu Santo has the richest bird population, with 55 species including the incubator bird, which leaves its eggs to incubate in hot volcanic sand from which the young birds emerge fully fledged.
Population
Most people live in small villages across all the islands. About a quarter of the population live quite westernised lifestyles, in urban areas. The largest cities are Port Vila, the capital, on the island of Efate, (44,040 people); Luganville on Espiritu Santo (13,900 people); Norsup (3,000 people) on Malakula; and Isangel (1,500 people) on Tanna.
People
Culture and identity
The ni-Vanuatu, as the people are known, are predominantly Melanesian. Other groups include French, Chinese, Pacific Islanders and Vietnamese. The isolation of the islands and the mountainous terrain has led to the development of over 100 different indigenous languages and cultures. Bislama (Vanuatu pidgin) is the main language spoken across the various groups but English and French are also spoken.
There is a strong loyalty to kastom, which represents what ni-Vanuatu see as most valuable in society. Associated with birth, initiation, marriage and death is a regular cycle of celebrations and feasting. These events include hundreds of extended family members as relationships are traced back many generations.
Storytelling, songs and dances have long been important in Vanuatu because traditionally there was no written language. Art, in many forms, from body decorations and tattoos, to elaborate masks, hats and carvings, are also a vital part of ritual celebrations. Traditional musical instruments include pan pipes, conch shells and the tam-tam or slit-drum, an intricately carved log with a slice hollowed out from the centre in which the sound reverberates.
The World Heritage site Chief Roi Mata’s Domain recognises the important social reforms and methods of conflict resolution the chief made during his 17th century reign.
Health
Government spending on health and health education has improved the use of mosquito nets to prevent malaria, and increased the rate of immunisation against disease. The infant mortality rate is 16 per 1,000 live births and life expectancy is 72 years (men: 71 and women: 74). About 90% of the population has access to safe water and 57% has access to safe sanitation. Food shortages may occur after cyclones or other natural disasters. Imported processed foods are taking the place of traditional cuisine, causing health issues related to obesity and nutrient deficiencies for many townspeople.
Religion and beliefs
Traditional beliefs in spirits and demons are often held alongside Christian beliefs. Some places, names, knowledge, objects or practices may be considered taboo or sacred. Natural events are often considered the result of actions by individuals who may have offended certain spirits.
Food and shelter
The traditional diet consists of the root vegetables yams, manioc and taro. Taro, wild spinach and grated coconut are ground together to make the national dish, laplap. Pork, beef, fish, poultry, seafood or bush meat like flying fox may be added, and the mixture is wrapped in banana leaves and baked in an underground oven. Seasonal fruits such as breadfruit are also important and kava, made from the fermented root of a tuber plant, is the national drink. Increasing urbanisation is leading to changes in diet to include imported foods such as tinned fish and rice.
Villagers live in a variety of styles of traditional housing made from bamboo, grass and thatch, consisting of one or two rooms for sleeping. Cooking is done on outdoor fireplaces or in separate huts. Traditionally, men and initiated boys lived in nakamal, men’s house. Today families live together. Townspeople tend to live in western-style housing or informal self-built housing made of corrugated iron, wood, thatch, bamboo and plastic.
Economy
Wealth and poverty
Vanuatu’s economy relies heavily on tourism and agriculture. Its productive land means rural people enjoy healthy lifestyles and social rituals based on gifts of pigs and other food. Limited economic opportunities and a wish for a modern lifestyle lead many young people to move to the towns, but many are unable to find jobs.
Education and work
The adult literacy rate in Vanuatu is 83%. Over two-thirds of school-aged children are enrolled in school, with 83% completing primary school. Education is delivered in both English and French to meet the demands of business and give the country a competitive edge over other Pacific Island nations. About 5% of the relevant age group is enrolled in tertiary education. Vanuatu is a partner in the regional University of the South Pacific, which has its main campus in Suva, Fiji Islands, and a branch in Vanuatu. Malapoa Teachers’ Training College and Tagabe Agricultural School also provide tertiary education, and there is a school of nursing in Port Vila.
Industries and products
Vanuatu’s economic growth is heavily reliant on tourism, which employs 10,000 people and provides 40% of the country’s GDP. Subsistence farmers produce mainly taro, yams, coconuts, fruits and vegetables. The principal cash and export crops are copra, cocoa and coffee. Light industries, which cater for local needs, are based on food and natural resources – fish freezing, meat canning and wood processing.
Trade
In 2013 Vanuatu exported copra, beef, cocoa, timber, kava and coffee worth $US43 million to Thailand (41%), Cote dIvoire (30.5%) and Japan (15%). It imported machinery and equipment, foodstuffs and fuels worth $319 million from China (20%), Singapore (18%), USA (15%), Japan (11%) and Australia (10%).
Government
Vanuatu gained its independence from Britain and France on 30 July 1980. The President of the Parliamentary Republic is elected for a five-year term via a secret ballot by parliament and the presidents of Vanuatu’s six provincial governments. The parliament is elected for a four-year term by citizens aged over 18. President Lolu Johnson Abbil was elected in September 2009 and the Prime Minister, Sato Kilman of the People’s Progressive Party, was elected in December 2010.
Vanuatu has enjoyed relative political stability since 2004 but continues to struggle with weak government systems and policies. There are few people with the skills for key positions and the traditional relationships of reciprocity between leaders and their communities puts politicians under constant pressure to provide direct, material benefits to their constituents.
Achievements and challenges
The main constraints to development in Vanuatu include more than 100 different vernacular languages and the dual French and English language and education systems. Vanuatu’s fiscal position has improved through financial reforms, more transparent and accountable budget processes, and improved public sector practices. Economic growth is limited by dependence on relatively few commodity exports and the long distances from main markets and between the islands.
The cash economy is becoming increasingly necessary to maintain a basic standard of living. Rural households need cash to pay school fees, for necessities such as salt, sugar, soap, clothing and kerosene as well as for imported foodstuffs. This is changing social relationships as people become more individualistic and less willing and able to devote time and resources to their communities. These changes are challenging the authority and status of chiefs. The status of women is also changing as it was traditionally based on how active they were in their community roles, including church and women’s groups, and the care of the elderly and vulnerable.
A number of community groups are active throughout the islands. The Vanuatu Women’s Centre has assisted women to address issues of violence in the home and financial difficulties. A non-government organisation, Wan Smolbag Theatre, brings powerful messages about care of the environment, health, and social and human rights to villages throughout the country and operates all over the South Pacific.
With the help of the international community, Vanuatu is making progress towards the Millennium Development Goals but is only likely to meet the goals of reducing child mortality (MDG 4) and combatting HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases (MDG6) by 2015.
Links with Australia
Early contact with Australia occurred when thousands of ni-Vanuatu were ‘recruited’ to work on the sugar and cotton plantations of Queensland in the late 1800s in a practice known as blackbirding. Many workers were never able to return home but had few rights in Australia.
Australia now enjoys a friendly, broad-based relationship with Vanuatu. Australia is a major source of imports, investment and aid. Areas of Australian investment include agriculture, tourism, finance and construction. There is also a significant resident population of Australians.
Australia’s overseas aid program focuses on education, health, infrastructure, economic governance and services in law and justice.
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i don't know
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In terms of area, which is the world's largest landlocked country?
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Landlocked Countries: 44 Countries Have No Ocean Access
By Matt Rosenberg
Updated November 15, 2016.
Approximately one-fifth of the world's countries are landlocked, meaning they have no access to the oceans. There are 44 landlocked countries that do not have direct access to an ocean or ocean-accessible sea (such as the Mediterranean Sea).
Why Is Being Landlocked an Issue?
While a country such as Switzerland has thrived despite its lack of access to the world's oceans, being landlocked has many disadvantages. Some landlocked countries rank among the poorest in the world. Some of the issues of being landlocked include:
Lack of access to fishing and oceanic food sources
High transportation and transit costs because of a lack of access to ports and world shipping operations
Geopolitical vulnerabilities from dependence on neighboring countries for access to world markets and natural resources
Military limitations because of the lack of naval options
What Continents Have No Landlocked-Countries?
North America has no landlocked countries, and Australia is rather obviously not landlocked.
continue reading below our video
What are the Seven Wonders of the World
Within the United States, over half of the 50 states are landlocked with no direct access to the world's oceans. Many states, however, do have water access to the oceans via the Hudson Bay, Chesapeake Bay, or Mississippi River.
Landlocked Countries in South America:
South America has just two landlocked countries: Bolivia and Paraguay.
Landlocked Countries in Europe:
Europe has 14 landlocked countries: Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Vatican City.
Landlocked Countries in Africa:
Africa has 16 landlocked countries: Botswana, Burundi, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Ethiopia, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Rwanda, South Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Lesotho is unusual in that it is landlocked by just one country (South Africa).
Landlocked Countries in Asia:
Asia has 12 landlocked countries: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bhutan, Laos, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Note that several of the countries in western Asia border the landlocked Caspian Sea, a feature that does open some transit and trade opportunities.
Disputed Regions that Are Landlocked:
Four regions that are not fully recognized as independent countries are landlocked: Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh, South Ossetia, and Transnistria.
What Are the Two Doubly-Landlocked Countries?
There are two, special, landlocked countries that are known as doubly-landlocked countries, completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The two doubly-landlocked countries are Uzbekistan (surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and, Turkmenistan) and Liechtenstein (surrounded by Austria and Switzerland).
What Is the Largest Landlocked Country?
Kazakhstan is the world's ninth largest country but is the world's largest landlocked country. It's 1.03 million square miles (2.67 million km2) and is bordered by Russia, China, the Kyrgyz Republic, Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan, and the landlocked Caspian Sea .
What Are the Most Recently Added Landlocked Countries?
The most recent addition to the list of landlocked countries is South Sudan which gained independence in 2011.
Serbia is also a recent addition to the list of landlocked countries. The country formerly had access to the Adriatic Sea, but when Montenegro became an independent country in 2006, Serbia lost its ocean access.
This article was edited and expanded significantly by Allen Grove in November 2016.
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Kazakhstan
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What is the name of the special agent played by Keifer Sutherland in the drama series '24'?
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Which Countries are Landlocked? (with pictures)
Hobbies
Which Countries are Landlocked?
Written By: L. S. Wynn
Edited By: L. S. Wynn
Last Modified Date: 09 January 2017
Copyright Protected:
Top 10 facts about the world
According to the CIA World Factbook, there are 44 countries and other areas that are landlocked. In simplest terms, this means that the country is devoid of coastline. This status is critical for many nations because it prevents unfettered access to the open ocean which, in turn, allows for trade with most of the countries in the world. Goods produced in a country without access to open water, for example, must always be transported through another country before traveling to their destination.
The status of being landlocked does not appear to be just a superficial aspect of a country. For example, the average gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita for the world is approximately $15,000 US Dollars (USD). Of the world's landlocked countries, only a few, such as Switzerland and Austria , have higher GDPs per capita than this average. The average of all landlocked countries is only about $13,000 USD, but this average is skewed by the inclusion of countries like Lichtenstein , which has a per capita GDP of $118,000 USD.
Two countries in the world are double landlocked, which means that they are surrounded only by other landlocked countries: Lichtenstein and Uzbekistan . The largest landlocked country is Kazakhstan , which is the ninth largest country in the world, covering just over 1 million square miles (2.65 million square kilometers).
Africa includes a total of 15 landlocked countries; Asia has 12; Europe has 15; and South America has 2. Here is a list of all of them, organized by continent:
Africa
anon996657
Post 30
Lesotho is landlocked and is surrounded entirely by only one other country - South Africa. Are there other such landlocked countries - that is countries whose entire border is with just one country?
anon939268
Post 28
@anon939087: I saw your comment and looked on a map to make sure I knew what I was talking about. A landlocked country does not have a coastline. That means it does not have an ocean bordering it directly. You can eventually get to the ocean by traveling enough rivers, but there is no direct ocean access, like Italy has, for instance, or France. The Aral Sea is really a lake, so it doesn't count as coastline.
Missouri in the U.S. is a landlocked state. Just because the Mississippi River borders it and the Mississippi eventually empties into the Gulf of Mexico doesn't mean Missouri isn't landlocked.
So yes, according to the maps, Uzbekistan is landlocked.
anon939087
Post 27
If Uzbekistan is bordered by the Aral sea, and the Aral sea is connected to the Black Sea, and the Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean sea, then not only is Uzbekistan not double landlocked, it isn't even landlocked.
So those who say it is landlocked are simply wrong.
anon345307
South Sudan became a landlocked country in 2011.
ZipLine
Post 25
I think Central Asian landlocked countries are experiencing a lot of financial difficulty because of transit issues. That's why OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) is running a project to make transit easier through Asia.
Eventually, there is probably going to be a vast transit system from China, through Central Asia into Europe. Landlocked developing countries will be better off after that.
discographer
Post 24
@anamur-- I'm not sure, but that's a good question.
As far as I know, every country imposes a tariff on goods that enter its borders. So a landlocked country that has goods imported through another country would have to pay some kind of tariff or fee to that country unless they have a non-tariff agreement.
But I'm not sure if this makes trade more costly for landlocked countries than for countries that are not landlocked. That might be the case. Does anyone else have input on this?
serenesurface
Post 23
Does the fact that a landlocked country relies on neighboring countries to be able to import goods, make trade more expensive for them?
anon189731
Post 22
why have you become so angry at the West Bank? Isn't it an individual territory that bears its own identity of thousands of years? Come on guys. Recognize us.
anon163237
Post 21
it seems that if a country is bordered by an inland sea it can still be considered landlocked, as long as it does not have access to the major oceans or waterways.
In that case, isn't the term "landlocked" a misnomer? Semantically, landlocked should strictly be defined as locked in on all sides by land. Could someone please explain to me why that is not the case?
anon162972
Post 20
At most previous comments: You must accept the facts of geography and the rules instituted by geographers and the international society. Countries that do not have a coastline on an ocean or on major waterway which has the size of a waterway of a strait or larger (not a river) as a connection to an ocean are landlocked, Vatican City is a country, and Tibet is a part of China. Please consider what you are saying and research it before jumping to conclusions
anon145157
Post 18
Comment 14 (ag47) - you're missing something. Notice the editor's reply to the other people who asked the same thing.
anon145097
Post 17
Regrettable the list includes "West Bank," which is not a country. Even more regrettable that the list omits Tibet.
anon144988
Regarding comment 5, which says in part:
"1) Lichtenstein as the world's only double land locked country.
2) Mongolia is the world's only landlocked country. "
If no. 2 is true, then there can't be any double land locked countries outside the borders of Mongolia. Lichtenstein is not inside Mongolia.
ag47
Post 14
The word landlocked means (or at least ought to mean) "locked in on all sides by land". How are countries like Kazakhstan which are surrounded at least for some parts of their borders by lakes or seas (it is irrelevant really if the lakes or seas themselves are inland) considered landlocked?
Or am I missing something here?
anon85648
which continent has larger coastline? either europe or africa? how?
anon67452
Post 11
What do you mean by double landlocked? Is that like the ones which border the country don't have coastlines either?
anon65479
i'm thanking this website because it helped me in my project.
anon23044
Post 7
Bolivia is not landlocked, it has a lake on the western border. Please change this it's inaccurate. Thank you.
Moderator's reply: Actually, Bolivia is landlocked, because it doesn't have a coastline that gives it access to the open ocean.
anon18102
How is Armenia considered a European country? Geographically speaking it's a bit overrated.
anon5874
Post 5
The above says that Lichtenstein and Uzbekistan are the world's only double land locked countries and that Kazakhstan is the world's largest land locked country.
Does the Caspian Sea not count as a sea? If so, then Kazakhstan is not land locked and Uzbekistan is not double land locked. This would leave
1) Lichtenstein as the world's only double land locked country.
2) Mongolia is the world's only landlocked country.
Moderator's reply: That is a good question! A landlocked country is generally defined as a country that is entirely or nearly entirely surrounded by other countries. if it is bordered by a landlocked sea, such as the Caspian Sea, it is still considered landlocked, mostly because it is restricted from sea trade. one important thing to note is that the Caspian Sea is also often categorized as a lake, and countries bordering it thus still classed as landlocked.
lamaestra
Post 4
About the Western Bank: This list covers countries and areas. According to the World CIA Factbook, the source for this data, while the West Bank is not recognized as an independent country, it is generally referred to as an entity in some ways separate from Israel. The West Bank is therefore included in this list as a landlocked "area."
This list now shows 44 landlocked countries and areas. 42 of the names refer to recognized countries, while two, the West Bank and Vatican City, fall into the "area" category. The World CIA Factbook includes "a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states" to create this list of landlocked countries or areas.
anon4643
Post 3
OK, so the CIA Factobook says 43 countries and areas. What does "areas" mean? The list on this site is only 41 countries. What are the other 2 areas?
anon3711
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i don't know
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Which English cricketer scored a then world record 364 runs against Australia at the Oval in 1938?
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The highest score in Test cricket | Cricket | ESPN Cricinfo
The progression of the record April 12, 2004
The highest score in Test cricket
The highest individual score in Test cricket - batting's blue-riband record - has only changed hands ten times since the first Test of all, 127 years ago in 1876-77. Here's how the bar has been raised:
Charles Bannerman: first holder
165* - Charles Bannerman
Australia v England, Melbourne, 1876-77
Neatly, the man who scored the first run in Test cricket extended his innings to 165 before being forced to retire hurt with a hand injury. Charles Bannerman, 25, dominated Australia's innings in this inaugural Test, scoring 67.3% of his side's total - still a Test record for a completed innings.
211 - Billy Murdoch
Australia v England, The Oval, 1884
Bannerman's record lasted seven and a half years, until Billy Murdoch hit Test cricket's first double-century, in a huge Australian total of 551. But England hung on for a draw in what was only a three-day match. Murdoch, who later played a Test for England too, was 29, and Australia's captain, at the time.
287 - Tip Foster
England v Australia, Sydney, 1903-04
Reginald Erskine "Tip" Foster, the only man to captain England at cricket and football, marked his Test debut with an amazing innings. It remains the highest score by a player in his first Test, and is still England's highest in Australia. Foster, 25, put on 130 for the tenth wicket with Wilfred Rhodes (40*) as England posted a matchwinning total of 577.
325 - Andy Sandham
England v West Indies, Kingston, 1929-30
Playing in what turned out to be his last Test, three months short of his 40th birthday, Surrey's Andy Sandham scored 325 as England ran up 849 in a supposedly timeless Test - ironically, though, the match was left drawn when the England team had to catch the boat home. Despite a first-innings lead of 563, the England captain, Freddie Gough-Calthorpe, didn't enforce the follow-on: his eventual declaration left West Indies just 836 to win. They made 408 for 5 ...
334 - Don Bradman
Australia v England, Headingley, 1930
Three months later the record changed hands again, and to no-one's great surprise it was Australia's "Boy Wonder" who broke it. Don Bradman was only 21, and in the middle of a record-breaking tour of England in which he made those who had doubted his ability to score runs on English pitches eat their words. He scored 974 runs in the Tests - still a record - 309 of them on the first day at Headingley.
336* - Wally Hammond
England v New Zealand, Auckland, 1932-33
Hammond, second only to Bradman as a batsman at the time, eclipsed The Don's record with a murderous innings against a weak New Zealand side in 1932-33. Hammond, 29, smashed ten sixes and 34 fours, and his 300 came up in 288 minutes, still Test cricket's fastest in terms of time. Since Hammond had made 227 in the first of the two Tests that followed the acrimonious Bodyline tour of Australia, he finished with a series average of 563.
364 - Len Hutton
England v Australia, The Oval, 1938
Hutton, 22, took advantage of a benign pitch and a toothless Australian attack to beat the record in what had become, with the series undecided, a timeless Test. Hutton hit 35 fours in what was England's 100th century against Australia, and their eventual 903 for 7 remains the highest in Ashes Tests. Hammond, by then England's captain, apparently didn't declare until he was assured that Bradman, who had injured his leg while having a rare bowl, wouldn't be able to bat.
365* - Garry Sobers
West Indies v Pakistan, Kingston, 1957-58
Sobers had played some promising cameos before he extended his maiden Test century past 300 to come of age as international cricketer (well, he was 21 at the time). He hit 38 fours, and piled on 446 for the second wicket with Conrad Hunte (260) as West Indies took advantage of a depleted Pakistan attack - one opening bowler pulled a thigh muscle in his first over, and another fractured his thumb - to set a record that lasted for 36 years.
375 - Brian Lara
West Indies v England, St John's, 1993-94
Sobers was there to see his record go, in Antigua in 1994. Lara, 24, batted for 768 minutes and hit 45 fours, and very nearly trod on his stumps in hitting the boundary that took him past Sobers's old mark. A few weeks later Lara, in the form of his life, completed the double by breaking the first-class record as well, with an innings of 501 not out for Warwickshire against Durham.
380 - Matthew Hayden
Australia v Zimbabwe, Perth, 2003-04
A perfect pitch, and a friendly attack in which all five bowlers used eventually leaked more than 100 runs, added up to the ideal recipe for Matthew Hayden, the solidly built left-hander, to annexe the record. Hayden, 32, bludgeoned 11 sixes and 38 fours as the Zimbabwe bowlers wilted (slow left-armer Ray Price, who did well in the next Test, had figures of 0 for 187).
400* - Brian Lara
West Indies v England, St John's, 2003-04
Ten years after his 375, Lara returned to Antigua. The circumstances were different: West Indies had been walloped 3-0, and Lara himself, by now 34 and captain, was under intense pressure to avert an unthinkable whitewash. And Lara, with barely a false stroke, became the first man to regain the top spot, hitting 43 fours and four sixes as he reclaimed the record - and West Indian pride - on his way to the first Test quadruple-century.
Steven Lynch is editor of Wisden Cricinfo.
© ESPN Sports Media Ltd.
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Len Hutton
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Prior to the break-up of the Soviet Union, which was the world's largest landlocked country in terms of area?
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The Bradman Trail
8 January 1908: Inaugural meeting of Australia's first Rugby League club - Newtown.
28 April 1908: Born - Jack Fingleton - Australia. Right hand opening batsman who played in the "Bodyline" series. Better known as a correspondent and a widely read author.
27 August 1908: Donald Bradman was born at Cootamundra, NSW. He and his family lived at the nearby small town of Yeo Yeo, before moving to Bowral when Bradman was two.
16 January 1909: The magnetic South Pole is reached by 3 members of Ernest Shackleton's first expedition
30 May 1909: Born - George Headley - West Indies Known as "The Black Bradman". He was the greatest of all West Indian batsmen of his era, averaging 61 from 2190 runs in 22 tests 1930-54. Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1934.
11 June 1909: Birth of Jessie Menzies near Bowral. Childhood sweetheart and wife of Don Bradman.
12 February 1913: The east-west transcontinental railway is begun in Kalgoorlie, W.A.
28 August 1913: Born - Lindsay Hassett - Australia Splendid right hand opening batsman and captain in 24 tests. Renowned as a practical joker. In 43 tests (1938-53) scored 3073 runs at 47.
8 September 1913: Don Bradman started school at Bowral Public aged 5
19 March 1915: Born - Norman Yardley - England. Captain of England during the "Invincibles" tour of England in 1948.
22 March 1915: Born - Joyce Brewer - Australia. Right-hand bat, right arm medium bowler. Played with Australia's first womens' Test team against England 1934-35.
22 April 1915: German uses poison gas for first time on the Western Front. Use of deadly gas quickly became a feature of World War I.
19 May 1915: Don Bradman was diagnosed with measles aged 6.
3 March 1918: Don Bradman first sang in the St. Jude Church choir aged 9
11 March 1918: A soldier in Kansas reported fever, a sore throat and a headache. Now considered the 1st case of the "Spanish influenza" pandemic, which killed up to 40 million people, more than World War I
23 May 1918: Born - Denis Compton - England The original "Brylcream boy". Wonderful right hand middle-order batsman who scored extremely quickly. Played 78 tests 1938-56 scoring 5807 runs at 50. Also represented England at soccer.
19 July 1919: Don Bradman won two school running races aged 10
20 July 1919: Birth of New Zealand mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary
28 November 1919: Born - Keith Miller - Australia. Known as "Nugget". One of Australia's great all-rounders. Magnificent right hand batsman and quick right arm opening bowler. Formed successful opening bowling partnership with Ray Lindwall
27 January 1926: First public demonstration of television in London
15 February 1926: Radio station 2GB begins broadcasting in Sydney.
4 June 1926: Died - Fred Spofforth - Australia. Known as "The Demon" one of the fastest bowlers of all time. Played in 18 tests 1876-1887, including first ever Test in England. [1882]. First bowler to take test hat trick.
10 November 1926: Bradman plays in the State selection trials and scores 37 not out.
27 November 1926: Bradman given his first trial for St.George while he was in Sydney for Country week. He scores 110 in 110 minutes against Petersham.
9 May 1927: The first 'talking' film of any kind is made in Australia - a newsreel recording the opening of Parliament House in Canberra.
16 December 1927: Bradman Shield debut vs SA in Adelaide. Originally picked as 12th man went into the team replacing Archie Jackson who developed a boil on his knee. Scored 118. SA Coach Patsy Hendren was also very impressed with his fielding.
17 December 1927: Bill Ponsford sets a new world record first-class score of 437 for Victoria v Queensland. This was beaten three years later by Don Bradman with a score of 452*
17 December 1927: Bradman completed an century [118] on his debut in first-class cricket, for New South Wales v. South Australia.
30 January 1928: Bradman made 134 not out for New South Wales v Victoria at Sydney.
31 May 1928: Cadbury's Dairy Milk Chocolate is first produced in Claremont, Tasmania.
8 October 1928: Born - Neil Harvey - Australia. Magnificent left hand batsman and one of Australia's greatest ever fielders. Youngest member of the "Invincibles" Team which toured England in 1948. Australian selector in the 1970s
29 October 1928: Bradman made 131 for New South Wales v. Queensland at Brisbane.
1 November 1928: Bradman scored 133 not out or New South Wales v. Queensland at Brisbane.
13 November 1928: Bradman scored 132 not out for New South Wales v. MCC at Sydney.
30 November 1928: Bradman made his Test debut for Australia v. England at Brisbane.
3 January 1929: Bradman made 112 for Australia v England in the third Test match at Melbourne. This was his first Test Century.
14 January 1929: Born - Martin Luther King.
25 January 1929: Bradman scored 340 not out for New South Wales v Victoria, then the highest individual score in a Sheffield Shield match.
4 February 1929: Archie Jackson (Australia) completes his maiden Test century v England at Adelaide the then youngest player to do so in England/Australia cricket when aged 19 years and 152 days.
5 March 1929: Bradman scored 175 for New South Wales v South Australia at Sydney.
13 March 1929: Bradman scored 123 for Australia v England in the fifth Test match at Melbourne
22 November 1929: Bradman made 157 for New South Wales v. MCC at Sydney.
7 December 1929: Bradman scores 124 in 166 minutes for the Bill Woodfull XI against the Jack Ryder XI
9 December 1929: Bradman completed a score of 124 for Woodfull's XI v. Ryder's XI in a Test Trial match at Sydney.
10 December 1929: Bradman scores 225 in the second innings of a Test trial match. He had scored 124 during the first innings.
1 January 1930: Australian National Airways (A.N.A.) starts a regular air service between Sydney and Brisbane - the first in Australia
4 January 1930: NSW vs Queensland at the SCG. After failing in the first innings Bradman goes into bat with the score at 1 for 22. By stumps on the Saturday he was 205 no. He went on to make 452 no, a world record first-class batting score.
6 January 1930: Bradman scored 452 not out, then the world's record individual score in a first-class match, New South Wales v Queensland at Sydney. The runs were scored in 415 minutes.
15 March 1930: Bradman scored 139 for Australia v Tasmania at Hobart.
1 May 1930: Bradman scored 236 for Australians v. Worcestershire at Worcester, his first innings on English soil.
5 May 1930: Bradman scored 185 not out for Australians v. Leicestershire at Leicester.
24 May 1930: Bradman made 252 not out for Australians v. Surrey at the Oval. The second century took 80 minutes.
31 May 1930: Bradman batted for Australia v. Hampshire at Southampton and was 47 not out at stumps, bringing his aggregate to 1001 runs, the first overseas batsman to complete 1000 runs by the end of May.
2 June 1930: Bradman, continuing his innings against Hampshire, took his score to 191
6 June 1930: Born - Frank Tyson - England. His bowling in the 1954/55 Ashes series in Australia is regarded by some pundits as the fastest ever. He took 76 wickets at an average of 19 per wicket in 17 tests, 1954-1959.
17 June 1930: Bradman scored 131 for Australia v England in the first Test match at Nottingham, being his first Test century on English soil.
30 June 1930: Bradman scored 254 for Australia v England in the second Test match at Lord's.
11 July 1930: Bradman was 105 at lunch, 220 at tea, and 309 at stumps on 1st day of third Test match, Australia v England at Leeds. He became one of only 3 players to make a century before lunch in Australia v England tests
12 July 1930: Bradman scored 334 for Australia v England in the third Test at Leeds, then the world's record Test score.
31 July 1930: Bradman scored 117 for Australia v Somersetshire at Taunton.
20 August 1930: Bradman scored 232 for Australia v England in the fifth Test match at the Oval.
29 August 1930: Bradman scored 205 not out for Australia v Kent at Canterbury.
12 September 1930: Bradman played for Australia v. H.D.G. Leveson-Gower's XI at Scarborough making 96. This innings took Bradman's aggregate for the season to 2960, being the highest number of runs ever made by a touring player in England.
6 October 1930: Born - Richie Benaud - Australia. A magnificent all rounder and very successful captain. Right arm leg spin bowler, took 248 wickets in 63 tests 1951-64 . Now respected TV commentator. Patron of the Bradman Museum.
8 November 1930: Bradman made 121 for New South Wales v. South Australia at Sydney.
18 December 1930: Bradman made 258 v. South Australia at Adelaide, the tenth double century of his career.
16 January 1931: Bradman made 223 runs v West Indies in the Third Test at Brisbane, the most runs ever scored by a player in a Test match in Australia in one day.
28 January 1931: Bradman scored 220 for New South Wales v Victoria at Sydney.
6 February 1931: Born - Freddie Trueman - England. Famous Yorkshire right arm fast bowler. Also a well-known broadcaster of cricket. He took 307 wickets at 22 in 69 tests 1952-1965
14 February 1931: Bradman took his score to 152 in the fourth Test match for Australia v West Indies at Melbourne.
23 February 1931: Dame Nellie Melba, died at St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney.
4 March 1931: Bradman is bowled for a first ball duck by Herman Griffith on the last day of the 5th Test vs the West Indies. The West Indies win by 31 runs.
15 August 1931: The Sydney Harbour Bridge sides met in the middle.
17 November 1931: Bradman scored 135 [in 128 minutes] for New South Wales v. South Africans at Sydney.
27 November 1931: During the last Test held at Brisbane's Exhibition ground Bradman scores 223 not out on the first day against the West Indies
28 November 1931: Bradman scored 226 in his first Test match for Australia v. South Africa at Brisbane.
7 December 1931: Bradman made 219 for New South Wales v. South Africans at Sydney. The runs were scored in 234 minutes.
19 December 1931: Bradman made 112 for Australia v. South Africa in the second Test match at Sydney.
5 January 1932: Bradman took his score to 167 in the third Test match Australia v South Africa at Melbourne.
25 January 1932: Bradman made 167 for New South Wales v Victoria at Sydney.
1 February 1932: Bradman took his score to 299 not out for Australia v South Africa in the fourth Test match at Adelaide.
24 February 1932: Malcolm Campbell in "Bluebird" sets a record 408.88 mph at Daytona Beach.
5 April 1932: The legendary racehorse Phar Lap, who won 37 races died in America.
30 April 1932: Jessie Menzies and Don Bradman were married in Burwood, in south-west Sydney NSW.
9 May 1932: Born - Conrad Hunte - West Indies Very successful right-hand opening batsman. Averaged 45.1 over 44 tests 1958-1967, with an aggregate of 3245 runs. Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1964.
4 July 1932: Don Bradman scored 260, a North American record v Western Ontario
7 July 1932: Bradman scores a double century in Montreal
5 November 1932: Bradman made 238 for New South Wales v. Victoria at Sydney. The runs took 200 minutes.
7 November 1932: Bradman scores 232 for NSW against Victoria. The innings is 200 minutes and contains 32 fours.
26 December 1932: Bradman made 157 for New South Wales v. Victoria at Melbourne.
2 January 1933: Bradman made 103 not out for Australia v England in the second Test match at Melbourne.
16 January 1933: Bert Oldfield is struck on the temple by a rising delivery from Harold Larwood at the Adelaide Test during the 'Bodyline' series causing a near riot and bitter exchanges between the two countries at Government level
17 January 1933: Don Bradman takes his second and final Test wicket. The batsman was Wally Hammond and the game was being played at the Adelaide Oval
1 April 1933: The persecution of Jews begins in Germany when the newly elected Nazi Government orders the boycott of Jewish businesses.
10 June 1933: The Australian Women's Weekly was first published in N.S.W. and was so popular it was soon sent interstate.
1 August 1933: Bradman passed the New South Wales umpires' examination with honours.
4 November 1933: Bradman made 200 [in 184 minutes] for New South Wales v. Queensland at the 'Gabba.
22 November 1933: Bradman made 101 for V.Y. Richardson's XI v. W.M. Woodfull's XI [D.J. Blackie and H. Ironmonger Testimonial match] at Melbourne.
26 December 1933: Bradman scored 187 not out for New South Wales v. Victoria at Melbourne.
2 January 1934: Bradman made 253 for New South Wales v Queensland at Sydney.
18 January 1934: QANTAS Empire Airways is formed by Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited
26 January 1934: Bradman made 128 (in 96 minutes) for New South Wales v Victoria at Sydney.
30 January 1934: In his last match for NSW Bradman scores a century in 87 minutes. The last 118 runs of his total of 128 runs are hit in just 58 minutes and include three uncharacteristic sixes.
14 March 1934: Don Bradman officially starts his new cricket life in South Australia in the stockbroking firm of H.W.Hodgetts & Co. His salary is to be 700 pounds per year (and 500 pounds when out of Australia).
3 May 1934: Bradman opened his second English tour by completing an innings of 206 for Australians v. Worcestershire at Worcester.
28 May 1934: Bradman scored 160 [in 124 minutes] for Australia v. Middlesex at Lord's. The innings contained one six and 27 fours.
8 June 1934: Bradman comes across an unemployed Notts miner, Mr H. H. Elliott, looking through the gate at Trent Bridge. He invites him in finds him a seat and has a whip around the players, yielding a few pounds for the father of eight.
16 July 1934: Bradman made 140 for Australia v Yorkshire at Sheffield in 120 minutes including 2 sixes and 22 fours. The last 90 runs were made in 46 minutes.
23 July 1934: Bradman scored 304 against England at Leeds thereby becoming the only batsman to make two treble centuries in Test cricket.
18 August 1934: Bradman made 244 for Australia v England in the fifth Test match at the Oval. Ponsford and Bradman together put on 451, a world record for a second wicket partnership.
4 September 1934: Bradman made 149 not out for Australia v An England XI at Folkestone. The runs were made in 104 minutes and included 30 in one six-ball over from Freeman.
8 September 1934: Bradman made 132 for Australia v. H.D.G. Leveson-Gowers XI at Scarborough. The runs were scored before lunch in 90 minutes and included one six and 24 fours.
20 September 1934: Don Bradman is gravely ill in hospital in London, suffering with post operative complications after the removal of an appendix several days ago. Sir Charles Kingsford-Smith offers to fly Jessie Bradman to London if required.
21 December 1934: Born - Hanif Mohammad - Pakistan. One of the world's best ever opening right hand batsmen, averaging 44 with 3915 runs in 55 tests 1952-1969. Captain in 11 tests
8 January 1935: Birth date of Elvis Presley
18 December 1935: Bradman made a century [117] on his first appearance in a Sheffield Shield match for South Australia v. New South Wales, following his move from Sydney to Adelaide to take up a new career.
24 December 1935: Bradman made 233 for South Australia v. Queensland at Adelaide. The runs were scored in 191 minutes.
26 December 1935: Born - Rohan Kanhai - West Indies. Highly successful right hand early order batsman who averaged 48 with 6227 runs and a top score of 256 in 79 tests 1957-1974
2 January 1936: Bradman scored 357 for South Australia v Victoria at Melbourne, the fifth treble century of his career.
3 February 1936: Born - Bob Simpson -Australia. Right hand opening batsman who played 62 tests scoring 4869 runs at 47 and took 71 wickets at 42. Played from 1957 to 1968 then was asked to come back from retirement 10 years later at age 42
2 March 1936: Bradman scored 369 for South Australia v Tasmania at Adelaide. The runs took 253 minutes and 135 of the runs were made before lunch in one session.
28 July 1936: Born - Gary Sobers - West Indies. One of the great all rounders. A stylish left hand batsman and bowler, outstanding fielder and respected captain. Scored 8032 runs at 58 and took 235 wickets at 34 in 93 tests, 1954-1974.
7 September 1936: The last Tasmanian tiger (Thylacine) dies at the Beaumaris Zoo in Hobart. None have been seen in the wild since 1930.
10 October 1936: Bradman made 212 [in 202 minutes] for the Rest of Australia [captained by Bradman] v. Australia [captained by V.Y. Richardson] in the Bradsley-Gregory Testimonial match at Sydney. Bradman's second 100 took just 61 minutes
14 November 1936: Bradman made 192 [in 180 minutes] for South Australia v. Victoria at Melbourne, the last 89 runs being made in 46 minutes.
4 December 1936: Bradman captained Australia for the first time in a Test match v. England at Brisbane.
9 December 1936: Australia is bowled out for 58 by England. Bradman is out for a duck.
6 January 1937: Bradman scored 270 for Australia v England in the third Test match at Melbourne.
1 February 1937: Bradman scored 212 for Australia v England in the fourth Test match at Adelaide.
3 February 1937: Bradman scored 123 for South Australia v Queensland at Brisbane.
27 February 1937: Bradman scored 169 for Australia v England in the fifth Test Match at Melbourne. Australia won the match and the Ashes after having lost the first two Test matches.
12 June 1937: Start of 1st women's cricket test match in England, against Australia at Northampton
15 June 1937: Sydney's last steam-tram service, from Kogarah to Sans Souci, is replaced by electric trolley buses.
4 December 1937: Bradman made 101 for South Australia v. Western Australia at Adelaide.
27 December 1937: Bradman scored 246 for South Australia v. Queensland at Adelaide.
11 January 1938: Bradman scores 113 for South Australia in the secord innings against Queensland after scoring a century in the first innings.
15 January 1938: South Australia played a Sheffield Shield match v New South Wales in Sydney. Because South Australia's regular wicket-keeper had a broken finger Bradman kept wickets, stumping one & taking 3 catches
18 January 1938: Bradman scores 104 not out for South Australia v. New South Wales at the S.C.G.
19 January 1938: Born - Miriam Knee - Australia. Left hand bat, played 8 tests 1960-1972, scoring 319 runs at 27 with a best of 96, and took 35 wickets at 16
6 February 1938: Five people die at Bondi Beach, Sydney, when three enormous waves in succession swept hundreds out to sea. Nearly seventy life savers rescued the exhausted bathers.
3 March 1938: Bradman made 144 for Australians v Tasmania at Hobart. The runs were made in 98 minutes and included 3 sixes off successive balls and 19 fours.
19 March 1938: Bradman scored 102 for Australia v Western Australia at Perth.
20 April 1938: Born - Betty Cuthbert AM. Former Australian sprinter and Olympic champion.
30 April 1938: Bradman scored 258 for Australia v. Worcestershire at Worcester, this being the first match of the 1938 tour and the third successive double century made in an opening game of the tour.
11 May 1938: Bradman made 137 for Australians v. Cambridge University at Cambridge.
16 May 1938: Bradman scored 278 for Australia v. the MCC at Lord's Cricket Ground, London.
21 May 1938: Bradman made 143 for Australians v. Surrey at the Oval.
27 May 1938: Bradman scored 145 not out for Australia v. Hampshire at Southampton. He completed 1000 runs before the end of May for the second time, the only touring batsman to England ever to perform this feat.
14 June 1938: Bradman scored 144 not out against England in the first Test at Nottingham. This century, the slowest of his career, took 253 minutes.
15 June 1938: Bradman made 104 for Australians v Gentlemen of England at Lord's. The runs were made in 114 minutes.
21 June 1938: Bradman made his first century (101 not out) at Old Trafford in his fourth match there, Australia v Lancashire. The century was scored in 73 minutes.
28 July 1938: Bradman scored 202, the twelfth and last double century he made in England, for Australia v Somersetshire at Taunton.
23 August 1938: Bradman fractured a bone in his ankle whilst playing for Australia v England in the fourth Test match at the Oval, the last match of the tour. He had to be carried off the field and could not bat.
23 August 1938: England score 7 for 903 declared v Australia, including then record score of 364 by Len Hutton
12 December 1938: Bradman scored 118 for Bradman's XI v. Rigg's XI [Melbourne Cricket Club centenary match] at Melbourne.
16 December 1938: Bradman made 143 for South Australia v. New South Wales at Adelaide.
26 December 1938: Bradman scored 225 for South Australia v. Queensland at Adelaide.
10 January 1939: By completing an innings of 186 for South Australia v Queensland at Brisbane, Bradman created a record for Australia by compiling his fifth successive century.
14 January 1939: Bradman kept wickets for South Australia v New South Wales at Sydney.
18 January 1939: Bradman completed an innings of 135 not out for South Australia v New South Wales at Sydney, his sixth successive century, thereby equalling the record by C. B. Fry which had stood since 1901.
1 September 1939: The last day cricket was played in England for 6 years, until after World War II
3 September 1939: Prime Minister Robert Menzies announces that Great Britain has declared war upon Germany, and as a result Australia is also at war.
16 December 1939: Bradman scored 251 not out for South Australia v. New South Wales at Adelaide.
22 December 1939: Bradman made 138 [in 115 minutes] for South Australia v. Queensland at Adelaide.
30 December 1939: Bradman scored 267 for South Australia v. Victoria at Melbourne.
31 December 1939: Bradman made 107 for South Australia v. Victoria at Melbourne.
13 February 1940: Bradman made 209 not out (in 161 minutes) for South Australia v Western Australia at Perth.
17 February 1940: Bradman made 135 for South Australia v Western Australia at Perth.
17 April 1940: The Queen Mary sails into Sydney Harbour, to transport AIF troops to the Middle East.
18 April 1940: A new Labour party, to be known as the "Australian Labour Party" ( non-Communist ), is formed by Jack Lang and other state and federal Labour members.
22 June 1940: Died - Monty Noble - Australia. Hard hitting middle order batsman and right arm off spinner. M A Noble stand at Sydney Cricket Ground named after him. 42 tests 1897-1909 scoring 1997 runs at 30 and taking 121 wickets at 25.
21 October 1940: Born - Geoff Boycott - England. Right hand opening batsman, scoring 8114 runs averaging 48 in 108 tests 1964-1982. Subsequently well known and sometimes controversial commentator. Faced 1st ball in one day cricket
27 February 1944: Born - Graeme Pollock - South Africa Famous left hand middle order batsman, 23 tests 1963-70, scored 2256 runs at 61 with a highest score of 274. Uncle of Shaun Pollock, a South African captain.
25 August 1944: Germany surrenders and Paris is liberated.
16 December 1944: Death of Emily Bradman, mother of Don Bradman, at Campbelltown. She was 73.
12 April 1945: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt dies, aged 63 during his fourth term of office. Vice-President Harry Truman sworn in as successor.
21 July 1945: Born - Barry Richards - South Africa. Magnificent right hand opening batsman and a respected TV commentator. Played 4 tests against Australia in South Africa 1969-70, scoring 508 runs at an average of 73.
14 August 1945: Japan surrendered ending the Second World War.
31 December 1945: Bradman made 112 for South Australia v. Australian Services Team at Adelaide.
13 February 1946: The world's first electronic digital computer, called ENIAC, was demonstrated at the University of Pennsylvania.
13 November 1946: Bradman scored 106 for an Australian XI v. MCC at Melbourne.
19 November 1946: Bradman made 119 for South Australia v. Victoria at Adelaide.
30 November 1946: Bradman scored 187 for Australia v. England at Brisbane. It was the first post-war Test match.
17 December 1946: Don Bradman and Sid Barnes score a record 405 for the 5th wicket partnership against England. Both are out for 234 runs.
18 December 1946: In the Australian Innings of 6 for 659 declared at Sydney, wicket-keeper Godfrey Evans did not concede a single bye
13 July 1947: Died - Warwick Armstrong - Australia. A huge man who was a strong right hand opening batsman (2863 runs at 39), right arm leg spinner (87 wickets at 34) and successful captain (8 wins from 10 matches) in 50 tests (1902-21)
14 October 1947: Chuck Yeager flew a Bell X-1 faster than the speed of sound, the first man to do so in level flight.
25 October 1947: Bradman scored 156 for South Australia v. Indians at Adelaide. The innings took 152 minutes.
8 November 1947: Bradman made 100 for South Australia v. Victoria at Adelaide.
15 November 1947: Bradman made 172 for an Australian XI v. Indians at Sydney, his 100th century in first-class cricket (first by Australian) in 295 innings. Previous best was Hammond (England) in 679 innings
29 November 1947: Bradman completed 185 for Australia v. India in the first Test match at Brisbane.
1 December 1947: Don Bradman is out hit wicket for the only time in his First-Class career when facing Lal Armanath, the Indian Captain in the 1st Test at Brisbane.
1 January 1948: Bradman made 132 for Australia v India in the third Test match at Melbourne
3 January 1948: Bradman made 127 not out for Australia v India in the third Test match at Melbourne, completing for the first time, a century in each innings of a Test match.
23 January 1948: Bradman made 201 for Australia v India in the fourth Test match at Adelaide.
15 March 1948: Bradman made 115 for Australians v Western Australia at Perth. It was his eighth century for the season, a record for Australian cricket.
29 April 1948: Bradman made 107 for Australia v. Worcestershire at Worcester.
8 May 1948: Bradman made 146 for Australians v. Surrey at The Oval.
15 May 1948: Bradman made 187 [in 124 minutes] for Australia v. Essex at Southend. On the opening day the Australian team made 721, the highest score ever made by a touring side.
7 June 1948: Bradman scored 109 for Australians v Sussex at Hove.
12 June 1948: Bradman completed 138 for Australia v England in the first Test match at Nottingham.
15 June 1948: Bradman is out for a duck in the second innings of the 1st test v England at Nottingham after scoring 138 in Australia's first innings. Australia win the test by 8 wickets
1 July 1948: Bradman scored 128 for Australia v Surrey at the Oval.
27 July 1948: Bradman made 173 not out for Australia v England in the fourth Test match at Leeds, the only time in history Australia has made over 400 in the last innings to win a Test v England.
10 August 1948: Bradman scored 133 not out for Australia v Lancashire (Cyril Washbrook's benefit match) at Manchester.
14 August 1948: Bradman was bowled by Hollies for 0 in the fifth Test match at the Oval. It was Bradman's last innings in Test cricket.
14 August 1948: England all out for 52 v Australia at The Oval. Ray Lindwall took 6 for 20. Len Hutton, who scored 30, was the only batsman to reach double figures
25 August 1948: Two days before his 40th birthday, Bradman made 150 runs for Australians v Gentlemen of England at Lord's.
1 September 1948: Bradman made 143 for Australia v South of England XI at Hastings.
10 September 1948: Bradman scored 153 for Australia v Leveson-Gower's XI at Scarborough. This was Bradman's last match in first-class cricket overseas and his team was the first Australian side ever to go through a tour of England undefeated
29 November 1948: Australia's first Holden motorcar is launched by General Motors-Holden.
4 December 1948: Bradman made 123 for Bradman's XI v. Hassset's XI [Bradman Testimonial match] at Melbourne.
1 January 1949: Knighthood was conferred on Donald Bradman in recognition of his services to cricket.
26 January 1949: The radio drama 'Blue Hills' written by Gwen Meredith commences - the first of 5,795 episodes.
5 March 1949: Bradman was bowled by W. A. Johnston for 30 when batting for South Australia v Victoria (A. J. Richardson Testimonial match) at Adelaide. This was Bradman ?s last innings in a first-class match.
10 July 1949: Born - Sunny Gavaskar - India. A magnificent right hand opening batsman, second highest run scorer in Test cricket with 10122 runs at an average of 51. Played 125 tests 1971-87, won 9 of 47 as captain. Played 108 ODIs
20 January 1961: Democrat John Fitzgerald Kennedy inaugurated at President of the U.S.A.
18 April 1961: Death of George Bradman, Sir Donald's father at Berrima. He was 85.
23 November 1961: Born - Merv Hughes - Australia. A hard-working and entertaining fast bowler who played 53 tests 1985-1993 taking 212 wickets at 28, including best of 8 for 87
15 January 1963: John Murray takes 100 minutes to score three runs for England v Australia at Sydney
6 February 1963: Sir Donald Bradman takes to the cricket field for the last time as Captain of the Prime Minister's XI v. England. He made 4 runs.
16 February 1963: Born - Cathy Freeman.
22 April 1975: After years of intense fighting, South Vietnam begins to fall to communist forces and first refugees arrive on the US west coast.
19 September 1975: Born - Bradman Ediriweena, Bloomfield opening batsman in South Africa. Named after Sir Donald Bradman.
2 December 1975: Greg Chappell in his first Test as Captain scores a century in each innings against the West Indies.
20 July 1976: America's Viking I lander spaceship made the first successful landing on Mars.
17 August 1976: Michael Holding completes match figures of 14/149 v England at The Oval, the best figures for a West Indian in Test cricket
3 September 1976: Sir Donald Bradman & former team-mate Bill O'Reilly attend a Civic Reception hosted by Bowral Municipal Council as part of the activities surrounding the re-dedication of Bradman Oval.
4 September 1976: On Bradman Oval Sir Donald faces up to his last cricket delivery bowled by his former Australian team-mate Bill O'Reilly thus marking the official start to a celebrity match celebrating the reconstruction of the ground.
27 January 1979: Born - Daniel Vettori - New Zealand. Canny left-arm Test spinner since 1997.
14 June 1979: The Governor- General appointed Sir Donald Bradman to be a Companion of the Order of Australia, A.C.
26 June 1979: Muhammad Ali announced that he was retiring as world heavyweight boxing champion at age 37
23 April 1997: Died - Denis Compton - England. Known as the "Brylcream" boy, he was a dashing right hand middle order batsman - also an occasional left arm "googly" bowler.
2 August 1997: Ski instructor Stuart Diver is rescued from the Thredbo landslide in which 18 lives are lost.
14 September 1997: Death of Jessie Martha Bradman in Adelaide. Childhood sweetheart and lifelong partner of Sir Donald Bradman.
25 February 2001: Death of Sir Donald Bradman in Adelaide from complications associated with pneumonia, aged 92.
25 March 2001: Memorial service for Sir Donald Bradman is held in St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide and attended by seven hundred invited guests and dignitaries. Greta Bradman, Sir Donald's niece sang Pie Jesu from Requiem by Lloyd-Webber.
28 March 2001: Memorial service for Sir Donald Bradman held in St Jude's Church, Bowral (where he sang in the choir as a child). Eulogy by Richard Mulvaney, Director Bradman Museum. Service conducted by Rev. Canon John Livingstone.
17 July 2001: The first sod was turned on the Alice Springs to Darwin railway line.
18 October 2001: The ashes of Sir Donald and Lady Bradman are scattered around the grounds of Bradman Museum and Bradman Oval by members of the Bradman family.
3 November 2001: Virender Sehwag makes 105 on debut for India v South Africa
15 January 2002: Muttiah Muralitharan (Sri Lanka) takes his 400th Test wicket (Henry Olonga - Zimbabwe)
24 February 2002: The unveiling of the life-size bronze statue of Don Bradman at the Bradman Museum by former team-mate Bill Brown and Chairman of the Bradman Foundation, Ian Craig. Called 'The Final Salute', made by sculptor Tanya Bartlett.
21 April 2002: Sachin Tendulkar equals Bradman's 29 Test centuries 1st day 2nd Test India v. West Indies in Trinidad.
16 May 2002: Alec Campbell, Australia's last Gallipoli veteran, dies at a Hobart nursing home aged 103 years.
3 January 2003: Steve Waugh scores his ten-thousandth Test run ( v England at the SCG) making him the third-highest scoring Test player, after Allan Border & Sunil Gavaskar
1 February 2003: The space shuttle 'Columbia' breaks up re-entering the earth's atmosphere killing all seven astronauts
1 May 2003: Steve Waugh becomes the first Australian to score more Test centuries than Bradman. Waugh's 30th hundred is 115 runs against the West Indies in Barbados in his 159th Test. Bradman played 52 Tests.
1 July 2003: Don Bradman's 1948 Baggy Green cap sells at auction for the World Record price of $425,000 (AUD).
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In 1990, which New Zealand bowler became the first cricketer to take 400 wickets in Test Cricket?
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Ranking the Pace Bowlers Who Have Taken 400 Test Wickets on Talent | Bleacher Report
Ranking the Pace Bowlers Who Have Taken 400 Test Wickets on Talent
By Tim Collins , Featured Columnist
Feb 4, 2015
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Twenty-five years ago Wednesday, New Zealand's Sir Richard Hadlee became the first player in history to claim 400 Test wickets when he dismissed India's Sanjay Manjrekar in Christchurch on February 4, 1990.
It was a landmark achievement for Hadlee, one that represented new benchmarks in excellence and longevity that helped to set the path for many of the world's finest pace bowlers who followed.
Indeed, since the New Zealander's capture of 400 Test wickets, six other fast men have replicated the feat, with two going on to surpass 500 in an era of ever-increasing professionalism.
So how do the seven fast bowlers who have claimed 400 Test scalps compare? Who was the finest? Who was the most daunting to face? Who had the greatest natural flair?
Across the following slides, we've ranked the seven great seamers on talent, their natural flair for the craft.
Average: 29.64
Strike Rate: 63.9
Kapil Dev was India's answer to England's Sir Ian Botham. Or to New Zealand's Sir Richard Hadlee. Or to Pakistan's Imran Khan.
Indeed, Dev was one of the four truly outstanding all-rounders who defined Test cricket in the 1980s.
A workhorse who dealt in the commodities of accuracy and swing, the Indian star bowled tirelessly on docile pitches and led an under-strength India team with little assistance for more than a decade.
With an average nearing 30, the right-armer wasn't as incisive as the other men on this list, but his unrelenting excellence in a difficult era for his nation (India won just 11 of their 81 Tests in the '80s) saw the all-rounder voted as India's "Cricketer of the [20th] Century" in 2002.
Average: 24.44
Strike Rate: 57.8
Other West Indian fast bowlers have been quicker. More lethal. More talented. More feared around the world.
But none have more Test wickets than Courtney Walsh. And of all pace bowlers in history, only Australia's Glenn McGrath has more career victims.
When he reached 500 scalps in March 2001, the towering West Indian was the first man to do so—a stunning achievement for a bowler always more renowned for his durability and consistency rather than his natural talent.
Indeed, ESPN Cricinfo 's Daniel Brigham named Walsh to his all-time over-achievers XI—a group of outstanding players who "made it to the top against odds of ability or fate."
Average: 23.11
Strike Rate: 57.8
As neatly put by Peter Robinson of ESPN Cricinfo: "Considering the type of stuff floating around in his gene pool, it would have been surprising if Shaun Pollock had not been an international cricketer—and a very good one at that."
Both his dad and his uncle represented South Africa, and Shaun continued the fine family lineage with an outstanding career as a bowling all-rounder from 1995 to 2008.
Early in his career, Pollock was one of that rare breed capable of moving the ball both in and out at genuine speed, and had a surprising knack for generating good bounce despite not being anywhere near as tall as towering stars such as Courtney Walsh, Glenn McGrath and Curtly Ambrose.
But the second half of Pollock's career saw his pace drop considerably, forcing him to rely on a more subdued combination of accuracy and subtle movement—enough to propel him beyond 400 Test wickets.
Average: 21.64
Strike Rate: 51.9
The most prolific pace bowler of all time and maybe the most accurate speedster in history.
That's Glenn McGrath in a nutshell.
Though never blessed with the same raw speed as many of his contemporaries, the Australian had an unbelievable—possibly unprecedented—talent for hitting almost the same spot on the pitch ball after ball after ball.
Combined with the uncomfortable bounce brought about by his height, the New South Welshman had a recipe for undoing the world's finest—something he did extremely regularly, dismissing Brian Lara 15 times and averaging less than 23 against Sachin Tendulkar.
Lara once described McGrath as "definitely up there with the best fast bowlers I have faced," while Tendulkar named the Australian as the best fast bowler he ever encountered.
Though accuracy typically isn't viewed as much of an indicator of raw talent as breathtaking pace or prodigious swing, there's little doubt that McGrath's level of precision was as high as any bowler in the game's history.
Average: 22.29
Strike Rate: 50.8
Sir Richard Hadlee was the first man in history to reach 400 Test wickets and did so by being perhaps the most creative, intelligent and thoughtful seamer of all time.
Lacking the pace of Dennis Lillee, Jeff Thomson, Malcolm Marshall or Joel Garner, the New Zealander became the most prolific seamer of his generation by utilising his incredible accuracy and a brilliant understanding of how to out-think a batsman.
Whether it was traditional swing, reverse swing, cutters, slower balls or deliveries that moved off the seam, Hadlee had it all and used that array of variations to do everything from working a batsman across the crease to blurring a batsman's clarity of the whereabouts of his off-stump.
The result was the finest strike rate of any player on this list.
Average: 20.99
Strike Rate: 54.5
Has there ever been a more intimidating bowler in the game? Someone who struck a primal fear into the world's batsmen more than Sir Curtly Ambrose?
If there have been, they are few in number.
For Ambrose is recognised as the most fearsome fast bowler of his generation, an extraordinary talent who was among the last—and undoubtedly one of the best—in a long line of brilliant speedsters who emerged from the Caribbean.
Enormously tall, and possessing searing pace and frightening bounce, the West Indian captured his scalps at the best average of any man on this list and at the third-best average in Test history for any player with 200-plus wickets .
And it wasn't just about speed either; Ambrose's ability to hit an immaculate length and move the ball away from the right-handers allowed him to become a lethal weapon on surfaces that didn't possess the same pace or bounce of the West Indian pitches of the 1980s and '90s.
It's one of the reasons his average of 20.77 in England was lower than his average of 21.19 at home.
Average: 23.62
Strike Rate: 54.6
It was always going to take a phenomenal talent to keep Sir Curtly Ambrose from the No. 1 spot on this list, and in this writer's eyes, Wasim Akram is the player capable of doing that.
Ambrose might have been faster, more accurate and more intimidating, but Akram had a talent for swinging the ball that might not have ever been matched in Test history.
With a rapid arm action and by covering the ball as he ran in, the Pakistani had a decisive advantage over his opponents before he'd even released the ball. And then when he did, it moved in the air in a way we hadn't seen prior to his arrival in 1985. In and out. Conventional and reverse.
Indeed, watching Akram deliver lightning-fast, reverse-swinging yorkers was one of the finest sights in international cricket, and along with team-mate Waqar Younis, he began a revolution for how the cricket world viewed swing in the armoury of a fast bowler.
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Richard Hadlee
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The explorer Mungo Park died whilst exploring which African river?
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Sir Richard Hadlee, More about Sir Richard Hadlee, Up-Close Sir Richard Hadlee, Intimate with Sir Richard Hadlee
Knighted for services to cricket 1990
Wisden Cricketer of the Year 1982
One of the greatest fast bowlers of all time, Richard Hadlee, almost single-handedly, took New Zealand cricket to unprecedented heights. On 4 February 1990, Richard Hadlee became the first bowler in the history of test cricket to reach 400 wickets. Richard Hadlee made his debut in 1973, as a rookie tearaway fast bowler. Learning the ropes well for Richard Hadlee meant evolving a perfect synthesis of pace and guile. Towards the end of his career, Richard Hadlee could bowl six different deliveries with the same style. Richard Hadlee was also an aggressive batsman and enjoyed a fair amount success with the bat. He is one of the few who have achieved the 'All-rounder's Double', i.e. 2000 runs and 200 wickets.
Richard Hadlee finished with an amazing tally of 431 runs from only 86 test matches. In ODIs, he took 158 wickets from 115 matches. Richard Hadlee had an astounding first-class record with 1490 wickets from 342 matches. Richard Hadlee retired in 1990 after 17 years of service to cricket. He was knighted in 1990. Richard Hadlee is presently the chairperson of the New Zealand board of directors. Cricketscorelive.com gives information on Sir Richard Hadlee and other Great Cricket Players.
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'Dookie' and '21st. Century Breakdown' are albums by which American rock band?
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Green Day: Rock Band - Dookie [Expert Guitar] (20th Anniversary) - YouTube
Green Day: Rock Band - Dookie [Expert Guitar] (20th Anniversary)
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Published on Feb 1, 2014
Today I played the album "Dookie" on Green Day: Rock Band to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the album. Enjoy!
(21st Century Breakdown 5th Anniversary video coming May 15th & American Idiot 10th Anniversary video coming September 20th)
Game
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Green Day
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In which country was former England footballer Terry Butcher born?
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Green Day – Songs & Albums : Napster
and 34 other albums
About Green Day
Influenced by bands like the Clash , Operation Ivy and the Sex Pistols , Bay Area-slackers-turned-rock-stars Green Day set the market for pop-punk in the mid-'90s, and rode that success to critical and popular super stardom in the new millennium. Billie Joe Armstrong, Mike Dirnt and Tre Cool (who replaced original drummer Al Sobrante in 1990) came together in Berkeley, Calif., where they quickly became local favorites, frequently playing underground punk haven 924 Gilman St. Their first release, 39/Smooth, arrived in 1990, followed by the compilation 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours and 1992's Kerplunk. The latter's success prompted Reprise to sign the group, and Green Day's major label debut, Dookie, dropped in 1994, yielding smash singles "Basket Case" and "Longview" (it was certified diamond in 1999). The band followed it with 1995's Insomniac, 1997's Nimrod and 2000's Warning. All were mildly successful compared to Dookie, though singles like "Brain Stew," "Minority" and "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" kept them comfortably in the spotlight. The release of 2004 concept album, American Idiot, however, saw the boys expand upon their sound and songwriting, earning them a Grammy for Best Rock Album, not to mention a whole new generation of fans. Green Day continued their evolution with 2009's 21st Century Breakdown, a three-act rock-opera opus that would provide even more justification to their superstar status. Stephanie Benson
Similar Artists
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i don't know
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Which of the Romantic Poets wrote 'The Revolt Of Islam'?
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The Romantics - The British Library
Theme: Romanticism
Dr Stephanie Forward explains the key ideas and influences of Romanticism, and considers their place in the work of writers including Wordsworth, Blake, P B Shelley and Keats.
Today the word ‘romantic’ evokes images of love and sentimentality, but the term ‘Romanticism’ has a much wider meaning. It covers a range of developments in art, literature, music and philosophy, spanning the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The ‘Romantics’ would not have used the term themselves: the label was applied retrospectively, from around the middle of the 19th century.
In 1762 Jean-Jacques Rousseau declared in The Social Contract: ‘Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.’ During the Romantic period major transitions took place in society, as dissatisfied intellectuals and artists challenged the Establishment. In England, the Romantic poets were at the very heart of this movement. They were inspired by a desire for liberty, and they denounced the exploitation of the poor. There was an emphasis on the importance of the individual; a conviction that people should follow ideals rather than imposed conventions and rules. The Romantics renounced the rationalism and order associated with the preceding Enlightenment era, stressing the importance of expressing authentic personal feelings. They had a real sense of responsibility to their fellow men: they felt it was their duty to use their poetry to inform and inspire others, and to change society.
Revolution
When reference is made to Romantic verse, the poets who generally spring to mind are William Blake (1757-1827), William Wordsworth (1770-1850), Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), George Gordon, 6th Lord Byron (1788-1824), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) and John Keats (1795-1821). These writers had an intuitive feeling that they were ‘chosen’ to guide others through the tempestuous period of change.
This was a time of physical confrontation; of violent rebellion in parts of Europe and the New World. Conscious of anarchy across the English Channel, the British government feared similar outbreaks. The early Romantic poets tended to be supporters of the French Revolution, hoping that it would bring about political change; however, the bloody Reign of Terror shocked them profoundly and affected their views. In his youth William Wordsworth was drawn to the Republican cause in France, until he gradually became disenchanted with the Revolutionaries.
Painting of the storming of the Bastille, 1789
Depiction of the storming of the Bastille, Paris - the event that triggered the French Revolution.
Copyright: © De Agostini Picture Library
The imagination
The Romantics were not in agreement about everything they said and did: far from it! Nevertheless, certain key ideas dominated their writings. They genuinely thought that they were prophetic figures who could interpret reality. The Romantics highlighted the healing power of the imagination, because they truly believed that it could enable people to transcend their troubles and their circumstances. Their creative talents could illuminate and transform the world into a coherent vision, to regenerate mankind spiritually. In A Defence of Poetry (1821), Shelley elevated the status of poets: ‘They measure the circumference and sound the depths of human nature with a comprehensive and all-penetrating spirit…’. [1] He declared that ‘Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world’. This might sound somewhat pretentious, but it serves to convey the faith the Romantics had in their poetry.
Manuscript of P B Shelley's 'The Masque of Anarchy'
P B Shelley’s manuscript of ‘The Masque of Anarchy’, 1819, was a reaction of furious outrage at the Peterloo Massacre. An avowedly political poem, it praises the non-violence of the Manchester protesters when faced with the aggression of the state.
Free from known copyright restrictions
The marginalised and oppressed
Wordsworth was concerned about the elitism of earlier poets, whose highbrow language and subject matter were neither readily accessible nor particularly relevant to ordinary people. He maintained that poetry should be democratic; that it should be composed in ‘the language really spoken by men’ (Preface to Lyrical Ballads [1802]). For this reason, he tried to give a voice to those who tended to be marginalised and oppressed by society: the rural poor; discharged soldiers; ‘fallen’ women; the insane; and children.
Blake was radical in his political views, frequently addressing social issues in his poems and expressing his concerns about the monarchy and the church. His poem ‘London’ draws attention to the suffering of chimney-sweeps, soldiers and prostitutes.
Lyrical Ballads: 1800 edition
In the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth writes that he has ‘taken as much pains to avoid [poetic diction] as others ordinarily take to produce it’, trying instead to ‘bring [his] language near to the language of men’.
Free from known copyright restrictions
Children, nature and the sublime
For the world to be regenerated, the Romantics said that it was necessary to start all over again with a childlike perspective. They believed that children were special because they were innocent and uncorrupted, enjoying a precious affinity with nature. Romantic verse was suffused with reverence for the natural world. In Coleridge’s ‘Frost at Midnight’ (1798) the poet hailed nature as the ‘Great universal Teacher!’ Recalling his unhappy times at Christ’s Hospital School in London, he explained his aspirations for his son, Hartley, who would have the freedom to enjoy his childhood and appreciate his surroundings. The Romantics were inspired by the environment, and encouraged people to venture into new territories – both literally and metaphorically. In their writings they made the world seem a place with infinite, unlimited potential.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, A Walking Tour of Cumbria
In August 1802, Samuel Taylor Coleridge set out from his home at Greta Hall, Keswick, for a week’s solo walking-tour in the nearby Cumbrian mountains. He kept detailed notes of the landscape around him, drawing rough sketches and maps. These notes and sketches are in Notebook No 2, one of 64 notebooks Coleridge kept between 1794 and his death.
Free from known copyright restrictions
A key idea in Romantic poetry is the concept of the sublime. This term conveys the feelings people experience when they see awesome landscapes, or find themselves in extreme situations which elicit both fear and admiration. For example, Shelley described his reaction to stunning, overwhelming scenery in the poem ‘Mont Blanc’ (1816).
Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
In this 1757 essay, the philosopher Edmund Burke discusses the attraction of the immense, the terrible and the uncontrollable. The work had a profound influence on the Romantic poets.
Free from known copyright restrictions
The second-generation Romantics
Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge were first-generation Romantics, writing against a backdrop of war. Wordsworth, however, became increasingly conservative in his outlook: indeed, second-generation Romantics, such as Byron, Shelley and Keats, felt that he had ‘sold out’ to the Establishment. In the suppressed Dedication to Don Juan (1819-1824) Byron criticised the Poet Laureate, Robert Southey, and the other ‘Lakers’, Wordsworth and Coleridge (all three lived in the Lake District). Byron also vented his spleen on the English Foreign Secretary, Viscount Castlereagh, denouncing him as an ‘intellectual eunuch’, a ‘bungler’ and a ‘tinkering slavemaker’ (stanzas 11 and 14). Although the Romantics stressed the importance of the individual, they also advocated a commitment to mankind. Byron became actively involved in the struggles for Italian nationalism and the liberation of Greece from Ottoman rule.
Notorious for his sexual exploits, and dogged by debt and scandal, Byron quitted Britain in 1816. Lady Caroline Lamb famously declared that he was ‘Mad, bad and dangerous to know.’ Similar accusations were pointed at Shelley. Nicknamed ‘Mad Shelley’ at Eton, he was sent down from Oxford for advocating atheism. He antagonised the Establishment further by his criticism of the monarchy, and by his immoral lifestyle.
Letter from Lord Byron about his memoirs, 29 October 1819
In this letter to his publisher, John Murray, Byron notes the poor reception of the first two cantos of Don Juan, but states that he has written a hundred stanzas of a third canto. He also states that he is leaving his memoirs to his friend George Moore, to be read after his death, but that this text does not include details of his love affairs.
Copyright: © GG Byron
Female poets
Female poets also contributed to the Romantic movement, but their strategies tended to be more subtle and less controversial. Although Dorothy Wordsworth (1771-1855) was modest about her writing abilities, she produced poems of her own; and her journals and travel narratives certainly provided inspiration for her brother. Women were generally limited in their prospects, and many found themselves confined to the domestic sphere; nevertheless, they did manage to express or intimate their concerns. For example, Mary Alcock (c. 1742-1798) penned ‘The Chimney Sweeper’s Complaint’. In ‘The Birth-Day’, Mary Robinson (1758-1800) highlighted the enormous discrepancy between life for the rich and the poor. Gender issues were foregrounded in ‘Indian Woman’s Death Song’ by Felicia Hemans (1793-1835).
The Gothic
Reaction against the Enlightenment was reflected in the rise of the Gothic novel. The most popular and well-paid 18th-century novelist, Ann Radcliffe (1764–1823), specialised in ‘the hobgoblin-romance’. Her fiction held particular appeal for frustrated middle-class women who experienced a vicarious frisson of excitement when they read about heroines venturing into awe-inspiring landscapes. She was dubbed ‘Mother Radcliffe’ by Keats, because she had such an influence on Romantic poets. The Gothic genre contributed to Coleridge’s Christabel (1816) and Keats’s ‘La Belle Dame Sans Merci’ (1819). Mary Shelley (1797-1851) blended realist, Gothic and Romantic elements to produce her masterpiece Frankenstein (1818), in which a number of Romantic aspects can be identified. She quotes from Coleridge’s Romantic poem The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere. In the third chapter Frankenstein refers to his scientific endeavours being driven by his imagination. The book raises worrying questions about the possibility of ‘regenerating’ mankind; but at several points the world of nature provides inspiration and solace.
The Mysteries of Udolpho
The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe was one of the most popular and influential Gothic novels of the late 18th century.
Free from known copyright restrictions
The Byronic hero
Romanticism set a trend for some literary stereotypes. Byron’s Childe Harold (1812-1818) described the wanderings of a young man, disillusioned with his empty way of life. The melancholy, dark, brooding, rebellious ‘Byronic hero’, a solitary wanderer, seemed to represent a generation, and the image lingered. The figure became a kind of role model for youngsters: men regarded him as ‘cool’ and women found him enticing! Byron died young, in 1824, after contracting a fever. This added to the ‘appeal’. Subsequently a number of complex and intriguing heroes appeared in novels: for example, Heathcliff in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights and Edward Rochester in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (both published in 1847).
Illustrations to Wuthering Heights by Clare Leighton
The Byronic hero influenced Emily Brontë's portrayal of Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights. This 1931 edition of Brontë's novel is illustrated with wood engravings by Clare Leighton.
Free from known copyright restrictions
Wordsworth’s ‘Tintern Abbey’ (1798) juxtaposed moments of celebration and optimism with lamentation and regret. Keats thought in terms of an opposition between the imagination and the intellect. In a letter to his brothers, in December 1817, he explained what he meant by the term ‘Negative Capability’: ‘that is when a man is capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason’ (22 December). Keats suggested that it is impossible for us to find answers to the eternal questions we all have about human existence. Instead, our feelings and imaginations enable us to recognise Beauty, and it is Beauty that helps us through life’s bleak moments. Life involves a delicate balance between times of pleasure and pain. The individual has to learn to accept both aspects: ‘“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,” – that is all/Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know’ (‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ [1819]).
Manuscript of ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ by John Keats
‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ from a manuscript copy believed to be in the hand of George Keats, the poet's brother.
Free from known copyright restrictions
The premature deaths of Byron, Shelley and Keats contributed to their mystique. As time passed they attained iconic status, inspiring others to make their voices heard. The Romantic poets continue to exert a powerful influence on popular culture. Generations have been inspired by their promotion of self-expression, emotional intensity, personal freedom and social concern.
Footnotes
[1] Percy Bysshe Shelley, Shelley’s poetry and prose: authoritative texts, criticisms, ed. by Donald H. Reiman and Sharon B. Powers (New York; London: Norton, c.1977), p.485.
Written by
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
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"If you ordered ""cuisses de grenouilles"" in an upmarket restaurant, what would you be getting?"
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Poet Seers » Percy Bysshe Shelley
The Romantic Poets » Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley
View: Shelley’s Poems
Percy Shelley – Biography
The son of a prosperous squire, he entered Oxford in 1810, where readings in philosophy led him toward a study of the empiricists and the modern skeptics, notably William Godwin. In 1811 he and his friend Thomas Jefferson Hogg published their pamphlet, The Necessity of Atheism, which resulted in their immediate expulsion from the university. The same year Shelley eloped with 16-year-old Harriet Westbrook, by whom he eventually had two children, Ianthe and Charles.
Supported reluctantly by their fathers, the young couple traveled through Great Britain. Shelley’s life continued to be dominated by his desire for social and political reform, and he was constantly publishing pamphlets. His first important poem, Queen Mab, privately printed in 1813, set forth a radical system of curing social ills by advocating the destruction of various established institutions.
In 1814 Shelley left England for France with Mary Godwin, the daughter of William Godwin. During their first year together they were plagued by social ostracism and financial difficulties. However, in 1815 Shelley’s grandfather died and left him an annual income. Laon and Cynthna appeared in 1817 but was withdrawn and reissued the following year as The Revolt of Islam; it is a long poem in Spenserian stanzas that tells of a revolution and illustrates the growth of the human mind aspiring toward perfection.
After Harriet Shelley’s suicide in 1816, Shelley and Mary officially married. In 1817 Harriet’s parents obtained a decree from the lord chancellor stating that Shelley was unfit to have custody of his children. The following year Shelley and Mary left England and settled in Italy. By this time their household consisted of their own three children and Mary’s half-sister Claire Claremont and her daughter Allegra (whose father was Lord Byron). On July 8, 1822, Shelley was drowned while sailing in the Bay of Spezia, near Lerici.
Poetry of Shelley
Shelley was one of the main Romantic Poets , whocombinedpowerful poetic gifts with a questioning ofthe existing social order of the day. He offered an emotive and passionate appeal to the social improvement of society.
“Oh! lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!
I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!”
This quote from Ode to the West Wind is symbolic of his style and aspirations and also the sorrows and sufferings of life he frequently encountered.
Further Reading from Amazon.com
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i don't know
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Which legislation, passed in 1701, banned Roman Catholics from the British throne?
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Act of Settlement 1701
Act of Settlement 1701
The Act of Settlement is a piece of English legislation governing the succession to the English Crown. It was passed in 1701. It provides that only Protestant descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, who have not, furthermore, married a Catholic, can succeed to the English Crown. In addition, it specifies that it is for Parliament to determine who should succeed to the throne, not the monarch.
This act was, in many ways, the major cause of the union of Scotland and England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. The Parliament of Scotland was not happy with the Act of Settlement and, in response, passed the Act of Security in 1704, which gave them the right to choose their own successor to Queen Anne. This would have created a fully independent Scotland rather than the partially independent nation which had resulted from the Union of the Crowns a hundred years before. As a result, the Parliament of England decided that full union of the two Parliaments and nations was essential before Anne's death, and used a combination of discriminatory legislation, the Alien Act of 1705, politics, and bribery to achieve it within three years. This was in marked contrast to the four attempts at political union between 1606 and 1689, which all failed owing to a lack of political will.
By virtue of Article II of the Treaty of Union, which defined the succession to the British Crown, the Act of Settlement became, in effect, part of Scots Law.
As a result of the Act of Settlement, several members of the British Royal Family who have converted to Roman Catholicism or married Catholics have been barred from their place in the line of succession. This law has in recent times been frequently been attacked as anti-Catholic and religiously discriminatory. The Guardian newspaper recently brought an unsuccessful legal challenge to the legislation, based on the European Convention on Human Rights and the Human Rights Act 1998.
In 2003 the Fabian Society issued a paper calling for the lifting of the ban on Catholics inheriting the throne. In 2002, the Lord Chancellor rejected calls from the backbench for a change in the succession rules. A motion already passed the Scottish Parliament in 1999 requesting a change.
Any repeal of the law could lead to an anomaly with the status of the Church of England as the established church in England, since a Roman Catholic monarch would be Supreme Governor of the Church of England, something which had not happened since King James II of England. However, in principle, a similarly absurd result obtains already. The law fails to recognise that the monarch's actions are highly circumscribed and in most matters she acts on the advice of her government. The Queen's position as "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England is little more than a title. The Supreme Governor only makes decisions about the appointment of the Archbishop of Canterbury or other senior bishops of the Church of England on the advice of the Prime Minister, whose own religion (if any) may be and at times has been in conflict with the Church of England. This situation is rendered possible because, on the one hand, religious tests are not applied to public offices such as the Prime Minister (and under contemporary anti-discrimination laws it would be illegal to do so), while on the other hand, such a religious test not only is but by law must be applied to the monarch.
There is a further problem, with the Act being worded so as to exclude explicitly Roman Catholics only. The intention of these provisions may have been to protect the Anglican Church from its only significant rival, but because that ban has never in the subsequent 300 years been extended to all religions other than the Church of England, this invites the perception that the Catholic Church is being singled out. The Church of England is the established church in England, and the monarch is required to be in communion with the established church. This ipso facto excludes the monarch from membership of non-Christian religions or from other Christian churches which practice exclusive communion - note that the British royal family finds no difficulty in being Anglicans when in England and Presbyterians when in Scotland. Jews and Muslims, Buddhists and atheists, are not excluded from marrying the monarch or heirs to the throne solely because of their religion; Roman Catholics alone are. Curiously, spouses of monarchs or of other heirs to the throne are not prevented from converting to Roman Catholicism after their marriages, only from being Roman Catholics at the time of their marriage.
Prime Ministers have more freedoms. They may profess any faith they wish, or none, and remain in office. The current Prime Minister Tony Blair, while a member of the Church of England, is married to a Roman Catholic and has in the past taken the eucharist in Roman Catholic churches, until requested by Catholic bishops not to - a polite modern form of excommunication. But even if he converted to Roman Catholicism, this would have no impact on his position of having responsibility for making decisions about the spiritual leaderers of a church in which he did not believe. Neville Chamberlain was a Unitarian but this caused him no problems as Prime Minister. Interestingly, were the Queen hypothetically to convert to Roman Catholicism, this would render her instantly ineligible to remain Queen and she would be deemed to have abdicated. So, she must remain in communion with the Church of England in order be in the position of having no choice but to formally approve, in her capacity as Supreme Governor of that Church, major church-related decisions that are made by a person whose links with the same church may be non-existent and who achieved his or her own office as Prime Minister obliging compliance with the Human Rights Act with its provision on religious tolerance.
It is possible that any amendment to allow Catholics to ascend to the throne would entail either the complete disestablishment of the Church of England or a separation of the roles of Supreme Governor and monarch so that the positions could be held by different individuals (which would, in essence, be disestablishment by other means).
Under the Statute of Westminster any change in the succession rules would require unanimous consent of all Commonwealth realms. The complex procedures that would have to be undertaken to not only change various British statutes but receive the consent of Commonwealth parliaments has been cited by Tony Blair as the reason why the current Labour government had decided not to seek any change in the succession rules.
As the Act of Settlement impacts on the crown in the Commonwealth realms the act's anti-Catholic provisions have also been a subject of debate outside of Britain. In 2003, Canadian politician Tony O'Donohue filed a court challenge arguing that the Act of Settlement's anti-Catholic provisions were a violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. However, the court ruled that the Act of Settlement was part of Canada's written constitution and dismissed the case as one part of the constitution cannot be used to invalidate another part.
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Act of Settlement 1701
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The Cotswold Way runs from Chipping Camden to which city?
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Penal Laws | Article about Penal Laws by The Free Dictionary
Penal Laws | Article about Penal Laws by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Penal+Laws
Also found in: Dictionary , Wikipedia .
Penal Laws,
in English and Irish history, term generally applied to the body of discriminatory and oppressive legislation directed chiefly against Roman Catholics but also against Protestant nonconformists.
In England
The Penal Laws grew out of the English Reformation and specifically from those acts that established royal supremacy in the Church of England (see England, Church of England, Church of,
the established church of England and the mother church of the Anglican Communion. Organization and Doctrine
The clergy of the church are of three ancient orders: deacons, priests, and bishops.
..... Click the link for more information. ) in the reigns of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. Under Henry VIII and Edward VI civil disabilities were imposed on those who remained in communion with Rome, thus denying the king's spiritual headship. Elizabeth I made it impossible for Catholics to hold civil offices and imposed severe penalties upon Catholics who persisted in recognizing papal authority. Fines and prison sentences were prescribed for all who did not attend Anglican services, and the celebration of the Mass was forbidden under severe penalties.
The excommunication (1570) of Elizabeth by Pope Pius V, the Catholic plots to place Mary Queen of Scots Mary Queen of Scots
(Mary Stuart), 1542–87, only child of James V of Scotland and Mary of Guise. Through her grandmother Margaret Tudor, Mary had the strongest claim to the throne of England after the children of Henry VIII.
..... Click the link for more information. on the English throne, and the attempted Spanish invasion by the Armada Armada, Spanish
, 1588, fleet launched by Philip II of Spain for the invasion of England, to overthrow the Protestant Elizabeth I and establish Philip on the English throne; also called the Invincible Armada.
..... Click the link for more information. roused the government and public opinion to an intensely anti-Catholic pitch, and the Penal Laws were extended. Jesuits and other priests were expelled (1585) from England under penalty of treason, and harboring or aiding priests was declared a capital offense. Although a number of Catholics (e.g., Edmund Campion Campion, Saint Edmund
, c.1540–1581, English Jesuit martyr, educated at St. Paul's School and St. John's College, Oxford. As a fellow at Oxford he earned the admiration of his colleagues and his students and the favor of Queen Elizabeth by his brilliance and oratorical
..... Click the link for more information. ) were executed for treason, these laws were never thoroughly administered except against prominent people who refused to conform.
Under James I the Gunpowder Plot Gunpowder Plot,
conspiracy to blow up the English Parliament and King James I on Nov. 5, 1605, the day set for the king to open Parliament. It was intended to be the beginning of a great uprising of English Catholics, who were distressed by the increased severity of penal laws
..... Click the link for more information. resulted in added severity, but the official attitude softened after 1618, as James sought friendly relations with Spain. Charles I's wife, Henrietta Maria, was a Catholic, and her position made easy some open disregard of the restrictive laws. In the English civil war English civil war,
1642–48, the conflict between King Charles I of England and a large body of his subjects, generally called the "parliamentarians," that culminated in the defeat and execution of the king and the establishment of a republican commonwealth.
..... Click the link for more information. the Catholics sided with the king, and Oliver Cromwell punished them, along with royalist Anglicans, by wide confiscations, but few were executed.
After the Restoration of Charles II, Parliament passed the series of laws known as the Clarendon Code Clarendon Code,
1661–65, group of English statutes passed after the Restoration of Charles II to strengthen the position of the Church of England. The Corporation Act (1661) required all officers of incorporated municipalities to take communion according to the rites of
..... Click the link for more information. (1661–65) and the Test Act Test Act,
1673, English statute that excluded from public office (both military and civil) all those who refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, who refused to receive the communion according to the rites of the Church of England, or who refused to renounce belief
..... Click the link for more information. (1673), which required holders of public office to take various oaths of loyalty and to receive the sacrament of the Church of England. These laws penalized Protestant nonconformists nonconformists,
in religion, those who refuse to conform to the requirements (in doctrine or discipline) of an established church. The term is applied especially to Protestant dissenters from the Church of England.
..... Click the link for more information. at whom, principally, they were aimed, as well as Roman Catholics. However, the Protestant dissenters continued in their vehement anti-Catholicism and formed the backbone of the Whig Whig,
English political party. The name, originally a term of abuse first used for Scottish Presbyterians in the 17th cent., seems to have been a shortened form of whiggamor [cattle driver]. It was applied (c.
..... Click the link for more information. party, which coalesced (1679–81) in the attempt to exclude the Catholic James, duke of York (later James II) from the succession to the throne. The anti-Catholic movement culminated in the overthrow of James II in the Glorious Revolution Glorious Revolution,
in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of William III and Mary II to the English throne. It is also called the Bloodless Revolution.
..... Click the link for more information. (1688), and the Bill of Rights (1689) and the Act of Settlement Settlement, Act of,
1701, passed by the English Parliament, to provide that if William III and Princess Anne (later Queen Anne) should die without heirs, the succession to the throne should pass to Sophia, electress of Hanover, granddaughter of James I, and to her heirs, if they
..... Click the link for more information. (1701) excluded the Catholic branch of the house of Stuart from the throne.
A Toleration Act (1689) relieved the Protestant nonconformists of many of their disabilities (although they remained excluded from office), but the Catholics were now subjected to new laws limiting their property and means of education. The Jacobites Jacobites
, adherents of the exiled branch of the house of Stuart who sought to restore James II and his descendants to the English and Scottish thrones after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. They take their name from the Latin form (Jacobus) of the name James.
..... Click the link for more information. , in their attempts to restore the Catholic Stuarts, kept the politico-religious issue of Roman Catholicism alive until 1745. By this time the relatively small number of Catholics remaining in England and Scotland made the anti-Catholic laws there a minor issue, but Catholic Emancipation Catholic Emancipation,
term applied to the process by which Roman Catholics in the British Isles were relieved in the late 18th and early 19th cent. of civil disabilities.
..... Click the link for more information. was delayed until 1829.
In Ireland
In Ireland, where the population was predominantly Roman Catholic and the Glorious Revolution had been vigorously resisted, the Penal Laws were extended and made extremely oppressive during the 18th cent. After the Treaty of Limerick (1691), the Irish Parliament, filled with Protestant landowners and controlled from England, enacted a penal code that secured and enlarged the landlords' holdings and degraded and impoverished the Irish Catholics.
As a result of these harsh laws, Catholics could neither teach their children nor send them abroad; persons of property could not enter into mixed marriages; Catholic property was inherited equally among the sons unless one was a Protestant, in which case he received all; a Catholic could not inherit property if there was any Protestant heir; a Catholic could not possess arms or a horse worth more than £5; Catholics could not hold leases for more than 31 years, and they could not make a profit greater than a third of their rent. The hierarchy of the Catholic Church was banished or suppressed, and Catholics could not hold seats in the Irish Parliament (1692), hold public office, vote (1727), or practice law. Cases against Catholics were tried without juries, and bounties were given to informers against them.
Under these restrictions many able Irishmen left the country, and regard for the law declined; even Protestants assisted their Catholic friends in evasion. In the latter half of the 18th cent., with the decline of religious fervor in England and the need for Irish aid in foreign wars, there was a general mitigation of the treatment of Catholics in Ireland, and the long process of Catholic Emancipation Catholic Emancipation,
term applied to the process by which Roman Catholics in the British Isles were relieved in the late 18th and early 19th cent. of civil disabilities.
..... Click the link for more information. began.
Bibliography
See B. Magee, The English Recusants (1938); E. I. Watkin, Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 (1957).
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i don't know
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Who was the first player to score seven hundred centuries in Snooker?
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World Records - snooker.org
Awards | Odd Stuff | World Records | Managers
Snooker World Records
Here are the (unofficial) snooker world records that I have collected. If you notice any errors or know of any other records, please let me know.
World Championships
Most Titles
The World Professional Championship (instituted 1927) was won a record 15 times by Joe Davis, on the first 15 occasions it was contested 1927-40 and 1946. The most wins in the Amateur Championships (instituted 1963) have been two by; Gary Owen in 1963 and 1966; Ray Edmonds 1972 and 1974; and Paul Mifsud (Malta) 1985-86. Allison Fisher (b. 24 Feb 1968) has won seven Women's World Championships, 1985-86, 1988-89, 1991, 1993-94.
Maureen Baynton (née Barrett) won a record eight Women's Amateur Championships between 1954 and 1968, as well as seven at billiards.
Youngest
The youngest man to win a world title is Michael White (Wales) (b. 5 Aug 1991) who was 14 yr 210 days when he won the World Amateur Snooker Championships in Prestatyn, Wales on 3 Mar 2006. Stephen Hendry (Scotland) (b. 13 Jan 1969) became the youngest World Professional Champion, at 21 yr 106 days on 29 Apr 1990.
Stacey Hillyard (b. 5 Sep 1969) won the Women's World Amateur Championship in October 1984 at the age of 15.
Highest Breaks
Maximum Breaks
The first to achieve the maximum break of 147 was E.J. Murt O'Donoghue (New Zealand) (1901-94) at Griffiths, New South Wales, Australia on 26 Sep 1934. The first officially ratified 147 was by Joe Davis against Willie Smith at Leicester Square Hall, London on 22 Jan 1955. The first achieved in a major tournament were by John Spencer (b. 18 Sep 1935) at Slough, Berks on 13 Jan 1979, but the table had oversized pockets, and by Steve Davis (b. 22 Aug 1957) who had a ratified break of 147 against John Spencer in the Lada Classic at Oldham, Greater Manchester on 11 Jan 1982. This was also the first televised maximum.
The youngest to score a competitive maximum was Judd Trump (b. Aug 1989) at 14 yr 206 days days in an under-16 series match against Chris Piech at the Potters Club in Coalville on 13 Mar 2004.
Ronnie O'Sullivan (b. 5 Dec 1975) made a maximum at 15 yr 98 days during the English Amateur Championship (Southern Area) at Aldershot, Hants on 13 Mar 1991.
Cliff Thorburn (Canada) (b. 16 Jan 1948) was first to make two tournament 147 breaks on 23 Apr 1983 (the first in the World Professional Championships) and 8 Mar 1989. Peter Ebdon (b. 27 Aug 1979) and James Wattana (Thailand) (b. 17 Jan 1970) have also achieved this feat.
Ronnie O'Sullivan have the most maximums in the professional game with 13 ahead of Stephen Hendry who has 11.
O'Sullivan's latest came at the 2014 Coral UK Championship , in the last frame of the last-16 match against Matthew Selt (England).
Stephen Hendry became the first to make more than two tournament 147s. Hendry's first was made in the European League and his second in the 1995 World Championship . The record-breaking third came on 25 Nov 1995 in the UK Championship . Not content with this he made his fourth maximum on 5 Jan 1997 in the 1997 Liverpool Victoria Charity Challenge and his fifth on 23 May 1998 in the 1998 Dr Martens Premier League , his sixth on 19 Sep 1999 in the final of the 1999 British Open (the first maximum in a ranking final), his seventh on (21-23) November in 1999 in the 1999 Liverpool Victoria UK Championship , his eighth on 25 Feb 2001 in the final of the 2001 Rothmans Grand Prix, his ninth on 28 Apr 2009 in the quarterfinals of the 2009 Betfred.com World Championship , his 10th in the second round of the 2011 Wyldecrest Park Homes Welsh Open and his 11th in the first round of the 2012 Betfred.com World Championship !
Leo Levitt was the first amateur to achieve the maximum break, in november 1948 at the Windsor Bowling alley in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Geet Sethi (India) was the first one to manage one in competition, in the Indian Amateur Championships on 21 Feb 1988.
In the World Junior Championship in Iceland (June 1989) Gary Hill made a maximum break at the age of 20 years 8 months and became the youngest player to achieve this in a WPBSA recognised competion.
In April 2002 the New Zealand No2, amateur Harry Haenga, father of national champion Daniel Haenga, scored a 147 off the break against Glenn Gemmel at the Porirua Club, near Wellington, New Zealand. This was not in a tournament but was witnesses by two A Grade players, one of whom is a NZ representative and the other is a Referee.
Ronnie O'Sullivan and Jimmy White made 147s in consecutive frames during an exhibition in Ireland, in January 2009.
Peter Ebdon made 147s in two consecutive frames during an exhibition match against Steve Davis in 2003.
16 Red Ball Clearances
In Competition
The highest snooker break in competition is Wally West's 151. He made the break in the final of a club handicap at the Hounslow Lucania Club in 1976 against Derek "Butch" Rogers, in front of about 100 spectators. The qualified referee John Posner was in charge of the match.
Wally won the first frame with the aid of a 104. In the second, Butch clipped the blue and left Wally snookered. Wally potted green as his free ball with a brown to follow. He then took 14 red and blacks and a pink off the last red. He then cleared up to make the 151.
Jamie Burnett (Scotland) made a break of 148 on 16 October 2004, at the Prestatyn qualifiers for the Travis Perkins UK Championship. This was the first break over 147 in professional snooker. Burnett made the break in the 14th frame of his match against Leo Fernandez. He potted the brown as the extra red, then another brown followed by the 15 reds and all the colours. He made a blue on the first red, a pink on the last one and another pink on one of the other reds. The rest went with blacks. He went on to win the match 9-8.
The first 16 red clearance in a tournament was by Steve James (b. 2 May 1961) who made 135 against Alex Higgins in the World Professional Championships at Sheffield, S Yorks on 14 Apr 1990.
Steve Duggan (b. 10 Apr 1958) made a witnessed break of 148 against Mark Rowing in a local handicap tournament at in the Woodlands Snooker Club, Woodlands, Doncaster, S Yorks on 27 Apr 1988. The Guinness Book of Records got it wrong at the time, saying it was in a practise match.
Phil Doody was the referee in the aforementioned match. The week before the match Rowing, made a 155 break against Doody, in a practise frame, on the same table, in the same club! Unfortunately, as only Rowing and Doody were present, the Guinness Book of Records, wouldn't record it.
Dean Reynolds (England) had a 16 red clearance of 143 in the seniors event of the 2006 European Team championships, in Carlow, Ireland.
6 December 2008 Ricky Walden (England) made a 16 red clearance of 141 against Mark Davis (England) in the last qualifying round for the 2008 Maplin UK Championship. The event was held at The World Snooker Academy in EIS (English Institute of Sport) Sheffield. He won the frame 149-0. It was the thirteenth frame of the best-of-17 match, which he lost 7-9.
Others
In 2006 Jamie Cope became the first player to record a 155 break. He did it in a witnessed practice match. Jamie is a professional snooker player from Stoke-on-Trent Staffordshire, England.
On 23 April 2003 Cope had made a 151 break on the match table at The Reardon Snooker Club (Hanley Stoke-on-Trent) during a practise game with David Fomm-Ward. After a foul shot by his opponent Jamie was snookered behind the Brown ball. He took the Brown as the free ball and then potted Blue, 8 Red and 8 Black, 2 Red and 2 Pink, 5 Red and 5 Black. Then cleared all the colours. He was 17 years old at the time.
Teenager Sam Harvey scored a break of 151 during a practice match at his home club in Bedford in November 2010. The 17-year-old was playing tour professional Kyren Wilson when he registered the score. After a foul from his opponent early in the frame, Harvey was left with a free ball, and potted the brown to a centre pocket, gaining position on the black. He then spilt the reds open and went on to pot all 15, taking 12 more blacks, two pinks and a blue before clearing the colours.
In 1995 Tony Drago's (Malta) (b. 22 Sep 1965) made a 149 in a practice match against Nick Manning at the West Norwood Snooker Club.
Drago broke off and snookered Manning behind the brown. Manning tried to escape from the snooker but left a free ball. Drago took the brown as the free ball and then the brown again for four more points and followed that with 15 reds, 13 blacks, a pink and a blue and all the colours.
Eddie Manning (Leicester, England) also achieved a 149, in 1997 at Willie Thorne's in Leicester. His practice partner was Kam (or Kan?) Pandya. Manning. Like Drago he took brown, brown, 13 blacks, pink and blue.
Stephen Hendry made a 148 in practice vs Alfie Burden in 1993.
In 1976 Alex Higgins knocked in a 146 vs Willie Thorne in a Challenge Match. He had brown, green, 10 blacks and 5 pinks.
Cliff Thorburn managed a 139 in practice against Geoff Foulds in 1980.
Other High Breaks and Most Unanswered Points
Kelly Fisher is the leader among the women. She has a 143 in competition and 20+ 147's in practice.
Four consecutive century breaks were first compiled in a major tournament by John Higgins : 103, 104, 138 and 128, in Preston, England on Sun 16th October 2005. He achieved the feat in the final of the 2005 Grand Prix , against Ronnie O'Sullivan .
Shaun Murphy (England) equalled the feat in the 2007 Welsh Open , Feb 14 2007, in Newport Centre, Wales. He beat Jamie Cope 5-0 in the second round and won the first four frames with 135, 110, 102 and 101.
Three consecutive century breaks were first compiled in a ranking tournament by Steve Davis : 108, 101 and 104 at Stoke-on-Trent, Staffs on 10 Sep 1988. In 1998 John Higgins (Scotland) (b. 18th May 1975) became the first to manage the feat in a World Championship match. Peter Ebdon became the first to make four century breaks in five frames, in the European Open qualifying competition at Blackpool on 6 Sep 1992. Stephen Hendry made seven centuries in the final of the 1994 UK Championship , which is a record in a professional match. He also became the first player ever to make five centuries in seven frames.
In the 2004 British Open Stephen Maguire (Scotland) made five consecutive centuries over two matches. He finished his quarter-final match against Anthony Hamilton with three centuries and started his semi-final against Ronnie O'Sullivan with two more.
Mark Allen (N.Ireland) has also made five consecutive century breaks, at the Larne Masters, in the Fountain Club in Larne, Northern Ireland, 23 January 2005. Allen finished off his second round match against Stephen Smith with a 117, before rattling in breaks of 134, 120 and 104 to beat Declan Hughes 3-0. He then began his quarter-final match against Robert McCullough with a 116. Just for good measure, Mark had begun his match against Smith with a 111 break, making it a phenomenal six centuries in seven frames.
In the 2007 Northern Ireland Trophy Ronnie O'Sullivan made five centuries - the first time that has ever been achieved in a ranking event best-of-nine match. The third-round match, which he won 5-2, was played 8 November against Allister Carter (England). Ronnie warmed up with 108, 122 and 107 intaking a 3-1 lead before a 147. Carter pulled one frame back then O'Sullivan closed with a 129 total clearance.
John Higgins won the 2005 Grand Prix in Preston and rewrote the record books in the process. In his final demolition of Ronnie O'Sullivan (9-2) he knocked in four consecutive century breaks (103, 104, 138 and 128), a feat never to have been accomplished in professional ranking tournaments.
Higgins also broke the "points unanswered" record in a ranking event (previously set by Stephen Hendry , 487 in the 1996 Wembley Masters against Jimmy White ). Higgins scored 494 points without a reply from O'Sullivan. This record was later beaten by Stuart Bingham (England) who made 547 against Sam Baird in the 2016 China Open . Ronnie O'Sullivan has the all-time record with 556 points in the 2014 Masters final .
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Stephen Hendry
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From which Disney animated picture does the song 'Go The Distance' come?
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Century break | Snooker Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
Edit
The seven-time former world champion Stephen Hendry holds the record for century breaks in tournament play, having made over 700.
Hendry also holds the record for making the most centuries in a single match, compiling seven during the final of the 1994 UK Championship . During this match, Hendry compiled six centuries in a span of eight frames.
Hendry holds the record for the most centuries in a season, making 52 in the 1995/96 season .
Hendry holds the record for the most century breaks made in a single event having made 16 centuries during the 2002 Embassy World Championship .
The quickest recorded century break in tournament play was by Tony Drago . In the 1996 UK Championship, he took just 3 minutes 31 seconds (211 seconds) to score a hundred.
There have been five consecutive centuries in a match on two occasions. Ronnie O'Sullivan and Stephen Hendry made five consecutive centuries between them during the final of the 2003 British Open , and Stephen Maguire and Neil Robertson achieved the same feat at the 2009 Masters in the quarter final.
Stephen Maguire made five consecutive centuries at the 2004 British Open comprising the last three frames of his quarter final and the first two frames of the semi-final.
Only two players have made four consecutive centuries in a match: John Higgins in the final of the 2005 Grand Prix and Shaun Murphy at 2007 Welsh Open .
Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record for making the most centuries in a best-of-9 match compiling five centuries to beat Ali Carter 5-2 at the 2007 Northern Ireland Trophy . O'Sullivan is the only player to win a match by making a century in every single frame that he won.
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i don't know
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Of which Pacific country is Papeete the capital?
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Tahiti Map / Geography of Tahiti/ Map of Tahiti - Worldatlas.com - WorldAtlas.com
Print this map
Tahiti and Moorea, part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia , were first explored by Captains Cook and Bligh, but they were made truly famous by the paintings of the artist, Paul Gauguin, and by the words of author, James A. Michener.
The island was divided into various clans prior to the arrival of Europeans , with each clan being run by a chief (ari'i rahi), nobles (ari'i) and under-chiefs ('lato'ai).
Admiral Du Petit-Thouars arrived from France in the mid-19th century, and won over the Tahitian chiefs who were growing tired of the self-imposed Pomare monarchy. Du Petit-Thouars proposed a treaty, and within its framework Tahiti became recognized as a sovereign state of France , with the Queen (Pomare) being responsible for internal affairs.
In 1946, the whole of French Polynesia , including Tahiti, became an overseas territory, and citizens of the island were given French citizenship, this was changed to an overseas country in 2004.
Over 60% of all residents of French Polynesia live on the island, in and around the capital city of Papeete.
Moorea, with a very similar landscape, is commonly reached by ferry from Tahiti. The author, James A. Michener described Moorea by saying, "It's a monument to the prodical beauty of nature."
For additional info about the islands of French Polynesia, and their most interesting history, go here .
Fast Facts
Name: Tahiti and Moorea
A part of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France originally claimed in 1843
Capital City: Papeete (26,017 pop.)
Population: 178,133 (2007 census)
Ethnicity: Polynesian, European, Chinese, mixed
Language: French (official), Tahitian
Largest Cities: (by population) Papeete, Faaa, Pirae, Papenoa, Mahina, Taravao
National Day: July 14
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T.A.H.I.T.I.
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In which Charles dickens novel does the character 'Esther Summerson' appear?
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Chinese In Papeete, Capital Of Tahiti, French Polynesia... | Alex Hofford Photography
Chinese In Papeete, Capital Of Tahiti, French Polynesia...
Tue, 10/11/2009 - 1:14am
For reasons that will become clear later, I'm in French Polynesia this week. The island of Tahiti to be exact.
It was Sunday when I arrived. All the shops were closed. France, the colonial power here, is a Catholic country so it is against the law for shops here to be open on the holy day. That's why these photos, which were taken in the downtown area of the capital Papeete, are almost all devoid of people.
A government building.
A war memorial to the French and their Polynesian subjects who died in the First World War. This monument could quite easily be in Paris.
Notice the signature Tahitian flower in the bronze statue's hair. A nice touch.
Tahiti is very Americanised, I even saw a Hummer today. This island, part of French Polynesia, is 2,724 miles pretty much due south of Hawaii. In terms of spheres of influence, we are a lot closer to California here, than we are to Paris.
I did find some locals though. Here they are playing ball.
And these guys were playing with their remote control cars in front of the 'Residence du Haut Commissaire', the colonial governor's residence.
There is a big Chinese community in Tahiti. Here is the local KMT office. Many Chinese came here to work on the plantations during last century, and more than a few more came to escape China after the Chinese Communist Party took power in 1949. I would have liked to stayed here a bit longer to annoy them with a few questions about shark-finning around here, but I'm leaving today.
Note the French colonial ballustrade.
Some French signage near the port. A boring image, but I wanted to show how the infrastructure in Tahiti is just like it is in France.
Pacific Islanders sleeping. Life moves slowly in these parts.
Here's the 'Arctic P', Australian tycoon James Packer's sumptuous ship which has a quite number of very blingy launches on board (you can see two in this photo). He can afford to have luxury fun in the sun, owning, as he does, one of the largest casinos in Macau along with Lawrence Ho, the eldest son of the Macau casino kingpin, Dr Stanley Ho .
Dirty, dirty marine air pollution from a cruise liner, the 'Pacific Princess'. They are using high sulfur diesel, which is bad, bad, bad.
ALEX HOFFORD : HONG KONG CHINA TAHITI PHOTOGOGRAPER
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i don't know
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