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This is the only medieval English cathedral to preserve the original traditional English arrangement of two western spires and one central spire. Where is it?	Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England : Map (The Full Wiki) Historical The See of Canterbury was founded in 597 by St. Augustine. Christianity was carried to England by the Romans and spread throughout Britain, until the 5th century when it waned through the departure of the Romans and the invasion by Saxons . In 597 Pope Gregory sent Augustine as a missionary from Rome to Canterbury where a church was established and run initially by secular canons, then Benedictine monks from the late Saxon period until 1540. The present cathedral church at Canterbury is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury , Primate of All England. As begun by Alfred the Great in 871 and consolidated under the William the Conqueror in 1066, England became a politically unified entity at an earlier date than other European countries. One of the effects was that the units of government, both of church and state, were comparatively large. England was divided into the See of Canterbury and the See of York under two archbishops . During the medieval period there were no more than 17 bishops, far fewer than the numbers in France and Italy . Benedictine monasticism , present in England from the 6th century, was greatly extended after the Norman Invasion in 1066. There were also a number of Cistercian abbeys, but these were often in remote areas and not destined to become cathedrals. The Romanesque architecture of Normandy replaced that of Saxon England , the buildings being generally larger and more spacious, the general arrangement of monastic buildings following those of the great Abbey of Cluny . The Romanesque style , of which the English form is often known as Norman architecture , developed local characteristics. An important aspect in the practice of medieval Christianity was the veneration of saints , and the associated pilgrimages to places where particular saint's relics were interred and their tradition honoured. The possession of the relics of a popular saint was a source of funds to the individual church as the faithful made donations and benefices in the hope that they might receive spiritual aid, a blessing or a healing from the presence of the physical remains of the holy person. Among those churches to benefit in particular were St. Alban's Abbey which contained the relics of England's first Christian martyr , Ripon with the shrine of it founder St. Wilfrid , Durham which was built to house the body of Saints Cuthbert of Lindisfarne and Aidan , Ely with the shrine of St. Ethelreda , Westminster Abbey with the magnificent shrine of its founder St. Edward the Confessor and at Chichester, the honoured remains of St. Richard . All these saints brought pilgrims to their churches, but among them the most renowned was Thomas Becket , the late Archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated by henchmen of King Henry II in 1170. As a place of pilgrimage Canterbury was, in the 13th century, second only to Santiago de Compostela . In the 1170s Gothic architecture was introduced from France at Canterbury and Westminster Abbey . Over the next 400 years it developed in England, sometimes in parallel with and influenced by Continental forms, but generally with great local diversity and originality. In the 16th century the Reformation brought about changes in the governance of the cathedrals as discussed below. Some existent buildings became cathedrals at this time. Several of the buildings were structurally damaged or left incomplete because of the Dissolution of the Monasteries , 1537-40 . Many of the large abbey churches, particularly those outside the towns, were robbed, burnt out and abandoned. The late 16th and early 17th centuries saw repairs to the fabric of many cathedrals and some new building and stained glass as well as many new fittings. During the period of the Commonwealth , 1649-60, wholesale iconoclasm was wrought on all the pictorial elements of Christian buildings. Most of England’s medieval stained glass was smashed. The majority of England’s medieval statues were smashed or defaced leaving only a few isolated examples intact. Medieval paintings almost disappeared. Vestments embroidered in the famous style known as Opus Anglicanum were burnt. Those medieval Communion vessels that had escaped the Dissolution were melted down so that only about 50 items of pre-Reformation church plate remain. The Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660 also brought about some restoration of churches and cathedrals such as that at Lichfield by Sir William Wilson , and their enrichment with new fittings, new church plate and many elaborate memorials. The loss of the ancient St. Paul’s Cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666 meant that an entirely new cathedral, the present St Paul’s, was built on its site to a design in the Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren . In general, from the time of the Reformation onwards, apart from necessary repairs so that buildings might remain in use, and the internal adornments of successive generations who wished to be commemorated, there was little building work and only piecemeal restoration. This situation lasted for about 250 years with the fabric of many major cathedrals suffering from neglect. The severity of the problem was demonstrated by the spectacular collapse of the spire of Chichester Cathedral which suddenly telescoped in on itself in 1861. By this date medieval architecture was back in fashion. A growing awareness of the value of England’s medieval heritage had begun in the late 18th century leading to some work on a number of the cathedrals by the architect James Wyatt .The consciousness accelerated until in the 1840s two academic groups, the Oxford Society and the Cambridge Camden Society both pronounced that the only suitable style in which to design a church was Gothic . The critic John Ruskin was an ardent advocate of all things medieval and popularised these ideas. The architect Augustus Welby Pugin , who designed mainly for the growing Roman Catholic Church , set himself to recreate not only the structural appearance of medieval churches, but also the richly decorated and colourful interiors that had been almost entirely lost, existing only as a painted screen here and there, a few tiled floors such as those at Winchester and the intricate painted wooden ceiling of Peterborough Cathedral . The Victorian era saw the restoration of all of England’s cathedrals and remaining major abbey churches. Some buildings left incomplete were completed at this time and the greater part of existent church furniture, fittings and stained glass dates from this period. The architects included George Gilbert Scott , John Loughborough Pearson , George Frederick Bodley and George Edmund Street . Scope with reference also to Westminster Abbey and the ancient cathedral of London generally known as Old St. Paul’s . All the medieval buildings that are now cathedrals of England were Roman Catholic in origin, as they predate the Reformation . All these buildings now serve the Church of England as a result of the change to the official religion of the country, which occurred in 1534 during the reign of Henry VIII . The cathedrals fall into three distinct groups depending on their earlier organisational structure. Firstly, there are those which during the medieval period, as now, were governed by a body of secular clergy, or chapter, presided over by a dean. These cathedrals are Chichester, Exeter, Hereford, Lichfield, Lincoln, London, Salisbury, Wells and York. Secondly, there was a group of monastic cathedrals in which the prior also had the role of bishop. These cathedrals are Canterbury, Carlisle, Durham, Ely, Norwich, Rochester, Winchester and Worcester. The monasteries were Benedictine except in the case of Carlisle which was Augustinian. At the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII , all the previously monastic cathedrals became governed by secular canons like the first group. The third group were those five great medieval abbey churches that were established as new cathedrals under Henry VIII: Bristol, Chester, Gloucester, Oxford and Peterborough; and four further large churches which were later to become cathedrals, St Albans and Southwark which were of monastic foundation and Ripon and Southwell which were secular and had previously functioned as Pro-Cathedrals in the very large Diocese of York. Westminster Abbey was a Benedictine monastery which became a cathedral after the Dissolution of the Monasteries , but only for the period of ten years. , Cambridge and St. George’s Chapel , Windsor. The abbey church at Coventry, for a time shared the Diocese of Lichfield but was destroyed at the Dissolution. The large parish church of St. Michael’s, Coventry, became Coventry Cathedral in 1918. It was bombed during World War II , leaving intact only its spire, regarded as one of the finest in England. The new Coventry Cathedral designed by Sir Basil Spence was consecrated in 1962 and adjoins the shell of the ancient church. Liturgical and organisational In practice, the cathedrals are places where certain Christian rituals are performed and are structured and furnished for these purposes. Firstly, the cathedral contains the seat of the local bishop , often literally a large throne. Seats are also provided for the other significant clergy; the dean who is the foremost priest at the cathedral, the precentor , sacristan , archdeacon and canons . Each of these priests, either as secular clergy, or as previously, members of a religious order, is obligated to say the “ Holy Office ” every day. To this end, cathedrals normally have a number of small chapels which can be used for private devotion, or for small groups. In England there is a very strong tradition that each chapel should face the east. This is the reason why the transepts of English cathedrals are long by comparison with those of most other countries, and why there is often a second transept, as at Salisbury. This arrangement permits a greater number of eastward-facing chapels. That part of the main interior which is furthest to the east may also serve this purpose and be known as the ‘’presbytery’'. English cathedrals maintain a traditional form of church service of which canticles , the set psalm of the day, responses and an anthem are sung by a choir traditionally comprising about thirty men and boys. Because of this tradition, that part of the building which is usually located to the east of the central tower and contains the stalls is know as the "choir" or "quire". At the eastern end of the choir is a Communion table (or altar) on which is served the Eucharist , a symbolic meal of bread and wine in memory of Jesus ’ last supper with his disciples. The choir is sometimes divided from the nave of the cathedral by a wide medieval screen constructed of stone and in some instances carrying a large pipe organ . The nave of the cathedral is traditionally that part of the building which is used by and is open at most times to the congregation and general public. In a large cathedral, particularly in those where the building is divided by a screen as at Canterbury, an altar may be set at the eastern end of the nave so that services might be held there for large congregations. One of the functions of the nave is for processions . At each place where services are held there is a lectern on which rests a Bible . There is also, usually in the nave, a raised pulpit from which the dean or other clergy can expound the scriptures. Towards the western end of the building is the font (basin) used for the ritual washing service of Baptism , at which a person, most often an infant, is symbolically accepted into the church. The font is usually made of stone and is usually the oldest fitting in the cathedral, many of them being Norman. Architecture Note: all the dimensions are those given by John Harvey unless otherwise cited. The periods and style names are those used by Banister Fletcher and others, based on Rickman and Sharpe. General characteristics of English cathedrals Plan and section Like the majority of medieval cathedrals, those of England are cruciform. While most are of the Latin Cross shape with a single transept, several including Salisbury, Lincoln, Wells and Canterbury have two transepts, which is a distinctly English characteristic. (See right, plan) The transepts, unlike those of many French cathedrals, always project strongly. The cathedral, whether of monastic or secular foundation, often has several clearly defined subsidiary buildings, in particular the chapter house and cloister . With two exceptions, the naves and eastern arms of the cathedrals have single lower aisles on either side with a clerestory that illuminates the central space. (See right, plan) At Bristol the aisles are at the same height as the medieval choir like some German cathedrals, and at Chichester there are two aisles on either side of the nave like some French cathedrals. At a number of the cathedrals where the transepts are large they also have aisles, either on the eastern side as at Peterborough, Durham, Lincoln and Salisbury or both, as at Winchester, Wells, Ely and York. Length The nave, and sometimes the eastern arm is often of great length by comparison with the medieval cathedrals of other countries, seven of the twenty-five English cathedrals, Canterbury, Durham, Ely, Lincoln, St Albans, Winchester and York, exceeding 150 metres (being between 509 and 554 feet, 155-169 metres), only equalled by the cathedrals of Milan and Florence. (See left, pic) Another 9 of the cathedrals, Norwich, Peterborough, Salisbury, Worcester, Gloucester, Wells, Exeter, Chichester and Lichfield, are between 120-150 metres long (being between 397-481 feet, 121-146.5 metres). By comparison, the largest cathedrals of Northern France, Notre Dame de Paris , including Seville which has the largest floor area of any medieval church, are about 120 metres. Five English cathedrals: Chester, Hereford, Rochester, Southwell and Ripon are 90-115 metres (318-371 feet, 97-113 metres). The last four cathedrals all, for various reasons, either have no medieval nave or only a few remaining bays. At Bristol and Southwark the naves were built in the Victorian era , leaving Carlisle and Oxford, with naves of only two and four bays respectively, as the smallest of England’s ancient cathedrals at 73 metres (239 feet) and 57 metres (187 feet.) The nave of Winchester, gives an impression of height as well as length, but at 23.7 metres (78 ft) it is half the height of Beauvais. Height By contrast with their tendency towards extreme length, the vaults of English cathedrals are low compared with many of those found in other countries. (See right, pic) The highest medieval stone vault in England is at Westminster Abbey at , that at York Minster being of the same height but despite its appearance, not actually of stone, but wood. The majority of English cathedrals have vaults ranging in height from 20-26 metres (65-86 feet). These contrast with cathedrals such as Beauvais , Amiens and Cologne with internal heights of over 42 metres (140 ft). Towers An important feature of English cathedrals, uncommon elsewhere, is the large and often elaborate square central tower over the crossing. (See left, pic) The larger of these towers range from 55 metres (182 ft) at Wells to 82.5 meters (271 ft) at Lincoln. The central tower may exist as a single feature as at Salisbury, Gloucester, Worcester, Norwich and Chichester or in combination with paired towers at the west front as at York, Lincoln, Canterbury, Durham and Wells. Among the cathedrals that have three towers, the central tower is usually much the tallest. At Southwell the two western towers are capped by pyramidal spires sheathed in lead . (See below left, pic) Tall Gothic central spires remain at Salisbury and Norwich, that at Chichester having been rebuilt in the 19th century after its collapse. (See Salisbury and Norwich below left) The spire of Salisbury at is the tallest in Britain. It is also the tallest 14th century spire, the tallest ashlar masonry spire, (as against the openwork spires of Germany and France) and tallest spire in the world that remains from the Medieval period that has not been entirely rebuilt. However it was greatly surpassed in height by the spires of Lincoln and Old St. Paul’s. At Lincoln, between the early 1300s and 1548, the central tower was surmounted by the tallest spire in the world at about 170 metres (557 ft) but this fell in a storm. Lichfield Cathedral, uniquely in England, has three medieval masonry spires. (See below right, pic) Although single western towers are common in English parish churches , only one medieval cathedral, Ely, retains a centrally-placed western tower, and in that case, it was framed by two lower lateral towers, one of which has since fallen down. Ely, alone among England’s cathedrals, has a central feature over the crossing that somewhat resembles the polygonal vaulted lantern towers of Spain. (See below, pic) This elaborate lantern-like structure known as “The Octagon” spans both the nave and aisles, and is thus said to have inspired Christopher Wren ’s design for the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral . Its upper parts are supported by hidden wooden hammer-beams , an architectural device unique to English Gothic. Facades The facades of English cathedrals show a considerable diversity, rather than a consistent progression, as is the case in Northern France and other cathedrals influenced by the French Gothic style. In many cases, regardless of the architectural form, the English façade was treated as a decorative screen with many niches occupied by statues. A great number of these were toppled or defaced during the 17th century, however a “Gallery of Kings” remains high on the façade of Lincoln, and many of the original weather-worn figures remain at Exeter. (See right, Exeter) Most English cathedral facades fall into two basic types, with several variations.The most typical cathedrals are those that have large paired towers at their western end as at Canterbury, Durham, Southwell, Wells, Ripon and York. (See left, Wells) Between the towers is either a single large traceried window, as at York and Canterbury or an arrangement of untraceried lancets as at Ripon and Wells, rather than the rose windows typical of French facades. There are usually three doors but unlike those of French cathedrals, they are rarely highly elaborate and far more emphasis is placed on the central door than those to either side. The entrance in most common use is sometimes located in a porch at one side of the nave. Where there are not two large towers at the west front, there are generally two pinnacled turrets that frame the façade or the central nave much in the nature of very large buttresses . This arrangement may be seen Salisbury, Winchester and Rochester. (See above left, Winchester) At Lincoln a vast Gothic screen with similar buttress-like terminals was built across the front of the cathedral, incorporating the Norman portals, but hiding the Norman towers. The towers were then greatly heightened to be visible above the screen. A Gothic screen was also added to the Norman nave at Peterborough, but this is an architectural oddity with no precedent or successor. (See right, pic) The screen is composed of three enormous open arches, the two outer ones being much wider than that which frames the central door. The overwhelming composition is somewhat spoilt by the later porch and the fact that two towers of very different height pop up from behind the screen. Despite this, it is regarded as one of the supreme masterpieces of Gothic, revealing the enormous diversity and imagination of English medieval architects. Ripon, east end Eastern end The eastern ends of English cathedrals shows a greater diversity than those of any other country. Those built in the Norman era had high apsidal ends surrounded by a lower ambulatory, as is typical of Northern France. This arrangement still exists at Norwich and in part at Peterborough and also, with variation, in the Early English Gothic east end at Canterbury but in every other case has been modified. The typical arrangement for an English Gothic east end is square, and may be an unbroken cliff-like design as at York, Lincoln, Ripon, Ely and Carlisle (See left, pic) or may have a projecting Lady Chapel of which there is a great diversity as at Salisbury, Lichfield, Hereford, Exeter and Chichester. The ends of Norwich and Canterbury also have projecting chapels, that at Norwich being a Gothic addition to the Norman east end, while that at Canterbury, known as the Corona, being designed as part of the Early English plan, specifically to enshrine the relic of the crown of Thomas Becket ’s skull, sliced off at the time of his assassination. The east ends of a number of other cathedrals such Durham, Peterborough and Gloucester have been modified in various ways and do not fit any particular model. External appearance As English cathedrals are often surrounded by an expanse of green lawn, the plan is usually clearly visible at ground level, which is not the case with the many European cathedrals that are closely surrounded by town or monastic buildings. The general impression is that the English cathedral sprawls across its site with many projecting limbs. These horizontal projections are visibly balanced by the strong verticals of the massive towers, which may be one, two or three in number. Many of the cathedrals, particularly those like Winchester, St. Albans and Peterborough where the towers are not particularly high, give an impression of tremendous length and have been described as resembling “aircraft carriers”. (See above left, exterior of Winchester) While all the cathedrals are impressive, some, because of their location, are highly significant landmarks and landscape elements. Among these is Chichester which can be seen for many miles across a landscape of open fields and is the only one of England’s cathedrals that is visible from the sea. The grey spire of Norwich rises serenely from its surrounding city, to be a focus of the Norwich School of landscape painters. Ely, on a small hill, dominates the rural countryside and its appearance in times of flood causes it to be known as "The Ship of the Fens". The three spires of Lichfield are known as "The Ladies of the Vale". The “exquisite tower” of Worcester is seen best across the River Severn . Lincoln with its vast façade and three towers, the tallest being over 80 metres (270 ft), rises majestically from a steep hill above the town. Salisbury Cathedral with its “faultless spire” constitutes one of the iconic views of England, made famous by the landscape painter John Constable . In the north of England, Durham makes a “spectacular” view as it sits dramatically on its steep rocky peninsular above the River Wear, “half Church of God, half castle ‘gainst the Scots”. (See introduction, Durham) Internal appearance Horizontal emphasis Because the architecture of English cathedrals is so diverse and inventive, the internal appearances differ a great deal. However, in general, English cathedral interiors tend to give an impression of length. This is in part because many of the buildings are actually very long, but also because more than in the medieval architecture of any other country, the horizontal direction is given as much visual emphasis as the vertical. This is particularly the case at Wells where, unlike most Gothic buildings, there are no vertical shafts that continue from the arcade to the vault and there is a very strong emphasis on the triforium gallery with its seemingly endless and undifferentiated row of narrow arches. (See right, pic) Salisbury has a similar lack of verticals while the course below the triforium and the undecorated capital of Purbeck stone create strong visual horizontals. In the cases of Winchester, Norwich and Exeter the horizontal effect is created by the emphasis on the ridge rib of the elaborate vaults. (See left) Lierne vaulting at Winchester Complex vaulting The complexity of the vault is another significant feature of English Cathedrals. The vaults range from the simple quadripartite vault in the French manner at Chichester through increasingly elaborate forms including the multi-ribbed (“tierceron”) vault at Exeter, the similar vault with inter-connecting (“lierne”) ribs at Norwich, the still more elaborate variation at Winchester, the array of unique lierne vaults at Bristol, the net-like stellar vaulting of the choirs at Gloucester and York, the fan vaulting of the retro-choir at Peterborough and the pendant vaulting of the choir at Oxford where elaborate long stone bosses are suspended from the ceiling like lanterns. Many of the more elaborate forms are unique to England, with stellar vaulting also occurring in Spain and Germany. (See left, pic) Architectural styles Saxon and Norman While in many cases a Norman church entirely replaced a Saxon one, at Ripon the cathedral uniquely retains its Saxon crypt . All the medieval cathedrals of England, with the exception of Salisbury, Lichfield and Wells have evidence of Norman architecture, and Peterborough, Durham and Norwich remain for the greater part Norman buildings while at many others there are substantial parts of the building in the Norman style such as the naves of Ely, Gloucester and Southwell. (See right, pic) The Norman crypt at Canterbury is famous for its bestial carved capitals. Lancet Gothic Many of the cathedrals have major parts in the late 12th-early 13th century style known as Lancet Gothic or Early English Gothic , and defined by its simple, untraceried lancet-like openings. Salisbury Cathedral is the major example of this style (See left, pic) which is also seen Wells and Worcester, at the eastern arms of Canterbury, Hereford and Southwark, and the transepts of York. Also of this period is the spectacular façade of Peterborough, and the less grand but harmonious façade of Ripon. Decorated Gothic The Decorated Gothic style, with traceried windows, is further subdivided dependent upon whether the tracery is Geometric or Curvilinear. Many cathedrals have important parts in the Geometric style of the mid 13th to early 14th centuries, including much of Lincoln, Lichfield, the choir of Ely and the chapter houses of Salisbury and Southwell. By the late 13th century the style of tracery evolved to include a greater number of narrow shapes that adapted easily to Gothic openings in combination with circular shapes as can be seen in the windows of the chapter house of York, the Octagon of Ely and the west window of Exeter. Further development included the repetition of Curvilinear or flame-like forms which occur in a great number of windows of around 1320, notably in the retro-choir at Wells and the nave of Exeter Cathedral. (See right, pic) This type of tracery is often seen in combination with vaulting ribs of extreme projection and very rich moulding as is seen in the chapter house at Wells and the vault at Exeter which stretches, uninterrupted by a central tower, for 91 metres (300 ft) and is the longest medieval vault in the world. The last stage of Curvilinear or Flowing Decorated Gothic , is expressed in tracery of very varied and highly complex forms. Many of the largest and most famous windows of England date from 1320-30 and are in this style. They include the south transept rose window known as the “Bishop’s Eye” at Lincoln, (See below, pic) the “Heart of Yorkshire” window in the west end of York (See below, pic) and the famous nine-light east window of Carlisle. (See below, pic) There are many smaller architectural works within cathedrals which have the curvilinear tracery. These include the arcading in the Lady Chapel at Ely, which also has the widest vault in England, the pulpitum screen at Lincoln and richly decorated doorways at Ely and Rochester. Characteristic of this period of Gothic is elaborate lierne vaulting in which the ribs are connected by intermediate ribs which do not spring from the wall and so are not major structural members. The vaults of Bristol are the most famous examples of this style, (See below, pic) which can also be seen at York. Perpendicular Gothic In the 1330, when the architects of Europe were embracing the Flamboyant style, English architecture moved away from the Flowing Decorated in an entirely different and much more sober direction with the reconstruction, in highly modular form, of the choir of the Norman abbey, now cathedral, at Gloucester. The Perpendicular style , which relies on a network of intersecting mullions and transom rather than on a diversity of richly carved forms for effect, gives an overall impression of great unity, in which the structure of the vast windows of both clerestory and east end are integrated with the arcades below and the vault above. The style proved very adaptable and continued with variations in the naves of Canterbury and Winchester, and the choir of York. (See left, pic) During the 15th century many of England’s finest towers were either built or extended in the Perpendicular style including those of the cathedrals of Gloucester, Worcester, Wells, York, Durham and Canterbury, and the spires of Chichester and Norwich. The design of church interiors was to go through a final stage which would last into the 16th century. This was the development of fan vaulting , first used in about 1370 in the cloisters at Gloucester, then in the retrochoir at Peterborough in the early 15th century. In a still more elaborate form with stone pendants it was used to roof the Norman choir at Oxford and in the great funerary chapel of Henry VII at Westminster Abbey, at a time when Italy had embraced the Renaissance . Architectural diversity The plan of Salisbury Cathedral is that most often reproduced in architectural histories for the purpose of comparing English Gothic architecture with that of France , Italy and other countries. It has many features that, on paper at least, are typical. The plan of Worcester Cathedral , for example, closely resembles that of Salisbury. Both have two transepts, a large central tower, a large porch to the north side of the nave, a cloister to the south, off which opens a polygonal chapter house. Internally, there are also strong visual similarities in the simple lancet windows of the east end and the contrasting profusion of Purbeck marble shafts. But the histories of the two buildings are very different. Salisbury Cathedral took 160 years to complete, from its foundations in 1220 to the top of its massive spire in 1380. Worcester took 420 years from its Norman crypt of 1084 to its chapel in memory Prince Arthur in 1504. The history of Worcester is much more representative of the history of most of England’s medieval cathedrals than is that of Salisbury. (See exterior of Chichester, right) The building of Salisbury Cathedral (See exterior left, interior above left, plan above right) An earlier cathedral was located, between 1075 and 1228, on the hill top near the ancient fort at Old Sarum . In the early 13th century it was decided to move the location of the cathedral to the plain. The new building was designed in the Lancet Gothic style (otherwise known as Early English Gothic) by Elias of Dereham and Nicholas of Ely and begun in 1220, starting at the eastern end, and rising westward until by 1258 it was complete, except for the façade and central tower. The façade, huge cloister and polygonal chapter house were then constructed by Richard Mason and were completed by about 1280, the later work employing Geometric Decorated tracery in the openings of windows and arcades. It was about fifty years before the major undertaking of the tower and spire was commenced, the architect being Richard Farleigh and the details being rather more intricate and elaborate than the earlier work. The entire cathedral was complete by 1380, and the only subsequent inclusion of note has been the reinforcement of the arches of the tower when one of the piers developed a bend. This three-part building program spanning 160 years with a fifty-year gap in the middle is the shortest and least diverse and makes Salisbury by far the most homogenous of all the cathedrals.Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, ‘’The English Cathedral’’ The building of Worcester Cathedral Worcester Cathedral, unlike Salisbury, has important parts of the building dating from every century from the 11th to the 16th.The earliest part of the building at Worcester is the multi-columned Norman crypt with cushion capitals remaining from the original monastic church begun by St Wulfstan in 1084. Also from the Norman period is the circular chapter house of 1120, made octagonal on the outside when the walls were reinforced in the 14th century. The nave was built and rebuilt piecemeal and in different styles by several different architects over a period of 200 years, some bays being a unique and decorative transition between Norman and Gothic. It dates from 1170 to 1374. The east end was rebuilt over the Norman crypt by Alexander Mason between 1224 and 1269, coinciding with, and in a very similar Early English style to the greater part of Salisbury. From 1360 John Clyve finished off the nave, built its vault, the west front, the north porch and the eastern range of the cloister. He also strengthened the Norman chapter house, added buttresses and changed its vault. His masterpiece is the central tower of 1374, originally supporting a timber, lead-covered spire, now gone. Between 1404 and 1432 an unknown architect added the north and south ranges to the cloister, which was eventually closed by the western range by John Chapman, 1435-38. The last important addition is the Prince Arthur ’s Chantry Chapel to the right of the south choir aisle, 1502-04. Famous features of the cathedrals Note: all the dates are those given by John Harvey. The lierne vault of the chancel at Bristol. Bristol Cathedral Begun in 1140 and completed in 1888, Bristol Cathedral ’s fame lies in the unique 14th century lierne vaults of the choir and choir aisles, which are of three different designs and which, according to Nikolaus Pevsner , “from a point of view of spatial imagination are superior to anything else in England.”. Canterbury Cathedral Founded as a cathedral in 597, the earliest parts are from 1070, completed 1505, except the north west tower of 1834. Canterbury is one of the biggest cathedrals in England, and seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury . It is famous for the Norman crypt with sculptured capitals, the east end of 1175-84 by William of Sens , the 12th and 13th century stained glass, the “supremely beautiful” Perpendicular nave of 1379-1405 by Henry Yevele, the fan vault of the tower of 1505 by John Wastell, the tomb of the Black Prince and the site of the murder of St. Thomas Becket . Carlisle Cathedral Founded in 1092 and completed in the early 15th century, carlisle Cathedral is one of England’s smallest cathedrals since the demolition of its nave by the Scottish Presbyterian Army in 1649. Its most significant feature is its nine-light Flowing Decorated east window of 1322, still containing medieval glass in its upper sections, forming a “glorious termination to the choir” and regarded by many as having the finest tracery in England. Chester Cathedral Built between 1093 and 1537, Chester Cathedral includes a set of medieval choir stalls dating from 1380, with exquisite figurative carving. An unusual feature is the very large south transept. The Early English Lady Chapel is a harmonious composition in Lancet Gothic. It retains substantial monastic buildings including a large refectory. Chichester Cathedral Built between 1088 and the early 15th century, the unusual features of Chichester Cathedral are a transitional retrochoir, a pair of early Norman relief carvings and its freestanding belfry of the 15th century. The spire, rebuilt after its collapse in 1860, can be seen from the English Channel. "The Octagon" at Ely. Durham Cathedral Built between 1093 and 1490, Durham Cathedral , with the exception of the upper parts of its towers, the eastern extension known as the Chapel of Nine Altars, and the large west window of 1341, is entirely Norman and is regarded by Alec Clifton-Taylor as "the incomparable masterpiece of Romanesque architecture". The interior is “overwhelmingly impressive”. The western Lady Chapel known as the Galilee Chapel is a unique Norman building different in style to the cathedral itself. The view of the cathedral from the south west is particularly famous because of its “incomparable setting” on a steep promontory above the River Wear . The Venerable C.J. Stranks wrote “It stands today vast and impressive in its massive strength, and yet so well proportioned that there is nothing about it which seems ponderous.” Ely Cathedral With the present building dating between 1090 and 1536, Ely Cathedral has a significant Norman nave and Decorated Gothic choir, but its most important features are its unique western tower of 1174 and central octagon of 1322 which Clifton-Taylor describes as “one of the wonders of English cathedral architecture”. It also has a unique, very large, free-standing Lady Chapel with a very wide vault and intricately carved stone arcades around the sedilia. The 11th century south transept at Hereford. Exeter Cathedral Dating from 1112 to 1519, Exeter Cathedral is the major example of a cathedral built mainly in the later Decorated Gothic style of the 14th century. It has an impressive vault, the longest medieval vault in the world, which runs between two Norman towers placed, uniquely among the cathedrals, over the transepts. Exeter has many sculptural details, including the figures of its west front. Gloucester Cathedral Dating from 1098 to 1493, Gloucester Cathedral has a Norman nave with massive masonry piers, and a fine 15th century Perpendicular tower, but its main feature is the eastern end, reconstructed in the 14th century as an early example of Perpendicular Gothic and with the largest medieval window in the world, the area of a tennis court. The cloisters have the earliest example of fan-vaulting. "The Bishop's Eye" at Lincoln Hereford Cathedral Built between 1079 and 1530, with a 19th century west front, Hereford Cathedral has a Norman nave and large central tower, other important features being the unusual style of the north transept and the north porch, also of the 13th century, but greatly extended in the 16th. Its Early English Lady Chapel is considered “one of the most beautiful of the thirteenth century”. Lichfield Cathedral Although dating from 1195 to about 1400, Lichfield Cathedral has an interior which presents a harmonious appearance. The nave is very fine and the Lady Chapel is apsidal with very tall windows, giving a rather French impression. Lichfield is the only one of the cathedrals to have retained three spires. The Norman tower and 15th century spire of Norwich Lincoln Cathedral Dating from 1074 to 1548, Lincoln Cathedral is one of the largest of England’s cathedrals and it has been claimed by John Ruskin that, architecturally, it is worth any two of the others put together. Edward Freeman described it as “one of the loveliest of human works.” It retains portions of the three massive arches of the Norman west front and much heavily restored sculpture around the central portal. The central tower is the tallest in England and is visible for many miles as it rises in spectacular fashion from a high hill. The decagonal Chapter House with its huge flying buttresses is the first polygonal chapter house in England. Of the interior, the finest part is considered to be the late 13th century “Angel Choir” with “gorgeous layers of tracery” and enriched with carved angels. The transepts have two rose windows, the “Dean’s Eye” on the north dating from c.1200 and retaining its original glass, while the Flowing Decorated “Bishop’s Eye” on the south is filled with salvaged medieval fragments. Norwich Cathedral Built between 1096 and 1536, Norwich Cathedral has a Norman form, retaining the greater part of its original stone structure which was then vaulted between 1416 and 1472 in a spectacular manner with hundreds of ornately carved, painted and gilded bosses. It also has the finest Norman tower in England, surmounted by a 15th century spire, and a large cloister with many more bosses. The pendant vaulting at Oxford Oxford Cathedral Dating from 1158 to the early 16th century, Oxford Cathedral was always a small cathedral and was made smaller by the destruction of much of the nave in the 16th century. The stone spire, 1230, is one of the oldest in England and contributes to Oxford’s tradition as “the city of dreaming spires”. Its most unusual feature is the late 15th century pendant vault over the Norman chancel. Peterborough Cathedral Built between 1117 and 1508, Peterborough Cathedral is remarkable as the least altered of the Norman cathedrals with only its famous Early English west front, with its later porch and the Perpendicular rebuilding of the eastern ambulatory being in different styles. J.L. Cartwright wrote of the west front that it is “as magnificent an entrance to a sacred building as could well be imagined.” The long wooden roof of the nave is original and has retained its painting from 1220. The painted ceiling at Peterborough Ripon Cathedral Dating from the 9th or 10th century to 1522, Ripon Cathedral has a rare Saxon crypt. The West front is an unaltered and harmonious composition in Early English Gothic. The choir has retained richly carved 14th century stalls, famous for the many lively figures among the carvings. Rochester Cathedral Dating from 1177 to 1512, Rochester Cathedral has a Norman nave and crypt, and Early English choir. Its most remarkable feature is the rare, exuberantly carved Norman portal which has unfortunately been much damaged. The Norman west door at Rochester St Albans Cathedral Built between 1077 and 1521, St Albans Cathedral is unique among the cathedrals in that much of it, including the large Norman tower is built of bricks salvaged from the Roman town of Verulamium . Both internally and externally, the tower is the most significant feature. St Albans also retains some medieval wall paintings as well as a painted wooden roof of the late 13th century. Salisbury Cathedral Built between 1220 and 1380 with additional structural reinforcement in the next century, Salisbury Cathedral epitomises the ideal English Cathedral, even though its stylistic unity makes it far from typical. Its fame lies in its harmonious proportions, particularly from the exterior where the massing of the various horizontal parts in contrast to the vertical of the spire make it one of the most famous architectural compositions of the Medieval period. Canon Smethurst wrote “It symbolises the peaceful loveliness of the English countryside…, the eternal truths of the Christian faith expressed in stone…” The west front of Southwell Cathedral. Southwark Cathedral Built between 1208 and 1520, Southwark Cathedral had its nave demolished and rebuilt in the late 19th century by Arthur Blomfield . It has a fine Early English tower and choir which retains an elaborate 16th century reredos, fitted with statues replacing those destroyed in the 17th century. Southwell Minster Built between 1208 and 1520, Southwell Minster has its Norman façade intact, except for the insertion of a large window in the Perpendicular Style to give light to the Norman nave. The particular fame of Southwell is its late 13th century chapter house which contains the most famous medieval floral carvings in England, described by Nikolaus Pevsner as “throbbing with life”. The north transept at Winchester Wells Cathedral Built between 1175 and 1490, Wells Cathedral has been described as “the most poetic of the English Cathedrals”. Much of the structure is in the Early English style and is greatly enriched by the deeply sculptural nature of the mouldings and the vitality of the carved capitals in a foliate style known as “stiff leaf”. The eastern end has retained much original glass, which is rare in England. The exterior has the finest Early English façade and a large central tower. Winchester Cathedral Built between 1079 and 1532, Winchester Cathedral has had an unusual architectural history. The exterior, apart from the modified windows, gives the impression of a massive Norman building and in fact it is the longest medieval church in the world. However, the west front is Perpendicular, with its huge window filled with fragments of medieval glass. Inside, only the crypt and the transepts have retained their Norman appearance. The spectacular Perpendicular nave with its tall arcade arches and strong vertical emphasis has been literally carved out of the original Norman interior. The Very Rev. Sykes wrote of it “Well might the visitor who enters … by the west door gasp with amazement.” Winchester is also famous for its carved wooden fittings of many different periods. The west window of York Minster. Worcester Cathedral Built between 1084 and 1504, Worcester Cathedral represents every style from Norman to Perpendicular. It is famous for its Norman crypt and unique chapter house, its unusual Transitional Gothic bays, its fine woodwork and central tower which is not large but of particularly fine proportion. York Minster Built between 1154 and 1500, York Minster is one of the biggest Gothic churches in the world. The deceptively simple plan with square eastern and western ends and a single transept dividing the building into equal parts belies the architectural richness of this building. The remains of the Norman crypt indicate that the older building must have been as massive and ornamental in its architecture as Durham. The Early English transepts are both famous, that of the south having a complex arrangements of lancets and a rose window making up an entrance façade. On the north side are lancet windows called the “Five Sisters” each only wide, but tall. The interior of York is very spacious. The West front with its paired towers is a harmonious arrangement of the late Decorated period and the large central window has fine Flowing Decorated tracery called the "Heart of Yorkshire", while the large eastern window is Perpendicular in style. A rare feature of York Minster is that these important windows have all retained their medieval glass, from c.1270, 1335 and 1405, respectively. See also Alec Clifton-Taylor, ‘’The Cathedrals of England’’ Banister Fletcher, ‘’History of Architecture on the Comparative Method.’’ F.H. Crossley, ‘’The English Abbey’’ J.C. Cox and C.B. Ford, Parish Churches. Phoebe Stanton, ‘’Pugin’’ Nikolaus Pevsner, ‘’An Outline of European Architecture’’ Hereford Cathedral also had a single western tower, as well as its central tower. The western tower fell in 1786. See for example- Nikolaus Pevsner, ‘’An Outline of European Architecture’’. John Shirley, ‘’ A Pictorial History of Canterbury Cathedral’’. C.J. Stranks, ‘’A Pictorial History of Durham’’	Lichfield
Who directed the 2008 film 'The Hurt Locker'?	1000+ images about gothic cathedrals on Pinterest \| Cathedrals, York minster and Strasbourg Forward Litchfield Cathedral, Litchfield, Staffordshire - The first cathedral was built on the present site in 700 AD. Work began on the present Gothic cathedral in 1195. At the time of the Domesday Book survey, Lichfield was held by the bishop of Chester. It is the only medieval English cathedral with three spires. See More	i don't know
The 'Oregon Trail' finished in the Columbia River area of Oregon, where did it start?	The Columbia River - The Oregon Trail Lewis & Clark's Columbia River - "200 Years Later" "The Oregon Trail" Includes ... Oregon Trail ...Oregon National Historic Trail ... National Register of Historic Places ... Columbia River ... Prairie Schooner ... Barlow Road ... The Dalles ... Oregon City ... Click image to enlarge Mount Hood from Highway 26. Parts of Highway 26 follow the old Barlow Road, part of the Oregon Trail. Image taken August 16, 2009. Oregon Trail ... The Oregon Trail ran approximately 2,000 miles from Missouri to the Rocky Mountains and then to the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The trip took four to six months. Independence, Missouri, is considered the beginning of the Oregon Trail and Oregon City, Oregon , is considered the end. The trail was busy, lasting from the early 1840s and ending with the coming of the railroad at the end of the 1860s. Large scale migration began in 1843, when a wagon train of over 800 people with 120 wagons and 5,000 cattle made the five month journey. The General Path ... "The road began in Missouri, followed the North Platte River until it reached the Sweetwater River. The river offered relatively easy travel and a close water source. The Sweetwater River banks led the wagon trains up the gentle slopes of South Pass, where pioneers crossed the Rocky Mountains. The trail then crossed the rugged Snake River Desert and treacherous Blue Mountains before reaching the Columbia River. Here, pioneers chose either to use rafts to transport wagons down the river or follow the Barlow Road around Mount Hood to their final destination in Oregon City. ... The standard date for departure from any of the jumping-off places was April 15 - give or take a week or two, with expected arrival in Oregon or California hopefully by September 1, but not later than October 1. An ideal crossing was 120 days, April 15 to August 15, a daily average for the 2,000 mile long trail of 15 miles per day, a typical crossing took about two weeks longer. On a good day more than 15 miles could be covered, on a bad day, much less." Source: U.S. National Park Service, Whitman Mission, Oregon Trail Teachers Guide. Oregon National Historic Trail ... In 1978, the entire Oregon Trail, including the Barlow Road , was named a National Historic Trail by the U.S. Congress. The Trail crosses through six states -- Idaho, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, and Wyoming. Click image to enlarge Oregon Trail below Signal Hill, east of The Dalles, Oregon. Information via volunteer guide, Horsethief Lake Park (Columbia Hills State Park), Washington. Image taken October 15, 2011. Click image to enlarge Oregon Trail kiosk at Government Camp. Image taken August 14, 2012. Prairie Schooner ... "A prairie schooner is a relatively small covered wagon averaging 10-12 feet long and 4-5 feet wide. Most were converted farm wagons, although a few individuals such as freed slave Hiram Young and the Studebaker brothers made a living crafting wagons in Missouri for the Oregon Trail. Older and larger Conestogas were built for the freight trade on the National Road or Santa Fe Trail. Some early pioneers tried these large wagons on the Oregon Trail but soon discovered they were too heavy for their teams to cross the Rockies." Source: Jim Thompkins, 1996 and 2002, "Discovering Laurel Hill and the Barlow Road" Destination, Oregon City ... Umatilla and Irrigon ... During the heyday of the Oregon Trail, both Umatilla and Irrigon had portions of the Oregon Trail turning north and reaching the Columbia River. [ More ] "... The main route generally followed the Snake River across much of southern Idaho. At the place called Farewell Bend, near Ontario, Oregon, the pioneers veered away from the Snake River, bidding it farewell as the name implies, and struck out overland across the Blue Mountains. Arriving at what is now the City of Echo, Oregon, the trail took several branches. The main trail proceeded westward through a stage stop called Well Springs and then onward to the Columbia River near The Dalles. Another branch of the trail followed the Umatilla River from Echo down to its confluence with the Columbia River at what is now the City of Umatilla. A third branch traversed down through present-day Umatilla Army Depot and joined with a Columbia River shoreline trail here at Irrigon. This trail segment intersects almost exactly at the campsite of the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery, thus the city logo ï¿½Where Lewis and Clark & the Oregon Trail meetï¿½. ..." Source: City of Irrigon website, 2014, "Irrigon History" Willow Creek ... The Oregon trail wagons crossed Willow Creek , approximately 15 miles upstream, near the town of Cecil. Alkali Canyon ... Between Willow Creek and the John Day River , the wagons of the Oregon Trail traveled down the flat valley of Alkali Canyon . Alkali Canyon extends south from Arlington, Oregon for approximately eight miles before turning west and heading to Rock Creek, a tributary of the John Day River . Arlington ... The main route of the Oregon Trail passed approximately eight miles south of today's community of Arlington , staying on the plateau before dropping into Alkali Canyon and heading west to the John Day River . Many wagons however turned north at Alkali Canyon, reaching the Columbia River at the location of today's Arlington. From there the settlers rafted down the Columbia in Hudson's Bay Company bateaux (boats) or Indian canoes. John Day River crossing ... The Oregon Trail wagons crossed the John Day River approximately 20 miles upstream from its mouth, at a flat location known as "McDonald Ford". Later this was to become a ferry location. "After three days of sand, rock, blustery winds, and shortages of wood and water while crossing the Columbia Plateau, emigrants were relieved to arrive at the John Day River . This was the first of several major rivers flowing north toward the Columbia that would have to be crossed, but the McDonald ford provided an easy crossing. The river is normally only 8-12 inches deep during late summer, and the ford has a smooth, pebbly bottom. Esther Belle McMillan Hanna arrived at McDonald Ford on September 1, 1852: We had a very steep hill to descend in coming to it [John Day River]. ... We have encamped on the river bottom, which is large and very level. Will remain here until tomorrow to rest our cattle and ourselves and conclude on the route we will take." After ascending the west side of the canyon -- "one of the most difficult hills have have met on the whole journey across the plains" -- emigrants could take the right fork of the trail to go the the Dalles, or, after 1848, they could take the left fork and follow a cutoff to the Barlow Road ." Source: U.S. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management and Use Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon National Historic Trail. Click image to enlarge John Day River, Oregon, looking upstream. John Day River, looking upstream, as seen from LaPage Park, Oregon. Image taken September 26, 2003. Biggs Junction ... "After crossing McDonald Ford, the Oregon Trail slowly wound its way through the hills towards the Columbia River. About 25 miles west of the ford, emigrants abruptly toppped a ridge and saw spread out before them the magnificent Columbia River Valley, with Mount Hood rising from the western horizon. This was one of the most impressive and joyful sights along the trail, for the Oregon country was finally beginning to resemble its publicized beauty, and reaching the Columbia River meant the long overland journey was almost at an end. Michael Fleenen Luark wrote on August 23, 1853, "4 miles further we reached the Columbia river for the first time after going down a long but not a steep hill. ... the river is quite low at this time leaving large banks of beautiful white sand showing that the river is extremely high at some seasons of the year." A one mile section of trail ruts cross a bench above Old Highway 30 west of the present-day town of Biggs Junction . This is one of the last remaining stretches of the Oregon Trail along the Columbia River not destroyed by highway and railroad construction in the past century." Source: U.S. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management and Use Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon National Historic Trail. Click image to enlarge Biggs Junction, Oregon, as seen Maryhill Museum, Washington. Image taken May 29, 2012. Deschutes River crossing ... "Emigrants frequently camped at the mouth of the Deschutes River before attempting the difficult crossing of this "considerable tributary of the Columbia." Some parties crossed at the mouth of the river, using rocky islands as stepping-stones. Wagons were usually floated across, while the animals swam. Joel Palmer wrote a detailed description of the crossing on September 28, 1845: "The river is about one hundred yards wide, and the current very rapid; the stream is enclosed by lofty cliffs of basaltic rock. Four hundred yards from the Columbia is a rapid or cascade. Within the distance of thirty yards its descent is from fifteen to twenty feet. The current of this stream was so rapid and violet, and withal of such depth, as to require us to ferry it. Some of the companies behind us, however, drove over at its mouth by crossing on a bar."" (Note:, the original river crossing is now submerged by Lake Celilo .) Source: U.S. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management and Use Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon National Historic Trail. "River crossings were difficult for Oregon Trail emigrants and the Deschutes River was no exception. John McAllister, emigrant of 1852, warned "danger attends the crossage here ... many large rocks and at the same time a very rapid current." Emigrants, wagons and livestock all had to cross the river and casualties were common. Amelia Hadley, emigrant of 1851, noted a canoes "bottom side up, with a pair of boots tied in the captern." Early emigrants often hired local Indians to assist at this river crossing. During the 1850s pioneer entrepreneurs seized control of the ford and offered expensive ferry service. A toll bridge was established by 1864." Source: Information sign, Oregon Trail kiosk, Deschutes River State Recreation Area. Click image to enlarge Mouth of the Deschutes River, Oregon. View from Washington State Highway 14. Miller Island is tip in lower left corner. Image taken May 24, 2005. Click image to enlarge Oregon Trail kiosk, Deschutes River State Recreation Area, Deschutes River, Oregon. Image taken May 12, 2014. Click image to enlarge Information sign, Oregon Trail kiosk, Deschutes River State Recreation Area, Deschutes River, Oregon. Image taken May 12, 2014. The Dalles ... "Until 1846, The Dalles marked the end of the overland travel on the Oregon Trail. At the mouth of Chenoweth Creek , emigrants embarked on steamboats, rafts, or canoes for the 83-mile journey down the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver . With the opening of the Barlow Road , emigrants at The Dalles faced a decision -- whether to float their families and wagons down the Columbia or to cross the southern flank of Mount Hood by wagon. Neither option was easy. Rafts and livestock were difficult to maneuver along the river's swift currents and the Barlow Road's steep and rocky grades made travel dangerous for exhausted livestock." Source: U.S. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management and Use Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon National Historic Trail. Click image to enlarge The Dalles, Oregon, with Mount Hood. The Dalles and Mount Hood as seen from Dallesport, Washington. Image taken April 24, 2004. "Decision at The Dalles" ... Once reaching The Dalles, Oregon Trail travelers had to decide whether to take the "land route" and go around Mount Hood, or take the "river route" and raft down the Columbia River. The mural "Decision at The Dalles" was painted by Don Crook in 1992, and is located at E. Federal Street between 2nd and 3rd Streets, The Dalles, Oregon. Click image to enlarge Mural, "Decision at The Dalles", The Dalles, Oregon. Mural painted by Don Crook, 1992. Image taken May 8, 2013. Click image to enlarge Mural, "Decision at The Dalles", The Dalles, Oregon. Mural painted by Don Crook, 1992. Image taken May 8, 2013. Land Route, Barlow Road ... The Barlow Road is a part of the Oregon Trail, being established in 1845, making its way around the south side of Mount Hood . This road provided an alternative to the dangerous and expensive route that used rafts to transport wagons down the Columbia River. The Barlow Road began at The Dalles , headed south through Dufur and Tygh Valley, then turned west and north through Barlow Pass and Government Camp, passed through "Tollgate #5" and crossed the Sandy River, and continued to the community of Sandy , where it headed west and ended up at Oregon City . Tollgate Replica, Barlow Road, Rhododendron, Oregon. Image taken September 20, 2011. Land Route, Discovery Center Exhibit ... Click image to enlarge Exhibit, Oregon Trail "Land Route", Columbia Gorge Discovery Center, The Dalles, Oregon. Around the south side of Mount Hood on the Barlow Road. Image taken May 8, 2013. Click image to enlarge Exhibit, Oregon Trail "Land Route", Columbia Gorge Discovery Center, The Dalles, Oregon. Around the south side of Mount Hood on the Barlow Road. Image taken May 8, 2013. River Route, Chenoweth Creek and Crates Point ... At the mouth of Chenoweth Creek near Crates Point , emigrants embarked on steamboats, rafts, or canoes for the 83-mile journey down the Columbia River to Fort Vancouver . "... The last of the emigrants had just left the Dalles at the time of our arrival, traveling some by water and others by land, making ark-like rafts, on which they had embarked their families and households, with their large wagons and other furniture, while their stock were driven along the shore. ..." [John C. Fremont, November 6, 1843] "At Crates Point , a protected harbor at the mouth of Chenoweth Creek , the Oregon Trail pioneers put into the river. John McLoughlin, despite orders from his superiors, sent bateaux and food here to assist (and occasionally rescue) weary emigrants. Nearby were many pine trees to cut for building immense rafts that could hold up to six wagons. Writing in 1843, explorer John C. Fremont described them as "ark-like rafts, on which they had embarked their families and households, with their large wagons and other furniture, while their stock were driven along the shore."" Source: Oregon-California Trails Association website, 2011, "The Dalles, Oregon, End of the Old Oregon Trail". Click image to enlarge Chenoweth Creek looking downstream, The Dalles, Oregon. Image taken May 8, 2013. Click image to enlarge Chenoweth Creek drainage, The Dalles, Oregon. View looking west at the Chenoweth Creek drainage (trees), approximately 1/2 mile from the mouth of Chenoweth Creek. Image taken May 8, 2013. Click image to enlarge Flat area west side of the Chenoweth Creek drainage, looking towards the Columbia River. View approximately 1/2 mile from the mouth of Chenoweth Creek. Image taken May 8, 2013. River Route, Log rafts, Hudson's Bay Batteau ... Click image to enlarge ILLUSTRATION: "Type of log raft used by pioneers between The Dalles and Cascade Locks". Source: S.C. Lancaster, 1916, "The Columbia, America's Great Highway", p.40. Click image to enlarge ILLUSTRATION: "Hudson's Bay Batteau, used on the Columbia River, below Cascades". Source: S.C. Lancaster, 1916, "The Columbia, America's Great Highway", p.46. River Route, Discovery Center Exhibit ... Click image to enlarge Exhibit, Oregon Trail "River Route", Columbia Gorge Discovery Center, The Dalles, Oregon. Image taken May 8, 2013. Click image to enlarge Exhibit, Oregon Trail "River Route", Columbia Gorge Discovery Center, The Dalles, Oregon. Image taken May 8, 2013. Click image to enlarge Exhibit, Oregon Trail "River Route", Columbia Gorge Discovery Center, The Dalles, Oregon. Image taken May 8, 2013. River Route, Cascades of the Columbia ... "While the men drove livestock along the river shore, women and children stayed with the wagons and floated the Columbia River as far as the Cascades . This was the last dangerous obstacle on the Oregon Trail for those traveling the Columbia River Route. ... Although these rapids were occasionally run with fully loaded boats, the practice was dangerous and fraught with accidents. Most emigrants resorted to a back-breaking three to five mile portage. Local Indians helped the emigrants transport their loads until portage roads were built around the obstruction in the 1850s." Source: U.S. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management and Use Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon National Historic Trail. River Route, The Dalles to Troutdale ... Leaving The Dalles, Oregon Trail emigrants who chose the "river route" built rafts to float women, children, wagons, and goods down the Columbia River, while the men and boys drove the livestock along the banks. At the Hood River the cattle crossed to the north bank of the Columbia and at the Sandy River the cattle were driven back across the Columbia to the south side. While many rafts floated all the way to Fort Vancouver, others would unload at the mouth of the Sandy River to wait for the men and cattle. Wagons were reassembled and then went south, climbing the hills and heading towards Oregon City. The Oregon community of Troutdale was settled during this period, not only by Oregon Trail pioneers arriving via the Columbia, but also from pioneers arriving in Portland and heading east towards the banks of the Sandy. In 1863 Joel Palmer established a toll cattle trail on the south side of the Columbia River and established ferries across the Hood River and the Sandy River. In 1872 the Oregon legislature first appropriated funds for building a wagon road from The Dalles to Troutdale, and in 1876 they provided more. In 1883 the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company built a railroad along the same route, destroying the wagon road in many places. By 1925 the Columbia River Highway was finished, giving early 20th century "pioneers" easy access to the Willamette Valley. "Oregon Trail emigrants arrived at the Sandy River after descending the Columbia or traveling its rugged banks with lifestock. Emigrants camped along the banks of the Sandy River reassembling wagons and recuperating. Crossing the Sandy downstream from this site, and climbing the hill behind the Harlow House, where the trail is still visible, emigrants could look behind at the bluffs that today mark the western entrance of the Columbia Gorge. For emigrants, however, these bluffs marked the eastern gateway to the Willamette Valley. ..." Source: Information sign at the Harlow House Museum, Troutdale, Oregon, visited in 2011. Click image to enlarge Sandy River, Oregon, near Troutdale, from right bank looking downstream towards Lewis and Clark Recreation Area boat ramp (on right). The boat ramp location was once the location of an Oregon Trail ferry across the Sandy River. Image taken October 18, 2003. Click image to enlarge Path, Robins Way, Troutdale, Oregon, once a wagon road heading from Troutdale towards Oregon City. Image taken September 13, 2011. River Route, Fort Vancouver ... "Founded by the Hudson's Bay Company in the winter of 1824-1825 as a fur trading post and supply depot, Fort Vancouver was the most important settlement in the Pacific Northwest for more than 20 years. Dr. John McLoughlin, Chief Factor of the post until 1845, greatly assisted the exhausted, penniless emigrants who arrived at his doorstep. He helped them with transportation, lodging, subsistence, and even extended credit for supplies obtained at the post until they could raise their first crops." Source: U.S. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management and Use Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon National Historic Trail. Click image to enlarge Fort Vancouver, Washington. The fort's palisade was built not for protection of the fort, but to protect trading items from theft. View is looking out of the gates towards the Vancouver Barracks. Image taken March 7, 2004. Click image to enlarge Fort Vancouver, Washington. Image taken August 27, 2006. Destination, Oregon City ... Oregon City , located approximately 15 miles south of Portland, Oregon, is considered the "End of the Oregon Trail". This is the home of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center, a museum which provides information and "living displays" about the Barlow Road and the Oregon Trail. "The Oregon Trail officially ended at Abernethey Green in Oregon City. The town was not much to boast of in the 1840s. Maria Belshaw called it the "worst looking place for a City I ever saw." The town was started in 1842 by Dr. John McLoughlin, who chose the site because of its location next to the falls of the Willamette River. The falls prohibited water navigation farther south and provided power for McLoughlin's sawmill. From here, emigrants fanned out across the fertile Willamette Valley to the south in search of the new homes they had come so far to find. Today, the End of the Oregon Trial Interpretive Center is lcoated at Abernethy Green." Source: U.S. National Park Service, Comprehensive Management and Use Plan and Final Environmental Impact Statement, Oregon National Historic Trail. Click image to enlarge	Independence, Missouri
Name the form of projectile consisting of cast-iron balls packed in a gun between iron plates?	Oregon Trail facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about Oregon Trail COPYRIGHT 2003 The Gale Group Inc. OREGON TRAIL OREGON TRAIL, one of several routes traveled in the mid-nineteenth century by pioneers seeking to settle in the western territories. Over a period of about thirty years, roughly 1830 to 1860, some 300,000 Americans crowded these overland trails. The Oregon Trail was first traveled in the early 1840s. Only some 5,000 or so had made it to Oregon Territory by 1845, with another 3,000 making their way to California three years later. This trickle would turn into a flood in the following decade. The Oregon Trail totaled some 2,000 miles. The Oregon and California Trails followed the same path for almost half of this journey, so over landers headed to either destination faced many of the same natural obstacles. Departing from the small towns of Independence or St. Joseph, Missouri, or Council Bluffs, Iowa, miles of open plains initially greeted the travelers. The trail followed first the Missouri and then the Platte River. The water of the Platte was too dirty to drink, not deep enough to float a barge, and so broad that it left great mud flats and quicksand in the way of the unsuspecting settler. As the Rocky Mountains neared, the overlanders shifted to the north side of the Platte, and then maneuvered to cross the Continental Divide at the South Pass, low enough, broad enough, and safe enough for wagon transit. At this halfway point, the Oregon and California Trails diverged, the former heading north. Settlers bound for Oregon Country shadowed the Snake River and faced one last mountain obstacle, the Blue Mountains. The Willamette Valley awaited those sturdy enough to complete this passage and some finished their travels on a reasonably safe boat ride down the Columbia River. It took six to seven months to travel the complete length of the Oregon Trail. Ideally, those making this journey departed in May to arrive before November and the first heavy snowfalls. However, those leaving too early risked getting mired in mud, and those leaving too late confronted snow at the end of their travels, a dangerous and foreboding prospect. The overlanders traveled in wagon trains, in groups ranging from ten to one hundred wagons. As the trails became better known and well-traveled, most wagoneers preferred smaller trains. Smaller wagon trains moved more quickly and were delayed less often due to internal arguments. When disputes did arise they might be settled by vote or, especially in larger wagon trains, according to a written constitution. On the trail, hardships and dangers proved numerous and discouraging. Accidents, such as drowning, ax wounds, shootings, or being run over by wagons or trampled by livestock, claimed many victims. Sickness, especially cholera from poor drinking water, weakened countless travelers, eventually killing some. Despite the obstacles, people made the journey for economic reasons. The depression of 1837, the most severe of its day, pushed those contemplating a move west to do so sooner rather than later. California's gold rush, starting in 1848, did much to fuel travel west via the overland trails. Fertile land and the potential for wealth from trapping drew people to the Northwest. Migrants to the West were farmers as well as storekeepers, clerks, saloonkeepers, former soldiers, and other adventurers. They came from all over the United States, including the Upper South, the Midwest, and the Northeast. Because of the difficulty of the journey, most fell between the ages of ten and forty. Much folklore grew up around the overlanders and their journey. Perhaps the biggest legend of all concerns the danger posed to the migrants by Native Americans. In fact, Native Americans aided, directed, and even accompanied the overlanders. Deaths at the hands of Plains Indians probably numbered only in the hundreds, almost certainly not reaching the several thousands reported in legend. Most Indians sought to profit from the wagoneers by imposing either a toll to cross a river, a fee for guidance down an uncertain road, or by offering an exchange of goods for renewed provisions. Horses often acted as currency. With the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869, the wagon era came to a close. Yet a change in mode of transportation did little to detract from the accomplishment of those who toughed it out on the Oregon Trail and other trails. These pioneers had opened a land and settled it all in one motion. BIBLIOGRAPHY Billington, Ray Allen. The Far Western Frontier, 1830–1860. London: Harper and Row, 1956. Unruh, John D., Jr. The Plains Across: The Overland Emigrants and the Trans-Mississippi West, 1840–1860. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1979. Matthew J.Flynn The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright The Columbia University Press Oregon Trail, overland emigrant route in the United States from the Missouri River to the Columbia River country (all of which was then called Oregon). The pioneers by wagon train did not, however, follow any single narrow route. In open country the different trains might spread out over a large area, only to converge again for river crossings, mountain passes, and other natural constrictions. In time many cutoffs and alternate routes also developed. They originated at various places on the Missouri, although Independence and Westport (now part of Kansas City, Mo.) were favorite starting points, and St. Joseph had some popularity. The Route Those starting from Independence followed the same route as the Santa Fe Trail for some 40 mi (64 km), then turned NW to the Platte and generally followed that river to the junction of the North Platte and the South Platte. Crossing the South Platte, the main trail followed the North Platte to Fort Laramie, while the Overland Trail followed the South Platte. The main trail continued from Fort Laramie to the present Casper, Wyo., and through the mountains by the South Pass to the basin of the Colorado River. The travelers then went SW; the Overland Trail rejoined the route E of Fort Bridger. From Fort Bridger the Mormon Trail continued SW to the Great Salt Lake, while the Oregon Trail went northwest across a divide to Fort Hall , on the Snake River. It then went along the Snake River. The California Trail branched off to the southwest, but the Oregon Trail continued to Fort Boise. From that point the travelers had to make the hard climb over the Blue Mts. Once those were crossed, paths diverged somewhat; many went to Fort Walla Walla before proceeding down the south bank of the Columbia River, traversing the Columbia's gorge where it passes through the Cascade Mts. to the Willamette Valley, where the early settlement centered. The end of the trail shifted as settlement spread. The Wagon Trains The mountain men were chiefly responsible for making the route known, and Thomas Fitzpatrick and James Bridger were renowned as guides. Capt. Benjamin de Bonneville first took wagons over South Pass in 1832. The first genuine emigrant train was that led by John Bidwell in 1841, half of which went to California, the rest proceeding from Fort Hall to Oregon. The first train of emigrants to reach Oregon was that led by Elijah White in 1842. In 1843 occurred the "great emigration" of more than 900 persons and more than 1,000 head of stock. Four trains made the journey in 1844, and by 1845 the emigrants reached a total of over 3,000. Although it took the average train six months to traverse the c.2,000-mi (3,200-km) route, the trail was used for many years. Travel gradually declined with the coming of the railroads, and the trail was abandoned in the 1870s. Many trail sites are now preserved in the Oregon National Historic Trail (see National Parks and Monuments , table). An interpretive center is in Baker City, Oreg. Bibliography The classic work by F. Parkman, The Oregon Trail, actually concerns only the eastern part of the trail. See also Federal Writers' Project, The Oregon Trail (1939, repr. 1972); E. Meeker, Story of the Lost Trail of Oregon (1984); J. E. Brown, Oregon Trail Revisited (1988); D. Dary, The Oregon Trail: An American Saga (2004). Cite this article Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History COPYRIGHT 2000 The Gale Group Inc. OREGON TRAIL The Oregon Trail was a route used primarily from the late 1840s through the 1870s to reach Oregon Territory—lands that were ceded to the United States by the British in 1846. (The territory comprised present-day Oregon, Idaho , Washington, and parts of Montana and Wyoming.) Measuring 2,000 miles (3,200 kilometers), the trail was one of the great overland routes used in westward expansion. Wagon trains began at Independence, Missouri (today an eastern suburb of Kansas City , Missouri), and traveled northwest to Fort Kearny (near present-day Kearney), Nebraska . From there wagons followed the Platte and North Platte rivers west and northwest to Fort Laramie in southeast Wyoming. Continuing westward along the North Platte, travelers arrived at South Pass, located on the southeastern end of the Rocky Mountains' Wind River Range. Nearby South Pass City became a boom-town during the 1800s. The Oregon Trail then ran southwest to Fort Bridger, Wyoming—where the Mormon Trail diverged to the southwest (into Utah ). Travelers bound for the Pacific Northwest continued along the Oregon Trail, following the Snake River through Idaho. The route turned northwest to Fort Boise, Idaho. From there settlers made the difficult crossing through the Blue Mountains to Walla Walla (then the site of a mission) in Washington. The last leg of the journey followed the Columbia River west to Fort Vancouver and into the Willamette Valley of Oregon. The road could be traversed in six months' time, but it was a rigorous journey that took travelers across prairie, through desert, over mountains, and across flooded rivers. Explorers and fur traders are credited with first forging the route. The western portion of the trail was covered by explorers Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) and William Clark (1770–1838) in their 1804–1806 expedition to the Pacific. But it did not become heavily used by wagons until about 1842, the same year that military officer and future politician John C. Fremont (1813–1890) surveyed a portion of the route for the U.S. Army. After the Territory of Oregon was set up by the U.S. government in 1848, an increasing number of settlers made their way westward across the winding Oregon Trail. The route was heavily used through the 1860s. However, at the completion of transcontinental railroads its importance diminished by the end of the century. See also: John Fremont, Idaho, Lewis and Clark Expedition, Montana, Missouri, Nebraska, Oregon, Santa Fe Trail, Transcontinental Railroad, Utah, Washington, Wyoming Cite this article	i don't know
Who directed the 1957 film 'The Bridge On The River Kwai'?	‎The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) directed by David Lean • Reviews, film + cast • Letterboxd 17 ”There are times when suddenly you realize you're nearer the end than the beginning. And you wonder, you ask yourself, what the sum total of your life represents. What difference your being there at any time made to anything.” According to Letterboxd this was my 1000th movie so to mark this occasion I decided to visit a renowned work of one of my favorite filmmakers of all time: Sir David Lean and his majestic, impossible to resist and superb The Bridge on the River Kwai. And unsurprisingly it turned out to be a true absorbing classic. Just timeless. David Lean is famous for the grandeur and epic scale of his films, it didn’t matter if it was the vast boiling… 2 There's a lot to admire about The Bridge on the River Kwai. It's a grand production put together amazingly well by David Lean & benefits greatly from his composed direction, some wonderful performances as well as its expertly executed third act. Yet when compared to its near-unanimous praise, it turned out to be slightly underwhelming experience for me. The story of The Bridge on the River Kwai is set in a Japanese prison camp during the Second World War where the newly arrived British prisoners of war are ordered to construct a railway bridge; a task which is later overseen by their senior officer after his conditions are accepted but he's completely oblivious of the allies' plan to destroy it. Directed… 4 Part of the Best Picture Project David Lean's The Bridge on the River Kwai is a film about men and their principles. To each man, their principles are a thing of valor, and something that defines them. Nicholson (Guiness) believes in the book, and cooperating with the Japanese to make the best of things. Warden too, believes in the book, but in a vastly different way, and only seeks to get the job done. Shears, meanwhile, values no book but his own, the one of survival. Then there is Saito, who is stuck to his own Japanese code of honor. It's ultimately fascinating to watch all these principles come into conflict over the title bridge built by British prisoners. For… 2 The first of many epics directed by David Lean, The Bridge on the River Kwai is a POW (more precisely, of WWII) film based on Pierre Boulle's world famous novel that tells the story of the destruction of a railway bridge over the river Kwai, which was built by the British prisoners in the occupied Burma. Counting with a spetacular production, this war epic won the hearts of the audience and eventually won 7 Academy Awards, including best picture, best writing, best actor and best director. As I expected, it didn't take me long to fall in love with the film on a technical level, as it's composed of a beautiful cinematography handled by David Lean's regular Jack Hildyard in… 5 This is one of those films that I can watch at any time (despite the long runtime) and be completely enthralled. I also have a soft spot for David Lean, despite only having seen 5 of his films. That being said, both Lawrence of Arabia and The Bridge on the River Kwai are masterpieces (Doctor Zhivago is close to that status as well). The story works on multiple levels - as a character study, a spectacular war film, and a gripping drama. All aspects are brilliant and always captivating and engaging. The film flies by, in what seems like an hour. The characters are great as well, memorable as ever. All the acting is fantastic, and feels especiallu modern for… 5 The Bridge on the River Kwai is an English war drama directed by the king of epics, David Lean and is only one of his many collaborations with the legendary and knighted actor Alec Guinness. Most of the film takes place inside a Japanese POW camp during WW2 and follows captured soldiers who are ordered to build a bridge for a Japanese railway that passes over the river Kwai in Burma. A duel of wills is sparked when the highest ranking Brittish officer, Lieteunant Colonel Nicholson (Alec Guinness) and the Japanese camp commander Colonel Saito (Sessue Hayakawa) disagree regarding the treatment of prisoners. I was immediately struck by the films magnificent visual beauty and the enormousness of it all. The…	David Lean
In which of Dickens' novels does 'Jerry Cruncher' appear?	Eric Lomax, River Kwai Prisoner Who Forgave, Dies at 93 - The New York Times The New York Times Books \|Eric Lomax, World War II Prisoner Who Forgave, Dies at 93 Search Continue reading the main story Photo Eric Lomax, left, in 1998 with Nagase Takashi, his chief wartime tormentor. The two met again in Thailand. Credit Micool Brooke/Associated Press Eric Lomax, a former British soldier who was tortured by the Japanese while he was a prisoner during World War II and half a century later forgave one of his tormentors — an experience he recounted in a memoir, “ The Railway Man ” — died on Monday in Berwick-upon-Tweed, England. He was 93. His death was confirmed by his publisher, Vintage Books. Mr. Lomax, who was born in Scotland, was 19 when he joined the Royal Corps of Signals in 1939. He was one of thousands of British soldiers who surrendered to the Japanese in Singapore in 1942. Many were relocated to Thailand and forced to build the Burma Railway, also known as the Death Railway. The building of the railroad and the brutality involved was portrayed in “ The Bridge on the River Kwai ,” the 1957 film directed by David Lean. Mr. Lomax was repeatedly beaten and interrogated after his captors found a radio receiver he had made from spare parts. Multiple bones were broken and water was poured into his nose and mouth. One of his constant torturers stood out: Nagase Takashi, an interpreter. “At the end of the war, I would have been happy to murder him,” Mr. Lomax told The New York Times in 1995, shortly after the “The Railway Man” was published and became a best seller. Advertisement Continue reading the main story In the book, Mr. Lomax described having fantasies about meeting Mr. Nagase one day and how he had spent much of the 1980s looking for information about him. He learned that after the war Mr. Nagase had become an interpreter for the Allies and helped locate thousands of graves and mass burial sites along the Burma Railway. The men finally met in 1993, after Mr. Lomax had read an article about Mr. Nagase’s being devastated by guilt over his treatment of one particular British soldier. Mr. Lomax realized that he was that soldier. “When we met, Nagase greeted me with a formal bow,” Mr. Lomax said on the Web site of the Forgiveness Project , a British group that seeks to bring together victims and perpetrators of crimes. “I took his hand and said in Japanese, ‘Good morning, Mr. Nagase, how are you?’ He was trembling and crying, and he said over and over again: ‘I am so sorry, so very sorry.’ ” Mr. Lomax continued: “I had come with no sympathy for this man, and yet Nagase, through his complete humility, turned this around. In the days that followed we spent a lot of time together, talking and laughing.” He added, “We promised to keep in touch and have remained friends ever since.” Mr. Lomax told The Times said Mr. Nagase’s later life resembled his own. “He has had the same psychological and career problems that I have,” he said. A film based on “The Railway Man,” starring Colin Firth and Nicole Kidman, is scheduled to be released next year. Mr. Lomax was born in Edinburgh, graduated from Royal High School and took a job with the city’s postal service at 16, according to The Herald Scotland newspaper. After the war he enlisted in two more years of military service and rose to captain. He later studied personnel management and became a lecturer at the University of Strathclyde, in Scotland, even as his anger and bitterness created problems in his personal life. Mr. Lomax is survived by his wife, Patti; a daughter from a previous marriage; and four stepchildren. His search for Mr. Nagase began in earnest after he retired, in 1982. His wife, a nurse he married in the 1980s, wrote the first letter to Mr. Nagase on her husband’s behalf, and she helped arrange the 1993 meeting, which took place at the bridge that was the inspiration for '‘The Bridge on the River Kwai.’' Advertisement “I haven’t forgiven Japan as a nation,” Mr. Lomax told The Times, “but I’ve forgiven one man, because he’s experienced such great personal regret.” Correction: November 9, 2012 An obituary on Oct. 10 about Eric Lomax, a former British soldier who was tortured by the Japanese during World War II and later publicly forgave one of his torturers, referred incorrectly to the site where the two met in 1993. It is the Mae Klong River in Thailand, not the River Kwai. (The bridge on which they met was the inspiration for the novel “The Bridge Over the River Kwai” and the movie “The Bridge on the River Kwai,” but Kwai is not the actual name of the river, although it is the name by which it has become popularly known.) The error was repeated in an accompanying picture caption A version of this article appears in print on October 10, 2012, on Page B17 of the New York edition with the headline: Eric Lomax Dies at 93; Forgave Torturer. Order Reprints \| Today's Paper \| Subscribe	i don't know
Who in a novel, first published in 1848 was 'Mrs. Helen Graham'?	The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. (eBook, 1848) [WorldCat.org] Find more libraries Librarian? Claim your library to The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Author: eBook : Document : Fiction : English View all editions and formats Database: WorldCat Summary: The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is the second and final novel by English author Anne Brontë, published in 1848. It is framed as a letter from Gilbert Markham to his friend and brother-in-law about the events leading to his meeting his wife. The novel is divided into three volumes. The first part, narrated by prosperous farmer Gilbert Markham, describes the arrival of a mysterious widow, Mrs. Helen Graham, to a nearby, tumbledown mansion, Wildfell Hall. From the outset, she is a source of curiosity for the small community ... Read more... Rating: You are connected to the University of Washington Libraries network Hide local services for this item ebrary Add library to Favorites Please choose whether or not you want other users to be able to see on your profile that this library is a favorite of yours. Allow this favorite library to be seen by others Keep this favorite library private Find a copy in the library Finding libraries that hold this item... Details 1 online resource (832 pages) Contents: Chapter XliChapter Xlii; Chapter Xliii; Chapter Xliv; Chapter Xlv; Chapter Xlvi; Chapter Xlvii; Chapter Xlviii; Chapter Xlix; Chapter L; Chapter Li; Chapter Lii; Chapter Liii. Abstract: The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is the second and final novel by English author Anne Brontë, published in 1848. It is framed as a letter from Gilbert Markham to his friend and brother-in-law about the events leading to his meeting his wife. The novel is divided into three volumes. The first part, narrated by prosperous farmer Gilbert Markham, describes the arrival of a mysterious widow, Mrs. Helen Graham, to a nearby, tumbledown mansion, Wildfell Hall. From the outset, she is a source of curiosity for the small community ... Reviews Add a review and share your thoughts with other readers. Be the first. Add a review and share your thoughts with other readers. Be the first. Tags Add tags for "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.". Be the first. Similar Items	The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
Which legislation, passed in 1534 declared Henry VIII the Head of the Church of England?	Amazon.com: The Tenant of Wildfell Hall eBook: Anne BrontÃ«, Humphry Ward: Kindle Store By Mei on June 25, 2011 Format: Kindle Edition\|Verified Purchase Anne BrontÃ« (1820-1849) has published two books: 'Agnes Grey' (1847) and 'The Tenant of Wildfell Hall' (1848). In this book a young woman, Helen Graham, and her young son arrive in a small village and rent Wildfell Hall. She works as a artist to support herself and her child. The villagers try to find out who she is and what her background is. Helen does not tell a lot about herself and the villagers start gossiping about her. It turns out that Helen has fled from her alcoholic and abusive husband. At the time this book was written, it was not only considered morally wrong for a wife to leave her husband, but it was even against the law. According to some this book was (one of) the first feminist novel(s). Themes in this book are: alcoholism, gender relations, Victorian moral and the (lack of) rights of women. The alcoholic husband is believed to be based on Anne BrontÃ«'s brother Branwell. This Kindle edition has 6421 'locations', which is compareable to over 350 pages in print in paperback. By SassyPants on May 9, 2016 Format: Kindle Edition\|Verified Purchase I was not familiar with this book, until it was suggested for book club and I am so glad it made it on the list! Anne Bronte is the lesser known sister of Charlotte and Emily. She wrote The Tenant of Wildfell Hall in 1848 at age 28. The book is even more spectacular when you consider the time period, Miss Bronte's age, and the subject matter. This is about a woman trapped in an abusive marriage at a time when women had no options. Yet this woman takes charge and makes her own path. Girl Power 1848 style! I highly recommend this book. This is an epistolary novel told in letters from our hero, Gilbert Markham, to his brother-in-law Jack Hartford and from the diary of our heroine Helen Huntingdon (masquerading as Helen Graham). Helen is a devout yet romantic young woman, who believes she can only love a man she respects. Like women throughout time, she ignores the red flags and marries a man with suspect morals, believing she can change him. Her husband Arthur Huntingdon turns out to be an alcoholic and a philanderer. A real dog, he carries on an affair in front of Helen and encourages their young son to drink and swear. Helen tries to reform her husband, but corrupting their son is the last straw. She escapes to a small village and passes herself off as the widow Helen Graham and supports herself as an artsy. Gilbert Markham falls for her and she for him, but they cannot be together. The village women, especially Gilbert's former beau Eliza begin to speculate on Mrs. Graham and spread vicious rumors. Helen explains all to Gilbert by allowing him to read her diary. She returns to her husband to nurse him during an illness and a nasty case of alcohol withdrawal. I'll stop the summary here to not spoil the ending. Rightly described as an early feminist novel, Helen Huntingdon charts her own course and saves herself and her son while remaining true to her values. I am just amazed that this was written by a young woman in the 1840's. A woman leaving her husband, regardless of circumstances, was unheard of and illegal. At that time, women were property. A wife had no right to earn money, get a divorce, or sue for custody. She had no independent existence from her husband. Though controversial, the novel was well received in its time. The writing is mature and the plot moves along nicely. A fine example of literature from this time period. By Regena Pauketat on January 1, 2017 Format: Kindle Edition\|Verified Purchase This novel tells the story of the young farmer, Gilbert Markham, and his community's encounters with a mysterious tenant of the large house that had been abandoned many years previously. This story is fairly straightforward, with a lot of the "twists" easily predictable because of the fact that it seems like many of them have been used since it was published. Overall, I found the narrator of the novel insufferable--weak, whiny, creepily stalkerish, and violently aggressive over minor upsets. On the plus side, there are a few beautiful metaphors and passages surrounding the religion of Helen Graham (the mysterious tenant), perhaps so beautifully drawn because of Bronte's own religious background. In addition, Helen is definitely a strong heroine in the tradition of the Bronte sisters. On the whole, however, I found this novel slow, dreary, and a little too moralizing. I'm glad to have added another classic to my novels read, but this would not be one that I would pick up again By Amazon Customer on June 23, 2013 Format: Kindle Edition\|Verified Purchase This book is at least as good (if not better) than her more famous sisters- Charlotte's "Jane Eyre" or Emily's "Wuthering Heights." At the time of its first printing in 1848, Anne's "Tenant" was a shocking "feminist" novel that addressed the unsavory behavior of a husband--including alcoholism, cursing, emotional abuse, and unfaithfulness-topics that at the time were considered "coarse" and unfit for publication. Nevertheless, Anne's book, originally published under the pseudonym "Acton Bell" was wildly popular. When a second printing was necessary after Anne's premature death in 1849 (at age 29) her sister Charlotte blocked the republish, claiming she wanted to "protect" her sister's good name--although oddly, she did not do the same for Emily's equally provocative "Wuthering Height." Because of this, "Tenant" remained unpublished for 15 years and fell into obscurity while Charlotte and Emily became well-known and widely published. It is my opinion that if Anne had lived a little longer or Charlotte had allowed "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall" to be republished, Anne would've been the most famous of the Bronte sisters. She was definitely the best storyteller/writer of the three! I highly recommend this classic, especially if you are looking for a book to generate a great discussion within a book club!	i don't know
With which art movement was Georges Braque associated?	Georges Braque Biography, Art, and Analysis of Works \| The Art Story Web Services & Hosting by The Computer Studio \| Designed by DesArtLab Cubism Cubism Cubism was developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque between 1907-1911, and it continued to be highly influential long after its decline. This classic phase has two stages: 'Analytic', in which forms seem to be 'analyzed' and fragmented; and 'Synthetic', in which pre-existing materials such as newspaper and wood veneer are collaged to the surface of the canvas. Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso Picasso dominated European painting in the first half of the last century, and remains perhaps the century's most important, prolifically inventive, and versatile artist. Alongside Georges Braque, he pioneered Cubism. He also made significant contributions to Surrealist painting and media such as collage, welded sculpture, and ceramics. Fauvism Fauvism Fauvism was an early twentieth-century art movement founded by Henri Matisse and André Derain. Labeled as "wild beasts", Fauve artists favored vibrant colors and winding gestural strokes across the canvas. Pop Art Pop Art British artists of the 1950s were the first to make popular culture the dominant subject of their art, and this idea became an international phenomenon in the 1960s. But the Pop art movement is most associated with New York, and artists such as Andy Warhol, who broke with the private concerns of the Abstract Expressionists, and turned to themes which touched on public life and mass society. Henri Matisse Henri Matisse Henri Matisse was a French painter and sculptor who helped forge modern art. From his early Fauvist works to his late cutouts, he emphasized expansive fields of color, the expressive potential of gesture, and the sensuality inherent in art-making. Jim Dine Jim Dine Jim Dine is an American painter commonly associated with the Neo-Dada and Pop art movements. In addition to showing alongside such Pop icons as Warhol, Lichtenstein and Ruscha, Dine is also well known for collaborating with Allan Kaprow, Claes Oldenburg and John Cage on a series of "happenings". Wayne Thiebaud Wayne Thiebaud Wayne Thiebaud is an American painter, commonly associated with the Pop art movement. Thiebaud's paintings often employ seemingly mundane subject matter, such as candy, pastries, toilets, shoes, and other popular consumer items. Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne Paul Cézanne was an influential French Post-Impressionist painter whose depictions of the natural world, based on internal geometric planes, paved the way for Cubism and later modern art movements. Camille Corot Camille Corot Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot was a nineteenth-century French painter and printmaker. Best known for his landscape paintings rendered in a Neo-Classical tradition, Corot's practice of painting outside in the open air was highly influential to many of the French Impressionists. Gustave Courbet Gustave Courbet Gustave Courbet was a French painter and chief figure in the Realist movement of the mid-nineteenth century. His paintings often contained an emotional bleakness, and were praised for their precision and use of light. Along with Delacroix, Courbet was a key influence on the Impressionists. Édouard Vuillard Édouard Vuillard Edouard Vuillard was a French Post-Impressionist painter especially known for his interiors and domestic scenes. A member of the Les Nabis group, his works are characterized by rough areas of color, pointillist daubs and dots, and decorative patterns that spread out across background fabrics and wallpaper. Juan Gris Juan Gris Juan Gris was a Spanish painter and sculptor, and one of the few pioneers of Cubism. Along with Matisse, Léger, Braque and Picasso, Gris was among the elite visual artists working in early-twentieth-century France. André Derain André Derain André Derain, the co-founder of Fauvism, was a French artist whose paintings exhibit the writhing energetic lines and bright colors characteristic of the movement. He strove to keep art modern and current throughout his career. Henri Laurens Henri Laurens Henri Laurens was a twentieth-century French sculptor, engraver and illustrator. After meeting Cubist artists Picasso, Braque, Léger and Gris in Montparnasse, Laurens began making Cubism-inspired sculpture, which were among his most famous works. Erik Satie Erik Satie Erik Satie was a nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century French composer, writer, pianist and avant-garde theorist. Satie's most well known piece was the 1888 Gymnopedies, a series a three piano compositions in 3/4 time that is considered an important precursor to ambient sound and minimalist composition. Impressionism Impressionism A movement in painting that first surfaced in France in the 1860s, it sought new ways to describe effects of light and movement, often using rich colors. The Impressionists were drawn to modern life and often painted the city, but they also captured landscapes and scenes of middle-class leisure-taking in the suburbs. Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism refers to a number of styles that emerged in reaction to Impressionism in the 1880s. The movement encompassed Symbolism and Neo-Impressionism before ceding to Fauvism around 1905. Its artists turned away from effects of light and atmosphere to explore new avenues such as color theory and personal feeling, often using colors and forms in intense and expressive ways. African Art African Art Beginning in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, traditional African art, often seen through a primitivizing eye, began to exert a strong influence on modern Western artists. Artists were influenced by the emphasis on ritual and spiritualism, and the stylistic conventions of flattened planes and mask-like faces. Expressionism Expressionism Expressionism is a broad term for a host of movements in early twentieth-century Germany and beyond, from Die Brücke (1905) and Der Blaue Reiter (1911) to the early Neue Sachlichkeit painters in the 1920s and '30s. Many Expressionists used vivid colors and abstracted forms to create spiritually or psychologically intense works, while others focused on depictions of war, alienation, and the modern city. Marsden Hartley Marsden Hartley Marsden Hartley was an American painter and poet. After studying at the Art Students League of New York, Hartley became a member of Alfred Stieglitz's 291 Gallery Group, and was an important Modernist in the early-twentieth-century years of New York. Arthur Dove Arthur Dove Arthur Dove was an early American modernist painter and one of the first legitimate abstract painters of the twentieth century. With influences ranging from Fauvism and Expressionism to Asian art and mixed media, Dove was an essential precursor to Abstract Expressionism. Peter Doig Peter Doig Peter Doig is a Scottish painter, best known for his abstracted landscapes that depict snowy outdoor scenes inspired by his childhood growing up in Canada. Doig derives much of his inspiration from found photographs. Leonide Massine Leonide Massine Leonide Massine was a twentieth-century Russian choreographer and ballet dancer. Massine famously choreographed the world's first symphonic ballet, bringing together dance and Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 5. Paul Rosenberg Paul Rosenberg Paul Rosenberg was a French art dealer who represented such artists as Picasso, Braque and Matisse. In the 1940s Rosenberg moved to New York City to open a gallery, and was among the few dealers who helped increase U.S. awareness of the modern masters. Ambroise Vollard Ambroise Vollard Ambroise Vollard was an important dealer, collector, and arts patron in late nineteenth-centry and early twentieth-century Paris. His interests were diverse, spanning Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Expressionism, and modernism, and included such artists as Renoir, Cézanne, Gaugin, Matisse, and Picasso. Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler was a German art dealer, gallery owner and champion of Cubism. Kahnweiler is credited as one of the first people to truly appreciate the early works of Picasso, Braque, Léger and other experimental Cubist painters. The success of such artists is in large part due to Kahnweiler's purchase and promotion of these works. Abstract Expressionism Abstract Expressionism A tendency among New York painters of the late 1940s and '50s, all of whom were committed to an expressive art of profound emotion and universal themes. The movement embraced the gestural abstraction of Willem de Kooning and Jackson Pollock, and the color field painting of Mark Rothko and others. It blended elements of Surrealism and abstract art in an effort to create a new style fitted to the postwar mood of anxiety and trauma.	Cubism
Who wrote the Whitney Huston number one hit 'I Will Always Love You'?	Georges Braque - 242 artworks - WikiArt.org Georges Braque References: www.theartstory.org A prominent figure in the development of cubism, Georges Braque was a French painter and sculptor. As a young adult, he worked during the day as a house painter and decorator, in the same line of work as his father and grandfather, and he attended evening classes at the School of Fine Arts in Le Havre, France. In 1902, he received his certificate as a decorator, but still attended art school, at the Humbert Academy, where he studied until 1904. Braque’s early works were impressionistic, but transitioned into a fauvist style after seeing work exhibited by the Fauves in 1905. By 1907, his fauvist works were exhibited a the Salon des Independents. The development of cubism came shortly after Braque met and began working with Pablo Picasso, in 1909. Both artists produced representative paintings with a monochromatic color scheme and interlocking blocks and complex forms. The summer of 1911 was especially fruitful for the artists. They painted side by side in the French Pyrenees, producing paintings that extremely difficult to differentiate each other’s paintings. The ultimate result of their time together was the development of a new style of painting, Analytic Cubism. The two artists worked closely together until the outbreak of World War I, upon which Braque joined the French Amy and left Picasso’s side. After his return from the war, in which he was seriously wounded in the battlefield, Braque moved away from the harsh lines and sharp pointed complexity of the cubist style, and instead began to paint pieces with bright colors and eventually return to the human figure. Although he departed from his harsh lines and forms, Braque never abandoned his cubist style. Whereas Picasso freely painted in many styles, from representational to cubist, surreal, and abstract, Braque held true to his fragmented forms and simultaneous perspective. By the time of his death in 1963, he was regarded as one of the elder statesmen of the School of Fines art in Paris, as well as in modern art.	i don't know
Four Irishmen have won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Yeats, Shaw and Becket are three, name the other?	Famous Irishmen Monday - Saturday: 10 AM - 6 PM Sunday: 12 PM - 6 PM Famous Irishmen Here are just the top ten most surprising and influential. 1. Guinness Well maybe this isn't so surprising but its popularity and longevity have made it Ireland's most successful and recognisable export undoubtedly the most famous Irish export throughout the world. Drunk around the globe and loved by millions, its Guinness. Arthur Guinness began brewing Guinness in Leixlip, County Kildare before transferring to St. Jame’s Gate Brewery. In 1759 he signed a 9,000 year lease at £45 per year. That’s how confident he was in his product. Now, 251 years on, the best selling alcoholic drink of all time boasts of sales exceeding $2.6 billion. To Arthur, Slainte! 2. Color photography Certainly one of Ireland’s most prolific inventors, John Joly was responsible for meldometer for measuring the melting points of minerals, the steam calorimeter for measuring specific heats, and the photometer for measuring light intensity and use of radiation for cancer treatment. What he is most known for however is the invention of color photography. In 1894 this Irish genius from Hollywood, County Offaly found a successful way of producing color photographs from a single plate. He changed the way we see the world. 3. Trans-Atlantic calls It’s a long way from Skype but it was an Irishman who was knighted for his work in establishing the Atlantic Telegraph Cable in 1865. Lord Kelvin Thomson helped to lay the cable which stretched from Newfoundland to Valentia in County Cork. He also had a very keen interest in the measurement of temperature and thermodynamics which led to the scale of temperature, “The Kelvin Scale”. 4. A Cure for Leprosy This one I’m especially thankful for. It was an Irish man who accidently discovered a cure for leprosy while he was looking for answer to Ireland’s tuberculosis problem. What a lucky mistake. Vincent Barry made this accidental and miraculous discovery, with the catchy title of compound B663. This compound would go on to cure 15 million people of this devastating disease. 5. The Modern Tractor “The Mad Mechanic”, Harry Ferguson was responsible for the original Ferguson System of tractor. It was patented by the mad inventor in 1926 and is the same basic design for a modern tractor that is used today. This County Down loony also invented his own motor cycle, race car and plane and in 1909 he was the first Irishman to fly. Originally a bicycle repairman he even built himself the first ever four-wheeled Formula-One car. His name lives on in the Massey Ferguson company. 6. The Submarine This man probably took a lot of slake for this invention…an underwater boat? We’ll believe it when we see it! As it happens back in 1881, in County Clare, John Philip Holland was the first person to successfully launch a submarine. The first of its kind, it was called the “Fenian Ram”. By 1900 the U.S. Navy was formally commissioning the production. 7. The Tank From Blackrock, Dublin in 1911, came the world’s first armored tank. When, the then Home Secretary in Britain, Winston Churchill commissioned the design of a vehicle “capable of resisting bullets and shrapnel, crossing trenches, flattening barbed wire, and negotiating the mud of no-man’s land” this is what our Dublin boy came up with. The World Wars might have been very different without his invention. Though modern tanks might look entirely different to his original designs the essential “battle buggy” remains exactly the same. 8. Guided Missile It’s strange that such a peace loving people seem to have had a good head for army equipment. From Castlebar, County Mayo, Louis Brennan invented the guided missile. This stealth torpedo was used as a costal defensive mechanism. Brennan is also credited with inventing the first helicopter however his prototype crashed and burnt in 1925. 9. Ejector Seat It is rather worrying that it was Irishmen who came up with the first functioning helicopter (Louis Brennan) and also the first ejector seat. In 1945 Sir James Martin tested out his device on a dummy, a wise choice. The following year a man called Bernard Lynch became the first live tester of the County Down man’s invention. It was soon adopted by the Royal Air force as a standard safety device. 10. Apparatus for Whiskey Distilling A Dublin chap with a very exotic name, Aeneas Coffey, came up with the world first heat-exchange device in 1830. This might not sound like that big a deal but this very efficient little piece of equipment led to huge advances in distilling, including whiskey. Irelands Writers Irish literature is filled with playwrights, novelists, short story writers, poets, essayists, historians, humorists, and philosophers. They come with names like Jonathan Swift, James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, William Butler Yeats, Frank O'Connor, George Bernard Shaw and Edmund Burke. The following are just a few of Ireland's greatest writers: Jonathan Swift was born in Dublin, in 1667. He studied at Kilkenny Grammar School, Trinity College in Dublin (1682-89), receiving his B.A. and M.A.. In 1695 Swift was ordained in the Church of Ireland (Anglican), Dublin. Irish author and journalist, dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral (Dublin) from 1713, the foremost prose satirist in English language. Swift became insane in his last years, but until his death he was known as Dublin's foremost citizen. Swift's most famous works is Gulliver's Travels (1726), where the stories of Gulliver's experiences among dwarfs and giants are best known. Swift gave to these journeys an air of authenticity and realism and many contemporary readers believed them to be true. Jonathan Swift died in Dublin on October 19, 1745. Edmund Burke 1729–97, attended Trinity College, in Dublin. He was a member of Samuel Johnson's inner circle. The son of a Protestant father and a Roman Catholic mother and himself a Protestant, he never ceased to criticize the English administration in Ireland and the galling discrimination against Catholics. Burke's political career began in 1765 when he became private secretary to the prime minister, and formed a lifelong friendship with that leader. He also entered Parliament in 1765 and there encouraged a wiser treatment of the American colonies. In 1766 he spoke in favor of the repeal of the Stamp Act, although he also supported the Declaratory Act, asserting Britain's constitutional right to tax the colonists. Burke, in his Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents (1770), became the first political philosopher to argue the value of political parties. Although he championed many liberal and reform causes, Burke believed that political, social, and religious institutions represented the wisdom of the ages. He withdrew from political life in 1795 and died two years later. Oliver Goldsmith was born at Pallas Co. Longford,in 1728. Soon after his birth his family moved to Kilkenny West. Co. Westmeath. In 1744 he went to Trinity College, where his life at college was miserable. He was graduated in 1749.For the next several years he made two more attempts at college and wandered the European continent playing the flute. In 1756 he returned to England. In London through the publication of The Bee and the Life of Beau Nash, Goldsmith achieved considerable popularity, and his fortunes began to mend. He belonged to the circle of Johnson, Burke, Reynolds, and was one of "The Club." The Traveller appeared in 1764, and his reputation as a poet was firmly established. The Vicar of Wakefield, published two years later, increased his popularity, and when he produced his first play, The Good Natur'd Man (1768). In 1770 came The Deserted Village, and three years after his dramatic masterpiece, She Stoops to Conquer, which was highly successful. But Goldsmith's carelessness, his intemperance, and his habit of gambling, soon brought him into debt. Broken in health and mind, he died in 1774. Maria Edgeworth was born at in, Oxfordshire, the second child of Richard Lovell Edgeworth . who was, a well-known author and inventor. After her father's second marriage in 1773, she went with him to Ireland, where she eventually was to settle on his estate, Edgeworthstown, in Co. Longford. There, she mixed with the Anglo-Irish gentry. She acted as manager of her father's estate, later drawing on this experience for her novels about the Irish. In 1800 by her first novel Castle Rackrent, which was an immediate success. On a visit to London in 1813 Maria met Lord Byron and Humphry Davy. She entered into a long correspondence with Sir Walter Scott . She visited him in Scotland at Abbotsford House in 1823 and they formed a lasting friendship. After her father's death in 1817 she edited his memoirs, and extended them with her biographical comments. She was an active writer to the last, and worked strenuously for the relief of the famine-stricken Irish peasants during the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849). She died in Edgeworthstown in 1849. Oscar Wilde 1854–1900, was born in Dublin and studied at Trinity College, and at Magdalen College, Oxford.Wilde's stories and essays were well received, but his creative genius found its highest expression in his plays—Lady Windermere's Fan (1892), A Woman of No Importance (1893), An Ideal Husband (1895), and his masterpiece, The Importance of Being Earnest (1895). In 1891, Wilde met and became intimate with the considerably younger, handsome, and dissolute Lord Alfred Douglas .Soon Douglas's father, began railing against Wilde and later wrote him a note accusing him of homosexual practices. Wilde brought action for libel against Douglas and was himself charged with homosexual offenses under the Criminal Law Amendment, found guilty, and sentenced (1895) to prison for two years. His experiences in jail inspired his most famous poem, The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898),Released from prison in 1897, Wilde found himself a complete social outcast in England and, plagued by ill health and bankruptcy, lived in France under an assumed name until his death. William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) was born in Dublin.Yeats was educated in London and in Dublin, but he spent his summers in the west of Ireland in the family's summer house at Connaught. He was active in societies that attempted an Irish literary revival. His first volume of verse appeared in 1887. Together with Lady Gregory he founded the Irish Theatre, which was to become the Abbey Theatre, and served as its chief playwright until the movement was joined by John Synge. His plays usually treat Irish legends; they also reflect his fascination with mysticism and spiritualism. Although a convinced patriot, Yeats deplored the hatred and the bigotry of the Nationalist movement, and his poetry is full of moving protests against it. He was appointed to the Irish Senate in 1922. Yeats is one of the few writers whose greatest works were written after the award of the Nobel Prize. William Butler Yeats died on January 28, 1939 and is interred at Drumcliff in Co. Sligo James Joyce 1882–1941, Joyce was educated at Clongowes Wood College, Belvedere College and then attended University College in Dublin (1899–1902). Irish novelist. Perhaps the most influential and significant novelist of the 20th century. Joyce was a master of the English language. His novel Ulysses, which is among the great works of world literature. Ulysses, written between 1914 and 1921, was published in Paris in 1922 by Shakespeare & Company. Its publication was banned in the United States until 1933. Joyce returned to Ireland briefly in 1909 in a futile attempt to start a chain of motion picture theaters in Dublin, and again in 1912 in an unsuccessful attempt to arrange for the publication of the short story collection Dubliners, which had to be abandoned due to fears of prosecution for obscenity and libel. From 1922 until 1939 Joyce worked on Finnegans Wake (1939), a complex novel that attempts to connect multiple cycles of Irish and human history into the framework of a single night's events in the family of a Dublin publican. Joyce died in Zürich in 1941. George Bernard Shaw was born in 1856. Shaw attended Wesleyan Connexional School, and Dublin's Central Model School, ending his formal education at the Dublin English Scientific and Commercial Day School. At the age of 15 he started to work as a junior clerk. In 1876 he went to London. Irish dramatist, literary critic, a socialist spokesman, and a leading figure in the 20th century theater. In 1895 Shaw became a drama critic for the Saturday Review.Shaw was a freethinker, a supporter of women's rights and an advocate of equality of income. In 1925 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Shaw accepted the honor but refused the money. Shaw's popularity declined after his essay "Common Sense About the War" (1914), which was considered unpatriotic. Shaw died on November 2, 1950 Frank O'Connor was born in Cork in 1903. In 1918 O'Connor joined the Irish Republican Army and served in combat during the Irish War of Independence. He opposed the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 . He was one of Twelve thousand Anti-Treaty combatants who were interned by the government of the new Irish Free State, between 1922 and 1923. Following his release, O'Connor took various positions including that of Irish teacher, theatre director, and librarian. In 1935, O'Connor became a member of the Board of Directors of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, founded by William Butler Yeats and other members of the Irish National Theatre Society. In 1937, he became managing director of the Abbey. Following Yeats's death in 1939, he left the Abbey . In 1950, he accepted invitations to teach in the United States, where many of his short stories had been published in The New Yorker and won great acclaim. Frank O'Connor on 10 March 1966. Seamus Heaney, born in 1939, is an Irish poet, writer and lecturer who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1995 and the T. S. Eliot Prize in 2006. He currently lives in Dublin. Heaney may be the finest poet writing in English today. In his early works, such as Death of a Naturalist (1966) and Door into the Dark (1969), In Station Island (1984), often declared his best sustained work, he tries to come to terms with his own exile. He is widely recognized as Ireland's greatest poet since William Butler Yeats. Nine Famous Irishmen In Ireland in 1848 the following 9 men were captured, tried and convicted for treason against Her Majesty, the Queen of England, and were sentenced to death: John Mitchell, Morris Lyene, Pat Donahue, Thomas McGee, Charles Duffy, Thomas Meagher, Richard O’Gorman, Terrence McManus and Michael Ireland. Before passing sentence, the judge asked if there was anything that anyone wished to say. Meagher, speaking for all said: “”My lord, this is our first offence but not our last. If you will be easy with us this once, we promise on our word as gentlemen, to try and do better the next time. And the next time, - sure we won’t be fools to get caught.” Thereby the indignant judge sentenced the all to be hanged by the neck until dead and then to be drawn and quartered. Passionate protest from all over the world forced Queen Victoria to commute their sentence to transportation for life to the far wilds of Australia. In 1874, word reached the astounded Queen Victoria that Sir Charles Duffy , who had been elected Prime Minister of Australia was the same Charles Duffy who had been transported 25 years earlier. On the Queens demand, the records of the rest of the transported men were revealed, and this is what was uncovered: Thomas Francis Meagher: Governor of Montana Terrence McManus : Brigadier General United States Army. Pat Donahue: Brigadier General United States Army. Richard O’Gorman: Governor General of Newfoundland Morris Lyene: Attorney General Of Australia Michael Ireland: Attorney General Of Australia (succeeded Lyene) Thomas Darcy McGee: M.P. for Montreal, Minister of Agriculture and President of Council Dominion of Canada. John Mitchell: Prominent New York Politician. (note: His son, John Purroy Mitchell became Mayor of New York at the outbreak of WWl.) Irish Eyes ® 725 Caroline Street, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 Store Hours: Monday to Saturday 10:00 AM to 6:00 PM, Sunday 12:00 PM to 6:00 PM 1	Heaney
"Which British writer's epitaph ends, ""Home is the sailor, home from the sea. And the hunter home from the hill""?"	��ࡱ�>�� mo��jkl��@ ��rjbjb� � ��h�h�l��lZZZZZZZFFFFF\�,FLV�(�� ,� �n7Z��7� ZZ�� "Z�Z� � nl�lZZZZ� � �� t �ZZ��\|�FF� �� LL�0� 0�� Tourism Ireland�s Media Coverage Materials Helping you to bring a touch of Ireland to your readers on St. Patrick�s Day, March 17th. Here you will find all the facts about Ireland and St. Patrick, his life and indeed the legends. Traditional and new Irish recipes to share with your audience. There are lots of quiz materials and trivia in the "Do you know your Irish?" section and an entire section dedicated to the Irish American connection. For radio shows we can even provide an Irish guest for you! Visit the website for more information. http://www.shamrock.org/patrick ABOUT IRELAND Every year Ireland, with a population of 3.5 million, attracts more than 6 million visitors, more than half coming from Britain. The country�s scenery is, in a word, stunning, its beauty imbued with history and the stuff of legend. Every corner has its myth, every mountain its fantastic story. Even a short journey in Ireland allows you to follow the course of history - from ancient Neolithic dolmens to early Celtic crosses, from medieval monasteries to grand stately homes with manicured gardens. History, myth and legend are interwoven to produce a unique cultural tapestry that is at once Ireland�s past and its present. FAST FACTS Where is it? If you head northeast from the tip of Manhattan 3,000 miles across the Atlantic Ocean you will end up in Ireland. Ireland is an island on the northwest coast of Europe next to Britain. It is about the size of the State of Maine, 302 miles long and 171 miles wide. Because it is so indented, the Irish coastline is 2,000 miles in length. Closest to America! Before the jet age, Ireland was the first stop for planes from the U.S. and Canada. In order to facilitate them, the Irish Government built Shannon International Airport primarily as a re-fueling stop. In order to encourage trade, the world�s first duty free shop, which still flourishes, was established. Aviation buffs will enjoy a visit to Foynes, near Shannon, the point of arrival and departure of the Clipper Flying Boats which crossed the Atlantic in the 1930�s. An exceptional Aviation Museum occupies the old terminal building. It was in this building that Irish Coffee was born, as a pick-me up for weary travellers. First Transatlantic Flight Alcock and Brown touched down near Clifden, County Galway, in June 1919 after a 16-hour flight from Newfoundland, Canada. The site is marked with an imposing monument. Stay at the Alcock and Brown Hotel in Clifden. Weather or Not It doesn�t rain all the time in Ireland, despite rumors to the contrary. Ireland has a mild temperate climate with average summer temperatures of 65-70 degrees Fahrenheit. Because of the warm Gulf Stream, the climate is milder than usual for the latitude, which is the same as Nova Scotia. In fact, palm trees flourish in Ireland; however, the coconut crop is non-existent! There is no rainy season and the average yearly rainfall is 30-60 inches. At the Botanic Garden in Belfast the Palm House features the finest example of carved glass & ironwork in Europe. Built between 1839 � 1852 it is one of the earliest greenhouses. Don�t miss the tropical ravine filled with exotic plants. The sea, oh the sea! Surrounded by ocean, Ireland has a strong maritime tradition. Fishing is a major industry and one of the main pastimes. Superb sea, river and lake fishing is available all over Ireland, and the beaches are among the best and cleanest in the world. Special Olympics Ireland 2003 The Special Olympics 2003 will be held in Ireland in June of this year.� This is the first time that this wonderful sporting event will be held outside the United States and Ireland is getting ready to roll out the welcome mat and extend the legendary "Cead Mile Failte" - "one hundred thousand welcomes" to all these special athletes, family members, those who coach the participants and travel with them. The City of Belfast will be host to Team USA for the four days prior to the games.� Here, the American contingent will enjoy the sights of Belfast, wonderful restaurants and it is the ideal jumping off point for touring the Antrim Coast to view the incredible Giant's Causeway.� They can also tour and catch sight of the Mountains of Mourne immortalized in song by Percy French. � Tourism Ireland has appointed famed Irish tenor, Dr. Ronan Tynan, as its' Honorary Ambassador to the Special Olympics.� Dr. Tynan has recorded a song he wrote specifically to celebrate the accomplishments of these special athletes.� The song called Ireland: This is the Hour will be performed by Dr. Tynan during all his appearances between now and June. MUSIC Mountains of Mourne The popular song by Percy French made these mountains in County Down the most famous in Ireland. # Trip Tip Mark your calendar for the Oul� Lammas Fair in Ballycastle in August, one of the oldest gatherings where people come to sell their wares, listen to music and socialize. Popular Irish Performers Van Morrison�s Roots in Belfast are �very close to my soul� according to the man himself. Many of the lyrics that have made him a legendary singer/songwriter relate to his East Belfast childhood. U2 continues its reign among the top rock groups with its recordings and tours attracting millions of fans around the globe. FILM Ireland enjoys an international profile in the field of movies. Hollywood greats like John Ford and John Huston had a natural affinity for Ireland (Huston lived in County Galway). �The Quiet Man� remains one of the most popular films ever made starring John Wayne and Irish born Maureen O�Hara. Other notable movies shot in Ireland include: Orson Welles� �Othello�; James Mason�s �Odd Man Out�; Huston�s �Moby Dick� and David Lean�s �Ryan�s Daughter.� # Trip Tip Stay at the Clarence Hotel in Dublin, as it is now owned by the famed U2. Other well known Irish musicians and singers include the Cranberries, Enya, The Chieftains, Phil Coulter, James Galway, and more recently � The Corrs. The current generation of Irish filmmakers is providing movies of the highest quality. When Jim Sheridan and Neil Jordan brought home the Oscar for �My Left Foot,� Irish film was launched on an unsuspecting world. This team and writer Terry George have gone on to produce �The Crying Game,� �In the Name of the Father,� �Some Mother�s Son,� �The Boxer� and �Michael Collins.� Other releases with an Irish flavor include the movie version of Brian Friel�s �Dancing at Lughnasa� and the hilarious �Waking Ned Devine�. Even Oscar winners �Saving Private Ryan� has an Irish connection. The Normandy landing scenes were shot on the famous beaches of County Wexford. Hollywood stars from Ireland include Liam Neeson, Aidan Quinn, Stephen Rea, Brenda Fricker, Gabriel Byrne, the late Richard Harris, Pierce Brosnan and Roma Downey�not forgetting Maureen O� Hara. Sport The Irish are passionate about sports, and the visitor will find a very wide variety to choose from, either as a participant or spectator. Horse racing is extremely popular year round. Gaelic Football and Hurling (a fast game played with a ball and sticks) are the national sports, but Soccer, Rugby and Golf all have large followings. In 2006, the Ryder Cup Golf Tournament between The United States and Europe will be staged in Ireland at the prestigious Kildare Hotel and Country Club with it�s Arnold Palmer designed golf course. CRAFTS Woolens Ireland has always been famous for its woolens and weaving and there are still many unusual crafts associated with it. The making of spinning wheels and hand looms is done in an age old way. These are the vital tools in the production of Irish homespun wool which is woven on the hand loom into the magnificent tweeds that are so important in today�s fashions. Individual craftsmen work in their homes to produce the fabric and a cooperative grades and markets it. Aran Sweaters Aran sweaters are named after the Islands in Galway Bay where they were originally produced. Now they have become an international style. Did you know that originally the spinning of the wool was done by the men! Also, to dye the sweaters green, they were boiled with cabbage leaves. All Aran families had individual combinations of stitches. Irish Linen Belfast was once the linen center of t he world. A hundred years ago 240,000 acres were given over to flax growing. The woven cloth was spread on the grass to dry and bleach in the sun. Tours of linen factories and mills are quite popular today. Tweed Hats Irish tweed hats have become one of the most popular gifts. Millars of Clifden, Galway has established a reputation for tweed hats and now exports them all over the world - one American store alone takes one thousand a week. Every step in the production of these fashionable and durable hats is done by the crafts people at Millars. Thatched Cottages Another familiar sight in Ireland is the cottage with a straw-covered roof called thatch. The thatched roof was used as it was a cheap way of covering a cottage and also provided good insulation. In general, a cottage should be thatched every year or two; and as the numbers of thatchers has dropped, they are in demand. There is a great deal of skill involved, for a badly done job won�t last! Bunratty Castle At Bunratty Castle and Folk Park, close to Shannon Airport, is a recreation of thatched cottages, and a village street of 100 years ago with craftsmen at work, including a farrier, candlemaker, etc. It even has a distillery for making mead, an ancient liquor made from honey. Muckross House, on the shores of Killarney�s famed lakes, has an extensive collection of Irish crafts and you can watch craftsmen and women weave, make candles and pottery and many other items. # Trip Tip Visitors to Ireland are frequently amused or puzzled and often unable to pronounce the names of many Irish towns. Any Irishman will tell you it�s very simple. Many Irish towns are called after their geographical location in Gaelic and have been Anglicized to their present form. Dublin, for example, was Dubh (Dove) linn (Lyn) meaning dark pool. Numerous Irish towns have the same first syllable, for example: Dun means a Fort in Gaelic - Dunboy means a yellow fort. Clon comes from the Gaelic �cluain� meaning meadow. - Clonmel is the Meadow of Honey. Kil comes from the Gaelic �cill� meaning church. - Kildare is Church of the Oak Grove. Rath is a Gaelic name for a Neolithic ring fort. - Rathlee means Ring Fort of the Calves. The most common of all Irish Town names begin with Bal or Bally for which there are two meanings. The Irish word for town is �baile� and the word for mouth is �beal� (pronounced bale). So whether it�s the mouth of a river or valley, or a town called after someone it will be Bally or Bal. IRISH ARTS & CULTURE The Irish have a rich heritage of arts and culture, dating back to the Dark Ages when they �saved civilization.� In recent times, Ireland again has been the scene of a cultural and creative renaissance which has been felt around the world. Literature and Theatre Irish writers have created a major proportion of the classic books, poetry and plays in the English language. Great writers of the past include James Joyce (Ulysses), George Bernard Shaw (whose �Pygmalion� was adapted to �My Fair Lady�), John Millington Synge (�Playboy of the Western World�), Oscar Wilde, Sean O�Casey, W.B. Yeats and Samuel Beckett. Bram Stoker, author of �Dracula,� lived in Dublin. These were followed by legends such as Patrick Kavanagh, Flann O�Brien and Brendan Behan. Today, the works of Edna O�Brien, Seamus Heaney, Maeve Binchy, Roddy Doyle and Frank McCourt add to the treasure-house of Irish letters. Four of these Irish writers - Shaw, Yeats, Beckett and Seamus Heaney - have won the Nobel Prize for Literature! In Dublin, don�t miss the Writers� Museum on Parnell Square. Visitors to Galway can browse to their hearts� content among the rare and not so rare books at Kenny�s famous bookstore. The Irish temperament has always leaned to the theatrical and there have been many great playwrights. Oliver Goldsmith wrote �She Stoops to Conquer� in the 18th Century and Richard Brinsley Sheridan delighted the London audiences with his comedies including �The School for Scandal.� Present day Irish playwrights include Hugh Leonard whose plays �Da� and �A Life� both played on Broadway as did Brian Friel�s �Philadelphia Here I Come� and �Dancing at Lughnasa�, and Thomas McDonogh�s �Beauty Queen of Leenane�. the latter two are both Tony winners The Dublin Theatre Festival is held every October and features the best of new Irish, American and European plays and companies plus experimental works, dance and allied arts. Belfast Festival at Queen�s in the Fall is a popular arts festival. For two weeks in August, Yeats fans and experts gather in Sligo for the Yeats International Summer School. Lectures, seminars and field trips explore the many aspects of Yeats� poetry, plays and inspirational locations. VISITING IRELAND Some things to do and see Emigration Museum - On the Southern coast, the port of Cobh is home to �The Queenstown Story.� A museum telling the story of emigration from Ireland to the United States. Cobh was also the last port of call of the ill-fated Titanic. Whiskey - The Jameson Heritage, an attraction in County Cork, features a 30,000 gallon still, the biggest of its kind in the world. Old Bushmills distillery in County Antrim is the oldest distillery in the world. Modern Art - A massive structure built 300 years ago as a veteran�s hospital. The Royal Hospital Kilmainham in Dublin, today houses one of Ireland�s most modern showcases, the Irish Museum of Modern Art. Ulster - American Folk Park located in Omagh, Co. Tyrone grew up arounf the house where Thomas Mellon was born in 1813. Oriental Art - Located in Dublin, the Chester Beatty Library has one of the World�s greatest collections of Oriental manuscripts of the New Testament and papyrus scrolls. Impressionists - Sir Hugh Lane, who was killed when the Lusitania was sunk off the coast of Ireland in 1915, left his extensive art collection to the Municipal Gallery in Dublin. Included in the collections are many great Impressionist works and, of course, works by the best Irish artists. My Fair Lady�s Gallery - In his will, George Bernard Shaw left one-third of his estate to the National Gallery in Dublin, including the royalties from his plays. His play �Pygmalion� became the hit movie �My Fair Lady.� The National Gallery has an extensive and comprehensive collection of paintings from pre-renaissance to Impressionist. The National Gallery is also the proud home to a Caravaggio. Flying Boat Museum - Foynes, on the estuary of the River Shannon in County Limerick is home to a Flying Boat Museum, a must for aviation buffs. The era of the flying boat is fondly remembered in Foynes and the museum has many interesting exhibits. Thoor Ballylee - Located in the beautiful west of Ireland, Thoor Ballylee, was formerly the country retreat of William Butler Yeats and source of inspiration for his finest poems. Stokestown Park House & Famine Museum - Stokestown Park House is a fully furnished period residence from the early part of the 18th Century. Housed in the original stable yard of the house is a commemorative museum to the 1840�s Irish Famine. Between 1845 and 1850 almost one-fifth of the population either died or emigrated when the potato crop failed. The museum explains the historical and social events which led to the famine. Older than the pyramids - Newgrange, the prehistoric burial mound north of Dublin on the banks of the River Boyne is one of the world�s great archaeological treasures. Once a year, at dawn on the Winter solstice, the sunlight penetrates the long entrance passage and lights up the burial chamber. For a glimpse at a gracious and elegant past - Ireland�s many fine houses and gardens, including Powerscourt in Co. Wicklow, Westport House in Co. Mayo, Bantry House, Co. Cork and Castletown, Co. Kilkenny are superb examples of varied architectural styles, Palladian, Gothic, Regency and Victorian among others. The houses are fully restored in all their glory, and furnished in period style. The Cliffs of Moher - a sheer drop of 650 feet to the Atlantic ocean off the Co. Clare coast may be Ireland�s most photographed landmark. The Skellig Rocks - the stone buildings of an early Christian monastery perch over 700 feet up on a pyramid of solid rock about 10 miles off the Co. Kerry Coast. The monastery is reached by a remarkable 1,000 year old stairway. The Rocks are also home to many unusual seabirds, including gannetts and puffins. The Lakes of Killarney - everything you have heard is true. The lakes and mountains in Killarney National Park can only be appreciated in person. The scenery makes it difficult for the golfers on Killarney�s fine courses to keep their heads down! The Dingle Peninsula - the location for �Ryan�s Daughter�, this is a magnificent day trip from Tralee or Killarney. Waterford Crystal - The world renowned glass is blown and cut by hand and is probably Ireland�s best known export. Tax free purchases can be made in the Gallery showroom and shipped anywhere in the world. Giant�s Causeway - this amazing lunar landscape is not to be missed. Only when you have climbed the 161 Sheperd�s Steps have you truly seen the Giant�s Causeway. Titanic - was born at the Harland + Wolff shipyard in Belfast where her keel was laid in 1909. Visit the Titanic memorial in the fine grounds of Belfast City Hall. ALL ABOUT PATRICK In the 4th century, our patron saint was abducted from his home in Wales and enslaved in Ireland for 6 years. He escaped to France, where he pursued his clerical studies and dreamed that the people of Ireland were calling him back. On his return to Ireland, he traveled widely, founding hundreds of churches and schools and convincing people to become Christians. He is credited with driving the snakes out of Ireland. He died on March 17th in Saul, the site of his first church. St. Patrick used the three leafed shamrock to explain the mystery of the Holy Trinity to the High King of Ireland: �threein one.� On this Day, Irish people the world over celebrate by wearing a shamrock and often having a parade. St.Patrick Who was St. Patrick? The man largely responsible for converting Ireland to Christianity over nearly 30 years up to the year 462 AD or thereabouts - even if the work had been started by other missionaries before him. He was real then? Most definitely, even if the facts about his life have been freely mingled over the centuries with legend and make-believe. A written document, his Confession, is tangible evidence of his authenticity. Where did he come from? An important thing to remember about Patrick is that he was not Irish. In fact he was what nowadays at least would be called British, even if he was of Roman parentage. Where in Britain did he originate? To be honest, nobody knows. Patrick himself refers in his writings to his father owning a holding near the village of Bannavem Taberniae but there is no such name on any map of Roman Britain. The date of his birth is commonly given as circa 389 AD. How did he first arrive in Ireland? As a sixteen-year-old and named Succat, he was captured in a raid by the Irish King Niall of the Nine Hostages and sold into slavery, working as a herdsman for six years on the Ulster mountain of Slemish. How was the slave turned into a Christian missionary? Irish pirate chieftains were given to raiding the western coast of Britain in those days. Hence it has traditionally been assumed that Patrick originally came from South Wales, probably along the Severn Valley. Modern scholars, however, now think of Strathclyde as being more likely. After six years, Patrick managed to escape from his master Milchu - legend has it that he was told of a waiting ship in a dream - and make his way back to Britain. According to himself, he had another dream of monumental importance. In it The Voice of Ireland called him to return to that country as a Christian missionary. As a result he went to France, studied to become a Christian and a missionary at the monastery of Auxerre, near Paris, and later was ordained a priest. In 432 AD, now a bishop named Patricius, he was sent by Pope Celestine to Ireland to take up where a previous missionary bishop, Palladius, had left off. How successful was he? Phenomenally so. By some accounts, he failed to convert King Laoghaire, by a odd coincidence the son of Niall of the Nine Hostages. Other accounts say that he succeeded. Crucially, however, he succeeded in winning the king�s permission to continue his work in Ireland. Over the next two to three decades, he and his disciples travelled to just about every corner of Ireland. And his legacy lived on. By the end of the 5th century, Ireland was a Christian nation. When did he die? There is more than some doubt about this too. Some accounts say that he lived to be all of 120 years of age. Most, however, point to him dying on March 17 about the year 461 AD at Saul, County Down, at a church built on land given to him by Dichu, a local chieftain, who was one of his first converts. By the end of the seventh century, he had already become a legendary figure. Why do we celebrate St. Patrick�s day on march 17th? One reason appears to be because St. Patrick is supposed to have died (many say there is little doubt about it) on March 17, around about the year 461 AD. But since nobody knows in what year he died, it might seem unlikely that anybody truly knows the day on which he died either. Another possibility is a little more complex. According to folk legend, March 17 was the day that St. Patrick took the �cold stone� out of the water - in other words the day on which winter could be said to be truly over and the sowing of crops could begin. Important dates in the agricultural season, in ancient times more often than not celebrated as pagan feasts, were routinely taken into the Christian calendar. The identification of March 17 with St. Patrick could plausibly be claimed to fit in with that pattern. St. Patrick�s Day did not become a public holiday in Ireland until 1903, when a bill was passed by the Westminster parliament, after it had been instigated in the House of Lords by the Earl of Dunraven. It was one of the many pieces of British legislation which survived after what is now the Republic of Ireland became independent in 1922. St. Patrick�s Day is also a public holiday on the Caribbean island of Montserrat, volcanic eruptions notwithstanding. The origins of the island�s celebration of the day date back to the 17th century when Oliver Cromwell was instrumental in forcing quite a number of Irish immigrants to move there. Names like Murphy, Kirwan and O�Malley are still commonplace on the island. The Saint Patrick Centre The source of perhaps the most comprehensive popular body of information certainly the most user friendly is the Saint Patrick Centre in Downpatrick, County Down, just twenty miles south of Belfast. The "World Centre" developed in recent years with little expense spared it seems, traces the story of Patrick through startling graphics and reconstructions and modern media techniques, many of them interactive.� The latter make the center particularly attractive to visitors. A film show puts Patrick into a modern context, as a symbolic figure who can bridge the divide between the diverse traditions of the people of Ireland - in a curious way to be simultaneously of religion but beyond it. The center also houses a library, restaurant, conference center, an exhibition hall and a tourist center. Handily, it is all just a few minutes walk from Down Cathedral and the supposed site of St. Patrick's grave and provides a focal point for the surrounding St. Patrick's country. Quite apart from its role as a focus for tourism, the center is also a highly impressive symbol of a newly developing sense of community in the town, a role to which St. Patrick himself would surely give his imprimatur. �Happy St. Patricks Day� �As Gaeilge� (in Irish), as we say, translates into: �Beannachta� na F�ile P�draig�. Phonetically, it sounds like: �Bannochtee nah Faylah Pawdrig�. LEGENDS Separating fact from fiction in the story of St. Patrick can sometimes be tricky. But the legends more often than not speak for themselves. St. Patrick is supposed to have driven the snakes from Ireland. Certainly, there are no snakes in Ireland. But neither are there any in New Zealand and there is no record of St. Patrick ever having visited there! Moreover the Graeco-Roman writer Solinus recorded the fact that Ireland was snake-free a good two hundred years before St. Patrick was born! One legend has it that Patrick, when he escaped from his youthful slavery in Ireland, went straight to France. Deciding to visit his uncle in Tours, he had to cross the River Loire. He had no obvious means of doing so, but he found that his cape made an admirable raft. On reaching the other side, he hung his cape out to dry upon a hawthorn bush. Despite it being the middle of winter, the bush immediately burst into bloom. Fact: to this day, the hawthorn blooms in winter in the Loire Valley and St. Patrick has two feastdays there - one on March 17 and the other on Christmas Day. Patrick, despite his saintliness, was not averse to bouts of temper it seems. After a greedy man once denied him the use of a field to rest and graze his oxen, Patrick is said to have cursed the field, prophesying that nothing would grow on it from then on. Sure enough, that very day, the field was overrun by the sea and remained sandy and barren for evermore. On the day that Patrick died, night never fell in Ulster nor did it for a further twelve days. A blind man once came to Patrick seeking a cure. As he approached, he stumbled several times and fell over and was duly laughed at by one of Patrick�s companions. The blind man wascured. The companion, however, was blinded. Before he died, an angel told Patrick that he should have two untamed oxen yoked to his funeral cart and that they should be left to decide where he should be buried. The oxen chose Downpatrick. History and traditions When St Patrick set foot in Ireland in the 5th century AD, he faced an uncertain future in a little-known country. Warring Celts were scattered in tribal groups across the island, ruled with iron might by five provincial kings. Eerie dolmen monuments and ancient ruins dominated the landscape. Even the Roman conquerors of Britain had not ventured this far - apart perhaps from the odd trader or adventurer. Against this background, St. Patrick�s phenomenal success as a Christian missionary seems all the more incredible. By the end of the 5th century, Ireland had become a Christian nation. Perhaps Patrick�s elevation into sainthood was therefore inevitable. But his prominence in the traditions and legends of the country says something of the reverence, awe and affection in which he has been held in the intervening centuries and which are rekindled in the Irish every St. Patrick�s Day. The Feast of St. Patrick is now celebrated in nearly every nation throughout the world where Irish descendants or influence have continued to reinforce its popularity. Among the countries with centuries-old traditions of celebrating St. Patrick�s Day are obviously America, Canada and Australia, but less obviously France, Argentina and even the Caribbean island of Montserrat. Nowadays, it is also celebrated in such as Russia and Japan. In Britain - Ireland�s closest neighbour and its biggest visitor market - the trojan efforts of a large population of Irish descent have established March 17 as a day of celebration for British and Irish alike. St. Patrick's Purgatory on Lough Derg in County Donegal, which derives its name from a vision Patrick is supposed to have had, accounts of which are said to have influenced Dante as he composed The Divine Comedy.� It's been a pilgrimage site for centuries famed throughout Europe in medieval times.� An original monastic settlement here was attribute to St. Patrick but the site has been the subject of all kinds of wrangling, some of them at least ecclesiastical.� The original Purgatory was destroyed in 1497 on the orders of Pope Alexander V1.� Even today pilgrims come to do penance and find spiritual renewal. Croagh Patricks in County Mayo, as the name suggests, also has associations with Ireland's patron saint.� Even in pre-Christian times, however, it was a sacred place, the site of an annual festival in honor of the Celtic pagan god Lug.� St. Patrick is said to have spent forty days and nights here communing with God.� It is now a place of pilgrimage and on the last Sunday in July thousands come from all over to climb Croagh Patrick - many of these go barefoot!! Parades and things St. Patrick�s Day in America Before there was a United States or a Canada, there were Irish in North America and they celebrated St. Patricks. Today, St. Patrick�s Day is the greatest ethnic celebration in America with hundreds of cities having parades and parties. It is only for St. Patrick�s Day that Fifth Avenue in New York City is closed to traffic for the annual parade no matter what day of the week March 17th falls on. The New York parade is considered the biggest in the U.S. but is being closely followed by many who vie for the laurel, including Chicago, Miami, Savannah, Oakland, Boston, New Orleans and San Francisco. According to the New York St. Patrick�s Day Committee, the first New York parade was on March 17th, 1762. It was the custom of the times for the Irish in New York to celebrate the patron saint with �breakfasts�, one year they staged an impromptu march through the streets of Colonial New York. And that high spirited march has been repeated every year since. Things haven�t changed much, except when the spectators repair to the local taverns. St. Patrick�s Cathedral, Dublin Built on the site of another church called St. Patrick�s, the Cathedral was dedicated on March 17, 1192. It was built outside the then city walls. The site was supposed to have been used by Patrick for baptism. In 1901, the remains of an ancient well were discovered under a huge stone slab which can be seen in the Cathedral. St. Patrick tended his animals on slemish mountain in county Armagh. St. Patrick�s Centre, Downpatrick, County Down The New World Center for St. Patrick is located beside Saint Patrick�s Grave within the ancient town of Downpatrick, medieval capital of County Down. The center is just 30 minutes from Belfast in St. Patrick�s Country between the Mountains of Mourne and Strangford Lough. Facilities at the center include Interpretive Exhibition, Art Gallery, Restaurant, craft and gift shop. Parades The earliest recorded evidence of St. Patrick�s Day being celebrated outside of Ireland, other than by Irish soldiers, is provided by Jonathan Swift, the Dublin-born author of Gulliver�s Travels. In his Journal to Stella, he notes that in 1713 the parliament at Westminster was closed because it was St. Patrick�s Day and that the Mall in London was so full of decorations that he thought �all the world was Irish�. The first St. Patrick�s Day parade on record was held in New York in 1762 and seems to have been designed primarily as a recruiting rally by the English army in North America. The Americans were later to use the parade for similar ends. The Irish in North America fought on both the English and French sides during the Seven Years War. In 1757, �English� troops camped at Fort Henry were attacked on St. Patrick�s Day by �French� troops. The French contingent was largely made up of Irishmen. They reckoned that the many Irishmen in the English contingent would be the worse for wear, given the day that was in it. But they reckoned without the canniness of the English commander, John Stark. He had given his Irish troops their extra celebratory drop of grog the previous day! The French lost. St. Patrick�s Day parades these days take place not only in New York and Boston, but also in Savannah, Chicago, Miami, San Francisco and New Orleans. The shamrock Despite impressions to the contrary, the shamrock is not actually the official symbol of Ireland - that privilege rests with the Irish harp. But the shamrock and hence the color green are, nonetheless, popularly identified with Ireland. That custom eventually owes its origins to St. Patrick. What is shamrock? It is supposed only to grow in Ireland and hence to be unique. Suggestions to the contrary have been known to provoke outrage. In the early days of Irish television, all hell broke loose when a man purporting to be a Rhodesian farmer claimed in an interview that he had acres of it growing on his land and was actually exporting it to Ireland! In their defence, the programme�s producers said that obviously viewers had failed to spot the interviewer�s wink into the camera at the end. The reality? The reality is that shamrock is a form of clover - Trifolium repens, Trifolium pratense or more likely Trifolium dubium, to give its botanical pedigree - and only looks different from what one might expect because it is picked so early in spring. It is not unique to Ireland. Trofolium dubium is found from Scandinavia to the Caucasus and even in America. What�s the connection with St. Patrick? Legend has it that in attempting to explain the three-in-one principle of the Holy Trinity to the pagan King Laoghaire (pronounced Leary), St. Patrick found the three-leafed shamrock a convenient teaching aid. Four-leafed shamrocks obviously are discounted. They cause severe theological problems! St. Patrick's Festival� Ireland St. Patrick has in recent years become the focal point of a festival in Dublin which reflects the diverse talents and achievements of a now supremely confident Irish people.� Once confined to a single day, it now spreads itself over almost an entire week and attracts an international audience of well over 1 million - not just the Irish themselves or those of Irish descent but also those who sometimes might wish to be Irish.� A truly carnival atmosphere provides a backdrop for days of music, madness and magic, which include street theater, fireworks displays, pageants, exhibitions, music and dance.� Throughout the week, the Irish themselves do one of the things they do best, having a party, a celebration full of warmth, fun and energy. The highlight of the festival is the city's St. Patrick's Day parade.� There was a time when the equivalent parade in New York was considered to be the most spectacular in the world.� That is no longer the case.� The parade in Dublin has now taken its rightful place as being the most spectacular and exciting of them all.� It provides a showcase not only for the most imaginative Irish talents but also for increasingly more diverse international ones.� It provides manifest proof to the assertion that on St. Patrick's Day just about all the world wants to join in celebration. Dublin St. Patrick's Festival, moreover, provides a headline for community cooperation something which Patrick himself is being used to demonstrate more and more throughout the island. For the latest information on the St. Patrick's Festival in Dublin, check out the website: www.stpatricksday.ie� (Mick - don't know if you can lift their logo off the website to use??) St. Patrick's Day also provides a focal point for celebrations in many other towns in Ireland.� Among the most significant of them are in Cork, Limerick, Galway and Killarney. DO YOU KNOW YOUR IRISH? Facts and Trivia The Irish are reputed to speak better English than the English themselves. Whether this is true or not, we have a way with the language and many common words and phrases originated in Ireland, either as anglicized versions of Irish words or otherwise. Donnybrook Known in the U.S. and Canada as a fight (or a free-for-all), the origin of the word goes back to a notorious fair held each year in a village near Dublin called Donnybrook. This fair was finally banned for �debauchery� but its name lives on. Hooligans An Irish family called �Houlighan� lived in London in the 1800�s and had a reputation for noisy trouble-making. The English, not realizing that in the Irish, a �g� followed by an �h� is silent, dubbed the ruffians �Hooligans� and the name stuck. Lynching The origin of Lynch Law is Irish. In the 15th Century, the Mayor of Galway, James Lynch Fitzstephen, condemned his son to death for murder. Nobody wanted to carry out the sentence. The Mayor was forced to take the law into his own hands and hang his son. Boycott In the 19th Century, the Irish peasantry rented their land from English landlords. The estates were normally run by an agent/overseer. One of the most cruel was a man called Captain Boycott who was responsible for evicting many people. He became so notorious that the entire population refused to have any dealings with him or his family. He was totally ostracized. So the word �boycott� was born. Chancing Your Arm A 15th century feud between the lords of Ormond and Kildare was ended when, risking the possibility that his opponent would cut it off with a sword, Lord Kildare extended his arm through a hole in a door, seeking a peaceable handshake. The door may be seen on display at St. Patrick�s Cathedral in Dublin. The incident gave birth to the phrase �chancing one�s arm� to describe deliberate risk-taking. By Hook or By Crook Have you ever done something �by hook or by crook� (meaning by any way possible)? Well, when Oliver Cromwell landed in Ireland in 1649 to suppress a rebellion, his target was Waterford. On the east shore of the Waterford estuary is Hook Head and the western shore is Crook, a small village, and he vowed to take Waterford �by hook or by crook.� The Irish Language Ireland was a Gaelic-speaking country until the 16th century, when the language began to decline under the influence of English rule. It is still theprincipal language of a minority of the population, particularly in the �Gaeltacht� (Irish speaking areas) in the South and West. Riverdance The phenomenal success of �Riverdance,� the show which brought a new excitement and sensuality to traditional Irish dance forms, is just one aspect of the musical creativity flourishing in Ireland. Its mixture of glitz and raw Celtic power, plus highly skilled, not to say tireless performers, has made traditional Irish dancing sexy and commercially hot and happening � without exploiting or compromising its roots. It has become one of the most successful and innovative theatrical ventures on the stages of three continents and made it�s Broadway debut last year. Handel�s �Messiah� The first performance was on April 13, 1742 at the New Music Rooms in Fishamble Street, Dublin with Handel conducting. Because of the demand for space, the men were asked not to wear their swords and the ladies not to wear oped skirts. Composers The Irish composer, John Field, created the musical form �the nocturne.� Subsequently, the nocturne was made famous by Chopin. Traditional Music Tin whistles, fiddles, accordions, uillean (ill-ahn) bagpipes, bodhrans (goatskin drums) and more are played throughout Ireland. It�s easy to find music sessions at most pubs in Ireland. When in County Clare, don�t miss the great Irish music in the seaside towns of Doolin, Quilty and Spanish Point. TRIVIAL PURSUIT - IRISH STYLE What is Blarney? �There is a stone that whoever kisses, O he never misses, to grow eloquent.� Blarney is the name of a village, a castle, a special stone and a style of speech. They all owe their name to the Earl of Blarney of the MacCarthy clan whose castle and estate are just outside of Cork City. According to legend when Queen Elizabeth I was trying to get the Earl to submit to the English Crown, he would write long rambling letters evading the demands. After reading one of these, the Queen said, �This is Blarney, what he says, he never means.� That is how blarney has come to mean light-hearted and longwinded talk to deceive without giving offense The Earl had this gift from a stone in the castle parapet which bestowed eloquence on those who kissed it. A witch rewarded an ancestor for a service performed by making the stone magical. Today, though the castle is in ruins, the stone is still as effective. Each year, thousands climb to the top to gain the gift of eloquence. While in Blarney to kiss the stone, visit Blarney Woollen Mills in the village. It is one of the finest craft shops in the area and will mail goods back to the U.S. and Canada. Leprechaun Tales Ireland is a land rich in folklore and a good amount deals with supernatural beings of all types. The most common of these mythical creatures is the Leprechaun. Kevin Danaher, a well known folklorist and story teller, describes the Leprechaun as a little person about 24 inches high, dressed in bright if homely clothes. Leprechauns are skilled shoemakers and, because they are so good, hardly one of them is without his pot of gold. As a result of his wealth, a leprechaun is much sought after by greedy people and has become cunning and elusive. If a leprechaun is captured and fixed with a steely glare, then he must reveal the hiding place of his treasure. Be warned, the chances of coming across this profitable creature are extremely slim. The Giants Causeway It is said that the lunar landscape of the Causeway is a geological freak caused by volcanic eruptions, cooling lava and so on. The ancients knew differently; clearly, this was giants� work and more particularly the work of the giant Finn McCool, the Ulster Warrior. When he fell in love with a lady giant on Staffa, an island in the Hebrides, he built this wide commodious highway to bring her across to Ulster. The Causeway proper is a mass of basalt columns packed tightly together. The tops of the columns form stepping stones that lead from the cliff foot and disappear under the sea. There are 40,000. of these Shillelagh (pronounced Shi�lay�lee) This strange looking blackthorn stick was originally used as a weapon like a cudgel. It was first used in battle in 1209. It got its name from the river Shillelagh in County Wicklow where the best blackthorn came from. Over the centuries, the Shillelagh has been used for hunting, for games and as a symbol of authority. Often referred to as �companion for life,� nowadays the Shillelagh is a popular walking stick and souvenir. Doors of Dublin Dublin, a progressive and modern capital of high-rise buildings and one million people, is also one of the most perfect examples of 18th Century city architecture. During the reign of King George, Dublin was a thriving port and commercial city with a population almost equal to London�s. The rich merchants began building townhouses on the outskirts of Dublin which resulted in the beautiful boulevards and elegant squares in what is now downtown Dublin. The beauty of the Georgian houses is their simplicity and sameness which is highlighted by the variety and individuality of the �Doors.� Each one is painted in vivid colors with fanlights, arches, columns and distinctive knockers and bells. The Irish Donkey A photographic target for many visitors touring the countryside is the donkey, though he is not a native beast of Ireland. In the 16th Century, the city of Galway was a flourishing port and did a great trade with Spain. It is thought that the donkey came from Spain at this time. Since then the �ass,� as it�s known, has become a familiar sight and a hard, if testy, worker. Bianconi, the father of Irish transport, started long haul passenger service throughout Ireland using donkey-drawn carriages in the 19th Century. Farmers have used donkeys for carrying seaweed up from the beaches to fertilize stony land; to pull carts to and from the creamery and to carry turf in baskets usually strung across the donkey�s back. Connemara Pony The Connemara pony is an animal that attracts a lot of interest. This pony, which is a native of the West of Ireland, is small and strong and is an ideal horse for children. They are prized for their gentleness and their longevity. For more than 60 years, the town of Clifden has been the site of a great celebration, the Annual Connemara Pony Show, which attracts hundreds of the ponies and their fans from all over the country. This is the place for the interested buyer. You can�t beat the experience of horse trading, Irish style! Round Towers There are 65 towers in Ireland of which some part remains. They have stood since the Vikings began plundering Irish monastic settlements in the 9th Century. At that time, the Church was very rich and the Viking raiders wanted Irish gold and treasure. In order to defend themselves, each large settlement built a round tower as a look-out. Once the raiders were spotted, the monks would climb the ladder to the tower with their treasure and pull up the ladder after them. Today, the best examples are to be found at Glendalough in County Wicklow, which is the site of an ancient university, and the Rock of Cashel which is one of Ireland�s most important and dramatic religious ruins. Built on an outcrop in the middle of the County Tipperary plain, the Rock dominates the countryside. It was here that St. Patrick baptized the King of Munster and established a church, which is still there. Ice Hockey Did the Irish invent Ice Hockey? Icebound Irish Fishermen supposedly alleviated the boredom by rolling up a pair of socks and knocking it around on the ice with their hurley sticks! The word �Puck� even has Gaelic origins. Ireland�s first ice hockey team The Belfast giants was established in recent years and are now renowned as the 2001-02 Super league Champions. IRELAND A TO Z The Abbey Theatre�s first production was on December 27, 1904. Since then, the theatre has grown in reputation and the Abbey Players are famous around the world. However, while on a tour of the U.S. in 1912, the entire company was arrested in Philadelphia while performing "The Playboy of the Western World" because it was considered "obscene". They were later acquitted. Aer Lingus is the flag carrier for Ireland and it flies all year round to Shannon and Dublin from New York, Boston, Chicago, L.A. and Baltimore. Alcock & Brown touched down near Clifden, Co. Galway, in June 1919, after a 16 hour flight from Newfoundland. Bed-and-Breakfast lodgings debuted in Ireland 25 years ago, when a few families took in paying guests as an experiment. Today, rooms are available at dairy, sheep or vegetable farms, as well as urban split-level houses, seaside villas, mountain retreats, thatchedroof cottages and country manors. And the overnight rate is hard to beat at about $30 per person and that includes full Irish breakfast with all the trimmings. Belleek - A fine parian china made in Co. Fermanagh. "Blarney", among other things, is a style of speech. The legend of blarney goes back to the days of Queen Elizabeth I and the Earl of Blarney of the MacCarthy Clan whose castle and estate were just outside Cork City. It seems that the Queen was trying to get the Earl to submit to the authority of the English Crown, but instead he would reply with evasive and rambling letters. After reading a few of these responses, the Queen exclaimed "This is all Blarney, what he says he never means!". Since then, hundreds of thousands have kissed the Blarney Stone in their quest for eloquence. Blessing: May the road rise to meet you May the wind be always at your back, the sun shine warm upon your face, the rain fall soft upon your fields, And until we meet again May God hold you in the hollow of His hand. Castles are everywhere in Ireland. Dating back to medieval times, these mighty fortresses were originally used by local chieftains, but today you don�t have to be a king, or a queen to enjoy an Irish castle. You can overnight at luxury castle hotels such as Ashford in Co. Mayo, Dromoland in Co. Clare, Waterford Castle in Co. Waterford and Blackwater Castle in Co. Cork. Claddagh rings are immensely popular in the U.S. This ring was first crafted by a goldsmith from the ancient village of Claddagh on Galway Bay and has, since the16th century, been exchanged as a token of friendship, love, betrothal and marriage. Its� design features a pair of hands holding a crowned heart, the three symbols expressing friendship, love and loyalty. Connemara ponies are becoming more and more famous the world over. They are a small, hardy pony, needing little care, and they make wonderful children�s pets. During the year they roam the mountains and are brought down in August for the annual fair at Clifden. It is said that they originally came from North Africa via Spain and that many of them swam ashore when the Spanish Armada was sunk off the west coast. Croagh Patrick, Ireland�s holy mountain is near Clew Bay in County Mayo. A national pilgrimage is made to the mountain�s summit ever year on the last Sunday in July. Doors in Dublin are a photographer�s delight. At the entranceways to the city�s many brick-fronted townhouses, they are synonymous with Dublin in all its past and present glory. Some Georgian doors have fanlights, arches, columns or sidelights and each is painted a different color, yellow, pink, red, yellow- a rainbow of welcome to Dublin�s Fair City. Dracula was invented by an Irish author, Bram Stoker, born in Dublin. In fact, he worked for ten years as a clerk at Dublin Castle, when it was the administrative center of Ireland during British rule. Equestrian sports are synonymous with Ireland. Most visitors enjoy watching horses � in the fields, at fairs and festivals and especially at the races. Once considered the sport of kings, horse racing is truly the sport of the people in Ireland. There are more than 28 tracks spread throughout the country and almost 300 racing days a year. Festivals in Ireland happen daily. From Jazz to Oysters to Matchmaking � the Irish have festivals to celebrate every facet of life. Fishing is excellent in Ireland. Its� many streams and lakes make it a fly-fisherman�s paradise. From shark to Atlantic salmon, and brown trout to turbot, there are plenty of fish to catch on or near the Emerald Isle. Gaelic football is not related to rugby or soccer, although it has some features in common. In fact, it was being played in Ireland a century before rugby or soccer were introduced to the country. There is a great deal of body charging and high catching the ball in the air. Australian football is closely related to Gaelic. Gaeltachts are the Gaelic speaking regions of Ireland. Although everyone in Ireland speaks English, close to 70,000 people still use Gaelic, or Irish, as their everyday language. The Gate Theatre is famous for is productions of the classics as well as the latest works, while the Abbey�s repertoire concentrates on Irish subjects. Among those who have performed at the Gate are Orson Wells and James Mason. Ghosts abound in Ireland including the ghost of Archbishop Marsh in Marshs� Library, Dublin. The archbisop�s ghost is seen searching the shelves for a note from his ward begging forgiveness for eloping with a sailor. He never did find the note which she had hidden in a book on the night of her departure�the ghost of champion boxer Dan Donnelly, haunts the Curragh, Co. Kildare (his right arm is preserved in a nearby pub) and Cahir Castle, Co. Tipperary, is haunted by the daughter of Lord Butler who built it. She fell in love with a stonemason whom her father had executed and she subsequently died of a broken heart. Guinness is drunk the world over. This powerful brew has been made for hundreds of years. Even pouring the brew demands training. In addition to the famous drink, Guinness is famous for its record-keeping Book of World Records. When in Dublin one can visit the Guinness Museum at the Guinness Hopstore. Harps are not as readily associated with the Emerald Isle as is the Shamrock but this musical instrument is actually the official emblem of Ireland. It is to Ireland what the bald eagle is to the United States. The �Brian Boru Harp� dates from the 14th century and is named after the most famous king in early Irish history - it is currently on display in Trinity College, Dublin Historic Houses dating from the 17th century reflect the heyday of Irish architecture. More than 50 structures, originally occupied by the rich and powerful, are now open for the public to enjoy. Many of them are venues for performances during the Festival of Music in Great Irish Houses, held in June every year. Holy Places are very important to the Irish people. Ireland has a long, unbroken tradition of Christianity, particularly Catholicism and thus has some of Europe�s most important pilgrimage sites including Knock Shrine where the Blessed Virgin appeared on the evening of August 21, 1879. Hurling is a field game, on the lines of hockey, and has been played since the time of Cuchulain, a folk hero in the days before St. Patrick got to Ireland. Irish coffee was introduced at Shannon Airport in the �50�s by a barman called Joe Sheridan. James Joyce was Ireland�s greatest novelist and his work "Ulyses" changed the course of English literature. Bennett Serf, then the head of Random House Publishers, won a suit against the U.S. Government, when it banned the book as obscene. Jaunting Cars are most popular in Killarney. They are used to ferry tourists around and the drivers or "jarveys" describe the sights, adding their own local flavors to the narrations. Jazz has grown in popularity in the Emerald Isle. Cork City is home to the annual Guinness Jazz Festival when the city immerses itself in jazz for a weekend. There are performances in the halls, pubs, restaurants and impromptu gatherings in the streets. Past performers include such greats as Ella Fitzgerald and Cleo Laine. Kinsale is the "gourmet" capital of Ireland. A fishing and yachting port on the south coast of Cork, this small town has more than a dozen top classrestaurants and its own Good Food Circle. Kinsale hosts a three day "Gourmet Festival" every year, feauturing the best of culinary creations. Lahinch is to golf what the Blarney Stone is to tourism � an experience not to be missed! Sitting on the coast of Co. Clare, edged by the Atlantic, this 18-hole championship links has been modestly called the "St. Andrews" of Ireland. It is but one of the 400 great Irish Golf courses. Leprechauns have always been associated with Ireland, a land rich in myth and folklore. Nowadays they are seen more on St, Patrick�s Day greeting cards than in reality. Legend has it that leprechauns are no more than 24 inches tall, dresses in bright colors, usually skilled as shoemakes and if caught by surprise can lead you to a pot of gold!!! Limerick, the city, has given its name to a popular verse form which was originally introduced during the 18th century by a local poet, Mercy Pedlar. Museums in Ireland focus on a lot more than history. While almost everyone visits the National Museum in Dublin to see the Tara Brooch, St. Patrick�s Bell and other treasures of the past, there are many other smaller museums in the capital including a Jewish Museum, a Museum of Childhood and the Joyce Museum located a Martello Tower in Sandycove and the Ulster American Folk Park. Medieval Banquets are held at Bunratty, Knappogue and Dunguaire Castles, all close to Shannon Airport. Dine as the lords of the 16th century Ireland did, in a romantic castle, while beautiful maidens entertain you with music and song. In addition, Bunratty Castle has an extensive Folk Park with village streets recreated from the past. Newbridge House, Donabate, Co. Dublin, was given to the public of Ireland by the Cobbe family who still maintain a flat in the huge house. Open to visitors the house has a private museum, a fullscale nursery , a fully equipped kitchen and incredibly, the Lord Chancellor�s Golden Coach. Newgrange is Ireland�s Stonehenge. Nestled in the heart of the Boyne River Valley in Co. Meath, this great archeological site dates back over 5,000 years. Nearby is the Hill of Tara, once the cultural and religious capital of Ireland. Oriental Art is not what one would expect to find in Dublin but the Chester Beatty Library in Ireland�s capital has one of the world�s greatest collections of Oriental manuscripts and miniatures and the oldest manuscripts of the New Testaments. Oysters are celebrated each September in Ireland at the Galway Oyster Festival. The weekend-long festivities include oyster-shucking competitions and people come from the world over to join in the fun. Palm trees flourish in Ireland due to the moderating effect of the Gulf Stream � the coconut crop however, is non-existent! Potatoes, or "spuds" as the Irish call them, did not originate in Ireland but were brought there from America by Sir Walter Raleigh who had a large estate at Youghal, Co. Cork. Pubs are a vital part of Irish life. There are over 11,000 of these establishments in Ireland where the bartender fills the roles of homespun philosopher, father confessor and marriage counselor, not to mention being an expert on the weather and all things foreign. Quays (pronounced " keys") are riverside walks and roadways in Ireland, such as the quays along the River Liffey in Dublin or beside the River Lee Cork. Stroll into a few quayside shops and find some bargains, especially used or rare books. Rose of Tralee is more than a song, it�s an annual festival in Co. Kerry on Ireland�s southwest coast. This six-day event includes a beauty pageant which draws contestants of Irish descent from many countries including the United States. Shamrock is a tiny weed of the clover family identified with Ireland because of St. Patrick. According to legend the saint used its three leaves to illustrate the separate entities of the Trinity; the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Shillelaghs were used as weapons as afr back as 1209. A shillelagh is a stick with a large head, cut in a special way from a blackthorn bush. It gets its name from the River Shillelagh in County Wicklow where the best balckthorn comes from. Today the shillelagh is a popular walking stick and souvenir of the Emerald Isle. Slainte is the most simple and familiar of all Irish toasts (pronounced Slawnche) it is the Gaelic word for "health" and is the equivalent of "Cheers" or "Skol"! Trinity College, located in the heart of Dublin, has had many distinguished alumni including satirist Jonathan Swift, dramatist Oscar Wilde and Nobel prize winner Samuel Beckett. The College Library is home to the Book of Kells, one of Ireland�s greatest artistic treasures. Uilleann Pipes are Irish Bagpipes. First used over 300 year ago, they are pumped with the elbow in a sitting position, producing a soft and resonant sound. The uileann (pronounced ill-un) pipes are a prime component in making the foot-tapping sounds of Irish traditional music. Valentine�s Day has a special meaning in Ireland. The saint�s remains are in Whitefriar Street Church in Dublin. Vee Gap is one of Ireland�s most scenic drives, offering panoramic views of five counties. It descends from a height of 1,114 feet at Clogheen, Co. Tipperary. Other scenic routes include the Beara Peninsula in Cork and the famed 110-mile Ring of Kerry. Walking is the sport of choice for an evergrowing number of people and Ireland is a walker�s paradise. There is an ever-growing number of signposted walking trails in the countryside. In addition many cities and towns have guided historic walking tours. Witches have their own place in Irish history. Kyteler�s Inn, County Kilkenny, has been in opration for over 600 years and is named after Dame Alice Kyteler. She buried four husbands under suspicious circumstances and was tried for witchcraft in1324. She was condemned and subsequently escaped � her maid Petronilla however, did not. Xenophobia, a fear of strangers, does not exist in Ireland where it is said "there are no strangers, only friends you�ve never met" . Yeats� country in Co. Slige is the literary capital of the west of Ireland. Once the home of Nobel Prize-winning poet William Butler Yeats, this sylvan area inspired many of Yeats� works. The famed poet is buried at Drmcliffe Churchyard beneath the shadow of Benbulben mountain. There is a museum dedicated to the poet in Sligo town. Zozimus, although it doesn�t sound very Irish, was the nickname of a blind singer and composer (known to his family as Michael Moran) who performed on the streets of Dublin in the early 19th century. He was the forerunner of today�s balladeers and street strummers, rhymers and reciters. Some Irish phrases Hello - Dia dhuit (deeya-gwit) How are you? - Conas ta tu (Kunas taw too) Welcome - Failte Romhat (fawlcha rowath) # Trip Tip To hear Irish spoken in beautiful surroundings, visit the Rosses in Co. Donegal or Carraroe with its coral beach in Connemara. And don�t worry, everyone also speaks English! Understanding the Irish A visitor to Ireland may think that he speaks the same language but he will find that there are many unusual and strange phrases and words that are commonly used. ball of malt whiskey porter Guinness Stout have a jar have an alcoholic drink take a drop ditto sup ditto take a sus have a rest on a tear getting drunk like a hen on a hot griddle anxious on the pig�s back well off how�s the craic how�s the fun amadan fool eejit idiot lift elevator a dote a nice person/thing give a ring call on the telephone give a lift give a ride in a car the boot of the car trunk the bonnet of the car hood go on holidays go on vacation THE IRISH-AMERICAN CONNECTION The Irish have made an enormous impression on the United States - their adopted home - and continue to do so to this day. There are over 44 million Americans who claim Irish ancestry. Here are some interesting facts on the subject. The Irish Columbus Before Columbus, an Irish Saint named Brendan discovered America in the 6th Century and returned to Ireland to tell of his adventures. to prove this legend, the explorer Tim Severin sailed from County Kerry to Boston in 1976 in a replica of St. Brendan�s leather boat. A further proof was the recent discovery of Celtic cave paintings in North Carolina. Christopher Columbus had an Irishman, Rice de Culvy, among his crew when he discovered the New World. In fact, they stopped in Galway and attended Mass at St. Nicholas Cathedral before heading west for America. Since that time, the Irish have been following the route. U.S. Cities with Irish Names 40 U.S. states have cities with Irish names. Some examples are: Arkansas - Avoca, Jamestown California - Dublin, Newcastle, Westport Florida - Killarney, Mayo Georgia � Dublin, Shannon Illinois - Clare Maine - Limerick, Waterford, Waterville, Belfast Massachusetts - Westport Michigan - Clare, Waterford New Jersey - Newport New York - Johnstown, Limerick, Galway, Waterville Ohio - Baltimore, Dublin, Shandon Pennsylvania - Ardmore, Dunmore, Wexford Texas - Ennis, Newport Virginia - Kinsale, Long Island. Patriots & Presidents Among those who signed the Declaration of Independence, four were Irish born and nine of Irish ancestry. The White House was designed by Irishman, James Hoban. The design is loosely modeled on Leinster House in Dublin which is now the Irish parliament building. George Washington�s right hand man, Major General Sullivan, was Irish � as were a large number of troops who fought in the War of Independence. Sixteen of the U.S. Presidents have Irish roots. In this century, they are Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton and possibly George Bush. Andrew Jackson, 7th president of the U.S. was born in South Carolina just two years after his parents left Carrickfergus, County Antrim. Woodrow Wilson�s family comes from Strabane in County Tyrone. John F. Kennedy�s grandfather came from Dunganstown, County Wexford. Richard Nixon has roots in Timahoe, County Kildare. Gerald Ford�s ancestry hails from County Longford. Ronald Reagan�s family ties have been traced back to the 10th Century Irish King, Brian Boru. The Reagan homestead is in Ballyporeen, a tiny village in County Tipperary. Guess What? Pennsylvania is called after an Irishman, William Penn, from County Cork. American history is flagged with names of those with Ulster roots. Davy Crockett � King of the wild frontier, Sam Houston avenged the Alamo and Neil Armstrong � 1st man on the moon. The first daily newspaper in America, called the Pennsylvania Packet, was founded by Irishman John Dunlap. Dunlap also printed the Declaration of Independence. As early as 1682, Irish people settled in America in colonies such as �New Ireland� which was established in the 17th Century in present day Maryland. The Great Seal of the U.S. was designed by an Irishman, Charles Thomson, Secretary of Congress. The Declaration of Independence bears his signature. The U.S. Navy was founded by Commodore John Barry from County Wexford. Labor Day was the idea of Irishman Peter McGuire, the founder of the Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners. James McCreery, who came from Ireland in 1845 made his fortune in Irish Lace. The foundation of the Metropolitan Museum of Art was largely due to his philanthropy The potato was introduced into Ireland in the 1580s by Sir Walter Raleigh, who had an estate in Cork, and brought the potato from America. While the Irish may be better known for corned beef and cabbage, two Irish American brothers, Frank and Dan Carney opened a Pizza parlor in Witchita KS in 1958. It was in a building which had seen better days, so they named the business �Pizza Hut�. They have opened a few more stores since then. IRISH CUISINE: Recipes and Toasts St. Patrick's Day is the ideal time to acquire at aleast a taste of Irleand.� Still favorites on the menus of some of the best known restaurants in Ireland are tradtional dishes, the recipes for which have been passed down for generations and which provide that distinctive taste of Irleand whatever day of the year you try them.� Here are some of the old and new favorites: �We expected the bucolic country scenery and the friendliness of the Irish people, but there was something that did surprise us - The Food!� - The Washington Times During the course of the last ten to fifteen years, the food scene in Ireland has changed beyond all recognition. An abundance of fresh wholesome ingredients and a short food chain ensure that the markets are stocked with the very best produce. There is an eating-out culture in Ireland and restaurants of all categories abound for locals and visitors alike. A new Irish-International cuisine has emerged using the traditional fresh ingredients alongside subtle flavours �borrowed� from other cuisines around the world. The large number of food related festivals is testament to the growing international awareness of Ireland as a gourmet�s paradise. Dorina Allen Favorites Carpaccio of Smoked Salmon with Avocado, Red Onion, Dill and Horseradish Cream Serves 8 Ingredients: 6-8 ozs (170g-225g) Irish smoked salmon very thinly sliced 1 avocado (depending on size) 1 small red onion finely diced 1 tablesp. (1 American tablesp. + 1 teasp.) chives 1 tablesp. (1 American tablesp. + 1 teasp.) dill 1 tablesp. (1 American tablesp. + 1 teasp) chervil or flat parsley Horseradish Cream 12-3 tablesp. (2-4 American tablesp.) grated horseradish 2 teaspoons wine vinegar 1 teaspoon lemon juice 3 teaspoon mustard 3 teaspoon salt Pinch of freshly ground pepper 1 teaspoon sugar 8 fl ozs (250 ml/1 cup) barely whipped cream First make the Horseradish Cream Scrub the horseradish root well, peel and grate on a �silvery grater�. Put the grated horseradish into a bowl with the vinegar, lemon juice, mustard, salt, freshly ground pepper and sugar. Fold in the barely whipped cream but do not overmix or the sauce will curdle. There will be more than enough for this recipe, but save the rest for another dish. It keeps for 2-3 days: cover so that it doesn�t pick up flavours in the fridge. To Serve: Arrange the thinly sliced smoked salmon in a single layer over the base of four large plates. Peel and cut the avocado into a quarter inch (5mm) dice. Drizzle some Horseradish Cream over the salmon then a sprinkle of avocado and red onion dice. Garnish with snipped chives, chopped dill and chervil or flat parsley sprigs. Finally, a little freshly cracked pepper. Serve with crusty brown yeast brown bread. Cheddar Cheese Scones Ingredients: 1 lb (450g/3� cup) white flour, preferably unbleached 1 level teaspoon (1/2 American teaspoon) salt 1 level teaspoon (1/2 American teaspoon) bread soda (Bicarbonate of Soda/Baking Soda) Sour milk or buttermilk to mix � 12-13 fl oz (350-375 ml) approx. egg wash 4 oz (110g) grated cheese, we use mature cheddar from Mitchelstown co-op in Co.Cork. First fully preheat the oven to 230 C/450 F/regulo 8 Sieve the dry ingredients. Make a well in the center of the mixture. Pour most of the milk in at once. Using one hand, mix in the flour from the sides of the bowl, adding more milk if necessary. The dough should be softish, not too wet and sticky. When it all comes together, turn it out onto a floured board, knead slightly for a second, just enough to tidy it up. Pat the dough into a square about 1 inch (2.5cm) deep, brush with egg wash, cut into 12 square scones. Dip the top of each scone into the grated cheddar cheese, place on a baking sheet. Bake in a hot oven for 230 C/450 F/regulo 8 for 15 minutes, then turn down the oven to 200 C/400 F/regulo 6, for 5-10 minutes or until cooked. Serve with soup as a snack. Irish Cheddar Cheese Foccaccia 10 x 15� Jelly roll pan Extra Virgin Olive Oil Follow the recipe as above. Brush the jelly roll pan with the extra virgin olive oil. Roll the dough into a rectangle to just fit the tin. Brush the top with olive oil or egg wash. Sprinkle with grated cheese and bake until golden and bubbly on top, for about 20-25 minutes. Cool on a wire cable rack. Cut into squares and tuck in while still warm. Traditional favorites BLACK PUDDING WITH POTATOES AND APPLES A modern day starter using traditional Irish Black Pudding. Ingredients: 6 medium potatoes 2 tablespoons olive oil Salt and pepper 8 slices of black pudding 100g (4ozs) assorted mushrooms 2 dessert apples, peeled & cut into slices 1 tablespoon wine vinegar Good knob of butter To Cook: Grate the potatoes into cold water and wash off the starch. Drain and squeeze dry. Heat the oil in a nonstick pan. Add the grated potatoes, salt and pepper. Press this into the pan and cook until brown on both sides. When cooked, slide on to a plate and keep warm. Heat a little more of the oil and saut� the pudding and mushrooms together for a few minutes. Remove them from the pan and keep hot. Then saut� the sliced apples. Add the vinegar and reduce with the other juices. Add the butter and adjust the seasoning. Put the pudding and mushrooms on the bed of potatoes and pour the apples and juices on top. Cut into wedges and serve. IRISH STEW This dish is well known all over the world. The traditional recipe calls for mutton, potatoes and onions. Nowadays you will find lamb has replaced mutton, with carrots and pearl barley added for extra color and interest. A good Irish Stew should be thick and creamy, not swimming in juice. The traditional recipe is as follows: Ingredients: 1kg (2lbs) gigot chops or breast of mutton 5 medium onions 750g (11/2lbs) potatoes 375ml (3/4pt) water Chopped parsley and thyme Salt and pepper To Cook: Trim the meat and cut into fairly large pieces. Peel and slice the potatoes and onions. Put layers of potatoes, meat and onion with seasoning into casserole, finishing with a layer of potatoes. Pour the liquid over and bring to the boil. Simmer gently for about two hours or bake in a slow oven 150�C, Gas 2. Check during cooking, adding more liquid if necessary. COLCANNON This dish goes well with boiled bacon or red meat. It can also be eaten on its own with an extra knob of butter on top. Ingredients: 450g (1lb) cooked potatoes 225g (1/2lb) cooked cabbage 1 small onion 2 tablespoons cream 50g (2oz) butter Salt and pepper To Cook: Chop cooked cabbage roughly. Chop onion and cook gently in the butter until soft. Drain the potatoes, season and beat well. Add cooked onion and cream. Fold in the cabbage. Serve hot. IRISH SODA BREAD Brown and white soda bread are specialities throughout Ireland. Ingredients for white: 450g (1lb) plain flour 250ml (1/2pt) sour milk, buttermilk or a mix of milk and plain live yoghurt 1/2 teaspoon bicarbonate of soda 1/2 teaspoon salt Ingredients for brown: 300g (10ozs) coarse wholemeal flour 150g (6ozs) plain white flour 250ml (1/2pt) sour milk, buttermilk or a mix of milk and plain live yoghurt 3/4 teaspoon bicarbonate of soda 1/2 teaspoon salt To Cook: Sieve all the dry ingredients together (except the coarse wholemeal flour which should be added to the sieved mixture) and make a well in the centre. Add enough milk to make a thick dough. Mix well with a wooden spoon, bringing the flour from the sides to the centre. Add more milk if the mixture seems too stiff. Lift the mixture on to a lightly floured board and kneed lightly. Flatten the dough into a circle and put on a baking sheet, scoring the top with a knife in the form of a cross. Bake in a moderate oven, 190�C, Gas 5 for about 40 minutes. Take out of the oven and �knock� on the bottom of the loaf. If it sounds hollow, the bread is done. CARRAGHEEN MOSS An edible seaweed or moss plucked from the rocks and rock pools along the unpolluted west coast of Ireland. As well as its use in both sweet and savoury dishes as a thickening agent, Carragheen is a major player in Irish folk medicine, as it is very gentle on the stomach and a great cure for colds. Ingredients: 15g (1/2oz) dried Carragheen Moss (available in many health food shops) 500ml (1pt) Milk Lemon rind 1 tablespoon sugar Pinch of salt To Cook: Wash the Carragheen then steep in warm water for 15 minutes. Strain the Carragheen and discard the water. Put the Carragheen, milk, lemon rind and salt into a double saucepan and simmer until it coats the back of a wooden spoon (usually about 1 hour). Strain and discard the bulk. Stir the sugar into the liquid and transfer to a wet mould. Leave in a cool place to set, then refrigerate. It will keep very well for a few days. This is often served with a fresh fruit coulis or an Irish coffee sauce. For a slightly richer dish, add the yoke of an egg to the sugar, strain again and fold the beaten white into the cooling mixture. Vanilla pod also varies the flavour. The hot unset mixture can be drunk to help cure a cold or it can be prepared in a similar way using water instead of milk and flavoured with lemon juice and honey. Potato Dishes The Versatile Potato For St. Patrick�s Day �Spuds� is what the Irish call potatoes and they are the most popular vegetable. Potatoes are a healthful nutrient-dense, low calorie food. They are high in complex carbohydrates and fiber and are a valuable source of essential amino acids. Potatoes also contain important minerals: magnesium, phosphate, calcium, copper and a trace of sodium (making them fabulous for low-sodium diets). The potato was introduced into Ireland in the 1580s (by Sir Walter Raleigh, who had an estate in Cork, and brought the potato from America) For many years, the humble spud was the staple of the peasantry and proved its value in the politically stormy centuries that followed. It was not ruined, as grain was, when battle raged over the ground in which it grew, it remained safely hidden throughout the winter, even when the peasants� homes and stores were raided or fired upon. A tiny cottage plot could produce enough to feed man and wife and six children, and some livestock. The failure of the potato crops due to blight was the cause of the great Irish Famine of the 1840�s, in which millions died or fled to the New world. The potato has come a long way - serve it up as any course for dinner along with your favorite meat or fish dish as follows: Potato & Wild Mushroom Bisque This dish has always been a big feature in Irish meals and this is definitely one of the favorites! Serves 4 4 tablespoons salted butter or margarine 1/2 pound cremini or shitake (easier to find) mushrooms, chopped (3/4 cup) 3/4 cup diced onion 1-1/4 pounds all-purpose potatoes, peeled and cut in large chunks 1 can chicken broth (13-3/4 ounces) 1 teaspoon salt 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper 1 cup milk In a 4-quart saucepan over medium heat, melt the butter, and in it cook the mushrooms and onion about 5 minutes, stirring occasionally. Add the potato chunks, chicken broth, salt and pepper. Bring to a boil over high heat. Reduce the heat to low; cover and simmer 20 minutes until the potatoes are tender, stirring occasionally. In a food processor or blender, puree 1 cup of the soup. Return to the saucepan. Add the milk and heat through. Potato-Caraway Scones Want a change of pace from Irish Soda Bread - try these served with the above soup! Makes 1 Dozen 1 cup sifted all-purpose flour 1/2 cup freshly grated Parmesan cheese 2 teaspoons double-acting baking powder 1 teaspoon dry mustard 1/2 teaspoon salt 1/4 teaspoon freshly ground black pepper 1/4 cup (1/2 stick) unsalted butter, diced and chilled 2 tablespoons olive oil, preferable extra virgin 1 large egg, lightly beaten 2 cloves garlic, crushed 1 tablespoon caraway seeds 1/4 cup skim milk 2 cups 1/4 inch diced and cooked boiling potatoes Lowfat or lite cream cheese, to serve Preheat oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. In a large mixing bowl combine the flour, parmesan, baking powder, dry mustard, salt and pepper. With a fork or pastry blender cut the cold butter into the flour mixture until it resembles coarse crumbs. Stir in the olive oil, egg, garlic caraway seeds and milk until just blended. Gently fold in the diced potatoes to distribute evenly throughout the mixture, trying not to �mash� the potatoes. Drop well-rounded tablespoons of the mixture onto an ungreased baking sheet about 1 inch apart. Bake for 12 to 15 minutes or until the edges are lightly golden. Serve warm with cream cheese for breakfast or to accompany soup or a main course. Scalloped Potatoes with Grated Turnip Instead of serving plain boiled or mashed potatoes, why not serve another Irish treat, Potatoes and Turnip! 2 tablespoons unsalted butter, melted 1 cup milk, at room temperature 1 teaspoon ground cinnamon (optional) 2 cups firmly packed shredded turnip Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 4 medium-sized baking potatoes, peeled and sliced lengthwise into 1/16-inch-thick slices (if available, use a food processor fitted with a slicing disk or a mandoline) Preheat the oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit. Lightly grease a 2- quart gratin or baking dish with a little of the melted butter. In a medium bowl whisk together the milk and cinnamon until well blended. Place the grated turnip in a small bowl and season liberally with salt and pepper, tossing until well blended. Spread the turnip mixture in a patter of concentric circles and pour the milk mixture over all. Drizzle the remaining melted butter evenly over the top. Bake for 20 minutes. Reduce the heat to 350 degrees and bake for 50 to 60 minutes more or until the potato-turnip mixture has absorbed most of the liquid and the top is golden brown and crisp. New Irish CuisineCuisine Rathcoursey Emerald Soup Beth Hallinan, chef-owner of Rathcoursey House, Ballinacurra (near Midleton), Country Cork, uses as many local ingredients as possible for her eighteenth century Georgian-country-house meals. Some are cultivated in her garden, while others, like the nettles and ramps (wild onion) in this soup, are found wild in the surrounding countryside. Ms. Hallinan loves this green springtime soup for its interesting blend of flavors. SERVES 6 - MAKES ABOUT 1� CUPS 4 tablespoons unsalted butter 2 handfuls young nettles or arugula (see note) 1/2 onion, finely chopped 1 tablespoon chopped ramp leaves wild onion) or garlic cloves (see note) 1 cup packed watercress sprigs, chopped 1 cup packed spinach leaves, chopped 3 tablespoons flour Grated zest of 1 lemon 4 cups homemade chicken stock or canned low-salt chicken broth Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 11/2 cups half-and-half Minced fresh chives or flat-leaf parsley for garnish In a large pot, melt the butter over medium heat. Add the onion and cook for 2 to 3 minutes, or until soft. Add the watercress, lettuce, spinach, nettles or arugula, and ramp leaves or garlic, and cook, stirring frequently, for 2 to 3 minutes, or until the vegetables are wilted. Stir in the flour, lemon zest, stock or broth, salt, and pepper, and bring to boil. Let cool. Transfer to a blender or food processor in batches and process until smooth. Return the pur�e to the soup pot. Stir in the half-and-half and cook over medium heat to heat through. Taste and adjust the seasoning. Ladle the soup into bowls and sprinkle with chives or parsley. Top with a few garlic croutons, if you wish. Garlic Croutons Remove the crusts from 3 to 4 slices white bread and cut into �-inch cubes. In a large skillet, melt 4 tablespoons butter over medium heat. Add � teaspoon minced and the garlic and the bread cubes. Saut� until golden brown. Drain on paper towels and season with and pepper to taste. For added crispness, place on a baking sheet and bake in a preheated 250�F oven for about 15 minutes. NOTE: If you want a stronger garlic flavor in your soup. Cook 1 tablespoon minced garlic or 2 tablespoons chopped scallions with the onion. Nettles and ramps may be found in some farmers� markets and specialty produce markets in spring and early summer. (From The Irish Table by Margaret Johnson, published by Chronicle Books, HYPERLINK "http://www.chroniclebooks.com" www.chroniclebooks.com) Medallions of Beef with port Sauce & Cashel Cheese For many years, beef was not an integral part of the Irish diet, as farmers kept cows more for their milk than for their meat. Today, however, beef is popular, and beyind the traditional Sunday roast you�ll find many beef dishes prepared using what would have once been considered unusual ingredients. This recipe, from the late chef Bill Patterson, proprietor of the oystercatcher, Oysterhaven, County Cork, is from The Cork Cook Book, a wonderful selection of recipes that highlight the culinary genius of Cork chefs. The book was a fund-raising project of the Cork Simon Community, which provides services to homeless people and campaigns for justice. Serve this dish with Garlic Mashed Potatoes or Mashed Potatoes with Turnip and Buttermilk. SERVES 4 1/2 cup golden raisins 1 cup port 4 beef filet steaks (about 5 ounces each) 2 tablespoons olive oil 2 shallots, finely minced Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste 3 tablespoons water 2 tablespoons pine nuts 1/2 cup (1 stick) cold unsalted butter, cut into small pieces 1 tablespoon Dijon mustard 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice 8 ounces Cashel Blue cheese or other blue cheese, crumbled Minced fresh chives for garnish One day before serving, soak the raisins in the port for 10 to 12 hours. Strain and reserve the raisins and the port. Coat the beef with the olive oil. In a large skillet over medium-high heat, cook the steaks for 4 to 5 minutes on each side for medium-rare. Remove to an ovenproof dish, sprinkle with shallots, and season with salt and pepper. Cover and keep warm. Add the water to the same pan and bring it to a boil over medium heat. Stir, scraping up the browned bits from the bottom, and cook for 2 to 3 minutes, or until reduced by two-thirds. Still in the reserved raisins and port, then add the pine nuts. Reduce the heat to low and whisk in the pieces of butter, a few at a time, cook for 3 to 5 minutes, or until the sauce thickens. Add the mustard and juices that have collected from the steaks. Season with salt, pepper and the lemon juice. To serve, preheat the broiler. Cover the steak with crumpled blue cheese, place under the broiler 4 inches from the heat source for 1 to 2 minutes, or until the cheese is lightly browned and bubbling. Transfer each steak to a serving plate and spoon the sauce around the meat. Garnish with the chives. (From The New Irish Table by Margaret Johnson, published by Chronicle Books, HYPERLINK "http://www.chroniclebooks.com" www.chroniclebooks.com) GRACE NEILL�S CHOCOLATE AND GUINNESS BROWNIES Grace Neill�s is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the oldest bar in Ireland. It first opened in 1611 as the King�s Arms in Donaghadee, County Down, and was named in the nineteenth century for its former landlady, a woman who reportedly greeted all visitors to the inn with a welcoming kiss in between puffs on her clay pipe. Today guests at Grace Neill�s, which includes a bar and restaurant named Bistro Bistro, often report �sightings� of the Victorian woman, which some attribute to one too many servings of these Guinness-spiked brownies SERVES 8 TO 10 4 eggs 1/2 cup superfine sugar 8 ounces bittersweet chocolate, chopped 4 ounces white chocolate, chopped 1/2 cup all-purpose flour 1/4 cup cocoa 1 1/4 cups Guinness stout Confectioners� sugar for dusting Preheat the oven to 375�F. Butter an 8-by-8-inch square pan. In an electric mixer, combine the eggs and superfine sugar. Beat until light and fluffy. In a medium saucepan, over medium heat, melt the bittersweet chocolate, white chocolate and butter, stirring until smooth. Remove from heat and beat into the egg mixture. Sift the flour and cocoa together and beat into the chocolate mixture. Whisk in the Guinness. Pour into the prepared pan and bake for 20 to 25 minutes, or until a skewer inserted in the center comes out almost clean. Remove from the oven and let cool on a wire rack. To serve, dust the cake with confectioners� sugar and cut into squares. (From the New Irish Table by Margaret Johnson, published by Chronicle Books, www.chroniclebooks.com) Cake 1/2 cup butter 1/2 cup sugar the grated rind from 1 orange 1/2 cup orange juice 2 eggs, lightly beaten 1-1/2 cups self-rising flour 1 medium potato, peeled and grated Icing 1 cup confectioners powered sugar mixture orange juice 1 teaspoon butter lemon and orange, to decorate Cream butter and sugar until white and creamy. Add orange rind, orange juice, eggs and flour. Squeeze potato dry and add to mixture. Stir well to combine. Spoon into a greased and lined 17 cm round cake tin. Bake at 350 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes. Test with skewer. It should come out clean when cake is cooked. Place a cake rack on top of loaf tin. Turn cake upside-down so cake rests on rack. Remove tin and cool before icing. To make icing, put confectioners powered sugar into a small pan and add sufficient orange juice to make a firm mixture. Beat in butter, heat on low very briefly (or microwave on High 30 seconds) and spread over cake. Irish Drinks Irish Coffee Finally, it should be Irish Coffees all round. Warm a stemmed glass. Add a generous shot of Irish whiskey and sugar to taste. Stir while pouring in strong hot coffee. Use slightly whipped heavy cream (never redi-whip) and pour gently over the back of a spoon on coffee so it floats on top. What a sight and what a taste! Whiskey Whiskey is an Irish invention, despite what any Scotsman may tell you. In fact, Irish monks in the 6th century began distilling grain to produce a medicinal liquor called in Gaelic �uisce beatha� (pronounced Ish�ke ba�ha) which means �the water of life�. How true! The Gaelic �uisce� has been anglicized to the present word whiskey. The earliest license to distill this great brew was granted in 1608 to �Old Bushmills� distillery, the oldest in the world and still in operation in County Antrim. Today there are many great Irish whiskeys on the market and here are the most popular brands: Paddy, Powers, Old Bushmills, and Jameson. HOT WHISKEY Great on a winter�s day, after a long walk or a round of golf. Ingredients: I measure Irish whiskey 2 teaspoons white sugar Wedge of lemon 8 cloves Pour the whiskey into a warm stemmed glass and stir in the sugar. Then top with boiling water. Stud the cloves into the lemon and put into the hot whiskey. BAILEYS COFFEE For a special treat - anytime. Ingredients: 1 cup hot coffee 3 tablespoons Baileys Irish Cream Whipped cream Chocolate flake Pour Baileys into freshly brewed coffee and top with whipped cream and chocolate flake. THE STORY OF IRISH COFFEE Irish coffee was invented in Shannon in 1943, when flying boats from the United States to Europe used the wide waterway of the Shannon estuary to land at Foynes, Co. Limerick, where today the �Foynes Flying Boat Museum� recalls that era. As cold and weary passengers arrived off the flying boats they were given the warm and welcoming drink to aid their recovery. Nowadays, each August, Foynes plays host to the Irish Coffee Festival and a competition is held to choose the �World Champion Irish Coffee Maker�. Ingredients: Cream - rich as an Irish brogue Coffee - strong as a friendly hand Sugar - sweet as the tongue of a rogue Irish whiskey - smooth as the wit of the land Method: Heat a stemmed whiskey goblet. Pour in one jigger of Irish Whiskey. Add two spoons of demerara sugar then fill with strong, black coffee to within one inch of the brim. Stir to dissolve the sugar. Then, when still, top with slightly whipped cream, so that it floats on top. The secret is to drink the hot laced coffee through the cold cream. Guinness Q: What�s black and white and drunk all over? A: Guinness! �Could it have been in Leeside Cork The Bronx or Botany Bay A Dublin snug alive with talk Cape Cod or Monterey No, it had to be the summer night at Paddy Burke�s on far Cape Clear We drank and gazed on Fastnet Light safe harbor, Guinness and good cheer.� This powerful brew has been made from a secret recipe for hundreds of years. Even pouring the brew demands training. In addition to the famous drink, Guinness is famous for its record-keeping Book of World Records. At one point, its Dublin brewery was an entrant for the largest brewery in Europe. # Trip Tip Visitors are welcome at the Dublin brewery and an informative show explains why Guinness is so good. Toasts What good is an Irish drink without a toast? Here are a couple of tips on how to toast: Toast with the glass in your right hand. Raise glass straight out from your shoulder, in case you are concealing a sword or dagger. Clink glasses after the toast is said and before drinking. The noise frightens evil spirits! Those are the rules, now here is a sampling of Irish toasts. Slainte: (pronounced slawn�che), which means �health� in Gaelic and is the Irish equivalent of �cheers� or �skol.� Here�s a good wish for the farmer: �May the frost never afflict your spuds. May the outside leaves of your cabbage always be free from worms. May the crows never pick your haystack, and may your donkey always be in foal.� For your St. Patrick�s Day dinner party: �May good luck follow you wherever you go and your blessings outnumber the shamrocks that grow.� �May the roof above us never fall in and may we friends gathered below never fall out.� For your birthday: �May you die in bed at 95 years, shot by a jealous husband (wife).� A couple of general ones: �May the grass grow long on the road to hell for the want of use.� �Here�s a health to your enemies� enemies.� Finally, here�s a toast for the man himself: �St. Patrick was a gentle man who through strategy and stealth drove all the snakes from Ireland. Here�s toasting to his health but not too many toastings lest you lose yourself and then forget the good St. Patrick and see all those snakes again.� Book an Irish Guest What better way to bring an authentic touch of� Ireland to your programming than to interview an Irish person on air. We can provide you with a guest to suit any topic. To request an Irish interviewee please email [email protected] or fax to the attention of Kate Hurley at 212 418 0847. Your request should include - Contact Name, Station, Address, phone, fax and e-mail address. The time and date of interview (indicating local or EST) and information on specific requests. 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Which French artist, 1848 - 1903, painted 'The Yellow Christ' and 'Two Women On A Beach'?	Two Women on the Beach - Paul Gauguin Paintings Two Women on the Beach We offer original aspect ratio sizes Price 48 X 72 in $674.95 If listed sizes are not in proportion to the original, don't worry, just choose which size is similar to what you want, we can offer oil paintings in a suitable size, painted in proportion to the original. If you would like the standard size, please let us know. Need a Custom Size? also known as Tahitian women 1891 Musée d'Orsay , France. Why settle for a paper print when you can add sophistication to your rooms with a high quality 100% hand-painted oil painting on canvas at wholesale price? Order this beautiful oil painting today! that's a great way to impress friends, neighbors and clients alike. 100% hand-painted oil painting on artist grade canvas. No printing or digital imaging techniques are used. In stock items ship immediately, usually ships in 3 to 10 days. $12.95 shipping charge for small size (e.g., size <= 20 x 24 in). The cheapest shipping rate from DHL, UPS, USPS, etc. Canvas stretched on wood bars for free. - Need special frame for oil painting? Please contact us. Send you a digital copy via email for your approval before shipping. 45-day Satisfaction Guaranteed and 100% Satisfaction Guaranteed. Add Two Women on the Beach to Your Privete Lists You are not signed in. Select here to add this item to your default List. To create a new List, use the "new Wish List" option below. Default List Data successfully added to your Wish List ! Be the first to critique this painting . Critique this Painting Your critique is viewable immediately by the public. Your Nickname: PaintingMania.com reserves the right to edit or remove inappropriate critiques. Other paintings by Paul Gauguin: Two Women Un coin du mur (effet de nuit) Upaupa (Fire Dance) more... Paul Gauguin was a French postimpressionist painter whose lush color, flat two-dimensional forms, and subject matter helped form the basis of modern art. Gauguin was born in Paris on June 7, 1848, into a liberal middle-class family. After an adventurous early life, including a four-year stay in Peru with his family and a stint in the French merchant marine, he became a successful Parisian stockbroker, settling into a comfortable bourgeois existence with his wife and five children. In 1874, after meeting the artist Camille Pissarro and viewing the first impressionist exhibition, he became a collector and amateur painter. He exhibited with the impressionists in 1876, 1880, 1881, 1882, and 1886. In 1883 he gave up his secure existence to devote himself to painting; his wife and children, without adequate subsistence, were forced to return to her family. From 1886 to 1891 Gauguin lived mainly in rural Brittany (except for a trip to Panama and Martinique from 1887 to 1888), where he was the center of a small group of experimental painters known as the school of Pont-Aven. Under the influence of the painter Émile Bernard, Gauguin turned away from impressionism and adapted a less naturalistic style, which he called synthetism. He found his inspiration in the art of indigenous peoples, in medieval stained glass, and in Japanese prints; he was introduced to Japanese prints by the Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh when they spent two months together in Arles, in the south of France, in 1888. Gauguin's new style was characterized by the use of large flat areas of nonnaturalistic color, as in Yellow Christ (1889, Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York). In 1891, ruined and in debt, Gauguin sailed for the South Seas to escape European civilization and "everything that is artificial and conventional." Except for one visit to France from 1893 to 1895, he remained in the Tropics for the rest of his life, first in Tahiti and later in the Marquesas Islands. The essential characteristics of his style changed little in the South Seas; he retained the qualities of expressive color, denial of perspective, and thick, flat forms. Under the influence of the tropical setting and Polynesian culture, however, Gauguin's paintings became more powerful, while the subject matter became more distinctive, the scale larger, and the compositions more simplified. His subjects ranged from scenes of ordinary life, such as Tahitian Women , or On the Beach , to brooding scenes of superstitious dread, such as Spirit of the Dead Watching . His masterpiece was the monumental allegory Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going? , which he painted shortly before his failed suicide attempt. A modest stipend from a Parisian art dealer sustained him until his death at Atuana in Marquesas on May 9, 1903. Gauguin's bold experiments in coloring led directly to the 20th-century Fauvist style in modern art. His strong modeling influenced the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch and the later expressionist school. YOUR BROWSING HISTORY	Paul Gauguin
In which town are Moorhouses Beers produced?	1000+ images about Paul Gauguin on Pinterest \| Girl dancing, Oil on canvas and Tahiti "Paisaje Tahitiano" Autor: Paul Gauguin Fecha: 1891 Museo: Minneapolis Institute of Art Características: 67´8 x 92´4 cm. Material: Oleo sobre lienzo Estilo: Impresionismo See More	i don't know
What is the capital of Tuvalu?	What is the Capital of Tuvalu? - Capital-of.com Dates of religious and Civil holidays around the world. www.when-is.com Capital of Tuvalu The Capital City of Tuvalu is the city of Funafuti. The population of Funafuti in the year 2002 was 4,492. Tuvalu, formerly known as The Ellice Islands, is an English speaking island nation in the Pasific Ocean. Additional Information	Funafuti
"Which American poet's epitaph is ""Quotes The Raven Nevermore""?"	Tuvalu facts, information, pictures \| Encyclopedia.com articles about Tuvalu BIBLIOGRAPHY CAPITAL: Funafuti FLAG: The national flag has the Union Jack in the upper quarter nearest the hoist; nine yellow stars on a light blue field are arranged in the same pattern as Tuvalu's nine islands. ANTHEM: Tuvalu mo te Atua (Tuvalu for the Almighty). MONETARY UNIT: Both the Australian dollar (a$) and the Tuvaluan dollar (t$) of 100 cents are legal tender. There are coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 Tuvaluan cents; 1 and 5 Tuvaluan dollars; and notes of 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 Australian dollars. t$1 = us$0.76336 (or us$1 = t$1.31) as of 2005. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: The metric system is being introduced, but imperial measures are still commonly employed. HOLIDAYS: New Year's Day, 1 January; National Children's Day, first Monday in August; Tuvalu Day, 1 October; Christmas Day, 25 December; Boxing Day, 26 December. Movable holidays include Commonwealth Day (March), Queen's Official Birthday (June), and Prince of Wales 's Birthday (November); movable religious holidays include Good Friday and Easter Monday. TIME: Midnight = noon GMT. LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT Tuvalu (formerly the Ellice Islands) comprises a cluster of nine islands, plus islets, located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean just south of the Equator. These remote atolls are situated about 1,050 km (650 mi) n of Suva, Fiji , and 4,000 km (2,500 mi) ne of Sydney , Australia . They lie in a 595-km-long (370-mi) chain extending over some 1,300,000 sq km (500,000 sq mi) of ocean and have a total land area of 26 sq km (10 sq mi). Comparatively, the area occupied by Tuvalu is about 0.1 times the size of Washington, D.C. Tuvalu has a coastline of 24 km (15 mi). Tuvalu's capital city, Funafuti is located on the island of Funafuti. TOPOGRAPHY Tuvalu consists entirely of low-lying coral atolls, none of which is more than 5 m (16 ft) above sea level; few of the atolls are more than 0.8 km (0.5 mi) wide. The islands are coral reefs on the outer arc of ridges formed by pressure from the Central Pacific against the ancient Australian landmass. On five islands, the reefs enclose sizable lagoons; the others are mere pinnacles rising abruptly from the ocean floor. Only two of the islands, Funafuti and Nukufetau, have natural harbors for oceangoing ships. There are no rivers on the islands. CLIMATE Tuvalu has a tropical climate with little seasonal variation. The annual mean temperature of 30°c (86°f) is moderated by trade winds from the east. Rainfall averages over 355 cm (140 in), with most rain falling between November and February. Although the islands lie north of the main cyclone belt, Funafuti was devastated in 1894, 1972, and 1990. FLORA AND FAUNA The surrounding sea is rich in flora and fauna, but land vegetation is limited to coconut palm, pandanus, and imported fruit trees. Pigs, fowl, and dogs, all of which were imported in the 19th century, flourish on the islands. The only indigenous mammal is the Polynesian rat. Birds include reef herons, terns, and noddies. There are 22 known species of butterfly and moth. ENVIRONMENT Environmental dangers include uncontrolled spread of the crown of thorns starfish, which flourishes in deepened channels and is destructive to coral reefs; erosion of beachheads from the use of sand for building materials; and excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for firewood. About 40% of Funafuti is uninhabitable because the United Kingdom authorized the United States to dig an airstrip out of the coral bed during World War II . Global warming and the related rise of sea levels are also a significant environmental concern for Tuvalu's residents. The encroachment of sea water also poses a threat of contamination to the nation's limited water supply, whose purity is already at risk due to untreated sewage and the by-products of the mining industry and farming. Natural hazards include earthquakes, cyclones, and volcanic activity. According to a 2006 report issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), threatened species included 1 species of bird, 1 type of reptile, 5 species of fish, and 1 type of mollusk. Current fishing methods threaten Tuvalu's marine life. The green sea turtle, hawksbill turtle, bay shark, and the leatherback turtle are endangered. POPULATION The population of Tuvalu in 2005 was estimated by the United Nations (UN) at 10,000, which placed it at number 192 in population among the 193 nations of the world. In 2005, approximately 6% of the population was over 65 years of age, with another 36% of the population under 15 years of age. According to the UN, the annual population rate of change for 2005–10 was expected to be less that 0.5%, due to ongoing emigration. The projected population for the year 2025 was 14,000. The population density was 386 per sq km (1,000 per sq mi). Population is distributed among the islands as follows: Vaitupu (approximately 15%), Niutao (11%), and Nanumea (11%), with the remaining 63% divided among Nukufetau, Nanumanga, Nui, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita (formerly uninhabited). The UN estimated that 47% of the population lived in urban areas in 2005, and that urban areas were growing at an annual rate of 2.51%. The capital city, Funafuti, had a population of 6,000 in that year. MIGRATION During the 19th century, recruitment of Tuvaluans to work on plantations in other Pacific islands, Australia, and South America reduced the resident population from about 20,000 to 3,000. Migrants account for about 3% of the total population. A steady rate of emigration has resulted in little population growth over the past decade. The net migration rate was zero in 1999 and in 2005. The government views the migration levels as satisfactory. ETHNIC GROUPS Apart from a few Europeans, the islanders are almost entirely Polynesian (96%) and have strong ties with the Samoans and Tokelauans. There is no evidence of pre-Polynesian settlement. Language and tradition indicate that the Tuvaluans were part of a Samoan-Tongan migration from the 14th through the 17th century. RELIGIONS In 1865, a member of the London Missionary Society reached Tuvalu from Samoa and Samoan pastors were sent to the islands. The Tuvaluans rapidly embraced the Christian faith and about 91% of them are Protestant members of the Church of Tuvalu, a Congregationalist group. Seventh-Day Adventists account for 3% of the population, Baha'is for 3%, Jehovah 's Witnesses for 2%, and Catholics for 1%. There are also small numbers of Muslims, Baptists, Mormons, and atheists. The constitution provides for freedom of religion and the separation of church and state; however, the government seems to favor Christian practices, even by opening sessions of parliament with Christian prayer. Traditional chiefs from all of the nine island groups are members of the Church of Tuvalu. Religious groups are required to register with the government and may be prosecuted for failure to due so. A group must have more than 50 members in order to register. TRANSPORTATION Transportation is inadequate. Most roads are little more than tracks, although Funafuti has about 19.5 km (12.1 mi) of coral-impacted roads for use by the island's few cars and trucks. Funafuti and Nukufetau are the only seaports, used chiefly by freighters in the copra trade. Ships drawing up to 9 m (30 ft) can dock in Funafuti harbor at a deepwater wharf completed in 1980. In 2005, Tuvalu had a merchant fleet of 23 ships of 1,000 GRT or more, totaling 54,993 GRT. All the islands are served by Tuvalu's one inter-island ferry. As of 2004, Funafuti had one lone airport, a grass strip that cannot be used for jet aircraft. HISTORY The islands were probably settled between the 14th and 17th centuries by Polynesians drifting west with prevailing winds from Samoa and other large islands. The first European to discover Tuvalu is thought to have been the Spanish navigator çlvaro de Menda–a de Neyra, who sighted Nui in 1568 and Niulakita in 1595. Further European contact was not made until the end of the 18th century. Between 1850 and 1875, the islands were raided by ships forcibly recruiting plantation workers for South America, Fiji, Hawaii , Tahiti, and Queensland. To help suppress such abuses, the Office of British High Commissioner for the Western Pacific was created in 1877. In 1892, after ascertaining the inhabitants' wishes, the United Kingdom proclaimed the Ellice Islands (as Tuvalu was then known), together with the Gilberts, as a British protectorate. After further consultation, the protectorate became the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony in 1916. After the Japanese occupied the Gilberts in 1942, US forces occupied the Ellice group in 1943 and drove the Japanese out of the Gilberts. After the war, the ethnic differences between the Micronesians of the Gilberts and the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands led the Ellice Islanders to demand separation. In 1973, a British commissioner appointed to examine the situation recommended administrative separation of the two island groups. The British government agreed, provided that the Ellice Islanders declared their wishes by referendum. The vote, held during August-September 1974 with UN observers in attendance, produced an overwhelming majority of 3,799–293 for separation. Accordingly, on 1 October 1975, the Ellice Islands were established as the separate British colony of Tuvalu, and a ministerial system was instituted. Pursuant to a constitutional conference held at London in February 1978, Tuvalu became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations on 1 October 1979. Sir Fiatau Penitala Teo became Tuvalu's first governor-general, and Toaripi Lauti, chief minister at the time of independence, took office as Tuvalu's first prime minister. Following new elections in September 1981, Tomasi Puapua, who was reelected in September 1985, succeeded Lauti in office. In March 1986, Tupua Leupena replaced Sir Fiatau Penitala Teo as governor-general. In a poll held that same year, Tuvaluans rejected the idea that Tuvalu should become a republic. As a result of the 1989 general election the parliament elected Bikenibeu Paeniu as prime minister in September 1989. In the same election, Naama Latasi became the first woman to serve in Tuvalu's parliament. In the 1993 legislative elections Paeniu and Puapua, the man who he replaced as prime minister, each received six votes from the newly elected 12-member parliament. A second round of votes were held in December that year, from which Puapua withdrew, and Kamuta Latasi was elected prime minister. In 1994 Latasi spearheaded a movement to remove the British Union Jack from the country's flag as a symbolic gesture of independence. In 1995, after conservative French President Jacques Chirac announced his country's intention to conduct above-ground nuclear tests in the South Pacific, Tuvalu emerged as a regional leader in the highly vocal opposition. In April 1997 the Union Jack was restored as part of Tuvalu's national flag by a vote of seven to five in the Parliament. Newly reelected Prime Minister Bikenibeau Paeniu restored the former flag design, which Latasi had changed without consideration of the views of Tuvalu's citizens. Tuvalu, Nauru, and Kiribati aligned with the Cook Islands and Niue to put pressure on Australian production of "greenhouse gases." These low-lying island nations are particularly vulnerable to future global warming. Already flooding in stormy weather, they pressed for a worldwide cut of 20% of 1990 emission levels by 2005. Australia rejected the proposal, citing 90,000 jobs would be lost if Australia was forced to reduce emissions. None of Tuvalu's islands rise more than 16 feet (5 m) above sea level, and their future existence may be imperiled. In 1998 Tuvalu began selling Internet addresses in its TV domain, i.e., all Tuvaluan Internet addresses end with the letters "tv." By April 1999 there was growing dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Paeniu's leadership. Paeniu was forced to give up his office after a no confidence vote of parliament. On 27 April 1999 Ionatana Ionatana, former Minister of Education, was elected as prime minister by the 12-member parliament. In August 1999 Tuvalu sought economic aid as it suffered through a severe drought. Australia, New Zealand , Japan and Britain promised assistance to ease the water shortage with desalination plants. Japan agreed to provide the plants; New Zealand would pay to transport them. Australia would provide technical assistance toward formulating water policies. Reportedly, Tuvalu licensed its dot-tv domain for us$50 million over 10 years to an Internet incubator. In February 2000 Prime Minister Ionatana received the first installment of the licensing deal, us$20 million, and invested it in trust funds. In the continuing dispute with Britain over Tuvaluan separation with the Gilberts (Kiribati), Ionatana suggested that Tuvalu become a republic. In 2000 Tuvalu was admitted to the United Nations. On 9 December 2000, Ionatana collapsed from cardiac arrest and died. Tuvalu had 4 prime ministers from 2000 to 2002. Faimalaga Luka, who was elected prime minister in February 2001, was replaced by Koloa Talake in December 2001 after a vote of no confidence. Saufatu Sopoanga became prime minister in August 2002 after general elections were held on 25 July. The elections and appointment of Sopoanga were expected to herald a period of stability in Tuvalu after Ionatana's death. However, Sopoanga's majority was by one seat. When the seat of Nanumea was declared vacant after the Chief Justice ruled that a government member of parliament had lodged his nomination papers after the legal deadline and a second seat held by the government became vacant following the death of the parliamentary speaker, a by-election was called. After the by-election Sopoanga did not have a majority. Sopoanga was defeated 8–6 in the 15-seat parliament, with one absentee. His defeat resulted mainly from Parliament Speaker Otinielu Tausi's joining the opposition camp because of his disagreement with Sopoanga's financial policies. Following this noconfidence vote on 25 August 2004, Saufatu Sopoanga resigned his parliamentary seat on 27 August 2004. Deputy Prime Minister Maatia Toafa succeeded Sopoanga in an acting capacity on 27 August 2004. After having earlier resigned as prime minister, Sopoanga won the by-election on Nukufetau. He did not seek reelection for prime minister, but supported Toafa. Toafa was confirmed as Tuvalu's ninth prime minister in a Parliamentary election (8–7 vote) on 11 October 2004. He is the first prime minister of Tuvalu to hail from the island of Nanumea, the most northern of the group. In June 2005, Toafa lost one of his key allies with the resignation of Sio Patiale for medical reasons. GOVERNMENT Tuvalu is an independent constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the British monarch, whose representative on the islands is the governor-general, a Tuvaluan who has the power to convene and dissolve parliament (Filoimea Telito since 15 April 2005) There is a unicameral legislature, or Fale I Fono, the House of Assembly, with 15 members elected to four-year terms by universal adult suffrage. Seven islands elect two members each and one island elects one member. The prime minister and deputy prime minister are elected by and from the members of parliament. The cabinet is headed by the prime minister and has up to five ministers (all House members). Suffrage is 18 years of age. An election for prime minister was last held 11 October 2004, the next was to be held following parliamentary elections in 2006. LOCAL GOVERNMENT Local administration by elected island councils was established following the creation of the protectorate in 1892. Local governments were established on the eight inhabited islands by a 1966 ordinance that provided the framework for a policy aimed at financing local services at the island level. Funafuti's town council and the other seven island councils each consist of six elected members, including a president. Under the Falekapule Act of 1997, increasing power devolved from the central government to the island councils. JUDICIAL SYSTEM District magistrates were established with the protectorate in 1892, and native courts have observed a simple code of law based on mission legislation and traditional councils. Eight island courts (with limited jurisdiction) were constituted in 1965 to deal with land disputes, among other local matters. In 1975 a High Court of Justice was set up to hear appeals from district courts. Appeals from the High Court may go to the Court of Appeals in Fiji and ultimately to the UK Privy Council in London. In the High Court a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its sessions. The right to a fair public trial is respected in practice. Services of the public defender are available to all Tuvaluans free of charge. Defendants have the right to confront witnesses, present evidence, and to appeal. The judiciary is independent and free of governmental interference. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION Tuvalu became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations on 1 September 2000, and the 189th member of the United Nations on 5 September 2000. Tuvalu serves on the FAO, IMO, ITU, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, and the WHO. The country is also part of the Asian Development Bank, the ACP Group, the South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement (Sparteca), the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), and the Pacific Island Forum (formally called the South Pacific Forum). In 1979, Tuvalu signed a treaty of friendship with the United States, which in 1983 formally dropped its prior claim to four of the nine islands. Tuvalu opposes French nuclear testing in the South Pacific and signed the 1985 Rarotonga Agreement declaring the region a nuclear-weapons-free zone. In environmental cooperation, Tuvalu is part of the Kyoto Protocol, the Montréal Protocol, MARPOL, and the UN Conventions on the Law of the Sea, Climate Change and Desertification. ECONOMY Prime Minister Toaripi Lauti noted at the time of independence (1979) that all Tuvalu has is sun and a portion of the Pacific. Economic life is simple, but there is no extreme poverty. Subsistence is based on intensive use of limited resources, namely coconuts and fish; copra is the only cash crop. The sale of stamps and coins and worker remittances were the primary sources of government revenue in the mid-2000s. About 1,000 Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the phosphate mining industry. The islands are too small and too remote for development of a tourist industry. Fewer than 1,000 visitors visit the island annually, most attached to international aid delegations. However, the largest export sector is tourism, which in 2003 accounted for 34.8% of total exports of goods and services. Its vulnerability to external shocks includes the real possibility that the nine low-lying coral islands that constitute the country could disappear beneath a rising ocean level as one of the effects of global warming. Already, thousands in this rather densely populated country have been displaced by ocean swamping parts of the land. In the meantime, the economy has been kept afloat by two more fortunate developments: the success of the Tuvalu Trust Fund (TTF) and proceeds from the sale of Tuvalu's internet address, ".tv." The Trust Fund was set up in 1987 with a$27 million derived from contributions from Tuvalu, Australia (the largest donor at a$8 million), New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, with smaller grants from Japan and South Korea. Helped by occasional lump sum contributions from Australia, and modest withdrawals by Tuvalu, the TTF had grown to a$37 million by 1999. The TTF was valued at more than a$70 million in 2006. The government derives about one-fourth of its revenues from returns on Trust Fund investments. More unique are the profits the government has been able to derive from its internet domain name. In 1990, the government leased the right to the suffix. tv to Idealab, a California company, for a$90 million over 12 years, retaining a 20% share in the. tv Corporation. Some of the funds generated have been put in other investments and some have been used for infrastructure projects like airport development, electrification, and the construction of roads, office buildings and hospitals. The corporation. tv became a major shareholder in Air Fiji, which has exclusive flying rights to Tuvalu. In January 2002. tv Corp. became a wholly owned subsidiary of VeriSign Corp., which bought it for us$45 million in an agreement by which Tuvalu maintains control of the management of its domain name. Returns from. tv Corp. have been highly variable. The United Nations ranks Tuvalu among the least-developed countries. INCOME The US Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) reports that in 2005 Tuvalu's gross domestic product ( GDP ) was estimated at us$12.2 million. The CIA defines GDP as the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year and computed on the basis of purchasing power parity (PPP) rather than value as measured on the basis of the rate of exchange based on current dollars. The per capita GDP was estimated at us$1,100. The annual growth rate of GDP was estimated at 3%. The average inflation rate in 2000 was 5%. LABOR The estimated workforce numbered 7,000 in 2001. The economy relies primarily on subsistence ventures including fishing, and gathering coconuts. Many laborers work abroad and send wages home. In Funafuti, the government-controlled philately bureau is the largest single employer, with a staff of several dozen workers. There is no data on Tuvalu's unemployment rate. The nation's only trade union, the Tuvalu Seamen's Union, has about 600 members who work abroad on foreign merchant vessels. The nearly 1,000 public employees in Tuvalu were not unionized as of 2002, but do belong to associations. The law protects the right to strike, but no strike has ever occurred. The minimum working age is 14 (15 for industrial employment). Generally children do not work outside of the traditional economy. The minimum age for shipboard employment is 18. As of 2002, the biweekly minimum wage was us$75.66. The law sets the workday at eight hours. Basic health and safety standards, such as clean drinking water, are mandated by law but irregularly enforced. AGRICULTURE Although agriculture is the principal occupation, it contributes only 26% to the GDP. Agriculture is limited because of poor soil quality (sand and rock fragments), uncertain rains, and primitive catchment. Coconuts form the basis of both subsistence and cash cropping; the coconut yield in 2004 was about 1,600 tons. Other food crops are pulaka (taro), pandanus fruit, bananas, and papayas. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY The Agricultural Division, based on Vaitupu, has attempted to improve the quality and quantity of livestock to lessen the islands' dependency on imports. Pigs and fowl, which were imported in the 19th century, have been supplanted by goats and rabbits. In 2005, there were some 45,000 chickens and 13,500 pigs on the islands. Honey is also produced. FISHING Sea fishing, especially for tuna and turtle, is excellent. Although fishing is mainly a subsistence occupation, fish is sold in the capital, and bêche-de-mer is exported. The fish catch in 2003 was 1,505 tons, up from around 500 tons annually between 1997 and 2001. Japanese aid in 1982 provided a commercial fishing vessel for the islands. The Republic of Korea and Taiwan are both licensed to fish within the territorial waters of Tuvalu. In October 1986, Tuvalu, along with several other Pacific island nations, signed an agreement with the United States giving US tuna boats the right to fish its offshore waters. The sale of fishing licenses annually contributes about a$80,000 to the government's revenues. Fishery exports amounted to us$301,000 in 2003. ENERGY AND POWER International aid by UNDP and the European Development Fund is helping to develop electrical power. Funafuti has a limited amount of electricity to operate its meteorological and broadcasting stations and for use by the hospital and hotel; very few private households have electrical service. Installed electrical capacity totaled 2,600 kW in 1990. Both production and consumption of electricity amounted to 3,000,000 kWh, or 330 kWh per capita, in 1995. The Tuvalu Solar Electric Cooperative Society, formed in 1984, provides a limited supply of photovoltaic electricity. INDUSTRY There is no industry apart from handicrafts, baking, and small-scale construction; the islands lack the population, capital, and resources to make commercial enterprises cost effective. In 1995, the latest year for which data was available, manufacturing accounted for 3% of GDP and construction about 14%. With the utilities sector, industry accounted for 19%of GDP. In recent years, construction has particularly benefited from the windfalls of money the government has through the. tv Corporation and related ventures. DOMESTIC TRADE The local economy is based primarily on agriculture, which employs a majority of the resident population. Most residents of smaller villages and islands can grow or create their own necessary goods. Barter remains an important part of this subsistence economy. In larger communities, cooperative societies dominate commercial life, controlling almost all retail outlets, the marketing of local handicrafts, and the supply of fish to the capital. Offices are open from 7:30 am to 4:15 pm, Monday through Thursday, and from 7:30 am until 12:45 pm on Friday. FOREIGN TRADE Copra, the main cash crop, took many years to recover from the 1972 hurricane and has been affected by fluctuating market prices (although there is a subsidy to producers). Other exports include handicrafts and postage stamps. Most food, fuel, and manufactured goods are imported. Tuvalu's principal export partners in 2004 were: Germany (56.5%), Fiji (14.3%), Italy (10.9%), the United Kingdom (7.7%), and Poland (4.9%). The principal import Country 0.1 (…) data not available or not significant. partners in 2004 were: Fiji (50.2%), Japan (18.1%), Australia (9.6%), China (8%), and New Zealand (5.5%). BALANCE OF PAYMENTS In 2004, Tuvalu's exports were valued at an estimated us$1 million, while imports were valued at us$31 million. Tuvalu's main economic aid donors are Australia, Japan, and the United States. Official development assistance (ODA) net inflows amounted to us$8 million in 2004. BANKING AND SECURITIES The Bank of Tuvalu was founded in Funafuti in 1980 and has branches on all the islands. The bank is jointly owned by the Tuvalu government (75%) and by Barclays Bank, which was responsible for its operation until mid-1985. In 1995, the government bought Westpac's 40% shareholding in the National Bank of Tuvalu and now owns the bank outright. Westpac has managed the bank since it was established in 1980 and is expected to provide an advisory support service. TAXATION Revenue is obtained principally by means of indirect taxation: stamp sales, the copra export tax, fishing licenses, telephone line leasing, earnings from the Tuvalu Trust Fund, and profits from. tv Corporation, the enterprise set up in 1990 through a leasing arrangement with Idealab, a California corporation, to market the country's internet address,. tv. The personal income tax rate on chargeable income is 30%. The company income tax rate on chargeable income is also 30%, down from 40%. The income of both nonresidents and foreign resident companies is taxed at a flat rate of 40%. There are a variety of sales taxes applied to a variety of goods and services. Island councils also levy a head tax and a land tax based on territorial extent and soil fertility. CUSTOMS AND DUTIES Since a single-line tariff was implemented on 1 January 1975, trade preferences are no longer granted to imports from Commonwealth countries. Tariffs, applying mostly to private imports, are levied as a source of revenue. Most duties are ad valorem, with specific duties on alcoholic beverages, tobacco, certain chemicals, petroleum, cinematographic film, and some other goods. FOREIGN INVESTMENT The cash economy is not sufficiently developed to attract substantial foreign investment. In 1981, the government established the Business Development Advisory Board to promote local and foreign investment in the Tuvalu economy; in 1993, the board became the Development Bank of Tuvalu, the country's only commercial bank. UNCTAD reported that the annual flow of foreign direct investment (FDI) to Tuvalu for 1997 and 1998 was no more than us$100,000, zero for 1999, us$100,000 in 2000, and zero again in 2001. In 2004, net FDI inflow amounted to us$8.5 million. More important ate the government's returns on its outward investments through the Tuvalu Trust Fund (TTF) and the. tv Corporation, returns on which are used to meet government expenses and invest in infrastructural development, lessening dependence on external aid. Profits from the. tv Corporation, for instance, were used to pay the country's UN dues, build a school and improve roads. The TTF is the leading source of revenue, regularly supplying about one-fourth of the government's budget, and is reported to have increased from its original a$27 million capitalization in 1987 to over a$70 million in 2006. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Development aid, which rose rapidly during the 1960s, peaked at independence in 1979, when the United Kingdom undertook to provide £6 million. The Tuvalu Trust Fund (TTF) was established in 1987 with a$27 million. The Fund receives contributions from Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Japan, Korea, and Tuvalu itself. The net income is paid to the Tuvalu government annually. As of 2006, the Fund amounted to more than a$70 million. In 1990, the government discovered a very profitable, if variable, source of income in leasing its internet domain address,. tv, to a California company, Idealab, and then retaining a 20% share in. tv Corporation that was established to market the suffix. Besides direct lease payments and dividends from its operations, the country stands to gain profits from other enterprises in which the corporation invests. The corporation,. tv, owns a major share, for instance, of Air Fiji which has exclusive rights on flights to Tuvalu. Unlike the prudently managed TTF, however, income from. tv Corp. is highly variable, presenting potential problems for rational budgeting. Due mainly to income received by from Tuvalu fishermen working for non-Tuvalu operations, the country GNP's is considerably higher than its GDP. Fishing and telecommunications license fees are an increasingly important source of government revenue, as are remittances from workers overseas, official transfers, and revenue from overseas investments. In 2002, the government announced the Island Development Program (IDP) designed to reduce the disparity between household income on the main island, Funafuti, and the outer islands, and thereby slow the migration to the capital city. The program centers around the creation of a trust fund, the Falekanpule Trust Fund (FTF), modeled on the successful TFF. The FTF was capitalized at us$8.2 million, contributed by the government and donor countries (principally New Zealand and Australia). Four types of policies are to be followed to achieve IDP goals: 1) decentralization of administration; 2) improvement of public service delivery; 3) promotion of small business development, and 4) a sustained augmentation of money available for the IDP through the prudent management of the FTF. In the first distribution of earnings from the FTF, the island councils were each given us$318,000 for development projects, and us$104,000 was allocated to a buffer account. All development efforts in Tuvalu are overshadowed by the real possibility that an increase in global warming that ends up raising normal sea level could mean the disappearance altogether of the nine low-lying coral islands that constitute the country. The government has consequently pushed hard on two fronts: urging industrialized countries to ratify and adhere to the Kyoto Protocol on limiting greenhouse gasses, and, in other countries, particularly, Australia, to have a plan for accepting displaced Tuvaluans. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Tuvaluans cling strongly to their traditional way of life. Villages are organized on a communal rather than a clan basis and have a customary system of social welfare. Young men's clubs and women's committees are standard features of social life, concerning themselves with sailing, fishing, crafts, and child welfare. Women generally play a subordinate role within the family and society at large. Working women are primarily concentrated in the education and health sectors. Violence against women and domestic abuse are not widespread problems. Children's welfare is protected, and free medical care is provided until 18 years of age. Human rights are well respected in Tuvalu. Serious crime is virtually nonexistent, and most prisoners are held for one night for offenses such as public drunkenness. HEALTH There are no serious tropical diseases on the islands except for a dwindling number of leprosy and dysentery cases. In 2004, there were an estimated 57 physicians, 277 nurses, 96 midwives, and 19 dentists per 100,000 people. Approximately 85% of the population had access to sanitation, and the entire population had access to safe water. The infant mortality rate was estimated at 20.03 per 1,000 live births in 2005. In the same year, the fertility rate was an estimated 3.1 per 1,000 people. As of 2002, the crude birth rate and overall mortality rate were estimated at, respectively, 21.4 and 7.5 per 1,000 people. Immunization rates for a child under one were as follows: diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus, 82%; polio, 92%; measles, 94%; and tuberculosis, 88%. About 49% of children under one had been immunized for hepatitis B. The average life expectancy was estimated at 68.01 years. Malaria was one of the most reported diseases. HOUSING Most islanders live in small villages and provide their own housing from local materials. After the 1972 hurricane, Funafuti was rebuilt with imported permanent materials, but there is still a critical housing shortage on Funafuti and Vaitupu. Government-built housing is largely limited to that provided for civil servants. At the 2002 census, the housing stock stood at about 1,568 houses. About 640 houses, or 40% of the housing stock, are on Funafuti. Niulakita only reported eight houses at the census. About 74% of all houses are single-family permanent structures. These are made of wood or concrete or both. A little over 17% of all homes are of traditional construction, primarily with thatch and mud walls and thatched or iron-sheeted roofs. About 22% of the housing stock was between 21 and 50 years old. Another 26% was between 11 and 20 years old. Only about 30% of all houses had an indoor flush toilet. About 89% of all households had kerosene stoves for cooking. Only 40 households had microwave ovens. EDUCATION All children receive free primary education from the age of seven. Education is compulsory for 10 years. The Tuvaluan school system has seven years of primary and six years of secondary education. Secondary education is provided at Motufoua, a former church school on Vaitupu now jointly administered by the government. In 2004, there were 2,010 students enrolled in primary schools with a student-teacher ratio of about 24:1. The same year, there were about 446 students enrolled in secondary schools with a student-teacher ration of 11:1. Tuvalu Marine School was opened in 1979 with Australian aid. In the same year, the University of the South Pacific (Fiji) established an extension center at Funafuti. The Tuvalu Technical Education Center offers technical and vocational training for adults. LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS The first book published in Tuvalu was the Bible , in 1977. The National Library and Archives of Tuvalu is located on Funafuti; documents from parliamentary proceedings are collected there. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning maintains a small depository library for the Asian Development Bank. MEDIA In 2002, there were 700 mainline telephones in use nationwide. As of 2004, there were no registered mobile phone subscribers. The government-owned Tuvalu Broadcasting Service, on Funafuti, transmits daily in Tuvaluan and also broadcasts news in English. The only radio station in the country was converted from government owned to public corporation status in the form of the Tuvalu Media Corporation in 2001. According to the charter, the secretary to government serves as the chairman of the board, and the prime minister's duties include oversight of the TMC. There is no national television station, but some islanders own satellite dishes to receive foreign broadcasts. Internet access is available through the management of the Office of the Prime Minster and the Department of Telecommunications. In 2002, there were about 1,300 Internet users. There is no commercial press, but Tuvalu Echoes (2002 circulation, 250) is published biweekly by the government. Other local publications are produced by the churches or the government. The government is reported to respect freedom of speech and of the press. ORGANIZATIONS Apart from cooperative societies and local traditional bodies connected with island councils, there are few organizations. Organized youth groups include the Boy's Brigade, the Tuvalu Youth Fellowship and Pathfinder, and Girl Guide and Boy Scout troops. The Tuvalu Amateur Sports Association and the Pacific Red Cross are also notable. The Tuvalu Association of Nongovernmental Organizations is an umbrella group that provides a network for several religious organizations and some political and human rights advocacy groups. The National Council of Women of Tuvalu serves as an umbrella organization for women's cooperatives. TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION Tuvalu's remoteness has discouraged tourism; the few visitors are on commercial or official business. The many atolls, flora and fauna, and the World War II remains are the primary attractions of the islands. In 2003, about 1,300 tourists visited Tuvalu; half of the visitors were there on business. A valid passport, onward/return ticket and proof of sufficient funds are required to enter Tuvalu. Visitor permits are issued upon arrival and are valid for up to three months. FAMOUS TUVALUANS Tuvalu's first prime minister was Toaripi Lauti (b.Papua New Guinea, 1928). He later became governor-general of Tuvalu. Sir Tomasi Puapua (b.1938) was prime minister from 1981–89, and the governor-general from 1998–2003. Faimalaga Luka (1940–2005) was governor-general (2003–05) and prime minister of Tuvalu (2001). COUNTRY OVERVIEW LOCATION AND SIZE. Tuvalu is an island group of 5 atolls (coral islands consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon) and 4 islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It is located midway between Australia and Hawaii . The island chain stretches some 676 kilometers (420 miles) from the southern island of Niulakita to the northern-most island of Nanumea and covers 757,000 square kilometers (292,278 square miles) of ocean, but it has a total land area of only 26 square kilometers (10 square miles), including 24 kilometers (15 miles) of coastline. Tuvalu's land area is one-tenth the size of the city of Washington, D.C., making it one of the smallest nations in the world. Funafuti, the capital and largest city, is located on the islet of Fongafale in the Funafuti Atoll. The nation's largest island is Vaitupu at 4.9 square kilometers (1.89 square miles) and the smallest is Niulakita at 0.41 square kilometers (0.16 square miles). All of Tuvalu is less than 4.5 meters (15 feet) above sea-level. Due to environmental factors such as rising ocean levels and soil erosion, Tuvalu is slowly shrinking in land mass at a rate of 2 millimeters per year. It is expected that some time in the future Tuvalu will be entirely underwater. POPULATION. The population of Tuvalu was estimated at 10,838 in July of 2000, up from 8,229 in 1985 and 9,043 in 1991. The current annual population growth rate is 1.41 percent, which would result in a population of 12,600 by 2010. However, the loss of island territory has spurred many Tuvaluans to abandon their homes to start over in New Zealand , a population shift that is certain to become more pronounced as the islands gradually disappear underwater. New Zealand has agreed to take in the entire Tuvaluan population as "environmental refugees" at a rate of 60 people per year. The birth rate is 21.78 births per 1,000 population or 3.11 children born per woman. The death rate is 7.66 deaths per 1,000 population. Most Tuvaluans are young. Some 34 percent of the population is younger than age 15, while just 5 percent is over age 65. Most Tuvaluans are ethnically Polynesian (96 percent), but the inhabitants of the island of Nui are Micronesian. The population is mainly urban and more than half live on the islet of Fongafale. This has led to a high population density in the area. Partially because of sanitation problems caused by the lack of fresh water, Tuvalu has a high infant mortality rate (23.3 deaths per 1,000 live births). OVERVIEW OF ECONOMY A tiny nation with a tiny economy, Tuvalu spent much of its history under the control of foreign powers. The islands were originally populated by immigrants from other South Pacific islands nearly 2,000 years ago. Later, Europeans seized many of the islands' inhabitants to serve as slaves; during the 19th century, slave traders from South America reduced Tuvalu's population by nearly 80 percent. Efforts to harvest copra (dried coconut meat which produces coconut oil) and mine guano (seafowl excrement used as fertilizer) led the United States to claim the 4 southern islands in 1856 and the British to claim the northern territory in 1892 as part of its Gilbert Islands Protectorate. Many Tuvaluans emigrated to the larger Gilbert Islands to find employment, especially after World War II . In 1974, Tuvaluans voted for independence from the other Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati ). Tuvalu became independent from the British Commonwealth in 1978, but the new nation possessed few economic resources. In 1979, the United States relinquished its claim to the 4 southern islands. Even among the developing nations of the South Pacific, Tuvalu's economy is relatively undeveloped. The bulk of the nation's economy is based on subsistence farming and fishing. However, the soil is poor and there are no natural sources of fresh water. This has created pressure for the limited arable land. The only significant cash export is copra, although the government derives funds from the overseas sale of stamps and coins to collectors and there is limited export of garments. There is little unemployment in the nation because of the prevalence of subsistence farming (unemployment hovers around 4 percent). The nation's main port is located in Funafuti and a major harbor dredging in 1980 made the port accessible to deep-draft ocean vessels. During the latter part of the twentieth century, some 1,000 Tuvaluans worked in the phosphate mines in the island nation of Nauru and their remittances (money sent home to family or friends) contributed substantially to the nation's economy. However, by the turn of the century, the phosphate industry was in decline in Nauru and the government began repatriating (returning to their home-land) Tuvaluans. Many Tuvaluans are employed as sailors on foreign-based ships and also contribute remittances. Until the year 2000, the principal source of foreign revenue for Tuvalu was international aid. In 1987, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom established a US$17 million trust fund for the territory. Later, Japan and South Korea also made contributions. Tuvaluan governments have only cautiously made withdrawals from the fund and generally adopted a conservative investment strategy which has substantially grown the fund. By 1999, the fund was valued at US$35 million. In addition, the United States makes payments to Tuvalu for fishing rights under the terms of a 1988 treaty between the 2 nations. In 1999, these payments totaled US$9 million. The government has traditionally played a major role in the economy and controls many of the main economic sectors. In an effort to improve the economy, the government has undertaken a variety of reforms, including the privatization of many functions and personnel cuts of 7 percent. These reforms are especially significant in light of the fact that almost 20 percent of the Tuvaluan workforce is employed by the government. To raise revenue, the government began licensing Tuvalu's area code of 688 to international companies to use for "900" number calls in 1998. The arrangement has generated US$1.2 million per year. After it was discovered that a Hong Kong company was using the number for adult businesses, the overwhelmingly Protestant population of Tuvalu forced the government to revoke the licenses. In 1998, the government negotiated a contract to lease its Internet domain name ".tv" to companies in exchange for an estimated US$50 million over the next decade. Under the terms of the agreement, Tuvalu will receive a minimum of US$4 million annually for 10 years. These new sources of income could triple Tuvalu's GDP . POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND TAXATION The first parliamentary elections in the independent nation of Tuvalu were held in 1981, and the nation is now governed by a revised constitution which was adopted in 1986. Under the terms of the new constitution, the British monarch is the nation's head of state and is represented by a governor-general chosen from among the Tuvaluans by the prime minister. Tuvalu does not have formal political parties, but the 12 members of the unicameral (single-chamber) parliament often align themselves in factions. In 1999, Ionatana Ionatana was elected prime minister on a platform devoted to governmental reform to liberalize the economy and to bolster Tuvalu's international standing. From independence onward, the government has been a major actor in the national economy. For instance, the only hotel in the nation is government-owned as is the islands' only radio station. In addition, the government owns about one-fourth of the land on the islands (most of these lands are leased to clans to be farmed on a communal basis), and almost one-quarter of the nation's population works for the government. Until his death in December 2000, Ionatana sought to divest the government from these publicly-held ventures and encourage private enterprise. The main policy used to encourage new business and to attract foreign companies is the designation of "pioneer status" for certain new businesses (including tourism) which gives them tax-exempt status. The government has also endeavored to lessen its reliance on foreign aid. The arrangement to lease its Internet domain name, ".tv," to the Canadian company dotTV is a major part of this effort. In order to assure input into the marketing of the domain name, the government is a significant minority shareholder in dotTV and has a seat on the company's board. The government merged the operations of the nation's 2 main banks in order to improve efficiency and reduce redundancy. In addition, the government has sought to improve the economies of the outer islands through a US$4 million program underwritten by the Asian Development Bank and through the construction of airfields on all of the nation's islands. A central goal of this effort is to direct power away from the central government and into the hands of localities. As the national government lessens its reliance on foreign aid to conduct day-to-day operations, it plans to shift the bulk of the funds it receives into programs to improve the health and living conditions on the outer islands where some two-thirds of the population live below the national poverty line with incomes of less than US$1,000 per year. There is a fixed income tax of 30 percent on all income above US$1,900, and all corporate profits are also taxed at the flat rate of 30 percent. There are also sales taxes on certain goods and services. The government also taxes stamp sales, copra, and fishing licenses. The government maintains price limits on fuel and basic food items. Under Ionatana, Tuvalu became the 189th member of the United Nations and a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The government also supports the establishment of a free-trade zone in the region. One of the major political issues is the status of the islands, as an increasing number of Tuvaluans support the removal of Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state and the establishment of a full republic. Tuvalu has likewise been a vocal supporter of international efforts to stop global warming, believed to be a factor in the rising ocean levels that are reducing the nation's land. INFRASTRUCTURE, POWER, AND COMMUNICATIONS The infrastructure of Tuvalu is rudimentary. Only the island of Funafuti has a network of paved roads (the government owns only 1 paving tractor to maintain the roadways). The other islands have either no or only limited paved roads. In fact, there are only 8 kilometers (5 miles) of paved roads in the entire nation. There are a few privately-owned vehicles and some government-owned ones. The most prevalent methods of transportation are bicycle and small motorcycle. The only airport is located on Funafuti. Government plans to build an airfield on each island have long been opposed for environmental and economic reasons. Estimates are that 3,000-4,000 palm trees would have to be cut down to make a serviceable landing strip. Since there is little arable land on any of the islands, such palm depletion would seriously undermine the local economies. Inter-island shipping on small craft remains the main form of transport between the islands. The capital island and the island of Nui have navigable harbors in their lagoons, Communications aData is for 1997 unless otherwise noted. bData is for 1998 unless otherwise noted. cData is for 2000 unless otherwise noted. SOURCE: CIA World Factbook 2001 [Online]. but only Funafuti is capable of servicing deep-draft ships after a harbor dredging was completed in 1980. There is a satellite dish in the capital and the government has put receivers on each of the islands so that transmissions are available to those with electricity and televisions. There is telephone service on Funafuti with about 700 subscribers in 1999 and radiophone communications exist between all of the inhabited islands. Electricity is available in the capital and in a limited fashion on some of the islands. While there are no broadcast stations, there is 1 Internet service provider and 1 local radio station. The government publishes the only newspaper, Tuvalu Echoes. Funafuti has a hospital, and each island has a dispensary (an office to dispense medical supplies). With the proceeds from the licensing of ".tv," the government expects to engage in several major infrastructure programs, although the main concern is the development of measures to protect the islands from flooding caused by storms. ECONOMIC SECTORS Tuvalu's economy is limited due to its small size and narrow range of natural resources. The nation's economic base is divided into 2 main sectors: agriculture and revenues from external licensing. Agriculture remains based on subsistence farming, with minor exports of copra. Concurrently, licensing of fishing, the nation's phone prefix, and the ".tv" domain name provide the majority of revenue for both the government and the national economy. The government's main economic priority is to develop the economy to such an extent that foreign aid is no longer required. In addition, the government is endeavoring to support international efforts to stop global warming and pollution in general in order to protect both the islands themselves and the agricultural sector on the lands. For instance, in the spring of 2000, floods of 3.2 meters (11 feet) left most of the islands underwater. The government subsequently entered into agreements which would allow those Tuvaluans permanently displaced by global warming to immigrate to Australia or New Zealand. Finally, although substantial revenues are expected from the ".tv" licenses, the government is attempting to protect the local way of life from overt commercialism. AGRICULTURE As much as 75 percent of the population of Tuvalu is involved in agricultural production of some sort. Subsistence farming is the main source of both food and income for many Tuvaluans. Agriculture, in the form of the production of copra, also provides the nation's only true export. Total agricultural exports in 1998 amounted to US$400,000, and agriculture accounted for 25 percent of the nation's total GDP. The main crops include copra, taro (a large tuber), bananas, and sugarcane. There is little or no livestock production, although many families keep small numbers of pigs and chickens for personal consumption. While copra is harvested from coconut trees, the other crops are planted according to traditional practices. The islands receive about 2,500 millimeters (100 inches) of rainfall per year, but the porous, volcanic nature of the soil means that islanders have to use cisterns to collect rainwater as the water rapidly soaks through the ground and there are no natural springs or wells on any of the islands. Because there is little fresh water, islanders often use coconut milk in place of drinking water. Water constraints have also led to the evolution of a distinctive form of planting. Crops are planted in trenches that are 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) wide and dug down to the water table (usu-ally a depth of between 2 to 4 meters or 6 to 12 feet). In order to compensate for the nation's poor soil, these trenches are filled with leaves and natural fertilizers to produce a mulch capable of sustaining the crops. Indigenous foodstuffs such as breadfruit (a round seedless fruit from the mulberry family the texture of which resembles bread when cooked) are often cultivated on the banks and edges of the trenches for local consumption. Most farms are small (less than an acre in size) and communally owned. The Agriculture Division has been implementing programs designed to join together communal lands into larger farms in order to increase efficiency with the ultimate goal of ensuring that no land capable of agriculture remains unproductive. As the communal farms are joined together, profits from production would be divided into 3 parts: one-third for the original land owners; one-third for the agricultural workers; and the final third would be deposited in a communal fund in a bank. This group fund would serve as a resource for future land improvements or to offset periods of underproduction or price declines. Fishing is done extensively throughout the islands, but the majority of the catch is used for local consumption. Tuvalu allows other nations, including South Korea, Taiwan , and the United States, to fish for tuna in its territorial waters in exchange for license fees that totaled US$5.5 million in 1998. In addition, small quantities of sea cucumbers are harvested by Tuvaluans for export to China . INDUSTRY Industry in Tuvalu is quite limited. Copra production is the main industry and provides the nation with its main export. In addition, about 600 Tuvaluans are employed by foreign firms on merchant ships and 750 are employed in the phosphate mines of Nauru. Many families are supported by the remittances from these 2 groups. There is some local manufacture of handcrafts, clothing, and footwear for tourists and for export. SERVICES There is a small, but steady, tourist sector which generates some US$300,000 per year. The nation receives about 1,000 tourists per year. In addition to the 16-room hotel in Funafuti, there are about 12 guest houses on the islands. Because of the relative isolation of the islands, many indigenous Polynesian customs and traditions have survived. Tourists are exposed to dancing, singing, and variety of local crafts. There is also extensive diving, snorkeling, and fishing. Efforts to encourage tourism have resulted in government policies that give new tourist businesses tax-exempt status. The subsistence nature of most of the population and strong cultural influences have combined to prevent the development of any significant retail trade. Instead local markets and home production of products is the norm. Each island has a cooperative store (Fusi) to sell local crops and products. All stores are closed on Sunday. INTERNATIONAL TRADE Tuvalu has an import-driven economy and relies upon products produced elsewhere. Though import and export statistics are outdated, they give a sense of the reliance upon imports: in 1989, the country imported US$4.4 million in goods and services while exporting just US$165,000 worth of goods and services. The main export of Tuvalu is copra, while the nation's main imports include food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, and manufactured goods. Tuvalu's main trading partners are Australia, Fiji , New Zealand, and the United States. MONEY The Australian dollar is legal currency in Tuvalu, but the nation mints its own coins. Since Tuvalu's currency Exchange rates: Tuvalu 2,000 Note: Data are estimates. SOURCE: Handbook of the Nations, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th editions for 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 data; CIA World Factbook 2001 [Online] for 2000 data. is tied to that of Australia, it is relatively stable and its value is determined by supply and demand in international exchange markets. The government-owned National Bank of Tuvalu is responsible for most financial services; however, the limited capital of the institution means that funds for development must come from abroad. In 1995, 1 U.S. dollar equaled 1.35 Australian dollars and in 2000, 1 U.S. dollar equaled 1.52 Australian dollars. POVERTY AND WEALTH Of the nation's inhabitants (not including persons employed outside of Tuvalu), only about 1,500 are formally employed. The average per capita income is only about US$1,000 per year, making Tuvalu one of the poorest nations on earth. However, education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 13. Health care is also free, though limited by access (each of the main islands has a dispensary, but the only hospital is on Funafuti). The society is egalitarian and democratic. Low income levels are mitigated by the strong social and village support networks. In 1998, Tuvalu was judged to be the only nation in the world above reproach for human rights violations. WORKING CONDITIONS Forced or compulsory labor is prohibited. Labor laws set a minimum wage and 8-hour work day, but the market determines most wage scales in Tuvalu. Average hourly wages in Tuvalu for unskilled workers are between 40 and 92 U.S. cents an hour with 47 cents per hour being the average. The current minimum wage is US$81.25 biweekly, regardless of age or gender. Managerial or technical wages range from US$3,000 to US$9,000 per year. Although workers may organize and have the right of collective bargaining, there has never been a strike in the nation's history. The only registered trade union is the Tuvalu Seamen's Union which is affiliated with the International Transportation Workers' Federation. However, government workers belong to associations that have some features of unions. Children under the age of 14 are prohibited from working, and children under the age of 15 are prohibited from working on ships or in industry. Employers are required to provide adequate potable water, sanitary facilities, and medical care. The Ministry of Labor, Works, and Communications is responsible for overseeing labor practices and law. COUNTRY HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 0-100 A.D. Polynesians colonize Tuvalu; Samoans settle in the southern atolls, while Tongans settle in the north; Micronesians from Kiribati conquer Nui. 1861. Elekana, a Cook Islander castaway, brings Christianity to Tuvalu. 1863. Slave traders take 450 Tuvaluans as slaves to work in the guano mines of Peru . 1865. Elekana returns to islands with a Congregation-alist missionary, A. W. Murray. 1877. Tuvalu comes under British control. 1880s. European traders establish a post on Tuvalu in order to acquire copra. 1892. In an effort to forestall American expansion in the area, Great Britain declares a protectorate over the northern islands. 1916. Tuvalu becomes a formal British colony. 1942-45. The United States lands military troops in the region during World War II and builds the nation's current airfield at Funafuti. 1974. The United Kingdom grants Tuvalu self-governing status; Tuvaluans vote for independence. 1976. Tuvalu is formally separated from the Gilbert Islands. 1978. Tuvalu becomes an independent nation and a special member of the Commonwealth of Nations (a voluntary association of nations giving symbolic or actual allegiance to the British crown). 1997. Three cyclones devastate the islands. 1998. Tuvalu signs a 10-year deal worth at least US$50 million to license the nation's Internet domain name, ".tv." 2000. Tuvalu becomes a member of the United Nations and a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations. FUTURE TRENDS With its Internet deal, Tuvalu entered the 21st century with prospects for dramatic economic growth. Royalties from the first year provided over US$20 million or US$2,272 for every Tuvaluan. These funds formed the core of a new government trust fund. If the royalties are as much as expected, the standard of living on Tuvalu will rise considerably. The government indicated that some of the revenues would be spent on communication links with the outer islands and the rest of the world. Some observers are concerned that the newfound wealth of the nation may destroy the traditional society and lifestyles of the islands. In addition, continued global warming, with the subsequent rise in ocean levels, and population increases have exerted considerable land pressure on the tiny nation. DEPENDENCIES Tuvalu has no territories or colonies. BIBLIOGRAPHY Icon Group. Strategic Assessment of Tuvalu, 2000. San Diego : Icon Group, 2000. Kelly, Robert C., Stanton Doyle, and N. Denise Youngblood. Country Review: Tuvalu, 1999/2000. Houston : CountryWatch.com, 2000. Laracy, Hugh, ed. Tuvalu: A History. Suva, Fiji: University of South Pacific, 1983. Pacific Island Business Network. "Tuvalu: Country Profile." <http://pidp.ewc.hawaii.edu/pibn/countries/tuvalu.htm>. Accessed December 2000. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. CIA World Factbook 2000: Tuvalu. <http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html>. Accessed February 2000. U.S. Department of State. 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Tuvalu. <http://www.state.gov/www/global/human_rights/1999_hrp_report/99hrp_toc.html> . Accessed February 2000. —Tom Lansford Funafuti. MONETARY UNIT: Tuvaluan dollar (T$). There are coins of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents, and 1 dollar. One Tuvaluan dollar equals 100 cents. The currency is tied to the Australian dollar at an exchange rate of 1 Tuvaluan dollar per 1 Australian dollar. CHIEF EXPORTS: ETHNONYMS: Ellice Islands, Lagoon Islands Orientation Identification. The name "Tuvalu" is apparently traditional and refers to the original "cluster of eight" islands. It was adopted as the national name when the group achieved self-governing status in 1975, after breaking away from the Gilbert Islands with which it had been administered by Britain since 1892. The name "Ellice Islands" was initially given only to Funafuti in 1819 by Captain de Peyster of the Rebecca in honor of the owner of his cargo, Edward Ellice, an English member of Parliament. Location. Tuvalu is an archipelago of nine small islands lying in a northwest-southeast chain stretching over 640 kilometers of ocean between 176° and 180° E and between 5° and 11° S. Closest to the equator is Nanumea, followed southwards by Niutao, Nanumaga, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita. The first three constitute the northern geographical subgroup proper, with Nui occupying an ambiguous position between them and the more widely scattered southern grouping. The environment is tropical maritime (with the average daily maximum temperature ranging from about 24° to 30° C) and there is no distinct dry season, though December, January, and February are normally the wettest (and stormiest) months. Strong westerlies are a common occurrence at this time but for most of the year easterly trade winds predominate. Rainfall is generally adequate (about 300 to 350 centimeters per year) though limited water storage capacity means that rationing may be imposed after a relatively short dry spell. The northern islands tend to be the driest. Demography. It is now generally acknowledged that early estimates of a precontact Tuvaluan population of 20,000 were grossly in error and that the total actually fluctuated around 3,000 people. After European contact, Tuvalu generally escaped the depredations wrought by epidemic diseases in other parts of the Pacific, but two of the islands (Nukulaelae and Funafuti) suffered huge population losses in 1863 when blackbirders (Peruvians operating a form of labor trade akin to slavery) kidnapped hundreds of people. The population has more than recovered since then. The 1979 census enumerated 7,349 persons but the total population of Tuvaluans was estimated at about 10,000, including all those living in Kiribati , Nauru, Fiji , New Zealand , and other parts of the Pacific. A 1989 estimate of the de facto population in the group itself was 8,619, and no doubt considerable numbers of Tuvaluans continue to dwell outside the home group. The population is presently growing at a rate of 1.9 percent per year and has an average density of 332 persons per square kilometer, though the latter varies greatly from Funafuti (highest) to Vaitupu (lowest). The absolute size of each community also shows considerable range, from the 50 persons or so on Niulakita to the more than 2,000 on Funafuti, the capital and main communication center. The vast majority of this population is of Tuvaluan ethnic origin, though some inhabitants belong to other Pacific ethnic groups and there is a sizable cadre of expatriate (mainly White) advisers, officials, development workers, and volunteers, especially on Funafuti. Linguistic Affiliation. The majority of people speak Tuvaluan, a Polynesian language, although the inhabitants of one island, Nui, speak a mainly Gilbertese (Micronesian) dialect. Although all varieties of Tuvaluan are mutually intelligible, a clear dialectal difference exists between the northern and southern clusters of islands, and within those groupings each island has its own distinctive communalect. Tuvaluan is one language of the relatively nonhomogeneous Samoic-Outlier Subgroup of Nuclear Polynesian languages; the subgroup's other major component is Eastern Polynesian. Samoan used to be the dominant language of literacy but has since been supplanted by Tuvaluan for Christian scriptures, church and government publications, and personal letter writing. Samoan is being replaced by English as the main second language. History and Cultural Relations Tuvalu was probably settled as part of the backwash by which the outliers were populated after the main eastward historical wave of Polynesian migration. Prehistoric Samoan cultural influence was undoubtedly strong, as the linguistic affiliation suggests, but this influence also may have been retrospectively enhanced by religious and administrative links in the modern era. Precontact history is difficult to reconstruct, since there has been very little archaeological investigation. Moreover, local traditions, while essential for a proper historical understanding, often contradict each other as political charters for descent groups within local status hierarchies. Different island communities claim different founding ancestors, some autochthonous and some hailing from Samoa , Tonga, East Uvea, and/or Kiribati. Funafuti is also cited as the immediate homeland of some of the other islands. Evidence from material culture, comparative linguistics, and culture history all indicate relatively recent settlement dates from the fourteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Skeletal remains from Vaitupu, however, may point to a slightly longer time scale of 500 to 800 years. The first sighting of a Tuvaluan island (Nui) by a Westerner (ppaalagi ) was probably made by the Spanish explorer Mendaña, in 1568, but it was not until the early nineteenth century that real contact began. Explorers, traders, and whalers charted the group and, as the century wore on, White traders and beachcombers settled on some of the islands. The most intensive phase of contact began in 1865 with the arrival of (mainly) Samoan teachers and pastors sent by the London Missionary Society. Their version of evangelical and congregationalist Protestantism continues to be a major sociocultural influence to the present day, though the Tuvalu church is now autonomous. Other churches and religions have obtained footholds but remain minorities in a society that emphasizes individual conformity with communal ideology. In 1892, Great Britain declared a protectorate over what were then called the Ellice Islands, which was administered jointly with the Gilbert Islands (as a colony after 1916) until 1975. While the Gilberts were occupied by Japanese troops during World War II , Tuvalu became a forward base for U.S. forces. It largely escaped the direct effects of battle but the presence of large numbers of servicemen on Nanumea, Nukufatau, and Funafuti had a substantial impact. As Great Britain moved to divest itself of its Pacific possessions in the 1960s, Tuvaluans decided against remaining tied to the Gilbertese (who were culturally different, negatively stereotyped, and much more numerous). They seceded in 1975 and became fully independent in 1978, retaining ties to Great Britain through membership in the Commonwealth. Settlements Most scholars accept that, prior to Western contact, each island probably had a fairly scattered distribution of subcommunities based on core kin groups. Centralized habitation complexes (one village or two contiguous ones) were established either late last century by the London Missionary Society or early this century by the British administration—or possibly by the combined efforts of both. It appears, for example, that large centralized meetinghouses (maneapa ) did not exist on the southern islands before the late nineteenth century, despite the fact that these structures have become symbols of traditional culture and Tuvaluan identity. Economy Subsistence and Commercial Activities. The most important cultigens are coconut palms (used for the collection of kaleve "toddy" as well as for the nuts), pandanus, bananas, breadfruit, and pulaka (swamp taro). The latter is grown in large pits dug into the top layer of a freshwater lens. Its great value stems from its ability to withstand both drought and flooding by seawater. Fish, mollusks, and birds were traditionally the main sources of dietary protein. It is not clear whether pigs, like chickens, were a postcontact introduction. As a major component of ceremonial meals, they are the principal focus of animal husbandry. Industrial Arts. The main traditional craft activity of women is the weaving of pandanus mats, which are important items in gift exchange (for example, at weddings). Women also sew clothes, usually with imported machines and using imported materials. Men's crafts include canoe and house building, tackle making, and wood carving (which may be combined with any of the others). The technology of fishing—hooks, lures, canoes, nets, traps, and the techniques for their use—was and is highly elaborated. Traditional forms are now supplemented or supplanted by imported boats, engines, hooks, lines, and nets. Today, clothing is almost all made of imported fabrics, but some dance skirts are made from traditional materials. Items for the small tourist traffic such as shell necklaces, fans, and wooden artifacts are also made. Trade. It is unlikely that the separate islands were involved in significant trade networks before Western contact, though there was interisland voyaging and visiting that may have been accompanied by exchanges, marriages, and political tribute. Foreign traders were originally interested in coconut oil and subsequently in copra (dried coconut flesh for the food and cosmetics industries). Copra is still exported but has declined in importance, owing to inefficiencies of scale, difficulties of transport, and fluctuating prices on the world market. Division of Labor. At the ideological level, though perhaps less assiduously in practice, there was and is a general sexual division of labor, in which men engage in pelagic and lagoon fishing from canoes as well as the gathering of coconuts and palm toddy and the more strenuous forms of cultivation. Women share the activity of reef fishing and collecting and take responsibility for weaving and infant care, as well as harvesting some crops and preparing food. This division is less clear-cut in the modern occupational fields opened up by Western-style education. Women, however, are still underrepresented in positions of authority in government, civil service, and the church. Traditionally, there was little fulltime specialization, though certain men were acknowledged experts at fishing, navigation, defense, canoe making, house building, and gardening. Both men and women were able to inherit or acquire skills as curers and diviners. On at least some of the islands, this division was formalized into bodies of knowledge (poto ) or tasks (pologa ) pertaining to and jealously guarded by separate descent groups. Traditional chiefs do not seem to have been exempt from working at the common range of pursuits. It was with introduced models of organization in the church and in government that specialization really took hold. Fishing, however, remains a valued activity for many men who are otherwise full-time waged workers. Land Tenure. Reconstruction of fully traditional forms is speculative. It is possible that the original form of tenure was communal, as this arrangement still exists and is accorded symbolic priority. From a system in which chiefs probably allocated land rights on a usufruct basis, more complex forms of title have evolved. Land may now be held privately, either by individuals or by groups—though this distinction is blurred by the developmental cycle of groups with rights in estates. Landholding groups go by different names on different islands: puikaaiga (most southern islands), kopiti (Nanumea), etc. Kinship Kin Groups, Descent, and Inheritance. Kinship is cognatic, with important links being traced through both parents in the construction of ego-centered kindreds. Descent, however, has an agnatic bias, as shown in the calculation of genealogical links and in property inheritance, title succession, and postmarital residence patterns (virilocal). Thus, while the apex of a descent group was and is typically a founding set of siblings, and the estates that accrued to them could be inherited by males and females alike, eldest sons inherited most. Genealogical knowledge is shallow by Polynesian standards. Kinship Terminology. Despite variation from one island to another (and within communities), kinship terminology can be summarized as a modified version of the Hawaiian or generational type. Probably the most marked relationship is that between "brother" and "sister" since cross-sex relations produce terms for "father's sister" and "mother's brother" in the parental generation (even though their children are not marked in the same way). Most of these terms are capable of wide genealogical extension, including to affines, and many of them are reciprocal. Given the multiplicity of genealogical paths in a cognatic system, choice of kinship terms is often a matter of choice, rhetoric, and pragmatic advantage. Marriage and Family Marriage. Polygyny was suppressed by missionization, and present-day attitudes concerning marriage, sexuality, and family obligation are heavily influenced by Christianity . Marriage is one of the most important rites of passage in Tuvaluan culture, since it legitimizes children and establishes links of kinship in relation to land rights. Divorce is comparatively rare. All those who descend from a recognized ancestral sibling set and have rights in its estate are obliged to provide food and labor for each other's marriage celebrations. Not to do so is tantamount to a rupture of relations. Hence, contributions come from the cognatic kindreds of all four parents of the marrying couple, in the form of appropriate kinds of labor, the provision of food at specific times, and the exchange of gifts (especially pandanus mats, clothes, and tobacco). Such reciprocity often acquires a competitive edge. Domestic Unit. Marriage is seen as establishing a new economic unit—a nuclear family usually living virilocally (though sometimes with the bride's parents until after the first child is born). It is this group that provides the core of any domestic unit. Extended families are not commonly residential units. Children are often redistributed among related families by different levels of adoption. In this way, grandparents or childless siblings may maintain multigenerational domestic units. Socialization. Mothers are infants' primary care givers, but a wide range of kin may be mobilized if necessary. Children, especially girls, are involved in the rearing of younger siblings. Physical punishment is used but it is rarely severe, with amicable relations restored almost immediately. Shaming and peer pressure generally prove more potent sanctions. Sociopolitical Organization Social Organization. Apart from the primary dimension of kinship, many other social identities and collectivities are important. Individuals identify strongly with their natal island (fenua ). Most of the centralized villages are divided into two "sides" (and on some islands there are four sections). These have competitive functions in games, gift exchanges, and certain kinds of fishing and communal projects. Class formation is incipient in Tuvaluan society, with the growth of specialized occupations, the cash economy, and business development. Chiefly status is more salient, however, with a few descent lines acknowledged as meriting traditional respect. High status can also be achieved through the Tuvalu church, with pastors commanding great prestige but less political power than before, since their tours of duty are now limited and they cannot be posted to their natal village. Consequently, deacons and lay preachers probably wield more longterm influence in the village. In comparison to the complex quasi state forms of some larger Polynesian societies, Tuvalu has always been fairly egalitarian. Political Organization. Traditionally, each island was politically self-sufficient, though a wider grouping based on common ancestor worship and ritual hierarchy seems to have connected Funafuti to Vaitupu, Nukufetau, and Nukulaelae. Chiefs (aliki ) headed the major descent groups and on most islands they deferred to one or two paramount chiefs (often termed "kings" in early accounts). The chiefs seem to have been as much religious leaders as political ones, though there were also religious specialists (spirit mediums, diviners, etc.). While the latter were suppressed by missionaries, the chiefly system survived. Its political clout was greatly reduced under missionary and colonial hegemony but has never disappeared and it is occasionally revived as a source of local prestige. Nowadays, elected island councils exercise direct political control over local affairs with advice from central government, including island executive officers. There are no organized political parties, however, and much of the requisite upper-level administrative expertise is provided by expatriates on short-term contracts. Social Control and Conflict. A good deal of control is effected by such social sanctions as gossip, shaming, and public admonition. Tuvaluans try to avoid direct confrontation, placing emphasis on maintaining smooth and harmonious interpersonal relations. By reputation—and probably in fact—the society has lower levels of violence and crime than many others in the Pacific, even in the relatively urbanized capital. Nevertheless, serious fights did take place occasionally in the precolonial era. More frequent was low-intensity warfare between different islands in the group in which various male warriors (toa ) took part. There are also oral accounts of invasions from Kiribati and Tonga, most of which were successfully repulsed. Religion and Expressive Culture Religious Beliefs. Tuvalu is a solidly Protestant society, with other sects and religions still having only minor significance. Beliefs and practices associated with ancestor worship and animism began to crumble even before the arrival of missionaries, though some of the northern islands, where visitors were subjected to rigorous "quarantine ceremonies," initially proved recalcitrant. Nevertheless, some syncretic beliefs in magic and sorcery remain. The Christian deity, known to Tuvaluans as "Te Atua Ieova," is universally acknowledged, with the Tuvalu church (unlike some of the more fundamentalist sects) giving equal prominence to Jesus, known as "Iesu, Te Aliki." In pre-Christian times, supernaturals included worshiped ancestors, culture heroes, and some natural phenomena. It is also possible that some pan-Polynesian deities were recognized (e.g., Tagaloa). Religious Practitioners. Missionary accounts never specified whether pre-Christian priests were chiefs as well as religious specialists. Their roles and powers are extremely difficult to reconstruct, though it seems clear that chiefs themselves had important ritual duties and were hedged in by taboo. For several decades after missionization, great power was wielded by (predominantly Samoan) pastors of the London Missionary Society, and the role became a prestigious career choice for Tuvaluan males as well, a number of whom were appointed to other parts of the Pacific. Locally, deacons (men and women) and lay preachers (men only) play important parts in religious affairs. Ceremonies. Apart from regular Christian holidays and days of worship, Tuvaluans celebrate islandwide festivities held to commemorate a variety of significant events and people (founding ancestors, arrival of missionaries, deliverance from human or natural disaster, etc.) Ceremonies are also held in conjunction with communal activities. Some rites of passage are also held on a communal basis (e.g., multiplevillage-sponsored wedding ceremonies), but the preference is for nuptials to be organized by the families concerned. Next to weddings, funerals are the most important life-cycle rituals. Arts. The major artistic traditions are performance-oriented—oratory, plays composed for specific occasions, and, above all, the action songs known as faatele. These songs take the form of seated singers and standing dancers singing and acting out the repeated verses of a song faster and faster until they reach a crescendo. Faatele may involve competition between different sides, be an adjunct to other festivities, or be an end in themselves at family gatherings. Tuvaluans also enjoy other kinds of musical activity: hymn singing (often on a competitive basis between choirs as well as in church), Western-style dances, and pop music, among others. Medicine. Western medicine is practiced by trained doctors and nurses, but it is variably available throughout the archipelago. Local curing practices are a syncretic combination of traditional, Christian, and scientific ideas; massage; herbal and other medicines; special foods or food prohibitions; faith healing; prayer; and other methods. Death and Afterlife. In contemporary Tuvalu, Christian ideology proclaims the existence of Heaven and Hell as the destinations of souls. Alternative views, if they exist, are not officially condoned, though the spirits of the dead are believed to have the power of action under certain circumstances (lack of filial piety, bad relations between kin, etc.). See also Anuta, Kiribati, Nauru, Ontong Java, Rotuma, Tokelau Bibliography Chambers, Anne (1984). Nanumea. Canberra: Australian National University Development Studies Centre. Brady, Ivan A. (1975). "Christians, Pagans, and Government Men: Culture Change in the Ellice Islands." In A Reader in Culture Change, Vol. 2, edited by I. Brady and B. Isaac. New York: Shenkman. Goldsmith, Michael (1985). "Transformations of the Meeting-House in Tuvalu." In Transformations of Polynesian Culture, edited by A. Hooper and J. Huntsman. Auckland: Polynesian Society. Laracy, Hugh, ed. (1983). Tuvalu: A History. Suva: University of the South Pacific; Funafuti: Government of Tuvalu. Noricks, Jay Smith (1983). "Unrestricted Cognatic Descent and Corporateness on Niutao, a Polynesian Island of Tuvalu." American Ethnologist 10:571-584. MICHAEL GOLDSMITH Funafuti INTRODUCTION Formerly known as the Ellice Islands, TUVALU is a group of nine scattered atolls whose only export product is copra (dried coconut meat). The islands were probably first settled by Polynesians between the 14th and 17th centuries. After determining the inhabitants ' wishes, the Ellice Islands (together with the Gilberts, now known as Kiribati ) came under British protection in 1892. After the Japanese occupied the Gilbert Islands in 1942, US forces occupied the Ellice group in 1943 and drove the Japanese out of the Gilberts. After the war, the ethnic differences between the Micronesians of the Gilberts and the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands led the Ellice Islanders to demand separation, which won approval in 1974. Tuvalu later became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations on October 1, 1979. MAJOR CITY Funafuti Funafuti, the capital of Tuvalu, is the largest and most populated island, with about 4,000 inhabitants. The village of Fongafale is the main settlement, with a hotel, hospital, and an airstrip (recently upgraded with Commonwealth assistance). About 40% of the island of Funafuti is uninhabitable because the United Kingdom authorized the United States to dig an airstrip out of the coral bed during World War II . There is a deepwater port at Funafuti which accepts vessels with a draft of up to 30 feet. A passenger and cargo vessel based there occasionally sails to Suva, Fiji . Tuvalu's only airfield is located on Funafuti, and the airstrip occupies about one-third of the island's land area. In 1992, a new runway replaced the grass strip. There are flights to the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Fiji, and Nauru, but no internal air service is available. There are only a dozen cars on the island. The residents of Funafuti have a higher income level than those of the other islands, who mainly live at a subsistence level. Although the soil is sandy and not very fertile, the island still manages to produce copra for export. Recreation and Entertainment Soccer, rugby, and cricket are played along Funafuti's airstrip. A siren warns players to clear the area when an airplane is approaching. Tuvalu is too small and remote for the development of a tourist industry. Only about 1,000-1,200 tourists per year visit the country, which has just one hotel with 17 rooms. Funafuti's maneava (meeting house) is the site where the council of the island's elders gets together to discuss important issues and to socialize. The country's only library is in Funafuti and it also houses national archives. Young men's clubs and women's committees are standard features of social life, concerning themselves with sailing, fishing, and crafts. COUNTRY PROFILE Geography and Climate Tuvalu is a cluster of nine islands, plus islets, located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean just south of the Equator. The country is located about halfway between Australia and Hawaii . Tuvalu is one of the world's smallest nations in terms of land area (about 10 square miles), but its territory covers some 500,000 square miles of ocean. The entire country is low-lying atolls, none of which is more than 16 feet above sea level. Some scientists predict that within 50 years, Tuvalu will be one of the first island nations to vanish as a result of erosion and global warming. Few of the atolls are more than a half mile wide. On five atolls, the reefs enclose sizable lagoons. There are no rivers. Since copra (dried coconut meat) is the country's primary export, coconut palm trees cover much of the land. The climate is tropical, with little seasonal variation. The annual average temperature is 86° F, and rainfall averages 140 inches per year. The wet season is from November to February. Severe cyclones struck in 1894, 1972, and 1990. Population There are about 10,750 inhabitants, with a population density of 1,011 per square mile. About half the population lives on Funafuti. Only about 15% of the population lives on Vaitupu, followed by Niutao (11%), Nanunea (11%), Nukufetau, Nanumanga, Nui, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita. Some 1,000 Tuvaluans work abroad. Unemployment is expected to rise as the phosphate mining on Nauru declines and Tuvaluans employed there return home. New Zealand permits Tuvaluans to live and work there for up to three years. The islanders are almost entirely Polynesian, with strong cultural ties to the Samoans and Tokelauans. Nearly all Tuvaluans are Protestant, members of the Church of Tuvalu, a Congregationalist group. There are small numbers of Roman Catholics, Seventh-Day Adventists, and Baha ' is. The Tuvaluan language, closely related to Samoan, and English are the principal languages. Government In 1892, the United Kingdom proclaimed the Ellice Islands (as Tuvalu was then known), together with the Gilberts, as a British protectorate. The proclamation was made after ascertaining the inhabitants' wishes. After World War II, US forces occupied the islands. Political differences between the Gilbert Islanders and the Ellice Islanders led the Ellice Islanders to demand a separation, which they declared by a vote in 1974. In 1975, the Ellice Islands were established as the separate British colony of Tuvalu. After a constitutional conference in 1978, Tuvalu became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations in 1979. The head of government is the British monarch, who is represented by a governor-general. The unicameral House of Assembly has twelve members elected to four-year terms. A prime minister and deputy prime minister are elected from the members of parliament. A simple code of law, based on mission legislation and traditional councils, is observed by native courts. There are island courts that deal with land disputes. The High Court of Justice hears appeals from district courts. Tuvalu's flag is a light blue field with the British Union Jack in the upper quarter near the hoist. Nine yellow stars are arranged on the field in the same pattern as Tuvalu's nine islands. Arts, Science, Education Education begins at age seven and is compulsory for nine years. Secondary education is provided at Motofoua, a former church school on Vaitupu now jointly administered by the government. The Tuvalu Maritime School was opened in 1979 with Australian aid. The school trains young Tuvaluans with the skills needed to serve overseas on a merchant ship. Fiji's University of the South Pacific also has an extension center at Funafuti. Commerce and Industry The United Nations ranks Tuvalu among the least developed nations of the world. Many Tuvaluans in the smaller villages and islands are self-sufficient and live without a money-based economy. Tuvaluans intensively utilize their limited natural resources, namely coconuts and fish. Nearly every part of the coconut palm is utilized to make a useful object. Taro is also grown in pits. Money sent home from Tuvaluans working abroad can account for up to 30% of the country's annual foreign exchange earnings. The sale of collectible postage stamps contributes up to 40% of foreign revenue, and the remainder comes mainly as foreign aid. In 1998, Tuvalu began licensing foreign use of its area code for "900" lines. In 2000, leasing of its ".tv" Internet domain name began. Royalties from these new technology sources could raise GDP three or more times over the next decade. Transportation Traffic moves on the left in Tuvalu. The few roads on these tiny islands are generally unpaved. Most roads are little more than tracks, although Funafuti has about five miles of coral-impacted roads for the island's few cars and trucks. Animals and unwary pedestrians walking in the road make night driving on unlit secondary roads hazardous. Funafuti and Nukufetau are the only seaports, used mainly by freighters in the copra industry. All the islands are served by Tuvalu's interisland ferry. Communications There is an interisland telephone service. The government-owned Tuvalu Broadcasting Service on Funafuti transmits in Tuvaluan and English. There is no television service. The government publishes a biweekly called Tuvalu Echoes. Health There are no serious tropical diseases on the islands except for a dwindling number of leprosy and dysentery cases. NOTES FOR TRAVELERS A passport, onward/return ticket, and proof of sufficient funds for the trip are required. Visitor permits are issued upon arrival. For further information about entry requirements, travelers may wish to contact the British Embassy in Washington, D.C. at 202-588-7800. This is particularly true for those persons planning to enter by sea. There is no U.S. Embassy or diplomatic post in Tuvalu. Assistance for U.S. citizens in Tuvalu is provided by the U.S. Embassy in Fiji, which is located at 31 Loftus Street in Fiji's capital city of Suva. The telephone number is (679) 314-466; the fax number is (679)300-081. Americans may register with the U.S. Embassy in Suva, Fiji and obtain up-to-date information on travel and security in Tuvalu from the Embassy. Information may also be obtained by visiting the Embassy's home page at http://www.amembassy-fiji.gov. LOCAL HOLIDAYS Jan. 1 …New Year's Day Mar. … Commonwealth Day* Area: 26 square kilometers (10 square miles) Highest point on mainland: Unnamed location (5 meters/16 feet) Lowest point on land: Sea level Hemispheres: Southern and Eastern Time zone: Midnight = noon GMT Longest distances: Not available Coastline: 24 kilometers (15 miles) Territorial sea limits: 22 kilometers (12 nautical miles) 1 LOCATION AND SIZE Tuvalu is an island group consisting of nine coral atolls located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean region of Oceania , about equidistant from Hawaii and Australia . With a total area of about 26 square kilometers (10 square miles), the country is one-tenth the size of Washington, D.C. 2 TERRITORIES AND DEPENDENCIES Tuvalu has no outside territories or dependencies. 3 CLIMATE Tuvalu has a tropical climate with little seasonal variation. The annual mean temperature is 30°C (86°F), moderated by easterly trade winds that blow from March to November. Tuvalu is very wet. Annual rainfall averages more than 355 centimeters (140 inches). Westerly gales bring heavy rain from November to March. Although the islands lie north of the main cyclone belt, Funafuti was devastated by cyclones in 1894, 1972, and 1990. 4 TOPOGRAPHIC REGIONS Tuvalu (formerly the Ellice Islands) is one of the smallest and most remote countries on Earth . Located just south of the equator on the Pacific Tectonic Plate, Tuvalu consists of a cluster of nine low-lying coral islands, plus several islets. These remote atolls lie in a 595-kilometer-long (370-mile-long) chain extending over some 1,300,000 square kilometers (500,000 square miles) of ocean. Too remote and too small to develop a tourist industry, Tuvalu is ranked by the United Nations as among the least-developed countries. 5 OCEANS AND SEAS Seacoast and Undersea Features The South Pacific Ocean surrounds Tuvalu in a region that is known as Oceania. Oceania refers to the islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean and its adjacent seas. The boundaries for the region are the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the southern tip of New Zealand . Sea Inlets and Straits Coral reefs on five islands enclose sizeable lagoons, including the very large unnamed lagoon of Funafuti. Funafuti and Nukufetau are the only islands with natural harbors for ocean liners. Islands and Archipelagos Tuvalu's islands are coral reefs on the outer arc of ridges formed by pressure from the Central Pacific Tectonic Plate against the ancient Australian landmass. All the islands are low lying with elevations no higher than 5 meters (16 feet). The main islands in the chain are Funafuti, Nanumea, Nanumanga, Niulakita (formerly uninhabited), Niuto, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulailai, and Vaitupu. Coastal Features The Tuvalu islands are so low that if the sea level rises significantly in the twenty-first century, most of these islands will be completely submerged. 6 INLAND LAKES There are no rivers, lakes, or streams on the islands. Five of the atolls do enclose sizable lagoons, but there is still no fresh water available other than rainfall that can be caught and stored. 7 RIVERS AND WATERFALLS There are no rivers in Tuvalu. 8 DESERTS There are no desert regions in Tuvalu. DID YOU KNOW? Tuvalu is located in a time zone that lies on the International Date Line. The International Date Line is an imaginary line on the earth 's surface that generally follows the 180° meridian of longitude. This meridian is exactly halfway around (or on the opposite side of) the globe from the Prime Meridian, designated as 0° longitude. An international agreement stated that travelers crossing the line would also experience a change in dates. For instance, travelers who head east on a Saturday will end up on Friday as soon as they cross the line. If the party heads west across the line, it will move from Saturday to Sunday. 9 FLAT AND ROLLING TERRAIN Coconut plantations have replaced most of Tuvalu's indigenous vegetation of scrubby forest. Its soil is poor, however, and much of its vegetation has been cleared for fuel. 10 MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES There are no mountain or volcano regions on Tuvalu. 11 CANYONS AND CAVES There are no major caves or canyons in Tuvalu. 12 PLATEAUS AND MONOLITHS There are no plateau regions on Tuvalu. 13 MAN-MADE FEATURES Of all nine islands in Tuvalu, Funafuti is the only one with an airport: a single grass strip too small to support jet aircraft. There are no other major man-made features affecting the geography in Tuvalu. 14 FURTHER READING Books Lane, John. Tuvalu : State of the Environment Report, 1993. Western Samoa: SPREP, 1993. Mueller-Dombois, Dieter, and F. Raymond Fosberg. Vegetation of the Tropical Pacific Islands. New York : Springer-Verlag, 1998. Thaman, Randolph R. Samoa, Tonga, Kiribati , and Tuvalu: A Review of Uses and Status of Trees and Forests in Land Use Systems with Recommendations for Future Actions. Rome : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1995. Web Sites Tuvalu Online. http://www.tuvaluislands.com (accessed May 6, 2003). Cite this article Literacy Rate: NA Tuvalu has a geography of nine coral islands spread over ten square miles in the southern Pacific Ocean . This geography has been a major factor in the limited development of their educational system. Although nearly 40 percent of Tuvalu's residents live on Fanafuti, the island that serves as the nation's capital, the other residents are scattered among the eight remaining atolls, which are accessible only by boat. Education officials in Tuvalu, which gained its independence from Britain in 1978, adopted the Education for Life (EFL) program in 1988, hoping a more accessible and standardized system of education would boost the island nation's economic development. To fund its educational overhaul, Tuvalu secured financial assistance from Australia and New Zealand , Canada , Japan , France , and other countries. Efforts began in the 1990s to increase free compulsory education, and begins at age six, from eight years to ten years. The island nation also began upgrading its classrooms, an initiative scheduled to be completed in 2004. To secure a base of more qualified teachers, Tuvalu started sending residents who wished to become primary school teachers to international institutes of higher education. The secondary school operated by the Tuvalu Christian Church was merged into Tuvalu's only other secondary school in 1998 as a means of saving operational costs. Plans for a Technical Education Center that will offer training in carpentry, engineering, plumbing, and secretarial work were also launched. This new center would be the third institution of higher education in Tuvalu; the University of South Pacific Extension Center and Tuvalu Maritime School already offer limited vocational, degree, and continuing education programs to residents. Tuvalu spent 22 percent of its recurrent national budget on education in 1998, compared to 16 percent in 1990. The island nation received a financial boost in 2000 by licensing its internet address extension to a California-based company for US$50 million. The government is spending a portion of the money on internet connections for the islands, as well as computer education for secondary students. Bibliography McLaughlin, Kevin. "Tiny Island Nation Reaps Dot-Com Riches." Business 2.0. 6 September 2000. Available from http://www.business2.com . World Education Forum. "The EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports: Tuvalu." Paris: UNESCO, 2000. Available from http://www2.unesco.org. —AnnaMarie L. Sheldon Literacy rate: N/A Tuvalu is a scattered group of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Australia . Formerly a British colony, Tuvalu declared independence in 1978. The population is approximately 11,000, and the official languages are English and Tuvaluan. The chief of state is the British monarch, represented locally by a governor general. The head of state is a prime minister, who presides over a 12-seat House of Assembly. Tuvalu's economy centers around subsistence farming and fishing. The country's primary source of revenue comes from a trust fund established in 2000 with fees from the licensing of its Internet country code; this fund could triple the country's gross national product over the next decade. Although the media community is small, media freedom is respected. The government publishes the fortnightly newspaper called Tuvalu Echoes (Sikuleo o Tuvalu) in two editions, one in Tuvaluan, the other in English. Its circulation is 260. There is one AM radio station serving 4,000 radios. There are 800 televisions in Tuvalu but no local television station. There is one Internet service provider. Bibliography Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) "Tuvalu," World Factbook (2001). Available from http://www.cia.gov . "Country Profile: Tuvalu," BBC News. (n.d.). Available from http://news.bbc.co.uk . "CocoNET Wireless," The University of Queensland, Australia (1995). Available from http://www.uq.edu.au . Jenny B. Davis Tuvaluan Alternative Names For most of the nineteenth century, Western navigators referred to this archipelago as the "Lagoon Islands," a name gradually supplanted by the "Ellice Islands." This latter term became official in 1892 when Great Britain created the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Protectorate (later Colony). The name and its Tuvaluan rendition (Elise) remained in use until the group separated from the Gilberts in 1975. Orientation Identification. The name "Tuvalu" is deemed traditional and roughly translates as "eight traditions." There is no historical evidence of its use, however, until the rise of self-determination in the 1970s. Inhabitants assert their identity as members of distinct societies, referred to by the name of each of the eight traditionally inhabited islands. Location and Geography. Contemporary Tuvalu is a group of nine small islands and atolls, including the historically uninhabited Niulakita. They lie in a northwest-southeast chain stretching over 250 square miles (645 square kilometers) of ocean in the western Pacific, north of Fiji , east of the Solomon Islands, and south and southeast of Kiribati . Closest to the equator is Nanumea, followed southwards by Niutao, Nanumaga, Nui, Vaitupu, Nukufetau, Funafuti, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita, the smallest. The first four constitute a compact northern subgroup, while the latter five form a more scattered southern group. The climate throughout is tropical maritime. Seasonal variations are slight, though wet and stormy conditions with strong westerlies occur from December to February. During the rest of the year, easterly trade winds predominate. Rainfall is heavier in the south than in the north, although it is generally adequate throughout. Limited storage capacity, however, means that water may become scarce even after a relatively short dry spell. Demography. The 1991 national census enumerated 9,043 persons, but the total population of Tuvaluans was estimated at about 11,000, including those living in other parts of the Pacific, as well as those working on ships around the world. The separate island populations vary considerably, from over 4,000 on Funafuti, the capital, to fewer than 100 on Niulakita. The vast majority is of Tuvaluan ethnic origin, with a small minority of immigrants from other Pacific nations. A sizable group of advisers, officials, development workers, and volunteers from Western countries resides in Tuvalu at any one time, especially on Funafuti. Overseas, significant clusters of Tuvaluans are found on Kioa Island in Fiji (about 400), in Kiribati (about 400), and in New Zealand (estimated at several hundred). In June 2000, the Tuvaluan prime minister asked New Zealand to take another 3,000 migrants as a response to rising sea levels, but an agreement has not yet been reached. A few remain on Nauru (located northwest of Tuvalu), where they once worked in large numbers in the phosphate and supporting industries. In each case, Tuvaluans living outside their home nation adapt to the dominant culture, while retaining symbols of a distinct identity. The best estimates suggest a precontact population of around 3,000. After European contact, most of Tuvalu escaped the depredations wrought by diseases and other factors elsewhere in the Pacific, but Nukulaelae and Funafuti suffered significant population losses in 1863 when Peruvian "blackbirders" (labor traders using a mixture of force and inducement) kidnaped several hundred natives. The population of these two islands has since more than recovered through natural increase and migration. Linguistic Affiliation. The majority of people speak Tuvaluan, a Polynesian language, except for the inhabitants of Nui who speak a mainly Gilbertese (Micronesian) dialect. Although all varieties of Tuvaluan are mutually intelligible, each island community has a distinct dialect. Nanumea, Nanumaga, and Niutao form a loose subgroup, while the inhabitants of the four Southern islands speak closely related dialects. Tuvaluan is historically related to Polynesian Outlier languages in Melanesia, and is a more distant relative of Samoan and Tokelauan. Many Tuvaluans are competent in Samoan, which functioned as the language of church and (to a lesser extent) government until recently, as well as Gilbertese, the dominant language of the colony for seven decades. Samoan in particular has exerted considerable influence on the structure of Tuvaluan. Since the mid-1970s, Samoan and Gilbertese have declined in importance and English has become the prestige language and the medium of communication with the outside world. Symbolism. While the symbols that relate persons to their home island are numerous, long-standing, and diffuse, those connecting persons to the nation-state are fewer, more recent, less well established, and comparatively self-conscious. National identity is symbolized by a flag, a national anthem, a seal, and an Independence Day celebrated every year. The flag, devised for independence, represents each of the nine islands with a gold star. It also sports the Union Jack in the upper-left-hand corner, symbolic of membership in the Commonwealth, and a reminder of the British colonial presence. This design has been contested, however: it was modified in 1995, entirely replaced in 1996, but restored in 1997. These changes followed partisan politics, heavily influenced in turn by kinship and island affiliations. The only medium of popular communication for promoting national integration is the radio station, which broadcasts (highly sanitized) information and entertainment for several hours a day. Print media are confined to an intermittent government news sheet and an even more intermittent church newsletter. Both are difficult to obtain and consequently not widely read. There is no broadcast television technology in the country though videos are popular and have replaced film screenings as a mode of entertainment. The educational system exerts conflicting pressures on national identity. There are only two secondary schools for the entire group, but entry is competitive. Any nation-building that results is, as elsewhere in the Pacific, concentrated in the emergent elite. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. Tuvalu was probably settled as part of the backwash by which the Polynesian Outliers in Melanesia and Micronesia were populated after the main eastward historical wave of Polynesian migration. Lack of archaeological investigation makes original settlement dates difficult to establish. Ethno-historical evidence suggests that the islands maintained sporadic contacts with one another, as well as with invaders and other visitors, principally from Samoa , Tonga, and Kiribati. First contact with the world outside of the Pacific probably occurred in 1568, when Spanish explorer Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira sighted Nui. Sustained contact did not take place until the early nineteenth century. From 1865 to the mid-1870s, Samoan missionaries from the London Missionary Society (LMS) established Christian churches on each island, and from 1892 to 1975 Britain administered the group jointly with the Gilbert Islands, first as a protectorate and after 1916 as a colony. While the Congregationalist ethos and limited resources of the LMS left each island largely to its own devices, British administration fostered a sense of commonality among the inhabitants of the group, encouraged by and in contrast to the often absent colonial officers, but also in contrast to the Gilbertese. The founding of a boys' secondary school on Vaitupu in 1922 brought together children from around the group. The use of three atolls as bases for U.S. forces during World War II also brought islanders into contact both with one another and with Americans (enabling them to place British authority into perspective). As Great Britain moved to divest itself of its Pacific possessions, Ellice Islanders decided against remaining tied to the more populous Gilbertese, who were judged to be culturally different and inferior. Britain reluctantly allowed the Ellice Islanders to secede in 1975. The newly renamed Tuvalu became independent in 1978 and its neighbor, renamed Kiribati, in 1979. Ethnic Relations. Small numbers of migrants from other Pacific islands (particularly Kiribati) reside in Tuvalu, often through marriage, and their integration is mostly unproblematic. The only significant pattern of group identification revolves around a person's island of origin, which is reckoned according to one's kinship affiliations. When numbers permit, Tuvaluans use island of origin as an organizational principle for such purposes as exchange and celebrations, but it is not an ethnic marker as such. Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space Before Christianity , island communities probably consisted of dispersed hamlets. Under missionary influence, each island population became concentrated in one or two villages, spatially and socially divided into two or four "sides" (feituu ). Membership in these is largely symbolic but serves as a way of organizing gift exchanges, games, fund-raising, and some fishing and communal projects. In the neutral village center are located the church building, the maneapa or meetinghouse, and the village green (malae ). Government buildings (e.g., island office, school, first-aid station, rest house) are generally built on the outskirts. Until the 1970s, houses throughout the group were open rectangular structures supported by pandanus posts and roofed with pandanus thatch. Meeting houses were similar in design but larger, while churches and government buildings were and are built with imported materials. After a devastating hurricane on Funafuti in 1972, dwellings were rebuilt with imported materials (timber, wood-chip board, cement, and corrugated iron). Other islands gradually followed suit, and by the mid-1980s the only structures made of local material were small peripheral buildings such as cooking huts. The only significant variation from the general pattern is on Funafuti, where space is more fragmented and diversely organized owing to the presence of the national government, the large number of residents from other islands, the greater population, and the airstrip of World War II vintage, which occupies much of the main islet. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. The most important cultivated plant is pulaka (swamp taro), grown in large pits dug into the top layer of a freshwater lens, and valued for its resistance to drought and high salinity. Also of importance to the daily diet are coconut palms (used for the collection of kaleve "toddy" as well as for the nuts), pandanus, bananas, and breadfruit. Fish was traditionally the main source of dietary protein. Today, particularly on Funafuti, imported rice and flour figure prominently in the daily diet, as well as canned and frozen meat. Weakly brewed tea has long been part of daily fare, often in preference to the nutrient-rich coconut toddy. Meals are consumed two or three times a day at home. The few restaurants are all on Funafuti. Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Feasts consist of the daily staples, but in larger quantities, and with the addition of pork and fowl meat (the product of local animal husbandry), and occasional treats such as wild birds and turtle. Basic Economy. The daily activities of the inhabitants of the Outer Islands (all islands other than Funafuti) remain primarily subsistence-oriented. Fishing, agriculture, and animal husbandry occupy most individuals' days, supplemented by craft production for local consumption (e.g., mat weaving, house building and repairing, boat and motor maintenance, tackle making, fishing, and net mending). On Funafuti, these activities have lost their prominence, as many inhabitants, particularly non-Funafuti Islanders, do not have access to land, and fishing grounds are not readily reachable. Many residents are dependent on the salaries of relatives employed by the government and the few other bureaucratic or commercial bodies. Even on the Outer Islands, remittances from relatives employed elsewhere have long served to supplement subsistence through the purchase of store-bought food, fuel, and clothing. Little is produced for sale on the Outer Islands; rather, surplus production is used to sustain networks of exchange between families and individuals. Land Tenure and Property. The original form of tenure may have been communal, as this arrangement still exists and is accorded symbolic priority. From a system in which chiefs probably allocated land rights for use rather than ownership, more complex forms of title have evolved. Land may now be held privately, either by individuals or by groups, although this distinction is blurred by the fact that individuals are always members of groups that wax and wane as the individuals that constitute them are born, reproduce, and die. Commercial Activities. Small cottage-industry ventures emerge from time to time. They target food needs (e.g., baked items, pigs and fowl, salt fish prepared on the Outer Islands for sale on Funafuti) or cater to the tiny tourist and export industry, through the sale of woven fans, shell necklaces, and model canoes. These efforts are marked by high rates of failure and turnover. Major Industries. Large-scale ventures, such as the commercial harvesting of the bountiful marine resources, require capital investments (e.g., for harvesting equipment and storage facilities) and adequate transportation between the islands and to the outside world, both of which are currently unavailable. The group's Exclusive Economic Zone does generate revenue, however, through licenses for Distant Water Fishing Nations. Trade. Trade before Western contact was confined to occasional interisland voyages, which may have been accompanied by exchanges, marriages, and political tribute. Foreign traders became interested in coconut oil and then in copra (dried coconut flesh for the food and cosmetics industries). Copra is still exported but has greatly declined in importance, owing to inefficiencies of scale and fluctuating prices on the world market. Tuvalu's current principal export is its manual labor: since the 1980s, international shipping corporations have employed Tuvaluan seamen, whose remittances make an important contribution to the economy. Division of Labor. Traditionally, there was little full-time specialization, though certain people were acknowledged experts at fishing, navigation, defense, canoe making, house building, and gardening, as well as curing and divination. This division was often formalized into bodies of knowledge jealously guarded by particular descent groups. Traditional chiefs were not necessarily exempt from working at the common range of pursuits, although today high-status individuals (e.g., the pastor, the island president) are expected not to engage in strenuous activities. Younger people, especially men, are expected to take on more physically demanding tasks, while older individuals attend to more sedentary work. Specialization has taken hold mainly in the church and in government. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. On most islands, traditional chiefs (aliki ) headed the major descent groups and sometimes deferred to one or two paramount chiefs. In no case did chieftainship give rise to a caste system. The chiefs seem to have been as much religious leaders as political ones, but they shared religious authority with spirit mediums and diviners. While the latter were suppressed by missionaries, the chiefly system survived. Its power was greatly reduced under missionary and colonial hegemony but has never disappeared and is occasionally revived. Embryonic class formation has appeared on Funafuti, caused by occupational specialization, the increasing importance of cash in the economy, and the fledgling development of business. Obligations to kin, however, continue to have a neutralizing effect on class-generated upward mobility. Symbols of Social Stratification. Traditional chiefly status is said to have been symbolized by certain objects and prerogatives: pearl-shell fishing-lure necklaces, reserved seating against the head post of the meetinghouse, and the right to the head of all turtles caught. Many of these privileges are now bestowed on the village pastor. No clear markers of incipient class differentiation have emerged, other than the mostly subtle material and symbolic correlates of social achievement (e.g., material comforts, self-confidence, fluency in English). Political Life Government. The written constitution established a Westminster-style system. The British monarch is nominally head of state and represented locally by a governor-general, whose role is largely honorific. Each island elects one or two members of a twelve-member parliament (apart from Niulakita residents, who vote for a Niutao delegate). The leader of a parliamentary majority becomes prime minister and selects a cabinet from elected members. Leadership and Political Officials. Achievement of national leadership positions follows quasi-traditional principles. It requires personal charisma, evidence of divine protection (e.g., educational achievement and fluency in English), enough wealth or income to allow generosity, and favorable kinship connections (including large numbers of voting relatives). As in Western parliamentary practice, compromises and informal deals occupy a central role in Tuvaluan politics. Political parties with agendas and policies do not exist at either local or national levels. Political alignment is best understood as loosely structured and potentially unstable factionalism, configured by local-level kinship ties. Politicians receive the same deference as other high-status persons (positive politeness, some avoidance, etc.), although these patterns are highly informal in comparison to larger Polynesian polities, as befits the relatively egalitarian ethos of Tuvaluan society, traditional and modern. Social Problems and Control. A small police force maintains order on each island, where magistrate courts regularly sit to deal with drunken and disorderly conduct, breaking and entering, unpaid debts, and failure to keep pigs confined. More serious crimes, such as rape and embezzlement, are sent to the high court on Funafuti. Informal mechanisms such as gossip, shaming, and public admonition are effective. Tuvaluans place high value on the maintenance of harmonious interpersonal relations, and have long taken pride in presenting themselves as a peaceful and law-abiding society. This image began to come into question in the late twentieth century with rising crime rates, particularly in the capital, said to stem from increasing contact with the outside world, the greater availability of liquor, the decreasing power of traditional forms of social control, and the presence of returned seamen. Social Welfare and Change Programs Kinship groups and island communities continue to take primary responsibility for welfare and social services. Tuvalu has a strong tradition of volunteerism, whereby persons and families present food, services, and money to the community on occasions such as a child's educational achievement or a wedding. Feeding the entire island is also a common way of asking for communal forgiveness for a transgression (e.g., causing a serious fight). Competitive fund-raising and other forms of resource pooling occur frequently. The product of these efforts may be destined for a third party, such as a neighboring island in need or the island's pastor, or may be redistributed among the members of the group. Individuals, groups, and communities can gain considerable prestige from generous contributions to such efforts. Conversely, the system can place less fortunate individuals under substantial strain. Nongovernmental Organizations and Other Associations Many types of organizations form and reform around specific identities and purposes: women's groups, dancing groups, religious groups, "development" groups. Their purpose is often to raise funds or pool resources. Some, such as village sides and choir groups, are more enduring than others. Individuals may belong to many different groups simultaneously or consecutively, and may thus negotiate their allegiances strategically. While most groups are confined to particular island communities, some are part of national organizations with links to international bodies (e.g., the Tuvalu Christian Church and the Tuvalu Red Cross Society). A few international organizations, such as the Save the Children Federation and overseas volunteer agencies, have played a notable role in development. Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender. There was and is a general gender-based division of labor, more marked in ideology than in practice. Men engage in open sea and lagoon fishing from canoes as well as the gathering of coconuts and palm toddy and the more strenuous forms of cultivation. Women share the activity of reef fishing and collecting and take responsibility for weaving and infant care, as well as for harvesting some crops and preparing food. This division is less ideologically clear-cut in modern occupational fields, although in practice women are overrepresented in menial positions while men overwhelmingly control key positions in the labor market. The Relative Status of Women and Men. In daily life, there is relative gender equality. The coercion of women by men is strongly condemned, although forms of it (e.g., domestic violence) do occur. Women's lack of power becomes evident in formal contexts. They are seriously underrepresented in local structures of authority and power (despite the occasional appointment of a female chief), as well as in the higher ranks of government, civil service, and the church. Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. The choice of a marriage partner is today dictated by a mixture of kinship alliance and personal choice. Island communities differ in terms of their preference for endogamy (marriage within one's group) and exogamy (marriage outside one's group) but marriage between "avoidance" relatives (up to third cousins) is always strictly prohibited. Marriage is one of the most important rites of passage in Tuvaluan society, since it legitimizes children and establishes new kinship links in relation to land rights and the flow of resources. Very few people fail to marry. Polygyny (having more than one wife) was suppressed by missionization, and present-day attitudes concerning marriage, sexuality, and family obligation are strongly influenced by Christianity. Divorce and remarriage, rare until recently, are on the increase. Domestic Unit. Marriage establishes a nuclear family that usually lives with the husband's parents (though sometimes with the bride's parents until after the first child is born). Households of one or more such families are generally headed by the most senior man or (sometimes) woman. Household composition can vary greatly over time and space, and may include distant relatives on long-term visits. Children are often redistributed among related families by different levels of adoption, allowing grandparents or childless siblings to maintain multigenerational domestic units. Inheritance. Descent has an agnatic (male) bias, as shown in property inheritance. Thus, while the apex of a descent group is typically a founding set of siblings, and the estates that accrued to them could be inherited by males and females alike, eldest sons inherited most. Kin Groups. Kinship is cognatic, with important links being traced through both parents in the construction of ego-centered kindreds. Extended families do not necessarily live contiguously. They continue to function as significant units as long as they share ownership of particular plots of land, from which they "eat together" (kai tasi ), a condition that encourages the sharing of other resources (e.g., fish, money). When such arrangements are weakened because of genealogical distance or a breakdown in interpersonal relations, the various branches agree on a division of the property held in common and gradually cease to share other resources. Socialization Infant Care. Mothers are infants' primary care-givers, but a wide range of kin may be mobilized if necessary. Infants are generally showered with attention and affection; but they are also socialized to be attentive to surroundings, as in being held facing the center of interactional groups, and adaptive, as in being expected to go to sleep in the middle of well-lit, crowded, and noisy households. Child Rearing and Education. Children, especially girls, are involved in the rearing of younger siblings, who are expected to stop depending on the attention of mothers early. Physical punishment is used but it is rarely severe, with amicable relations restored almost immediately. Shaming and peer pressure generally prove more potent sanctions, and the peer group tends to play an important role in socialization. Education is highly valued, although most nonelite households do not provide children the space and time to study. Competence in English, a requirement for advancement in the educational system, is a major stumbling block for many children who have few opportunities to practice the language, particularly on the Outer Islands. Higher Education. Students who graduate from secondary school may attend tertiary institutions overseas (in Fiji, New Zealand, or Australia ), usually with the financial assistance of donor countries. Few Tuvaluans have obtained tertiary qualifications, and those that have are guaranteed employment in the national bureaucracy. Etiquette Across all contexts, everyday interactions between most people emphasize convivial informality, positive politeness, and indirection. Importance is given to being attentive to the presence and needs of others, and on maintaining a jovial demeanor. Children are expected not to impinge on the social space of adult strangers, particularly those of high status. Lower status persons should not cross directly in front of higher status persons, stand above them, or touch their head. Within the family, the most constrained type of interaction is between cross-sex first, second, and sometimes third cousins, who were traditionally expected to avoid each other's presence completely. Today, such pairs must avoid talking to one another beyond the absolutely necessary and should strive to orient themselves away from one another. Joking and speaking about bodies and bodily functions in the presence of such cousins is considered a serious faux pas. More relaxed patterns of avoidance characterize interactions between in-laws. At the same time, avoidance can contextually become the subject of jokes. Interactions between fathers and sons tend to be distant and undemonstrative, while interactions between grandparent and grandchild, between adoptive parent and adoptive child, and between mother's brother and sister's child, are generally warm and affectionate. Religion Religious Beliefs. Tuvalu is solidly Protestant with a Congregationalist flavor. Other sects and religions have few adherents. While some syncretic pre-Christian beliefs in magic and sorcery remain, the Christian deity is universally acknowledged, with the Tuvalu Christian Church giving equal prominence to Jesus. Religious Practitioners. For several decades after missionization, the (mainly Samoan) pastors of the London Missionary Society wielded great power. The role of pastor became a prestigious career choice for Tuvaluan males as well, a number of whom were appointed to other parts of the Pacific. Locally, deacons (men and women) and lay preachers (men only) play important parts in religious affairs. Rituals and Holy Places. Church buildings are important holy places on each island, and are among the most impressive structures in terms of size, cost, and design. Tuvaluans celebrate the regular Christian holidays and days of worship. Religious celebrations are often protracted; Christmas festivities, for example, can last several weeks and mobilize abundant resources. Death and Afterlife. Christian ideology proclaims the existence of Heaven and Hell as the destinations of souls. Alternative views, if they exist, are not officially condoned, though the spirits of the dead are believed to have the power of action under certain circumstances (lack of filial piety, bad relations between kin, etc.). Medicine and Health Care Western medicine is practiced by trained doctors and nurses, but is not equally reliable or available on every island. Local curing practices are a syncretic combination of traditional, Christian, and scientific ideas: massage, herbal and other medicines, special foods or food prohibitions, faith healing, divination and magic, and prayer. Secular Celebrations Each island community celebrates events such as the return of land from traders or the repayment of a communal debt. The only salient government-related national celebration is Independence Day (1 October), celebrated on Funafuti with a state ceremony, the raising of the flag, and a parade of policemen and schoolchildren; and on the Outer Islands with scaled-down versions of these. Independence Day and all other celebrations are marked by several days of feasting, dancing, and games in the meetinghouse. Other nationally celebrated events not associated with nationhood include International Women's Day, Children's Day, and United Nations Day. The Arts and Humanities Literature. Despite the very high rate of literacy, there is no tradition of written literature. Graphic Arts. The only production of graphic artistry is the decoration of mats, dancing skirts, and fans with dyed fibers. Performance Arts. The major artistic traditions are performance-oriented. Action songs known as faatele reign supreme. Seated vocalists sing the repeated verses of a song faster and faster until they reach a climax and stop abruptly, while standing dancers act out the lyrics. Faatele may involve competition between different sides, be an adjunct to other festivities, or be an end in themselves, and may be composed and choreographed by anyone with the inspiration to do so. Tuvaluans also enjoy other kinds of musical activity, including hymn singing, Western-style dancing, and pop music. The verbal arts are confined to oratorical performances, which are the exclusive domain of older men. The State of the Physical and Social Sciences No significant local endeavors in this area have taken place. Bibliography Besnier, Niko. "The Demise of the Man Who Would Be King: Sorcery and Ambition on Nukulaelae Atoll." Journal of Anthropological Research 49: 185–215, 1993. ——. "Christianity, Authority, and Personhood: Sermonic Discourse on Nukulaelae Atoll." Journal of the Polynesian Society 103: 339–378, 1994. ——. Literacy, Emotion, and Authority: Reading and Writing on a Polynesian Atoll, 1995. ——. "Authority and Egalitarianism: Discourses of Leadership on Nukulaelae Atoll." In Richard Feinberg and Karen A. Watson-Gegeo, eds., Leadership and Change in the Western Pacific: Essays Presented to Sir Raymond Firth on the Occasion of His 90th Birthday, 1996. ——. Tuvaluan: A Polynesian Language of the Central Pacific, 2000. Brady, Ivan A. "Land Tenure in the Ellice Islands: A Changing Profile." In Henry P. Lundsgaarde, ed., Land Tenure in Oceania, 1974. ——. "Christians, Pagans, and Government Men: Culture Change in the Ellice Islands." In Ivan Brady and Barry Isaac, eds., A Reader in Culture Change, vol. 2, 1975. ——. "Socio-Economic Mobility: Adoption and Land Tenure in the Ellice Islands." In Ivan A. Brady, ed., Transactions in Kinship: Adoption and Fosterage in Oceania, 1976. Chambers, Anne. Nanumea, 1984. ——, and Keith Chambers. "Illness and Healing in Nanumea, Tuvalu." In Claire D. F. Parsons, ed., Healing Practices in the South Pacific, 1985. Goldsmith, Michael. "Transformations of the Meeting-House in Tuvalu." In Antony Hooper and Judith Huntsman, eds., Transformations of Polynesian Culture, 1985. ——, and Doug Munro. "Conversion and Church Formation in Tuvalu." Journal of Pacific History 27: 44–54, 1992. Kennedy, D. G. Field Notes on the Culture of Vaitupu, 1931. Laracy, Hugh, ed. Tuvalu: A History, 1983. Munro, Doug. "Migration and the Shift to Dependence in Tuvalu: A Historical Perspective." In John Connell, ed., Migration and Development in the South Pacific, 1990. ——, and Teloma Munro. "The Rise and Fall of the Vaitupu Company: An Episode in the Commercial History of Tuvalu." Journal of Pacific History 20: 174–190, 1985. Noricks, Jay Smith. "Unrestricted Cognatic Descent and Corporateness on Niutao, a Polynesian Island of Tuvalu." American Ethnologist 10: 571–584, 1983. —Michael Goldsmith and Niko Besnier Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA	i don't know
From which film, for which Chaplin wrote the music, did Petula Clark have a number one with 'This Is My Song'?	Charlie Chaplin Discography at Discogs Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin, Jr. Profile: Born April 16th, 1889, in London – died December 25th, 1977, in Vevey (Switzerland). Chaplin was a British comedy actor, and one of the most important personalities in the silent film genre. One of his most famous movies is "The Great Dictator", a satiric movie about Hitler and the Nazi regime. Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films. Chaplin developed a passion for music as a child, and taught himself to play the piano, violin, and cello. From "A Woman of Paris" (1923) onwards he took an increasing interest in the musical accompaniment to his films. With the advent of sound technology, Chaplin began using a synchronised orchestral soundtrack – composed by himself – for "City Lights" (1931). He thereafter composed the scores for all of his films, and from the late 1950's to his death, he scored all of his silent features and some of his short films. Though Chaplin was not a trained musician & he could not read sheet music, and he needed the help of professional composers such as David Raksin, Raymond Rasch & Eric James when creating his scores, his participation & creative genius in the process could not be denied. Chaplin's composition "Smile", composed originally for "Modern Times" (1936) and later set to lyrics by John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons, was a hit for Nat King Cole in 1954. For "Limelight", Chaplin composed "Terry's Theme", which was popularized by Jimmy Young as "Eternally" (1952). Finally, "This Is My Song", performed by Petula Clark for "A Countess from Hong Kong" (1967), reached number one on the UK and other European charts. Chaplin also received his only competitive Oscar for his composition work, as the Limelight theme won an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1973 following the film's re-release. As a filmmaker, Chaplin is considered a pioneer and one of the most influential figures of the early twentieth century. In 1975 he was knighted as a Knight Commander of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II. Sites:	A Countess from Hong Kong
Which river rises on the Tibetan Plateau, flows northwest and then south and southwest to enter the Arabian Gulf in the Seven Rivers area south of Karachi?	Charlie Chaplin Movies on iTunes Open iTunes to buy and download movies Biography b. Charles Spencer Chaplin, 16 April 1889, Walworth, London, England, d. 25 December 1977, Vevey, Switzerland. One of the most important and influential filmmakers of all time, music was only a small part of Chaplin’s achievements. Owing to his silent films, by the time that sound came in Chaplin was a legend and loved by millions. Although he chose to make City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) as silent films, he did have music on the soundtracks, writing the scores himself. Eventually bowing to the concept of talkies, he continued to compose scores for the few remaining films he made: The Great Dictator (1940), Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), from which also came the song, ‘Smile’ (with John Turner and Geoffrey Brooks), A King In New York (1957), and A Countess From Hong Kong (1967), from which came ‘This Is My Song’, with Pierre Delanoë, a number 1 hit in the UK for Petula Clark. Another of his songs is ‘Eternally’. Informed accounts of Chaplin’s working methods draw attention to the fact that for all his manifold skills, he could neither read nor write music. Reportedly, he would whistle or hum snatches of melody to others who would then write and develop these themes into the finished work. For example, David Raksin was employed in this capacity on Modern Times, although they argued heatedly over the project. An album of the Modern Times score was recorded by an orchestra conducted by Alfred Newman for United Artists Records; that for A Countess From Hong Kong with orchestra conducted by Lambert Williamson was made for Decca Records. Chaplin was awarded a special Oscar for his multiple off-camera roles on The Circus (1928), an Oscar for the music for Limelight, awarded in 1972 the year in which the film was belatedly eligible following its first screening in Los Angeles, and in that same year he received another special Oscar for his overall contribution to film. In 1975, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. His half-brother, Syd Chaplin, appeared in some films and was Chaplin’s business manager. His son, Sydney Chaplin, named after his uncle, has appeared in films and on Broadway. Film actress Geraldine Chaplin is Chaplin’s daughter and made her debut in Limelight. Top Movies	i don't know
In which Dickens novel does 'Eugene Wrayburn' marry 'Lizzy Hexam'?	Counting Down Charles Dickens' Greatest Novels. Number 5: Our Mutual Friend \| TIME.com Follow @TIMECulture When I was living abroad after college, my Aunt Helen, who is the most well-read person I know, used to mail me secondhand copies of her favorite novels. I suspect she thought that the only way she was going to get me to fall in love with Henry James was if his were the sole English-language books in my possession. But once I had done due diligence with The Golden Bowl and The Wings of the Dove, she sent me Our Mutual Friend. I liked the look of it — so pleasing, with its orange Penguin binding and its affable title. I imagined, rather literally, that there’d be a lot of Pickwickian amiability in Our Mutual Friend. I did not imagine it would open with a boat on the Thames at night, a hook trailing through the sludge and snagging on the waterlogged body of a dead man. (READ: Counting Down Dickens’ Greatest Novels. Number 7: The Pickwick Papers ) Our Mutual Friend was Dickens’ last completed novel, serialized in 1864-65. Henry James, who reviewed it for The Nation, hated it. It is “the poorest of Mr. Dickens’ works,” he writes — “poor with the poverty not of momentary embarrassment, but of permanent exhaustion.” James was right about one thing: Dickens was exhausted. He was suffering from poor health when he began the novel, then he endured a traumatic railway accident in June 1865, and five years later he died of a stroke, at age 58. But Mr. James, if you think this is Dickens’ poorest novel, then I have a paperback called Barnaby Rudge to sell you. Our Mutual Friend has one major flaw, for which I can’t quite forgive it. (More on that later.) But it also has some of Dickens’ strangest, most haunting characters. It groups these characters in some of his strangest, most haunting constellations. And it is a marvel of psychological interrogation tempered by structural discipline. As far as it reaches into the dark recesses of human experience, it always circles back to the river, and the bodies that are fished from its depths. The older Dickens grew, the fonder he got of overarching metaphors, so make what poetic assumptions you will of the fact that John Harmon, the rich man at the heart of Our Mutual Friend’s inheritance plot, made his fortune as a dust contractor. (Think of it as the Victorian version of waste management.) When to dust Mr. Harmon returns, his will reveals that he has left his money to his estranged son, also named John, but only on condition that this son marry a girl the father has chosen. She is Bella Wilfer, the pretty, spirited, slightly petulant daughter of a humble clerk. But whether young John Harmon would have consented to marry her is a mystery, because the body dragged to shore by Gaffer Hexam and his daughter Lizzie in the novel’s macabre opening scene is identified as his. The exposition above is delivered not by an omniscient narrator but as gossip. The denizens of high society are very interested in the fate of John Harmon’s fortune, and led by a glittering nouveau-riche couple called the Veneerings, they question Harmon’s solicitor, Mortimer Lightwood, at the first of a seemingly perpetual sequence of banquets and drawing-room gatherings. This device runs through the book, allowing the John Harmon plot to perform double duty. For the reader, it is the main, twisting thrust of the narrative, and its characters are the heart of the story. For the Veneerings it is a running soap opera, peopled by two-dimensional players of salacious interest: the boatman and his beautiful daughter, bereft Bella and the “golden dustman” Mr. Boffin, the elder John Harmon’s humble servant, who inherits in place of the son and scales the social ladder by virtue of his windfall. Mortimer and his friend and fellow solicitor, the moody Eugene Wrayburn, travel between the two worlds; they are called from the Veneerings’ home to view John Harmon’s drowned body in the morgue, which begins a connection to river society that alters their lives. You don’t have to guess whether Dickens prefers the air at the high altitude of the Veneerings or at sea level. He is in great sardonic form describing the newly rich: In the Veneering establishment, from the hall-chairs with the new coat of arms, to the grand pianoforte with the new action, and upstairs again to the new fire-escape, all things were in a state of high varnish and polish. And what was observable in the furniture, was observable in the Veneerings — the surface smelt a little too much of the workshop and was a trifle stickey. Dickens doesn’t mind wealthy people in principle — he needs a few kindly philanthropists around, to adopt stray orphans and such. He minds wealthy people behaving badly, assuming airs and authority they haven’t earned either through good works or strong moral fiber. One of his dark triumphs in Our Mutual Friend is the awful couple the Lammles, who begin the book as newlyweds, a match made by the Veneerings. It turns out, though, that the Veneerings deceived themselves and both parties as to the other’s wealth — Mr. Lammle is not a man of property; Mrs. Lammle does not possess a fortune — and so the pair spend the rest of the novel leeching money from their social peers, all the while hiding their debts and despising each other for their mutual fraud. (READ: Counting Down Dickens’ Greatest Novels. Number 10: Oliver Twist ) Now, for that flaw. I am hampered by the irrational desire not to spoil a novel that’s been around for nearly 150 years, so I’ll be vague. The goodhearted Boffins embrace the disappointed Bella and take her in as a ward, making a pet of her, outfitting her with the best their money can buy and hoping to help her make a prosperous, happy marriage. But in the course of events, it becomes clear that Bella is being tricked — and tested — on several counts that affect her choices significantly. This is arguably done for her own good. But I like Bella, and it galls me that she is expected not only to endure this hoop-jumping but to be thankful for it. Perhaps more to the point, it galls me that on some of these counts the reader too is kept in the dark — and that once the deception is revealed, it seems implausible and out of character. Writers routinely withhold information, but in Our Mutual Friend Dickens walks the fine line between withholding from his readers and manipulating them. I’d prefer it if the Lammles were the novel’s only conspirators. And yet. I can’t stop thinking about those bodies in the river. Count them at the novel’s end — the ones who drown and the ones who survive — and you’ll see what a feat Dickens has performed, how intricately he has plotted (in both senses, writing and scheming) his resolution. Consider the fascinating Lizzie Hexam, how she unwittingly draws two men into violent passion and rivalry; consider the friendship of Mortimer Lightwood and Eugene Wrayburn and all that goes unspoken between them. They are among Dickens’ greatest creations. They are the reason that for many people, Aunt Helen included, Our Mutual Friend is not no. 5 but no. 1. And I totally see their point. There is a terrific BBC production of Our Mutual Friend (it ran on Masterpiece in 2000), for those who want to see for themselves. As for Henry James, The Golden Bowl has become one of my favorite novels. I just wanted to mention it, so you wouldn’t think I held a grudge. Come back tomorrow for our look at Charles Dickens’ fourth best novel.	Our Mutual Friend
Who wrote the 'Roxy Music' number one hit 'Jealous Guy'?	Project MUSE - Dickens, Natural History, and Our Mutual Friend Dickens, Natural History, and Our Mutual Friend Sally Ledger Abstract The paper argues that, well aware of the developments in contemporary science, including biology and political economy, Dickens believed in the significance of the scientific paradigm shifts for ordinary human life. Dickens's early fiction constituted, among other things, a passionate critique of para-Malthusian political economy. This critique is resumed in Our Mutual Friend, yet with the new awareness of the shift of dominant paradigms from political economy to Darwinist biological thinking. Whereas the legislature that grew out of political economy could be challenged and modified, Darwin's account of natural selection, a biological theory that had permanent ontological ramifications, had a claim to the stability of a natural law which disabled beliefs in Providential design. Darwin's work, however, did not deny the potential of benevolent sympathetic human agency. Dickens's novel pits such agency against the blind forces of the struggle for survival, even while subverting the confidence in overall ethical design trailed in by the residual elements of the traditional melodrama. The end of the first book of Our Mutual Friend discovers Silas Wegg, a one-legged seller of ballads, hopping around Boffin's Bower "like some extinct bird" (211). Raised from his lowly social position by becoming Mr. Boffin's "literary man," Wegg repays his kindly master by assessing what he might be able to thieve from Boffin's room and that this might further aid him in his ascent up the social scale. He is, though, like the Dodo and other extinct birds, ultimately unsuccessful in the fierce struggle for survival anatomized in Dickens's final completed novel. Sir Richard Owen, eminent anatomist and a leading figure in the scientific establishment throughout Dickens's career, took a particular interest in "extinct birds"; the megalasaurus that walks up Holborn Hill at the start of Bleak House was central to his theorizing as "the highest form of reptile, with real affinities" to mammals (see Levine). Dickens's fiction is stuffed full of references to animals, but in his later work, and in particular in Our Mutual Friend, such references need to be understood in relation to early and mid-nineteenth-century natural history. Gaffer Hexam, we are told, is "half savage" with his "wilderness of beard and whisker"; he is a "bird of prey," or, as Rogue Riderhood puts it, "like the wulturs" (14). When Riderhood visits Wrayburn and Lightwood in an attempt to implicate Gaffer Hexam in the Harmon murder, Wrayburn dismisses him in consecutive sentences as "vermin" and "a water rat" (172). The people who make their livings along the shoreline, a "knot of those amphibious human-creatures who appear to have some mysterious power of extracting a subsistence out of tidal water by looking at it" (80), merge with the primeval "slime and ooze" (13) of the Thames with which Our Mutual Friend begins; their world is in tension with the modern world of commerce on which the river and its workers, and London itself, depended in mid-Victorian Britain. [End Page 363] A vocabulary belonging to nineteenth-century natural history is identifiable in the descriptions of the dust-mounds at the center of the novel's plot and its themes: the dust-heaps are analogous to a geological formation, presenting in the form of detritus a micro-history of the society of which they are a product. Harmon's dust heaps are, we are told, "like an old volcano, and its geological formation [is] Dust. Coal dust, vegetable dust, bonedust, crockery dust . . . all manner of Dust" (24). At least four models of nineteenth-century natural history are embedded in the texture of Our Mutual Friend, a novel which bears traces of the work of Richard Owen, Charles Lyell, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and, perhaps most emphatically, Charles Darwin. Dickens was good friends with the anatomist and providentialist Richard Owen, and he owned and was familiar with Lyell's Principles of Geology in which he would also have encountered Lamarck's theory of evolution, which Lyell explained and attacked. Whilst Dickens's library included a copy of the On the Origin of Species, there is no evidence to suggest that he ever met or corresponded with Darwin. But, as George Levine has remarked, that "they both participated in the intellectual life of England [right] through the early and middle years of the nineteenth century" is "no little thing" (250). Gillian Beer has argued that 'On the Origin of Species seems to owe a good deal to the example of one of Darwin's most frequently read authors, Charles Dickens" (5), and we know that Darwin uses a description of a snarling mob in Oliver Twist when arguing that human expressions derive from basic animal behavior (1965: 240; see Levine 251 ). Household Words and All the Year Round published many articles on science, including an even-handed if ultimately skeptical "Review of The Origin of Species" in July 1860 that carefully describes its theory of evolution. In the month preceding the All the Year Round review, an essay called "Species" had quoted Darwin at length (although without mentioning him), as though in the voice of the author (see Levine 260 ). As Levine puts it, "These [articles], often surprisingly sophisticated in exposition, despite their popular audience, demonstrate that Dickens was both aware of what was happening in the world of science and convinced that the new developments had real significance for ordinary life" (256). It is this significance that I want to trace in this paper, specifically in relation to Our Mutual Friend. I shall focus, first, on the political influence of social Darwinism on Our Mutual Friend and its relationship to Malthusian political economy; and, second, on the ontological impact on the novel of the Origin's implied rejection of Providentialism and of natural theology. [End Page 364] The two-way traffic between the "two cultures" of literature and science in the nineteenth century has been a recurrent theme of late twentieth-and twenty-first-century critical scholarship, and the general drift of this body of work has been to assimilate Darwin's theory of evolution into the wider social, political, and literary culture of nineteenth-century Britain. While I am much in sympathy with such work — for example, by Robert Young, Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Gillian Beer and others — and am influenced by it, I would also claim that Darwin's theory of evolution involved an ontological shift that cannot very simply be reduced to cultural politics. More than one critic has regarded Dickens's Our Mutual Friend as "the last of a series of . . . attacks on mid-Victorian political economy" ( Fulweiler 51 ). Dickens's fierce critique of a Malthusian-inflected political economy found its first expression in Oliver Twist, and subsequently in his Christmas Books from the early 1840s, most particularly in A Christmas Carol and The Chimes. A large number of historians of science have mapped Malthus's essay on population onto Darwin's account of the "struggle for existence," Darwin himself having cited it as an important influence (see Young 1969 , 1972 ; Herbert 1971 ). Darwin had read Malthus in the late 1830s, and his brother was very closely connected with that most Malthusian of political economists, Harriet Martineau (see Desmond and Moore 275-76 ). Stephen Jay Gould has similarly identified late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century economic theory as an influence on Darwin's theory of evolution, describing it as "the economy of Adam Smith transferred to nature" (12). Malthus's essay argued that exponential population growth would inevitably result in a scarcity of resources and, in turn, a series of "positive" checks on population growth. The emphasis of later editions of Malthus's essay was on moral (i.e. sexual) restraint amongst the poor (see Benton). Dickens's riposte to Malthus was to support early marriage amongst the poor and to assert the right of the poor to eat and be nourished. In a somber moment in Oliver Twist, Dickens reflects bitterly on the competition for food and sustenance of various kinds that preoccupied Malthus and his followers. Mrs. Sowerberry, the wife of the undertaker to whom Oliver is apprenticed, feeds Oliver with scraps of food that had been set aside for her dog. Dickens's response to Oliver's meager repast is to assault the philosophical scions of nineteenth-century political economy: I wish some well-fed philosopher, whose meat and drink turn to gall within him, whose blood is ice, and whose heart is iron, could have seen Oliver Twist clutching at the dainty viands that the dog had neglected, and [End Page 365] witnessed the horrible avidity with which he tore the bits asunder with all the ferocity of famine; there is only one thing I should like better; and that would be to see him making the same sort of meal himself, with the same relish. (1954: 44) In a more comic moment in Our Mutual Friend, Nicodemus Boffin and Silas Wegg — the former in the guise of an avaricious miser — are described as two dogs fighting over the wealth that is hidden in the dustmounds in the form of human and animal waste: "Mr. Boffin eyed him as a dog might eye another dog who wanted his bone; and actually retorted with a low growl" (483). The bonds of human sympathy, benevolence, and gratitude identified by eighteenth-century moral philosophers and warmly embraced by Dickens in his earlier works are, in Wegg's relationship to Mr. Boffin, broken asunder; in this respect their relationship bears a synechdochal relationship to the wider social and moral vision of the novel. Dickens's assault on Malthusian political economy in his earlier works echoes down the years in Our Mutual Friend in his account, in the figure of Betty Higden, of the workings of the to him infamous New Poor Law of 1834. When he wrote Oliver Twist between 1837 and 1839, and The Chimes in 1844, the gradual, piecemeal implementation of the New Poor Law had initiated a flood of anti-poor law literature, which Oliver Twist both influenced and was shaped by. In the 1860s the New Poor Law had a renewed topicality in that plans had been mooted to remove responsibility for poor relief from individual parishes to a central fund, a shift in responsibility that would benefit poorer parishes and put a greater financial burden on richer ones than they had hitherto borne. Mr. Podsnap, in Our Mutual Friend, is naturally against such a transfer of responsibility. The dog-eat-dog mentality that the novel at once abhors and exhaustively anatomizes means that even the smallest redistribution of wealth is anathema to the novel's most powerful money-maker: "it was their own fault" is Podsnap's refrain, redolent of the character test on which the old poor laws had been based. Podsnap lapses too into offensive shibboleths about Providence (143) which he combines with a Malthusian glance at the population of London: "You know what the population of London is, I suppose," said Mr. Podsnap. The meek man supposed that he did, but supposed that had absolutely nothing to do with it, if its laws were well administered. "And you know; at least I hope you know;" said Mr. Podsnap, with severity, "that Providence has declared that you shall have the poor always with you?" The meek man also hoped he knew that. (144) [End Page 366] Yet if Dickens is revisiting a familiar theme in his attack on the new poor law in Our Mutual Friend, there is a crucial difference in the way that it is framed in this novel. Whereas Dickens's initial assault against the New Poor Law in Oliver Twist is aimed at a very specific legal and social wrong that he believed could be remedied, his later invective, in 1864-1865, needs to be understood, firstly, as part of a wider social-Darwinian account of the struggle for existence, and, secondly, in terms of the ontological shift effected by Darwin which, in the end, removed the possibility of Providential design. Peter Brooks has argued — and it is a powerful and influential argument — that the ascendancy of melodrama in nineteenth-century culture was dependent on its ability to provide moral certainty in a post-sacred universe. Melodrama is, according to Brooks, a "drama of morality" which "strives to find, to articulate, to demonstrate, to 'prove' the existence of a moral universe" (20). Already under pressure in Little Dorrit, by the time Dickens came to write Our Mutual Friend, the conventions of melodrama are no longer able — as they were in Oliver Twist — to "prove" the existence of a moral universe (cf. also Gagnier 336-41 ). In Dickens's narrative account of individuals violently seeking their own advancement at the expense of others it is not difficult to see a fictional echo of Darwin's scientific account of the struggle for life. What I want to argue here, though, is that whereas the science of political economy was historically local and rooted in human affairs, Darwin's account of natural selection — notwithstanding its debt to Malthus and its embeddedness in Victorian culture — invokes a seismic ontological shift from political economy to natural science, a shift that is registered in the pages of Our Mutual Friend as in no other work by Dickens. Whilst political economy, and the legislature that grew out of it, could reasonably be challenged and thereafter modified, the same was not true of Darwin's account of natural selection, a biological theory that had permanent ontological ramifications, implying as it did an absence of Providential design and a contiguity between human evolution and the evolution of the lower animals. When Oliver Twist famously demands of the master of the workhouse that he be given a second bowl of gruel, the officials' outrage that the "surplus" orphan boy is demanding more than his allotted share of scarce resources results in him being caned by the Beadle as he washes outside in the stone yard; he is additionally flogged every night in the dining hall "as a public warning and example" (31). Dickens suggests with a dark humor that the famine regime of the workhouse, which effectively [End Page 367] imposes a population check all of its own, could result in the boys eating each other out of sheer desperation: Oliver Twist and his companions suffered the tortures of slow starvation for three months; at last they got so voracious and wild with hunger, that one boy, who was tall for his age, and hadn't been used to that kind of thing (for his father had kept a small cook's shop) hinted darkly to his companions, that unless he had another basin of gruel per diem, he was afraid he should some night eat the boy who slept next to him, who happened to be a weakly youth of a tender age. (29) The gesture here towards the most transgressive mode of consumption known to human kind — cannibalism — is semi-comic; but in Our Mutual Friend, notwithstanding the novel's own comic aspects, the metaphorical eating of other people is presented almost as the norm. The mutual sympathy and charity between the poor is generally a powerful binding force in Dickens's fiction: I am thinking of the elderly lady who helps Oliver along his way en route to London although she can ill afford to, and of the lockman in the same novel who does the same; of Mrs. Chickenstalker in The Chimes who effectively gives away produce from her corner store to those who need it, as do the Plornishes in Little Dorrit; one might think also of the mutual kindnesses of Jenny the Brickmaker's wife and of Jo the crossing sweeper in Bleak House. In the dog-eat-dog social world of Our Mutual Friend, this kind of sympathy, whilst by no means entirely absent, is in shorter supply than hitherto. Thomas Dixon's The Invention of Altruism ( 2008 ) does important work in asserting that Darwin saw not only competition and selfishness but also sympathy and love throughout the natural world. This alternative account of the moral force of the Origin is consonant with the competing moral currents of Our Mutual Friend, whose very title — perhaps, in the end, ironically — implies mutuality and interdependence. The mutual sympathy and love between Jenny Wren, Lizzie Hexam, and old Riah is thrown into sharp relief by the actions of the lockman on the canal (who turns out to be Rogue Riderhood), who pitilessly robs Betty Higden of her last shillings. And the socially-mobile Charley Hexam readily casts off both his sister and his mentor, Bradley Headstone, the instant he senses that they may hinder his social ascent. The Bitzer mentality of Hard Times has multiplied exponentially in Our Mutual Friend, framed as it is by a social-Darwinistic account of the struggle for existence. Even old Riah, the kindly Jewish man often taken as a riposte to Fagin in the earlier novel, could just as readily have turned out to have been a fairy [End Page 368] tale wolf as a fairy godmother — he shares the same instability of identity as Nicodemus Boffin. It is not quite as easy to distinguish "good" characters from "bad" in Our Mutual Friend as it had been in the clearer melodramatic moral universe of Dickens's earlier works of fiction. In Our Mutual Friend a Darwinian vocabulary is frequently deployed to express class distinctions. The half educated Charley Hexam is described as a mixture of "uncompleted savagery and uncompleted civilization": "His voice was hoarse and coarse, and his face was coarse, and his stunted figure was coarse" (28). Interesting here is Dickens's use of the imperfect tense: Charley Hexam's savagery and levels of civilization are respectively "uncompleted" rather than "uncomplete." The suggestion of process is significant, implying as it does the process of socio-biological evolution, a possibility which is dealt a harsh blow in this novel, but a possibility nonetheless. An important distinction between Malthus's and Darwin's respective accounts of the struggle for existence needs to be made at this point. Malthus's essay posited "a natural equilibrium in which change . . . served only to reinforce the existing relationship between the distribution of people and resources'" ( Jones 6 ), suggesting a static, conservative social and economic view. According to Darwin's theory of evolution, by contrast, "population theory promoted evolutionary change rather than inhibited it" (7); Darwin's is a much more mobile, dynamic theory that allows for the possibility of progress. In Our Mutual Friend this possibility is, though, barely admitted, Dickens's view of social mobility in this novel being, arguably, at its most restricted. If Dickens's characterization of Charley Hexam is harsh, harsher still is the account of Bradley Headstone, between whom and his gentlemanly "decent" set of clothes, there is, we are told, a "want of adaptation" (218). Dickens remarks that, by contrast, Headstone fits Rogue Riderhood's rough set of clothes, when dressed as a bargeman, much better: whereas "in his own schoolmaster clothes, he usually looked as if they were the clothes of some other man, he now looked, in the clothes of some other man or men, as if they were his own" (619). Headstone is described as "sullen" regarding his origin — he had started in life as "a pauper lad" (218). "You reproach me with my origin," Headstone complains to Eugene Wrayburn (291) — indeed, unlike Bella Wilfer, who is described as "so adaptable" (314), he is unable to transcend his origin. The to-the-death struggle between Eugene Wrayburn and Bradley Headstone over Lizzie Hexam can be understood in terms of Darwin's theory of sexual selection, with the woman choosing the apparently "fitter" mate, several years before Darwin articulated his theory in The [End Page 369] Descent of Man. 1 Headstone, whose "large lower jaw" (381) and "wild energy" (389) seem atavistic, is unable to prevent his rival, the socially and intellectually superior Eugene Wrayburn, from marrying Lizzie Hexam. Ruth Livesey has argued convincingly that the perplexingly unsympathetic presentation of Bradley Headstone and his ambitions needs to be understood in terms of the class anxieties provoked by debates about the extension of the suffrage in the late 1850s and 1860s in the run up to the Second Reform Bill of 1867, the novel's antagonism towards Headstone representing "the limits of the democratic imaginary" in the novel (22). Whilst politically this seems to me to be spot on, I would also want to argue that the configuration of Headstone as unable to transcend his lowly origins is also associated with the transcendental biology of Richard Owen. Owen's position — at odds with Darwin's — was that there existed among all living creatures an archetype or "ground plan" on which all forms of life are modeled by a divine ordnance (see Bowler 123-24 ). Discrete forms of life, though, are distinguished for Owen by a "divine spark" that animates human life-forms but not other species ( Levine 260 ). Owen's transcendental biology was widely disseminated in Dickens's weekly journals, not least in the essay "Our Nearest Relation" (see Gilchrist) which, in the end, denies a consanguinity between gorilla and man, with the writer demanding of "this apex in the pyramid of brute creation, this near approach to the human form," "what can it do? The great hands have no skill but to clutch and strangle; the complex brain is kindled by no divine spark." 2 This, it seems to me, could be read as an allegory for Bradley Headstone's learnt behavior in Our Mutual Friend: Lauren Goodlad's description of him as "a freak of nurture" (176) seems to me to be exactly right, contained as he is by the novel's own apprehension of the implications of Victorian biological and evolutionary theory. With Headstone dead, and Eugene sufficiently alive technically to be married to Lizzie Hexam, Ruth Livesey has commented interestingly on the inversion of the traditional cross-class love triangle characteristic of earlier Victorian domestic melodrama: the socially mobile lower-class Headstone rather than the seducing aristocratic Wrayburn is cast as the villainous point in the triangle. In social-Darwinistic terms, though, whether Lizzie's union with Wrayburn will be sexually reproductive is a moot point, with Eugene a physically broken man at the novel's close. [End Page 370] As he lies apparently fatally injured, he tells his life-long companion, Mortimer Lightwood, that he loves him; these sound like nothing less than his last dying words, and the scenes of domestic happiness between the two public school boys are generally more convincing than the final heterosexual union between Eugene and Lizzie, as Holly Furneaux's work on Dickens has so amply demonstrated (see also Sedgwick's more violent apprehension of homosexual encounters in the novel, 161-79). Notwithstanding the homosocial bond between Wrayburn and Lightwood, the basic sexual instinct is shown to be as relentless — if altogether less brutal — in Wrayburn as it is in Headstone. Having hunted Lizzie down to the rural paper mill where she has found refuge and work, he says to her, "I can't go away!" And although, when she pleads with him to leave her alone so as not to damage her reputation amongst her new workmates, he looks at her "with a real sentiment of remorseful tenderness and pity." This sentiment "was not strong enough," Dickens tells us, "to impel him to sacrifice himself and spare her" (675). In social-Darwinistic terms the sexual instinct is no respecter of class, but Lizzie's inferior class position leaves her particularly vulnerable to the sexual advances of a social superior. The novel is haunted by the possibility that Lizzie, the girl of the river, could end up dead in the river like so many of London's so-called "fallen women" in the nineteenth century. That she escapes that particular narrative is testament to her adaptability in the novel's social-Darwinistic scheme. Unlike her self-centered brother, Lizzie Hexam inherits nothing from her father other than his rowing skills, which she uses to save Eugene's life. In a novel that centers in an old-fashioned melodramatic manner on an inheritance, and on misplaced and missing wills, the meaning of the inheritance plot shifts towards a somewhat Darwinian grammar. Lizzie is not alone in being retrievable from the low-life of the Thames body-dredging community: whilst Pleasant Riderhood inherits from her recidivist father his swivel eye, she inherits nothing else, and is recuperated at the novel's close into respectable domesticity, as is Lizzie. Although Eugene Wrayburn is, as his name suggests, well-born, he too is arguably ill-adapted to the struggle for survival in modern London, lacking the force and energy associated with normative middle-class masculinity that is needed there: "If there is any word in the dictionary under any letter from A-Z that I abominate, it is energy," he tells Mortimer Lightwood, who is deeply troubled when Wrayburn stirs into action in pursuit of Lizzie (29). Whilst Mortimer Lightwood is recuperated into normative Victorian masculinity by his transformation, at the [End Page 371] novel's close, into a successful solicitor, Wrayburn remains weak, and feminized by his dependency on Lizzie. In terms of power — social, political and economic — the landed aristocracy is anatomized as a spent force in Our Mutual Friend. Throughout his novel-writing as well as in his journalistic career, Dickens frequently held aristocratic government as well as laissez-faire economics accountable for social distress. In the 1850s it was the inbred Coodles, Doodles, Boodles, and Noodles of Bleak House who aimlessly passed power between themselves whilst the country sickened around them; closely allied to them are Little Dorrit's Barnacles and their hangers-on in the Circumlocution Office. Dickens wrote a series of essays in Household Words in the mid-1850s that attacked the inertia of aristocratic government and its parasites, most memorably "A Thousand and One Humbugs," "The Toady Tree," and "Cheap Patriotism." In Our Mutual Friend, though, the old aristocratic classes that had been ridiculed and scorned, but which nonetheless remained powerful in Bleak House and Little Dorrit, are now represented by the inebriated and inappropriately flirtatious old Lady Tippins, and by the abject Twemlow with "his neat little silk stockings of a bygone fashion" (19). In social-Darwinistic terms the aristocracy is a spent force in Dickens's last completed novel. Whilst the well-born Eugene Wrayburn refuses his father's plans for him and marries, as Lady Tippins delicately puts it, "a female waterman turned factory girl" (794), the Boffins play at being aristocrats in their "eminently aristocratic family mansion" (208). The scheming Silas Wegg gets his social capital (or so he thinks) from the imaginary aristocratic family in which he casts himself as a faithful retainer: "Our House," as he calls it. And Jenny Wren repeatedly assaults old-fashioned models of deference (see also Livesey 27 ). If Our Mutual Friend is peculiarly resistant to the social mobility of Bradley Headstone, the hard-working respectable school teacher with whom one might have expected Dickens to sympathize, it nonetheless holds the line on the upper class, which Dickens pre- and post-Darwin characterized as a dogged force against progress. His investment in Eugene Wrayburn — and I would agree with Lauren Goodlad that the novel does have a large investment in this figure — is all the more perplexing: it is as if Dickens is unable entirely to let go of public school "well born" models of masculinity even as he repudiates, here as rarely before, the industrious masculinity of the rising lower middle class. If Dickens leans on a social-Darwinistic vocabulary in his account of the struggle to survive amongst the lower echelons of society, the gradations [End Page 372] of social class and culture in the upper echelons have been somewhat flattened out by the language of the finance markets: traffic in Shares is the one thing to have to do with in this world. Have no antecedents, no established character, no cultivation, no ideas, no manners; have Shares. Have Shares enough to be on Boards of Directors in capital letters, oscillate on mysterious business between London and Paris, and be great. Where does he come from? Shares. Where is he going to? Shares. What are his tastes? Shares. Has he any principles? Shares. What squeezes him into Parliament? Shares. (118) The world of shares, though, could be apprehended as analogous to — if not exactly an allegory for — the novel's representation of the struggle for survival as an amoral dog-eat-dog mentality. And even the poorest of the poor, in Betty Higden's Brentford, mimic the behavior of the stock-market dealers when it becomes apparent that a market in orphans has come into existence. As the Reverend and Mrs. Milvey seek out a suitable orphan for the Boffins to adopt, they discover that the instant it became known that anybody wanted the orphan, up started some affectionate relative of the orphan who put a price upon the orphan's head. The suddenness of an orphan's rise in the market was not to be paralleled by the maddest records of the Stock Exchange. He would be at five thousand per cent discount out at nurse making a mud pie at nine in the morning, and (being inquired for) would go up to five thousand per cent premium before noon. The market was "rigged" in various artful ways. Counterfeit stock got into circulation. Parents boldly represented themselves as dead, and brought their orphans with them. Genuine orphan-stock was surreptitiously withdrawn from the market. (195) Our Mutual Friend was written more than half a decade before the publication of Darwin's 1871 The Descent of Man; and Selection in Relation to Sex, and yet in certain ways it seems to anticipate it. In The Descent of Man Darwin reflected that when writing The Origin he was "not able to annul the influence of [his] former belief, then widely prevalent, that each species had been purposely created; and this led to [his] tacitly assuming that every detail of structure, excepting rudiments, was of some special, though unrecognised, service" (1981: 153). Such a belief in design — in Providential design — is as fundamentally absent in Our Mutual Friend as it was to be in The Descent of Man. The result is a vision of the world in which the amoral "traffic in shares" can become, as Dickens puts it, "the one thing to have to do with." The world of Shares and finance has its parasites in the shape of Lammle, who attempts to live off other people's wealth, and Fledgeby, who [End Page 373] deals in unpaid bills and debts. Darwin was fascinated and repelled by parasites, frequently using them in his evolutionary hypotheses. Travelling in the Andes he wrote of Giant Vinchuca bugs that it was "horribly disgusting" to wake at night and feel them, "an inch long . . . black and soft," crawling over "your person — gorged with your blood" ( Desmond and Moore 164 ). Lammle has "too many large teeth to be visible at once without suggesting a bite" (407), and the more subtly cruel Fledgeby, the fledgling vulture, sucks the life's blood out of those debtors against whom he feels class antagonism and who are at their very weakest. One recalls also the Barnacles in Little Dorrit, with Darwin writing vividly of the barnacles he collected in Chile in 1835 as "ill-formed little monsters" that bored parasitically into the conch shells of mollusks ( Desmond and Moore 339 ). Our Mutual Friend is caught between Mayhew's London full of marginal workers (Mayhew was himself in some senses a natural historian of the metropolis), and a more modern conception of the Victorian city. Mudlarks, a doll's dressmaker, Thames body dredgers, an articulator of bones, a mangler, a lady innkeeper, a would-be middle-class schoolmaster — the jumbled occupations of the old city and the nascent professions jostle in an unequal struggle with the modern juggernaut of "shares" and international finance. In this respect there is a key conversation between Charley and Lizzie Hexam in which the young brother insists that they should look away from the primeval river and towards the "real world" — for him the modern world of the professional ladders that he might climb: "Never look back," he says to the more reluctant Lizzie, who feels the pull of the river and feels constrained by her class origins. "What we have to do," Charley tells his sister, "is, to turn our faces full in our new direction, and keep straight on" (227). Normally on the side of modernity and progress, Dickens is less certain here, given that the narrative of progress is put into the mouth of a self-seeker. George Levine has commented that Dickens was more ambivalent about change than Darwin, and in respect to this novel at least I would have to agree with him (252). For at the heart of Our Mutual Friend is a powerful evocation of Death in the heart of the modern city. Let us now turn to Dickens's anatomy of Death in this his last completed novel, and its relationship to the destruction of transcendental meaning in Darwin's later writing. Our Mutual Friend opens with the dredging of a dead body from the River Thames, a body that is wrongly identified as John Harmon, and which propels the romantic plot of the popular novel that Our Mutual Friend became. Only a few chapters later, [End Page 374] though, the reader is confronted with a really quite extraordinary account of Lizzie Hexam's apprehension of the relationship between the River Thames and Death, a gloomy apprehension that seems overdetermined in relation to the narrative's account of death in the river and the suspicion of her father's guilt: as the tidal swell of the river broke at her feet without her seeing how it gathered, so, her thoughts startled her by rushing out of an unseen void and striking at her heart. . . . And as the great black river with its dreary shores was soon lost to her view in the gloom, so, she stood on the river's brink unable to see into the vast blank misery of a life suspected, and fallen away from by good and bad, but knowing that it lay there dim before her, stretching away to the great Ocean, death. (76-77) Dickens had used the river and the sea as symbols of death many years before, in Dombey and Son; but here they serve not as symbols but as part of the young girl's extraordinary consciousness of the darker recesses of the city, ancient and modern, ahead of her down the river. In a post-Darwinian world, the boundary between life and death became arguably more significant given that the human body may, after all, be nothing more than an animal carcass. The fascination with Mr. Venus's workshop, in which human bodies are re-articulated, can partly be explained by the uncertainty concerning the afterlife, increasing from the mid-century. Our Mutual Friend is full of dead bodies that almost miraculously return to life, the boundary between life and death in this novel generally so much less clear than it had been when Dickens had given his moving accounts of the deaths of Little Dick, Little Nell, and Jo the crossing sweeper in earlier novels. It is only in his narrative of Little Johnny's death in Great Ormond Street hospital, in a chapter called "The Orphan's Will," that readers can hear a distinct echo of a corresponding chapter in Bleak House, "Jo's Will," and feel secure that they are witnessing a traditional deathbed scene. Elsewhere in the novel one can never be sure that a dead person won't spring back to life: Rogue Riderhood, although apparently dead, a "dark carcass," a "flabby lump of mortality" (430) is reanimated by the doctors' efforts; "John Harmon is dead," the man himself reflects; "Should John Harmon come to life?" (366). And as Betty Higden sits dying by a tree, she asks of Lizzie Hexam, "Have I been long dead?" "Am I not dead?" (505). Eugene Wrayburn seems to speak his dying words when he tells Mortimer Lightwood that he loves him; he nonetheless lives to marry Lizzie. Jenny Wren's childhood dream of children in white dresses who take away her pain and sweep her up to them, and make her "light" (238) is in [End Page 375] one sense a traditional, sentimental vision of angels taking a child off to Heaven. But it is complicated by Jenny's almost surreal account, further on in the novel, of what it means to be dead. For Jenny, to be dead, up on the roof of the house that old Riah inhabits courtesy of Pubsey and Co., is to enjoy "the quiet, and the air" (279). To be "alive" is to be in one's "grave" down in the dark of the city streets. Of Riah, Jenny remarks: "I fancied I saw him come out of his grave! He toiled out at that low door so bent and worn, and looked all round him at the sky, and wind blew upon him, and his life down in the dark was over!" (279). When Riah leaves with Fledgeby to go back to the money grinding business, Jenny bizarrely calls out to him, "Come back and be dead, Come back and be dead!" (279). John Harmon also thinks it preferable to be (or to be thought of as) dead: "Dead, I have found the pure friends of my lifetime still as true as tender and as faithful as when I was alive" (367), and one of the more affirmative images of the novel is the prelude to Betty Higden's death as she sits on the ground, gently tended by Lizzie Hexam. In earlier novels by Dickens, death would be an occasion for mass weeping and mourning, as his readers well knew; in Our Mutual Friend the relationship to death is altogether more complex, lacking as it does a firmly Christian teleology. The trope of Death in Our Mutual Friend is associated with this novel's alienated vision of the modern metropolis in which "nobody knows who the Veneerings are, and . . . they know nobody" (248). In a conversation relatively early in the novel Mortimer asks Eugene about his "design" regarding Lizzie Hexam: "My dear fellow," Eugene responds, "I don't design anything. I have no design whatever. I am incapable of designs" (292). The fear is, in the novel, not only that there is no design in the desultory desires of a languid son of the landed gentry or in the irrational amoral world of London's powerful money markets but, more generally, and much more troublingly, that there is no ethical design in the wider post-Darwinian world. In this respect Lizzie Hexam's overde-termined apprehension of death early in the novel can be related to the spiritual death, and, ultimately, to "the horror" as of Joseph Conrad's nihilistic fictional world that Our Mutual Friend anticipates by over thirty years. Whilst Dickens's novel overlays an old-fashioned melodramatic plot, with an attendant clear moral design, onto his bleak spiritual vision of the modern city, by the 1860s his fiction carried more intellectual and ethical freight than the by now rather worn contours of the melodrama could readily sustain. [End Page 376] Sally Ledger Royal Holloway, University of London Works Cited Beer, Gillian. 1983. Darwin's Plots: Evolutionary Narrative in Darwin, George Eliot, and Nineteenth-Century Fiction. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Benton, Ted. 1995. "Science, Ideology, and Culture: Malthus and The Origin of Species." In David Amigoni and Jeff Wallace, eds. Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species: New Interdisciplinary Essays. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 68-94. Bowler, Peter J. 1984. Evolution: The History of an Idea. Berkeley: University of California Press. Brooks, Peter. 1976. The Melodramatic Imagination: Balzac, Henry James, Melodrama, and the Mode of Excess. New Haven: Yale University Press. Darwin, Charles. 1965 [1872]. The Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ———. 1981 [1871]. The Descent of Man; and Selection in Relation to Sex. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Desmond, Adrian J., and James Moore. 1991. Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist. New York: Warner. Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. 1954 [1838]. London: Collins. ———. 1997 [1864-1865]. Our Mutual Friend. Ed. Adrian Poole. London: Penguin. Dixon, Thomas. 2008. The Invention of Altruism: Making Moral Meanings in Victorian Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fulweiler, Howard W. 1994. "'A Dismal Swamp': Darwin, Design, and Evolution in Our Mutual Friend." Nineteenth-Century Literature 49/1: 50-74. Furneaux, Holly. 2009. Queer Dickens: Erotics, Families, Masculinities. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gagnier, Regenia. 2011. "Freedom, Determinism, and Hope in Little Dorrit: A Literary Anthropology." Partial Answers 9.2: 331-46. Gilchrist, Anne. 1859. "Our Nearest Relation." All the Year Round (May 28): 112-15. Goodlad, Lauren M. E. 2003. Victorian Literature and the Victorian State:Character and Governance in a Liberal Society. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Gould, Stephen Jay. 1977. Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History. New York: Norton. Herbert, Sandra. 1971. "Darwin, Malthus, and Evolution." Journal of the History of Biology 4: 209-17. Jones, Greta. 1980. Social Darwinism and English Thought: The Interaction between Biological and Social Theory. Brighton: Harvester. Levine, George. 1986. "Dickens and Darwin, Science and Narrative Form." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 28/3: 250-81. [End Page 377] Livesey, Ruth. 2007. "Homelessness and the Representation of the People in Our Mutual Friend." Key Notes: A Journal of Cultural Materialism 5: 12-25. "Review of The Origin of Species." 1860. All The Year Round (July 7): 293-99. Sedgwick, Eve. 1985. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire. New York: Columbia University Press. "Species." 1860. All The Year Round (June 2): 176. Young, Robert. 1969. "Malthus and the Evolutionists: The Common Context of Biological and Social Theory." Past and Present 43: 109-41. ———. 1972. "Darwinism and the Division of Labour." The Listener 2264 (August 17): 202-205. [End Page 378] Footnotes * The team of Partial Answers joins Victorianists around the world in mourning Sally Ledger's untimely death. We are grateful to her husband, Jim Porteous, for providing the all-but-fair copy of the article, and to Regenia Gagnier for her help with negotiating this publication as well as with editing the article. 1. This is what Konstantinos Makras argues in his unfinished University of London doctoral thesis on the Victorian Madman. 2. All the Year Round (May 28, 1859): 115. Copyright © 2011 The Johns Hopkins University Press	i don't know
Which ruler's name translates from the Egyptian for 'Great House'?	Pharaoh Pharaoh What does the word 'pharaoh' mean? 'Pharaoh' is the term we use today to describe the rulers of ancient Egypt. Where does the word 'pharaoh' come from? 'Pharaoh' is actually a Greek word that is based on an Egyptian word that meant 'great house'. When this word was first used, it referred to the palace of the king and its greatness, not just to the king himself. We use the word 'pharaoh' today to mean the ruler of ancient Egypt. Did any women become the pharaoh of Egypt? There was one woman to claim the throne of Egypt, and call herself the pharaoh - her name was Hatshepsut. She claimed that she had the right to rule Egypt. Hatshepsut ruled Egypt for about fifteen years before she was succeeded by her step-son Thutmosis III.	Tony Ricca
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You should buy video if you prefer learning visually and wish to take advantage of the visual elements featured in this course. The video version is well illustrated and features more than 230 illustrations, maps, and photographs. Many of these photographs bring you up close with Egyptian mummies, the Narmer Palette, the Temple of Karnak, the tomb of King Tut, and more. Maps reveal how ancient Egypt's great pharaohs expanded their empires. And historical illustrations and sculptures bring to life icons including Akhenaten, Ramses the Great, and Cleopatra. There are on-screen spellings and definitions to help reinforce material for visual learners. Audio Streaming Included Free Questions & Answers Course Overview No great civilization continues to speak to us like that of ancient Egypt. But what is it about this ancient civilization that still captures our imaginations? What made Egypt special, allowing it to grow, in Professor Bob Brier's words, "from a scattering of villages across the Nile to the greatest power the world had ever seen"? Professor Brier has designed this course to focus on the fascinating leaders of ancient Egypt. The information in this course is also covered in our more extensive course, The History of Ancient Egypt. "My thesis in Great Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt is that what made Egypt great were the people—individuals who did great things," says Professor Brier. "By recounting the lives and accomplishments of the great ones of Egypt, we will present a history of Egypt spreading over 30 centuries. By the time we come to the last ruler of Egypt, Cleopatra, we will have peered into almost every aspect of ancient Egyptian life, seen what made Egypt great, and what finally brought about its downfall. "My hope is that by the end of the course you will have a sense that you personally know the men and women who made Egypt the greatest nation of the ancient world." A Great Teacher and Egyptologist Professor Brier is an Egyptologist and specialist in mummies who knows the ancient Egyptians—literally—from the inside out. In fact, in 1994, Dr. Brier became the first person in 2,000 years to mummify a human cadaver in the ancient Egyptian style. This research was the subject of a National Geographic television special, Mr. Mummy. Relaxed, matter-of-fact, and wryly humorous, he weaves into the stories of the great pharaohs the daily realities of Egyptian life. You learn, for example, that the origin of eye makeup was not due to vanity. Instead, makeup was ground on small, personal palettes and worn by every Egyptian for the same reasons modern athletes wear black eyeliner under their eyes: to absorb the sun's glare. A Palette Launches 3,000 Years of Imagery It is a quite different palette—that of Narmer, the king who unified Egypt—that marks our real introduction to Egypt's great rulers. Considered the first historical document, the "Narmer Palette" reveals images of traditions Narmer created that would endure for 3,000 years, including the double crown of Egypt and the "smiting pose" in which all pharaohs ever after would be shown. Just as scholars look to the Narmer Palette as their earliest message from Egypt, it is the pyramids that perhaps serve that role for the rest of us. The pharaoh Sneferu, seeking a suitable way to house his own burial chamber, taught Egypt how to perfect the pyramid, a structure whose origins lay in the need to protect desert graves from exposure by the wind. Professor Brier makes it clear, however, that pyramids were far from Sneferu's only achievements. A Female Pharaoh Lost to History One of Egypt's greatest rulers, the female pharaoh Hatshepsut, raised magnificent obelisks at the Temple of Karnak and built what Professor Brier calls "perhaps the most beautiful temple in all of Egypt," Deir el-Bahri. The inscriptions on the temple's walls are the first known depictions of sub-Saharan Africa; Hatshepsut was so powerful a king she was able to send a trading expedition there. Ironically, most of the evidence of Hatshepsut's existence was systematically erased after her death; Egyptians simply did not want to acknowledge that a woman had been king. Professor Brier continues with the tale of one of Egypt's most controversial pharaohs, Akhenaten, who tried to alter the three stabilizing principles of Egyptian society—the religious, military, and artistic traditions of the most conservative nation on earth—and almost destroyed Egypt in the process. Akhenaten's story left a legacy the ancients would attempt to erase. Ironically, this forgotten pharaoah would be the father of the most famous pharaoh in modern times: the boy-king Tutankhamen. Tutankhamen: Murdered by His Successor? The discovery of Tutankhamen's tomb by Howard Carter in 1922 is the most scrutinized episode in the history of Egyptology, and Professor Brier leads a fascinating exploration into the world of Egyptian tombs. For those who love a good mystery, Professor Brier introduces his own theory that Tutankhamen was actually murdered by Aye, the vizier of Egypt, as part of a successful plot to gain the crown for himself. The next major subject in the series is Ramses II, or Ramses the Great. His 67-year reign was the longest of all the pharaohs, but the last two-thirds of that reign began with a treaty with Egypt's ancient Hittite enemy and bear little resemblance to his early years of war, conquest, and monument-building. Ramses has been reputed to be the pharaoh of the biblical exodus. And though there is no archaeological evidence to support the story, Professor Brier offers some tantalizing connections to what we know of Ramses's actual life. Nubia Tries to Restore Egypt's Greatness After the death of Ramses, Egypt entered a long decline. As Egypt weakened, Nubian neighbors to the south, in what is now Sudan, grew strong. They eventually moved north taking control and trying to rebuild—primarily through the efforts of five great Nubian kings—the great Egyptian traditions they had seen crumble away. Rather than conquer Egypt, they restored it. They celebrated Egyptian religious festivals and even took over some Egyptian burial practices. The first of these kings, a ruler named Piye, even built a pyramid, though it had been 1,000 years since the last Egyptian pyramid had risen from the desert. From the Nubians, Professor Brier takes you into the Greek era of Egyptian history, beginning with the career of Alexander the Great. He discusses the three great events that marked his sojourn in Egypt: the declaration by the oracle at Siwa that Alexander's father was "the Sun"; his crowning as Pharaoh that the oracle's pronouncement made possible; and his creation of the city of Alexandria, which Alexander mapped out by dropping a trail of grain to show where the streets should go. The Reign of the Ptolomies The death of Alexander gave rise to the reign of a series of Ptolemies—15 rulers in all—beginning with Ptolemy I. Running Egypt like a business, the early Ptolemies had some notable achievements, including Ptolemy I's building of Alexandria's Pharos Lighthouse and its extraordinary library. The Ptolemies were unable to sustain their brilliant beginning. The last Ptolemy was Cleopatra, the enigmatic Grecian ruler who learned Egypt's language and tried to resurrect both the nation's religion and greatness. Her valiant attempts to save Egypt, with the aid of Julius Caesar, and afterwards with Marc Antony, were doomed. Egypt, no longer a nation, would become a Roman province. Hide Full Description 1 King Narmer—The Unification of Egypt This lecture discusses how Narmer, Egypt's first king, unified Upper and Lower Egypt and how the world's first nation came to dominate the Near East for thousands of years. x 2 Sneferu—The Pyramid Builder The founder of Egypt's "Fabulous Fourth" Dynasty oversaw the beginning of true pyramid construction, Egypt's rise to international power, and the establishment of artistic standards that would last for millennia. x 3 Hatshepsut—Female Pharaoh This lecture examines the life of one of the greatest individuals in Egyptian history, and discusses why her name was systematically erased from Egyptian records. x 4 Akhenaten—Heretic Pharaoh The reign of Egypt's most enigmatic and controversial ruler illustrates the consequences of attempting to alter all three of Egypt's fundamental societal pillars: religion, the military, and the role of pharaoh. x 5 Tutankhamen—The Lost Pharaoh This lecture details the fascinating events—including the first car wreck in Britain—that led to the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen. x 6 Tutankhamen—A Murder Theory Professor Bob Brier presents his own research suggesting that Tutankhamen was murdered, showing what can be learned from the autopsy of a mummy. x 7 Ramses the Great—The Early Years Ramses II ruled for 67 years and was one of Egypt's greatest pharaohs, warriors, and builders. x 8 Ramses the Great—The Twilight Years The last 40 years of Ramses's reign differed markedly from his glorious beginning. This lecture examines the changes in his personality, as well as the assertion that he was the pharaoh of the biblical exodus. x 9 The Great Nubians—Egypt Restored In the twilight of Egypt's history, the once-dominated land of Nubia fought its way north to defend Egypt from invaders. Under the new rule of five great kings, the Nubians restored much of Egypt's glory. x 10 Alexander the Great—Anatomy of a Legend The rule of Alexander began 300 years of Greek control of Egypt. This lecture examines the three major stages of Alexander's career: young general, pharaoh, and legend. x 11 The First Ptolemies—Greek Greatness This lecture examines the beginning of the end for ancient Egyptian civilization, beginning with the rule of the first Ptolemies, who ran Egypt "like a business" and whose great achievements were purely Greek conceptions. x 12 Cleopatra—The Last Pharaoh Although she was at one time probably the most famous woman in the world, Cleopatra remains an enigma. We reconstruct her history: before Caesar, after Caesar, and with Marc Antony. x Lecture Titles Clone Content from Your Professor tab What's Included Reviews Rated 4.6 out of 5 by 119 reviewers. Rated 4 out of 5 by bodywise Good but limited I have been listening to TGC tapes every day for years. This course was only fair. It only concentrates on the Pharaohs as the title suggests. There is precious little else discussed. Like tidbits about each. Egyptian history is so vast. It could be covered so much more thoroughly. That was what I was seeking. I particularly wanted to know more about civilian life, governmental structure and medicine in Egyptian history. Other courses on China and Roman history accomplish this. December 8, 2016 Rated 5 out of 5 by Learningsfun Loved It! This course was excellent. I am going to have to order the course that goes into more detail. This course was quite short and it was not able to cover informationa about very many Pharaohs. The kings that it did cover though were well thought out and the professor was able to move from one king to the next which he was presenting without any difficulty. This was presented very well and I am sure that I will be listening to it again. November 17, 2016 Rated 5 out of 5 by mahduk Great Introductory Course To elaborate a little on my review title, let me say that if you know next to nothing about any of the Pharaohs then this is the place to start. I,personally, knew little more than names of some of the Pharaohs covered in this course. For the money, there is a wealth of great starting material to help you decide if you want to dig further or move on to something else. The professor himself helps make this course enjoyable by sheer force of his enthusiasm for the subject. That goes a long way in my estimation toward making the subject just as interesting for the listener. I highly recommend this course. It's often available at a very reasonable price during their sales so there's really no excuse to not get it. October 29, 2016 Rated 5 out of 5 by PSHANS Fantastc lecturer The professor delivers an outstanding performance: his delivery is so engaging that my five year old has listened to this entire series of lectures twice in the car. Considering that this is advertised as a college-level course, this speaks volumes to the skill of the lecturer. His excitement for the subject matter really shines through, it’s by far the best course I have listened to from this company, and I wish the Professor had more courses available from The Great Courses than he does. October 15, 2016 2017-01-17	i don't know
'Will's Neck' is the highest point in which range of English hills?	Quantock Hills, Wills Neck descent thu to Reason They Build Mountain Bikes intro - YouTube Quantock Hills, Wills Neck descent thu to Reason They Build Mountain Bikes intro Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on May 16, 2014 Hammering down the back of Wills Neck, the highest point on the Quantocks. Category	Quantock Hills
Her 2009 album is called 'Quiet Nights', so which Canadian jazz singer and pianist is married to Elvis Costello?	Real Ale Tasting - Wills Neck - YouTube Real Ale Tasting - Wills Neck Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Sep 9, 2013 Wills Neck the highest point on the Quantock Hills overlooking the Bristol Channel, gives this beer its name. This bright golden ale has a rich malty flavour and is late hopped to produce a prominent aroma with hints of grapefruit and cherries and a lasting bitterness on the palate. For more information about our range of beers visit our website:	i don't know
According to 'Acts', what peak was the location of the 'Ascension of Jesus'?	Why Is the Ascension of Jesus Important for You Today? Updated October 19, 2016. Scripture Reference The ascension of Jesus Christ into heaven is recorded in Mark 16:19-20, Luke 24:36-53, Acts 1:6-12, and 1 Timothy 3:16. Ascension of Jesus - Story Summary In God's plan of salvation , Jesus Christ had been crucified for the sins of mankind, died, and rose from the dead. Following his resurrection , he appeared many times to his disciples. Forty days after his resurrection, Jesus called his 11 apostles together on the Mount of Olives, outside Jerusalem. Still not completely understanding that Christ's messianic mission had been spiritual and not political, the disciples asked Jesus if he was going to restore the kingdom to Israel. They were frustrated with Roman oppression and may have envisioned an overthrow of Rome. Jesus answered them: "It is not for you to know the times or dates the Father has set by his own authority. But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit comes on you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth." (Acts 1:7-8, NIV ) Then Jesus was taken up, and a cloud hid him from their sight. As the disciples were watching him ascend, two angels dressed in white robes stood beside them and asked why they were looking into the sky. The angels said: "This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have seen him go into heaven." (Acts 1:11, NIV) At that, the disciples walked back to Jerusalem to the upstairs room where they had been staying and held a prayer meeting. Points of Interest from the Ascension of Jesus Bible Story In the Bible, a cloud is often the expression of God's power and glory, as in the book of Exodus , when a pillar of cloud guided the Jews in the desert. Earlier, Jesus had told the disciples that after he ascended, the Holy Spirit would come down upon them with power. At Pentecost , they received the Holy Spirit like tongues of fire. Today, every born-again believer is indwelt by the Holy Spirit, who gives wisdom and power to live the Christian life . The command of Jesus to his followers was to be his witnesses in Jerusalem, Judea, Samaria, and the ends of the earth. The gospel first spread to the Jews, then to the Jewish/mixed race Samaritans , then to the Gentiles. Christians have a responsibility to spread the good news about Jesus to all who have not heard. Jesus' mission on earth had been accomplished. He returned to heaven, where he had come from. He took on a human body and will forever remain both God and man in his glorified state. The angels warned that someday Jesus will return in his glorified body, the same way he left. But instead of idly watching for the Second Coming , we should be busy with the work Christ assigned us. The ascension of Jesus is one of the accepted doctrines of Christianity. The Apostles' Creed , Nicene Creed , and Athanasian Creed all confess that Christ ascended into heaven and sits at the right hand of God the Father . Question for Reflection It is an awesome truth to realize that God himself, in the form of the Holy Spirit, lives inside me as a believer. Am I taking full advantage of this gift to learn more about Jesus and to live a God-pleasing life?	Mount of Olives
At 1309 metres high, which Scottish mountain is the second highest mountain in Great Britain?	The Ascension of Jesus : A social scientific perspective The Ascension of Jesus : A social scientific perspective John J. Pilch © 2007 Studium Biblicum Hong Kong In a previous study, I designed a social science model for understanding and interpreting sky journeys reported in ancient literature (Pilch 2005a). That model focused on round trip journeys between the earth and the sky made by human beings during their life time (e.g., the author of Revelation in Rev 4:1-2). According to the model, those who made a one-way journey while still alive must return in order to complete the round trip (Enoch, Gen 5:24; Elijah, 2 Kings 2:1-12; Ezra, 2 Esdras 8:19b). They eventually die if they have not already died. In the Israelite tradition, there is also a belief in an after death trip in which everyone makes a one-way journey to alternate reality. A particular one-way journey familiar to readers of the Bible is the ascension of Jesus. However this sky journey took place after Jesus was revitalized and transformed by God, that is after his resurrection. After his death and before his being raised by God, Jesus' activity consisted largely of proclaiming God's redemption to "them that sleep" (GPeter 10:41). Yet what is known of round-trip journeys to the sky by the living can plausibly shed some light on the ascent to the realm of God after death, particularly the reports of Jesus' ascension. Life-time Sky Journeys of Jesus In 1981, Morton Smith suggested that during his life time, Jesus "taught and practiced ascent to the heavens" (Smith 1981: 416). He deduced this from assorted clues scattered throughout the New Testament reflecting beliefs of his followers. Of course, Luke reported the ascension of Jesus after his death and resurrection (Luke 24:50-51; Acts 1:1-11), but he used vocabulary ("carried up," "lifted up," "cloud took him out of their sight," "taken up") that would seem to indicate that Jesus did not travel by his own power. Indeed, Himmelfarb (1995: 129) prefers to speak of divine rapture in this and similar cases, that is, being taken up to the realm of God by God's initiative or by the agency of spirits. This distinction, however, is superfluous. It does not matter how one makes the journey, whether on one's own power (during one's life-time) or by the power of God or God's assistants (during one's life-time and after death). Smith thinks that this notion of an ascent is rooted in "some immediate experience in Christian life" (Smith 1981: 417). Surely sky journeys taken in altered states of consciousness experiences qualify as such an "immediate experience." In the reflections that follow, I rely on Smith's evidence. The author of Hebrews praises Jesus as a great (or high) priest who prepared "a new and living road" (or way; Heb 10:19) into the sanctuary in the sky. That same author urges that since believers have been purified, they should enter at once, now, even while they are alive on earth. Similarly, in John 14:4, Jesus says to his disciples: "You know the way where I am going" (to prepare a place for you whom I will come and gather so that you can be with me). Yet again, the author of 2 Peter exhorts the readers to strive for virtue "so there will be richly provided for you an entrance into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ" (2 Pet 1:11). Smith understands "richly (his word is "plentifully") provided" as indicating repeated access to that realm, the eternal kingdom. Finally, Smith refers to Colossians: "If then you have been raised with Christ, seek the things that are above, where Christ is, seated at the right hand of God. Set your minds on things that are above, not on things that are on earth. For you have died, and your life is hid with Christ in God" (Col 3:1-3). Smith's point is that believers are not waiting until the end-time for this experience but already enjoy it on a regular basis in their present earthly lives. In other words, he denies an eschatological interpretation of these text-segments. Death and passage to the realm of God will only make permanent what believers were already experiencing. Smith concludes: "For some, at least, in primitive Christianity, ascent to the heavens was not only a post-mortal reward, but a goal exceptional individuals could achieve and had achieved in this life. The orientation of the cult toward it appears in some of the earliest evidence we have, within fifteen or twenty years of Jesus' death. We should normally suppose it a reflection of Jesus' own teaching and practice" (Smith 1981: 418; relative to the cult, see Pilch 2004: 170-180). While Smith admits that the New Testament makes no explicit mention of such sky journeys by Jesus, he identifies plausible and credible clues that Jesus quite likely did make such trips. We have already noted that the Johannine Jesus reminded his disciples that they already know the way to the sky, the place where Jesus is heading (John 14:4). Indeed, Jesus identified himself as the way (John 14:6). If, Smith notes, believers understood baptism as a ritual for identifying with Jesus (Rom 6:3ff, 8:9ff), then John offers another clue about Jesus' sky journeys. "You (plural) will see the sky opened, and the angels of God ascending and descending upon the Son of man" (John 1:51). Scholars note that this verse ill fits its context and has long vexed interpreters. Brown thinks the overall meaning of the phrase is that Jesus has become the point of contact between heaven and earth, and that this is already available and operative in his life time (Brown 1966: 91). Smith further notes that Aaphrates, an early Christian writer from Mesopotamia wrote: "the ladder [an allusion to Gen 28:12 implied by Jesus' statement in John 1:51; my comment] is the mystery [initiated by] our saviour, by which righteous men ascend from the lower world to the world above" (Demonstratio 4:5). According to Smith, the "mystery" may well have included a strategy or technique for making a sky journey. The Gospel according to the Hebrews reports one such experience by Jesus: "My mother, the Holy Spirit, took me by one hair and carried me off to the great mountain, Tabor" (Aland 1964: 34, quotations from the Gospel according to the Hebrews in Origen and Jerome). The well know fragment of a Christian hymn incorporated by Paul into Philippians (2:5-11) has an introduction often overlooked by interpreters. According to Smith, the hymn is not about a pre-existent being but about Christ Jesus: "Have this mind among yourselves, which is yours in Christ Jesus" (v. 5). This Jesus emptied himself and humbled himself, becoming obedient even unto death on a cross. The sentiment is echoed in 2 Cor 8:9: "For you know the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, that though he was rich, yet for your sake he became poor, so that by his poverty you might become rich." Smith relates this understanding of Jesus to the full legend of Enoch who went to the sky, saw God and became like the deity in appearance (1 Enoch 71:11-16; II Enoch 9 end), yet remained obedient to God and returned to earth to preach to fellow human beings (I Enoch 81:5; II Enoch 11). On his return journey, Enoch resumed the human appearance (II Enoch 13), and eventually died. He ascended to the sky, regained his glory and was given the name of God, YHWH (II Enoch 12, cp 16; Phil 2:9ff). The Pastor reports another fragment of a hymn in which Jesus was "manifested in the flesh, vindicated in the Spirit, seen by angels, preached among the nations, believed on in the world, taken up in Glory" (1 Tim 3:16). Smith notes that the sequence of this hymn is similar to that in Philippians: Jesus was seen by the angels before being believed in the world, and then taken up in Glory. In other words, on a sky trip, Jesus became like God but returned to earth to live and die, etc., as in the Enoch myth. Even in the Johannine understanding of Jesus as pre-existent, the earthly Jesus tells Nicodemus he has made sky journeys well before their present conversation. "No one has ascended into the sky but he who descended from sky, the Son of man" (John 3:13). Smith conjectures that since this sentiment ill suits John's perspective of Jesus as pre-existent, its original setting may have been a controversy between Jesus' followers and those of another Palestinian holy man who also claimed to have made sky journeys. Among such sky travelers, Smith would include some in the Dead Sea Community. Smith reviews 4Q491 ll which he claims presents a "clear and complete" example of a journey to the sky where the traveler became like the gods in form (Smith 1990; 1981: 425; compare Collins 1990: 139). While many disagree with him, Smith believes this pre-Christian text from the Dead Sea Scrolls testifies to Semitic belief in sky journeys despite the contrary suggested in Deut 30:12 and Prov 30:4. Other sky travelers of the period would include those gnostics influenced by Simon Magus. From the evidence he collected and investigated, Smith concluded: "I think the most likely explanation [of the body of biblical and extra-biblical evidence just reviewed] is that Jesus, in his lifetime, believed he had ascended into the heavens, told his most intimate disciples of his experiences, and thus -and perhaps by other methods- induced similar hallucinations in some of them" (Smith 1981: 429) "Hallucinations" or real journeys? In a previous article (Pilch 2005a), I noted that anthropologists are not agreed whether reports of sky journeys tell of imaginal or veridical events (see Walsh 1990: 155-156). Smith and many biblical scholars deny that they are veridical. As we just read, Smith considered them "hallucinations" and claimed that "imaginative" [persons] actually believed they experienced the journeys about which they read and wrote (Smith 1981: 411). Complicating the issue, however, is the fact that some anthropologists use the word "hallucinations" in a positive sense (Lewis-Williams 2002: 124-129) while many social and medical scientists give this word a negative meaning (noted in Pilch 2002: 696-697). Since completing the review of anthropological research for my earlier article on sky journeys (2005a), I am now even more inclined to consider sky journeys as veridical, that is as actual events. My reasons are two-fold. First, one good definition would support that conclusion. The anthropologist Winkelman writes: "The shamanic soul flight (or soul journey) can be defined as an ASC [altered state of consciousness experience] in which some aspect (emphasis mine) of the experient -soul, spirit, or perceptual capacities- is thought to travel to or be projected to another place, generally a spirit world" (Winkelman 1999: 411). Though he says that some aspect "is thought to travel" to another place, by including this phrase I think Winkelman allows for the possibility of a veridical event. My second reason is based on personal research with associates in the The Cuyamungue Institute (Santa Fe, NM and Columbus, OH; see Goodman 1990; 1997; Goodman and Nauwald 2003). My unpublished material indicates that researchers who make sky journeys do actually arrive at the same, real destination but experience it differently (Pilch n.d.; see also Gore 1995: 146). The overlapping descriptions of the destination in each person's ASC experience confirm that the intended destination has been reached in an ASC, while the differing interpretations of some elements in the destination underline the fact that visionaries rely not only on the latent discourse of the shared culture but also their personal history and belief system (Pilch n.d., passim on sky journeys; Pilch 2004). While biblical scholars are wont to say that reports of sky journeys (and other ASC experiences) are often cast into a stereotypical literary form (see Pilch 2004: 76), it is important to remember that literary forms are grounded in social experiences; they give verbal shape to culturally recognized human experiences. Habel's identification and analysis of the literary form of "call narratives" concluded that it was rooted in Abraham's sending of his servant to Nahor to find a wife for his son Isaac and in the way in which the servant validated his mission and function to Laban and his family (see Gen 24:34-48; Habel 1965). I applied Habel's insights to Ezekiel (Pilch 2006). I made similar observations on the call of Paul to be an Apostle as described in Acts of the Apostles (Pilch 2002: 701-702; 2004: 76). Paul's own report of his sky journey is a straightforward statement (Pilch 2003: 221-222). Thus, I propose that it was indeed veridical round trip sky journeys made by persons during their life-times that provided ancient writers with a form for describing the ascent to the sky after death. The Ascent of Jesus Practically all the NT writers testify to the ascension of Jesus but from different perspectives (Gulley 1992: 472). I will focus on the event chiefly as described by Luke in his gospel and Acts of the Apostles. As Fitzmyer correctly observes, Luke is the only New Testament writer "who has depicted the ascension of Jesus as a visibly perceptible event" (Fitzmyer 1985: 1587; 1997: 194). In trying to explain this "visibly perceptible event" Fitzmyer says the obvious: it is a motion upward toward heavenly spheres. He concludes that these "are clearly time conditioned modes of expression" (1985: 1587). Since his research does not include social science investigations, he seems to be totally unaware of sky journeys as ASC experiences. Reports of sky journeys both in antiquity and in contemporary ethnographic literature are not simply "time conditioned modes of expression." They are rather credible reports of actual human experiences which are recorded in what appear to be "stereotypical" patterns, because that pattern is indeed how the sky journey takes place (Pilch 2005a; 2005b). The location of the ascent of Jesus is in the environs of Jerusalem. The gospel (Luke 24:50) identifies Bethany, and Acts (1:12) identifies mount Olivet (literally, "the hill called 'the Olive Grove,'" Fitzmyer 1997: 213) as the specific place from which Jesus ascended to the father. The small village of Bethany was located on the hill (Mount of Olives) about 2.7 kilometers east of Jerusalem. The hill, of course, is just east of Jerusalem across the Kidron valley. However, this topographical information is lacking a key piece of information, which Luke of course knew was quite familiar to his audience. A reader must remember that the Bible is a high context document. Many details which are self-evident to biblical authors and their audiences are simply not mentioned. The ascent HAD take place here near Jerusalem. It could not have occurred in Galilee (Matt 28:16, nor does Matthew say that). The reason is that access to the abode of God, the spirits, and the deceased (alternate reality) is only through the "hole in the sky" familiar to everyone in antiquity (Pilch 2004: 18). The opening in the sky through which one gained access to God was located over the earthly residence of the God. Thus Malina writes: The opening in the sky, mentioned previously in the book of Revelation and variously in the Bible (1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18; Ezek 1:1; Mark 1:10; Matt 3:16; Rev 4:1). To get to God's real home in his celestial Temple and its attendant City, a person had to pass through the opening in the firmament that led to the other side of the vault of the sky where the God in question was enthroned. In Mesopotamian lore, appropriated so well by Israel, this opening was to be found directly over God's earthly Temple. In Acts, for example, the sky opens above Jerusalem to allow the resurrected Jesus to ascend to God, of course, through the opening in the firmament (Acts 1:2-7). Likewise because of a sky opening, Stephen in Jerusalem can see the exalted Jesus standing by the throne of God (Acts 7:56). And in Revelation, John frequently mentions this opening and his seeing the ark of the covenant in the center of the Temple. This is consonant with Israel's tradition according to which certain people saw God's presence in the sky from earthly Jerusalem. God's _holy habitation,_ his _dwelling place,_ is in the sky (Deut 26:15; 1 Kings 8:43; 2 Chron 30:27), high in the sky (Job 22:12); _he walks on the vault of the sky_ (Job 22:14), hence he is located beyond the vault, for he sits enthroned on high above the stars, on the mythical Mountain of Assembly in the far north (Isa 14:13-14; 2 Chron 18:18). The prophet Micaiah _saw the LORD sitting on his throne, and all the host of heaven standing on his right hand and on his left_ (1 Kings 22:19; 2 Chron 18:18). Clearly, his holy temple, his throne, is in the sky (Ps 11:4) although he does have a house at Jerusalem (2 Chron 36:23; Ezra 1:2). (Malina 2000: 74-75) In the Greek tradition, the opening was over Delphi. In the Israelite tradition, the opening was over Jerusalem. Contemporary anthropological research confirms the belief widespread among cultures about the "hole" or entry way to alternate reality that sky travelers use. But anthropologists note that the hole or opening is not so much a geographical location as it is a question of "tuning" the body that exists in consensual reality to the frequency of alternate reality in order to enter therein (Goodman 1990: 180-181). More specifically, the sensory overstimulation that induces the ASC in which the sky journey takes place is the "horse" and the body-posture is the "doorway" into specific areas of alternate reality, including the realm of God (Goodman and Nauwald 2003: 2). After death, however, the human body is already tuned into the frequency of alternate reality (1 Cor 15:51 "we shall all be changed"). The journey and the entry to alternate reality are spontaneous, consequent upon death. Equally critical for properly understanding Luke's report is to realize that the disciples had entered into an altered state of consciousness. The entire experience of Jesus' ascent to the father took place in the same way his (and their) round-trip sky journeys occurred during Jesus' life-time. The word "stare" communicates this information. Luke uses the word "stare" ten times in Acts (twice in his gospel), and most of the instances signal an altered state of consciousness experience. That is certainly the case with Jesus' ascent to the father as reported by Luke (Pilch 2004: 40). "And while they were staring (gazing) into the sky (heaven) as Jesus went, behold, two men in white robes stood by them..." (Acts 1:10). The colors one perceives in an altered state of consciousness alert the visionary whether or not s/he actually is in an ASC. The colors relate to neurological changes. To see black means one is in "normal" consciousness. To see white means the level of awareness is changed, one is in an ASC (Pilch 2004: 20, 71). The cloud that took Jesus "out of their sight" is white in color. Fitzmyer mistakenly calls the cloud "an apocalyptic stage prop" (Fitzmyer 1997: 210). Yet he does note its significance in the Israelite tradition. The cloud signals God's presence, power or honor (Exod 16:10; 19:9; 24:15018; Ezek 10:3-4; Ps 18:11; Dan 7:13; Luke 9:34-35; 1 Thess 4:17; Rev 11:12). The passive voice in Acts 1:9 ("he was lifted up") is, of course, the theological passive. God is the agent who took Jesus into alternate reality. In its way, the cloud explains the theological passive. It emphasizes the agent that took Jesus to the sky, namely, God. The disciples knew this and drew on their traditions to express their experience of Jesus' ascent. The cloud is not a "stage prop" but rather part and parcel of the (biblical) cultural style of expressing an actual experience of God's power. The interpretation of the apostles' vision is given by the two men in white robes, clearly identified by the color of their garb as visitors from the sky, from alternate reality. They tell the apostles that Jesus will return some day from the sky (compare 1 Thess 4:16) and with the same attendant phenomena that accompanied his departure ("the same way you saw him go into the sky"). Human beings will see his return in an altered state of consciousness ("clouds" signal this; see Luke 21:27), and he will be accompanied by sky servants ("beings in white robes"). That Jesus reached the destination of his sky journey is confirmed by Stephen who peered through the hole in the sky over Jerusalem and saw Jesus "standing at the right hand of God" (Acts 7:55-56). The author of 1 Peter (dated between A.D. 73 and 92, therefore approximately contemporary with the Acts of the Apostles; Elliott 2000: 138) intimates that on his ascent, Jesus traveled through a plurality of heavens (1 Peter 3:19, 22; see Elliott 2000: 654-655). On this journey, according to the Petrine author, Jesus encountered the disobedient spirits of the pre-flood period (Gen 6:1-4) in their prison and announced condemnation to them. The petrine author has embellished simple account of Jesus' ascent recorded by Luke. This perception of a multi-layered sky is common in the literature of this period (see 1 En 18:4, 10; 71:1; 3 En 12:4; 17:2; 18:1). Just as other sky travelers journeyed through these heavens, so too does the risen Jesus on his way to taking his place at God's right hand (see Heb 4:14; Eph 4:10; Ascension of Isaiah 3:13-4:2; 9:6-18; 10:7-11:33). Conclusion What then did the Apostles witness at Jesus' ascension? Did this event occur "factually" as Luke described it? Did the Apostles just imagine it? Or did Luke resort to a literary device and create a story to make a point? Perhaps it is impossible to decide whether Luke reports a veridical or imaginal event. That, however, is not important. No matter what one concludes about the report, it has to be plausible to Luke's audience. In the context of Middle Eastern culture, the most plausible explanation of the report is that the disciples experienced the risen Jesus' departure from them in an altered state of consciousness. Further, the report indicates that it was a group experience, or more precisely a group trance experience (Pilch 2004: 15). This report is similar to Paul's report that the risen Jesus "appeared to more than five hundred brethren at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep" (1 Cor 15:6). Luke's report of the apostles' experience of Jesus' ascent was shaped by previous ASC experiences of sky journeys which Jesus and his disciples made and which were familiar to them from the Israelite tradition. Anthropology and contemporary cognitive neuroscience contribute key insights toward understanding and interpreting Luke's texts. Indeed, the late anthropologist Felicitas D. Goodman described her visionary experience of what her death and her journey to alternate reality might be like (Goodman 1997; Goodman died in 2005). She could do this because she and members of her Institute have learned how to make sky journeys just as human beings have been doing for millennia (Lewis-Williams 2000: 147-148). The ethnographic literature is replete with reports of sky travelers.	i don't know
Which writer created the character of 'Detective Inspector Jack Frost'?	Farewell to Frost: The end of a detective story \| The Independent Farewell to Frost: The end of a detective story David Jason's character joins a long line of retired sleuths Saturday 3 April 2010 23:00 BST Click to follow The Independent Online When a famous detective bites the literary dust there is only ever one culprit: the author, in the study, with the pen. Tomorrow, a television era will draw to a close with the last ever episode of A Touch of Frost. The real mystery that will grip viewers, however, is exactly how the grumpy Detective Inspector Jack Frost, played by David Jason, make his exit after 17 years on our screen. The ending of the two-parter (the first episode is broadcast tonight) is a closely guarded secret. In fact, two endings have been filmed to prevent leaks. "Whether he just hangs up his hat or is carried out feet first remains to be seen," Jason said. To kill or not to kill your detective is one of the biggest dilemmas successful with which crime authors have to wrestle. Television crime writer and Alex Rider author Anthony Horowitz, who created Foyle's War, said he would never kill off his char- acters, but added that for an elderly author a death at least ensures no one else can come along and take the character on. "I'm very glad I didn't kill Foyle when ITV axed the series last year, because they've just decided they want to bring it back," he said. "I put a bullet in Alex Rider at the end of the fifth novel and I was inundated with letters from parents and children. I had no intention of killing him – it was a cliffhanger. I don't like killing off my characters. They are so much a part of me. Why should I kill them? I'd prefer them to go into gentle retirement." Ruth Rendell, who writes the best-selling Inspector Wexford novels, explained why she would never write out her creation. "I wouldn't want to kill Wexford because I wouldn't want to bring him back, and that's what people find they have to do," she said. "I think it was an awful mistake to kill Morse because he was so popular. I don't know if Colin Dexter regrets that at all. I don't know how Wexford will end. I've got a few ideas, but I can't tell you because I will be inundated with mail. I may do nothing. He may just go on." Colin Dexter, the creator of Inspector Morse, has no regrets about the death of his detective, however. "I didn't kill him off," he said. "He died of natural causes. He drank a bottle of Glenfiddich every day, tried every day to give up smoking, and took pride in never taking any exercise. It was always to be expected that the old boy wouldn't last too long. "We had done 33 episodes and he aged and grew less fit as we went. He was over 60 and we don't want a doddery old boy solving crimes. I also felt I'd said enough about him. Fans were only really bothered about the relationship between Morse and Lewis and I was getting a little bit cliché ridden." He added: "I won't bring him back. Resurrections haven't got a good record – and some bishops might argue not even the greatest Resurrection of all. "I've written a couple of short stories about him as a teenager at Oxford University, but it's a good idea to say 'that's enough'." Starsky and Hutch Starsky and Hutch were tough, cool but also sensitive in this pioneering buddy cop show renowned for its jazz-funk theme tune, red Gran Torino and hip snitch called Huggy Bear. Paul Michael Glaser and David Soul played the cops who policed the streets of fictional Bay City in California for 93 episodes between 1975 and 1979. Sherlock Holmes With his pipe, cocaine habit and sidekick Dr Watson, Sherlock Holmes has provided the template for the brilliant but flawed detective. Arthur Conan Doyle wrote 56 short stories and four novels between 1893 and 1927 and the character has been played by numerous actors, most recently Robert Downey Jr. Poirot, Hercule Poirot The famous Belgian was created by crime-writer supreme Agatha Christie. Hercule Poirot appeared in 33 novels and 51 short stories between 1920 and 1975, often alongside his friend, Captain Arthur Hastings. Since 1989, David Suchet has embodied the polite but stern detective in 64 episodes of Agatha Christie's Poirot for ITV. A Touch Of Frost, Jack Frost Ill at ease with the modern world, shambolic and always at odds with his superiors – in particular his boss, Superintendent Norman Mullett – Frost has solved numerous murders in the fictional English town of Denton in 42 episodes since 1992. David Jason cast off Del Boy to bring R D Wingfield's grumpy but warm detective William Edward "Jack" Frost to life. Inspector Morse Crossword-loving Morse cleared up murders aplenty in Oxford with his sidekick Lewis since his creation by the author Colin Dexter in 1975. John Thaw brought him to life in 33 television episodes between 1987 and 2000. Monk, Adrian Monk Former homicide detective Adrian Monk, played by Tony Shalhoub, has OCD which is no good for the San Francisco police force. But his attention to detail has won him cases and ratings in the 125 episodes between 2002 and 2009. Dixon Of Dock Green, George Dixon PC George Dixon was the lowly beat bobby who was just as much concerned with the welfare of his east London community as he was with solving the low-level crimes that came his way. Played by Jack Warner, the character was famous for his "Evenin' all" catchphrase. The show ran for 432 episodes from 1955 to 1976. Heartbeat, Nick Rowan Nick Rowan pottered about on motorcycles in the fictitious Yorkshire town of Ashfordly for this 1960s-set series, which relied heavily on the era's music but not its sex or politics. The cosy show began in 1992 and initially starred Nick Berry. Rowan bowed out in 1998, after 96 episodes. Taggart, Jim Taggart "There's been a murrrrder" was the favourite saying of Jim Taggart – and often they were pretty grim and gruesome. The actor Mark McManus played the tough Glaswegian cop based in Maryhill police station until his death in 1994. The show, first broadcast in 1983, has continued without him, albeit with a different detective, and is now up to its 103rd episode. The Shield, Curtis Lemansky Curtis "Lem" Lemansky, played by Kenny Johnson, was the rogue cop with a conscience in the cult US drama The Shield, causing friction with his three buddies for 88 episodes between 2002 and 2008 as they policed LA. Cagney and Lacey Christine Cagney and Mary Beth Lacey brought a new feminism to TV as a couple of tough broads – one married, one single – dealing with rape and alcoholism in New York, in 125 episodes between 1982 and 1988. Sharon Gless and Tyne Daly starred. Magnum, P.I, Thomas Magnum Thomas Magnum, private investigator, lived the high life in a 200-acre beachfront estate in Hawaii as the guest of an unseen author. Helped by English estate manager Higgins, he solved cases for clients who, more often than not, were beautiful women. Tom Selleck starred in the 162 episodes between 1980 and 1987. Dempsey and Makepeace Opposites attracted in this odd-couple drama which paired working-class New Yorker James Dempsey with Lady Harriet Makepeace, as played by Michael Brandon and Glynis Barber. The tension of the show's 30 episodes between 1985 and 1986 was more will-they-or-won't-they than whodunnit. Life On Mars, Sam Tyler DCI Sam Tyler travelled back from the Noughties to the 1970s in this coma-induced suspension-of-disbelief storyline which allowed the writers to put a modern cop in a Sweeney-style milieu. John Simm starred in the popular 16 episodes between 2006 and 2007, and the 1980s-set sequel Ashes to Ashes has just returned. Prime Suspect: Jane Tennison DCI Jane Tennison of the Yard was the queen of police drama in Lynda La Plante's Prime Suspect. It was played with award-winning aplomb by Helen Mirren, with gritty storylines that took on issues such as sexism, prostitution, child abuse and paedophilia. Tennison's no-nonsense tough exterior masked a battle with alcoholism as the 14 episodes – normally more than an hour long – progressed between 1991 and 2006. Howdunnit? We know who they are: the greatest fictional detectives ever. We know, too, that their stories have come to an end. But what we want to test here is how their creators drew a line under their careers. Match the question to the investigator above (answers below)... 1. Producers were going to bring which high-living detective down with a mobster's bullet, but relented due to an outcry from some of his 18 million fans? 2. Which smartly turned-out, wax-moustachioed detective died from a heart condition after pushing his medicine out of reach, when he himself became the murderer in his last case? 3. This detective may be taken out feet first, or might live happily ever after. 4. Which New York cop had his best friend fraught with worry after being laid low by a criminal's bullet in the last episode? He was scheduled to die so that he could be replaced by his television brother, but producers saved him and axed the show instead. 5. These two detectives have survived everything from shooting to rape to alcoholism and lived to see three "reunions" in the 1990s. 6. Which tough-talking Scottish detective was buried in a 1995 episode called "Blue Orchid", yet the show still continues with his name? 7. Which mobile officer swapped two wheels for four legs by emigrating to Canada to become a mountie? 8. This detective was so committed to ending the reign of his nemesis, Professor Moriarty, that he fell with him over the Reichenbach Falls during a fight in 1893. He returned 10 years later, because of public demand. 9. Which queen of TV detectives retired after a devastating final episode in which she battled with the bottle and dealt with the death of her father? 10. Which detective was so stuck in the past that he leapt from a police station roof? 11. Which detectives married in real life after their obvious on-set chemistry gave their series the sexual tension it is remembered for? 12. This obsessive detective was poisoned in the final episode, but fortunately had a few days to find a cure. 13. Which beat bobby rose from the dead after being shot by Dirk Bogarde in The Blue Lamp to live long enough to retire after his long-running series? 14. Which rogue cop fell out with his friends, one of whom blew him up by dropping a grenade in his car? 15. This cerebral cop died from "natural causes" after paying the price for a lifetime of beer and whisky drinking, and physical laziness. Answers 1. Magnum; 2. Poirot; 3. Frost; 4. Starsky; 5. Cagney and Lacy; 6. Taggart; 7. Nick Rowan; 8. Sherlock Holmes; 9. Jane Tennison; 10. Sam Tyler; 11. Dempsey and Makepeace; 12. Monk; 13. George Dixon; 14. Curtis Lemansky; 15. Inspector Morse More about:	R. D. Wingfield
Which French footballer was World Footballer of the Year in 1998 and 2000?	Frost At Christmas by R D Wingfield · OverDrive: eBooks, audiobooks and videos for libraries Fiction Mystery Ten days to Christmas and Tracey Uphill, aged eight, hasn't come home from Sunday school. Her mother, a pretty young prostitute, is desperate. Enter Detective Inspector Jack Frost, sloppy, scruffy and insubordinate. To help him investigate the case of the missing child, Frost has been assigned a new sidekick, the Chief Constable's nephew. Fresh to provincial Denton in an oversmart suit, Detective Constable Clive Barnard is an easy target for Frost's withering satire. Assisted and annoyed by Barnard, Frost, complete with a store of tasteless anecdotes to fit every occasion, proceeds with the investigation in typically unorthodox style. After he's consulted a local witch, Dead Man's Hollow yields up a skeleton. Frost finds himself drawn into an unsolved crime from the past and risks not only his career, but also his life... Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom Format Adobe EPUB eBook 316.7 KB R D Wingfield (Author) After a successful career writing for radio, R.D. Wingfield turned his attention to fiction and created the character of D.I. Jack Frost, who has featured in the titles A Touch of Frost, Frost at Christmas, Night Frost, Hard Frost, Winter Frost an...	i don't know
Near which town or city is the 'Legoland' theme park?	LEGOLAND Florida Amusement Park Map COMMITMENT TO QUALITY LEGOLAND® Florida is a 150-acre interactive theme park dedicated to families with children between the ages of 2 and 12. With more than 50 rides, shows and attractions and the all-new water park, LEGOLAND is geared towards family fun! There are currently five other LEGOLAND Parks in the world – LEGOLAND California in Carlsbad, LEGOLAND Billund in Denmark, LEGOLAND Deutschland near Günzburg, Germany and LEGOLAND Windsor outside of London and just opened LEGOLAND Malaysia —the sixth LEGOLAND Park and first in Asia. The LEGOLAND theme parks are a part of Merlin Entertainments Group, the second largest attractions operator in the world. Prices, times and schedules subject to change without notice. LEGO, the LEGO logo, the Mini figure and LEGOLAND are trademarks of the LEGO Group. ©2015 The LEGO Group. LEGOLAND FLORIDA IS A PART OF THE MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS GROUP®. Contact us at (877) 350-5346. Star Wars™ and all characters, names and related indicia are © 2011 Lucasfilm Ltd. & TM. All rights reserved. Book a Stay	CHWI-DT
The character 'James Bond' was created by Ian Fleming, but who wrote the book 'Carte Blanche' featuring 'James Bond'?	LEGO.com LEGOLAND LEGOLAND Windsor A pirate, explorer, fire fighter or whatever you aspire to be, LEGOLAND® offers families the opportunity to let their imaginations run free and ‘have a go’ in the wonderful world of LEGO® bricks. Kid-powered rides, cool building challenges, a unique mix of interactive attractions, exhilarating coasters, shows that pull the audience into the action… and so much more. There is a surprise around every colorful corner, with lively music and astonishingly accurate LEGO® brick models. LEGOLAND® has something to excite every child and family member and dozens of things to enjoy together. Discovery Centers Please Select Jump into a giant box of LEGO® bricks at LEGOLAND® Discovery Center! An indoor, children’s attraction ideal for kids aged 3 – 10 years of age. Enjoy small LEGO® rides and play zone, see your favorite LEGO characters come to life in our 4D cinema experiences, learn top tips from the Master Model Builder Workshops, see your favorite buildings made from LEGO bricks in iconic MINILAND and much more! Enjoy some time out with the family, friends or school group with over 3 million LEGO bricks under 1 roof!	i don't know
Carole Klein achieved fame under what name?	Carole King - Environmental Activist, Pianist, Songwriter, Singer - Biography.com Famous People Named Carole Synopsis Born in New York City in 1942, singer and songwriter Carole King has written or co-written over 400 songs that have been recorded by more than 1,000 artists. Many of her most popular works – including "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" for The Shirelles, "Take Good Care of My Baby" for Bobby Vee and "You Make Me Feel (Like a Natural Woman)" for Aretha Franklin – were written in partnership with her first husband, Gerry Goffin. Early Songwriting Career Singer; songwriter; pianist. Born Carol Klein on February 9, 1942, in Manhattan, New York, and raised in Brooklyn, Carole King's amazing musical gift was apparent from the time she was a toddler. Already an accomplished pianist by the time she turned 10, King began writing a multitude of songs by her early teens. At James Madison High School, she chose the new last name "King" for herself as a stage name and formed her first quartet, the Co-Sines. She attended Queens College in New York, where she met Neil Sedaka, Paul Simon and Gerry Goffin—all future famous songwriters like herself. She briefly dated Sedaka, who produced a hit song entitled "Oh! Carol!"; her response ("Oh! Neil!") did not do nearly as well. Despite that minor setback, however, she forged ahead with her career and began a romantic relationship and songwriting partnership with Goffin. After she became pregnant at the age of 17, the couple quickly married in 1960 and continued to write impressive songs. The duo so impressed music publisher Don Kirshner that he signed them to his Aldon Music empire, where they established themselves immediately by writing the hit singles "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" for The Shirelles, "Take Good Care of My Baby" for Bobby Vee and "Up on the Roof" for the Drifters. As the 1960s progressed, the Goffin/King partnership flourished and the couple wrote dozens of hit singles, including "You Make Me Feel (Like a Natural Woman)" for Aretha Franklin, "Goin' Back" for Dusty Springfield (and later The Byrds) and "Pleasant Valley Sunday" for the Monkees. Though she never felt out of place as a woman navigating the testosterone-heavy world of the music industry, King did realize she was different from her housewife peers: "Living with Gerry in New Jersey suburbia, I was surrounded by the wives of doctors, accountants, lawyers. With a pen in one hand and a baby in the other, I was a real oddity: a working woman." The Goffin/King partnership came under increasing strain as the 1960s continued. Even as their songwriting matured, their relationship fell apart as Goffin's numerous infidelities took their toll. (According to a biography by Sheila Weller, King even helped buy a house for one of his mistresses and a daughter they had together.) King and Goffin jointly formed a small record label, Tomorrow, but it soon disintegrated along with their marriage. King famously documented her relationship's collapse in her 1967 solo song, "The Road to Nowhere." King and Goffin divorced the following year and she officially began her solo career. In 1968, she moved with her two daughters to Laurel Canyon in Los Angeles to join fellow musicians James Taylor and Joni Mitchell, among others, in a creative songwriting community. She met Toni Stern, a female lyricist, with whom she wrote the single, "It's Too Late," a song that would later become one of her biggest hits as a singer. Of that era she later recalled, "Toni was wonderful help with the transition from writing with Gerry to writing songs on my own … I didn't have the courage initially. James inspired me a lot. I write heavily under the influence of James Taylor." Around the same time, King signed to Lou Adler's Ode label and briefly formed a group called The City with Danny Kortchmar and Charles Larkey; she would later marry Larkey in 1970. The City only put out one album, Now That Everything's Been Said. The group didn't tour because of King's stage fright; the album was therefore never promoted fully and The City fell apart. By the end of 1970, King began to devote herself exclusively to singing her own songs. Going Solo as a Singer Although her first solo effort, Writer, would prove to be a bust, her second album, Tapestry, released in 1971, would go on to stay at No. 1 on the Billboard charts for a record-breaking 15 weeks; it stayed on the charts in some form for a stunning six years. Tapestry remained the longest-tenured album in the top spot until it was finally beaten out by Michael Jackson's Thriller in 1982. As fellow songwriter Cynthia Weil said: "Carole spoke from her heart, and she happened to be in tune with the mass psyche. People were looking for a message, and she came to them with a message that was exactly what they were looking for." Some of the hits from Tapestry were earlier King compositions reclaimed in her own voice, such as "It's Too Late" and "Will You Love Me Tomorrow?" She also added some new singles: "So Far Away," "I Feel the Earth Move" and "You've Got a Friend" (later a No. 1 hit for her friend James Taylor). Her follow-up album, Music (1971), produced a No. 1 hit in "Sweet Seasons" and reached gold but failed to achieve the soaring status and sales of its predecessor. King's next few albums, Rhymes and Reasons, Wrap Around Joy, Fantasy and Thoroughbred, were all certified gold as well. With Thoroughbred, she reunited with ex-husband Gerry Goffin, and collaborated with James Taylor, David Crosby and Graham Nash. Her marriage to Larkey lasted until their divorce in 1976. Soon after, she entered her third marriage, to songwriter Rick Evers, in 1977. They relocated to Idaho and lived in a tiny mountain town that fostered King's love of nature and inspired an environmental activism that would shape her life in subsequent decades. However, although they collaborated on the album Simple Things, which would be among King's last to be certified gold, the relationship soured as Evers became increasingly abusive. The union ended when he died of a drug overdose in 1978. King's next two releases, Welcome Home and Touch the Sky, were not as well received as previous works. She achieved more commercial success in 1980 with Pearls, which contained performances of earlier songs co-written with Goffin. Later, King mainly wrote singles for film, television and other artists, effectively ending her career as a singer for a number of years. Recent Work The 1980s and 1990s saw a dip in her prolific songwriting, but not her active lifestyle. King has been working with the Alliance for the Wild Rockies since 1990, advocating for the passage of the Northern Rockies Ecosystem Protection Act (NREPA); she testified before Congress twice in support of the legislation. She also became involved in electoral politics, later becoming a strong supporter of Democratic candidates John Kerry and Hillary Clinton in 2004 and 2008, respectively. By the late 1990s, King was ready to launch something of a comeback in the music industry. She penned the hit "The Reason" for Celine Dion in 1997 and later performed it alongside the Canadian singer at VH1's Divas Live concert. In 2004, King recorded a well-received live album on her Living Room Tour. More recently, in 2007 she bridged divides of generation and genre by touring Japan with R&B star Mary J. Blige and Fergie of the Black Eyed Peas. In 2010, she linked up with longtime friend James Taylor for the Troubadour Reunion Tour. The resulting Live at the Troubadour album hit No. 4 on the U.S. charts and confirmed Carole King's lasting power as a force in the music industry. During the course of her long career, she has penned over 400 songs that have been recorded by more than 1,000 artists. When a reporter asked her what she would say now if she could give advice to her younger self, King said simply: "You're going to have a very rich and wonderful life." Having divorced her fourth husband, Idaho rancher Rick Sorenson, King remains happily single and independent in her mountain home. Of her surroundings in the wilderness she says, "When I wake up every morning, I smile and say, 'Thank you.' Because out of my window I can see the mountains, then go hiking with my dog and share her bounding joy in the world." In 2013, King made music history as the first woman to receive the Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. President Barack Obama gave her this honor at a special ceremony held at the White House. Around the time she received this award, the legendary singer-songwriter told the Associated Press that she will continue making music and performing. "I still feel that it would be lovely to retire, but that time is not yet here apparently," she said. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information	Carole King
Who shared the Nobel Peace Prize with John Hulme in 1998?	Carole King Net Worth, Bio 2017-2016, Wiki - REVISED! - Richest Celebrities Home / Musicians / Carole King Net Worth Carole King Net Worth How rich is Carole Klein? Carole Klein net worth: Rick Sorenson (m. 1982–1989) Children: More net worths Carole Klein net worth & biography: Carole King was born on February 9, 1942 in Brooklyn, New York, USA as Carole Klein. She was previously married to Rick Sorenson, Rick Evers, Charles Larkey and Gerry Goffin. More about Carole Klein: So You Think You Can Dance 2009-2010 TV Series writer - 3 episodes Parenthood TV Series writer - 1 episode Shrek Forever After writer: "You've Got A Friend" Valentine's Day writer: "I'm Into Something Good" Dancing on Ice TV Series writer - 1 episode Hitchhiker Munchkins Short performer: "Where You Lead" / writer: "Where You Lead" The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson 2009 TV Series writer - 1 episode Curb Your Enthusiasm TV Series writer - 1 episode Waking the Dead TV Series writer - 3 episodes Dancing with the Stars TV Series writer - 1 episode Welcome to the 80's TV Series documentary writer - 1 episode Memòries de la tele TV Series writer - 1 episode Later with Jools Holland TV Series performer - 1 episode, 2009 writer - 1 episode, 2009 Free Agents TV Series writer - 1 episode The Private Lives of Pippa Lee 2009 writer: "I'll Love You For A While" Seven Pounds writer: "I'm into Something Good" So You Think You Can Dance Canada 2008 TV Series writer - 1 episode A Look at Homosexuality in OFD 2008 Video documentary short writer: "One Fine Day" The Xtra Factor TV Series writer - 1 episode One Fine Day! TV Series writer - 1 episode Today TV Series writer - 1 episode Eli Stone TV Series writer - 1 episode Banda sonora TV Series performer - 1 episode, 2008 writer - 1 episode, 2008 Family Guy TV Series writer - 2 episodes Cashmere Mafia TV Series performer - 1 episode, 2008 writer - 1 episode, 2008 The Singing Bee TV Series writer - 2 episodes The IT Crowd TV Series writer - 1 episode Pour le meilleur et pour le rire: La croisière du rire 2007 TV Series writer - 1 episode When Did You Last See Your Father? 2007 writer: "One Fine Day", "Don't Ever Change" Candles on Bay Street TV Movie writer: "You've Got A Friend" Independent Lens TV Series documentary writer - 1 episode Men in Trees TV Series performer - 1 episode Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip 2006 TV Series writer - 1 episode Inland Empire TV Series writer - 1 episode Liquid Assets TV Series documentary writer - 1 episode Mayor of the Sunset Strip 2003 Documentary writer: "I'm Into Something Good" Freak Show 2003 2003 TV Special lyrics: "You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Women" / writer: "You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Women" Marillion: A Piss-Up in a Brewery 2002 Video writer: "Way Over Yonder" Kylie Minogue: Kylie Fever 2002 in Concert - Live in Manchester 2002 Video documentary writer: "The Locomotion" - uncredited The Monkees: Live Summer Tour 2002 Video writer: "Pleasant Valley Sunday" Operación triunfo TV Series writer - 2 episodes Crossing Jordan TV Series writer - 1 episode Atomic Kitten: Kitten Diaries TV Movie documentary writer: "Take Good Care of My Baby" - uncredited Barend en Van Dorp TV Series writer - 1 episode S1m0ne writer: "You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Woman" The Sum of All Fears 2002 writer: "If We Get Through This" Vanilla Sky "Porpoise Song Theme from "Head"" 1968 Riding in Cars with Boys 2001 TV Series writer - 1 episode The Lone Gunmen TV Series performer - 1 episode, 2001 writer - 1 episode, 2001 Vedybu planuotoja writer: "Somewhere My Baby Waits For Me" The British Invasion Returns Video writer: "I'm Into Something Good", "Don't Bring Me Down" Freddie Mercury, the Untold Story 2000 TV Special documentary writer: "Goin' Back" Gilmore Girls TV Series lyrics - 1 episode, 2000 music - 1 episode, 2000 performer - 1 episode, 2000 producer - 1 episode, 2000 Beautiful writer: "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" Thomas and the Magic Railroad 2000 Hollywood Rocks the Movies: The Early Years (1955-1970) 2000 TV Movie documentary writer: "Porpoise Song" Skipped Parts writer: "Chains", "I'm Into Something Good" Senswal performer: "You've Got a Friend" / writer: "You've Got a Friend" Amores Perros performer: "So Far Away" / writer: "So Far Away" Tuftsablanca writer: "You Make Me Feel Like A Natural Woman," The Other Sister performer: "I Feel the Earth Move" / writer: "I Feel the Earth Move" And the Beat Goes On: The Sonny and Cher Story 1999 TV Movie writer: "The Loco-Motion", "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" The Sopranos TV Series writer - 1 episode You've Got Mail 1998 lyrics: "Anyone At All" / music: "Anyone At All" / performer: "Anyone At All" / producer: "Anyone At All" One True Thing writer: "My One True Friend" Simon Birch writer: "Up on the Roof" Why Do Fools Fall in Love 1998 writer: "Will You Love Me Tomorrow", "Up on the Roof" All I Wanna Do TV Series writer - 1 episode Kylie Live: 'Let's Get to It Tour' 1992 Shindig! Presents British Invasion Vol. 1 1992 Video short writer: "I'm Into Something Good" Honey I Blew Up the Kid 1992 A League of Their Own 1992 performer: "Now and Forever" / producer: "Now and Forever" / writer: "Now and Forever" Father of the Bride writer: "I'm Into Something Good" Northern Exposure TV Series writer - 1 episode The Doctor writer: "Up on the Roof" The Trials of Rosie O'Neill TV Series performer - 1 episode, 1991 writer - 1 episode, 1991 Flight of the Intruder writer: "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" Jim'll Fix It TV Series writer - 1 episode Coupe de Ville writer: "Crying In The Rain" Waiting for the Light TV Series writer - 1 episode Quantum Leap TV Series writer - 1 episode Smash Hits Poll Winners' Party 1989 TV Movie writer: "I Feel the Earth Move" The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! 1989 TV Series writer - 1 episode Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills 1989 writer: "You Make Me Feel Like A Natural Woman" Shag writer: "Up on the Roof" - as King The Tall Guy writer: "Crying In The Rain" The Wonder Years TV Series performer - 1 episode, 1989 writer - 1 episode, 1989 The Naked Gun: From the Files of Police Squad! 1988 writer: "I'm Into Something Good" 1964 Kylie: The Videos Video documentary short writer: "Locomotion" Live from Her Majesty's TV Series writer - 1 episode Wide Awake Club TV Series writer - 1 episode Arthur 2: On the Rocks 1988 writer: "Will You Love Me Tomorrow?" Concrete Angels writer: "The Loco-Motion", "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow", "One Fine Day" Street Smart writer: "You Make Me Feel Like A Natural Woman" Rags to Riches TV Series writer - 1 episode Screen Two TV Series writer - 1 episode Women in Rock Video documentary performer: "So Far Away" / writer: "So Far Away" The Best of Times 1986 lyrics: "Don't Say Nothin' Bad About My Baby" / music: "Don't Say Nothin' Bad About My Baby" Murphy's Romance 1985 lyrics: "LOVE FOR THE LAST TIME THEME FROM MURPHY'S ROMANCE", "RUNNING LONELY", "POETRY", "I LOVE YOU ONLY", "HUNGRY HOWLING AT THE MOON" / music: "LOVE FOR THE LAST TIME THEME FROM MURPHY'S ROMANCE", "RUNNING LONELY", "POETRY", "I LOVE YOU ONLY", "HUNGRY HOWLING AT THE MOON" / performer: "LOVE FOR THE LAST TIME THEME FROM MURPHY'S ROMANCE", "RUNNING LONELY", "POETRY", "HUNGRY HOWLING AT THE MOON" Growing Pains TV Series writer - 1 episode The Care Bears Movie performer: "Care-a-Lot", "Home is in Your Heart" / writer: "Care-a-Lot", "Home is in Your Heart" Fandango performer: "It's Too Late" / writer: "It's Too Late" The Flamingo Kid TV Series writer - 1 episode Really Rosie 1975 TV Movie performer: "Really Rosie", "The Ballard of Chicken Soup", "One Was Johnny", "Alligators All Around", "Pierre", "Screaming and Yelling", "Chicken Soup With Rice", "Avenue", "My Simple Humble Neighbourhood", "The Awful Truth", "Such Sufferin'", "Really Rosie reprise" / writer: "Really Rosie", "The Ballard of Chicken Soup", "One Was Johnny", "Alligators All Around", "Pierre", "Screaming and Yelling", "Chicken Soup With Rice", "Avenue", "My Simple Humble Neighbourhood", "The Awful Truth", " Shampoo 1975 performer: "It Might as Well Rain Until September" 1962 - uncredited / writer: "It Might as Well Rain Until September" 1962, "Don't Say Nothin' Bad About My Baby" 1963 - uncredited Pleasure Cruise 1974/II performer: "I Feel the Earth Move", "Where You Lead" - uncredited / writer: "I Feel the Earth Move", "Where You Lead" - uncredited Sounds Like Les Dawson TV Movie writer: "Locomotion" - uncredited The Ernie Sigley Show TV Series writer - 6 episodes Van Oekel's Discohoek TV Series writer - 1 episode Pen Pals performer: "I Feel the Earth Move" - uncredited / writer: "I Feel the Earth Move" - uncredited Really Raquel TV Special writer: "You Light Up My Life" The Partridge Family TV Series lyrics - 4 episodes, 1973 - 1974 music - 4 episodes, 1973 - 1974 Hotel Hooker 1974 performer: "You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Woman" - uncredited / writer: "You Make Me Feel Like a Natural Woman" - uncredited The Bobby Goldsboro Show TV Series writer - 1 episode The Graham Kennedy Show TV Series writer - 9 episodes Go Fly a Kite performer: "I Feel the Earth Move" - uncredited / writer: "I Feel the Earth Move" - uncredited Whistle Test TV Series performer - 1 episode, 1973 writer - 1 episode, 1973 Blume in Love lyrics: "You've Got a Friend" / music: "You've Got a Friend" Little Sisters writer: "You've Got a Friend" - uncredited The Special London Bridge Special 1972 TV Movie writer: "You've got a friend" Pocket Money performer: "Pocket Money" / writer: "Pocket Money" One Pair of Eyes TV Series documentary writer - 1 episode West Valley PTA Short performer: "Where You Lead" - uncredited Glee TV Series writer - 3 episodes, 2011 - 2015 performer - 1 episode, 2011 The Young Hitchikers writer: "Wasn't Born to Follow" - uncredited The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon 2014 TV Series writer - 2 episodes Gumshoe writer: "Take Good Care Of My Baby" uncredited, "Crying In The Rain" The Simpsons TV Series writer - 5 episodes Dusty and Sweets McGee TV Series writer - 2 episodes The Johnny Cash Show TV Series writer - 1 episode Strictly Come Dancing TV Series writer - 2 episodes Soul! TV Series writer - 1 episode The Sixties TV Mini-Series documentary writer - 1 episode The Ed Sullivan Show TV Series writer - 1 episode Radio 2: In Concert TV Series writer - 1 episode Easy Rider writer: "I Wasn't Born to Follow" De wereld draait door TV Series writer - 1 episode Mondo Trasho writer: "Keep Your Hands Off My Baby" The 56th Annual Grammy Awards 2014 TV Special performer: "Beautiful", "Brave" / writer: "Beautiful" Head writer: "Porpoise Song", "As We Go Along" Saturday Night Live TV Series writer - 4 episodes The Monkees TV Series writer - 15 episodes, 1966 - 1968 producer - 1 episode, 1967 Yeolhansi performer: "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" / writer: "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" Bandstand TV Series writer - 1 episode Dancing with the Stars TV Series writer - 4 episodes The Go!! Show TV Series writer - 1 episode Filth writer: "Will You Still Love Me Tomorrow" Top of the Pops TV Series writer - 1 episode The Voice of the Philippines 2013 TV Series writer - 4 episodes Disk-O-Tek Holiday TV Series lyrics - 1 episode, 2013 music - 1 episode, 2013 writer - 1 episode, 2012 Especialista en chamacas writer: "Pobre Niña Rica" - as King Krueger: Another Tale from Elm Street 2013 Short writer: "Go Away Little Girl" Hollywood a Go Go TV Series writer - 2 episodes The Tonight Show with Jay Leno TV Series writer - 4 episodes, 2011 - 2013 performer - 1 episode, 2013 The Beatles TV Series writer - 2 episodes The 55th Annual Grammy Awards 2013 TV Special writer: "You Make Me Feel Like A Natural Woman" Shindig! TV Series writer - 6 episodes American Horror Story TV Series performer - 1 episode, 2013 writer - 1 episode, 2013 It's What's Happening, Baby! 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'Charolais' and 'Semental' are both breeds of what?	Comparison with Other Breeds 20 20 a Estimates for Hereford, Angus and Red Angus were adjusted to the level of heterosis expected in 3-way F1 crosses (estimates of 23.9 lb was added for 400-d weight, and 15.0 lb was added for 550-d weight) to provide for unbiased comparisons to 3-way F1 crosses by Continental sire breeds. b Frame scores were calculated from height using the equation recommended in Guidelines for Uniform Beef Improvement, Beef Improvement Federation (BIF, 1996). c Actual age at puberty (ranging from 84 to 100%) and adjusted age at puberty, adjusted to remove bias due to differences in percentage expressing first oestrus when observation of oestrus was discontinued in early May by adding i(s) where i is the expected negative deviation from the true mean in standard deviation (s) units. These preliminary results suggest that the Limousin breed in the USA has made significant progress in fertility traits while losing very little, if anything, in carcase yield and dressing percentage over the last 30 years. From Germplasm Evaluation Program Progress Report No. 21 on www.marc.usda.gov under Online Information. Comparison of Limousin with British, Continental and Tropical breeds in Australia. Presented at the International Limousin Conference September 2000 Background and Industry Context This project is part of an overall Co-operative Research Centre breeding strategy to identify, by progeny test, the sires, breeds and crosses of Australian beef cattle best suited to the meat quality specifications of our domestic and export markets. The experiment used nine sire breeds (Brahman, Santa Gertrudis, Charbray, Belmont Red, Charolais, Limousin, Hereford, Angus and Shorthorn) mated to Brahman cows. Belmont Red is a composite breed derived from Africander, Shorthorn and Hereford. The offspring from each sire were allocated to finishing on pasture in northern Australia or to feedlots in northern and southern Australia. They were fed to three market end points; Domestic (180 - 260 kg. carcase wt.) Korean Export (220 -280 kg. carcase wt.) and Japanese Export (280 - 400 kg. carcase wt.). Twelve sires per breed were used with a target of 15 progeny per sire. The CRC experiment was designed to achieve these targets over three years of mating. Approximately half the sires were replaced each year to provide links between years and increase calves per sire from some sires. Cattle targeted for the domestic market were fed for 70 days on a commercial feedlot ration. For the Korean Market they were fed for 100 days and for the Japanese market they were fed for 150 days. The trial includes a comparison of Limousin X Brahman with pure Brahman and also a comparison of Limousin X Brahman with Charolais X Brahman. Results The breeds were compared for a wide range of traits including weights, carcase traits and meat quality traits. Table 1 shows the effect of sire breed on birthweight, weaning weight and yearling weight. The Charolais sired calves were heavier at all weights than the other breeds. Limousin X Brahman were 25 kg heavier at yearling age than Brahmans. Table 1. 168 Table 3 shows the effects of sire breed on measures of meat quality in steers. Limousin X Brahman cattle had the lowest levels of intra muscular fat percentage (IMF%), were intermediate for cooking loss (%) and ultimate pH. They were low for peak force and instron compression which both indicate greater tenderness. Limousin X Brahman were slightly better than Charolais X Brahman for all objective meat quality measurements except IMF%. They were significantly better than purebred Brahmans for all objective meat quality measurements except IMF%. Table 3. Effect of sire breed on intramuscular fat percentage (IMF%), cooking loss, ultimate pH, peak force and instron compression in steer progeny. Sire breed 1.73 Eating Quality To test the objective measurements of eating quality a striplion sample from each animal was tested by untrained consumer panels. Breed effects on the eating quality (MQ4) scores are shown in figure 1. The MQ4 score was made up of tenderness x 0.4 + flavour x 0.2 + juiciness x 0.1 + over all acceptance x 0.3. Angus X Brahman carcases were assessed to have the highest eating quality. Limousin X Brahman had similar eating quality to all other breeds except Brahman which had substantially lower eating quality. It is clear from these results that marbling has little impact on objective measures of tenderness or eating quality as assessed by Australian consumers. The eating quality of Brahman cattle is substantially improved by crossing with Limousin. These results were extracted from "Producing and Processing Quality Beef from Australian Cattle Herds" 2000 edited by P Dundon, B Sundstrom and R Gaden. The complete paper is available from Alex McDonald, PO Box 262, Armidale NSW 2350, email [email protected] . Effects of Diet, Breed and Slaughter Endpoint on Growth Performance, Carcase Composition and Beef Quality Traits in Limousin and Charolais Steers Authors I.B. Mandell, E.A. Gullett , J.W. Wilton, O.B. Allen and V.R. Osborne Source Can. J. Anim. Sci. (1997) 77:23-32 Abstract: Ninety-six Charolais and Limousin steers were used to evaluate 75% grain (whole barley or corn) diets and two slaughter endpoints (7 mm backfat or 568 kg liveweight) in an experiment designed to constrain carcass weights to under approximately 341 kg yet produce optimal beef quality. Each breed was represented by eight progeny from each of six sires. The trial was terminated after 281 d feeding regardless of individual steers attaining designated slaughter endpoints. Limited availability of dietary energy in whole-barley diets resulted in decreased (P<0.01) average daily gain and increased (P<0.01) dry matter intake, feed/gain and days on feed for barley- vs. corn-fed cattle. Charolais outgained (P<0.05) Limousin but dry matter intake was similar.on a g BW0.75 basis. Feeding to 568 kg liveweight was associated with high (P<0. 10) ADG and decreased (P<0.05) feed/gain compared with feeding to 7 mm. Corn feeding increased (P<0.001) carcass weights, fat deposition and longissimus muscle area. Lean deposition was greater (P<0.01) in Limousin than Charolais. Taste panel assessment of tenderness, flavour and juiciness in longissimus muscle was generally not affected (P>0.10) by diet, breed or slaughter endpoint. Twelve primal ribs from each of Agriculture Canada's marbling classifications (A, AA, AAA) were purchased and processed identically to ribs from the test cattle. Shear and tenderness scores were similar (P>0.10) across test cattle and purchased ribs, despite intramuscular fat contents of 20.2, 27.1, 3 5.6 and 49.7 g kg- 1, respectively, for test cattle and trace, slight and small marbled ribs. Slight and small marbled ribs did have higher (P<0.05) taste panel scores for initial juiciness and flavour than ribs from the test cattle. While 26% of carcasses from test cattle graded Canada B I due to either inadequate finish or marbling, similar tenderness and shear scores were probably due to age of test cattle at slaughter which averaged 481+45 d plus the fact that all roasts were aged 7 d prior to freezing. Comparison of Feed intake and milk yield of Limousin, Simmental and Hereford cows in Denmark Presented at the International Limousin Conference, France, September 2000 by Anton Birk Jensen, Secretary of the Danish Limousin Association In Denmark, suckler cows used to be fed according to the standards laid down for dairy cows. Based on information retrievals in the 1990s the energy standards for suckler cows were adjusted and the feed intake capacity of suckler cows was laid down. These standards applying to both suckler cows and young animals stipulate the same needs and intake capacities irrespective of beef breed even though the breeds probably differ. It was also important to study how the different types and breeds of suckler cows manage under different environmental conditions, e.g. feed level which may be due to varying amounts of grass. To study how the production results of different breeds depend on feed quality, an experiment was conducted, involving Herefords, Simmentals and Limousins. For this experiment a number of heifer calves were purchased at the age of 6 months, evenly distributed on Limousins, Herefords and Simmentals. These three breeds each represent a beef cattle type and it is assumed that results, applying to e.g. Herefords, also apply to other British breeds. Broadly, the three breeds represent the following traits: hardiness, mothering instincts and production results. During the experiment the animals were fed two types of feed - one type contained much straw, i.e. a low-energy diet and the other type contained less straw and included rapeseed cake, i.e. a high-energy diet. All animals were fed ad lib. During the drying period all animals were fed the same type of feed. To simulate a grazing situation the calves were fed the same types of feed as their mothers but from a separate feeder in order that the feed intake of each individual animal in the experiment could be measured. Each cow and calf were housed in the same box with partly deep litter. The calf was weaned at the age of 6 months and then left the experiment. During the suckling period the cow's milk production was measured once a month by means of machine milking. Both cow and calf were weighed every month. The experiment showed that all cows irrespective of breed ate more of the high-energy diet than of the low-energy diet - measured in both Scandinavian feed units (SFU) and kg feed. This had the effect that the cows on the high-energy diet grew heavier during the experiment whereas the weights of the cows on the low-energy diet remained unchanged even if they were first calvers and should have been putting on weight. The measurements of degree of fatness (determination of body condition) showed that the cows on the high-energy diet had an almost unchanged degree of fatness during the whole experiment whereas the cows on the low-energy diet got thinner. These results are also shown in the table. There was generally no difference in the weights of the individual breeds, except that Herefords grew somewhat heavier in the second lactation compared to the two other breeds. Breed 579 The milk yield of the cows varied a lot from one breed to another, see figure 1. Fed the high-energy diet, the Simmental cows not surprisingly produced the highest milk yield whereas Herefords and Limousins did not differ much. The yields of the three breeds were almost identical when the cows were fed the low-energy diet. For the Limousin cows the difference between high- and low-energy diets was not significant. This means that Simmental cows produce large amounts of milk if they get ample amounts of good quality feed whereas Limousin cows do not produce more milk even if they get better feed. On the other hand, Limousin milk is more concentrated than both Hereford and Simmental milk, no matter whether they are fed high-energy or low-energy rations. The intake of the calves differed as well, depending on whether they were fed high- or low-energy diets, see figure 2. Both Simmental and Hereford calves ate much more of the high-energy diet than of the low-energy diet whereas the difference was smaller for Limousins. All the calves irrespective of breed ate very little of the low-energy diet which is probably due to the fact that the feed was very rough so the calves could not digest it. The growth rates of the calves differed both as regards breed and type of feed, see figure 3. Due to the high milk yields of the Simmental cows and their calves' relatively large feed intake the Simmental calves also had high growth rates relative to both Herefords and Limousins. There was no difference between the performance of the Limousins on high-energy and low-energy diets because the cows yielded largely the same amount of milk irrespective of feed type. Based on this experiment it can be concluded that Simmental cows pay for good-quality feed by ample amounts of milk and thus calves with high growth rates. On the other hand, it does not pay to give Limousin cows high-quality feed if looking exclusively at milk yield because this is nearly constant, irrespective of feed type. It is to be expected, however, that the growth rates of Limousin calves will improve considerably if they are fed an high-energy calf mix. Hereford comes in between the two other breeds as regards both milk yield and growth rate of calves. Net weight gain and carcass quality All cattle in Denmark are registered in the official national cattle database. All Danish slaughterhouses return data on carcass quality (EUROP scale), shape, colour etc. for each individual animal. Based on birth date, carcass data and carcass weight the net weight gain of the individual animal is calculated. The following table shows the results of the last four years for the three beef breeds which have most purebred animals and from which most semen is used for crossing on dairy cows. Classification and net weight gain of purebred animals Year Breed Effects, Dietary Energy Density Effects, and Retained Heterosis on Different Measures of Gain Efficiency in Beef Cattle. Authors: K.E. GregorT, L.V. Cundiff, and R.M. Koch. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994. 72:1138-1154. Abstract: Breed effects were evaluated in nine parental breeds (Red Poll, Hereford, Angus, Limousin, Braunvieh, Pinzgauer, Gelbvieh, Simmental and Charolais). Gain efficiency was evaluated in time constant (0 to 207 d), gain constant (310 to 540 kg), carcass weight constant (333 kg), and retail product weight constant (225 and 210 kg) end points and to different marbling score and longissimus muscle fat end points. Significant differences were observed among breeds in all measures of gain efficiency. Key points related to Limousin include: * Even though Limousin had relatively low initial weight, their high live weight gain per megacalorie of Metabolizable Energy (ME), their high dressmg percentage and high percentage of retail product resulted in the highest values for retail product per megacalorie of ME. * Limousin were clearly superior in terms of retail product per Mcal of ME when evaluated over a constant time on feed of 207 days. Limousin were 14% more efficient than Charolais, 17% more efficient than Gelbvieh, 20% more efficient than Simmental, and 29% more efficient than Angus when measuring retail product with 8 mm of fat. At 0 mm fat the differences are greater with Limousin being 18% more efficient than Charolais and Gelbvieh, 24% more efficient than Simmental and 34% more efficient than Angus. * Another very important finding is that Limousin and Hereford were clearly superior in terms of estimated net energy for maintenance, with approximately 8.5% less maintenance energy than the other continental breeds. * When efficiency was compared on a gain constant basis there was a tendency for the fastest growing breeds to be the most efficient. The exceptions were Limousin which had below average gain and above average efficiency and the Gelbvieh which had above average gain and below average efficiency. * When compared at constant marbling scores, Limousin were inefficient compared to other breeds because so much maintenance was involved when the cattle are fed to achieve the higher intramuscular fat levels. Breed Effects and Retained Heterosis for Growth, Carcass and Meat Traits in Advanced Generations of Composite Populations of Beef Cattle. Authors: K.E. Gregory, L.V. Cundiff, R.M. Koch, M.E. Dikeman, and M. Koohmaraie. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 1994. 72:833-850. Abstract: Breed effects were evaluated in nine parental breeds (Red Poll, Hereford, Angus, Limousin, Braunvieh, Pinzgauer, Gelbvieh, Simmental and Charolais). Breed effects were significant for carcass weight, dressing percentage, fat thickness and marbling score; for retail product, fat trim (8 and 0 mm); and for carcass lean, fat and bone percentages and weights at two levels of fat trim (8 and 0 mm); and for carcass lean, fat and bone percentages and weights (see attached tables). Key points related to Limousin included: * Limousin exhibited significantly less growth in terms of average daily gain than all breeds with the exception of Red Poll. * Limousin had a significantly higher dressing percent than all other breeds (Carcass Wt/Live Weight). * Limousin had a significantly larger rib eye area than Charolais and Simmental; and a significantly lower percentage grading USDA Select or better than all breeds except Gelbvieh. * Limousin had significantly less bone than all other breeds. * Limousin had significantly less fat trim than all breeds except Gelbvieh; * Limousin had a significantly higher % retail yield (trimmed to 8 and 0 mm) than all other breeds. * While slaughter weights were 54.7 kg greater for the Gelbvieh, Simmental, and Charolais breeds, there was no significant difference in retail product weight or carcass lean weight because of the higher dressing percent, lower fat trim percentage and lower bone percentage of the Limousin.	Al-An'am
In the English judiciary system, what position is ranked immediately below the Lord Chief Justice?	Horizon Livestock - holstein, brown swiss, jersey, angus, charolais, hereford, limousine, brangus, simmental, beef master Home > Simmental > Index.php Simmental Simmental cattle are a versatile breed of cattle originating in Western Switzerland. The Simmental has historically been used for dairy, beef and as draught animals. They are particularly renowned for the rapid growth of their young, if given sufficient feed. Simmental provides more combined weaning gain (growth) and milk yield than any other breed. The traditional coloration of the Simmental has been described variously as "red and white spotted" or "gold and white", although there is no specific standard coloration, and the dominant shade varies from a pale yellow-gold all the way to very dark red. The face is normally white, and this characteristic is usually passed to cross-bred calves. The white face is genetically distinct from the white head of the Hereford. Today approximately 80% of the Simmental cattle in the United States are black, with the remaining 20% being red. Most Simmental cattle are solid in coloring. In the late 1980s and early 1990s there was a large push to rid Simmental cattle of the spots and diluter genes. Because of this push a large number of traditionally colored Simmental cows were bred to purebred Angus bulls. Over the next decade progressive breeders worked to breed their Simmental Angus cross cattle back up to a 7/8 blooded Simmental, also known as a purebred. Today it is common for Simmental cattle in North America to be both Homozygous Polled and Homozygous Black.	i don't know
If you were born on St. Valentine's Day, what star sign are you?	Astrology: Why Your Zodiac Sign and Horoscope Are Wrong Astrology: Why Your Zodiac Sign and Horoscope Are Wrong By Pedro Braganca \| October 23, 2007 12:16pm ET MORE It's a great conversation starter: "What's your sign?" But before you ask or answer that question, consider this: Your zodiac sign corresponds to the position of the sun relative to constellations as they appeared more 2,200 years ago! The science behind astrology may have its roots in astronomy but don't confuse these two disciplines. Astronomy can explain the position of the stars in the sky but it’s up to you to determine what, if anything, their alignment signifies. In short, as you'll see below, your zodiac sign is not what you think it is, and your corresponding horoscope can't be right. [Read: Wobbly Earth Means Your Horoscope Is Wrong ] The Constellations of the Zodiac The ecliptic, or the position of the Sun as it’s perceived from the revolving Earth, passes through the constellations that formed the Zodiac - Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius and Pisces. Zodiac signs were originally determined by which constellation the Sun was "in" on the day you were born. Early astronomers observed the Sun traveling through the signs of the Zodiac in the course of one year, spending about a month in each. Thus, they calculated that each constellation extends 30 degrees across the ecliptic. However, a phenomenon called precession has altered the position of the constellations we see today. Precession and Astrology The first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere was once marked by the zero point of the Zodiac. Astronomers call this the vernal equinox and it occurs as the ecliptic and celestial equator intersect. Around 600 BCE, the zero point was in Aries and was called the "first point of Aries." (Figure 1) The constellation Aries encompassed the first 30 degrees of the ecliptic; from 30 to 60 degrees was Taurus; from 60 to 90 degrees was Gemini; and so on for all twelve constellations of the Zodiac. Unbeknownst to the ancient astrologers, the Earth continually wobbles around its axis in a 25,800-year cycle. This wobble—called precession—is caused by the gravitational attraction of the Moon on Earth's equatorial bulge. Over the past two-and-a-half millennia, this wobble has caused the intersection point between the celestial equator and the ecliptic to move west along the ecliptic by 36 degrees, or almost exactly one-tenth of the way around. This means that the signs have slipped one-tenth—or almost one whole month—of the way around the sky to the west, relative to the stars beyond. For instance, those born between March 21 and April 19 consider themselves to be Aries. Today, the Sun is no longer within the constellation of Aries during much of that period. From March 11 to April 18, the Sun is actually in the constellation of Pisces! (Figure 2) See also Figure 3, which demonstrates the precession of the equinoxes from 600 BCE to 2600. Your "Real Sign" The table below lists the dates when the Sun is actually within the astronomical constellations of the Zodiac, according to modern constellation boundaries and corrected for precession (these dates can vary a day from year to year). You will most likely find that once precession is taken into account, your zodiac sign is different. And if you were born between November 29 and December 17, your sign is actually one you never saw in the newspaper: you are an Ophiuchus! The eliptic passes through the constellation of Ophiuchus after Scorpius. Now you really have something cool with which to start that conversation! Check out your “real” zodiac sign below and see what the sky looked like on your birthday by going to the Birthday Sky application. Capricorn - Jan 20 to Feb 16 Aquarius - Feb 16 to Mar 11 Pisces - Mar 11 to Apr 18 Aries - Apr 18 to May 13 Taurus - May 13 to Jun 21 Gemini - Jun 21 to Jul 20 Cancer - Jul 20 to Aug 10 Leo - Aug 10 to Sep 16 Virgo - Sep 16 to Oct 30 Libra - Oct 30 to Nov 23 Scorpius - Nov 23 to Nov 29 Ophiuchus - Nov 29 to Dec 17 Sagittarius - Dec 17 to Jan 20	Aquarius
In the classic 1933 film 'King Kong', what is the name of the island where 'Kong' is discovered?	Birthday Horoscope February 14th Aquarius, If your Birthday is February 14 Birthday Horoscope for February 14th If your Birthday is February 14 and your Zodiac Sign is Aquarius Birthday Persona Profile People born specifically on the 14th of February are presumed to be charming and insightful with a big sense of humor for an Aquarian water bearer. The astrological planet that rules this particular day is Mercury creating personalities with quick wit, excellent communication skills and a inquiring mind. Your silver tongue is one of your best assets and helps you cleverly express strong beliefs and views. You are bold and expressive with words but not blunt. If you have this birthday you are a good mix of analytical and intellectual making you great at solving problems. You like to go your own way and have a loathing for lies often standing up for those less fortunate. Individual's with a February the fourteenth birthday are generous, compassionate, loyal and loving and tend to take life just seriously enough. You love to laugh and enjoy entertaining others with your inventive wittiness, but you know when to be serious if it is important to be so. Work and Finances Careers are not usually of great interest to a person born on the fourteenth of February as you are not particularly ambitious. Your choice of work is generally one that demands the least effort and number of hours for the highest pay. You tend to believe that a job should not dominate your life but you understand the necessities of working. Your mixture of charisma and intelligence seems to help you find and acquire suitable occupations. With finances you sometimes struggle to balance your budget as you can have extravagant tastes and often have a somewhat lackadaisical approach to financial matters. Personal Relationships As an Aquarius star sign, the person born on the fourteenth of February, Valentine's Day, is not really very romantic or sentimental. However, you are hugely enthusiastic about love and more prone than any others in your zodiac group to fall in love at first sight. You find it easy to make friends and a strong friendship always seems to be an essential requirement of yours for a long term committed relationship. Although you find friendliness no problem emotionally the idea of more intimacy and commitment is sometimes a little difficult. This is most often down to your hint of self doubt and reluctance to be in a rush to settle down making you present yourself as rather cool and cautious. The perfect soul mate partner will need to appreciate your understanding nature and humorous side and be able to return equally your intense loyalty. Health Minor health ailments like headaches and fatigue experienced by those born on February 14th are commonly stress related. You have a strong constitution but are not especially adept at keeping anxiety at bay. By eating a suitable diet, getting adequate rest and restricting caffeine intake you should be able to help your body cope better with daily worries. You are not ordinarily a fan of exercise or sport but may enjoy some of the modern relaxation methods such as meditation, Yoga or Spa treatments. You could also need to take extra care of your teeth as these are a possible weak spot. Strengths and Weaknesses Your main strengths of character are that you are affable, amusing and bright and these qualities provide you with a capable social awareness. Your lively but tactful verbal expression is another of your stronger positive points. For those born on February 14th personality weaknesses are mainly centered around your vulnerability to soon get stressed. This causes you to be tearful or quiet and moody and occasionally act uncharacteristically hostile towards others. These traits of negativity are less likely to surface if you can learn to deal calmly with stressful situations as they happen. Dreams and Goals Being born on the 14th of February makes you quite perceptive and this encourages you to tune into your dreams. You will often try and interpret their meanings and relevance in an attempt to match them with your past, present or future circumstances. When it comes to setting personal goals any that you do decide on usually include a time limit on their attainability. You strive for a comfortable lifestyle with the opportunity to be yourself and have an even blend of work and fun. A loveable partner to share your aspirations is another of your wishes to make you feel complete and content. Birthday Luck and Significance As you were born on the fourteenth day of the month you are allocated with the day of birth Root number of Five. The keyword for this numerical reference to your birthday is 'Inquiry' and probably denotes your inquiring and communicative manner. The Tarot card associated with your birthday is the 14th in the Major Arcana called Temperance. This emphasizes your wish for evenness and moderation. When contemplating a lucky gemstone the Diamond is highly recommended for February the fourteenth birthdays. They are believed to attract good fortune for you especially in matters concerning romance. Summation The astro influences of the celestial body Uranus are thought to be accountable for the typical characteristics of Aquarians. The actual day you were born, the fourteenth of February is astrologically governed by the planet Mercury. Therefore it is the combination of these 2 cosmic forces that help determine your zodiacal uniqueness. Your witty but sensible outlook and verbal excellence are some of the best required attributes for getting along well with others. Your friendly and helpful mannerisms more than make up for your occasional aloofness. If you can quell doubts and worries you will benefit enormously. An ending thought for people born on February the 14th is to aim to slow down a bit and take time to be more sensitive to and think deeper about the feelings of others.	i don't know
In the 1897 novel 'Dracula', at which seaport in England does the title character make landfall in a violent storm?	Chapter 1: Summary This novel is not told in a straightforward, chronological, omniscient manner, like many nineteenth-century novels. Instead, it is composed of a collage of letters, journal entries and diary jottings, in addition to a portion of a ship's log, various newspaper clippings, and even a "phonograph diary." Since the story is basically a mystery, this technique is highly effective in sustaining suspense, for there are literally dozens of narrative pieces for readers to fit together before they can see the complexity of the novel resolved and the entirety of Stoker's pattern. Stoker most likely borrowed this approach to his novel from Wilkie Collins, who used the same technique in his "detective" novel The Woman in White (1860). Jonathan Harker's journal entries begin on May 3, sometime in the late nineteenth century. The young London lawyer has been traveling by train across Europe and is currently in Budapest, in route to Count Dracula's estate, located somewhere in the Carpathian Mountains of Transylvania—the "land beyond the forest." Harker has been sent by his London law firm to complete the final transactions for a transfer of real estate, which the Count has recently purchased in England, and thus far, Harker is very pleased with his trip. He is favorably impressed with Budapest, and he remarks that already he can tell that he is leaving the Western world behind him and that he is "entering the East," a section of Europe whose peoples and customs will be, for the most part, strange and unfamiliar. At the beginning of his journey, the tenor of his narrative is low-key—that is, Harker records what he contemplates, what he sees, and what he eats (in regard to the latter, he jots off a couple of reminders to himself to obtain certain recipes for his fiancée, Mina Murray). As his journal entries continue, Harker continues to record the details of the exotically spiced meals which he dines on, plus descriptions of the many old castles which he sees perched atop steep hills in the distance. The train dawdles on through the countryside, and Harker continues to describe the colorfully costumed peasants whom he sees; he is especially fascinated by the local garb of the swarthy, rather fierce looking men of the region, for they remind him of bandits, but he says that he has been assured that they are quite harmless. At the eve of twilight, when Harker's train reaches Bistritz, not far from the infamous Borgo Pass, Harker disembarks and checks into the "delightful ... old fashioned" Golden Krone Hotel (Count Dracula has instructed him to stay here). Before retiring for the night, Harker reads a note of cordial welcome from Count Dracula, then he records some of the local stories about the Pass, as well as some of the other local beliefs and superstitions. For example, the Borgo Pass marks the entry into Bukovina, and the Pass itself has been the scene of great fires and centuries of massacres, famine, and disease. Coincidentally, Harker's arrival at Bistritz is on the eve of St. George's Day, a night when "evil things in the world ... have full sway." At first, Harker is unconcerned about these local superstitions, but after he witnesses an old peasant woman's fearful awe of the name "Dracula," and after he realizes the extent of her fear for his safety, and after he finally accepts her gift of a rosary to ward off evil spirits, Harker begins to become a bit uneasy about setting off the next day for the Borgo Pass, despite the fact that Dracula's carriage will be waiting for him when he arrives late on the eve of St. George's Day. The morning of the departure does not bode well: A considerable crowd of peasants has gathered around the coach, muttering polyglot words which all seem to be variants of the word vampire; then, almost as if it happens en mass, the crowd makes the sign of the cross and points two fingers at him (a superstitious sign of blessing for a good, safe journey). The coach is off, and in contrast to the rugged road and the feverish haste of the horses, the countryside seems happy, bright, and colorful. But the forest trail, Harker notes, begins to rise ever upward, and soon they begin ascending the lofty, steep terrain of the Carpathian Mountains. The country peasants, as the coach dashes by them, all kneel and cross themselves, and Harker notes that the hills soon pass into a misty and cold gloom. Evening arrives, and soon they are passing beneath ghost-like clouds, as the coach careens alongside late-lying snows. Harker asks to walk, but his request is denied; foot travel is impossible because of the large number of fierce wild dogs in the woods. Meanwhile, the driver lashes his horses onward at an ever faster and more furious speed until at last the coach enters the Borgo Pass. The passengers disembark, the horses neigh and snort violently, and the peasants suddenly begin screaming. Simultaneously, a horse-drawn caleche drives up, and the driver instructs Harker that he will take him to Count Dracula. Once inside the caleche, Harker collapses in the close darkness, feeling like a child, cowering within the eerie loneliness. Glancing at his watch, he notices in alarm that it is midnight. A wild howling commences, the horses strain and rear, and wolves begin to gather from all sides as fine, powdery snow begins to fall. Harker falls asleep, probably from psychological strain and also from physical weariness; when he awakens, the caleche is stopped and the driver is gone. A ring of wolves "with white teeth and lolling red tongues" surrounds Harker. He feels "a sort of paralysis of fear." The ring of terror is unbearable; he shouts and beats on the side of the caleche. There seems to be no one around. Then without warning, the driver reappears, signals the wolves to disperse, and he drives onward, ascending again, ever higher, until at last they are in the courtyard of a vast ruined castle, the castle of Count Dracula. Chapter 1: Commentary From what we read in Harker's journal, it is clear that the young lawyer is a very logical, organized sort of man. Clearly, Stoker is setting up his protagonist as a very rational individual; in this way, the horror of the melodrama which will occur later will be encountered by a man who will try to combat it with common sense and logic. As a result, the terror of Stoker's narrative will become heightened and will seem more believable and less excessively hysterical. Had Stoker chosen a nervous, emotional type of man for his hero, his gothic melodrama would have become, or could have become, laughable and ludicrous. This is not the case, however; because of the carefully calculated way in which Stoker indicates and unravels the mystery of Count Dracula, he achieves a mastery over his subject matter that mitigates the raw horror and, instead, intensifies each chapter's sense of anxiety and portentous dread. One of the first devices that Stoker uses to let us know that Harker is sensible and rational (in addition to the fact that he is a lawyer) is by having Harker recall in his journal that he spent quite a bit of time prior to his journey in the British Museum; there, he read as much as he could about the provinces through which he would be traveling (provinces originally occupied by Attila and the Huns); Harker tried his best to locate the exact locality of Castle Dracula, but unfortunately, he was not able to pinpoint the location precisely, because the castle is located in one of the "wildest and least known portions of Europe." Yet even this ominously mysterious fact does not worry Harker unduly; because he is able to use his smattering of German, he is enjoying his adventuresome trip—thus far—and his notes become more minutely descriptive and confessional as he continues; the purpose for recording as much as he can, he says, is so that he can later refresh his memory when he is telling his fiancée, Mina, about the journey. One of the first clues in Harker's journal that suggests to us something about the terror that will soon commence concerns Harker's reaction to Transylvania itself. He notes that "every known superstition in the world is gathered into the horseshoe of the Carpathians"; he also records, again matter-of-factly, the minor annoyance of his having had "all sorts of queer dreams" recently; in addition, he heard a "dog howling all night under [his] window." He wonders, rather naively, if perhaps it was the excessive paprika in the chicken casserole which he ate for dinner that could have been responsible for his bad dreams. Chapters 2–4: Summary Dracula's castle is described, like almost everything else, in precise detail. Harker notes the castle's great round arches, the immense iron-studded stone doors, the rattling chains, and the clanking of massive bolts, and he compares the scene with a nightmare. Dracula himself is as mysterious as his castle is. He is an old man and is clean shaven, except for a long white Victorian moustache, and he is clad all in black without "a single speck of color about him anywhere." He speaks in perfect English and welcomes Harker inside, shaking his hand with an ice-cold, vice-like grip. His house, as he guides Harker forward, is seen to be filled with long passageways and heavy doors; finally they come to a room in which a table is laid for dinner, set beside a roaring fire. The Count's greeting is so warm that Harker forgets his fears and gives Dracula the details of the real estate transfer. Dracula explains that, at present, because of gout, he will not be able to make the journey to England himself, but that one of his trusted servants will accompany Harker back to London. After supper, Harker enjoys a cigar (Dracula does not smoke), and he studies his host: Dracula's face is strong; his high, thin nose is aquiline, and his nostrils seem to arch peculiarly; his shaggy brows almost meet, and his bushy hair seems to curl in profusion. His mouth, thick and white, covers "sharp white teeth which protrude over the lips." His ears are pale and pointed, and his cheeks are firm but extremely thin. His breath is fetid and rank. "The general effect is one of extraordinary pallor." Both of the men hear wolves howling from far off, and Dracula is the first to speak: "The children of the night," he says, "what music they make!" Shortly, thereafter, the two men retire, and Harker records a final entry for the day: "I think strange things which I dare not confess to my own soul. God keep me, if only for the sake of those dear to me." As Harker explores the Count's castle the next day, he notices a number of unusual, intriguing things: A meal is already prepared and is ready for him—and no servant is present. The table service is made of gold, the curtains and upholstery are made of costly fabrics, seemingly centuries old, and nowhere is there a mirror. To his joy, however, Harker at last discovers a vast library, and he is in the midst of perusing one of the volumes when the Count appears. Dracula tells Harker that he may go anywhere he wishes in the castle, except where the doors are locked. Then he changes the subject and reveals that he greatly fears his proposed journey to England. He feels that his mastery of the English language is insufficient. In addition, he has grown so accustomed to being a master in his own land that he dreads going to England and suddenly being a nobody. For that reason, he wants Harker to remain in the castle as long as possible in order to perfect Dracula's English pronunciation. Harker immediately agrees to do so, and thus they talk further—first, about inconsequential things, and then Dracula explains about the evil spirits in Transylvania that sometimes hold sway. There is "hardly a foot of soil" in all this region, says the Count, "that has not been enriched by the blood of men, patriots, or invaders." Afterward, their conversation turns to England, and while it is evident that the Count is concerned that he shall, for the most part, be alone in his new surroundings, he is immensely pleased by the description of his new estate: It is surrounded by high walls, made of heavy stone, is in need of repair, but contains massive, old iron gates; it is surrounded by dense trees, and the only building in the nearby vicinity is a private lunatic asylum. "I love the shade and the shadow," Dracula says; "I am no longer young; and my heart, through years of mourning over the dead, is not attuned to mirth." The two men talk throughout the night, and at the coming of dawn, when the cock crows, Dracula leaps up excitedly and excuses himself. Harker feels nothing tangibly amiss, but he confesses in his diary that he feels uneasy; he wishes that he were home and that he had never journeyed to Transylvania. Next morning as Harker is shaving, his host's voice startles him, and he cuts himself. Then two unexplainable, horrible things occur. Harker realizes that, first, there is no reflection of Count Dracula in the shaving mirror; and second, when the Count sees Harker's fresh blood trickling from his chin, his eyes blaze up "with a sudden demoniac fury," and he lunges for Harker's throat. Instinctively, Harker touches his crucifix, and Dracula's fury vanishes. He counsels Harker to take care how he cuts himself in this country; then Dracula flings the shaving glass onto the courtyard stones below, where it shatters into a thousand pieces. Dracula vanishes, and Harker ponders about what has happened. He also wonders about the fact that he has never seen the Count eat or drink. Harker then explores the castle farther and finally concludes that no matter how many beautiful vistas which he is able to see from the battlements, the castle is a veritable prison, and he is its prisoner. After Harker realizes that he is indeed a prisoner in Dracula's castle, he succumbs to panic and feelings of helplessness; momentarily, he believes that he is going mad, but he recovers almost instantly and tries to rationally analyze what he must do to escape and survive. More than anything else, Harker realizes that he will "need all [his] brains to get through." Ironically, since Harker is not a religious man, he is grateful for the crucifix which was given to him; it is "a comfort and a strength." A good night's sleep is virtually impossible for Harker, despite the fact that he has placed the crucifix over the head of the bed; thus, he paces throughout the night, looks out of his windows, and by accident, he sees Dracula, on two separate occasions, emerge from his room on the floor below, slither out, head downward, in lizard fashion, with his cloak spread out "around him like great wings." It is shortly afterward that Harker records in his diary that he fears for his sanity; he hopes that he does not go mad. His diary is his only solace; he turns to it "for repose." One of Harker's favorite rooms in the castle is one that he feels was probably a woman's room; romantically, he likes to imagine that in this room "ladies sat and sung and lived sweet lives whilst their gentle breasts were sad for their menfolk away in the midst of remorseless wars." It is during one moonlight night in this room that three women appear before Harker—and whether or not this is a dream, we cannot be sure. Harker's horror, however, is quite real, and that concerns us most. Two of the women are dark, and both of them have vivid, glowing red eyes; the other woman is fair. All have "brilliant white teeth," and all of them cause a burning, sexual desire within Harker. Unexplainably, Harker finds himself allowing the fair woman to bend over him until he can feel her hot breath on his neck. As two sharp teeth touch his neck, and as he closes [his] eyes "in languorous ecstasy," waiting "with beating heart," Count Dracula suddenly sweeps in and orders the women out. But before they go, Harker notices that they grab a small bag with "some living thing within it"; with horror, Harker is sure that he hears a low wail, like that "of a half-smothered child." Then he sinks into unconsciousness. Significantly, Harker awakens in his own bed. Perhaps the women and the gruesome bag were only part of a bad dream. Thus he steels himself for others "who are ... waiting to suck [his] blood." Harker waits, and while he does so, he notices gypsies who are driving wagons filled with large, square, empty boxes. Later, he hears the muffled sounds of digging, and again, he sees the Count slither down the side of the castle, lizard-fashion, wearing Harker's clothes and carrying "the terrible bag." A howling dog cries far below in the valley. The horror overcomes Harker; locked in his prison, he sits down and cries. It is then that he hears a woman below, crying out for her child, tearing her hair, beating her breasts, and "beating her naked hands against the door." Within moments, a pack of wolves pour "like a pent-up dam" into the courtyard. Then they stream away, "licking their lips." Harker has no choice; he must try to encounter Dracula during daylight. Therefore, he crawls out his window and descends, perilously, until he reaches the Count's room. Oddly, it is empty, and it seems "to have never been used"; everything is covered with dust, including a "great heap of gold in one corner." Seeing an open door, Harker follows a circular stairway down through dark, tunnel-like passages; with every step, he becomes more aware of a "deathly, sickly odour, the odour of old earth newly turned." In the vaults below, Harker discovers fifty boxes, and in one of them, he finds the Count, apparently asleep, even though his eyes are "open and strong." Horrified, he flees to his room and tries to decide what he must do. On June 29th, he reveals the full extent of his terror. He is terribly afraid; if he had a gun, he would try to kill the Count, but at this point, he believes that the Count is supernatural and that bullets would have no effect on him. Yet when the Count appears, he bids Harker goodbye, assuring him that a carriage will take him to the Borgo Pass and from there, he will be able to return to England. Later, Harker opens his door and sees "the three terrible women licking their lips." He throws himself on the floor, imploring heaven to save him until he can escape the following day. Not surprisingly, Harker wakes early, scales down the wall, and once more he finds the Count laid out in one of the large wooden boxes. Curiously, the old man looks "as if his youth [had] been half renewed." The reason is clear. He has been renewed by blood. On his lips are thick blotches of fresh blood which trickle from the corners of his mouth and run over his chin and neck. Dracula is gorged with blood, "like a filthy leech." The thought of Harker's assisting this monster to travel to England and satiate his lust on unsuspecting English men and women so horrifies Harker that he seizes a shovel and slashes madly at the Count's "hateful face." The Count's mad eyes so paralyze Harker, however, that the blow only grazes the Count's forehead. Hearing voices, Harker flees to the Count's room, where he hears the boxes below being filled with earth and the covers nailed shut. Then he hears the sound of wheels in the driveway, the crack of whips, and a chorus of gypsies. Now Harker is convinced that he is absolutely alone, a prisoner, and Dracula is off for England to wreak his evil. Yet Harker is still determined to at least try and escape and take some of the gold with him. He is sure that this castle is a nest for the "devil and his children," and he cannot remain in it a moment longer. The precipice which he must confront is steep and high, but he must attempt it at all costs. The last entry in his journal, at this point, is desperate: "Good-bye, all! Mina!" Chapters 2–4: Commentary These three chapters set the tone for all subsequent treatments of the Dracula legend. That is, whereas many works based on Count Dracula will alter the story significantly, most of the subsequent treatments of this legend will have some of the incidents found in these chapters. They include (1) an emissary (sometimes the pattern includes unsuspecting travelers) who is in a foreign land to contact the mysterious Count Dracula, who has bought some property in England. The young man, therefore, has come to finalize the arrangements with Dracula. (2) The setting is always someplace in Transylvania, a land sparsely populated and filled with howling wolves. It is also often remote and strange and unfamiliar, with no main roads to enter or depart by. (3) Everything is strange, even the language, which prevents the emissary from communicating with the natives (The natives are always of peasant stock and extremely superstitious and often xenophobic). (4) The representative usually stops in some remote inn, without such modern conveniences as telephones, where a carriage with an inscrutable driver will take him to the Borgo Pass. (5) The peasants will offer him various charms to ward off vampires, a word that strikes fear into the peasants. (6) The Borgo Pass is well known for mysterious happenings and the emissary usually arrives about midnight, a time when evil spirits have free reign in the world. (7) The emissary is met by someone working for the Count and is taken to the Count's castle. (8) The castle is a decaying edifice, located at the top of a tall mountain amid a desolate area, where one can gain access to the castle only by a steep, narrow road. The castle is a landmark, but few people tour the place. (9) Everything is old and musty in the castle. (10) Count Dracula is seen only at nighttime, and the emissary never sees him eat anything even though there is plenty of freshly prepared food. (11) The narrator usually sees Count Dracula performing some act which would be considered supernatural, such as slithering down the sheer precipice of the castle in a "bat-like" manner. (12) Often there is the presence of a female vampire (or vampires), who will attempt to seduce the narrator. (13) Usually the emissary is imprisoned in the castle and must effect his own escape. Other factors of a lesser nature can be included, factors such as the narrator's explorations of the castle and his discovery of many coffins or boxes of dirt or the proliferation of bats about the castle, the eerie noises, and the mysterious absence of mirrors (since vampires do not cast a reflection in a mirror), and sometimes there are the cries of young babies and the presence of blood at unexpected places. Therefore, the individual writer can utilize as many of the above archetypical patterns as he or she so chooses. Chapters 5 & 6: Summary The scene abruptly shifts from Transylvania to London, and the story of Mina Murray (later Mina Harker) and Lucy Westenra is introduced. The story in the following few chapters is presented through a series of letters between Mina Murray and Lucy Westenra, and also through journal entries of various characters, as well as by newspaper articles and even a ship's log. In these chapters we are also introduced to Dr. John Seward whom Lucy describes as "one of the most resolute men" she ever saw, "yet the most calm"; Arthur Holmwood, whom Lucy chooses to marry; and Quincey P. Morris, a Texan, a friend of Arthur Holmwood; and Dr. Seward, director of a lunatic asylum. All of these characters will figure prominently in the story. Mina Murray, an assistant "schoolmistress," is engaged to Jonathan Harker. In Mina's letter to her dear friend Lucy, she tells of Jonathan's recent letters from Transylvania which assure her that he is well and will soon be returning home. (These are early letters from Jonathan, of course.) Mina's first letter is dated a few days after Jonathan's arrival at Castle Dracula. Lucy's reply reveals that she is in love with a Mr. Arthur Holmwood, a "tall, curly haired man." She also mentions a doctor whom she would like Mina to meet. The doctor, John Seward, is "handsome" and "really clever," twenty-nine years old, and the administrator of a lunatic asylum. At the conclusion of Lucy's letter, we learn that Mina and Lucy have been friends since childhood and that each depends on the other for happiness. In Lucy's next letter to Mina, Lucy reveals to us that she will be twenty years old in three months. On this particular day (the 24th of May), she has had no less than three marriage proposals, and she is ecstatic. The first proposal was from Dr. Seward, whom she turned down. The second proposal came from the American, Quincey P. Morris. She finds the American to be gallant and romantic, yet she feels that she must turn him down as well. The third proposal came from Arthur Holmwood, whose proposal she accepted. Following the exchange of letters between Mina and Lucy, we have an excerpt from Dr. Seward's diary (kept on a phonograph) from the 25th of May, the day following his proposal to Lucy. Dr. Seward reveals his depression over Lucy's rejection, but he will resign himself to his vocation. Dr. Seward also mentions, most importantly, his curiosity about one of his patients. This patient's name is R. M. Renfield, who is fifty-nine years old and a man of "great physical strength." Dr. Seward notes that Renfield is "morbidly excitable" and has "periods of gloom ending in some fixed idea" which the doctor is unable to determine. Seward concludes the entry by stating that he believes Renfield to be potentially dangerous. Following Seward's entry is a letter from the American, Quincey P. Morris, to Arthur Holmwood, dated May 25th. In the letter, Quincey asks Arthur to drink with him to drown his sorrows over a woman's rejection—and also, he proposes to drink to Arthur's happiness. Quincey also reveals the name of another fellow who will be present, one who also happens to wish to drown his sorrows—Dr. Seward. Mina's journal of the 24th of July comes from Whitby, a town located in northeast England, on the seacoast; her description of Whitby would pass for one in a travel guide. Of special note is Mina's description of the ruins of Whitby Abbey: Mina says that it is a "most noble ruin ... full of beautiful and romantic bits," and she mentions the legend of a "white lady" who is seen in one of the Abbey's windows. She also mentions a large graveyard which lies above the town and has a "full view of the harbor." Of the friends whom Mina makes at Whitby, she is most charmed by a "funny old man" named Mr. Swales. Mr. Swales is very old, for Mina tells us that his face is "all gnarled and twisted like the bark of a tree," and that Swales brags that he is almost one hundred years old. He is a skeptical person and scoffs at the legend of the "white lady" of Whitby Abbey. A week later, Mina and Lucy are on the hillside above Whitby talking to old Mr. Swales. Lucy playfully refers to him as the "Sir Oracle" of the area. Mina mentions Lucy's robust health and her happy spirits since coming to Whitby. On this day, Mr. Swales refuses to tell Mina and Lucy about a legend which he scoffs at. The legend involves and maintains that many of the graves in the yard are actually empty. This notion is, of course, preposterous to Mr. Swales, and he tells the ladies that they should not believe the silly superstitions of the area. Mina reports that Lucy and Arthur are preparing for their wedding and that she still hasn't heard from Jonathan for a month; interestingly, the date of this entry is also the date of the last entry that Jonathan Harker made in the journal that he kept in Count Dracula's castle in Transylvania. Dr. Seward, meanwhile, reports that the case of Renfield is becoming more and more curious. Seward reports that Renfield has developed qualities of selfishness, secrecy, and dubiousness; in addition, Renfield has pets of odd sorts; presently, Renfield's hobby is catching flies, and he has a large number of them. When Seward demands that Renfield get rid of them, Renfield asks for a delay of three days. Two weeks later, Seward reports that Renfield has become interested in spiders and has "several very big fellows in a box." Evidently, Renfield is feeding the flies to the spiders and also munching on the flies himself. About ten days later, Seward reports that the spiders are becoming a great nuisance and that he has ordered Renfield to get rid of them. As Seward is issuing this demand, a fly buzzes into the room and Renfield catches it and "exultantly" eats it. Renfield keeps a notebook in which whole pages are filled with masses of numbers, as if it is an account book; we can assume that he is totaling up the number of flies that he has eaten. A week later, Seward discovers that Renfield also has a pet sparrow and that Renfield's supply of spiders has diminished; it would seem that Renfield also maintains a supply of flies for the spiders by tempting them with pieces of food. About ten days later, Seward reports that Renfield has "a whole colony of sparrows" and that the supply of flies and spiders is almost depleted. Fawning like a dog, Renfield begs Seward for a nice little kitten which he can "feed—and feed—and feed." Seward refuses Renfield's request, and Renfield immediately becomes hostile and threatening. Seward fears that Renfield is an "undeveloped homicidal maniac." Upon returning to Renfield's cell a few hours later, Seward discovers Renfield in the corner, "gnawing his fingers." Renfield immediately begs for a kitten again. The next day, Renfield is spreading sugar on the window sill, evidently trying to catch flies again. Seward is surprised that the room is empty of birds, and when Renfield is asked where they are, he responds that they have all flown away. Seward is disconcerted, however, when he sees a few feathers and some blood on Renfield's pillow. A few hours later, an attendant tells Seward that Renfield vomited and disgorged a large quantity of feathers. That evening, Seward orders that Renfield be given a strong opiate to make him sleep. Seward decides to classify Renfield as a "zoöphagous [life eating] maniac." Seward defines this phenomenon as a person who tries "to absorb as many lives as he can," one who has laid himself out to achieve it in a cumulative way. Seward is thrilled with the possibility that he might advance this branch of science and, thus, become famous. The novel now shifts back to Mina Murray's journal, July 26th, about a week after Seward's last entry. Mina voices concern about not hearing from Jonathan Harker and also, curiously, about Lucy. Additionally, Mina is confused as to why she hasn't heard from Jonathan because yesterday, Jonathan's employer, Mr. Hawkins, sent her a letter from Jonathan, a letter that was written at Count Dracula's castle. The letter consists of only one line, a statement that he is starting home. Mina notes that this extreme brevity is totally unlike Jonathan. Mina is also concerned about Lucy because Lucy has once again "taken to her old habit of walking in her sleep." In a late entry of the 6th of August, Mina notes that the fishermen claim that a harsh storm is approaching. Old Mr. Swales tells her that he has never felt closer to death and that he is tired of fighting it. He also senses approaching calamity and doom: "There is something in that wind that sounds, and looks, and tastes, and smells like death." At the end of the entry, she reports sighting a strange ship which old Mr. Swales says is a Russian ship. Chapters 5 & 6: Commentary Stoker continues with his epistolary style, continuing in the tradition of having two young, naive ladies corresponding about love and life. These innocent girls will very soon become involved in the horror which Dracula brings. Stoker contrasts their innocence with the approaching plague of horror and evil, a typically gothic pattern of narrative; it would not be dramatically effective to have depraved characters confront the evil menace. The setting is a typical one for the gothic novel. We leave the hustle and bustle of a metropolitan city and journey to an isolated city, replete with legends of empty graves, sepulchral old natives, and legends of dead people who haunt huge old houses. Furthermore, any type of ghost story should be set in some place far from civilization, and here at Whitby, where there are rambling old houses, sleepwalking, and graveyards, we have a perfect gothic setting. The story of Renfield foreshadows the social disruption and insanity which will accompany Dracula's descent upon England. This is further symbolized by Renfield's desire for blood and the sucking of fresh blood, which will be Dracula's, or the vampire's, goal. Renfield can be seen as an archetype of "the predecessor" (such as John the Baptist) because Renfield prepares us for the imminent arrival of his "lord" and "master," Dracula. Stoker will continue to pervert Christian myths throughout the novel. Dracula is a satanic figure, and the horrors of Renfield are maudlin, compared to the greater horror which is Dracula himself. Lucy's sleepwalking also prefigures the arrival of Count Dracula. As it happens, the day that she begins sleepwalking will closely correspond to the day that Dracula's ship crosses the straits of Gibraltar into Western civilization. And it will be because of her sleepwalking that she will become a member of the "Un-Dead." Old Mr. Swales is the archetypal prophetic figure, one who senses and can articulate the approaching doom and horror, yet one whose exhortations and prophesies are ignored or remain misunderstood by the populace. Chapters 7 & 8: Summary Utilizing the narrative device of a newspaper clipping (dated August 8th), the story of the landing of Count Dracula's ship is presented. The report indicates that the recent storm, one of the worst storms on record, was responsible for the shipwreck of a strange Russian vessel. The article also mentions several observations which indicate the vessel's strange method of navigation; we learn that observers feel that the captain had to be mad because in the midst of the storm the ship's sails were wholly unfurled. Many people who witnessed the approach of the strange vessel were gathered on one of Whitby's piers to await the ship's arrival. By the light of a spotlight, witnesses noticed that "lashed to the helm was a corpse, with drooping head, which swung horribly to and fro" as the ship rocked. As the vessel violently ran aground, "an immense dog sprang up on deck from below," jumped from the ship, and ran off. Upon closer inspection, it was discovered that the man lashed to the wheel (the helm) had a crucifix clutched in his hand. According to a local doctor, the man had been dead for at least two days. Coast Guard officials discovered a bottle in the dead man's pocket, carefully sealed, which contained a roll of paper. In a newspaper article the next day, it is revealed that the ship, a schooner, was a Russian vessel, one from Varna, called the Demeter. The only cargo on board was a "ballast of silver sand" and "a number of great wooden boxes filled with mould." It is revealed that the cargo was consigned to a Whitby solicitor, Mr. S. F. Billington, who has claimed the boxes. The bizarre circumstances of the ship's arrival have been the talk about town for the last few days, and there has also been some interest as to the whereabouts of the big dog which jumped ashore on the first night. The dog has disappeared, and some citizens are worried that the dog may be dangerous. Reportedly, a half-breed mastiff was found dead, its throat torn out and its belly split open. The narrative continues with excerpts from the Demeter's log. The log begins on the 6th of July, which would be a week after Jonathan Harker's last entry in his journal. According to the log entries, all is calm aboard the ship for several days. On the 16th of July, however, one crew member is found missing, and the log indicates that all the sailors are downcast and anxious. The next day, the 17th of July, a sailor reports seeing a "tall, thin man, who was not like any of the crew, come up the companionway, and go along the deck forward and disappear." Yet no one, upon inspection of the ship, is to be found. Five days later, on the 22nd of July, the ship passes Gibraltar and sails out through the Straits with apparently no further problems. Two days later, however, another man is reported lost, and the remaining men grow panicky and frightened. Five days later, another sailor is missing. On the 30th of July, only the captain, his mate, and two crew members are left. On the 2nd of August, another crew member disappears. At midnight on the next night, the remaining deck hand disappears, and the captain and the mate are the only remaining men aboard. The captain reports that the mate is haggard and close to madness. In a panic, the mate, a Roumanian, hisses, "It is here." The mate thinks that "it" is in the hold, perhaps "in one of the boxes." The mate descends into the hold, only to come flying from the hold moments later, screaming in terror, telling the captain, "He is there. I know the secret now." In despair, the mate throws himself overboard, preferring drowning to a confrontation with "the thing." Since the captain feels that it is his duty to remain with the ship, he vows to tie his hands to the wheel and take the ship to port. At this point, the log ends. The log of the Demeter stirs up a great deal of controversy, and most of the townsfolk regard the captain as a hero. The reporter ends his narration by stating that the great dog has not yet been found. The narrative shifts then to Mina's journal (August 8th), the day of the great storm. Lucy is still sleepwalking, and Mina has yet to hear from Jonathan. On the 10th of August, Mina indicates that the burial of the sea captain was on this day and that Lucy is very upset about the events of the last few days. In a shocking revelation, we learn that old Mr. Swales was found dead this morning, near the graveyard, at the seat where Lucy and Mina would often visit with him. According to the doctor, the old man must have "fallen back in the seat in some sort of fright" because his neck was broken. Mina's journal for the 10th of August concludes with the observation that Lucy is happy and seems better in body and in spirit than she has for quite some time. The next entry is a few hours later; at 3 A.M., Mina awakened with a horrible sense of fear and discovered that Lucy's bed was empty. After satisfying herself that Lucy was nowhere to be found inside the house, she threw a heavy shawl about herself and headed outdoors to search for Lucy. While searching, it occurred to Mina that Lucy might have gone to their favorite place, the seat on the hill where old Mr. Swales was found. She looked towards the hill where the seat was located and, under the light of a "beautiful moon," she saw on the seat a half-reclining figure, "snowy white." Above the figure, "something dark" was bending over the reclining figure. Mina raced to the spot. When she approached the seat, Mina saw something "long and black" bent over the half reclining figure. Mina called to Lucy in fright, and "the thing raised a head." Mina could see "a white face and red, gleaming eyes." By the time Mina reached the seat, the moonlight was so brilliant that Mina could see that Lucy was alone. It appeared that Lucy was merely asleep, but her breathing was hesitant and coming in long, heavy gasps; then Lucy shuddered and covered her throat with her hand. Mina threw her shawl over Lucy to warm her, and Lucy pulled the shawl up about her neck as though she were cold. Mina accounts for the two puncture wounds in Lucy's throat as the result of pin pricks caused when Mina was trying to pin a shawl around Lucy's exposed neck. Mina then escorts Lucy back home and puts her back to bed. Just before falling asleep, Lucy begs Mina not to tell anyone of the incident. That morning (August 11th) Lucy looks better to Mina than she has for weeks. Mina berates herself for wounding Lucy with the safety pin, for again she notices the two little red pin pricks on Lucy's neck, "and on the band of her nightdress was a drop of blood." Lucy casually laughs off Mina's concern. The rest of the day is spent happily, and Mina expects a restful night. In her journal entry of the next day, however, Mina indicates that her expectations were wrong. Twice that night Mina discovered that Lucy was awake and trying to leave the room. Yet, the next morning, Lucy was, seemingly, the picture of health to Mina. The 13th of August is a quiet day, yet that night Mina discovers Lucy sitting up in bed in a dazed sleep, "pointing to the window." Mina goes to the window, and in the brilliant moonlight she notices "a great bat" flitting about in circles. Evidently the bat is frightened by the sudden appearance of Mina at the window and flies off. The next day at sunset, Mina indicates that she and Lucy spent the day at a favorite spot on the East Cliff, and, at sunset, Lucy made a most unusual remark: "His red eyes again! They are just the same." At the moment when Lucy utters this phrase, Mina notices that Lucy's eyes are directed towards their favorite seat, "whereon was a dark figure seated alone." To Mina, the stranger's eyes appeared for a moment "like burning flames." Later, the two return home and say no more about the incident. After seeing Lucy to bed that night, Mina decided to go for a short stroll. Coming home in the bright moonlight, she glanced up at their bedroom window and noticed Lucy's head leaning out. Mina thought that Lucy was looking for her, but she was not—Lucy did not even notice Mina. She appeared, in fact, to be fast asleep. Curiously, seated on the window sill next to her was something that looked like a "good sized bird." Running upstairs to the bedroom in a panic, Mina discovered that Lucy was now back in her bed—asleep, but holding her hand to her throat as if chilled. Mina chooses not to awaken her, yet she notices, much to her dismay, that Lucy looks pale and haggard. Mina attributes this to Lucy's fretting about something. On the next day (15th of August), Mina notices that Lucy is "languid and tired" and that she slept later than normal. Mina receives a bit of unexpected and shocking news from Mrs. Westenra, Lucy's mother. Mrs. Westenra's doctor has informed her that she has only a few months to live because of a heart condition. Two days later, Mina is despondent. She has had no news from Jonathan yet, and Lucy seems to be growing weaker and weaker by the day. Mina cannot understand Lucy's decline, for she eats well and sleeps well and gets plenty of exercise. Yet at night, Mina has heard her awaken as if gasping for air, and just last night, she found Lucy leaning out of the open window again; Lucy was incredibly weak and her breath came with much difficulty. Inspecting Lucy's throat as she lay asleep, Mina noticed that the puncture wounds had not healed; if anything, they were larger than before and the edges were pale and faintly puckered. "They were like little white dots with red centers." In a letter dated the 17th of August, Mr. S. F. Billington (to whom the boxes from the Demeter were consigned) orders the boxes to be delivered to Carfax, near Purfleet, in London. Mina's journal (August 18th) records that Lucy is looking better and slept well the last night. Lucy seems to have come to terms with the night when she was found sleepwalking. Lucy spends most of her time thinking of her fiancé, Arthur. Lucy feels that the recent events are like a dream, yet she has a "vague memory of something long and dark with red eyes ... and something very sweet and very bitter all around, sinking into deep green water." Her "soul seemed to go out from [her] body and float about in the air." She tells Mina there was suddenly "a sort of agonizing feeling." And then Mina woke her. On the 19th of August, Mina receives news of Jonathan—he is in a hospital in Budapest. Mina intends to leave the next morning to go to Budapest to be with him; Jonathan apparently has been hospitalized because of brain fever. In a letter from a Sister Agatha, Mina is warned that she should be prepared to spend some time at the hospital, for Jonathan's illness is very serious. The narrative shifts then to Dr. Seward's diary. Renfield, it seems, has had a swift and drastic change in personality. He has periods of excitement, and he acts as if he were a caged animal. He had been respectful, but recently, he has become quite "haughty." He has told Seward that "the Master is at hand." Dr. Seward attributes Renfield's condition to a "religious mania." Renfield's pets (the spiders, flies, and sparrows) are no longer important to him. Later that night, Renfield escapes. Dr. Seward and several attendants follow Renfield to Carfax (the destination of the fifty boxes of earth belonging to Count Dracula). Following him onto the grounds, Seward finds Renfield "pressed close against the old iron-bound oak door of the chapel," apparently talking to someone. Renfield is apparently addressing someone whom he calls "Master"; Renfield seems to consider himself a slave. Dr. Seward and the attendants put a restraint on Renfield and return him to his cell. There, Renfield says that he "shall be patient, Master." Chapters 7 & 8: Commentary Once again Stoker relies on clever stylistic devices to add verisimilitude to his story. By using newspaper clippings, the ship's log, the medical journal, excerpts from telegrams and diaries, he builds a cumulative picture of events as though they might really have happened and, thus, he gives greater credence to this improbable story. The ship that was sighted at the end of Chapter 6 has turned out to be the ship which was carrying the loads of dirt from Count Dracula's estate, the cargo that Jonathan Harker saw being loaded on wagons in Transylvania. Apparently, Count Dracula himself is "residing" in one of these boxes. The storm, the howling dogs, and the mysterious disappearance of the sailors—all are symbolic of the approaching evil which is represented by Count Dracula. It is clear that Dracula is a harbinger of the natural catastrophes which are occurring. His evil presence is felt by old Mr. Swales, who at his advanced age cannot withstand the horrors represented by the arrival of Dracula and is found dead, murdered to make it seem as though he were killed accidentally. It can be assumed that the mysterious dog that came from the ship was Dracula himself in one of his guises, and that it was responsible for knocking the old man down and causing his death. Many supernatural things, like Mr. Swales's death, are never fully explained by Stoker, leaving all the events surrounded by an aura of superstition and mystery. The calm Victorian life, filled with all of the amenities of life, is being penetrated by everything which Dracula represents, and the disruption is seen mainly in the manner in which he "penetrates" a young virgin's (Lucy's) neck, sucking both life and blood from her. The illness of Arthur Holmwood's father (only slightly mentioned), as well as the approaching death of Lucy's mother, seem cabalistically linked to the approach and arrival of Count Dracula, and, thus, by the end of the novel we will see that both Lucy and her mother have become victims of the intruding spectre of horror. Dracula is more than just a vampire, more than just a satanic presence affecting only a few; he is also a symbol of total social disruption and chaos. If not stopped, he will destroy all of Victorian society. Count Dracula's appearance and his satanic presence—his black clothes, his fiery red eyes, and his pale features—are a total contrast to the winsome, innocent, and virginal presence of the two ladies (Lucy and Mina) who represent purity. Once again, Stoker inverts the traditional Christian myth when Renfield anticipates and looks forward to the arrival of his "lord and master" in the person of Count Dracula. Stoker, in an interesting choice of phraseology, considers Renfield's behavior at Carfax as though Renfield is experiencing a "Real Presence," as though Dracula were the (perverted) Holy Ghost. The entire scene is a perversion of the Catholic communion, wherein the Real Presence of the Holy Ghost is present each time that the Eucharist is administered. In terms of the narrative structure so far, we don't know why Count Dracula left Transylvania to come to England—rather than go somewhere else, or even why he had to leave his native country. However, in these chapters, we find out that Jonathan Harker did escape, but his method of escape will never be revealed to us; remember that when we last saw him, he was a prisoner in Dracula's castle, surrounded by wolves and supernatural beings. Yet suddenly, without explanation, he appears in Budapest, where he is cared for by nurses. Chapters 9 & 10: Summary In a letter from Budapest, Mina tells Lucy that she has arrived safely and that she has found Jonathan Harker greatly changed. He is only a shadow of his former self, and he remembers very little of what has happened to him; he suffered a terrible shock, and his brain has a mental block against whatever caused his present condition. Sister Agatha, who has attended him, has told Mina that he raved and ranted about dreadful and unspeakable things, so dreadful that she often had "to cross herself." Sister Agatha maintains that "his fear is of great and horrible things, which no mortal can think of." Mina notices a notebook and wonders if she could look through it for some clue as to what happened; Jonathan tells her that he has had brain fever, and he thinks that the cause of the brain fever might be recorded in the notebook. However, he does not ever want to read the contents of the book himself. Thus he gives the journal to Mina and says that if she wants to read it she may, but he never wants to read it lest it cause some horror in their married life. Mina informs Lucy that she and Jonathan have decided to get married immediately, and, that very afternoon, the marriage ceremony was performed. As a wedding gift, Mina took the notebook, wrapped it, tied it, and sealed it in wax, using her wedding ring as the seal, saying that she would never open it unless it were for his—Jonathan's—sake. After reading her friend's letter, Lucy sends Mina a letter of congratulations, telling her that she herself is feeling quite healthy. Dr. Seward records in his diary that Renfield has now grown very quiet and often murmurs to himself, "Now I can wait, now I can wait." He does not speak to anyone, even when he is offered a kitten or a full grown cat as a pet. He responds, "I don't take any stock in cats. I have more to think of now." This has happened for three nights; now, Seward plans to arrange a way for Renfield to escape so that they can follow him. At an unexpected moment, however, Renfield escapes. The attendant follows him to Carfax, where he is again pressed against the old chapel door. When Renfield sees Dr. Seward, he tries to attack him, but is restrained. Renfield grows strangely calm, and Dr. Seward becomes aware that Renfield is staring at something in the moonlit sky. Upon following his gaze, Seward can see nothing, however, but an exceptionally large bat. Lucy Westenra, (on the 24th of August) records in her diary that she has been dreaming, as she did earlier at Whitby (she is now at Hillingham, another of the houses which her family owns). Also, she notes that her mother's health is declining. On the night of the 25th, she writes that she awoke around midnight to the sound of something scratching and flapping at the window. When she awoke in the morning, she was pale, and her throat pained her severely. Arthur Holmwood writes to Dr. Seward on the 31st of August, asking him to visit Lucy and examine her. Then, the next day, he telegrams Dr. Seward to inform him that he has been called to his father's bedside, where he wants Dr. Seward to contact him. On the 2nd of September, Dr. Seward writes to Arthur Holmwood that Lucy's health does not conform to any malady that he knows of, and that Lucy is somewhat reluctant to have him examine her completely. Dr. Seward is concerned about her "somewhat bloodless condition" because there are no signs of anemia. Lucy complains of difficulty in breathing, lethargic sleep, and dreams that frighten her. Dr. Seward is so concerned that he has sent for his old friend and master, the famous Professor Van Helsing of Amsterdam. The doctor is a profound philosopher, a metaphysician, and one of the most advanced scientists of his day. In a letter of response, Dr. Van Helsing tells Dr. Seward that his affairs will allow him to come immediately, and that he is happy to do Dr. Seward a favor since Dr. Seward once saved his life. Consequently, Dr. Seward is able to write to Arthur Holmwood on the 3rd of September that Dr. Van Helsing has already seen Lucy and that he too is concerned about her condition, yet he has not said what is wrong with Lucy, except that there is no apparent functional cause of her illness. However, Dr. Van Helsing insists that a telegram be sent to him every day in Amsterdam letting him know about Lucy's condition. In his diary, Dr. Seward notes that Renfield is often becoming violent at the stroke of noon and that he often howls like a wolf, disturbing the other patients. Later, the same day, he seems very contented, "catching flies and eating them." He has more sugar now and is reaping quite a harvest of flies, keeping them in a box as he did earlier. He asks for more sugar, which Dr. Seward promises to get for him. At midnight, Dr. Seward records another change in the patient. Visiting Renfield at sunset, he witnesses Renfield trying "to grab the sun" just as it sinks; then Renfield sinks to the floor. Rising, Renfield dusts the sugar and crumbs from his ledge, tosses all his flies out the window, and says, "I'm sick of all that rubbish." Dr. Seward wonders if the sun (or the moon) has any influence on Renfield's "paroxysms of sudden passion." Dr. Seward sends telegrams on the 4th, 5th, and 6th of September to Dr. Van Helsing, the final one being a desperate plea for Dr. Van Helsing to visit Lucy, for her condition has become much worse. Seward then sends a letter to Arthur, telling him that Lucy's condition is worse and that Van Helsing is coming to attend her. Seward cannot tell Lucy's mother about the problem because of the old woman's heart condition. In his diary, Dr. Seward says that when Van Helsing arrived he was admonished to keep everything about this case a secret until they are certain about what is going on. Dr. Seward is anxious to know as much as possible about the case, but Van Helsing thinks that it is too premature to discuss it. When they reach Lucy's room, Dr. Seward is horrified by Lucy's ghastly pale, white face, the prominence of her bones, and her painful breathing. Observing Lucy's condition, Van Helsing frantically realizes that she must be given an immediate blood transfusion or she will die. Dr. Seward is prepared to give blood himself when Arthur suddenly arrives, volunteering that he will give "the last drop of blood in my body for her." While Dr. Van Helsing is administering the transfer of blood from Arthur to Lucy, he gives Lucy a narcotic to allow her to sleep. After awhile, the transfusion restores color to Lucy's face, while Arthur, meanwhile, grows paler and paler. During the transfusion, the scarf around Lucy's throat falls away, and Dr. Seward notices the red marks on Lucy's throat. Later, Van Helsing asks Seward what he thinks about the marks. As they examine the wounds, they notice that they occur "just over the external jugular vein ... two punctures, not large, but not wholesome looking." There is no sign of disease, and Seward wonders if this is not how the blood is lost. Van Helsing has to leave, and so he orders Seward to stay all night and watch over Lucy. The next morning (September 8th), Seward thinks Lucy looks better. He recalls the conversation of the evening before, when Lucy told him she did not like to go to sleep because "all that weakness comes to me in sleep." However, when Seward promised to stay with her all night, she slept soundly. Next day, Dr. Seward had to work all day at the asylum, and that night, the 9th of September, he was extremely exhausted by work and the lack of sleep. Therefore, when Lucy showed him a room next to hers, a room with a sofa, he instinctively stretched out and fell asleep. That night, Lucy recorded in her diary how safe she feels with Dr. Seward sleeping close by. Dr. Seward records in his diary that early on the morning of September 10th, he was awakened by the gentle hand of Dr. Van Helsing, and together they went to visit Lucy. They found her—horribly white, with shrunken gums, lips pale and blue, and looking as though she were a corpse. Immediately, they realized that another transfusion would be essential. This time, Dr. Seward is the only person available for giving blood, and he does so, "for the woman he loved." Van Helsing reminds Seward that nothing is to be said of this. Again they examine the little punctures in her throat; the wounds now have a "ragged, exhausted appearance at their edges." In the afternoon, Van Helsing is with Lucy when the professor opens a large bundle. He opens it, hands Lucy the contents, and instructs Lucy to wear the flowers around her neck: Lucy, recognizing that "the flowers" are common garlic, thinks that he is joking. Van Helsing tells her that he is not joking; he says that the garlic is a special garlic, coming all the way from Haarlem (a town in Holland). Dr. Seward skeptically observes all of this, wondering if Van Helsing is "working some spell to keep out an evil spirit." Van Helsing places other bits of garlic around the room, and when they leave he tells Dr. Seward that he will be able to sleep peacefully tonight since all is well. Chapters 9 & 10: Commentary Jonathan Harker's journal ended on the 30th of June, and it is still with him in the hospital, sealed and to be opened and transcribed later by Mina. The entire novel, then, is, to a large degree, held together by Harker's journal, and his observations become instrumental in resolving the mystery of Dracula. Throughout these two chapters, Lucy's health declines and improves, only to decline again. Constant emphasis is given to the two small wounds on her neck, and the reader must assume, although the author does not state it, that the expansion of the wounds and the decline of Lucy's health is a result of the vampire's repeated bloodsucking. In addition to focusing on bloodsucking, these chapters include other examples of the Vampire-Gothic tradition. There is Renfield, who howls at noon (Dracula's powers are weakest then), yet Renfield is calm at sunset. There is also the presence of bats, as well as other mysterious "noises." Mainly, however, these chapters are concerned with the transfusion of blood into Lucy. Of course, Stoker is playing on the notion of a lover's life's blood. Recall that Arthur declares, "My life is hers, and I would give the last drop of blood in my body for her." The same thing, in a perverted sense, can be said for Lucy's blood, which is given to her "demon lover," the vampire. The same thing is happening when Dr. Seward gives his blood to his beloved Lucy, and finally, in future chapters, Van Helsing, who has learned to love Lucy as a daughter, will gladly give his blood to save her. Each time, Van Helsing points out that the blood is from a strong, powerful, virile young man, yet he is continually vexed as to how the lady's strength disappears. Of note here is the fact that it was dangerous to give such transfusions, because if the blood wasn't of a matching type, it could have possibly killed her. In emergencies, however, any blood is usually given to a patient if a transfusion will, hopefully, save a life. Chapters 11–13: Summary On the 12th of September, Lucy is perplexed by the presence of the garlic flowers, but she has such trust in Van Helsing that she is not frightened to fall asleep that night. In Dr. Seward's diary, we learn that he picked up Van Helsing and went to see Lucy the next day. They met Mrs. Westenra in the hall and discovered that she had checked on Lucy, found the room very "stuffy," and, thus, she removed those "horrible, strong smelling flowers" from around Lucy's neck and from here and there in the room, and then opened the windows in order for the room to air out. Van Helsing was very restrained in the presence of Mrs. Westenra, but as soon as she had left, Dr. Seward saw Van Helsing break down and begin to "sob with loud, dry sobs, that seemed to come from the very wracking of his heart." He feels that they are "sore beset" by some pagan fate. He recovers, and then he rushes to Lucy's room. Lucy is on the verge of death, and Seward knows that she must have another transfusion immediately, or she will die. This time, Van Helsing must be the donor since Seward has given blood to her so recently. Later, Van Helsing gently warns Mrs. Westenra that she must never remove anything from Lucy's room because the "flowers" and other objects have medicinal value. Four days later, Lucy records that she is feeling much better. Even the bats flapping at her window, the harsh voices, and the distant sounds do not bother her any more. At this point, the story is interrupted with a newspaper article about an "escaped wolf." The article tells about a curious incident a few nights earlier. It seems that when the moon was shining one night, all of the wolves of the zoo began to howl and a "big grey dog was seen coming close to the cages where the wolves were." When the zoo keeper checked the cells at midnight, he found one of the wolves missing. Suddenly the big wolf, Bersicker, returned home, docile and peaceful, except that his head was peppered with broken glass. Dr. Seward's diary records how, on the 17th of September, he was attacked by Renfield in his office. Renfield grabbed a knife, cut Seward's wrist rather severely, and a puddle of blood formed on the floor; Renfield then began "licking it up like a dog," murmuring over and over to himself, "The blood is life." Van Helsing telegraphs Seward, telling him to meet him at Lucy's house that night. The telegram, however, doesn't arrive until almost morning, and Seward leaves immediately for Lucy's—on the 18th of September. On the 17th of September, at nighttime, Lucy records everything she can remember in a memorandum: she was awakened by a flapping at the window and was frightened because no one was in the house; she tried to stay awake and heard something like the howl of a dog, but it was more fierce and frightening. She looked out the window, but could see only a big bat flapping its wings. Disturbed by the noise, her mother came into the room and got into bed with her. The flapping continued, and Lucy tried to calm her mother. Suddenly there was a low howl, broken glass was flying into the room, and in the window was seen "the head of a great, gaunt, grey wolf." Lucy's mother, frightened, clutched at the wreath of garlic and tore it from Lucy's neck in fright. When the wolf drew its head back, there seemed to be a "whole myriad of little specks ... wheeling and circling around like a pillar of dust." Lucy found her mother lying lifeless, and then Lucy lost consciousness. Upon regaining consciousness a short time later, the four household maids came in and were so frightened at the sight of Mrs. Westenra's body that Lucy instructed them to go into the dining room to fetch a glass of wine. Later, when Lucy checked on them, she found them all unconscious, and upon examining the decanter, she discovered that it reeked of laudanum (an opium and alcohol mixture used as a painkiller). Lucy realizes that she is alone in the house, and she wonders where she can hide her memorandum so that someone can find it next day. In his diary (September 18th), Dr. Seward records that he arrives at Lucy's house but isn't admitted inside. A moment later, Van Helsing arrives, and he learns that Seward did not get the telegram instructing him to stay the night. They go to the rear of the house, break in and discover the four servant women's bodies. Running to Lucy's room, they see a horror indescribable to them. Lucy's mother is dead, partly covered with a white sheet. Lucy herself is unconscious, her throat bare, the two white wounds horribly mangled, and Lucy lifeless as a corpse. Before a transfusion can be considered, however, they must warm Lucy. They revive the maids and order them to heat water, towels, and sheets. As they are wondering how to proceed next, since neither of them can give blood at the moment, and the maids are too superstitious to be relied upon, Quincey Morris arrives. He reminds them that he also loved Lucy, and he will give his blood to save her. While the transfusion is taking place, Van Helsing hands Seward a piece of paper that dropped from Lucy's nightgown as they carried her to the bath. Seward reads it and is vexed by its contents. He asks Van Helsing about it. The grim reality confronting them immediately, however, is to get a certificate of death filled out for Mrs. Westenra. Later, Quincey questions Dr. Seward about Lucy's illness; he wonders where all of the blood which she received from Arthur, Seward, and Van Helsing has gone. He is reminded of a time "on the Pampas ... [when] one of those big bats that they call vampires" attacked one of his prize mares, and the mare had to be shot. When Lucy awakens late in the afternoon, she feels her breast for the note (which Dr. Van Helsing returned); she finds it and tears it to pieces. That night, Lucy sleeps peacefully, but her mouth "show[s] pale gums drawn back from the teeth," which look sharper and longer than usual. That night (September 19th) Arthur Holmwood arrives to stay with Lucy. Dr. Seward's entry for September 20th notes that he is despondent and depressed. Arthur's father's death, along with the death of Mrs. Westenra, has disheartened him, and, it seems, Lucy's condition is worsening. Arthur, Dr. Seward, and Van Helsing take turns looking over her. Van Helsing has placed garlic all around the room, as well as around Lucy's neck, and he has covered the wounds on her neck with a silk handkerchief. Lucy's canine teeth appear longer and sharper than the rest. Around midnight, Seward hears a noise outside Lucy's window, and he sees a great bat flying around. When he checks on Lucy, he discovers that she has removed the garlic from around her neck. Seward also notices that she seems to be fluctuating between two states—when she is conscious, she clutches the flowers close to her neck, but when she is unconscious, she pushes the garlic from her, as though it were abhorrent. At 6 o'clock on the morning of the 20th, when Van Helsing examines Lucy, he is shocked and calls for light. The wounds on Lucy's throat have disappeared. He announces that she will soon be dead. Arthur is awakened so that he can be with her at the end, and when he comes to her, she revives. As Arthur stoops to kiss her, Van Helsing notes that Lucy's teeth seem as though they are about to fasten onto Arthur's throat. He stops Arthur and tells him to simply hold Lucy's hand, for it will comfort her more. Seward again notices that Lucy's teeth look longer and sharper than before, and suddenly Lucy opens her eyes and says to Arthur "in a soft voluptuous voice" that Seward has never heard before "Arthur, Oh my love, I am so glad you have come! Kiss me." As Arthur bends to kiss her, Van Helsing, in a fury of strength, flings Arthur across the room, saying, "Not for your living soul, and hers!" He then instructs Arthur to come and kiss her on the forehead, only once. Suddenly, Lucy is dead! And in death, Lucy seems to regain some of the beauty that she had in life. Seward remarks, "It is the end!" but Van Helsing replies, "Not so. It is only the beginning. We can do nothing as yet. Wait and see." Chapter 13 begins with a continuation of Dr. Seward's diary, where we read that arrangements are made for Lucy and her mother to be buried at the same time. Meanwhile, Arthur must return to bury his father. Van Helsing, who is also a lawyer, looks through Lucy's papers and retrieves all those documents which he feels might give him a clue about her death. That night, Seward is confused by Van Helsing's actions. Van Helsing once again takes a handful of wild garlic and places the garlic all around the room and around Lucy's coffin, and then he takes a small gold crucifix and places it over Lucy's mouth. Then he makes an astonishing request to Seward. Tomorrow, he wants Seward to help him cut off Lucy's head, take out her heart, and, as we later learn, stuff her mouth with garlic. They will have to do it after the coffin has been sealed so that Arthur and others will not see the mutilated body. Seward is confused about the need for mutilating the poor girl's body, but Van Helsing tells him to be patient about an explanation; then he reminds him of that moment when Lucy was dying, when she reached up to kiss Arthur. At that moment Lucy gained consciousness enough to thank the good doctor for his actions. He reminds Seward that "there are strange and terrible days before us." After a good sleep, Van Helsing awakens Seward with perplexing news—someone has stolen the crucifix from Lucy's mouth during the night. Now they must wait to see what happens. When Arthur returns, he tries to explain his total despair to Seward—he has lost his fiancée, his father, and, now, his fiancï¿½e's mother, all in the matter of just a few days. He looks at Lucy's corpse and doubts that she is really dead. That night, Van Helsing asks Arthur if he can have Lucy's personal papers, assuring him that he will examine them only to determine the cause of Lucy's death. Arthur agrees with Van Helsing's request. Mina Harker records in her journal (September 22nd) that she and Jonathan are on the train to Exeter. They arrive soon in London and then take a bus to Hyde Park. While strolling about, Mina is alarmed when Jonathan suddenly has another "nervous fit." She follows Jonathan's gaze to discover Jonathan is staring in terror at a "tall, thin man, with a beaky nose and black moustache and pointed beard." Jonathan exclaims "It is the man himself!" In a few minutes, the man hails a carriage and leaves. Jonathan is convinced that it is Count Dracula. That night, Mina receives a telegram from Van Helsing, who informs her that Mrs. Westenra and Lucy have died. The chapter concludes with an excerpt from the Westminster Gazette (September 25th), three days after the funeral. According to the article, the area surrounding Hampstead Hill, the area where Lucy was buried, has been terrorized by a mysterious woman whom the local children refer to as "the Bloofer Lady." Chapters 11–13: Commentary These chapters include some of the more traditional treatments for handling or warding off the presence of vampires. Van Helsing, who is the only one knowledgeable about demonology and in particular about vampire lore, sends for garlic and hangs Lucy's entire room, especially the windows, with it; then he makes a wreath of garlic to drape around Lucy's neck, and he also places a crucifix around her neck. The garlic and the crucifix are two traditional agents that have become associated with the devices that can be used to ward off vampires. In these chapters, it is clear that evil spirits can accomplish their aims in devious sorts of ways, as attested to by sixteenth-century legends concerning Faust. For example, even though Lucy is locked in her room and protected from the vampire by the profusion of garlic, the evil spirit of the Un-Dead is able to summon a wolf from his cage in a zoo, have him smash in a window, and thereby enable the vampire to enter the room. The smashing of the window and the wolf's horrible and terrifying attempt to enter the room cause Lucy's mother to panic and to rip the garlic away from Lucy's throat, leaving Lucy vulnerable to attack. The evil presence of the vampire manages to "materialize" inside Lucy's room, where it drugs the four household maids, thus preventing their aiding Lucy. It is interesting to note that at this point, while we have been using the term "vampire" off-handedly, Quincey Morris's discussion of the vampire bat is the first time that the term "vampire" has actually been used in the novel. Stoker is careful to point out, or to detail, the lengthening of Lucy's canine teeth so that they resemble the archetypical vampire teeth, the teeth that the vampire uses to suck blood from its victim. As a sidenote, it is interesting to consider that within a week we have witnessed the deaths of four people intimately associated with either Lucy or Mina: Lucy's mother, Mr. Hawkins (Jonathan's employer), and Arthur's father (Lord Godalming) have died (thus causing Arthur Holmwood to inherit the title), and, of course, Lucy herself has died. Early in Chapter 11, when Van Helsing finds out that Lucy's mother took the garlic out of Lucy's room, Van Helsing, for the first time in his life, breaks down, loses his composure, and sobs bitterly. This is a dramatic device, used to indicate the magnitude of the evil which he is facing. In this novel and other similar stories, Van Helsing represents those powers for good combating the powers of evil which are so dimly known and which so few people believe; thus, the deaths and Van Helsing's dejected state illustrate how completely the evil of Dracula has affected society. As we will discover, Lucy is, in fact, the Bloofer Lady. Recall that she died on September 20th, and the first appearance of the Bloofer Lady occurred after Lucy's burial on the 22nd; thus, Lucy has risen from the dead after three days—in a dreadful perversion of the Christian Resurrection. Chapters 14–16: Summary Mina decides to transcribe the journal which Jonathan kept at the Castle Dracula in Transylvania. On the 24th of September, she receives a letter from Dr. Van Helsing asking her if he may discuss Lucy's illness with her. Mina agrees to see him and, that day, Van Helsing arrives. This is the first time that Mina has met Van Helsing, and she gives him Jonathan's journal, which she has finished transcribing. Later that day, Mina receives a note from Van Helsing in which he expresses an intense desire to meet Jonathan. Mina suggests that Van Helsing come for breakfast on the next day. For the first time in several months, Jonathan Harker begins another diary (or journal). In the new journal, he writes that he is sure that Count Dracula has reached London; in fact, it was the Count whom he saw in Hyde Park. That day Jonathan meets Van Helsing, and the two discuss Jonathan's trip to Transylvania. Just before Van Helsing leaves, he notices an article in the local paper, and he becomes visibly shaken. Dr. Seward also begins keeping a diary again, even though earlier he had resolved never to do so again. In his diary, Seward notes that Renfield is his same old self—that is, Renfield is back to counting flies and spiders. Seward notes that Arthur seems to be doing well and that Quincey Morris is with him. That very day, in fact, Van Helsing shows him the article in the paper concerning the Bloofer Lady. Van Helsing points out that the injuries to the children are similar to Lucy's neck injury; therefore, the incidents have something in common. Seward is skeptical that there is any connection between the injuries, but Van Helsing berates him, asking him, "Do you not think that there are things that you cannot understand and yet which are; that some people see things that others cannot?" Van Helsing continues to urge Seward to believe in things supernatural, to believe in things which, heretofore, he did not believe in. In desperation, Van Helsing finally tells Seward that the marks on the children "were made by Miss Lucy" (Chapter 15). For awhile, Seward has to struggle to master his anger against Van Helsing, and he questions the sanity of the good doctor. Van Helsing points out that he knows how difficult it is to believe something horrible, particularly about one so beloved as Lucy, but he offers to prove his accusation that very night. The two men have a mutual acquaintance (Dr. Vincent), who is in charge of one of the children who was injured by the Bloofer Lady. They plan to visit the child and then to visit Lucy's grave. The child is awake when Van Helsing and Seward arrive, and Dr. Vincent removes the bandages from around the child's neck, exposing the puncture wounds, which are identical to those which were on Lucy's throat. Dr. Vincent attributes the marks to some animal, perhaps a bat. When they leave the hospital, it is already dark, and they go immediately to the cemetery and find the Westenra tomb. They enter the tomb and light a candle. To Seward's dismay, Van Helsing begins to open the coffin. Seward expects a rush of gas from the week-old corpse, but when the coffin is finally opened, they discover it to be empty. Seward, despite what he sees, is not convinced; he believes a body-snatcher may have stolen the corpse. The two leave the tomb, and Van Helsing and Seward take up vigils in the cemetery near the Westenra tomb. After some hours, Seward sees "something like a white streak" and, then, at the same time, he sees something move near Van Helsing. When he approaches Van Helsing, he discovers that Van Helsing is holding a small child in his arms. Still, this is not proof enough for Seward. They take the child where a policeman will be sure to find it, and they then head home, planning to meet at noontime the next day. The next day (September 27th), they return to the cemetery, and as soon as possible, they reenter the Westenra tomb and reopen the coffin again. To Seward's shock and dismay, there lies the lovely Lucy, "more radiantly beautiful than ever." Still, Seward is not convinced; again, he wonders if someone might not have placed her there, but he cannot understand why she looks so beautiful after being dead an entire week. Van Helsing then tells Seward that a horrible thing must be done: They must cut off Lucy's head, fill her mouth with garlic, and drive a stake through her heart. Yet before doing it, Van Helsing has second thoughts. He feels that he cannot perform the act without Arthur's and Quincey's knowing about it, since they both loved her and gave their blood for her. That night, Van Helsing informs Seward that he intends to watch the Westenra tomb and try to prevent Lucy's prowling about by blocking the tomb's door with garlic and a crucifix. He leaves Seward a set of instructions which he is to follow if something should happen to him. The following night (September 28th) Arthur and Quincey come to Van Helsing's room. After the two are convinced of Van Helsing's good intentions and have his trust, Van Helsing informs them of the things which he intends to do. First, he will open the coffin (which Arthur strongly objects to—until Van Helsing explains that Lucy might be one of the "Un-Dead"), then he will perform the necessary "service." Arthur, however, will not consent to any mutilation of Lucy's body. Van Helsing pleads that he must do these things for Lucy's sake, so that her soul will rest peacefully. A few hours later, the four men go to the cemetery. In the tomb, the coffin lid is removed, and they all see that the coffin is empty. Van Helsing asks for Seward's confirmation that the body was in the coffin yesterday; Seward, of course, concurs with Van Helsing. Van Helsing then begins an intricate ceremony: From his bag he removes a "thin, wafer-like biscuit" and crumbles it to a fine powder; then, he mixes the crumbs with a doughy substance and begins to roll the material into the crevices between the door jam and the mausoleum door. Van Helsing informs them that he is sealing the tomb so that the "Un-Dead may not enter." He informs them that the wafer was "the host" which he brought with him from Amsterdam. The four men hide among some trees near the tomb and begin waiting. Soon, by the light of the moon, the men see a ghostly white figure moving through the cemetery. As it nears them, it becomes all too apparent that the creature is, indeed, Lucy Westenra. According to Seward's diary entry, her "sweetness was turned to adamantine ... and the purity to voluptuous wantonness." The four men surround her before the tomb. Lucy's lips are covered with fresh blood, and her burial gown is stained with blood. Upon learning that she is surrounded, Lucy reacts like a cornered animal. The child which she holds is tossed to the ground, and she moves towards Arthur saying, "Come, my husband, come." Arthur's love turns to hate and disgust, yet he is also petrified with fear. Just as Lucy is about to attack him, Van Helsing repels her with a crucifix. Dashing towards the tomb, she is prevented from entry by the host, which Van Helsing placed earlier around the door. Asking Arthur if he is to proceed with his duty, Arthur responds: "Do as you will ... There can be no horror ever any more." Advancing on the tomb, Van Helsing removes the seal around the door, and immediately, the ghostly body passes through the interstices and vanishes inside. After witnessing this, the men return home for a night's rest. The next night (September 29th), the four men return to the Westenra tomb and perform the necessary ceremonies which destroy the vampire. Arthur himself must drive the stake through his fiancée's heart. Before parting ways that evening, they vow to join together and seek out "the author of all this our sorrow" (Count Dracula) and destroy him. Chapters 14–16: Commentary In these chapters, even though we have heard earlier that Jonathan Harker's journal was to be sealed as a bond of faith between Jonathan and Mina, we now discover that Mina has not only read it but transcribed it because Dr. Van Helsing thinks that something in it might provide a clue about the mystery of Lucy's death. Thus, as the novel began with Jonathan Harker's journal and then progressed for many chapters without his narration, now Mina and Harker are again both drawn back into the main story. This novel has set the course for all subsequent vampire lore—for example, the belief that a wooden stake must be driven through the vampire's heart and that the head must be removed and the mouth stuffed with garlic. All of the numerous, subsequent treatments of the vampire legend depend on these factors. Furthermore, in Chapter 16, the term nosferatu is used. Stoker tells us that it is an Eastern European term and that it means the "Un-Dead"; this is the first time that all of the protagonists are privy to all of the information that Van Helsing has so far withheld. As a point of historical fact, Nosferatu is the title of two German films that deal with the Dracula legend (See the section on Filmography ). Furthermore, the translation of "nosferatu" as the "Un-Dead" has now become standard usage. It is interesting that the love which Arthur, Quincey, and Seward had for Lucy has been basely transfigured into hate at the sight of Lucy; moreover, it is somewhat surprising that these lusty men are disgusted at the abundant sensuality of Lucy, now that she is a vampire. When she approaches Arthur in her vampire form, it is with a sensual embrace. Instead of arousing passion, however, there is only a feeling of repulsion and disgust. It is clear that in her vampire form, Lucy's carnal aspect is highlighted and emphasized. The ceremony which kills her "Un-Dead" self frees her pure spirit from the sinful, carnal nature of her body and is a rite of purification, as symbolized by the sudden return of innocent beauty to her face at the conclusion of the ceremony. Chapters 17–19: Summary Dr. Seward's diary continues sometime later, and he details for us his first meeting with Mina Harker. Mina, he says, will travel with Seward to Seward's asylum, where she will stay as a guest. In her journal, Mina details the discussion which she and Seward had concerning Lucy's death. Mina agrees to type out Seward's diary, which has heretofore been kept on a phonograph. Seward is horror-struck that Mina may discover the true nature of Lucy's death, but Mina, through her persistence, convinces Seward to allow her to listen to the phonograph cylinders. Later, both Seward and Mina express their dismay at the stories which they read in each other's respective diaries. The next day (September 30th), Jonathan arrives, and Seward expresses his admiration for Jonathan's courage. For the first time, Seward realizes that Count Dracula might be next door, at the estate at Carfax. Seward concludes his diary, noting that Renfield has been calm for several days. Seward assumes that Renfield's outbreak was due to Dracula's proximity. Jonathan Harker discovers from his journey to Whitby that the "fifty cases of common earth" which arrived on Dracula's ship have been sent to the old chapel at Carfax. While Jonathan assumes that all fifty cases are still at Carfax, we later learn that Count Dracula has had them sent to various locations in and around London. Mina is both pleased and inspired by the resolute, determined energy which she now sees in Jonathan; he now seems cured of his illness, full "of life and hope and determination." Later on the 30th, Arthur Holmwood—now referred to as Lord Godalming—and Quincey Morris arrive. Lord Godalming is still physically shaken by the deaths of his father, Mrs. Westenra, and Lucy. Unable to restrain himself any longer, he breaks down and cries like a baby on Mina's breast. In Chapter 18, Dr. Seward notes that Mina Harker wishes to see Renfield. He takes her to Renfield's room, and Renfield, curiously, asks them to wait until he tidies things up. "His method of tidying was peculiar. He simply swallowed all the flies and spiders in the boxes ..." Renfield is extremely polite to Mina and seems to respond in a most sane way to her inquiries. Van Helsing arrives and is pleased to discover that all the records—diaries, journals, etc.—are in order and that all those intimate with the Count now are to be presented with the facts surrounding the case. Mina Harker, in her journal (September 30th), recalls in detail many of the things known about vampires, a subject which prior to this time she has been ignorant of. Van Helsing presents many conclusions about the nosferatu (or the "Un-Dead"): (1) They do not die; (2) can be as strong as twenty men; (3) can direct the elements—storms, fog, thunder, etc.; (4) can command the rat, the owl, the bat, the wolf, the fox, and the dog; (5) can grow large or become small at will; (6) can, at times, vanish and "become unknown"; and (7) can appear at will in different forms. The problem which the vampire's adversary must overcome is how to deal successfully with all of these obstacles. They all make a pact to work together in order to see how "the general powers arrayed against us can be controlled and to consider the limitations of the vampire." Van Helsing points out that the vampire has been known in all lands all over the world. From the world's information about vampires, it is known that: (1) the vampire cannot die due to the passing of time; (2) the vampire flourishes on the blood of human beings; (3) the vampire grows younger after feeding on blood; (4) its physical strength and vital faculties are refreshed by blood; (5) it cannot survive without blood; (6) it can survive for great lengths of time without any nourishment; (7) it throws no shadow; (8) it makes no reflection in a mirror; (9) it has the strength of many; (10) it can control wild packs of wolves and can become a wolf (as the Count did when his ship arrived at Whitby); (11) the vampire can transform itself into a bat; (12) it can appear in a mist, which it itself can create; (13) the vampire can travel on moonlight rays as elemental dust; (14) it can become so small and transparent that it can pass through the tiniest crevices; and (15) it can see perfectly in the dark. Its limitations are as follows: (1) it cannot enter a household unless it is summoned first; (2) its power ceases at daylight; (3) in whatever form it is in when daylight comes, it will remain in that form until sunset; (4) the vampire must always return to the unhallowed earth of its coffin, which restores its strength (this, of course, is the purpose of the fifty cases of earth); (5) garlic is abhorrent to a vampire; (6) the crucifix, holy water, and holy wafers (the host) are anathemas; (7) it is rendered inactive if a wild rose is placed over it; and (8) death occurs when a wooden stake is driven through the heart, the head cut off, and garlic stuffed in the mouth. As Van Helsing concludes his lecture, Quincey Morris leaves the room, and a shot is heard outside. Morris explains that he saw a bat and fired at it. On October 1st, early in the morning, Dr. Seward records that as they were about to leave the asylum, he received an urgent message from Renfield. The others ask if they may attend the meeting with Renfield, and they are astonished at the brilliance and lucidity of Renfield's plea to be released immediately. His scholarly logic and perfect elocution are that of a totally sane man. His request is denied. In Chapter 19, in his journal, Jonathan Harker records that Seward believes Renfield's erratic behavior to be directly influenced by the immediate proximity of Count Dracula. Later, as they are about to enter Dracula's Carfax residence, Van Helsing distributes objects which will protect each of them from the vampire. The house, they discover, is musty, dusty, and malodorous. They immediately search out the chapel and, to their horror, they can find only twenty-nine of the original fifty boxes of earth. Suddenly, the chapel is filled by a mass of rats. Towards noon, Seward records that Van Helsing is deeply fascinated by Renfield. On the same day, Mina feels strange to be left out of Jonathan's confidence, because she has no idea what happened last night, but she does remember that just before falling asleep, she heard unusual sounds and noises outside her window, and she felt as if she were in the grip of a strange lethargy. She thought that she saw a poor man "with some passionate entreaty on his part" who wanted inside. She put on her clothes, but she must have fallen asleep or gone into a trance, accompanied by strange dreams. When she awakened she noticed that the window of her bedroom was open, and she was certain that she closed it before she went to sleep. Things became confused in her mind, but she recalls seeing two red eyes which alarmed her extremely. On the second of October, she records that she slept but felt very weak that day and asked for an opiate to help her sleep. The chapter closes as Mina feels sleep coming upon her. Chapters 17–19: Commentary Chapter 17 is the first time in the novel when all of the protagonists are finally together. These six people—Mina, Jonathan, Dr. Van Helsing, Dr. Seward, Lord Godalming (Arthur), and Quincey Morris—will confront the evil represented by Count Dracula. They must undertake the task by themselves since no authority or outsider would possibly believe their story. These six people, of course, have positive proof of the existence of vampires. In fact, Jonathan feels rejuvenated in health now that he is confronting the evil Count head-on. Stoker is dependent on the tradition that only a few people are privy to information which exposes them to the dangerous forces of the supernatural, thus isolating them from the general populace. This is a standard device of many a thriller and gothic romance. Chapter 18 is a key chapter of the novel, because for the first time Stoker defines the vampire and its supernatural powers, strengths, and the means by which the vampire can be entrapped. In all subsequent stories concerning vampires or Dracula himself, Stoker's parameters have been used—the garlic, the crucifix, the wooden stake, the holy wafers, etc. This chapter, then, defines the very essence of what constitutes vampire literature. Other authors may vary or slightly redefine these parameters, but the more traditional material concerning vampires is presented here. The later portions of Chapter 19 present us with the first clue, however slight, that Mina Harker is to become the vampire's next victim. It is not by accident that he chooses Mina as his next victim; she is the wife of Jonathan Harker, whom the vampire encountered in Transylvania, and she was the closest friend of his last victim, Lucy Westenra. It is interesting that we are made aware of the Count's visit by the impressionistic writing of Mina herself. For example, she records things in her journal which she does not fully understand or associate with vampirism, but the reader, through dramatic irony, is fully aware of what is transpiring. There is a curious ambiguity presented in this chapter, as to how the vampire gains entrance to Mina's room. Recall that Van Helsing stated that vampires cannot enter a place without first being invited. The reader, at this point, does not have any idea as to how the vampire entered the room, unless it was because of the actions of Mina herself. Chapters 20–23: Summary Jonathan, through his persistent investigations, discovers the whereabouts of twelve more of the boxes of earth: Two groups of six were deposited at two different places in London. Jonathan assumes that it is the Count's plan to scatter the boxes throughout all of London. We should recall that there were twenty-nine boxes in the chapel and, added to the twelve which Jonathan discovered, they have now accounted for forty-one of the original fifty boxes. On the evening of October 2nd, Jonathan receives a note which informs him of the whereabouts of the remaining nine boxes. He also notes that Mina is lethargic and pale, but he puts it out of his mind. That evening, all of the men meet to determine the course of action for retrieving the remaining nine boxes. Once again, Jonathan notes that Mina is very tired and pale. Dr. Seward notes again that Renfield is remarkably lucid and, what is more, that Renfield seems to be a literate and learned man. Renfield scoffs at the notion of collecting flies and spiders. Later, however, Renfield reverts to his old ways. That night, Seward orders an attendant to stand guard outside Renfield's cell to note any aberrant behavior. Later that night there is a scream from Renfield's cell. Upon rushing to investigate, Seward discovers that Renfield has been seriously hurt—his face has been brutally beaten, there is a pool of blood on the cell floor, and his back is apparently broken. Seward knows Renfield himself could not have administered the wounds to his own face—especially with his back broken. Dr. Van Helsing arrives, and they determine that Renfield is slipping fast; thus, they decide to operate immediately. Renfield, realizing that he is dying, tells them in an agony of despair what happened. Apparently, without identifying who it was, he says that he "came up to the window in the mist ... but he was solid then ... I wouldn't ask him to come in ..." He maintains that it was "he" who used to send the flies and spiders and the rats and dogs, promising that he would give Renfield everything that lives: "all red blood, with years of life in it." Renfield refers to "him" as "Lord and Master." Last night, Renfield says, "he" slid through the window. Renfield then says that after Mrs. Harker came to see him, he knew she wasn't the same and knew that "he had been taking the life out of her." Renfield tried to attack "him," but he was "burned," and his strength became "like water." Van Helsing realizes that "he is here and we know his purpose." They rush to Mina's door immediately, leaving Renfield, and begin to arm themselves against the vampire. Van Helsing tries to open the door, which is locked, and when they finally break the door down, the sight which greets them is appalling. Jonathan Harker is lying unconscious on the bed and, kneeling on the edge of the bed, is the "white clad" Mina. Beside her is a tall thin man, clad in black—Count Dracula himself. His right hand is behind Mina's head, and he is forcing her to suck the blood from a cut in his bare chest. When the Count raises his head to greet them, his eyes are blood-red, his nostrils white, and they see "white sharp teeth, behind the full lips of the blood-dripping mouth, clamped together like those of a wild beast." The Count begins to attack them, but is repelled by the sacred wafer which is wielded as a weapon by Van Helsing. The lights go out, and when they come on again they see nothing but a faint vapor escaping under the door. Suddenly, Mina Harker recovers and emits an ear-piercing scream, filled with despair and disgust. Her face is "ghastly ... from the blood which smeared her lips and cheeks and chin." From her throat trickles a thin stream of blood. They have difficulty awakening Jonathan, and soon all traces of the vampire are lost. Mina feels unclean and untouchable. Lord Godalming examines the house and discovers that the Count has apparently destroyed all of their records and that Renfield is dead. In spite of the horror that the story might cause, they ask Mina to recount the entire episode as best she can remember it. She recalls the first time she saw the thin, black clad man with the strange teeth when Lucy was alive, and how he subsequently came to her in her room and placed "his reeking lips" upon her throat. Mina would swoon and not know how long Dracula was overpowering her. He told her, "You are now to me flesh of my flesh when my brain says 'Come,' you shall come." With that, he opened his shirt, and with a sharp nail he cut himself across his breast and pressed Mina's mouth to the wound, so that she either had to suffocate or drink the blood. In Chapter 22, Jonathan Harker states that he feels compelled to either write in his journal or go mad after hearing Mina's story. Jonathan wants to stay with his wife, but since it is daylight, he knows that there is no danger to her. They go to Carfax and "sterilize" all of the boxes by placing a holy wafer within each of them. They then find a way to enter into the Count's most recent abode in Piccadilly (a prominent London square). Before they leave the asylum, they make sure that Mina is appropriately armed. As Van Helsing touches her forehead with a sacred wafer, Mina lets out a fearful scream because the wafer has seared and burned her forehead. Mina realizes that she is "unclean" and pleads with the men to kill her if she becomes a vampire. Dracula's house in Piccadilly is as malodorous as the one at Carfax. Expecting to find nine boxes of earth, they are astonished to find only eight boxes. They do find keys to all of the other houses belonging to the Count, however, and then Quincey and Lord Godalming go off to destroy the boxes of earth in those houses. Chapter 23 begins with Van Helsing, Harker, and Seward waiting for the return of Lord Godalming and Quincey Morris. Van Helsing, in an attempt to draw Jonathan's mind from Mina's condition, informs them of his resolution that Dracula must be killed, because, he says, Dracula is expanding his circle of power in order to harm innocent people; he cites Dracula's using Renfield to gain access to Mina. While waiting, they receive a note from Mina informing them that Dracula has left Carfax and is heading south, presumably to spend the evening in one of his other houses. Lord Godalming and Quincey Morris return with the news that they have "sterilized" Dracula's remaining boxes, and Van Helsing suddenly realizes that Dracula will be forced to come to the house at Piccadilly soon. A short time later, they hear a key inserted into the door, and with a gigantic "panther-like" leap, Count Dracula enters and eludes their ambush. Through his diabolical quickness, the Count dodges their attempts to kill him, yet with a powerful thrust of a knife, Jonathan manages to rip open the Count's vestments, scattering banknotes and gold. As they corner the Count, he suddenly dodges away from them; then he retrieves a handful of money from the floor and throws himself out a window. As he flees, he taunts the men, reminding them that his revenge has just begun. All of them return to Seward's house, where Mina is awaiting them. Before they retire, Van Helsing prepares Mina's room against the vampire's entry. In Jonathan Harker's journal, early on the morning of the 4th of October, he records how Mina asked him to call Van Helsing in order to hypnotize her. Under hypnosis, Mina is able to enter into the spirit of Dracula, and she becomes aware of flapping sails, the lapping of water, and the creaking of an anchor chain. Van Helsing concludes that Dracula is on board a ship that is now ready to sail. He now understands why Dracula so desperately tried to retrieve the gold coins—he needed ready cash to pay for his passage out of the country. Once again, they all renew their pledge to follow Dracula and destroy him. Chapters 20–23: Commentary The two central incidents of these chapters involve Mina's encounter with Dracula and her coming under his evil influence. Second, these chapters are also concerned with the discovery and "sterilization" of the fifty boxes of earth which Dracula brought with him. Since we earlier heard that a vampire can only enter an establishment if invited, we are at first surprised that he has been able to enter Mina's room, and we are inclined to wonder if she invited him in. Later, however, we learn that Dracula had used the "zoöphagous" patient Renfield to invite Dracula into the house. It is now clear why Stoker has been using the patient in the novel and also why all the principal characters are visitors in Seward's house. Later, Van Helsing uses the fate of Renfield to prove that Dracula is expanding his sphere of influence and is using innocent people to accomplish his aims—therefore, Dracula must be searched out and destroyed. It becomes clear in these chapters that Dracula has some kind of mind control over his victims—that is, he can induce them to open windows, for example, in order to let him enter the home. Evidently Stoker was interested in hypnosis or "animal magnetism," since Van Helsing, through hypnotizing Mina, is able to learn of Dracula's whereabouts. Dracula, too, can hypnotize and, indeed, he is an individual of great personal magnetism. It is in these chapters that we learn that Stoker was, in fact, creating a gothic villain which would be similar to many gothic villains in earlier literature. Among other things, Count Dracula is a member of the corrupt aristocracy. The gothic villain/aristocrat was probably derived from Richardson's novels Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1747), in which the villain's persecution of the innocent maiden dramatized for middle-class audiences the exaggerated nature of the class struggle. It is important for the reader to understand the dramatic and philosophical importance of the villain's aristocratic heritage; if Dracula were a peasant, the story would hardly be as dramatic. Chapters 24 & 25: Summary Van Helsing thinks that Jonathan Harker should stay in England with his wife, since he now knows that Dracula is returning to Transylvania. Jonathan Harker expresses in his journal how happy Mina is that Dracula is returning to Transylvania, but when Harker looks at the terrible mark on Mina's forehead (a sign of the evil "infection" that was caused by Dracula's blood), he is reminded of the reality of the vampire. In her journal Mina Harker records the various reports concerning Dracula's departure. In the investigations, it was discovered that Dracula boarded a ship headed for Varna, a seaport on the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Danube River, the same place he had left from three months earlier. Evidently, Van Helsing has deduced the reason why Dracula came to England: Dracula's own country is so "barren of people" that he came to England, a place where life is rich and flourishing; he is now returning to his native soil to escape discovery. Seward recalls his fear concerning Mina Harker, and in a short time, Van Helsing confirms his views: Mina is changing. Characteristics of the vampire are beginning to show in her face—that is, her teeth are longer, and her eyes are colder. He now fears that the Count could, by hypnosis, even over long distances, discover their plans, so they must keep Mina ignorant of their plans so that the Count cannot discover their whereabouts through her. They determine how long it will take the ship to reach Varna by sea, and they set a date for their own departure so that they will be in Varna before Count Dracula arrives. Then Mina surprises them by telling them that she should accompany them on the journey, since through hypnotizing her they can discover the whereabouts and intentions of Count Dracula. Everyone agrees with her, so it is settled: Mina will accompany them. Chapter 25 begins with Dr. Seward's journal, written on the evening of October 11th. While Mina Harker is pleased that they are going to take her with them, she makes them repeat their promise to kill her if she is ever so totally changed into a vampire form that they cannot save her. All of them swear to do so, and Seward is pleased that the word "euthanasia" exists, because it euphemistically disguises the nature of her request. Mina makes one seemingly unusual request—in case she has to be killed, she would like to hear the "burial service" read to her immediately this very night. Four days later, on the 15th of October, the six people arrive at Varna via the Orient Express, and when they arrive, they place Mina under hypnosis, during which she reports that she still senses the lapping of water against the ship. Van Helsing expresses his desire for them to board the ship as soon as it arrives at Varna. If they can board the ship before Dracula's coffin is removed, they will have him trapped, for one of the limitations of vampires is that they cannot cross running water. On the 17th, Jonathan notes in his journal that Van Helsing has secured admittance for the group to board Dracula's ship as soon as it arrives, so that they may more easily carry out the extermination of the vampire. A week later, they receive a telegram from London reporting that the ship was sighted at the Dardanelles. Dr. Seward, therefore, assumes that it will arrive the next day. While waiting, Dr. Seward and Van Helsing are concerned about Mina's lethargy and her general state of weakness. They wait for two days and still the ship does not arrive. On the 28th of October they receive a telegram reporting that the ship has arrived at the port of Galatz, a city on the coast, near Varna. Van Helsing offers a theory that when Mina was weak, the Count had pulled her spirit to him; now, the Count knows of their presence, as well as their efforts to trap and exterminate him. At present, however, Mina is feeling free and healthy, and she and Van Helsing use their knowledge of criminology to deduce that the Count is a "criminal type"—hence, he will act as a criminal, and therefore, his main purpose will be to escape his pursuers. Chapters 24 & 25: Commentary It is only now, this late in the novel, that we learn the real reason why Dracula has come to England: his country is "barren of people," and England is teeming with numbers of new victims. Since Count Dracula brought with him fifty boxes of earth, one can assume that he was intending to stay in England quite some time. The central incident of these chapters is the infection of Mina: She has a mark on her forehead, a sign that she is "unclean," that she is "infected" with vampirism. Her teeth have grown noticeably longer and her eyes have grown colder. We are also led to believe, in the course of these chapters, that the pursuers are in perfect control because they remember to arm themselves with all kinds of weapons—even Winchesters for the wolves. In theory, they will be able to track down Dracula's destination as far as Varna. However, in the next chapter, we discover that the Count deliberately misled them, and that instead of Varna, he had his box of earth sent on to Galatz, thus bypassing the awaiting pursuers. The idea of hypnosis is continued throughout these chapters, as well as in the two remaining chapters, in order to track down Dracula, and once again Mina extracts a promise that if she begins to change into a vampire, she wants to be killed. In preparation she has the Church's burial service read to her. The notion of "euthanasia" would have been a shocking notion to Victorian readers. Chapters 26 & 27: Summary On the 29th day of October, Dr. Seward records that Mina, under hypnosis, can hear and distinguish very little, and that the things which she does hear—such as the lowing of cattle—indicate that Dracula's coffin is now being moved up-river. Jonathan Harker records on October 30th that the captain of the ship which brought Dracula told of the unusual journey which they made from London to Galatz—that is, many of the Roumanians on board ship wanted him to throw the box overboard, but the captain felt obligated to deliver the box to the person to whom it was assigned. We find out, then, that one Immanuel Hildesheim received the box, and that the box was given to a Slovak, Petrof Skinsky. Skinsky was found dead in a churchyard, his throat apparently torn open by some wild animal. On that same day, Mina, having read all of the journal entries, and after consulting maps for waterways and roads, concludes that the Count would have had to take the river to Sereth, which is then joined to the Bristriza, which leads then to the Borgo Pass, where Jonathan Harker stopped at the beginning of the novel. They choose to separate and head for the pass: Van Helsing and Mina by train; Lord Godalming and Jonathan Harker by a steam launch (steamboat); Quincey Morris and Seward by horseback. Harker and Godalming, in questioning various captains of other boats along the river, hear of a large launch with a double crew traveling ahead of them. They keep up the pursuit during the first three days of November. Meanwhile, Mina and Van Helsing arrive at Veresti on the 31st of October, where Van Helsing hires a horse and carriage for the last seventy miles of the journey. Chapter 27 begins with a continuation of Mina Harker's journal. She records that she and Van Helsing traveled all day by carriage on the first of November. She remarks that she thinks the countryside is beautiful, yet the people are "very, very superstitious." In one house where the two of them stop, a woman noticed the red mark on Mina's forehead and crossed herself and pointed two fingers at Mina "to keep off the evil eye." That evening, Van Helsing hypnotizes Mina, and they learn that Dracula is still on board ship. On the 2nd of November, they again travel all day towards the Borgo Pass, hoping to arrive on the morning of the 3rd of November. They arrive at the Borgo Pass, and Van Helsing again hypnotizes Mina. They discover that the Count is still on board ship; after Mina awakens from the trance, she is full of energy and zeal, and she miraculously knows the way towards the Count's castle; she also "knows" the location of an unused side road, a road which is unmarked. They choose to take that path. That day Mina sleeps considerably and seems incredibly weak and lethargic. When Van Helsing attempts to hypnotize her again, he discovers that he can no longer do it. He has lost his power to hypnotize. They spend the night in a wild forest east of the Borgo Pass, and Van Helsing builds a fire. Then, using a holy wafer, he places Mina in a protective circle. Later that night, the three female vampires which accosted Jonathan materialize near their campfire and tempt Van Helsing with their teeming sexuality. They also tempt Mina to come with them. The horses evidently die of terror, and Van Helsing's only weapon against the three female vampires is the fire and the holy wafer. At dawn, the sunlight drives away the three female vampires. On the afternoon of the 5th of November, Van Helsing and Mina arrive by foot at Count Dracula's castle. Using a heavy blacksmith's hammer, Van Helsing knocks the castle door off its hinges and enters Dracula's demesnes. Recalling the description in Jonathan's journal, Van Helsing finds his way to the old chapel where Dracula lies during his non-active times. In his search of the old chapel, Van Helsing discovers the three graves of the three female vampires. He performs the purification ritual and puts an end to the female vampires. The female vampires' voluptuous beauty dissolves into dust upon the driving of a stake through their hearts. Van Helsing then finds a large tomb "more lordly than all the rest," upon which is one word: DRACULA. Van Helsing crushes a holy wafer and lays it within the tomb "and so vanished him from it, Un-Dead, forever." Before he leaves the castle, Van Helsing places holy material around the entrance so that the Count can never enter the castle again. The novel ends with a passage from Mina Harker's journal, an entry that begins on the late afternoon of the 6th of November, a date some six months since the novel began. Mina and Van Helsing are on foot, traveling east in the midst of a heavy snowfall. The howling of wolves seems perilously close. On a high mountain road, utilizing his field glasses, Van Helsing notices in the distance a group of men; they seem to be gypsies around a cart. Van Helsing knows instinctively that the cart is carrying a box of un-holy dirt containing the Count and that they must reach the box before sunset, which is quickly approaching. The two men who are riding toward the North, Van Helsing assumes, must be Quincey Morris and Dr. Seward. This would mean that from the other direction, Jonathan and Lord Godalining must not be far away. Simultaneously, the six people converge on the wagon and the gypsies. The sun continues to set. Jonathan and Lord Godalming stop the gypsies by using their Winchesters, just as Morris and Seward arrive, wielding their guns. With an almost superhuman effort, Jonathan eludes the defenders, leaps upon the cart, and throws the box to the ground. Quincey, wielding his knife, slashes his way through the gypsies and gains access to the box, but not before he is stabbed by one of the gypsies. Regardless of the wounds, Quincey, along with Jonathan, rips the lid from the box. Inside is the dreaded Count Dracula, covered with the un-holy dirt which has been jostled all over him. As the six of them stare into the coffin, Dracula's eyes look toward the setting sun, "and the look of hate in them turned to triumph." Then, at the very last moment of sunlight, Jonathan, wielding a great knife, chops off Count Dracula's head, while Quincey Morris's bowie knife plunges into the Count's heart, "and almost in the drawing of a breath," writes Mina, "the whole body crumbled into dust and passed from sight." Mina notices that even at the moment of death, within such a horrid face and image, she sees a look of peace. The gypsies, seeing the body disintegrate, withdraw in abject fright. Sadly, Quincey Morris has been fatally wounded; before he dies, however, he is able to note that the curse on Mina's forehead is gone. Quincey dies "a gallant gentleman." In a Note attached to the end of the novel (reportedly from Jonathan Harker), we learn that it is seven years later; he and Mina have a son whom they named Quincey. Lord Godalming and Dr. Seward are both happily married. In a final note of irony, Jonathan reports that of all the material of which "the record" is made, "there is hardly one authentic document"; the only remaining notes are those which have been transcribed on a typewriter: "Therefore, we could hardly ask anyone ... to accept these as proofs of so wild a story." Chapters 26 & 27: Commentary The closing chapters of the novel suggest a type of chase novel, with the "good guys" chasing the evil person, who seems to be able to constantly elude them. Even at the end of the novel, it seems as though the Count will escape into the sinking sunset before the "rituals" can be performed upon him. Actually, for most readers, the last half of the novel becomes somewhat long and drawn out, but this novel was written at the end of the Victorian period when the reading public expected novels to last a long time. The killing of Dracula, of course, represents the social victory of middle-class morality over the corrupt morality of the aristocracy. The latent virtue of the Count is revealed in Mina's account, however, for as the Count is freed from the influence of the vampire form, his face contains a look of peace. That the events really happened is now questioned by the final Note, which announces that all of the original documents have been lost and what we have read has been no more than the typewritten, transcribed notes of the originals, notes which cannot be used as absolute proof of the horrible things which have transpired. In spite of the flaws of this novel, it has been an unlimited source of stories, plays, novels, and movies, as well as a source for assorted psychological theories. This novel is an example of a type of literature in which the germ, or kernel, idea far transcends the execution. The American Horror Film and the Influence of German Expressionism What exactly is a "horror film," or, more specifically, what exactly is horror? In what ways are our expectations different when we go to see a horror film than when we go to see a "western film" or a "science-fiction film"? What is it that we hope to experience when we go to see a "horror film"? Certainly, we expect to be "terrified," whatever that may be, or at least we are prepared to be "frightened" in some way; we expect the hair to rise on the back of our necks. But what is it that terrifies us, or "frightens" us, or, essentially, incites in us a sense of horror? Is it the presence of "horrible creatures"—however we may imagine them? Or is it the presence of ghosts, or other kinds of supernatural creatures, that frightens us? Certainly, the supernatural is present in all these experiences, and human beings generally fear the supernatural because things supernatural are considered hostile to human life. The fact that human beings fear the supernatural can be observed every Sunday; priests and ministers, for example, often exhort us to fear God. Yet God, ideally, is not hostile to human life. Thus, some consideration of what horror is may help us to arrive at some tentative conclusion about the nature of horror. Tentatively, perhaps we can consider what horror does: Horror reaffirms the sacred, or Holy, through a formulaic plot in which human beings encounter the demonic, or Un-Holy. If there are Un-Holy beings, by implication, there are Holy beings. To test this tentative hypothesis, perhaps an application of it to classic horror stories would be helpful. This hypothesis is certainly applicable to Dracula. The Count has a terrifying sense of the demonic about him, suggested superficially by his appearance. Yet religious artifacts such as the cross affect the Count (in fact, it has become a popular cultural cliché that to ward off a vampire, all one has to do is brandish a cross—even if the "cross" is no more than crossed forefingers). Horror has an interesting history. Essentially, the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft posits the existence of a race of supernatural beings which are hostile to human life, eagerly awaiting their chance to reclaim the earth and rid it of human beings. Lovecraft, especially in such stories as "The Colour Out of Space," "The Shadow over Innsmouth," and "The Rats in the Walls," was perhaps the first Western author to write exclusively in the horror genre, and he quickly learned how to manipulate the intuitive revulsion that human beings have towards tentacled and clawed creatures. And, in addition, Lovecraft's creatures, besides being hideously and abnormally ugly, reek horribly. Of course, there are other works of horror which do not precisely conform to the tentative definition of horror, such as Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Yet what these works posit is that if there is anything demonic or Un-Holy that exists, it consists of those obscure motivations and desires which lurk within the human mind. These works conform to what we can label "modern horror," as opposed to "classic horror"" Concerning "classic horror," one of the first great horror films, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), certainly subscribes to the "modern horror" genre also. What is ostensibly a tale of insane authority becomes the musings of a madman. In fact, the influence of German Expressionism on Hollywood films of the Thirties and Forties was tremendous. As an art form, Expressionism is generally considered to be best represented by the works of Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Edward Munch. In painting, Expressionistic art is characterized by a sense of imbalance in the pictorial arrangements in order to achieve distortion; the use of oblique angles and sharp curves; a distortion of line and color, where primary colors are generally used in violent contrast; and a subjective vision of the exterior world. Expressionism also usually incorporates the style of grisaille, painting in grey monotone in which objects are often seen only with a suggestion of form and outline without attention to precise detail. The content of Expressionistic art is characterized by its grotesqueness and implausibility. It is a revolt against both Naturalism and Impressionism and has similar counterparts in literature and sculpture. The enormously creative German cinema in the 1920s was influenced, on the one hand, by the theater of Max Reinhardt, an innovative stage director, and, on the other, it was influenced by Expressionistic art. The advances in lighting techniques, pioneered by Reinhardt, coupled with the rise of Expressionism, was of supreme importance to the experimental film-makers in post World War I Germany. Most of the actors in the early Expressionistic films were members of Reinhardt's acting company; later, some of them became film directors themselves. The first great Expressionistic masterpiece in film is The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer, and directed by Robert Wiene. Janowitz was deeply impressed by the work of Paul Wegener, a member of Reinhardt's acting troupe, who had directed the influential Student of Prague (1913), in collaboration with the Dane Stellan Rye, and The Golem (1915), remade in 1920. Many of the Expressionistic film-makers in Germany during the Twenties eventually came to the United States. Caligari screenwriter Carl Mayer did, as well as Conrad Veidt, the actor who played the somnambulist Cesare in Caligari. (Veidt, interestingly enough, was also a member of Reinhardt's acting company.) In addition to these men, the great German film director F. W. Murnau, who directed the first "vampire" film, Nosferatu (1922), also went to Hollywood and directed several important films. The innovative Expressionistic cinematographer Karl Freund, who had photographed Wegener's 1920 version of The Golem and Fritz Lang's science-fiction classic, Metropolis (1927), became one of the most in demand cinematographers in Hollywood. Freund was the cinematographer of Dracula (1931), and he also became an accomplished film director. He directed such horror film masterpieces as The Mummy (1932, the first of the series) and Mad Love (1934). Mad Love starred the now famous, late actor Peter Lorre, who achieved stardom with his powerful portrayal of the child murderer in Fritz Lang's M (1931). Fritz Lang, director of Metropolis (1927), was the first scheduled director of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, but he was committed to finish an earlier project. The Expressionist Paul Leni, a set designer for Max Reinhardt, came to the United States in 1927 and directed Conrad Veidt in The Man Who Laughs (1928), a silent film produced by Universal Pictures. Leni is important because he single-handedly developed a new genre of the horror film, juxtaposing scenes which utilized carefully designed and lighted sets and uniquely focused cameras against scenes intended as comic interludes. Leni's unique approach was certainly an influence on James Whale, the director of the first two Frankenstein films. Leni's influence can also be found in the work of Whale's art director for the first two Universal Frankenstein pictures—Charles D. Hall, who was the art director for Leni's The Man Who Laughs (1928), The Cat and the Canary (1927), and The Last Warning (1929). Although Leni's output was slight (he died in Hollywood in 1929), he was an important link between the German and American cinemas. Thus, the influence of German Expressionism on early Hollywood films is profound and readily evident. Most directors truly concerned about film art knew of the German Expressionistic films and learned from them. Upon close examination of the classic horror films of the Thirties, it is discovered that these films are not simply idle "crowd-pleasers," but serious attempts by concerned individuals at producing art. Selected Filmography The following selected filmography does not attempt to be, nor does it wish to be, exhaustive or complete. Nevertheless, the listing does present the more interesting and noteworthy "vampire" films. Every attempt has been made to include those films which possibly can be seen by contemporary audiences. Unfortunately, some films have disappeared or have been lost; therefore, no attempt has been made to include those films. In addition, most foreign productions have been excluded. Of the foreign productions, only those films which possibly can be seen by American audiences have been included. The notes and annotations on the films produced by Hammer Studios of Great Britain are dependent largely on A Heritage of Horror: The English Gothic Cinema 1946–72, by David Pine (London: Gordon Fraser, 1973). Rating Scale * * * * * A film that is a "must-see"; both artistically brilliant and influential in the history of cinema. * * * * An excellent film, distinguished by its innovation on the genre because of its technical brilliance, yet artistically insubstantial in some way. * * * A good film, which, due either to negligence in production or to technical incompetence, resulted in no special distinction; most likely, a work which is exploitive of the genre; nevertheless, a film that is valuable. * * Mediocre. Technically competent, nostalgically interesting, yet it carries no special distinction whatsoever. * Poor. A film in which, in addition to the producer's irresponsibility, the directorial integrity is in question. Nosferatu (or, A Symphony of Horror) (1922). * * * * * Directed by the acclaimed German Expressionist F. W. Murnau and photographed by the brilliant Fritz Arno Wagner (M), this is one of the most critically acclaimed horror films. Max Schreck's appearance in the film is perhaps one of the most memorable in all of cinema history: Pale and thin, his version of a vampire has a shaved head with two elongated front teeth, sunken cheeks, wide bulging eyes, and fingernails which are extremely long, curved, and pointed like claws. Because Murnau did not have the literary rights to Bram Stoker's Dracula, he changed the setting, altered the plot slightly and changed the vampire's name to Count Orlock. Nosferatu can be considered the first vampire film in much the same way that Stoker's Dracula is the first vampire novel; every subsequent artistic attempt must measure itself against both this film and the novel. London After Midnight (1927). * * * This silent film was directed by Tod Browning (who would eventually direct Dracula for Universal). It starred Lon Chaney as Inspector Edmund Burke, alias "Mooney," a fake vampire. The story was based on Browning's own novel, entitled The Hypnotist. London After Midnight may be, in fact, the first full-length American vampire film. Murnau's Nosferatu did not reach the United States until 1929, when it was released as Nosferatu, the Vampire. Curiously, Chaney's make-up is similar, though not identical, to Max Schreck's in Nosferatu. Dracula (1931). * * * Directed by the "Edgar Allan Poe of the Cinema," Tod Browning, and photographed by the Expressionist cinematographer Karl Freund, this film is the first vampire sound film and is still one of the most popular vampire films. Its popularity is probably due to Bela Lugosi's Dracula, who, with his authentic Hungarian accent and satanic appearance, captured the popular culture's imagination as an authentic vampire. The script for the film was not based on Stoker's Dracula, however. Instead, it was based on a popular play by John Balderston and Hamilton Deane. Lugosi, in fact, recreated his stage role for the movie. While this original movie is a popular film, it is not a great film. Browning's direction is adequate but not compelling; it does not match the energy of his earlier films—such as The Unholy Three (1925), or The Unknown (1927), which are more lavish and carefully directed; nor does it approach the genuinely grotesque horror of his next film, Freaks (1932). Freund's photography is rather lackluster; his next effort, Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932), made with Robert Florey, is a more appropriate example of Freund's innovative technique. Still, Dracula, like the novel, has managed to capture the public's imagination ever since its release. Vampyr (1932). * * * * * This film is one of Carl Theodore Dreyer's best movies, a film which relies on suggested rather than visible horror. It has a remarkably gloomy sense of atmosphere; every shot is as carefully composed as the finest photograph. It is probably one of the most artistically crafted of any vampire film, perhaps of all horror films—with the exception of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) and Nosferatu (1922). The Vampire Bat (1933). * * A rather run-of-the-mill horror picture which has a superb cast: Lionel Atwill, Fay Wray, and Dwight Frye, who played the role of Renfield in Browning's Dracula, as well as the hunchbacked laboratory assistant of Dr. Frankenstein in Frankenstein (1931). The story takes place in a remote Balkan village, where a "mad" doctor tries to conceal his bizarre experiments by creating a vampire "scare." The Mark of the Vampire (1935). * * * Made in 1935, but not released until 1972, the film is a re-make by Tod Browning of his earlier silent film London After Midnight. Browning expanded the original story by adding a seductive female ghoul (played by Carol Borland). The movie is memorable because it was the last of Tod Browning's horror films—four years later, in 1939, Browning retired from filmmaking altogether. Dracula's Daughter (1936). * * This film was directed by Lambert Hillyer for Universal. Hillyer was a prolific director, responsible for directing dozens of "B-grade" westerns. The story is based on a short story by Bram Stoker entitled "Dracula's Ghost," which was originally part of Dracula, but extracted just before the novel's release. Thus, one can see how derivative vampire films were becoming. The direction was increasingly hackneyed, and the writers were desperately lacking in inspiration. Universal did the same thing with the Frankenstein series; they produced countless spin-offs of the original, and each subsequent film was representative of uninspired artistic conviction. The Vampire Bat (1940). * * In this film, vampire bats are bred for instruments of revenge by a "mad" scientist (Bela Lugosi). A rather uninspired film which exploited both the audience's attraction to vampirism and Lugosi's cult personality. Spooks Run Wild (1941). * Another film which exploits the cult of personality surrounding Lugosi; in this case, he plays Nardo, a magician suspected of being a vampire. It is a rather shoddy attempt to adapt the plot of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari to a vampire story. Son of Dracula (1943). * Written by Curt Siodinak (creator of the original script for The Wolf Man [1941], a true classic of the horror film genre), the premise is hardly original. It is, basically, the plot of Dracula all over again: The son of the Count emigrates to England in search of new victims, except that his name isn't Dracula, but, instead, it is Alucard—Dracula spelled backwards. This kind of comic book gimmick is indicative of the inspiration for this banal film. Moreover, casting Lon Chaney, Jr. an actor capable of eliciting a great deal of sympathy for his (often) confused and misunderstood "Beastman" was a serious mistake. Return of the Vampire (1943). * The plot of Dracula again, except adapted to World War II England. Instead of searching for new victims, the screenwriters suggest that the vampire (named Armand Tesla) is in England seeking revenge against those who tried to kill him. House of Frankenstein (1944). * As the popularity of the Frankenstein series declined, Universal (which produced every American Frankenstein picture until 1948) attempted to capture an audience by tossing into the plot every "monster" popular at the time—the Wolf Man, Dracula, Frankenstein, and even the ever-present "mad" scientist. A predictably silly and banal film. House of Dracula (1945). * * * Directed by Erle C. Kenton, House of Dracula contains an acting performance by Onslow Stevens (as Dr. Edelmann) which approaches the sublimity of Ernest Thesiger's in The Bride of Frankenstein (1935), possibly the best horror film ever made. Edelmann discovers the Frankenstein monster and is prompted to revive it, but is convinced by his beautiful, yet hunchbacked laboratory assistant (played by Jane Adams) to forsake his attempt to revive the monster. Eventually, Edelmann, who has become infected by a vampire's blood, chooses to revive the monster. The material, however, is never quite under control by director Kenton; the film stumbles and plods along at its own unique pace, while the preposterousness of the action proves to be the very reason why the film works. Despite its B-movie status and its illogical plotting, the film is ultimately both humane and moral. Isle of the Dead (1945). * This RKO-Radio production, directed by Mark Robson and produced by the phenomenal "boy wonder" producer Val Lewton, promises much and produces almost nothing. The story centers around a group of people stranded on an island and menaced by a malevolent force, and the situation seems insolvable. In other words, the plot is as banal as an exhausted horror genre can make it. When plague breaks out among the group, an old peasant woman suspects the presence of "vorvolakas," demons which "drain all the life and joy from those who want to live." Isle of the Dead is essentially a poorly done "stalk and slash" movie and has no vampire per se. The Vampire's Ghost (1945). * * * A film notable for the script and story by Leigh Brackett (1915–78), one of the best of the American screenwriters (she wrote the script for Howard Hawks's The Big Sleep (1946) along with William Faulkner and Jules Furthman, as well as the screenplay for Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), among others). The film has a disturbingly oppressive atmosphere and concerns a vampire terrorizing a small African village. The Thing (1945). * * The Thing is memorable for several reasons: As a piece of popular culture trivia (James Arness was "The Thing"; as the first science fiction film which utilizes the vampire figure; and as one of the few science fiction films of which critics are fond). Yet, The Thing neither merits the lavish critical acclaim it has received, nor does it truly deserve to be forgotten. The plot of The Thing is stereotypical horror: A group of victims are stranded and isolated in a remote location and are stalked by a hostile presence. Plan Nine from Outer Space (1966). * A 1-star rating for this film was given reluctantly. The film is so badly done that it must be seen to be believed. Its alternative title gives one a clue to its plot: Grave Robbers from Outer Space. It is Bela Lugosi's last film. In fact, Lugosi died during production of the film, and he was replaced by a look-alike who always kept his cape up around his face so that the audience (presumably) wouldn't know that the actor wasn't Lugosi. Essentially, the plot concerns a group of aliens from outer space who intend to implement "Plan Nine"—the revival of corpses which will be used as troops against living human beings. The Horror of Dracula (1957). * * * * * This is the first of Great Britain's Hammer Studios' vampire films, and it is a true classic of the genre. It was directed by Terence Fisher and was written by Jimmy Sangster, who based the film on Stoker's novel. Sangster managed to return the Count to the tradition of the English gothic villain: He is a charming and intelligent aristocrat who transforms his female victims into carnal, lascivious creatures. The death of the Count is similar to the death of the vampire in Murnau's Nosferatu: He is tricked into staying out until daybreak, and then he is exposed to sunlight, which causes him to crumble away into dust. Not only does the villain's demise allow special effects, but it culminates the hero's ritualistic chase of the villain to his castle. Blood of the Vampire (1957). * * * An interesting film which revolves around a prison warden who is also a vampire and supplies himself with blood from his prisoners. Prints of this film are rare. The Brides of Dracula (1960). * * * * Brides was Hammer's sequel to The Horror of Dracula, and it features the same writer and director as the previous effort. This film also has a climactic chase scene and a sufficiently bombastic demise of the vampire. Black Sunday (1960). * * * * Based on a short story by Nikolai Gogol entitled "The Viy," Black Sunday (also known as Revenge of the Vampire) was labeled by critic Carlos Clemens as a "relentless nightmare," and it has been said of cinematographer Ubaldo Terzoni's photography that it was "the best black and white photography to enhance a horror movie in the past two decades." Directed by Mario Bava, the film depicts a witch/vampire's vengeance on the descendants of the people who ritualistically killed her in the seventeenth century. Virtually unknown outside of the horror film, the film stars Barbara Steele, who has become, curiously, a cult figure. Kiss of the Vampire (1962). * * * Hammer Studios eventually found it difficult to continue resurrecting the Count, but this film, directed by Don Sharp, features a clever script about a young couple seduced into depravity while on their honeymoon in Bavaria. Devils of Darkness (1964). * * Interesting only as trivia, this was the first of the British vampire films in a modern setting—that of "swinging London." The Last Man on Earth (1964). * * * Based on Richard Matheson's classic science fiction novel I Am Legend, in which the sole survivor of a horrible plague is a man who wanders around in a grim, deserted world and is relentlessly stalked at night by a group of vampires. Shot in black and white, the film is quite unrelenting in its vision of terror. Vincent Price plays the title role. The story was later re-made in the United States (this production was Italian), and it was entitled The Omega Man (1971). Dracula—Prince of Darkness (1965). * * * * Directed by veteran director Terence Fisher, this film is a true gem of the vampire cinema. A group of bored and provincial Victorian couples are stranded in a remote castle, where a lone, devoted follower of the Count murders one of them and uses the victim's blood to resurrect the Count by pouring it over his ashes. Unfortunately, the Count had degenerated into a one-dimensional character: He is just menacing; no longer is he charming or refined or even rapaciously seductive. The Van Helsing figure in the novel is replaced in this film by a priest—Father Sandor, who stalks the vampire to his castle and brings about his demise. Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966). * Perhaps the worst horror film—if one can call it that—ever made, along with Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1965); both were directed by William Beaudine. The most amazing thing about this film is why—and how—it ever got produced. The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967). * * * This is Roman Polanski's much over-praised vampire film, an attempt to parody the genre, a task easily enough accomplished given the trivialized state of the contemporary genre. At least, however, Polanski got the mythology right, but the humor is rather juvenile, and his attempts at eroticism are adolescent. A Taste of Blood (1967). * * A run-of-the-mill horror film about an American who is infected with the vampire blood of one of his ancestors. Its form is that of the "stalk and slash" movie—the absolute bottom-of-the-barrel stereotypical formula. Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968). * * A Hammer Studios' film in which, as the title implies, the plot is banal and the writer's inspiration is sorely lacking. Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970). * * * * Hammer Studios hired Hungarian-born Peter Sasdy to direct this sequel to 1968's Dracula Has Risen from the Grave, using a script by John Elder (Anthony Hinds). Coupled with Arthur Grant's superb photography, Hammer achieved its best effort since 1957's Horror of Dracula. In this picture, the Dracula presence is explicitly associated with the disintegration of the family, coming much closer in spirit to Stoker's novel. Certainly one of the best vampire films Hammer ever made. The Scars of Dracula (1970). * Produced immediately after Taste the Blood of Dracula and directed by Roy Ward Baker, this film is one of the most seriously flawed vampire films which Hammer ever attempted. A vicious, unbelievably cruel film. Count Yorga, Vampire (1970). * * Directed by Bob Kelljan, this production features a vampire in the tradition of the English gothic villain. Courteous and refined, Count Yorga seeks the blood of Southern California teenage girls. Unfortunately, the situations have become stereotyped, and the plot is absolutely predictable. Daughters of Darkness (1970). * Harry Kumel's film is concerned with the sexuality of vampirism. This film features bisexual female vampires and lots of self-consciously "arty" scenes composed of red, black, and white colors. This kind of sophomoric symbolism is indicative of the artistic pretensions of this silly little soft-core film. The film did well, however, when it premiered in the United States in May of 1971. House of Dark Shadows (1970). * Another of the bumper crop of vampire films made in 1970 which exploits the teenage fascination with Dark Shadows, a gothic soap opera of the late 60s. The vampire in this film and in the TV series was played by Jonathan Frid. The 'Karnstein Trilogy': The Vampire Lovers (1970). * * Directed by Roy Ward Baker Lust for a Vampire (1970). * * Directed by Jimmy Sangster Countess Dracula (1970). * * Directed by Peter Sasdy. These films are based on Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's short story "Carmilla" (1871), a story of vampirism with lesbian overtones. Thus, these films exploit the sexuality of vampirism—specifically, a female vampire whose favorite victims are the daughters of nobility. Most of the action of these films centers around Karnstein castle. All of the films feature wonderfully stylized sets and (self-consciously) "arty" photography, creating a rather dream-like atmosphere. The Vampire Lovers, the first of the series, was a huge commercial success, and thus inspired Hammer to produce more of the same. The second film, Lust for a Vampire, is probably the best of the trilogy, although it too exults in lots of free-flowing blood. Countess Dracula features a vampire who bathes in the blood of her victims in order to restore her youth and beauty. All of these films are blatant "soft-core" pornography and were extremely popular with American teenage audiences. The Omega Man (1971). * A competent film adaptation of Matheson's I Am Legend (see The Last Man on Earth, 1964) starring Charlton Heston in the title role. This film has rather stylized production values, though its symbols—such as that of Heston's crucifixion at the end of the film—is rather blatant and heavy-handed. Nevertheless, a thoroughly competent and delightful film. Twins of Evil (1971). * * This film was a further attempt by Hammer Studios to exploit Le Fanu's "Carmilla," with predictable results. Dracula, A.D. 1972 (1971) * and Dracula Is Dead (1972). * Both of these films were directed by Alan Gibson and scripted by Don Houghton. The second of the above films is a sequel to the first. These films represent Hammer's attempt to set the story of Dracula in modern London. The results are wretched. In both films, Christopher Lee played the vampire while Peter Cushing played the protagonist. Vampire Circus (1971). * * * Directed by Robert Young, this film is one of Hammer's plethora of films during the 1970–71 period which have any merit at all and is well worth seeing. The Return of Count Yorga (1971). * * * * With the aid of Yvonne Wilder on the script, who also plays a featured role in the film as a Cassandra-like mute, Bob Kelljan was able to surpass his mediocre Count Yorga, Vampire and create something close to a classic of the genre—albeit, for the most part, forgotten. With the aid of cinematographer Bill Butler (Jaws, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest), Kelljan was able to create a film with an overpowering sense of menace and pervasive horror. The presence of the vampire is similar to Stoker's—an indication of growing social disruption. Count Yorga and followers completely disrupt an orphanage and pervert all relationships. The ending of the film is one of the best of the vampire cinema. Butler unleashed his visual pyrotechnics; it was filmed in slow motion freeze frame for optimum effect. Blacula (1973). * * * Shakespearian actor William Marshall played the role of the vampire in this picture, which is neither one of the great vampire films nor a "blackploitation" film. The film has a spirit of fun which wasn't present in any vampire films of the previous decade. Scream, Blacula, Scream (1973). * * Director Bob Kelljan was not able to achieve the merits of the original Blacula (directed by William Cram), much less approach the artistry of his best film, The Return of Count Yorga, with this picture. Andy Warhol's Dracula (1975). * * * * Released a few months after Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (May, 1974), this film, like its predecessor, evaluates its particular genre, in this case the vampire cinema, and it views it as one which exploits the subliminal psycho-sexual fears of its audience. Of course, the assumption of the film-makers is that these audiences are awaiting some kind of ludicrous confirmation of those subliminal fears through ritual enactment and formulaic plot. Thus, the proceedings of Andy Warhol's Dracula are predictably ludicrous and necessarily silly. They are also, paradoxically, quite disturbing. Old Dracula (1975). * An American International release—in the worst sense of that infamous genre. This film, which stars David Niven as the vampire, is a prolonged practical joke at the audience's expense. Dracula (1979). * * Directed by John Badham (Saturday Night Fever), this production attempts to be quite stylized and original. The script is based on a popular Broadway play of the same title, and Frank Langella re-created his stage role for the film. The film focuses on Dracula's seductive charms, and it features him as an archetypal Byronic lover. The premise is not so clever (or original) as the film-makers thought. The plot is predictably stereotyped. Nosferatu (1979). * * The nature of this film is the natural result when a world-acclaimed artistic director sees fit to give his stamp of approval to a genre which has undergone pop culture trivializing. This is Werner Herzog's re-make (called homage by the director) of Murnau's classic. The film was, predictably, self-consciously "arty" and did not transcend the genre to any large degree whatsoever. Love at First Bite (1980). * * Premise: Dracula is kicked out of his Transylvanian castle by local officials and comes to America, where he falls in love (with a beautiful woman) for the first time in his life. As a Dracula "spoof," it exhibits some degree of comic sophistication, thus rendering the film pleasantly innocuous.	The Whitby
Justin Timberlake first entered the pop charts in 195 as a member of which boy band?	Chapter 1: Summary This novel is not told in a straightforward, chronological, omniscient manner, like many nineteenth-century novels. Instead, it is composed of a collage of letters, journal entries and diary jottings, in addition to a portion of a ship's log, various newspaper clippings, and even a "phonograph diary." Since the story is basically a mystery, this technique is highly effective in sustaining suspense, for there are literally dozens of narrative pieces for readers to fit together before they can see the complexity of the novel resolved and the entirety of Stoker's pattern. Stoker most likely borrowed this approach to his novel from Wilkie Collins, who used the same technique in his "detective" novel The Woman in White (1860). Jonathan Harker's journal entries begin on May 3, sometime in the late nineteenth century. The young London lawyer has been traveling by train across Europe and is currently in Budapest, in route to Count Dracula's estate, located somewhere in the Carpathian Mountains of Transylvania—the "land beyond the forest." Harker has been sent by his London law firm to complete the final transactions for a transfer of real estate, which the Count has recently purchased in England, and thus far, Harker is very pleased with his trip. He is favorably impressed with Budapest, and he remarks that already he can tell that he is leaving the Western world behind him and that he is "entering the East," a section of Europe whose peoples and customs will be, for the most part, strange and unfamiliar. At the beginning of his journey, the tenor of his narrative is low-key—that is, Harker records what he contemplates, what he sees, and what he eats (in regard to the latter, he jots off a couple of reminders to himself to obtain certain recipes for his fiancée, Mina Murray). As his journal entries continue, Harker continues to record the details of the exotically spiced meals which he dines on, plus descriptions of the many old castles which he sees perched atop steep hills in the distance. The train dawdles on through the countryside, and Harker continues to describe the colorfully costumed peasants whom he sees; he is especially fascinated by the local garb of the swarthy, rather fierce looking men of the region, for they remind him of bandits, but he says that he has been assured that they are quite harmless. At the eve of twilight, when Harker's train reaches Bistritz, not far from the infamous Borgo Pass, Harker disembarks and checks into the "delightful ... old fashioned" Golden Krone Hotel (Count Dracula has instructed him to stay here). Before retiring for the night, Harker reads a note of cordial welcome from Count Dracula, then he records some of the local stories about the Pass, as well as some of the other local beliefs and superstitions. For example, the Borgo Pass marks the entry into Bukovina, and the Pass itself has been the scene of great fires and centuries of massacres, famine, and disease. Coincidentally, Harker's arrival at Bistritz is on the eve of St. George's Day, a night when "evil things in the world ... have full sway." At first, Harker is unconcerned about these local superstitions, but after he witnesses an old peasant woman's fearful awe of the name "Dracula," and after he realizes the extent of her fear for his safety, and after he finally accepts her gift of a rosary to ward off evil spirits, Harker begins to become a bit uneasy about setting off the next day for the Borgo Pass, despite the fact that Dracula's carriage will be waiting for him when he arrives late on the eve of St. George's Day. The morning of the departure does not bode well: A considerable crowd of peasants has gathered around the coach, muttering polyglot words which all seem to be variants of the word vampire; then, almost as if it happens en mass, the crowd makes the sign of the cross and points two fingers at him (a superstitious sign of blessing for a good, safe journey). The coach is off, and in contrast to the rugged road and the feverish haste of the horses, the countryside seems happy, bright, and colorful. But the forest trail, Harker notes, begins to rise ever upward, and soon they begin ascending the lofty, steep terrain of the Carpathian Mountains. The country peasants, as the coach dashes by them, all kneel and cross themselves, and Harker notes that the hills soon pass into a misty and cold gloom. Evening arrives, and soon they are passing beneath ghost-like clouds, as the coach careens alongside late-lying snows. Harker asks to walk, but his request is denied; foot travel is impossible because of the large number of fierce wild dogs in the woods. Meanwhile, the driver lashes his horses onward at an ever faster and more furious speed until at last the coach enters the Borgo Pass. The passengers disembark, the horses neigh and snort violently, and the peasants suddenly begin screaming. Simultaneously, a horse-drawn caleche drives up, and the driver instructs Harker that he will take him to Count Dracula. Once inside the caleche, Harker collapses in the close darkness, feeling like a child, cowering within the eerie loneliness. Glancing at his watch, he notices in alarm that it is midnight. A wild howling commences, the horses strain and rear, and wolves begin to gather from all sides as fine, powdery snow begins to fall. Harker falls asleep, probably from psychological strain and also from physical weariness; when he awakens, the caleche is stopped and the driver is gone. A ring of wolves "with white teeth and lolling red tongues" surrounds Harker. He feels "a sort of paralysis of fear." The ring of terror is unbearable; he shouts and beats on the side of the caleche. There seems to be no one around. Then without warning, the driver reappears, signals the wolves to disperse, and he drives onward, ascending again, ever higher, until at last they are in the courtyard of a vast ruined castle, the castle of Count Dracula. Chapter 1: Commentary From what we read in Harker's journal, it is clear that the young lawyer is a very logical, organized sort of man. Clearly, Stoker is setting up his protagonist as a very rational individual; in this way, the horror of the melodrama which will occur later will be encountered by a man who will try to combat it with common sense and logic. As a result, the terror of Stoker's narrative will become heightened and will seem more believable and less excessively hysterical. Had Stoker chosen a nervous, emotional type of man for his hero, his gothic melodrama would have become, or could have become, laughable and ludicrous. This is not the case, however; because of the carefully calculated way in which Stoker indicates and unravels the mystery of Count Dracula, he achieves a mastery over his subject matter that mitigates the raw horror and, instead, intensifies each chapter's sense of anxiety and portentous dread. One of the first devices that Stoker uses to let us know that Harker is sensible and rational (in addition to the fact that he is a lawyer) is by having Harker recall in his journal that he spent quite a bit of time prior to his journey in the British Museum; there, he read as much as he could about the provinces through which he would be traveling (provinces originally occupied by Attila and the Huns); Harker tried his best to locate the exact locality of Castle Dracula, but unfortunately, he was not able to pinpoint the location precisely, because the castle is located in one of the "wildest and least known portions of Europe." Yet even this ominously mysterious fact does not worry Harker unduly; because he is able to use his smattering of German, he is enjoying his adventuresome trip—thus far—and his notes become more minutely descriptive and confessional as he continues; the purpose for recording as much as he can, he says, is so that he can later refresh his memory when he is telling his fiancée, Mina, about the journey. One of the first clues in Harker's journal that suggests to us something about the terror that will soon commence concerns Harker's reaction to Transylvania itself. He notes that "every known superstition in the world is gathered into the horseshoe of the Carpathians"; he also records, again matter-of-factly, the minor annoyance of his having had "all sorts of queer dreams" recently; in addition, he heard a "dog howling all night under [his] window." He wonders, rather naively, if perhaps it was the excessive paprika in the chicken casserole which he ate for dinner that could have been responsible for his bad dreams. Chapters 2–4: Summary Dracula's castle is described, like almost everything else, in precise detail. Harker notes the castle's great round arches, the immense iron-studded stone doors, the rattling chains, and the clanking of massive bolts, and he compares the scene with a nightmare. Dracula himself is as mysterious as his castle is. He is an old man and is clean shaven, except for a long white Victorian moustache, and he is clad all in black without "a single speck of color about him anywhere." He speaks in perfect English and welcomes Harker inside, shaking his hand with an ice-cold, vice-like grip. His house, as he guides Harker forward, is seen to be filled with long passageways and heavy doors; finally they come to a room in which a table is laid for dinner, set beside a roaring fire. The Count's greeting is so warm that Harker forgets his fears and gives Dracula the details of the real estate transfer. Dracula explains that, at present, because of gout, he will not be able to make the journey to England himself, but that one of his trusted servants will accompany Harker back to London. After supper, Harker enjoys a cigar (Dracula does not smoke), and he studies his host: Dracula's face is strong; his high, thin nose is aquiline, and his nostrils seem to arch peculiarly; his shaggy brows almost meet, and his bushy hair seems to curl in profusion. His mouth, thick and white, covers "sharp white teeth which protrude over the lips." His ears are pale and pointed, and his cheeks are firm but extremely thin. His breath is fetid and rank. "The general effect is one of extraordinary pallor." Both of the men hear wolves howling from far off, and Dracula is the first to speak: "The children of the night," he says, "what music they make!" Shortly, thereafter, the two men retire, and Harker records a final entry for the day: "I think strange things which I dare not confess to my own soul. God keep me, if only for the sake of those dear to me." As Harker explores the Count's castle the next day, he notices a number of unusual, intriguing things: A meal is already prepared and is ready for him—and no servant is present. The table service is made of gold, the curtains and upholstery are made of costly fabrics, seemingly centuries old, and nowhere is there a mirror. To his joy, however, Harker at last discovers a vast library, and he is in the midst of perusing one of the volumes when the Count appears. Dracula tells Harker that he may go anywhere he wishes in the castle, except where the doors are locked. Then he changes the subject and reveals that he greatly fears his proposed journey to England. He feels that his mastery of the English language is insufficient. In addition, he has grown so accustomed to being a master in his own land that he dreads going to England and suddenly being a nobody. For that reason, he wants Harker to remain in the castle as long as possible in order to perfect Dracula's English pronunciation. Harker immediately agrees to do so, and thus they talk further—first, about inconsequential things, and then Dracula explains about the evil spirits in Transylvania that sometimes hold sway. There is "hardly a foot of soil" in all this region, says the Count, "that has not been enriched by the blood of men, patriots, or invaders." Afterward, their conversation turns to England, and while it is evident that the Count is concerned that he shall, for the most part, be alone in his new surroundings, he is immensely pleased by the description of his new estate: It is surrounded by high walls, made of heavy stone, is in need of repair, but contains massive, old iron gates; it is surrounded by dense trees, and the only building in the nearby vicinity is a private lunatic asylum. "I love the shade and the shadow," Dracula says; "I am no longer young; and my heart, through years of mourning over the dead, is not attuned to mirth." The two men talk throughout the night, and at the coming of dawn, when the cock crows, Dracula leaps up excitedly and excuses himself. Harker feels nothing tangibly amiss, but he confesses in his diary that he feels uneasy; he wishes that he were home and that he had never journeyed to Transylvania. Next morning as Harker is shaving, his host's voice startles him, and he cuts himself. Then two unexplainable, horrible things occur. Harker realizes that, first, there is no reflection of Count Dracula in the shaving mirror; and second, when the Count sees Harker's fresh blood trickling from his chin, his eyes blaze up "with a sudden demoniac fury," and he lunges for Harker's throat. Instinctively, Harker touches his crucifix, and Dracula's fury vanishes. He counsels Harker to take care how he cuts himself in this country; then Dracula flings the shaving glass onto the courtyard stones below, where it shatters into a thousand pieces. Dracula vanishes, and Harker ponders about what has happened. He also wonders about the fact that he has never seen the Count eat or drink. Harker then explores the castle farther and finally concludes that no matter how many beautiful vistas which he is able to see from the battlements, the castle is a veritable prison, and he is its prisoner. After Harker realizes that he is indeed a prisoner in Dracula's castle, he succumbs to panic and feelings of helplessness; momentarily, he believes that he is going mad, but he recovers almost instantly and tries to rationally analyze what he must do to escape and survive. More than anything else, Harker realizes that he will "need all [his] brains to get through." Ironically, since Harker is not a religious man, he is grateful for the crucifix which was given to him; it is "a comfort and a strength." A good night's sleep is virtually impossible for Harker, despite the fact that he has placed the crucifix over the head of the bed; thus, he paces throughout the night, looks out of his windows, and by accident, he sees Dracula, on two separate occasions, emerge from his room on the floor below, slither out, head downward, in lizard fashion, with his cloak spread out "around him like great wings." It is shortly afterward that Harker records in his diary that he fears for his sanity; he hopes that he does not go mad. His diary is his only solace; he turns to it "for repose." One of Harker's favorite rooms in the castle is one that he feels was probably a woman's room; romantically, he likes to imagine that in this room "ladies sat and sung and lived sweet lives whilst their gentle breasts were sad for their menfolk away in the midst of remorseless wars." It is during one moonlight night in this room that three women appear before Harker—and whether or not this is a dream, we cannot be sure. Harker's horror, however, is quite real, and that concerns us most. Two of the women are dark, and both of them have vivid, glowing red eyes; the other woman is fair. All have "brilliant white teeth," and all of them cause a burning, sexual desire within Harker. Unexplainably, Harker finds himself allowing the fair woman to bend over him until he can feel her hot breath on his neck. As two sharp teeth touch his neck, and as he closes [his] eyes "in languorous ecstasy," waiting "with beating heart," Count Dracula suddenly sweeps in and orders the women out. But before they go, Harker notices that they grab a small bag with "some living thing within it"; with horror, Harker is sure that he hears a low wail, like that "of a half-smothered child." Then he sinks into unconsciousness. Significantly, Harker awakens in his own bed. Perhaps the women and the gruesome bag were only part of a bad dream. Thus he steels himself for others "who are ... waiting to suck [his] blood." Harker waits, and while he does so, he notices gypsies who are driving wagons filled with large, square, empty boxes. Later, he hears the muffled sounds of digging, and again, he sees the Count slither down the side of the castle, lizard-fashion, wearing Harker's clothes and carrying "the terrible bag." A howling dog cries far below in the valley. The horror overcomes Harker; locked in his prison, he sits down and cries. It is then that he hears a woman below, crying out for her child, tearing her hair, beating her breasts, and "beating her naked hands against the door." Within moments, a pack of wolves pour "like a pent-up dam" into the courtyard. Then they stream away, "licking their lips." Harker has no choice; he must try to encounter Dracula during daylight. Therefore, he crawls out his window and descends, perilously, until he reaches the Count's room. Oddly, it is empty, and it seems "to have never been used"; everything is covered with dust, including a "great heap of gold in one corner." Seeing an open door, Harker follows a circular stairway down through dark, tunnel-like passages; with every step, he becomes more aware of a "deathly, sickly odour, the odour of old earth newly turned." In the vaults below, Harker discovers fifty boxes, and in one of them, he finds the Count, apparently asleep, even though his eyes are "open and strong." Horrified, he flees to his room and tries to decide what he must do. On June 29th, he reveals the full extent of his terror. He is terribly afraid; if he had a gun, he would try to kill the Count, but at this point, he believes that the Count is supernatural and that bullets would have no effect on him. Yet when the Count appears, he bids Harker goodbye, assuring him that a carriage will take him to the Borgo Pass and from there, he will be able to return to England. Later, Harker opens his door and sees "the three terrible women licking their lips." He throws himself on the floor, imploring heaven to save him until he can escape the following day. Not surprisingly, Harker wakes early, scales down the wall, and once more he finds the Count laid out in one of the large wooden boxes. Curiously, the old man looks "as if his youth [had] been half renewed." The reason is clear. He has been renewed by blood. On his lips are thick blotches of fresh blood which trickle from the corners of his mouth and run over his chin and neck. Dracula is gorged with blood, "like a filthy leech." The thought of Harker's assisting this monster to travel to England and satiate his lust on unsuspecting English men and women so horrifies Harker that he seizes a shovel and slashes madly at the Count's "hateful face." The Count's mad eyes so paralyze Harker, however, that the blow only grazes the Count's forehead. Hearing voices, Harker flees to the Count's room, where he hears the boxes below being filled with earth and the covers nailed shut. Then he hears the sound of wheels in the driveway, the crack of whips, and a chorus of gypsies. Now Harker is convinced that he is absolutely alone, a prisoner, and Dracula is off for England to wreak his evil. Yet Harker is still determined to at least try and escape and take some of the gold with him. He is sure that this castle is a nest for the "devil and his children," and he cannot remain in it a moment longer. The precipice which he must confront is steep and high, but he must attempt it at all costs. The last entry in his journal, at this point, is desperate: "Good-bye, all! Mina!" Chapters 2–4: Commentary These three chapters set the tone for all subsequent treatments of the Dracula legend. That is, whereas many works based on Count Dracula will alter the story significantly, most of the subsequent treatments of this legend will have some of the incidents found in these chapters. They include (1) an emissary (sometimes the pattern includes unsuspecting travelers) who is in a foreign land to contact the mysterious Count Dracula, who has bought some property in England. The young man, therefore, has come to finalize the arrangements with Dracula. (2) The setting is always someplace in Transylvania, a land sparsely populated and filled with howling wolves. It is also often remote and strange and unfamiliar, with no main roads to enter or depart by. (3) Everything is strange, even the language, which prevents the emissary from communicating with the natives (The natives are always of peasant stock and extremely superstitious and often xenophobic). (4) The representative usually stops in some remote inn, without such modern conveniences as telephones, where a carriage with an inscrutable driver will take him to the Borgo Pass. (5) The peasants will offer him various charms to ward off vampires, a word that strikes fear into the peasants. (6) The Borgo Pass is well known for mysterious happenings and the emissary usually arrives about midnight, a time when evil spirits have free reign in the world. (7) The emissary is met by someone working for the Count and is taken to the Count's castle. (8) The castle is a decaying edifice, located at the top of a tall mountain amid a desolate area, where one can gain access to the castle only by a steep, narrow road. The castle is a landmark, but few people tour the place. (9) Everything is old and musty in the castle. (10) Count Dracula is seen only at nighttime, and the emissary never sees him eat anything even though there is plenty of freshly prepared food. (11) The narrator usually sees Count Dracula performing some act which would be considered supernatural, such as slithering down the sheer precipice of the castle in a "bat-like" manner. (12) Often there is the presence of a female vampire (or vampires), who will attempt to seduce the narrator. (13) Usually the emissary is imprisoned in the castle and must effect his own escape. Other factors of a lesser nature can be included, factors such as the narrator's explorations of the castle and his discovery of many coffins or boxes of dirt or the proliferation of bats about the castle, the eerie noises, and the mysterious absence of mirrors (since vampires do not cast a reflection in a mirror), and sometimes there are the cries of young babies and the presence of blood at unexpected places. Therefore, the individual writer can utilize as many of the above archetypical patterns as he or she so chooses. Chapters 5 & 6: Summary The scene abruptly shifts from Transylvania to London, and the story of Mina Murray (later Mina Harker) and Lucy Westenra is introduced. The story in the following few chapters is presented through a series of letters between Mina Murray and Lucy Westenra, and also through journal entries of various characters, as well as by newspaper articles and even a ship's log. In these chapters we are also introduced to Dr. John Seward whom Lucy describes as "one of the most resolute men" she ever saw, "yet the most calm"; Arthur Holmwood, whom Lucy chooses to marry; and Quincey P. Morris, a Texan, a friend of Arthur Holmwood; and Dr. Seward, director of a lunatic asylum. All of these characters will figure prominently in the story. Mina Murray, an assistant "schoolmistress," is engaged to Jonathan Harker. In Mina's letter to her dear friend Lucy, she tells of Jonathan's recent letters from Transylvania which assure her that he is well and will soon be returning home. (These are early letters from Jonathan, of course.) Mina's first letter is dated a few days after Jonathan's arrival at Castle Dracula. Lucy's reply reveals that she is in love with a Mr. Arthur Holmwood, a "tall, curly haired man." She also mentions a doctor whom she would like Mina to meet. The doctor, John Seward, is "handsome" and "really clever," twenty-nine years old, and the administrator of a lunatic asylum. At the conclusion of Lucy's letter, we learn that Mina and Lucy have been friends since childhood and that each depends on the other for happiness. In Lucy's next letter to Mina, Lucy reveals to us that she will be twenty years old in three months. On this particular day (the 24th of May), she has had no less than three marriage proposals, and she is ecstatic. The first proposal was from Dr. Seward, whom she turned down. The second proposal came from the American, Quincey P. Morris. She finds the American to be gallant and romantic, yet she feels that she must turn him down as well. The third proposal came from Arthur Holmwood, whose proposal she accepted. Following the exchange of letters between Mina and Lucy, we have an excerpt from Dr. Seward's diary (kept on a phonograph) from the 25th of May, the day following his proposal to Lucy. Dr. Seward reveals his depression over Lucy's rejection, but he will resign himself to his vocation. Dr. Seward also mentions, most importantly, his curiosity about one of his patients. This patient's name is R. M. Renfield, who is fifty-nine years old and a man of "great physical strength." Dr. Seward notes that Renfield is "morbidly excitable" and has "periods of gloom ending in some fixed idea" which the doctor is unable to determine. Seward concludes the entry by stating that he believes Renfield to be potentially dangerous. Following Seward's entry is a letter from the American, Quincey P. Morris, to Arthur Holmwood, dated May 25th. In the letter, Quincey asks Arthur to drink with him to drown his sorrows over a woman's rejection—and also, he proposes to drink to Arthur's happiness. Quincey also reveals the name of another fellow who will be present, one who also happens to wish to drown his sorrows—Dr. Seward. Mina's journal of the 24th of July comes from Whitby, a town located in northeast England, on the seacoast; her description of Whitby would pass for one in a travel guide. Of special note is Mina's description of the ruins of Whitby Abbey: Mina says that it is a "most noble ruin ... full of beautiful and romantic bits," and she mentions the legend of a "white lady" who is seen in one of the Abbey's windows. She also mentions a large graveyard which lies above the town and has a "full view of the harbor." Of the friends whom Mina makes at Whitby, she is most charmed by a "funny old man" named Mr. Swales. Mr. Swales is very old, for Mina tells us that his face is "all gnarled and twisted like the bark of a tree," and that Swales brags that he is almost one hundred years old. He is a skeptical person and scoffs at the legend of the "white lady" of Whitby Abbey. A week later, Mina and Lucy are on the hillside above Whitby talking to old Mr. Swales. Lucy playfully refers to him as the "Sir Oracle" of the area. Mina mentions Lucy's robust health and her happy spirits since coming to Whitby. On this day, Mr. Swales refuses to tell Mina and Lucy about a legend which he scoffs at. The legend involves and maintains that many of the graves in the yard are actually empty. This notion is, of course, preposterous to Mr. Swales, and he tells the ladies that they should not believe the silly superstitions of the area. Mina reports that Lucy and Arthur are preparing for their wedding and that she still hasn't heard from Jonathan for a month; interestingly, the date of this entry is also the date of the last entry that Jonathan Harker made in the journal that he kept in Count Dracula's castle in Transylvania. Dr. Seward, meanwhile, reports that the case of Renfield is becoming more and more curious. Seward reports that Renfield has developed qualities of selfishness, secrecy, and dubiousness; in addition, Renfield has pets of odd sorts; presently, Renfield's hobby is catching flies, and he has a large number of them. When Seward demands that Renfield get rid of them, Renfield asks for a delay of three days. Two weeks later, Seward reports that Renfield has become interested in spiders and has "several very big fellows in a box." Evidently, Renfield is feeding the flies to the spiders and also munching on the flies himself. About ten days later, Seward reports that the spiders are becoming a great nuisance and that he has ordered Renfield to get rid of them. As Seward is issuing this demand, a fly buzzes into the room and Renfield catches it and "exultantly" eats it. Renfield keeps a notebook in which whole pages are filled with masses of numbers, as if it is an account book; we can assume that he is totaling up the number of flies that he has eaten. A week later, Seward discovers that Renfield also has a pet sparrow and that Renfield's supply of spiders has diminished; it would seem that Renfield also maintains a supply of flies for the spiders by tempting them with pieces of food. About ten days later, Seward reports that Renfield has "a whole colony of sparrows" and that the supply of flies and spiders is almost depleted. Fawning like a dog, Renfield begs Seward for a nice little kitten which he can "feed—and feed—and feed." Seward refuses Renfield's request, and Renfield immediately becomes hostile and threatening. Seward fears that Renfield is an "undeveloped homicidal maniac." Upon returning to Renfield's cell a few hours later, Seward discovers Renfield in the corner, "gnawing his fingers." Renfield immediately begs for a kitten again. The next day, Renfield is spreading sugar on the window sill, evidently trying to catch flies again. Seward is surprised that the room is empty of birds, and when Renfield is asked where they are, he responds that they have all flown away. Seward is disconcerted, however, when he sees a few feathers and some blood on Renfield's pillow. A few hours later, an attendant tells Seward that Renfield vomited and disgorged a large quantity of feathers. That evening, Seward orders that Renfield be given a strong opiate to make him sleep. Seward decides to classify Renfield as a "zoöphagous [life eating] maniac." Seward defines this phenomenon as a person who tries "to absorb as many lives as he can," one who has laid himself out to achieve it in a cumulative way. Seward is thrilled with the possibility that he might advance this branch of science and, thus, become famous. The novel now shifts back to Mina Murray's journal, July 26th, about a week after Seward's last entry. Mina voices concern about not hearing from Jonathan Harker and also, curiously, about Lucy. Additionally, Mina is confused as to why she hasn't heard from Jonathan because yesterday, Jonathan's employer, Mr. Hawkins, sent her a letter from Jonathan, a letter that was written at Count Dracula's castle. The letter consists of only one line, a statement that he is starting home. Mina notes that this extreme brevity is totally unlike Jonathan. Mina is also concerned about Lucy because Lucy has once again "taken to her old habit of walking in her sleep." In a late entry of the 6th of August, Mina notes that the fishermen claim that a harsh storm is approaching. Old Mr. Swales tells her that he has never felt closer to death and that he is tired of fighting it. He also senses approaching calamity and doom: "There is something in that wind that sounds, and looks, and tastes, and smells like death." At the end of the entry, she reports sighting a strange ship which old Mr. Swales says is a Russian ship. Chapters 5 & 6: Commentary Stoker continues with his epistolary style, continuing in the tradition of having two young, naive ladies corresponding about love and life. These innocent girls will very soon become involved in the horror which Dracula brings. Stoker contrasts their innocence with the approaching plague of horror and evil, a typically gothic pattern of narrative; it would not be dramatically effective to have depraved characters confront the evil menace. The setting is a typical one for the gothic novel. We leave the hustle and bustle of a metropolitan city and journey to an isolated city, replete with legends of empty graves, sepulchral old natives, and legends of dead people who haunt huge old houses. Furthermore, any type of ghost story should be set in some place far from civilization, and here at Whitby, where there are rambling old houses, sleepwalking, and graveyards, we have a perfect gothic setting. The story of Renfield foreshadows the social disruption and insanity which will accompany Dracula's descent upon England. This is further symbolized by Renfield's desire for blood and the sucking of fresh blood, which will be Dracula's, or the vampire's, goal. Renfield can be seen as an archetype of "the predecessor" (such as John the Baptist) because Renfield prepares us for the imminent arrival of his "lord" and "master," Dracula. Stoker will continue to pervert Christian myths throughout the novel. Dracula is a satanic figure, and the horrors of Renfield are maudlin, compared to the greater horror which is Dracula himself. Lucy's sleepwalking also prefigures the arrival of Count Dracula. As it happens, the day that she begins sleepwalking will closely correspond to the day that Dracula's ship crosses the straits of Gibraltar into Western civilization. And it will be because of her sleepwalking that she will become a member of the "Un-Dead." Old Mr. Swales is the archetypal prophetic figure, one who senses and can articulate the approaching doom and horror, yet one whose exhortations and prophesies are ignored or remain misunderstood by the populace. Chapters 7 & 8: Summary Utilizing the narrative device of a newspaper clipping (dated August 8th), the story of the landing of Count Dracula's ship is presented. The report indicates that the recent storm, one of the worst storms on record, was responsible for the shipwreck of a strange Russian vessel. The article also mentions several observations which indicate the vessel's strange method of navigation; we learn that observers feel that the captain had to be mad because in the midst of the storm the ship's sails were wholly unfurled. Many people who witnessed the approach of the strange vessel were gathered on one of Whitby's piers to await the ship's arrival. By the light of a spotlight, witnesses noticed that "lashed to the helm was a corpse, with drooping head, which swung horribly to and fro" as the ship rocked. As the vessel violently ran aground, "an immense dog sprang up on deck from below," jumped from the ship, and ran off. Upon closer inspection, it was discovered that the man lashed to the wheel (the helm) had a crucifix clutched in his hand. According to a local doctor, the man had been dead for at least two days. Coast Guard officials discovered a bottle in the dead man's pocket, carefully sealed, which contained a roll of paper. In a newspaper article the next day, it is revealed that the ship, a schooner, was a Russian vessel, one from Varna, called the Demeter. The only cargo on board was a "ballast of silver sand" and "a number of great wooden boxes filled with mould." It is revealed that the cargo was consigned to a Whitby solicitor, Mr. S. F. Billington, who has claimed the boxes. The bizarre circumstances of the ship's arrival have been the talk about town for the last few days, and there has also been some interest as to the whereabouts of the big dog which jumped ashore on the first night. The dog has disappeared, and some citizens are worried that the dog may be dangerous. Reportedly, a half-breed mastiff was found dead, its throat torn out and its belly split open. The narrative continues with excerpts from the Demeter's log. The log begins on the 6th of July, which would be a week after Jonathan Harker's last entry in his journal. According to the log entries, all is calm aboard the ship for several days. On the 16th of July, however, one crew member is found missing, and the log indicates that all the sailors are downcast and anxious. The next day, the 17th of July, a sailor reports seeing a "tall, thin man, who was not like any of the crew, come up the companionway, and go along the deck forward and disappear." Yet no one, upon inspection of the ship, is to be found. Five days later, on the 22nd of July, the ship passes Gibraltar and sails out through the Straits with apparently no further problems. Two days later, however, another man is reported lost, and the remaining men grow panicky and frightened. Five days later, another sailor is missing. On the 30th of July, only the captain, his mate, and two crew members are left. On the 2nd of August, another crew member disappears. At midnight on the next night, the remaining deck hand disappears, and the captain and the mate are the only remaining men aboard. The captain reports that the mate is haggard and close to madness. In a panic, the mate, a Roumanian, hisses, "It is here." The mate thinks that "it" is in the hold, perhaps "in one of the boxes." The mate descends into the hold, only to come flying from the hold moments later, screaming in terror, telling the captain, "He is there. I know the secret now." In despair, the mate throws himself overboard, preferring drowning to a confrontation with "the thing." Since the captain feels that it is his duty to remain with the ship, he vows to tie his hands to the wheel and take the ship to port. At this point, the log ends. The log of the Demeter stirs up a great deal of controversy, and most of the townsfolk regard the captain as a hero. The reporter ends his narration by stating that the great dog has not yet been found. The narrative shifts then to Mina's journal (August 8th), the day of the great storm. Lucy is still sleepwalking, and Mina has yet to hear from Jonathan. On the 10th of August, Mina indicates that the burial of the sea captain was on this day and that Lucy is very upset about the events of the last few days. In a shocking revelation, we learn that old Mr. Swales was found dead this morning, near the graveyard, at the seat where Lucy and Mina would often visit with him. According to the doctor, the old man must have "fallen back in the seat in some sort of fright" because his neck was broken. Mina's journal for the 10th of August concludes with the observation that Lucy is happy and seems better in body and in spirit than she has for quite some time. The next entry is a few hours later; at 3 A.M., Mina awakened with a horrible sense of fear and discovered that Lucy's bed was empty. After satisfying herself that Lucy was nowhere to be found inside the house, she threw a heavy shawl about herself and headed outdoors to search for Lucy. While searching, it occurred to Mina that Lucy might have gone to their favorite place, the seat on the hill where old Mr. Swales was found. She looked towards the hill where the seat was located and, under the light of a "beautiful moon," she saw on the seat a half-reclining figure, "snowy white." Above the figure, "something dark" was bending over the reclining figure. Mina raced to the spot. When she approached the seat, Mina saw something "long and black" bent over the half reclining figure. Mina called to Lucy in fright, and "the thing raised a head." Mina could see "a white face and red, gleaming eyes." By the time Mina reached the seat, the moonlight was so brilliant that Mina could see that Lucy was alone. It appeared that Lucy was merely asleep, but her breathing was hesitant and coming in long, heavy gasps; then Lucy shuddered and covered her throat with her hand. Mina threw her shawl over Lucy to warm her, and Lucy pulled the shawl up about her neck as though she were cold. Mina accounts for the two puncture wounds in Lucy's throat as the result of pin pricks caused when Mina was trying to pin a shawl around Lucy's exposed neck. Mina then escorts Lucy back home and puts her back to bed. Just before falling asleep, Lucy begs Mina not to tell anyone of the incident. That morning (August 11th) Lucy looks better to Mina than she has for weeks. Mina berates herself for wounding Lucy with the safety pin, for again she notices the two little red pin pricks on Lucy's neck, "and on the band of her nightdress was a drop of blood." Lucy casually laughs off Mina's concern. The rest of the day is spent happily, and Mina expects a restful night. In her journal entry of the next day, however, Mina indicates that her expectations were wrong. Twice that night Mina discovered that Lucy was awake and trying to leave the room. Yet, the next morning, Lucy was, seemingly, the picture of health to Mina. The 13th of August is a quiet day, yet that night Mina discovers Lucy sitting up in bed in a dazed sleep, "pointing to the window." Mina goes to the window, and in the brilliant moonlight she notices "a great bat" flitting about in circles. Evidently the bat is frightened by the sudden appearance of Mina at the window and flies off. The next day at sunset, Mina indicates that she and Lucy spent the day at a favorite spot on the East Cliff, and, at sunset, Lucy made a most unusual remark: "His red eyes again! They are just the same." At the moment when Lucy utters this phrase, Mina notices that Lucy's eyes are directed towards their favorite seat, "whereon was a dark figure seated alone." To Mina, the stranger's eyes appeared for a moment "like burning flames." Later, the two return home and say no more about the incident. After seeing Lucy to bed that night, Mina decided to go for a short stroll. Coming home in the bright moonlight, she glanced up at their bedroom window and noticed Lucy's head leaning out. Mina thought that Lucy was looking for her, but she was not—Lucy did not even notice Mina. She appeared, in fact, to be fast asleep. Curiously, seated on the window sill next to her was something that looked like a "good sized bird." Running upstairs to the bedroom in a panic, Mina discovered that Lucy was now back in her bed—asleep, but holding her hand to her throat as if chilled. Mina chooses not to awaken her, yet she notices, much to her dismay, that Lucy looks pale and haggard. Mina attributes this to Lucy's fretting about something. On the next day (15th of August), Mina notices that Lucy is "languid and tired" and that she slept later than normal. Mina receives a bit of unexpected and shocking news from Mrs. Westenra, Lucy's mother. Mrs. Westenra's doctor has informed her that she has only a few months to live because of a heart condition. Two days later, Mina is despondent. She has had no news from Jonathan yet, and Lucy seems to be growing weaker and weaker by the day. Mina cannot understand Lucy's decline, for she eats well and sleeps well and gets plenty of exercise. Yet at night, Mina has heard her awaken as if gasping for air, and just last night, she found Lucy leaning out of the open window again; Lucy was incredibly weak and her breath came with much difficulty. Inspecting Lucy's throat as she lay asleep, Mina noticed that the puncture wounds had not healed; if anything, they were larger than before and the edges were pale and faintly puckered. "They were like little white dots with red centers." In a letter dated the 17th of August, Mr. S. F. Billington (to whom the boxes from the Demeter were consigned) orders the boxes to be delivered to Carfax, near Purfleet, in London. Mina's journal (August 18th) records that Lucy is looking better and slept well the last night. Lucy seems to have come to terms with the night when she was found sleepwalking. Lucy spends most of her time thinking of her fiancé, Arthur. Lucy feels that the recent events are like a dream, yet she has a "vague memory of something long and dark with red eyes ... and something very sweet and very bitter all around, sinking into deep green water." Her "soul seemed to go out from [her] body and float about in the air." She tells Mina there was suddenly "a sort of agonizing feeling." And then Mina woke her. On the 19th of August, Mina receives news of Jonathan—he is in a hospital in Budapest. Mina intends to leave the next morning to go to Budapest to be with him; Jonathan apparently has been hospitalized because of brain fever. In a letter from a Sister Agatha, Mina is warned that she should be prepared to spend some time at the hospital, for Jonathan's illness is very serious. The narrative shifts then to Dr. Seward's diary. Renfield, it seems, has had a swift and drastic change in personality. He has periods of excitement, and he acts as if he were a caged animal. He had been respectful, but recently, he has become quite "haughty." He has told Seward that "the Master is at hand." Dr. Seward attributes Renfield's condition to a "religious mania." Renfield's pets (the spiders, flies, and sparrows) are no longer important to him. Later that night, Renfield escapes. Dr. Seward and several attendants follow Renfield to Carfax (the destination of the fifty boxes of earth belonging to Count Dracula). Following him onto the grounds, Seward finds Renfield "pressed close against the old iron-bound oak door of the chapel," apparently talking to someone. Renfield is apparently addressing someone whom he calls "Master"; Renfield seems to consider himself a slave. Dr. Seward and the attendants put a restraint on Renfield and return him to his cell. There, Renfield says that he "shall be patient, Master." Chapters 7 & 8: Commentary Once again Stoker relies on clever stylistic devices to add verisimilitude to his story. By using newspaper clippings, the ship's log, the medical journal, excerpts from telegrams and diaries, he builds a cumulative picture of events as though they might really have happened and, thus, he gives greater credence to this improbable story. The ship that was sighted at the end of Chapter 6 has turned out to be the ship which was carrying the loads of dirt from Count Dracula's estate, the cargo that Jonathan Harker saw being loaded on wagons in Transylvania. Apparently, Count Dracula himself is "residing" in one of these boxes. The storm, the howling dogs, and the mysterious disappearance of the sailors—all are symbolic of the approaching evil which is represented by Count Dracula. It is clear that Dracula is a harbinger of the natural catastrophes which are occurring. His evil presence is felt by old Mr. Swales, who at his advanced age cannot withstand the horrors represented by the arrival of Dracula and is found dead, murdered to make it seem as though he were killed accidentally. It can be assumed that the mysterious dog that came from the ship was Dracula himself in one of his guises, and that it was responsible for knocking the old man down and causing his death. Many supernatural things, like Mr. Swales's death, are never fully explained by Stoker, leaving all the events surrounded by an aura of superstition and mystery. The calm Victorian life, filled with all of the amenities of life, is being penetrated by everything which Dracula represents, and the disruption is seen mainly in the manner in which he "penetrates" a young virgin's (Lucy's) neck, sucking both life and blood from her. The illness of Arthur Holmwood's father (only slightly mentioned), as well as the approaching death of Lucy's mother, seem cabalistically linked to the approach and arrival of Count Dracula, and, thus, by the end of the novel we will see that both Lucy and her mother have become victims of the intruding spectre of horror. Dracula is more than just a vampire, more than just a satanic presence affecting only a few; he is also a symbol of total social disruption and chaos. If not stopped, he will destroy all of Victorian society. Count Dracula's appearance and his satanic presence—his black clothes, his fiery red eyes, and his pale features—are a total contrast to the winsome, innocent, and virginal presence of the two ladies (Lucy and Mina) who represent purity. Once again, Stoker inverts the traditional Christian myth when Renfield anticipates and looks forward to the arrival of his "lord and master" in the person of Count Dracula. Stoker, in an interesting choice of phraseology, considers Renfield's behavior at Carfax as though Renfield is experiencing a "Real Presence," as though Dracula were the (perverted) Holy Ghost. The entire scene is a perversion of the Catholic communion, wherein the Real Presence of the Holy Ghost is present each time that the Eucharist is administered. In terms of the narrative structure so far, we don't know why Count Dracula left Transylvania to come to England—rather than go somewhere else, or even why he had to leave his native country. However, in these chapters, we find out that Jonathan Harker did escape, but his method of escape will never be revealed to us; remember that when we last saw him, he was a prisoner in Dracula's castle, surrounded by wolves and supernatural beings. Yet suddenly, without explanation, he appears in Budapest, where he is cared for by nurses. Chapters 9 & 10: Summary In a letter from Budapest, Mina tells Lucy that she has arrived safely and that she has found Jonathan Harker greatly changed. He is only a shadow of his former self, and he remembers very little of what has happened to him; he suffered a terrible shock, and his brain has a mental block against whatever caused his present condition. Sister Agatha, who has attended him, has told Mina that he raved and ranted about dreadful and unspeakable things, so dreadful that she often had "to cross herself." Sister Agatha maintains that "his fear is of great and horrible things, which no mortal can think of." Mina notices a notebook and wonders if she could look through it for some clue as to what happened; Jonathan tells her that he has had brain fever, and he thinks that the cause of the brain fever might be recorded in the notebook. However, he does not ever want to read the contents of the book himself. Thus he gives the journal to Mina and says that if she wants to read it she may, but he never wants to read it lest it cause some horror in their married life. Mina informs Lucy that she and Jonathan have decided to get married immediately, and, that very afternoon, the marriage ceremony was performed. As a wedding gift, Mina took the notebook, wrapped it, tied it, and sealed it in wax, using her wedding ring as the seal, saying that she would never open it unless it were for his—Jonathan's—sake. After reading her friend's letter, Lucy sends Mina a letter of congratulations, telling her that she herself is feeling quite healthy. Dr. Seward records in his diary that Renfield has now grown very quiet and often murmurs to himself, "Now I can wait, now I can wait." He does not speak to anyone, even when he is offered a kitten or a full grown cat as a pet. He responds, "I don't take any stock in cats. I have more to think of now." This has happened for three nights; now, Seward plans to arrange a way for Renfield to escape so that they can follow him. At an unexpected moment, however, Renfield escapes. The attendant follows him to Carfax, where he is again pressed against the old chapel door. When Renfield sees Dr. Seward, he tries to attack him, but is restrained. Renfield grows strangely calm, and Dr. Seward becomes aware that Renfield is staring at something in the moonlit sky. Upon following his gaze, Seward can see nothing, however, but an exceptionally large bat. Lucy Westenra, (on the 24th of August) records in her diary that she has been dreaming, as she did earlier at Whitby (she is now at Hillingham, another of the houses which her family owns). Also, she notes that her mother's health is declining. On the night of the 25th, she writes that she awoke around midnight to the sound of something scratching and flapping at the window. When she awoke in the morning, she was pale, and her throat pained her severely. Arthur Holmwood writes to Dr. Seward on the 31st of August, asking him to visit Lucy and examine her. Then, the next day, he telegrams Dr. Seward to inform him that he has been called to his father's bedside, where he wants Dr. Seward to contact him. On the 2nd of September, Dr. Seward writes to Arthur Holmwood that Lucy's health does not conform to any malady that he knows of, and that Lucy is somewhat reluctant to have him examine her completely. Dr. Seward is concerned about her "somewhat bloodless condition" because there are no signs of anemia. Lucy complains of difficulty in breathing, lethargic sleep, and dreams that frighten her. Dr. Seward is so concerned that he has sent for his old friend and master, the famous Professor Van Helsing of Amsterdam. The doctor is a profound philosopher, a metaphysician, and one of the most advanced scientists of his day. In a letter of response, Dr. Van Helsing tells Dr. Seward that his affairs will allow him to come immediately, and that he is happy to do Dr. Seward a favor since Dr. Seward once saved his life. Consequently, Dr. Seward is able to write to Arthur Holmwood on the 3rd of September that Dr. Van Helsing has already seen Lucy and that he too is concerned about her condition, yet he has not said what is wrong with Lucy, except that there is no apparent functional cause of her illness. However, Dr. Van Helsing insists that a telegram be sent to him every day in Amsterdam letting him know about Lucy's condition. In his diary, Dr. Seward notes that Renfield is often becoming violent at the stroke of noon and that he often howls like a wolf, disturbing the other patients. Later, the same day, he seems very contented, "catching flies and eating them." He has more sugar now and is reaping quite a harvest of flies, keeping them in a box as he did earlier. He asks for more sugar, which Dr. Seward promises to get for him. At midnight, Dr. Seward records another change in the patient. Visiting Renfield at sunset, he witnesses Renfield trying "to grab the sun" just as it sinks; then Renfield sinks to the floor. Rising, Renfield dusts the sugar and crumbs from his ledge, tosses all his flies out the window, and says, "I'm sick of all that rubbish." Dr. Seward wonders if the sun (or the moon) has any influence on Renfield's "paroxysms of sudden passion." Dr. Seward sends telegrams on the 4th, 5th, and 6th of September to Dr. Van Helsing, the final one being a desperate plea for Dr. Van Helsing to visit Lucy, for her condition has become much worse. Seward then sends a letter to Arthur, telling him that Lucy's condition is worse and that Van Helsing is coming to attend her. Seward cannot tell Lucy's mother about the problem because of the old woman's heart condition. In his diary, Dr. Seward says that when Van Helsing arrived he was admonished to keep everything about this case a secret until they are certain about what is going on. Dr. Seward is anxious to know as much as possible about the case, but Van Helsing thinks that it is too premature to discuss it. When they reach Lucy's room, Dr. Seward is horrified by Lucy's ghastly pale, white face, the prominence of her bones, and her painful breathing. Observing Lucy's condition, Van Helsing frantically realizes that she must be given an immediate blood transfusion or she will die. Dr. Seward is prepared to give blood himself when Arthur suddenly arrives, volunteering that he will give "the last drop of blood in my body for her." While Dr. Van Helsing is administering the transfer of blood from Arthur to Lucy, he gives Lucy a narcotic to allow her to sleep. After awhile, the transfusion restores color to Lucy's face, while Arthur, meanwhile, grows paler and paler. During the transfusion, the scarf around Lucy's throat falls away, and Dr. Seward notices the red marks on Lucy's throat. Later, Van Helsing asks Seward what he thinks about the marks. As they examine the wounds, they notice that they occur "just over the external jugular vein ... two punctures, not large, but not wholesome looking." There is no sign of disease, and Seward wonders if this is not how the blood is lost. Van Helsing has to leave, and so he orders Seward to stay all night and watch over Lucy. The next morning (September 8th), Seward thinks Lucy looks better. He recalls the conversation of the evening before, when Lucy told him she did not like to go to sleep because "all that weakness comes to me in sleep." However, when Seward promised to stay with her all night, she slept soundly. Next day, Dr. Seward had to work all day at the asylum, and that night, the 9th of September, he was extremely exhausted by work and the lack of sleep. Therefore, when Lucy showed him a room next to hers, a room with a sofa, he instinctively stretched out and fell asleep. That night, Lucy recorded in her diary how safe she feels with Dr. Seward sleeping close by. Dr. Seward records in his diary that early on the morning of September 10th, he was awakened by the gentle hand of Dr. Van Helsing, and together they went to visit Lucy. They found her—horribly white, with shrunken gums, lips pale and blue, and looking as though she were a corpse. Immediately, they realized that another transfusion would be essential. This time, Dr. Seward is the only person available for giving blood, and he does so, "for the woman he loved." Van Helsing reminds Seward that nothing is to be said of this. Again they examine the little punctures in her throat; the wounds now have a "ragged, exhausted appearance at their edges." In the afternoon, Van Helsing is with Lucy when the professor opens a large bundle. He opens it, hands Lucy the contents, and instructs Lucy to wear the flowers around her neck: Lucy, recognizing that "the flowers" are common garlic, thinks that he is joking. Van Helsing tells her that he is not joking; he says that the garlic is a special garlic, coming all the way from Haarlem (a town in Holland). Dr. Seward skeptically observes all of this, wondering if Van Helsing is "working some spell to keep out an evil spirit." Van Helsing places other bits of garlic around the room, and when they leave he tells Dr. Seward that he will be able to sleep peacefully tonight since all is well. Chapters 9 & 10: Commentary Jonathan Harker's journal ended on the 30th of June, and it is still with him in the hospital, sealed and to be opened and transcribed later by Mina. The entire novel, then, is, to a large degree, held together by Harker's journal, and his observations become instrumental in resolving the mystery of Dracula. Throughout these two chapters, Lucy's health declines and improves, only to decline again. Constant emphasis is given to the two small wounds on her neck, and the reader must assume, although the author does not state it, that the expansion of the wounds and the decline of Lucy's health is a result of the vampire's repeated bloodsucking. In addition to focusing on bloodsucking, these chapters include other examples of the Vampire-Gothic tradition. There is Renfield, who howls at noon (Dracula's powers are weakest then), yet Renfield is calm at sunset. There is also the presence of bats, as well as other mysterious "noises." Mainly, however, these chapters are concerned with the transfusion of blood into Lucy. Of course, Stoker is playing on the notion of a lover's life's blood. Recall that Arthur declares, "My life is hers, and I would give the last drop of blood in my body for her." The same thing, in a perverted sense, can be said for Lucy's blood, which is given to her "demon lover," the vampire. The same thing is happening when Dr. Seward gives his blood to his beloved Lucy, and finally, in future chapters, Van Helsing, who has learned to love Lucy as a daughter, will gladly give his blood to save her. Each time, Van Helsing points out that the blood is from a strong, powerful, virile young man, yet he is continually vexed as to how the lady's strength disappears. Of note here is the fact that it was dangerous to give such transfusions, because if the blood wasn't of a matching type, it could have possibly killed her. In emergencies, however, any blood is usually given to a patient if a transfusion will, hopefully, save a life. Chapters 11–13: Summary On the 12th of September, Lucy is perplexed by the presence of the garlic flowers, but she has such trust in Van Helsing that she is not frightened to fall asleep that night. In Dr. Seward's diary, we learn that he picked up Van Helsing and went to see Lucy the next day. They met Mrs. Westenra in the hall and discovered that she had checked on Lucy, found the room very "stuffy," and, thus, she removed those "horrible, strong smelling flowers" from around Lucy's neck and from here and there in the room, and then opened the windows in order for the room to air out. Van Helsing was very restrained in the presence of Mrs. Westenra, but as soon as she had left, Dr. Seward saw Van Helsing break down and begin to "sob with loud, dry sobs, that seemed to come from the very wracking of his heart." He feels that they are "sore beset" by some pagan fate. He recovers, and then he rushes to Lucy's room. Lucy is on the verge of death, and Seward knows that she must have another transfusion immediately, or she will die. This time, Van Helsing must be the donor since Seward has given blood to her so recently. Later, Van Helsing gently warns Mrs. Westenra that she must never remove anything from Lucy's room because the "flowers" and other objects have medicinal value. Four days later, Lucy records that she is feeling much better. Even the bats flapping at her window, the harsh voices, and the distant sounds do not bother her any more. At this point, the story is interrupted with a newspaper article about an "escaped wolf." The article tells about a curious incident a few nights earlier. It seems that when the moon was shining one night, all of the wolves of the zoo began to howl and a "big grey dog was seen coming close to the cages where the wolves were." When the zoo keeper checked the cells at midnight, he found one of the wolves missing. Suddenly the big wolf, Bersicker, returned home, docile and peaceful, except that his head was peppered with broken glass. Dr. Seward's diary records how, on the 17th of September, he was attacked by Renfield in his office. Renfield grabbed a knife, cut Seward's wrist rather severely, and a puddle of blood formed on the floor; Renfield then began "licking it up like a dog," murmuring over and over to himself, "The blood is life." Van Helsing telegraphs Seward, telling him to meet him at Lucy's house that night. The telegram, however, doesn't arrive until almost morning, and Seward leaves immediately for Lucy's—on the 18th of September. On the 17th of September, at nighttime, Lucy records everything she can remember in a memorandum: she was awakened by a flapping at the window and was frightened because no one was in the house; she tried to stay awake and heard something like the howl of a dog, but it was more fierce and frightening. She looked out the window, but could see only a big bat flapping its wings. Disturbed by the noise, her mother came into the room and got into bed with her. The flapping continued, and Lucy tried to calm her mother. Suddenly there was a low howl, broken glass was flying into the room, and in the window was seen "the head of a great, gaunt, grey wolf." Lucy's mother, frightened, clutched at the wreath of garlic and tore it from Lucy's neck in fright. When the wolf drew its head back, there seemed to be a "whole myriad of little specks ... wheeling and circling around like a pillar of dust." Lucy found her mother lying lifeless, and then Lucy lost consciousness. Upon regaining consciousness a short time later, the four household maids came in and were so frightened at the sight of Mrs. Westenra's body that Lucy instructed them to go into the dining room to fetch a glass of wine. Later, when Lucy checked on them, she found them all unconscious, and upon examining the decanter, she discovered that it reeked of laudanum (an opium and alcohol mixture used as a painkiller). Lucy realizes that she is alone in the house, and she wonders where she can hide her memorandum so that someone can find it next day. In his diary (September 18th), Dr. Seward records that he arrives at Lucy's house but isn't admitted inside. A moment later, Van Helsing arrives, and he learns that Seward did not get the telegram instructing him to stay the night. They go to the rear of the house, break in and discover the four servant women's bodies. Running to Lucy's room, they see a horror indescribable to them. Lucy's mother is dead, partly covered with a white sheet. Lucy herself is unconscious, her throat bare, the two white wounds horribly mangled, and Lucy lifeless as a corpse. Before a transfusion can be considered, however, they must warm Lucy. They revive the maids and order them to heat water, towels, and sheets. As they are wondering how to proceed next, since neither of them can give blood at the moment, and the maids are too superstitious to be relied upon, Quincey Morris arrives. He reminds them that he also loved Lucy, and he will give his blood to save her. While the transfusion is taking place, Van Helsing hands Seward a piece of paper that dropped from Lucy's nightgown as they carried her to the bath. Seward reads it and is vexed by its contents. He asks Van Helsing about it. The grim reality confronting them immediately, however, is to get a certificate of death filled out for Mrs. Westenra. Later, Quincey questions Dr. Seward about Lucy's illness; he wonders where all of the blood which she received from Arthur, Seward, and Van Helsing has gone. He is reminded of a time "on the Pampas ... [when] one of those big bats that they call vampires" attacked one of his prize mares, and the mare had to be shot. When Lucy awakens late in the afternoon, she feels her breast for the note (which Dr. Van Helsing returned); she finds it and tears it to pieces. That night, Lucy sleeps peacefully, but her mouth "show[s] pale gums drawn back from the teeth," which look sharper and longer than usual. That night (September 19th) Arthur Holmwood arrives to stay with Lucy. Dr. Seward's entry for September 20th notes that he is despondent and depressed. Arthur's father's death, along with the death of Mrs. Westenra, has disheartened him, and, it seems, Lucy's condition is worsening. Arthur, Dr. Seward, and Van Helsing take turns looking over her. Van Helsing has placed garlic all around the room, as well as around Lucy's neck, and he has covered the wounds on her neck with a silk handkerchief. Lucy's canine teeth appear longer and sharper than the rest. Around midnight, Seward hears a noise outside Lucy's window, and he sees a great bat flying around. When he checks on Lucy, he discovers that she has removed the garlic from around her neck. Seward also notices that she seems to be fluctuating between two states—when she is conscious, she clutches the flowers close to her neck, but when she is unconscious, she pushes the garlic from her, as though it were abhorrent. At 6 o'clock on the morning of the 20th, when Van Helsing examines Lucy, he is shocked and calls for light. The wounds on Lucy's throat have disappeared. He announces that she will soon be dead. Arthur is awakened so that he can be with her at the end, and when he comes to her, she revives. As Arthur stoops to kiss her, Van Helsing notes that Lucy's teeth seem as though they are about to fasten onto Arthur's throat. He stops Arthur and tells him to simply hold Lucy's hand, for it will comfort her more. Seward again notices that Lucy's teeth look longer and sharper than before, and suddenly Lucy opens her eyes and says to Arthur "in a soft voluptuous voice" that Seward has never heard before "Arthur, Oh my love, I am so glad you have come! Kiss me." As Arthur bends to kiss her, Van Helsing, in a fury of strength, flings Arthur across the room, saying, "Not for your living soul, and hers!" He then instructs Arthur to come and kiss her on the forehead, only once. Suddenly, Lucy is dead! And in death, Lucy seems to regain some of the beauty that she had in life. Seward remarks, "It is the end!" but Van Helsing replies, "Not so. It is only the beginning. We can do nothing as yet. Wait and see." Chapter 13 begins with a continuation of Dr. Seward's diary, where we read that arrangements are made for Lucy and her mother to be buried at the same time. Meanwhile, Arthur must return to bury his father. Van Helsing, who is also a lawyer, looks through Lucy's papers and retrieves all those documents which he feels might give him a clue about her death. That night, Seward is confused by Van Helsing's actions. Van Helsing once again takes a handful of wild garlic and places the garlic all around the room and around Lucy's coffin, and then he takes a small gold crucifix and places it over Lucy's mouth. Then he makes an astonishing request to Seward. Tomorrow, he wants Seward to help him cut off Lucy's head, take out her heart, and, as we later learn, stuff her mouth with garlic. They will have to do it after the coffin has been sealed so that Arthur and others will not see the mutilated body. Seward is confused about the need for mutilating the poor girl's body, but Van Helsing tells him to be patient about an explanation; then he reminds him of that moment when Lucy was dying, when she reached up to kiss Arthur. At that moment Lucy gained consciousness enough to thank the good doctor for his actions. He reminds Seward that "there are strange and terrible days before us." After a good sleep, Van Helsing awakens Seward with perplexing news—someone has stolen the crucifix from Lucy's mouth during the night. Now they must wait to see what happens. When Arthur returns, he tries to explain his total despair to Seward—he has lost his fiancée, his father, and, now, his fiancï¿½e's mother, all in the matter of just a few days. He looks at Lucy's corpse and doubts that she is really dead. That night, Van Helsing asks Arthur if he can have Lucy's personal papers, assuring him that he will examine them only to determine the cause of Lucy's death. Arthur agrees with Van Helsing's request. Mina Harker records in her journal (September 22nd) that she and Jonathan are on the train to Exeter. They arrive soon in London and then take a bus to Hyde Park. While strolling about, Mina is alarmed when Jonathan suddenly has another "nervous fit." She follows Jonathan's gaze to discover Jonathan is staring in terror at a "tall, thin man, with a beaky nose and black moustache and pointed beard." Jonathan exclaims "It is the man himself!" In a few minutes, the man hails a carriage and leaves. Jonathan is convinced that it is Count Dracula. That night, Mina receives a telegram from Van Helsing, who informs her that Mrs. Westenra and Lucy have died. The chapter concludes with an excerpt from the Westminster Gazette (September 25th), three days after the funeral. According to the article, the area surrounding Hampstead Hill, the area where Lucy was buried, has been terrorized by a mysterious woman whom the local children refer to as "the Bloofer Lady." Chapters 11–13: Commentary These chapters include some of the more traditional treatments for handling or warding off the presence of vampires. Van Helsing, who is the only one knowledgeable about demonology and in particular about vampire lore, sends for garlic and hangs Lucy's entire room, especially the windows, with it; then he makes a wreath of garlic to drape around Lucy's neck, and he also places a crucifix around her neck. The garlic and the crucifix are two traditional agents that have become associated with the devices that can be used to ward off vampires. In these chapters, it is clear that evil spirits can accomplish their aims in devious sorts of ways, as attested to by sixteenth-century legends concerning Faust. For example, even though Lucy is locked in her room and protected from the vampire by the profusion of garlic, the evil spirit of the Un-Dead is able to summon a wolf from his cage in a zoo, have him smash in a window, and thereby enable the vampire to enter the room. The smashing of the window and the wolf's horrible and terrifying attempt to enter the room cause Lucy's mother to panic and to rip the garlic away from Lucy's throat, leaving Lucy vulnerable to attack. The evil presence of the vampire manages to "materialize" inside Lucy's room, where it drugs the four household maids, thus preventing their aiding Lucy. It is interesting to note that at this point, while we have been using the term "vampire" off-handedly, Quincey Morris's discussion of the vampire bat is the first time that the term "vampire" has actually been used in the novel. Stoker is careful to point out, or to detail, the lengthening of Lucy's canine teeth so that they resemble the archetypical vampire teeth, the teeth that the vampire uses to suck blood from its victim. As a sidenote, it is interesting to consider that within a week we have witnessed the deaths of four people intimately associated with either Lucy or Mina: Lucy's mother, Mr. Hawkins (Jonathan's employer), and Arthur's father (Lord Godalming) have died (thus causing Arthur Holmwood to inherit the title), and, of course, Lucy herself has died. Early in Chapter 11, when Van Helsing finds out that Lucy's mother took the garlic out of Lucy's room, Van Helsing, for the first time in his life, breaks down, loses his composure, and sobs bitterly. This is a dramatic device, used to indicate the magnitude of the evil which he is facing. In this novel and other similar stories, Van Helsing represents those powers for good combating the powers of evil which are so dimly known and which so few people believe; thus, the deaths and Van Helsing's dejected state illustrate how completely the evil of Dracula has affected society. As we will discover, Lucy is, in fact, the Bloofer Lady. Recall that she died on September 20th, and the first appearance of the Bloofer Lady occurred after Lucy's burial on the 22nd; thus, Lucy has risen from the dead after three days—in a dreadful perversion of the Christian Resurrection. Chapters 14–16: Summary Mina decides to transcribe the journal which Jonathan kept at the Castle Dracula in Transylvania. On the 24th of September, she receives a letter from Dr. Van Helsing asking her if he may discuss Lucy's illness with her. Mina agrees to see him and, that day, Van Helsing arrives. This is the first time that Mina has met Van Helsing, and she gives him Jonathan's journal, which she has finished transcribing. Later that day, Mina receives a note from Van Helsing in which he expresses an intense desire to meet Jonathan. Mina suggests that Van Helsing come for breakfast on the next day. For the first time in several months, Jonathan Harker begins another diary (or journal). In the new journal, he writes that he is sure that Count Dracula has reached London; in fact, it was the Count whom he saw in Hyde Park. That day Jonathan meets Van Helsing, and the two discuss Jonathan's trip to Transylvania. Just before Van Helsing leaves, he notices an article in the local paper, and he becomes visibly shaken. Dr. Seward also begins keeping a diary again, even though earlier he had resolved never to do so again. In his diary, Seward notes that Renfield is his same old self—that is, Renfield is back to counting flies and spiders. Seward notes that Arthur seems to be doing well and that Quincey Morris is with him. That very day, in fact, Van Helsing shows him the article in the paper concerning the Bloofer Lady. Van Helsing points out that the injuries to the children are similar to Lucy's neck injury; therefore, the incidents have something in common. Seward is skeptical that there is any connection between the injuries, but Van Helsing berates him, asking him, "Do you not think that there are things that you cannot understand and yet which are; that some people see things that others cannot?" Van Helsing continues to urge Seward to believe in things supernatural, to believe in things which, heretofore, he did not believe in. In desperation, Van Helsing finally tells Seward that the marks on the children "were made by Miss Lucy" (Chapter 15). For awhile, Seward has to struggle to master his anger against Van Helsing, and he questions the sanity of the good doctor. Van Helsing points out that he knows how difficult it is to believe something horrible, particularly about one so beloved as Lucy, but he offers to prove his accusation that very night. The two men have a mutual acquaintance (Dr. Vincent), who is in charge of one of the children who was injured by the Bloofer Lady. They plan to visit the child and then to visit Lucy's grave. The child is awake when Van Helsing and Seward arrive, and Dr. Vincent removes the bandages from around the child's neck, exposing the puncture wounds, which are identical to those which were on Lucy's throat. Dr. Vincent attributes the marks to some animal, perhaps a bat. When they leave the hospital, it is already dark, and they go immediately to the cemetery and find the Westenra tomb. They enter the tomb and light a candle. To Seward's dismay, Van Helsing begins to open the coffin. Seward expects a rush of gas from the week-old corpse, but when the coffin is finally opened, they discover it to be empty. Seward, despite what he sees, is not convinced; he believes a body-snatcher may have stolen the corpse. The two leave the tomb, and Van Helsing and Seward take up vigils in the cemetery near the Westenra tomb. After some hours, Seward sees "something like a white streak" and, then, at the same time, he sees something move near Van Helsing. When he approaches Van Helsing, he discovers that Van Helsing is holding a small child in his arms. Still, this is not proof enough for Seward. They take the child where a policeman will be sure to find it, and they then head home, planning to meet at noontime the next day. The next day (September 27th), they return to the cemetery, and as soon as possible, they reenter the Westenra tomb and reopen the coffin again. To Seward's shock and dismay, there lies the lovely Lucy, "more radiantly beautiful than ever." Still, Seward is not convinced; again, he wonders if someone might not have placed her there, but he cannot understand why she looks so beautiful after being dead an entire week. Van Helsing then tells Seward that a horrible thing must be done: They must cut off Lucy's head, fill her mouth with garlic, and drive a stake through her heart. Yet before doing it, Van Helsing has second thoughts. He feels that he cannot perform the act without Arthur's and Quincey's knowing about it, since they both loved her and gave their blood for her. That night, Van Helsing informs Seward that he intends to watch the Westenra tomb and try to prevent Lucy's prowling about by blocking the tomb's door with garlic and a crucifix. He leaves Seward a set of instructions which he is to follow if something should happen to him. The following night (September 28th) Arthur and Quincey come to Van Helsing's room. After the two are convinced of Van Helsing's good intentions and have his trust, Van Helsing informs them of the things which he intends to do. First, he will open the coffin (which Arthur strongly objects to—until Van Helsing explains that Lucy might be one of the "Un-Dead"), then he will perform the necessary "service." Arthur, however, will not consent to any mutilation of Lucy's body. Van Helsing pleads that he must do these things for Lucy's sake, so that her soul will rest peacefully. A few hours later, the four men go to the cemetery. In the tomb, the coffin lid is removed, and they all see that the coffin is empty. Van Helsing asks for Seward's confirmation that the body was in the coffin yesterday; Seward, of course, concurs with Van Helsing. Van Helsing then begins an intricate ceremony: From his bag he removes a "thin, wafer-like biscuit" and crumbles it to a fine powder; then, he mixes the crumbs with a doughy substance and begins to roll the material into the crevices between the door jam and the mausoleum door. Van Helsing informs them that he is sealing the tomb so that the "Un-Dead may not enter." He informs them that the wafer was "the host" which he brought with him from Amsterdam. The four men hide among some trees near the tomb and begin waiting. Soon, by the light of the moon, the men see a ghostly white figure moving through the cemetery. As it nears them, it becomes all too apparent that the creature is, indeed, Lucy Westenra. According to Seward's diary entry, her "sweetness was turned to adamantine ... and the purity to voluptuous wantonness." The four men surround her before the tomb. Lucy's lips are covered with fresh blood, and her burial gown is stained with blood. Upon learning that she is surrounded, Lucy reacts like a cornered animal. The child which she holds is tossed to the ground, and she moves towards Arthur saying, "Come, my husband, come." Arthur's love turns to hate and disgust, yet he is also petrified with fear. Just as Lucy is about to attack him, Van Helsing repels her with a crucifix. Dashing towards the tomb, she is prevented from entry by the host, which Van Helsing placed earlier around the door. Asking Arthur if he is to proceed with his duty, Arthur responds: "Do as you will ... There can be no horror ever any more." Advancing on the tomb, Van Helsing removes the seal around the door, and immediately, the ghostly body passes through the interstices and vanishes inside. After witnessing this, the men return home for a night's rest. The next night (September 29th), the four men return to the Westenra tomb and perform the necessary ceremonies which destroy the vampire. Arthur himself must drive the stake through his fiancée's heart. Before parting ways that evening, they vow to join together and seek out "the author of all this our sorrow" (Count Dracula) and destroy him. Chapters 14–16: Commentary In these chapters, even though we have heard earlier that Jonathan Harker's journal was to be sealed as a bond of faith between Jonathan and Mina, we now discover that Mina has not only read it but transcribed it because Dr. Van Helsing thinks that something in it might provide a clue about the mystery of Lucy's death. Thus, as the novel began with Jonathan Harker's journal and then progressed for many chapters without his narration, now Mina and Harker are again both drawn back into the main story. This novel has set the course for all subsequent vampire lore—for example, the belief that a wooden stake must be driven through the vampire's heart and that the head must be removed and the mouth stuffed with garlic. All of the numerous, subsequent treatments of the vampire legend depend on these factors. Furthermore, in Chapter 16, the term nosferatu is used. Stoker tells us that it is an Eastern European term and that it means the "Un-Dead"; this is the first time that all of the protagonists are privy to all of the information that Van Helsing has so far withheld. As a point of historical fact, Nosferatu is the title of two German films that deal with the Dracula legend (See the section on Filmography ). Furthermore, the translation of "nosferatu" as the "Un-Dead" has now become standard usage. It is interesting that the love which Arthur, Quincey, and Seward had for Lucy has been basely transfigured into hate at the sight of Lucy; moreover, it is somewhat surprising that these lusty men are disgusted at the abundant sensuality of Lucy, now that she is a vampire. When she approaches Arthur in her vampire form, it is with a sensual embrace. Instead of arousing passion, however, there is only a feeling of repulsion and disgust. It is clear that in her vampire form, Lucy's carnal aspect is highlighted and emphasized. The ceremony which kills her "Un-Dead" self frees her pure spirit from the sinful, carnal nature of her body and is a rite of purification, as symbolized by the sudden return of innocent beauty to her face at the conclusion of the ceremony. Chapters 17–19: Summary Dr. Seward's diary continues sometime later, and he details for us his first meeting with Mina Harker. Mina, he says, will travel with Seward to Seward's asylum, where she will stay as a guest. In her journal, Mina details the discussion which she and Seward had concerning Lucy's death. Mina agrees to type out Seward's diary, which has heretofore been kept on a phonograph. Seward is horror-struck that Mina may discover the true nature of Lucy's death, but Mina, through her persistence, convinces Seward to allow her to listen to the phonograph cylinders. Later, both Seward and Mina express their dismay at the stories which they read in each other's respective diaries. The next day (September 30th), Jonathan arrives, and Seward expresses his admiration for Jonathan's courage. For the first time, Seward realizes that Count Dracula might be next door, at the estate at Carfax. Seward concludes his diary, noting that Renfield has been calm for several days. Seward assumes that Renfield's outbreak was due to Dracula's proximity. Jonathan Harker discovers from his journey to Whitby that the "fifty cases of common earth" which arrived on Dracula's ship have been sent to the old chapel at Carfax. While Jonathan assumes that all fifty cases are still at Carfax, we later learn that Count Dracula has had them sent to various locations in and around London. Mina is both pleased and inspired by the resolute, determined energy which she now sees in Jonathan; he now seems cured of his illness, full "of life and hope and determination." Later on the 30th, Arthur Holmwood—now referred to as Lord Godalming—and Quincey Morris arrive. Lord Godalming is still physically shaken by the deaths of his father, Mrs. Westenra, and Lucy. Unable to restrain himself any longer, he breaks down and cries like a baby on Mina's breast. In Chapter 18, Dr. Seward notes that Mina Harker wishes to see Renfield. He takes her to Renfield's room, and Renfield, curiously, asks them to wait until he tidies things up. "His method of tidying was peculiar. He simply swallowed all the flies and spiders in the boxes ..." Renfield is extremely polite to Mina and seems to respond in a most sane way to her inquiries. Van Helsing arrives and is pleased to discover that all the records—diaries, journals, etc.—are in order and that all those intimate with the Count now are to be presented with the facts surrounding the case. Mina Harker, in her journal (September 30th), recalls in detail many of the things known about vampires, a subject which prior to this time she has been ignorant of. Van Helsing presents many conclusions about the nosferatu (or the "Un-Dead"): (1) They do not die; (2) can be as strong as twenty men; (3) can direct the elements—storms, fog, thunder, etc.; (4) can command the rat, the owl, the bat, the wolf, the fox, and the dog; (5) can grow large or become small at will; (6) can, at times, vanish and "become unknown"; and (7) can appear at will in different forms. The problem which the vampire's adversary must overcome is how to deal successfully with all of these obstacles. They all make a pact to work together in order to see how "the general powers arrayed against us can be controlled and to consider the limitations of the vampire." Van Helsing points out that the vampire has been known in all lands all over the world. From the world's information about vampires, it is known that: (1) the vampire cannot die due to the passing of time; (2) the vampire flourishes on the blood of human beings; (3) the vampire grows younger after feeding on blood; (4) its physical strength and vital faculties are refreshed by blood; (5) it cannot survive without blood; (6) it can survive for great lengths of time without any nourishment; (7) it throws no shadow; (8) it makes no reflection in a mirror; (9) it has the strength of many; (10) it can control wild packs of wolves and can become a wolf (as the Count did when his ship arrived at Whitby); (11) the vampire can transform itself into a bat; (12) it can appear in a mist, which it itself can create; (13) the vampire can travel on moonlight rays as elemental dust; (14) it can become so small and transparent that it can pass through the tiniest crevices; and (15) it can see perfectly in the dark. Its limitations are as follows: (1) it cannot enter a household unless it is summoned first; (2) its power ceases at daylight; (3) in whatever form it is in when daylight comes, it will remain in that form until sunset; (4) the vampire must always return to the unhallowed earth of its coffin, which restores its strength (this, of course, is the purpose of the fifty cases of earth); (5) garlic is abhorrent to a vampire; (6) the crucifix, holy water, and holy wafers (the host) are anathemas; (7) it is rendered inactive if a wild rose is placed over it; and (8) death occurs when a wooden stake is driven through the heart, the head cut off, and garlic stuffed in the mouth. As Van Helsing concludes his lecture, Quincey Morris leaves the room, and a shot is heard outside. Morris explains that he saw a bat and fired at it. On October 1st, early in the morning, Dr. Seward records that as they were about to leave the asylum, he received an urgent message from Renfield. The others ask if they may attend the meeting with Renfield, and they are astonished at the brilliance and lucidity of Renfield's plea to be released immediately. His scholarly logic and perfect elocution are that of a totally sane man. His request is denied. In Chapter 19, in his journal, Jonathan Harker records that Seward believes Renfield's erratic behavior to be directly influenced by the immediate proximity of Count Dracula. Later, as they are about to enter Dracula's Carfax residence, Van Helsing distributes objects which will protect each of them from the vampire. The house, they discover, is musty, dusty, and malodorous. They immediately search out the chapel and, to their horror, they can find only twenty-nine of the original fifty boxes of earth. Suddenly, the chapel is filled by a mass of rats. Towards noon, Seward records that Van Helsing is deeply fascinated by Renfield. On the same day, Mina feels strange to be left out of Jonathan's confidence, because she has no idea what happened last night, but she does remember that just before falling asleep, she heard unusual sounds and noises outside her window, and she felt as if she were in the grip of a strange lethargy. She thought that she saw a poor man "with some passionate entreaty on his part" who wanted inside. She put on her clothes, but she must have fallen asleep or gone into a trance, accompanied by strange dreams. When she awakened she noticed that the window of her bedroom was open, and she was certain that she closed it before she went to sleep. Things became confused in her mind, but she recalls seeing two red eyes which alarmed her extremely. On the second of October, she records that she slept but felt very weak that day and asked for an opiate to help her sleep. The chapter closes as Mina feels sleep coming upon her. Chapters 17–19: Commentary Chapter 17 is the first time in the novel when all of the protagonists are finally together. These six people—Mina, Jonathan, Dr. Van Helsing, Dr. Seward, Lord Godalming (Arthur), and Quincey Morris—will confront the evil represented by Count Dracula. They must undertake the task by themselves since no authority or outsider would possibly believe their story. These six people, of course, have positive proof of the existence of vampires. In fact, Jonathan feels rejuvenated in health now that he is confronting the evil Count head-on. Stoker is dependent on the tradition that only a few people are privy to information which exposes them to the dangerous forces of the supernatural, thus isolating them from the general populace. This is a standard device of many a thriller and gothic romance. Chapter 18 is a key chapter of the novel, because for the first time Stoker defines the vampire and its supernatural powers, strengths, and the means by which the vampire can be entrapped. In all subsequent stories concerning vampires or Dracula himself, Stoker's parameters have been used—the garlic, the crucifix, the wooden stake, the holy wafers, etc. This chapter, then, defines the very essence of what constitutes vampire literature. Other authors may vary or slightly redefine these parameters, but the more traditional material concerning vampires is presented here. The later portions of Chapter 19 present us with the first clue, however slight, that Mina Harker is to become the vampire's next victim. It is not by accident that he chooses Mina as his next victim; she is the wife of Jonathan Harker, whom the vampire encountered in Transylvania, and she was the closest friend of his last victim, Lucy Westenra. It is interesting that we are made aware of the Count's visit by the impressionistic writing of Mina herself. For example, she records things in her journal which she does not fully understand or associate with vampirism, but the reader, through dramatic irony, is fully aware of what is transpiring. There is a curious ambiguity presented in this chapter, as to how the vampire gains entrance to Mina's room. Recall that Van Helsing stated that vampires cannot enter a place without first being invited. The reader, at this point, does not have any idea as to how the vampire entered the room, unless it was because of the actions of Mina herself. Chapters 20–23: Summary Jonathan, through his persistent investigations, discovers the whereabouts of twelve more of the boxes of earth: Two groups of six were deposited at two different places in London. Jonathan assumes that it is the Count's plan to scatter the boxes throughout all of London. We should recall that there were twenty-nine boxes in the chapel and, added to the twelve which Jonathan discovered, they have now accounted for forty-one of the original fifty boxes. On the evening of October 2nd, Jonathan receives a note which informs him of the whereabouts of the remaining nine boxes. He also notes that Mina is lethargic and pale, but he puts it out of his mind. That evening, all of the men meet to determine the course of action for retrieving the remaining nine boxes. Once again, Jonathan notes that Mina is very tired and pale. Dr. Seward notes again that Renfield is remarkably lucid and, what is more, that Renfield seems to be a literate and learned man. Renfield scoffs at the notion of collecting flies and spiders. Later, however, Renfield reverts to his old ways. That night, Seward orders an attendant to stand guard outside Renfield's cell to note any aberrant behavior. Later that night there is a scream from Renfield's cell. Upon rushing to investigate, Seward discovers that Renfield has been seriously hurt—his face has been brutally beaten, there is a pool of blood on the cell floor, and his back is apparently broken. Seward knows Renfield himself could not have administered the wounds to his own face—especially with his back broken. Dr. Van Helsing arrives, and they determine that Renfield is slipping fast; thus, they decide to operate immediately. Renfield, realizing that he is dying, tells them in an agony of despair what happened. Apparently, without identifying who it was, he says that he "came up to the window in the mist ... but he was solid then ... I wouldn't ask him to come in ..." He maintains that it was "he" who used to send the flies and spiders and the rats and dogs, promising that he would give Renfield everything that lives: "all red blood, with years of life in it." Renfield refers to "him" as "Lord and Master." Last night, Renfield says, "he" slid through the window. Renfield then says that after Mrs. Harker came to see him, he knew she wasn't the same and knew that "he had been taking the life out of her." Renfield tried to attack "him," but he was "burned," and his strength became "like water." Van Helsing realizes that "he is here and we know his purpose." They rush to Mina's door immediately, leaving Renfield, and begin to arm themselves against the vampire. Van Helsing tries to open the door, which is locked, and when they finally break the door down, the sight which greets them is appalling. Jonathan Harker is lying unconscious on the bed and, kneeling on the edge of the bed, is the "white clad" Mina. Beside her is a tall thin man, clad in black—Count Dracula himself. His right hand is behind Mina's head, and he is forcing her to suck the blood from a cut in his bare chest. When the Count raises his head to greet them, his eyes are blood-red, his nostrils white, and they see "white sharp teeth, behind the full lips of the blood-dripping mouth, clamped together like those of a wild beast." The Count begins to attack them, but is repelled by the sacred wafer which is wielded as a weapon by Van Helsing. The lights go out, and when they come on again they see nothing but a faint vapor escaping under the door. Suddenly, Mina Harker recovers and emits an ear-piercing scream, filled with despair and disgust. Her face is "ghastly ... from the blood which smeared her lips and cheeks and chin." From her throat trickles a thin stream of blood. They have difficulty awakening Jonathan, and soon all traces of the vampire are lost. Mina feels unclean and untouchable. Lord Godalming examines the house and discovers that the Count has apparently destroyed all of their records and that Renfield is dead. In spite of the horror that the story might cause, they ask Mina to recount the entire episode as best she can remember it. She recalls the first time she saw the thin, black clad man with the strange teeth when Lucy was alive, and how he subsequently came to her in her room and placed "his reeking lips" upon her throat. Mina would swoon and not know how long Dracula was overpowering her. He told her, "You are now to me flesh of my flesh when my brain says 'Come,' you shall come." With that, he opened his shirt, and with a sharp nail he cut himself across his breast and pressed Mina's mouth to the wound, so that she either had to suffocate or drink the blood. In Chapter 22, Jonathan Harker states that he feels compelled to either write in his journal or go mad after hearing Mina's story. Jonathan wants to stay with his wife, but since it is daylight, he knows that there is no danger to her. They go to Carfax and "sterilize" all of the boxes by placing a holy wafer within each of them. They then find a way to enter into the Count's most recent abode in Piccadilly (a prominent London square). Before they leave the asylum, they make sure that Mina is appropriately armed. As Van Helsing touches her forehead with a sacred wafer, Mina lets out a fearful scream because the wafer has seared and burned her forehead. Mina realizes that she is "unclean" and pleads with the men to kill her if she becomes a vampire. Dracula's house in Piccadilly is as malodorous as the one at Carfax. Expecting to find nine boxes of earth, they are astonished to find only eight boxes. They do find keys to all of the other houses belonging to the Count, however, and then Quincey and Lord Godalming go off to destroy the boxes of earth in those houses. Chapter 23 begins with Van Helsing, Harker, and Seward waiting for the return of Lord Godalming and Quincey Morris. Van Helsing, in an attempt to draw Jonathan's mind from Mina's condition, informs them of his resolution that Dracula must be killed, because, he says, Dracula is expanding his circle of power in order to harm innocent people; he cites Dracula's using Renfield to gain access to Mina. While waiting, they receive a note from Mina informing them that Dracula has left Carfax and is heading south, presumably to spend the evening in one of his other houses. Lord Godalming and Quincey Morris return with the news that they have "sterilized" Dracula's remaining boxes, and Van Helsing suddenly realizes that Dracula will be forced to come to the house at Piccadilly soon. A short time later, they hear a key inserted into the door, and with a gigantic "panther-like" leap, Count Dracula enters and eludes their ambush. Through his diabolical quickness, the Count dodges their attempts to kill him, yet with a powerful thrust of a knife, Jonathan manages to rip open the Count's vestments, scattering banknotes and gold. As they corner the Count, he suddenly dodges away from them; then he retrieves a handful of money from the floor and throws himself out a window. As he flees, he taunts the men, reminding them that his revenge has just begun. All of them return to Seward's house, where Mina is awaiting them. Before they retire, Van Helsing prepares Mina's room against the vampire's entry. In Jonathan Harker's journal, early on the morning of the 4th of October, he records how Mina asked him to call Van Helsing in order to hypnotize her. Under hypnosis, Mina is able to enter into the spirit of Dracula, and she becomes aware of flapping sails, the lapping of water, and the creaking of an anchor chain. Van Helsing concludes that Dracula is on board a ship that is now ready to sail. He now understands why Dracula so desperately tried to retrieve the gold coins—he needed ready cash to pay for his passage out of the country. Once again, they all renew their pledge to follow Dracula and destroy him. Chapters 20–23: Commentary The two central incidents of these chapters involve Mina's encounter with Dracula and her coming under his evil influence. Second, these chapters are also concerned with the discovery and "sterilization" of the fifty boxes of earth which Dracula brought with him. Since we earlier heard that a vampire can only enter an establishment if invited, we are at first surprised that he has been able to enter Mina's room, and we are inclined to wonder if she invited him in. Later, however, we learn that Dracula had used the "zoöphagous" patient Renfield to invite Dracula into the house. It is now clear why Stoker has been using the patient in the novel and also why all the principal characters are visitors in Seward's house. Later, Van Helsing uses the fate of Renfield to prove that Dracula is expanding his sphere of influence and is using innocent people to accomplish his aims—therefore, Dracula must be searched out and destroyed. It becomes clear in these chapters that Dracula has some kind of mind control over his victims—that is, he can induce them to open windows, for example, in order to let him enter the home. Evidently Stoker was interested in hypnosis or "animal magnetism," since Van Helsing, through hypnotizing Mina, is able to learn of Dracula's whereabouts. Dracula, too, can hypnotize and, indeed, he is an individual of great personal magnetism. It is in these chapters that we learn that Stoker was, in fact, creating a gothic villain which would be similar to many gothic villains in earlier literature. Among other things, Count Dracula is a member of the corrupt aristocracy. The gothic villain/aristocrat was probably derived from Richardson's novels Pamela (1740) and Clarissa (1747), in which the villain's persecution of the innocent maiden dramatized for middle-class audiences the exaggerated nature of the class struggle. It is important for the reader to understand the dramatic and philosophical importance of the villain's aristocratic heritage; if Dracula were a peasant, the story would hardly be as dramatic. Chapters 24 & 25: Summary Van Helsing thinks that Jonathan Harker should stay in England with his wife, since he now knows that Dracula is returning to Transylvania. Jonathan Harker expresses in his journal how happy Mina is that Dracula is returning to Transylvania, but when Harker looks at the terrible mark on Mina's forehead (a sign of the evil "infection" that was caused by Dracula's blood), he is reminded of the reality of the vampire. In her journal Mina Harker records the various reports concerning Dracula's departure. In the investigations, it was discovered that Dracula boarded a ship headed for Varna, a seaport on the Black Sea, near the mouth of the Danube River, the same place he had left from three months earlier. Evidently, Van Helsing has deduced the reason why Dracula came to England: Dracula's own country is so "barren of people" that he came to England, a place where life is rich and flourishing; he is now returning to his native soil to escape discovery. Seward recalls his fear concerning Mina Harker, and in a short time, Van Helsing confirms his views: Mina is changing. Characteristics of the vampire are beginning to show in her face—that is, her teeth are longer, and her eyes are colder. He now fears that the Count could, by hypnosis, even over long distances, discover their plans, so they must keep Mina ignorant of their plans so that the Count cannot discover their whereabouts through her. They determine how long it will take the ship to reach Varna by sea, and they set a date for their own departure so that they will be in Varna before Count Dracula arrives. Then Mina surprises them by telling them that she should accompany them on the journey, since through hypnotizing her they can discover the whereabouts and intentions of Count Dracula. Everyone agrees with her, so it is settled: Mina will accompany them. Chapter 25 begins with Dr. Seward's journal, written on the evening of October 11th. While Mina Harker is pleased that they are going to take her with them, she makes them repeat their promise to kill her if she is ever so totally changed into a vampire form that they cannot save her. All of them swear to do so, and Seward is pleased that the word "euthanasia" exists, because it euphemistically disguises the nature of her request. Mina makes one seemingly unusual request—in case she has to be killed, she would like to hear the "burial service" read to her immediately this very night. Four days later, on the 15th of October, the six people arrive at Varna via the Orient Express, and when they arrive, they place Mina under hypnosis, during which she reports that she still senses the lapping of water against the ship. Van Helsing expresses his desire for them to board the ship as soon as it arrives at Varna. If they can board the ship before Dracula's coffin is removed, they will have him trapped, for one of the limitations of vampires is that they cannot cross running water. On the 17th, Jonathan notes in his journal that Van Helsing has secured admittance for the group to board Dracula's ship as soon as it arrives, so that they may more easily carry out the extermination of the vampire. A week later, they receive a telegram from London reporting that the ship was sighted at the Dardanelles. Dr. Seward, therefore, assumes that it will arrive the next day. While waiting, Dr. Seward and Van Helsing are concerned about Mina's lethargy and her general state of weakness. They wait for two days and still the ship does not arrive. On the 28th of October they receive a telegram reporting that the ship has arrived at the port of Galatz, a city on the coast, near Varna. Van Helsing offers a theory that when Mina was weak, the Count had pulled her spirit to him; now, the Count knows of their presence, as well as their efforts to trap and exterminate him. At present, however, Mina is feeling free and healthy, and she and Van Helsing use their knowledge of criminology to deduce that the Count is a "criminal type"—hence, he will act as a criminal, and therefore, his main purpose will be to escape his pursuers. Chapters 24 & 25: Commentary It is only now, this late in the novel, that we learn the real reason why Dracula has come to England: his country is "barren of people," and England is teeming with numbers of new victims. Since Count Dracula brought with him fifty boxes of earth, one can assume that he was intending to stay in England quite some time. The central incident of these chapters is the infection of Mina: She has a mark on her forehead, a sign that she is "unclean," that she is "infected" with vampirism. Her teeth have grown noticeably longer and her eyes have grown colder. We are also led to believe, in the course of these chapters, that the pursuers are in perfect control because they remember to arm themselves with all kinds of weapons—even Winchesters for the wolves. In theory, they will be able to track down Dracula's destination as far as Varna. However, in the next chapter, we discover that the Count deliberately misled them, and that instead of Varna, he had his box of earth sent on to Galatz, thus bypassing the awaiting pursuers. The idea of hypnosis is continued throughout these chapters, as well as in the two remaining chapters, in order to track down Dracula, and once again Mina extracts a promise that if she begins to change into a vampire, she wants to be killed. In preparation she has the Church's burial service read to her. The notion of "euthanasia" would have been a shocking notion to Victorian readers. Chapters 26 & 27: Summary On the 29th day of October, Dr. Seward records that Mina, under hypnosis, can hear and distinguish very little, and that the things which she does hear—such as the lowing of cattle—indicate that Dracula's coffin is now being moved up-river. Jonathan Harker records on October 30th that the captain of the ship which brought Dracula told of the unusual journey which they made from London to Galatz—that is, many of the Roumanians on board ship wanted him to throw the box overboard, but the captain felt obligated to deliver the box to the person to whom it was assigned. We find out, then, that one Immanuel Hildesheim received the box, and that the box was given to a Slovak, Petrof Skinsky. Skinsky was found dead in a churchyard, his throat apparently torn open by some wild animal. On that same day, Mina, having read all of the journal entries, and after consulting maps for waterways and roads, concludes that the Count would have had to take the river to Sereth, which is then joined to the Bristriza, which leads then to the Borgo Pass, where Jonathan Harker stopped at the beginning of the novel. They choose to separate and head for the pass: Van Helsing and Mina by train; Lord Godalming and Jonathan Harker by a steam launch (steamboat); Quincey Morris and Seward by horseback. Harker and Godalming, in questioning various captains of other boats along the river, hear of a large launch with a double crew traveling ahead of them. They keep up the pursuit during the first three days of November. Meanwhile, Mina and Van Helsing arrive at Veresti on the 31st of October, where Van Helsing hires a horse and carriage for the last seventy miles of the journey. Chapter 27 begins with a continuation of Mina Harker's journal. She records that she and Van Helsing traveled all day by carriage on the first of November. She remarks that she thinks the countryside is beautiful, yet the people are "very, very superstitious." In one house where the two of them stop, a woman noticed the red mark on Mina's forehead and crossed herself and pointed two fingers at Mina "to keep off the evil eye." That evening, Van Helsing hypnotizes Mina, and they learn that Dracula is still on board ship. On the 2nd of November, they again travel all day towards the Borgo Pass, hoping to arrive on the morning of the 3rd of November. They arrive at the Borgo Pass, and Van Helsing again hypnotizes Mina. They discover that the Count is still on board ship; after Mina awakens from the trance, she is full of energy and zeal, and she miraculously knows the way towards the Count's castle; she also "knows" the location of an unused side road, a road which is unmarked. They choose to take that path. That day Mina sleeps considerably and seems incredibly weak and lethargic. When Van Helsing attempts to hypnotize her again, he discovers that he can no longer do it. He has lost his power to hypnotize. They spend the night in a wild forest east of the Borgo Pass, and Van Helsing builds a fire. Then, using a holy wafer, he places Mina in a protective circle. Later that night, the three female vampires which accosted Jonathan materialize near their campfire and tempt Van Helsing with their teeming sexuality. They also tempt Mina to come with them. The horses evidently die of terror, and Van Helsing's only weapon against the three female vampires is the fire and the holy wafer. At dawn, the sunlight drives away the three female vampires. On the afternoon of the 5th of November, Van Helsing and Mina arrive by foot at Count Dracula's castle. Using a heavy blacksmith's hammer, Van Helsing knocks the castle door off its hinges and enters Dracula's demesnes. Recalling the description in Jonathan's journal, Van Helsing finds his way to the old chapel where Dracula lies during his non-active times. In his search of the old chapel, Van Helsing discovers the three graves of the three female vampires. He performs the purification ritual and puts an end to the female vampires. The female vampires' voluptuous beauty dissolves into dust upon the driving of a stake through their hearts. Van Helsing then finds a large tomb "more lordly than all the rest," upon which is one word: DRACULA. Van Helsing crushes a holy wafer and lays it within the tomb "and so vanished him from it, Un-Dead, forever." Before he leaves the castle, Van Helsing places holy material around the entrance so that the Count can never enter the castle again. The novel ends with a passage from Mina Harker's journal, an entry that begins on the late afternoon of the 6th of November, a date some six months since the novel began. Mina and Van Helsing are on foot, traveling east in the midst of a heavy snowfall. The howling of wolves seems perilously close. On a high mountain road, utilizing his field glasses, Van Helsing notices in the distance a group of men; they seem to be gypsies around a cart. Van Helsing knows instinctively that the cart is carrying a box of un-holy dirt containing the Count and that they must reach the box before sunset, which is quickly approaching. The two men who are riding toward the North, Van Helsing assumes, must be Quincey Morris and Dr. Seward. This would mean that from the other direction, Jonathan and Lord Godalining must not be far away. Simultaneously, the six people converge on the wagon and the gypsies. The sun continues to set. Jonathan and Lord Godalming stop the gypsies by using their Winchesters, just as Morris and Seward arrive, wielding their guns. With an almost superhuman effort, Jonathan eludes the defenders, leaps upon the cart, and throws the box to the ground. Quincey, wielding his knife, slashes his way through the gypsies and gains access to the box, but not before he is stabbed by one of the gypsies. Regardless of the wounds, Quincey, along with Jonathan, rips the lid from the box. Inside is the dreaded Count Dracula, covered with the un-holy dirt which has been jostled all over him. As the six of them stare into the coffin, Dracula's eyes look toward the setting sun, "and the look of hate in them turned to triumph." Then, at the very last moment of sunlight, Jonathan, wielding a great knife, chops off Count Dracula's head, while Quincey Morris's bowie knife plunges into the Count's heart, "and almost in the drawing of a breath," writes Mina, "the whole body crumbled into dust and passed from sight." Mina notices that even at the moment of death, within such a horrid face and image, she sees a look of peace. The gypsies, seeing the body disintegrate, withdraw in abject fright. Sadly, Quincey Morris has been fatally wounded; before he dies, however, he is able to note that the curse on Mina's forehead is gone. Quincey dies "a gallant gentleman." In a Note attached to the end of the novel (reportedly from Jonathan Harker), we learn that it is seven years later; he and Mina have a son whom they named Quincey. Lord Godalming and Dr. Seward are both happily married. In a final note of irony, Jonathan reports that of all the material of which "the record" is made, "there is hardly one authentic document"; the only remaining notes are those which have been transcribed on a typewriter: "Therefore, we could hardly ask anyone ... to accept these as proofs of so wild a story." Chapters 26 & 27: Commentary The closing chapters of the novel suggest a type of chase novel, with the "good guys" chasing the evil person, who seems to be able to constantly elude them. Even at the end of the novel, it seems as though the Count will escape into the sinking sunset before the "rituals" can be performed upon him. Actually, for most readers, the last half of the novel becomes somewhat long and drawn out, but this novel was written at the end of the Victorian period when the reading public expected novels to last a long time. The killing of Dracula, of course, represents the social victory of middle-class morality over the corrupt morality of the aristocracy. The latent virtue of the Count is revealed in Mina's account, however, for as the Count is freed from the influence of the vampire form, his face contains a look of peace. That the events really happened is now questioned by the final Note, which announces that all of the original documents have been lost and what we have read has been no more than the typewritten, transcribed notes of the originals, notes which cannot be used as absolute proof of the horrible things which have transpired. In spite of the flaws of this novel, it has been an unlimited source of stories, plays, novels, and movies, as well as a source for assorted psychological theories. This novel is an example of a type of literature in which the germ, or kernel, idea far transcends the execution. The American Horror Film and the Influence of German Expressionism What exactly is a "horror film," or, more specifically, what exactly is horror? In what ways are our expectations different when we go to see a horror film than when we go to see a "western film" or a "science-fiction film"? What is it that we hope to experience when we go to see a "horror film"? Certainly, we expect to be "terrified," whatever that may be, or at least we are prepared to be "frightened" in some way; we expect the hair to rise on the back of our necks. But what is it that terrifies us, or "frightens" us, or, essentially, incites in us a sense of horror? Is it the presence of "horrible creatures"—however we may imagine them? Or is it the presence of ghosts, or other kinds of supernatural creatures, that frightens us? Certainly, the supernatural is present in all these experiences, and human beings generally fear the supernatural because things supernatural are considered hostile to human life. The fact that human beings fear the supernatural can be observed every Sunday; priests and ministers, for example, often exhort us to fear God. Yet God, ideally, is not hostile to human life. Thus, some consideration of what horror is may help us to arrive at some tentative conclusion about the nature of horror. Tentatively, perhaps we can consider what horror does: Horror reaffirms the sacred, or Holy, through a formulaic plot in which human beings encounter the demonic, or Un-Holy. If there are Un-Holy beings, by implication, there are Holy beings. To test this tentative hypothesis, perhaps an application of it to classic horror stories would be helpful. This hypothesis is certainly applicable to Dracula. The Count has a terrifying sense of the demonic about him, suggested superficially by his appearance. Yet religious artifacts such as the cross affect the Count (in fact, it has become a popular cultural cliché that to ward off a vampire, all one has to do is brandish a cross—even if the "cross" is no more than crossed forefingers). Horror has an interesting history. Essentially, the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft posits the existence of a race of supernatural beings which are hostile to human life, eagerly awaiting their chance to reclaim the earth and rid it of human beings. Lovecraft, especially in such stories as "The Colour Out of Space," "The Shadow over Innsmouth," and "The Rats in the Walls," was perhaps the first Western author to write exclusively in the horror genre, and he quickly learned how to manipulate the intuitive revulsion that human beings have towards tentacled and clawed creatures. And, in addition, Lovecraft's creatures, besides being hideously and abnormally ugly, reek horribly. Of course, there are other works of horror which do not precisely conform to the tentative definition of horror, such as Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde or Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. Yet what these works posit is that if there is anything demonic or Un-Holy that exists, it consists of those obscure motivations and desires which lurk within the human mind. These works conform to what we can label "modern horror," as opposed to "classic horror"" Concerning "classic horror," one of the first great horror films, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), certainly subscribes to the "modern horror" genre also. What is ostensibly a tale of insane authority becomes the musings of a madman. In fact, the influence of German Expressionism on Hollywood films of the Thirties and Forties was tremendous. As an art form, Expressionism is generally considered to be best represented by the works of Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Edward Munch. In painting, Expressionistic art is characterized by a sense of imbalance in the pictorial arrangements in order to achieve distortion; the use of oblique angles and sharp curves; a distortion of line and color, where primary colors are generally used in violent contrast; and a subjective vision of the exterior world. Expressionism also usually incorporates the style of grisaille, painting in grey monotone in which objects are often seen only with a suggestion of form and outline without attention to precise detail. The content of Expressionistic art is characterized by its grotesqueness and implausibility. It is a revolt against both Naturalism and Impressionism and has similar counterparts in literature and sculpture. The enormously creative German cinema in the 1920s was influenced, on the one hand, by the theater of Max Reinhardt, an innovative stage director, and, on the other, it was influenced by Expressionistic art. The advances in lighting techniques, pioneered by Reinhardt, coupled with the rise of Expressionism, was of supreme importance to the experimental film-makers in post World War I Germany. Most of the actors in the early Expressionistic films were members of Reinhardt's acting company; later, some of them became film directors themselves. The first great Expressionistic masterpiece in film is The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer, and directed by Robert Wiene. Janowitz was deeply impressed by the work of Paul Wegener, a member of Reinhardt's acting troupe, who had directed the influential Student of Prague (1913), in collaboration with the Dane Stellan Rye, and The Golem (1915), remade in 1920. Many of the Expressionistic film-makers in Germany during the Twenties eventually came to the United States. Caligari screenwriter Carl Mayer did, as well as Conrad Veidt, the actor who played the somnambulist Cesare in Caligari. (Veidt, interestingly enough, was also a member of Reinhardt's acting company.) In addition to these men, the great German film director F. W. Murnau, who directed the first "vampire" film, Nosferatu (1922), also went to Hollywood and directed several important films. The innovative Expressionistic cinematographer Karl Freund, who had photographed Wegener's 1920 version of The Golem and Fritz Lang's science-fiction classic, Metropolis (1927), became one of the most in demand cinematographers in Hollywood. Freund was the cinematographer of Dracula (1931), and he also became an accomplished film director. He directed such horror film masterpieces as The Mummy (1932, the first of the series) and Mad Love (1934). Mad Love starred the now famous, late actor Peter Lorre, who achieved stardom with his powerful portrayal of the child murderer in Fritz Lang's M (1931). Fritz Lang, director of Metropolis (1927), was the first scheduled director of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, but he was committed to finish an earlier project. The Expressionist Paul Leni, a set designer for Max Reinhardt, came to the United States in 1927 and directed Conrad Veidt in The Man Who Laughs (1928), a silent film produced by Universal Pictures. Leni is important because he single-handedly developed a new genre of the horror film, juxtaposing scenes which utilized carefully designed and lighted sets and uniquely focused cameras against scenes intended as comic interludes. Leni's unique approach was certainly an influence on James Whale, the director of the first two Frankenstein films. Leni's influence can also be found in the work of Whale's art director for the first two Universal Frankenstein pictures—Charles D. Hall, who was the art director for Leni's The Man Who Laughs (1928), The Cat and the Canary (1927), and The Last Warning (1929). Although Leni's output was slight (he died in Hollywood in 1929), he was an important link between the German and American cinemas. Thus, the influence of German Expressionism on early Hollywood films is profound and readily evident. Most directors truly concerned about film art knew of the German Expressionistic films and learned from them. Upon close examination of the classic horror films of the Thirties, it is discovered that these films are not simply idle "crowd-pleasers," but serious attempts by concerned individuals at producing art. Selected Filmography The following selected filmography does not attempt to be, nor does it wish to be, exhaustive or complete. Nevertheless, the listing does present the more interesting and noteworthy "vampire" films. Every attempt has been made to include those films which possibly can be seen by contemporary audiences. Unfortunately, some films have disappeared or have been lost; therefore, no attempt has been made to include those films. In addition, most foreign productions have been excluded. Of the foreign productions, only those films which possibly can be seen by American audiences have been included. The notes and annotations on the films produced by Hammer Studios of Great Britain are dependent largely on A Heritage of Horror: The English Gothic Cinema 1946–72, by David Pine (London: Gordon Fraser, 1973). Rating Scale * * * * * A film that is a "must-see"; both artistically brilliant and influential in the history of cinema. * * * * An excellent film, distinguished by its innovation on the genre because of its technical brilliance, yet artistically insubstantial in some way. * * * A good film, which, due either to negligence in production or to technical incompetence, resulted in no special distinction; most likely, a work which is exploitive of the genre; nevertheless, a film that is valuable. * * Mediocre. Technically competent, nostalgically interesting, yet it carries no special distinction whatsoever. * Poor. A film in which, in addition to the producer's irresponsibility, the directorial integrity is in question. Nosferatu (or, A Symphony of Horror) (1922). * * * * * Directed by the acclaimed German Expressionist F. W. Murnau and photographed by the brilliant Fritz Arno Wagner (M), this is one of the most critically acclaimed horror films. Max Schreck's appearance in the film is perhaps one of the most memorable in all of cinema history: Pale and thin, his version of a vampire has a shaved head with two elongated front teeth, sunken cheeks, wide bulging eyes, and fingernails which are extremely long, curved, and pointed like claws. Because Murnau did not have the literary rights to Bram Stoker's Dracula, he changed the setting, altered the plot slightly and changed the vampire's name to Count Orlock. Nosferatu can be considered the first vampire film in much the same way that Stoker's Dracula is the first vampire novel; every subsequent artistic attempt must measure itself against both this film and the novel. London After Midnight (1927). * * * This silent film was directed by Tod Browning (who would eventually direct Dracula for Universal). It starred Lon Chaney as Inspector Edmund Burke, alias "Mooney," a fake vampire. The story was based on Browning's own novel, entitled The Hypnotist. London After Midnight may be, in fact, the first full-length American vampire film. Murnau's Nosferatu did not reach the United States until 1929, when it was released as Nosferatu, the Vampire. Curiously, Chaney's make-up is similar, though not identical, to Max Schreck's in Nosferatu. Dracula (1931). * * * Directed by the "Edgar Allan Poe of the Cinema," Tod Browning, and photographed by the Expressionist cinematographer Karl Freund, this film is the first vampire sound film and is still one of the most popular vampire films. Its popularity is probably due to Bela Lugosi's Dracula, who, with his authentic Hungarian accent and satanic appearance, captured the popular culture's imagination as an authentic vampire. The script for the film was not based on Stoker's Dracula, however. Instead, it was based on a popular play by John Balderston and Hamilton Deane. Lugosi, in fact, recreated his stage role for the movie. While this original movie is a popular film, it is not a great film. Browning's direction is adequate but not compelling; it does not match the energy of his earlier films—such as The Unholy Three (1925), or The Unknown (1927), which are more lavish and carefully directed; nor does it approach the genuinely grotesque horror of his next film, Freaks (1932). Freund's photography is rather lackluster; his next effort, Murders in the Rue Morgue (1932), made with Robert Florey, is a more appropriate example of Freund's innovative technique. Still, Dracula, like the novel, has managed to capture the public's imagination ever since its release. Vampyr (1932). * * * * * This film is one of Carl Theodore Dreyer's best movies, a film which relies on suggested rather than visible horror. It has a remarkably gloomy sense of atmosphere; every shot is as carefully composed as the finest photograph. It is probably one of the most artistically crafted of any vampire film, perhaps of all horror films—with the exception of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) and Nosferatu (1922). The Vampire Bat (1933). * * A rather run-of-the-mill horror picture which has a superb cast: Lionel Atwill, Fay Wray, and Dwight Frye, who played the role of Renfield in Browning's Dracula, as well as the hunchbacked laboratory assistant of Dr. Frankenstein in Frankenstein (1931). The story takes place in a remote Balkan village, where a "mad" doctor tries to conceal his bizarre experiments by creating a vampire "scare." The Mark of the Vampire (1935). * * * Made in 1935, but not released until 1972, the film is a re-make by Tod Browning of his earlier silent film London After Midnight. Browning expanded the original story by adding a seductive female ghoul (played by Carol Borland). The movie is memorable because it was the last of Tod Browning's horror films—four years later, in 1939, Browning retired from filmmaking altogether. Dracula's Daughter (1936). * * This film was directed by Lambert Hillyer for Universal. Hillyer was a prolific director, responsible for directing dozens of "B-grade" westerns. The story is based on a short story by Bram Stoker entitled "Dracula's Ghost," which was originally part of Dracula, but extracted just before the novel's release. Thus, one can see how derivative vampire films were becoming. The direction was increasingly hackneyed, and the writers were desperately lacking in inspiration. Universal did the same thing with the Frankenstein series; they produced countless spin-offs of the original, and each subsequent film was representative of uninspired artistic conviction. The Vampire Bat (1940). * * In this film, vampire bats are bred for instruments of revenge by a "mad" scientist (Bela Lugosi). A rather uninspired film which exploited both the audience's attraction to vampirism and Lugosi's cult personality. Spooks Run Wild (1941). * Another film which exploits the cult of personality surrounding Lugosi; in this case, he plays Nardo, a magician suspected of being a vampire. It is a rather shoddy attempt to adapt the plot of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari to a vampire story. Son of Dracula (1943). * Written by Curt Siodinak (creator of the original script for The Wolf Man [1941], a true classic of the horror film genre), the premise is hardly original. It is, basically, the plot of Dracula all over again: The son of the Count emigrates to England in search of new victims, except that his name isn't Dracula, but, instead, it is Alucard—Dracula spelled backwards. This kind of comic book gimmick is indicative of the inspiration for this banal film. Moreover, casting Lon Chaney, Jr. an actor capable of eliciting a great deal of sympathy for his (often) confused and misunderstood "Beastman" was a serious mistake. Return of the Vampire (1943). * The plot of Dracula again, except adapted to World War II England. Instead of searching for new victims, the screenwriters suggest that the vampire (named Armand Tesla) is in England seeking revenge against those who tried to kill him. House of Frankenstein (1944). * As the popularity of the Frankenstein series declined, Universal (which produced every American Frankenstein picture until 1948) attempted to capture an audience by tossing into the plot every "monster" popular at the time—the Wolf Man, Dracula, Frankenstein, and even the ever-present "mad" scientist. A predictably silly and banal film. House of Dracula (1945). * * * Directed by Erle C. Kenton, House of Dracula contains an acting performance by Onslow Stevens (as Dr. Edelmann) which approaches the sublimity of Ernest Thesiger's in The Bride of Frankenstein (1935), possibly the best horror film ever made. Edelmann discovers the Frankenstein monster and is prompted to revive it, but is convinced by his beautiful, yet hunchbacked laboratory assistant (played by Jane Adams) to forsake his attempt to revive the monster. Eventually, Edelmann, who has become infected by a vampire's blood, chooses to revive the monster. The material, however, is never quite under control by director Kenton; the film stumbles and plods along at its own unique pace, while the preposterousness of the action proves to be the very reason why the film works. Despite its B-movie status and its illogical plotting, the film is ultimately both humane and moral. Isle of the Dead (1945). * This RKO-Radio production, directed by Mark Robson and produced by the phenomenal "boy wonder" producer Val Lewton, promises much and produces almost nothing. The story centers around a group of people stranded on an island and menaced by a malevolent force, and the situation seems insolvable. In other words, the plot is as banal as an exhausted horror genre can make it. When plague breaks out among the group, an old peasant woman suspects the presence of "vorvolakas," demons which "drain all the life and joy from those who want to live." Isle of the Dead is essentially a poorly done "stalk and slash" movie and has no vampire per se. The Vampire's Ghost (1945). * * * A film notable for the script and story by Leigh Brackett (1915–78), one of the best of the American screenwriters (she wrote the script for Howard Hawks's The Big Sleep (1946) along with William Faulkner and Jules Furthman, as well as the screenplay for Robert Altman's The Long Goodbye (1973), among others). The film has a disturbingly oppressive atmosphere and concerns a vampire terrorizing a small African village. The Thing (1945). * * The Thing is memorable for several reasons: As a piece of popular culture trivia (James Arness was "The Thing"; as the first science fiction film which utilizes the vampire figure; and as one of the few science fiction films of which critics are fond). Yet, The Thing neither merits the lavish critical acclaim it has received, nor does it truly deserve to be forgotten. The plot of The Thing is stereotypical horror: A group of victims are stranded and isolated in a remote location and are stalked by a hostile presence. Plan Nine from Outer Space (1966). * A 1-star rating for this film was given reluctantly. The film is so badly done that it must be seen to be believed. Its alternative title gives one a clue to its plot: Grave Robbers from Outer Space. It is Bela Lugosi's last film. In fact, Lugosi died during production of the film, and he was replaced by a look-alike who always kept his cape up around his face so that the audience (presumably) wouldn't know that the actor wasn't Lugosi. Essentially, the plot concerns a group of aliens from outer space who intend to implement "Plan Nine"—the revival of corpses which will be used as troops against living human beings. The Horror of Dracula (1957). * * * * * This is the first of Great Britain's Hammer Studios' vampire films, and it is a true classic of the genre. It was directed by Terence Fisher and was written by Jimmy Sangster, who based the film on Stoker's novel. Sangster managed to return the Count to the tradition of the English gothic villain: He is a charming and intelligent aristocrat who transforms his female victims into carnal, lascivious creatures. The death of the Count is similar to the death of the vampire in Murnau's Nosferatu: He is tricked into staying out until daybreak, and then he is exposed to sunlight, which causes him to crumble away into dust. Not only does the villain's demise allow special effects, but it culminates the hero's ritualistic chase of the villain to his castle. Blood of the Vampire (1957). * * * An interesting film which revolves around a prison warden who is also a vampire and supplies himself with blood from his prisoners. Prints of this film are rare. The Brides of Dracula (1960). * * * * Brides was Hammer's sequel to The Horror of Dracula, and it features the same writer and director as the previous effort. This film also has a climactic chase scene and a sufficiently bombastic demise of the vampire. Black Sunday (1960). * * * * Based on a short story by Nikolai Gogol entitled "The Viy," Black Sunday (also known as Revenge of the Vampire) was labeled by critic Carlos Clemens as a "relentless nightmare," and it has been said of cinematographer Ubaldo Terzoni's photography that it was "the best black and white photography to enhance a horror movie in the past two decades." Directed by Mario Bava, the film depicts a witch/vampire's vengeance on the descendants of the people who ritualistically killed her in the seventeenth century. Virtually unknown outside of the horror film, the film stars Barbara Steele, who has become, curiously, a cult figure. Kiss of the Vampire (1962). * * * Hammer Studios eventually found it difficult to continue resurrecting the Count, but this film, directed by Don Sharp, features a clever script about a young couple seduced into depravity while on their honeymoon in Bavaria. Devils of Darkness (1964). * * Interesting only as trivia, this was the first of the British vampire films in a modern setting—that of "swinging London." The Last Man on Earth (1964). * * * Based on Richard Matheson's classic science fiction novel I Am Legend, in which the sole survivor of a horrible plague is a man who wanders around in a grim, deserted world and is relentlessly stalked at night by a group of vampires. Shot in black and white, the film is quite unrelenting in its vision of terror. Vincent Price plays the title role. The story was later re-made in the United States (this production was Italian), and it was entitled The Omega Man (1971). Dracula—Prince of Darkness (1965). * * * * Directed by veteran director Terence Fisher, this film is a true gem of the vampire cinema. A group of bored and provincial Victorian couples are stranded in a remote castle, where a lone, devoted follower of the Count murders one of them and uses the victim's blood to resurrect the Count by pouring it over his ashes. Unfortunately, the Count had degenerated into a one-dimensional character: He is just menacing; no longer is he charming or refined or even rapaciously seductive. The Van Helsing figure in the novel is replaced in this film by a priest—Father Sandor, who stalks the vampire to his castle and brings about his demise. Billy the Kid vs. Dracula (1966). * Perhaps the worst horror film—if one can call it that—ever made, along with Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter (1965); both were directed by William Beaudine. The most amazing thing about this film is why—and how—it ever got produced. The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967). * * * This is Roman Polanski's much over-praised vampire film, an attempt to parody the genre, a task easily enough accomplished given the trivialized state of the contemporary genre. At least, however, Polanski got the mythology right, but the humor is rather juvenile, and his attempts at eroticism are adolescent. A Taste of Blood (1967). * * A run-of-the-mill horror film about an American who is infected with the vampire blood of one of his ancestors. Its form is that of the "stalk and slash" movie—the absolute bottom-of-the-barrel stereotypical formula. Dracula Has Risen from the Grave (1968). * * A Hammer Studios' film in which, as the title implies, the plot is banal and the writer's inspiration is sorely lacking. Taste the Blood of Dracula (1970). * * * * Hammer Studios hired Hungarian-born Peter Sasdy to direct this sequel to 1968's Dracula Has Risen from the Grave, using a script by John Elder (Anthony Hinds). Coupled with Arthur Grant's superb photography, Hammer achieved its best effort since 1957's Horror of Dracula. In this picture, the Dracula presence is explicitly associated with the disintegration of the family, coming much closer in spirit to Stoker's novel. Certainly one of the best vampire films Hammer ever made. The Scars of Dracula (1970). * Produced immediately after Taste the Blood of Dracula and directed by Roy Ward Baker, this film is one of the most seriously flawed vampire films which Hammer ever attempted. A vicious, unbelievably cruel film. Count Yorga, Vampire (1970). * * Directed by Bob Kelljan, this production features a vampire in the tradition of the English gothic villain. Courteous and refined, Count Yorga seeks the blood of Southern California teenage girls. Unfortunately, the situations have become stereotyped, and the plot is absolutely predictable. Daughters of Darkness (1970). * Harry Kumel's film is concerned with the sexuality of vampirism. This film features bisexual female vampires and lots of self-consciously "arty" scenes composed of red, black, and white colors. This kind of sophomoric symbolism is indicative of the artistic pretensions of this silly little soft-core film. The film did well, however, when it premiered in the United States in May of 1971. House of Dark Shadows (1970). * Another of the bumper crop of vampire films made in 1970 which exploits the teenage fascination with Dark Shadows, a gothic soap opera of the late 60s. The vampire in this film and in the TV series was played by Jonathan Frid. The 'Karnstein Trilogy': The Vampire Lovers (1970). * * Directed by Roy Ward Baker Lust for a Vampire (1970). * * Directed by Jimmy Sangster Countess Dracula (1970). * * Directed by Peter Sasdy. These films are based on Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu's short story "Carmilla" (1871), a story of vampirism with lesbian overtones. Thus, these films exploit the sexuality of vampirism—specifically, a female vampire whose favorite victims are the daughters of nobility. Most of the action of these films centers around Karnstein castle. All of the films feature wonderfully stylized sets and (self-consciously) "arty" photography, creating a rather dream-like atmosphere. The Vampire Lovers, the first of the series, was a huge commercial success, and thus inspired Hammer to produce more of the same. The second film, Lust for a Vampire, is probably the best of the trilogy, although it too exults in lots of free-flowing blood. Countess Dracula features a vampire who bathes in the blood of her victims in order to restore her youth and beauty. All of these films are blatant "soft-core" pornography and were extremely popular with American teenage audiences. The Omega Man (1971). * A competent film adaptation of Matheson's I Am Legend (see The Last Man on Earth, 1964) starring Charlton Heston in the title role. This film has rather stylized production values, though its symbols—such as that of Heston's crucifixion at the end of the film—is rather blatant and heavy-handed. Nevertheless, a thoroughly competent and delightful film. Twins of Evil (1971). * * This film was a further attempt by Hammer Studios to exploit Le Fanu's "Carmilla," with predictable results. Dracula, A.D. 1972 (1971) * and Dracula Is Dead (1972). * Both of these films were directed by Alan Gibson and scripted by Don Houghton. The second of the above films is a sequel to the first. These films represent Hammer's attempt to set the story of Dracula in modern London. The results are wretched. In both films, Christopher Lee played the vampire while Peter Cushing played the protagonist. Vampire Circus (1971). * * * Directed by Robert Young, this film is one of Hammer's plethora of films during the 1970–71 period which have any merit at all and is well worth seeing. The Return of Count Yorga (1971). * * * * With the aid of Yvonne Wilder on the script, who also plays a featured role in the film as a Cassandra-like mute, Bob Kelljan was able to surpass his mediocre Count Yorga, Vampire and create something close to a classic of the genre—albeit, for the most part, forgotten. With the aid of cinematographer Bill Butler (Jaws, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest), Kelljan was able to create a film with an overpowering sense of menace and pervasive horror. The presence of the vampire is similar to Stoker's—an indication of growing social disruption. Count Yorga and followers completely disrupt an orphanage and pervert all relationships. The ending of the film is one of the best of the vampire cinema. Butler unleashed his visual pyrotechnics; it was filmed in slow motion freeze frame for optimum effect. Blacula (1973). * * * Shakespearian actor William Marshall played the role of the vampire in this picture, which is neither one of the great vampire films nor a "blackploitation" film. The film has a spirit of fun which wasn't present in any vampire films of the previous decade. Scream, Blacula, Scream (1973). * * Director Bob Kelljan was not able to achieve the merits of the original Blacula (directed by William Cram), much less approach the artistry of his best film, The Return of Count Yorga, with this picture. Andy Warhol's Dracula (1975). * * * * Released a few months after Andy Warhol's Frankenstein (May, 1974), this film, like its predecessor, evaluates its particular genre, in this case the vampire cinema, and it views it as one which exploits the subliminal psycho-sexual fears of its audience. Of course, the assumption of the film-makers is that these audiences are awaiting some kind of ludicrous confirmation of those subliminal fears through ritual enactment and formulaic plot. Thus, the proceedings of Andy Warhol's Dracula are predictably ludicrous and necessarily silly. They are also, paradoxically, quite disturbing. Old Dracula (1975). * An American International release—in the worst sense of that infamous genre. This film, which stars David Niven as the vampire, is a prolonged practical joke at the audience's expense. Dracula (1979). * * Directed by John Badham (Saturday Night Fever), this production attempts to be quite stylized and original. The script is based on a popular Broadway play of the same title, and Frank Langella re-created his stage role for the film. The film focuses on Dracula's seductive charms, and it features him as an archetypal Byronic lover. The premise is not so clever (or original) as the film-makers thought. The plot is predictably stereotyped. Nosferatu (1979). * * The nature of this film is the natural result when a world-acclaimed artistic director sees fit to give his stamp of approval to a genre which has undergone pop culture trivializing. This is Werner Herzog's re-make (called homage by the director) of Murnau's classic. The film was, predictably, self-consciously "arty" and did not transcend the genre to any large degree whatsoever. Love at First Bite (1980). * * Premise: Dracula is kicked out of his Transylvanian castle by local officials and comes to America, where he falls in love (with a beautiful woman) for the first time in his life. As a Dracula "spoof," it exhibits some degree of comic sophistication, thus rendering the film pleasantly innocuous.	i don't know
'The Pleiades' and 'Crab Nebula' are in which constellation?	Crab Nebula http://sirtf.caltech.edu/Education/Messier/m1.html Location on the sky: The Crab Nebula is a winter object. Look towards the south in January at about 9 pm and find the constellation Taurus. Taurus can be identified by two large star clusters: The Pleiades and The Hyades. The Hyades form a ï¿½Vï¿½ shape. Located at one end of the ï¿½Vï¿½ is the bright red giant star Aldeberan. Follow the leg of the ï¿½Vï¿½ through Aldebaran to the Crab Nebula indicated by a star symbol in the figure to the left. Images shown below, at different wavelengths, cover a 0.5 degree x 0.5 degree area of the sky centered on the nebula. The images are taken from the SKYVIEW Virtual Observatory maintained under NASA ADP Grant NAS5-32068 with P.I. Thomas A. McGlynn under the auspices of the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) at the GSFC Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics. SKYVIEW contains catalogs and surveys from x-ray to radio observations. The site is located at http://skyview.gsfc.nasa.gov/	Taurus
What name is given to a large semi-circular or polygonal recess in a church, arched or with a domed roof and situated typically at the church's eastern end?	Star Tales – Taurus 2 TAURUS CONTINUED » The Pleiades – seven celestial sisters Even more famous than the Hyades is another star cluster in Taurus: the Pleiades (Πλειάδες in Greek), commonly known as the Seven Sisters. To a casual glance, the Pleiades cluster appears as a fuzzy patch like a swarm of flies over the back of the bull. According to Hyginus, some ancient astronomers called them the bull’s tail. So distinctive are the Pleiades that the ancient Greeks regarded them as a separate mini-constellation and used them as a calendar marker. Hesiod, in his agricultural poem Works and Days, instructs farmers to begin harvesting when the Pleiades rise at dawn, which in Greek times would have been in May, and to plough when they set at dawn, which would have been in November. Ptolemy did not list individual members of the Pleiades in his Almagest, giving only an indication of the cluster’s size. In mythology the Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and the oceanid Pleione, after whom they are named. One popular derivation is that the name c omes from the Greek word plein, meaning ‘to sail’ – so Pleione means ‘sailing queen’ and the Pleiades are the ‘sailing ones’, because in Greek times they were visible all night during the summer sailing season. When the Pleiades vanished from the night sky, it was considered prudent to remain ashore. ‘Gales of all winds rage when the Pleiades, pursued by violent Orion, plunge into the clouded sea’, wrote Hesiod. Alternatively, and possibly more likely, the name may come from the old Greek word pleos, ‘full’, which in the plural meant ‘many’, a suitable reference to the cluster. According to other authorities, the name comes from the Greek word peleiades, meaning ‘flock of doves’. Unlike their half-sisters the Hyades, the names of all seven Pleiades are assigned to stars in the cluster: Alcyone, Asterope, Celaeno, Electra, Maia, Merope, and Taygeta. Two more stars are named after their parents, Atlas and Pleione. Alcyone is the brightest star in the cluster. According to mythology, Alcyone and Celaeno were both seduced by Poseidon. Maia, the eldest and most beautiful of the sisters, was seduced by Zeus and gave birth to Hermes; she later became foster-mother to Arcas, son of Zeus and Callisto. Zeus also seduced two others of the Pleiades: Electra, who gave birth to Dardanus, the founder of Troy; and Taygeta, who gave birth to Lacedaemon, founder of Sparta. Asterope was ravished by Ares and became mother of Oenomaus, king of Pisa, near Olympia, who features in the legend of Auriga. Hence six Pleiades became paramours of the gods. Only Merope married a mortal, Sisyphus, a notorious trickster who was subsequently condemned to roll a stone eternally up a hill. Although the Pleiades are popularly termed the Seven Sisters, only six stars are easily visible to the naked eye, and a considerable mythology has grown up to account for the ‘missing’ Pleiad. Eratosthenes says that Merope was the faint Pleiad because she was the only one who married a mortal. Hyginus and Ovid also recount this story, giving her shame as the reason for her faintness, but both add another candidate: Electra, who could not bear to see the fall of Troy, which had been founded by her son Dardanus. Hyginus says that, moved by grief, she left the Pleiades altogether, but Ovid says that she merely covered her eyes with her hand. Astronomers, however, have not followed either legend in their naming of the stars, for the faintest named Pleiad is actually Asterope. Binoculars show dozens of stars in the Pleiades, and in all the cluster contains a hundred or so members. The Pleiades lie 380 light years away, two and a half times the distance of the Hyades. They are relatively youthful by stellar standards, the youngest being no more than a few million years old. A famous myth links the Pleiades with Orion. As Hyginus tells it, Pleione and her daughters were one day walking through Boeotia when Orion tried to ravish her. Pleione and the girls escaped, but Orion pursued them for seven years. Zeus immortalized the chase by placing the Pleiades in the heavens where Orion follows them endlessly. The eye, the horns – and a nebula named the Crab The bull’s glinting red eye is marked by the brightest star in Taurus, Aldebaran, a name that comes from the Arabic al-Dabarān meaning ‘the follower’; according to the 10th-century Arabic astronomer al-Sūfī, this name arose because it follows the Pleiades across the sky. Surprisingly for such a prominent star, Greek astronomers had no name for it (although Ptolemy called it Torch in his Tetrabiblos, a book about astrology). Aldebaran appears to be a member of the Hyades but in fact is a foreground object at less than half the distance, and so is superimposed on the Hyades by chance. Aldebaran is a red giant star about 40 times the diameter of the Sun. Aldebaran marks the right eye of the bull; the left eye is represented by Epsilon Tauri, with Gamma Tauri on the nose. At the tip of the bull’s left horn is Beta Tauri, or Elnath (sometimes written as Alnath), a name that comes from the Arabic meaning ‘the butting one’. Ptolemy described this star as being common with the right foot of Auriga, the Charioteer, but since the introduction of rigorously defined constellation boundaries in 1930 it is now the exclusive property of Taurus. Hence the bull has kept the tip of his horn, but the charioteer has lost his right foot. Near the tip of the bull’s right horn, the star Zeta Tauri, lies the remarkable Crab Nebula, the result of one of the most celebrated events in the history of astronomy – a stellar explosion, seen from Earth in AD 1054, that was bright enough to be visible in daylight for three weeks. We now know this this event was a supernova, the violent death of a massive star, and the Crab Nebula is the shattered remnant of the star that blew up. The Irish astronomer Lord Rosse gave the nebula its name in 1844 because he thought its shape resembled a crab when seen through his telescope. The Crab Nebula lies 6000 light years away, and appears as a misty patch through moderate-sized telescopes. Chinese associations In Chinese astronomy, the Pleiades star cluster was known as Mao and was said to represent a hairy head – the head of who or what is unexplained, although the idea of hairiness might come from the cluster’s hazy appearance. Mao is also the name of the 18th lunar mansion . The V-shaped Hyades cluster was called Bi, depicting a net with a long handle for catching animals such as rabbits (Lambda Tauri was the end of the handle). Bi gave its name to the 19th lunar mansion. In a very different visualization, Bi was also seen as a regiment of soldiers guarding the frontier regions, with Aldebaran as their commanding general. Both the lunar mansions Mao and Bi were the subjects of extensive astrological lore. (Confusingly, the 14th mansion, in Andromeda and Pegasus, is also called Bi but with a different meaning.) A star just south of the Hyades, usually identified as Sigma Tauri, was Fuer, ‘whisper’, possibly referring to someone who has the ear of the Emperor or perhaps a scout indicating the presence of animals for catching in the net. Straddling the ecliptic between the Pleiades and Hyades lay Tianjie, ‘celestial street’, consisting of Kappa and Omega Tauri, apparently representing the route used by the Emperor when he went hunting. The fourth-magnitude star 37 Tauri nearby was known as Yue, the Moon star ; it lies on the opposite side of the sky from the Sun star, Ri, in Libra, reflecting the fact that the full Moon is opposite the Sun in the sky. In ancient times, the full Moon in Bi signalled the start of the rainy season in China. To the north of Tianjie and Yue, a group of four stars (some say five), including Chi and Psi Tauri, formed Lishi, a whetstone for sharpening blades. Zeta Tauri was Tianguan, representing a gate or door on the ecliptic even though it is only a single star. It lay directly opposite in the sky to Tianyue in Sagittarius and Ophiuchus, which represented a lock or keyhole on the ecliptic. Beta Tauri to the north was one of the five chariots of the celestial emperors, Wuche, the others being in Auriga . A line of six stars running almost parallel to the ecliptic from 136 to Tau Tauri formed Zhuwang, six sons of the Emperor. Between Zeta Tauri and the Hyades lay Tiangao, a group of four stars including Iota Tauri, representing a lookout tower for weather watching (although another interpretation sees it as a place to make offerings to the gods); the observers were Siguai, consisting of 139 Tauri plus two stars in Orion and one in Gemini. To the south of the Hyades lay a second constellation whose Chinese name Romanizes as Tianjie. This one consisted of eight stars and is said to represent a token carried by ambassadors to identify themselves when leaving the country; however, Sun and Kistemaker suggest Tianjie was the regalia of the great hunter Shen, the Chinese equivalent of Orion . On the border between Taurus and Cetus was Tianlin, four stars (Omicron, Xi, 4, and 5 Tauri) representing a storehouse for millet or rice. © Ian Ridpath. All rights reserved	i don't know
Preceding 'Cubs', what name is given to the youngest section of the Scouting movement in the UK?	Great Paxton And The Offords Scout Group. The History Of Scouting Robert Baden-Powell returned to England a national hero, after defending the town of Mafeking for seven months from the besieging Boer troops, the first real triumph in the Boer War. When he returned, he discovered that many boys and young men were avidly reading his book Aids to Scouting. This book was intended as a military training manual, teaching soldiers techniques such as observation, tracking, initiative... He met with various people in youth movements across the country, and was persuaded to write a new version aimed at teenage boys, Scouting for Boys was published in 1908 (after a camp on Brownsea Island, where B-P. tried out his ideas on four patrols of boys from London and Bournemouth). Scouting for Boys was initially printed in six fortnightly parts, and sold very quickly. Baden-Powell had originally intended the scheme outlined in Scouting for Boys to supplement the programmes of youth organisations like the Boys Brigade and the Boy's Clubs. But boys not in other youth movements bought the book, and set themselves up as Patrols of Scouts, and found themselves leaders to train them. It was soon realised that some form of organisation was required to support these Scouts. At the out-set the one thing Scouting could not be called was an Organisation, as it was far from organised. Baden-Powell was still an active soldier in Northumberland, which kept him far from the hub of Scouting in London. The initial rush for membership was handled by C. Arthur Pearson & Co., the publisher of Scouting for Boys and the newly published Scout magazine. It was soon seen that a break from the publisher was needed to get the Movement the status it deserved. The Movement slowly evolved, being very democratic at the grass-roots level, with the Scout Leaders having a fairly free reign with what they did, as long as it was within the ideals of Scouting. The next year the Scout Association opened its first offices in London, finally breaking away from the publishers. In 1910 Baden-Powell retired from the Army to devote his time to the Scouting Movement. This year also saw the first census of Scouts in the UK, indicating over a hundred thousand Scouts in the UK. So, in less than three years, Scouting had a firm footing. Originally Scouting was a movement for boys between the ages of 11 and 18, and as early as 1909 Scoutmasters were facing the problem of younger brothers wanting to join in the fun. Some just turned a blind eye to the age of some of the boys, others formed Patrols and Troops of Junior or Cadet Scouts. The problem wasn't just confined to younger brothers, but also to sisters as well. In 1909 at the Crystal Palace Rally, he came across a Patrol, who claimed to be Girl Scouts. Baden-Powell was all in favour of allowing girls to become Scouts (in separate troops), but had to change his mind due to the pressures of Edwardian society. It was not considered right that young ladies should be out-and-about, camping, hiking, etc. He addressed this problem by setting up the sister movement the Girl Guides in 1910, with the help of his sister and his wife. To address the problem of what to do with the younger brothers, Scouting first turned a blind eye to the unofficial Troops that were forming. In 1916 he came up with a new Scheme, under the title Wolf Cubs based around the Jungle Books of his close friend Rudyard Kipling, with the Cubs having their own distinct uniform, badges, motto, sign, salute, etc. Wolf Cubs dealt with those too young to be Scouts, what was to be done with those too old to be Scouts, in 1917 he set up a scheme for Senior Scouts, which changed its name to Rover Scouts the next year, for anyone over the age of 18, with Outdoor Adventure and Service as the mainstays of its programme. In 1964, the Boy Scout Association commissioned a working party to look into how Scouting in the UK should progress. The General Report of 1966 made radical reforms to the Boy Scout Association which were carried out in 1967. Firstly the Association's name changed to just the Scout Association, the Cub section dropped the Wolf to become Cub Scouts; the Scout section also dropped the Boy, and the upper age limit was altered to 16; Senior Scouts and Rover Scouts were disbanded, to be replaced by Venture Scouts for the 16 to 20 year olds. In the early 1980's Scout Groups were allowed to take in boys in the 6-8 age range to Beavers although at this point the Beavers were not part of the Scout Association, only their Leaders were allowed in. This changed on April 1st, 1986 when all Beavers became Beaver Scouts overnight. Two controversial changes were also made. The first in the late 80's saw the Uniform review, which saw the sad death knells for the Cub cap and Scout beret. It also gave Packs and Troops the option to decide on a uniform nether garment (remembering the image of the movement). The second (very controversial) saw Groups given the option of whether to allow girls in Scouting in all sections.	Beaver
Near which town or city in the 'Lightwater Valley' theme park?	Scouting August/September 2014 by The Scout Association - issuu issuu The ultimate Scouting family Scouting during WWI How Cubs see their leaders PASSING IT ON Preparing the next generation of Scout leaders Scouting Editors Lee Griffiths, Vicky Milnes and Kevin Yeates With thanks to... Ralph Doe, Samuel Ebden, Chris James, Lindsay Johnston, Patrick Kinsella, Emma Saunders, Claire Woodforde The national magazine of The Scout Association ISSN 0036 – 9489 © 2014 The Scout Association Registered Charity Numbers: 306101 (England and Wales) and SC038437 Published by The Scout Association, Gilwell Park, Chingford, London E4 7QW Tel: 0845 300 1818 Fax: 020 8433 7103 Email: [email protected] Website: scouts.org.uk/magazine Please send all contributions to: [email protected] Please note that the views expressed by members and contributors in the magazine are not necessarily those of The Scout Association. Scouting is produced by Immediate Media Branded Content, 6th Floor, Tower House, Fairfax Street, Bristol BS1 3BN Editor Anna Scrivenger Art Editor James Daniel Project Manager Duncan Reid Director of Immediate Media Branded Content Julie Williams Group Publishing Director Alfie Lewis Cover Image Jon Challicom ADVERTISING Sr Sales Executive Nicola Tattum Email: [email protected] Tel: 0117 314 7356 It is important to note the differing structures of UK Scouting in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. However, for ease of reading this supplement refers to all variations of ‘County’-level groupings simply as County. You can read Scouting magazine and Get Active! online at scouts.org.uk/magazine. 116,700 average UK circulation of Scouting (1 Jan–31 Dec 2013) © Immediate Media Branded Content. Printed in the UK by William Gibbons. All rights reserved. Unauthorised reproduction in whole or part is prohibited without written permission. Every effort has been made to secure permission for copyright material. In the event of any material being used inadvertently, or where it proved impossible to trace the copyright owner, acknowledgement will be made in a future issue. This magazine can be recycled, for use in newspapers and packaging. Please remove any gifts, samples or wrapping and dispose of it at your local collection point. PEFC/16-33-795 We are proud to say Scouting is PEFC certified. For more information go to pefc.co.uk. Promoting sustainable forest management. scouts.org.uk/magazine Bridging the generations Find us and exclusive extras at SCOUTS. ORG.UK/ E MAGAZIN Scouting continues to evolve with the times, but its fundamentals remain the same. It’s about fun, adventure and helping young people be the best they can be, and it’s been this way since it began. This issue is all about how Scouting connects different generations. While it’s exciting to think of all the adventures ahead, it’s sometimes important to take a moment and look back, connect with our history and remember those who played an important role in our lives. My dad was a major influence when I was younger; he got me to try new things and encouraged me to have dreams. It’s crucial to have role models. Eddie, an inspirational leader from Bermondsey, has been a role model to his Scouts for decades, and is passing on his years of wisdom to young Sam. Read their story on page 22. Young Scouts provide a unique – and sometimes hilarious – take on their own role models on page 42, which has to be seen to be believed! There’s an incredible family on page 48 who have been enjoying the adventure through four generations. It’s fantastic to hear stories of how Scouting can bring generations together. As we mark the First World War’s centenary this year, we reflect on Scouting’s contribution during those years. Turn to page 28 and prepare to be inspired by some truly heroic stories. I’m super-excited about the years ahead and I know our members will do great things. If these pages don’t inspire you to have dreams of your own, nothing will… Bear Grylls Chief Scout SCOUTING 3 The generation issue Every issue we ask three readers to share their thoughts on the subjects we cover. If you fancy joining our reader panel for an issue, email [email protected]. uk to sign up. And keep an eye out for our handy reader panel stamp throughout the magazine. We asked our readers… What Scouting advice would you give to your younger self? ON THE COVER 22 Passing the torch 35 42 9 Lyndsey Johnston, Beaver Scout Leader, 1st Culbokie (14th Ross and Sutherland) ‘Give everything a go, don’t let a challenge pass you by. No-one knows everything about a new opportunity, but that doesn’t mean you can’t learn! Scouting has given me friends for life, chances to make a difference and the best repertoire of silly songs with actions.’ 28 22 UP FRONT Samuel Ebden, Assistant Beaver Scout Leader, 21st Walthamstow ‘I’d tell myself to take every opportunity that Scouting offers. If you have the chance to take a lead in a Gang show sketch, to try an extreme sport or do an international expedition – take it. I was often not keen to jump into the unknown as a youth member, so missed out on activities I now wish I’d done.‘ David Hind, ACSL, 10th Dumfriesshire ‘My advice would be to enjoy yourself and take every opportunity to expand your knowledge. Encourage non-members to experience what we have to offer. Also, stick with it as there may be times when you will become frustrated. Talk to other leaders who may have had a similar experience.’ Handing a Group’s leadership to the next generation Forging friendships How Lincolnshire Cubs supported young typhoon victims in The Philippines Crayon creations made real Look what happened when Cubs sketched their leaders! 15 17 19 News The latest happenings from the world of Scouting Housekeeping Compass is here! What’s on Dates for your Scouting diary Mailbox Your letters, emails, tweets, posts and pictures FEATURES A time to remember A look at how Scouts helped during the First World War REGULARS 6 66 Wayne’s word This issue’s message from the UK Chief Commissioner Last word Young vlogger Charlie McDonnell shares his tech tips THE KNOWLEDGE 48 50 52 56 58 60 61 Volunteer: In the family One family, 80 years, four generations of Scouting… Advice Your questions answered Health: Diabetes Diabetes affects people of all ages. Find out how to reduce your risk Walk: Brownsea Take a hike through Scouting history on Brownsea Island History walks More ideas for walking your way through times gone by Food Healthy trail bars – easy for young sections to make and great to take on hikes Fun and games Puzzles and competitions 56 Discover new features with Blippar, which unlocks even more extras in this mag via your Smartphone. Download Blippar to your phone, then whenever you see this icon, point your phone’s camera at the page and watch what happens on your screen! August/September 2014 Outwards, upwards and forwards Chief Commissioner Wayne Bulpitt updates us on plans to grow and streamline the Movement T he feedback on Scouting for All, our 2014–18 strategy, has been amazing at all levels both within the Movement and externally. In this issue you can find a pull-out supplement providing extra information outlining what each of us can do. For me, our continued success is important for the very simple fact that we know Scouting changes the lives of young people and communities. So it’s vital to ensure that we make Scouting available to everybody who wishes to benefit from it – especially those who don’t yet know what they’re missing. We’ve had an amazing 10 years in which we have added over 100,000 new members; however, in some areas we wish to make greater strides more quickly, something I have previously referred to as making ‘step changes’. The creation of the role of UK Youth Commissioner is one such example. It makes a very strong statement of our commitment to be ‘youth shaped in partnership with adults’. The UK Youth Commissioner will work closely with me, the Chief Executive and the Chairman to achieve our ambitions and to ensure that matters important to young people are at the core of all of our decisions and actions. We’ve had a phenomenal response and it is great to have had so many applications for the role. As you will see from the booklet, we 6 SCOUTING ‘It’s vital to ensure that we make Scouting available to everybody who wishes to benefit from it’ – Wayne Bulpitt ‘We’re conscious that it’s the small things that make an immediate impact’ are continuing to work on a number of other ‘step change’ actions as well as being in some embryonic stages of other plans. Above all else, however, we are conscious that it is the small things that make an immediate impact in the ability to deliver good local Scouting, and our commitment to continue to improve these remains in our minds. I hope you’ve been enjoying the summer. Remember to keep the ‘out’ in Scouting as you plan your winter programmes too. IN THE DIARY Here’s where Wayne will be in the coming weeks… August 4 5 10 11–15 Chamboree Camp Wings 2014 Camp Norjam Camp World Scout Conference, Slovenia September Wayne can answer your queries at escouts.org.uk/forum (click on Forum, then Question Time). August/September 2014 The latest Scouting news and events MAKING OUR MARK Scout Community Week 2014 has been improving life across Britain Picture: Dave Bird T his year’s Scout Community Week saw over 3,000 Scout Groups from across the UK step up and make a difference in their local areas. Activities ranged from planting new community gardens and assisting at care homes to handing out jokes to passers-by, just to brighten up their day: ‘It was great fun to make people laugh as we gave out jokes in the High Street,’ said Cub Scout Dillon, from 7th Orphington Cubs. Scout Groups everywhere got stuck in to make an impact in their communities. 74th Belfast (RBAI) collected food and clothes for local charity Storehouse Belfast to help reduce food poverty locally. All sections from 32nd Greenock and District Scout Group (West Region, Scotland) worked alongside Wellington Allotments in Greenock on a five-night allotment project. The entire UK was buzzing. scouts.org.uk/magazine @riddlesdenscout We Raised £104 for @SRManorlands at Keighley gala today #SCW2014. Sandra Nichols 3rd Hatfield Air Scouts collected for the local food bank – we had a great response from local residents who we leafleted. @abdulmukith Great work by 8th East London Scout Group! Next year’s SCW is going to be bigger & better than ever, & will aim to make a real impact on communities across the UK. @Belmontscouts Excellent feedback from the Parish Council for our help at Belmont Scrambles as part of #SCW2014. Well done everyone! Martin Clay You are amazing, 24th Rotherham (Wickersley) Scouts. We are really proud of the effort you are all putting in for #SCW2014. @Berkshireccouts Scouts from 1st Langley spent #SCW2014 cleaning local war graves. Huge respect for your careful efforts. 25th Beech Hill ISB Scout Group 25th Beech Hill in Luton helped design and renovate a garden at Downside Preschool Nursery. @WayneBulpitt Helping others has been in our DNA forever, & is why #SCW2014 is a great way to celebrate the double benefit. SCOUTING 9 COMMISSIONER’S COMMENDATIO N ––•–– AWARD The Commissioner’s Commendation Award ż m I fƤeL I ż e( ƻ \|$ œ ( ǿ ɽ ɻ ż _ ɽ ɻ ɼ ɿ THE AWARD GOES TO… There’s a new way to say thank you to our amazing volunteers: the Commissioner’s Commendation Award. It can be used by Counties, Areas, Islands and Regions (in Scotland) to recognise exceptional members and supporters of Scouting. There are no criteria for the award; it can be used to acknowledge and celebrate the fantastic work of volunteers who have gone that extra mile. The award itself is illustrated by a purple knot to clearly establish it as part of our family of awards. Certificates, cloth emblems and brooches are available from Scout Shops and a template certificate is available to Commissioners at scouts.org.uk/brand. Richard Butler, Chairman of the Awards Board, comments: ‘I am delighted to see this award being introduced across the UK. Saying thank you to our members is an important part of a Commissioner’s role and this award gives local Commissioners the tools to do that.’ UNIFORM DEVELOPMENT The Operations Committee recently discussed the establishment of a Uniform Advisory Group to consider any matters relating to uniform. A draft Committee paper considering the make-up of the group has recently been discussed and further work will be done ahead of submission to a future Operations Committee. August/September 2014 Now in its 88th year and taking place from 5–7 September at Gilwell Park, Reunion 2014 is shaping up to be huge. Whether you’re new to Scouting, a regular ‘Reunioner’ or anything in between, there’s something for everyone at this year’s fun-filled event. The Reunion timetable is packed full of activities, workshops, brilliant live entertainment, practical skills and more. Event highlights include Friday night’s ceilidh, kicking off our Commonwealth Games-themed weekend. You’ll get the chance to meet UK Chief Commissioner Wayne Bulpitt and his leadership team at Saturday’s drinks reception and there will time to relax with old friends and new. The annual campfire will take place on Saturday evening and then Reunion will rewind back to the ’80s with DJ Nev and live music from The Beavers. We’re also delighted to confirm that for this year’s Reunion we’ll be joined by Chief Scout Bear Grylls, who will be dropping in over the weekend to meet, greet and mingle with attendees. To book and find out more about Reunion 2014 visit scouts.org.uk/reunion – it won’t be the same without you. BE… BETTER The Be... Initiative revealed how young people think we should deliver on the Vision 2018. The research, conducted with thousands of 12 to 25 year-olds, helped shape our Strategic Plan, and we’re now putting these plans into action. Following their feedback, we will now create a National Scout Youth Council – a space for the views of young people locally to be discussed nationally. A UK Youth Commissioner, who will be on the same level as the Chief Commissioner, Chief Executive and Chair of the Trustee Board, will also help lead the way in Scouting. Covering other strands of the Strategic Plan, including inclusivity, growth and community impact, we will look to develop partnerships with other charities including Stonewall, Scope, Mermaids and the Gender Trust. We will deliver community, adventure and international events for Network members and create a test campaign in partnership with young people to produce messages that appeal to non-Scouts. Read the entire report at scouts.org.uk/2018resources. you were Prime Minister and could spend Q Ifmoney on only ONE thing, what would it be? Skills, employment and business 21% Health care 15% Community and youth services 14% Climate change and energy production 7% Our country’s environment and farming/fishing/ wildlife 5% International development 5% Education 29% Culture, media and sport 2% SCOUTING 11 UPFRONT Join a project in Birmingham that will inspire Scouts nationwide SCOUT AND PROUD Over 80 representatives from Scouting attended this year’s Pride in London, promoting that Scouting is open to all. At our sixth year at the event, we invited young people aged 16 to 18 to join adult volunteers and staff members, participating in the parade through central London. Members all over the UK were tweeting about the event, including @LutnerGarry who tweeted ‘I’m proud to be a Scout and proud to support diversity.’ Check out photos of the event on our Facebook page, and our new LGBT guidance in the member resources area at scouts.org.uk/diversity. Sir Ian McKellen celebrated Pride with Scouting members A hundred stories A new book, launching in September, charts the history of Scouting in 100 objects. From a Scout lifeboat to the badge that was taken to the Moon, these objects bring the amazing story of Scouting to life. ‘I’m so proud to introduce this really special project,’ says Chief Scout Bear Grylls. ‘Each item has an incredible story to tell. And together they tell the story of a Movement that has changed the world.’ Many of the objects are taken from the UK Archive at Gilwell Park and will be seen in public for the first time. A History of Scouting in 100 Objects is available from scouts.org.uk/shop in September. Watch the video at scouts.org.uk/100objects. scouts.org.uk/magazine Object number 27: Model of the Rolls-Royce ‘Jam Roll’ given to Robert BadenPowell in 1929 at the 3rd World Scout Jamboree in Birkenhead JOIN THE 1957 REUNION – LAST CALL This year marks 57 years since the 1957 Jamboree Indaba Moot at Sutton Coldfield, Birmingham. A reunion event is being organised at Gilwell Park on the Saturday of Gilwell Reunion (6 September 2014), with talks, a buffet lunch and a gala dinner. If you’d be interested in attending this event, please email Dave Andrews at andrews12@ btinternet.com, call 01553 672903 or write to him at The Den, Nursery Lane, South Wootton, King’s Lynn, Norfolk PE30 3NB, as soon as possible. Separate booking will be required for Gilwell Reunion. DOWNLOAD FREE NIGHTS AWAY KIT LISTS Kit lists for your Nights Away and expeditions are now available online at scouts. org.uk/kit-list. As well as a comprehensive list of specially selected equipment, there’s space for you add your own items. All items on the list are available from scouts. org.uk/shop. NEXT ISSUE Look out for your copy of the Programme, Training and Events Guide 2015! SCOUTING 13 Blipp here to watch our film for this year’s London Pride. UPFRONT The latest on our membership system and Print Centre COMPASS CHANGEOVER The transition to using Compass has begun! This month, the current membership system is being switched off and gradually all members will start using our brand new system, Compass, for storing all adult, youth and parent information, as well as performing Scouting administration tasks. Over the next few months, all members in admin-focused roles will start using Compass to perform everyday tasks, and then all members will start using Compass based on when their County, Area or Region has chosen to start. If you fulfil one of the following roles, you will have access during August/September, irrespective of when your County/Area/Region moves over: • Appointment secretaries • Secretaries • Administrators • Compass Champions • County/Regional/Area Commissioners • All training roles • District Commissioners • County/Area/Regional (Scotland) Commissioners • Network and Explorer Commissioners Group and Section Leaders who already maintain used data in the current system will also get early access during August and September. To find out what month your County/Area/Region will move to using Compass visit scouts.org.uk/compass. Update your details If you are moving to Compass later in the year, but need to update your details, contact your District Commissioner or District Appointment Secretary beforehand and they will be able to advise you. The World 31 million members UK 550,457 Hertfordshire 16,913 Inspiring better communications There are plenty of resources to help you promote the fun, adventure and positive impact of Scouting available at scouts.org.uk/brand. Here are some recent additions: • How to have a great • Facebook banners Create your own infographic and other banners suitable for posting on Facebook on the Scout Print Centre. A fun introduction to Beaver Scout sleepovers to show to parents and young people, entirely produced and narrated by Noah, a six-year-old Beaver Scout. Download from the Multimedia/ video section of scouts.org.uk/brand. • World Scout Family We’ve created a new poster that allows you to show your own Group numbers, along with your District, County and UK numbers. Why not use it as a way to track your own growth targets? Find it on the Scout Print Centre. SHORT-TERM INVESTMENT SERVICES April 2014 scouts.org.uk/magazine 1st Stanstead Abbots & St Margaret's 165 Log into the Scout Print centre at scouts. org.uk/brand using THE WORLD SCOUT FAMILY your normal username and password. Click on the green Print Centre button in the bottom left hand corner. We’ve made several improvements to the interface to make it easier for you to create your own posters, flyers, banners and other materials. Let us know what you think (and send any other suggestions) at [email protected]. 09/05/2014 12:07 Ware & District 1,101 0.520% Interest at the higher rate applies to deposits of £5,000 and above. Contact Frances on 020 8433 7252 (Monday– Friday, 9am–3pm) for further information. 2 Updated factsheets FS140100 Resolving complaints SCOUTING 15 Dates for your diary this autumn September 5–7 SEP Reunion 2014 It’s Reunion time at Gilwell Park! Join 2,000 other volunteers for a jam-packed weekend with lots to do, including adventurous activities and workshops, scouts.org.uk/reunion. 13–14 SEP Northern Ireland Heritage Open Days Over 400 heritage attractions open their doors to the public for free this weekend, with special events encouraging visitors and young people to experience Northern Ireland’s cultural history and its place within Europe. http://tinyurl. com/ovgtgty. 12–14 Scotland’s Referendum Intense An action-packed weekend at Woodhouse Park for Network and senior section guides over 18 years old, Intense is back – and bigger and better than ever – for its 10th anniversary. For info email [email protected]. October 11 Bushcraft Trainer Training Learn how to train young people in bushcraft at this two-day course at Ferny Crofts Scout Activity Centre. Email fernycrofts.sac@ scouts.org.uk. SEP The Scout Association AGM Keep up to date with Scouting developments by attending this year’s AGM at BadenPowell House, London. The AGM at 11am will be followed by a Scouts Council Conference. 1–31 OCT Black History Month ‘I have a dream that my children will one day… not be judged by the colour of their skin, but by the content of their character,’ (Martin Luther King, 1963). Celebrate our diversity with a calendar of events at blackhistorymonth.org.uk. Scotland makes history today by voting whether or not to gain independence from the UK. And this time 16 and 17-yearolds get to have their say too! To find out more, pay a visit to scotreferendum.com. OCT 13 18–19 OCT JOTA/JOTI Jamboree On The Air and Jamboree On The Internet are a fantastic chance for sections to meet online or through amateur radio. Each year, Scouts across the globe take part. To sign up, email [email protected]. uk or [email protected]. 1–2 NOV Prepare to scare! New for 2014 this spooktacular weekend for Scouts and Explorers at Gilwell Park features a horror maze, entertainment, firework and laser show and white-knuckle activities. Email scarefest@ scouts.org.uk. Further ahead Picture: Thinkstock Political party conferences September and October The annual season of political party conferences is coming up soon, during which young people will have a chance to air their views with representatives from the major political parties. Get your Scouts involved. Visit theyworkforyou.com. scouts.org.uk/magazine Bonfire Night 5 November Get out and celebrate this year’s fireworks, perhaps build a Scouting campfire together – but remember to stay safe. Visit scoutinsurance. co.uk for advice and guidance. First Aid REC 5 December A two-day Rescue Emergency Care Level 2 course at Yr Hafod Scout Activity Centre, designed for people who use the outdoors for pleasure and instruction. Email [email protected]. SCOUTING 17 @UKScouting \| scouts.org.uk/facebook \| scouts.org.uk/TV Email: [email protected] \| Write to: Scouting magazine, Gilwell Park, Chingford, London E4 7QW Point Blippar here to see loads more of your wonderful photos. PHOTO OF THE MOMENT The Force is strong with them We held a joint Beaver and Cub Star Wars-themed camp at our local Scout Camp Site, Horley (North Oxfordshire). Here they all are getting into the spirit of the camp! The Cubs built this climbing frame in awful rain but this didn’t dampen their spirits, and they were rewarded by glorious sunshine that afternoon. Claire McBride, Beaver Scout Leader, 1st Bodicote Beavers SCOUTING FAMILY My husband Andy and I are both leaders at 1st Horton Kirby, and our four children are each in a different section there. Peroni (6) is in Beavers, Corona (9) is in Cubs, Calder (11) in scouts.org.uk/magazine @soljam2015: #selfie at no.10 Downing St with unit mascot Bertie :-D #japan2015 Simon Parr: The highlight of Our Scouts and Millar (14) in Explorers. I wondered if there are many families who have children across all sections? Kathryn Grant, Beaver Scout Leader, 1st Horton Kirby Editor’s note: Great to see! Read about another Scouting family on page 48. @merseysidenetwk: ‘In matters of style, swim with the current; in matters of principle, stand like a rock’ Thomas Jefferson #QOTD Scout Community Week was when a train came through. The Cubs flocked to the fence (which they had just painted) and like a scene from The Railway Children started to cheer and wave their neckers. We used 63 litres of paint along 500 feet of fence, and 250 young people got involved. 25th Beech Hill ISB Scout Group: 25th Beech Hill in Luton helped design and renovate garden at Downside Preschool Nursery. SCOUTING 19 A FOSSIL FIRST OVER HEARD This is six-year-old Thomas Prosser, from 24th Abingdon Beavers, who was the first in the country to be awarded the Collectors Badge. The badge was launched on 1 April this year, and it was on that day that Thomas fulfilled its requirements. He has a collection of fossils and spoke to his fellow Beavers about the Ichthyosaurus skull fragment and an ammonite shell which both form part of his collection. Helen, 24th Abingdon Beavers Adam Gwatkin: We did zombie survival camp last weekend. The leaders spent the whole weekend pretending to be scientists that understood the zombie virus and taught the young people how to survive post-apocalypse. I think we got more involved than they did! @worcester_scout: Been exploring Ireland on horseback today #iscout #havingfun The funny things Scouts say Scout: ‘Can we put petrol on the fire?’ Beaver: ‘Why is your name Baloo? Can you sing and dance like the cartoon?’ Cub, speaking to firefighter: ‘What’s the coldest fire you’ve ever had?’ Explorer, after licking a 6v battery: ‘Oh, that tastes really weird’ Asking Cubs: Who founded the Scouts? ‘Yes I know, it’s what’s his name, that guy… I know it, I know it, it’s, it’s… Golden Retriever!’ ‘Lord Bacon Owl’. Carmel Gummett-Kemp: Don’t let university students miss out on Scouting. My Beavers have enjoyed having many student Scout leaders over the years. We are a flexible organisation, and there is always room for another leader, but there will be times (exams, dissertations, work placements, vacations) when our students are not available. That’s OK. We love it when they can be with us and carry on when they cannot. ‘Robert Austin-Powers’. Tweet us using #overheardscouts, get in touch via Facebook or email to tell us what you’ve overheard. KNOTS AND LASHINGS and lashings form an essential pioneering or angling, knots Whether you’re climbing, and you’ll soon know the Practise in your spare time part of your outdoor knowledge. and a bight . difference between a bend Rope terminology a piece of rope has two ends! You won’t need to be told that ropes it’s useful to understand However, in order to work with their different parts. the terminology used to describe UÊ Working end The end of the rope you’re using to tie a knot. UÊ Standing part Any part between the two ends. UÊ Standing end Knots for thousands of years, and People have been tying knots they remain as vital as ever today. despite modern technology caving and angling, and In sports such as sailing, climbing, fishing, truck driving and even in work such as firefighting, right knot is essential. surgery, the ability to tie the it’s just as important to All knots have a purpose, and is, and when the knot should understand what that purpose at tie it. Using the wrong knot be used, as it is to be able to the wrong time can be dangerous. How ropes are measured circumference. For by their Ropes are normally measured 25mm in diameter. example, a 75mm rope is approximately Hanking a rope in it from getting knotted while Hanking your rope prevents your thumb and little finger storage. Wrap the rope around the roped bundle together, in a figure of eight. Now, holding and wind the free length firstly remove with your other hand the length. Pull the short over itself, and then back down draws in. Form a loop with the free end to find the loop that it firmly. The hank standing end through, pulling should now be tight. To free the whole rope, pull on both ends. The opposite end of a rope to that being used to tie the knot. UÊ « A loop made PROJECT: A-FRAME SHELTER As you’d expect, an A-frame shelter resembles a letter ‘A’ when viewed end-on. It’s one of the most popular and versatile kinds of emergency shelter as it can be built relatively quickly, can be built to any size, and is quite sturdy if constructed properly. Difficulty Total time Allow 1 hour + Before you begin work on your A-frame, check that the site is suitable – for example, don’t build it near an animal trail or ants’ nest. Check that there aren’t any dead branches above you. Think about where the sun rises and sets and the direction of the prevailing wind – you can judge the terrain and surrounding flora to help avoid an exposed position. Avoid lower ground between two high points, as cold air can collect in such places and rain run-off may be a problem. Spend time selecting and gathering your materials first, so that you can then concentrate on building your shelter in one sustained session. To a certain extent you can improvise the foliage depending on what you find on the forest floor. by turning the rope back on itself and crossing the standing part. Our family has been Scouting for three generations over 65 years. My grandson, Joseph, is carrying on the tradition as a Cub at 1st Charlbury in West Oxfordshire, where my son is Akela. I’ve made this quilt for Joseph to commemorate his enthusiasm for Scouting and the tradition he is carrying on. Despite being dispersed far and wide, our family ties remain strong, and in the spirit of Scouting we support each other with running camps and other activities for young people. I am proud of them all. Yvonne Goodwin 20 SCOUTING How to make fire out of water If you really want to impress, how about making fire from water? This takes a lot of practice and patience but it does work. Put a sheet of cling film in a mug. Half fill the mug and gently lift the cling film, wrapped around the water, to form a water crystal ball. Under bright sunlight hold this crystal ball over your dark-coloured tinder, moving it up and down like a lens until you beam a bright dot of light on to the tinder. Wear sunglasses to protect your eyes. How to make fire from ice Break a reasonably thick piece of ice from a river or stream (up to 6cm depth is ideal). Carefully, using a knife or saw, scrape away any dirt or imperfections and begin to form it into a circle. Use the heat from your bare hands to help melt the[ ice into a disc, turning it to prevent your hands from J^[7#<hWc[_iW\Wlekh_j becoming too cold. Once your ice is ready, wedge Z[i_]de\ikhl_lWbiY^eebi it securely on its side in an elevated position between the sun [j and your [l[hom^[h["XkjZed¼j\eh] tinder (crumbled, dried leaves for example). Angle the ice so that the sun forms a oekh]hekdZi^[[j small circle on the tinder. The tinder should light in dramatic fashion – so stand well back! UÊ Bight A loop made Fuzz stick Choose a dry stick around 2–3cm in diameter. Now, using your knife, slice down the stick’s sides making sure that they remain attached. The idea is that the these thin shavings are easier to light than the main stick. If you create a number of fuzz sticks and place them in amongst your larger fuel, this will be an effective way of starting your fire. How to make fire from a drinks can After you’ve drained the last dregs of your fizzy pop, don’t throw away the can (you should recycle it anyway) – the base can be used as a parabolic mirror to train sunlight on your fuel source. by turning the rope back on itself without crossing the standing part. The first thing you need to do is increase the reflective surface by rubbing the base of the can for a few minutes with steel wool (toothpaste works too). Keep polishing until you can see your face in the base. Now hold up the bottom of the can towards the sun. On the end of a small piece of wood, place a tiny bit of bone dry dark-coloured tinder. Given enough sunlight, the tinder will begin to smoke. You’ll need to experiment moving the end of the stick closer to and further from the can to get the optimum heat from the sun, but about 5cm distance is considered best. UÊ Bend A knot used for tying one rope to another. UÊ Hitch A means of fastening a rope to another object – such as a post, spar, pole or log – without using a full knot. Alternatively, take your torch apart and use the reflector. Remove the bulb and poke the tinder through the hole where the bulb was. OUTDOOR ADVENTURE STAR LETTER A Scouting quilt for a Scouting family FIRELIGHTING TIPS AND TRIC KS Picking up firelighting skills is much like learning magic – what initially mysterious is revealed seems quite to be quite straightforward . Learn some of these will always stay warm tricks and you in the Great Outdoors. MANUAL WRITE IN TO WIN Our STAR LETTER writer wins a copy of the Outdoor Adventure Manual: Essential Scouting Skills for the Great Outdoors. Available from scouts.org.uk/shop at a special price of £14 (RRP £21.99). August/September 2014 Pictures: Jon Challicom 16TH BERMONDSEY The leader: Eddie, 70-something Role: Group Scout Leader Scouting style: Full-on, loud, funny, enthusiastic. The apprentice: Sam, 24 Role: Soon-to-be Scout Leader Scouting style: Laid-back, quiet, chilled. 22 SCOUTING REAL TROOPERS PASSING THE TORCH What happens when older volunteers hang up their neckers and hand over to younger members? One Group shows how it’s planning succession for the next generation… WORDS LEE GRIFFITHS scouts.org.uk/magazine SCOUTING 23 REAL TROOPERS Eddie still has bags of energy and enthusiasm and loves his role, but plans to slow down a little E ddie doesn’t sit still for a second. As he’s talking to me, he’s building a campfire and then stoking the embers in preparation for cooking with the Scouts. Between anecdotes Eddie disappears to chat and lend a hand to the Scouts and leaders as they arrive at their HQ in Bermondsey, London for their regular Friday-night meet-up. Eddie, who is ‘70-something’, is GSL of 16th Bermondsey and has the energy of a dozen Cubs at camp – enthused, excited and clearly loving every minute of his Scouting. Despite his passion for the adventure though, Eddie’s promised himself that he’s going to slow down, take a backseat with 16th Bermondsey and eventually pass on the torch. ‘I’ve been Scouting with 16th Bermondsey for about 30 years,’ says Eddie. ‘I can’t do this forever.’ Sam is next in line as Scout Leader 24 SCOUTING and couldn’t be more different from Eddie. Laid-back and taking everything in his stride, Sam radiates calm. The frenetic buzz of a Fridaynight Scout Group doesn’t seem to faze him, but then, he’s used to this environment. ‘I’ve been with the 16th since I was six,’ says Sam. ‘I’ve done a lot of youth work and I’m now a teaching assistant and work with young people with autism.’ This is Sam’s domain – working with young people and helping them be the best that they can be. Sam has always been close to his family and grew up mentoring many of his cousins and looking after them. ‘It’s just something I’ve always done and I wanted to take this experience to the wider community.’ It’s easy to see why Eddie regards Sam as a more-than-worthy successor. Community hero ‘The general pattern in Scouts, at ‘It’s always sad when a leader moves on, especially if they’ve had a pivotal role. Succession planning is vital. Having a parents’ rota is a good idea: an extra pair of hands is always great but you also get to see if that adult has potential as a leader.’ Lyndsey Johnston, Beaver Scout Leader least here, is that leaders are around for about three to four years and then they move on,’ explains Eddie. ‘It’s just mobility – work, housing, university etc – people move away. But now, what with tuition fees, not all young people are going to university and Scout Groups can benefit from that. Sam isn’t going to university: he’s working locally.’ 16th Bermondsey is lucky to have a community hero like Sam; a leader who is passionate about August/September 2014 REAL TROOPERS The young people relate to Sam and respond well to his laid-back, fun presence ‘Eddie has been guiding me since I turned 18’ SAM, GROUP SCOUT LEADER helping young people and who will be around to help them from Beaver age to Explorers and beyond. And of course, Sam has been lucky to have had a great role model in Eddie. ‘Eddie has been guiding me since I turned 18,’ says Sam. ‘He’s encouraged me to do more with the Group, letting me take the lead when he’s not there and run the evening myself; making sure everyone is getting the most out of it. He has gradually encouraged me to be more involved in shaping the Programme.’ Succession planning ‘We had a chat about the hand-over process and the first thought was for me to just leave and hand it all scouts.org.uk/magazine Communicati ng well with over but it’s other volunteers is key to suc ces sfu l lea dership been more of a gradual thing,’ says Eddie. ‘There’s a lot for Sam to Sam recently found take on.’ out. Though Sam’s effectively been Giles, AGSL, has watched the running a Troop for about a year passing of the torch gradually unfold. now, it hasn’t all gone perfectly. ‘The transition has been going on for There are things to get used to, like a while. I think that Sam probably District planning, communicating underestimated the amount of with other leaders and inevitable planning involved in the role. paperwork. There’s a lot of behind-the-scenes ‘We’ve talked about his role and stuff that Sam hadn’t considered. the handover and we’ve come up But he has stepped up to the with a list of things Sam needs to do challenge tremendously.’ – we call it “Sam’s balls”!’ says Eddie. There’s a lot more to running a ‘He basically always needs to keep Scout Group than conducting a few eight balls in the air at any one time.’ games on a Friday night, which The ‘balls’ in question consist of SCOUTING 25 ‘Sam never gets angry, but he can make us listen’ MARCUS, 13, SCOUT AT 16th BERMONDSEY Sam’s multiple duties as part of his leadership role, including: leading Troop nights; communicating with leaders; running camps and events; Troop admin; Group admin; personal training; getting to know the parents and thinking about the ethos of the Group and where he sees the Group going in the future. ‘He can’t do everything all at once, of course,’ says Eddie. ‘We’ll share some of the responsibility for the time being.’ One to another Eddie, who is a self-confessed control freak, initially struggled to fully let go of all the responsibility and had to physically remove himself from the Group on Friday nights to give Sam some space. ‘I now leave most Friday nights to Sam; I’ve been going to the ‘pictures’ every Friday night so I get out the way. I go past on the bus and I glance over at the Scout hut and it feels like I’m one of those dads that scouts.org.uk/magazine has lost custody of his children – I can pass by the house, but I’m not allowed to go inside.’ But Eddie knows his young people are in good hands, as do the Scouts themselves. ‘Sam’s like one of us,’ says Marcus, 13. ‘He never gets angry but when he needs us to listen he’ll get serious.’ ‘Sam gets on really well with the Scouts,’ agrees Yeside, 16. ‘Both Sam and Eddie know how to cheer the Scouts up and make them smile.’ By handing over the reins to Sam, Eddie is by no means letting go of Scouting. He’s still frantically busy with a number of roles in the District and he will remain in contact with 16th Bermondsey for the foreseeable future. ‘There’s going to come a time when Sam’s going to have to do it his way – that’s going to happen,’ says Eddie. ‘The aim is to keep it a friendly Group. Keeping it balanced is the key, with all the different personalities, races and backgrounds. You can’t just let it drift.’ Sam is more than up for the challenge and feels he’s the right person to take things forward. ‘When I was younger I didn’t really have younger adults working with me – a lot of the guys were way older with their own families and I didn’t really have anyone I could relate to,’ he says. ‘With me, I’ve only just stepped over that line myself really, from being a teenager to an adult; I can still share my experiences with the young people and they can relate to me – so our experiences aren’t that different.’ Watching Sam with the Scouts, you can see that he’s a born leader, and given time, he’ll no doubt take 16th Bermondsey in all sorts of exciting new directions. ‘Will Sam make a great leader?’ I ask before leaving the Group to finish up their evening. Eddie smiles and replies: ‘Sam is a great leader.’ SCOUTING 27 SCOUTING HISTORY A time to remember As the country marks the First World War’s centenary, we’ll be reflecting on Scouting’s contribution during those dramatic events INTRODUCTION MATT HYDE, CHIEF EXECUTIVE Photo: Jon Challicom, Graffiti: Catherine Howell T his year, 4 August marks the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. It’s an opportunity to remember the huge impact that the war had on our communities, and reflect upon how Scouts supported the country during a time of enormous upheaval. As men were called up to the battlefield, Scouts took their place working in the fields so the country had a steady supply of food. Many Scouts put their first-aid skills to good use by working as stretcher-bearers and assisting in hospitals. Scouts were coast watchers, helping to guide fishing fleets home. They also scanned the skies for attacks from 28 SCOUTING Zeppelins and sounded their bugles to mark the all-clear. Baden-Powell was enthusiastic about how Scouts could help, encouraging Groups to raise money for ambulances to treat injured soldiers on the battlefield. At least 16 Scouts received the Victoria Cross, the highest award for military service. One of the best known was Jack Cornwell. He was just 16 years old and served on HMS Chester in the Battle of Jutland. His comrades were killed and he was hit in the chest by shrapnel, but Jack stood at his post until the end of the action. He died two days later in hospital and was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery. In his memory, BadenPowell established the Cornwell Badge for Scouts who show courage in great adversity. It remains one of the highest accolades a Scout can receive. As well as remembering the men who lost their lives or health on the battlefield, let’s consider all those at home who worked tirelessly to keep communities going in wartime. Many Scout Groups are researching local history as part of the centenary and discovering how the First World War transformed people’s lives. Far from being quiet about our history, I believe we should be very proud of the contribution Scouts made. In demonstrating the Scout Law’s requirement to have ‘courage in all difficulties’ they are an example and inspiration to us today. August/September 2014 SCOUTING HISTORY We asked street artist Catherine Howell to recreate this well-known Scouting portrait (originally thought to be of posthumous Victoria Cross recipient Jack Cornwell, but now believed to be of his brother) at an HQ in East London to mark the First World Warâ€™s centenary scouts.org.uk/magazine Blipp here to watch this amazing graffiti art being created. SCOUTING 29 SCOUTING HISTORY Scouts worked tirelessly t in the fields as part of the war effor to ensure that there was a steady supply of food for the nation Scouts commemorate Scouts across the UK are planning events to commemorate the centenary. Here is just a selection: • The Coast Explorer Scout Unit has been working with the Tynemouth World War One Commemoration project to create a memorial garden at Linskill Community Centre. • Scouts in Hampshire launched a history project to research local Scouting during the war. In May, they attended a commemorative service at Winchester Cathedral, with displays of Scout activities from the era and period music by Scout Bands. • Gemma, a 14-year-old Explorer, inspired the Royal British Legion’s Every Man Remembered campaign. She approached the charity after visiting the Flanders battlefields and seeing that some graves had no flowers. Visit everymanremembered.org. scouts.org.uk/magazine Blipp here to watch footage of Scouts in the First World War. • More than one hundred Scouts planted poppies and wildflowers across Loughborough as part of the Loughborough in Bloom campaign. • Nina Hoole at 2nd Monkspath Beavers is planning an exciting programme for her Colony. They will learn wartime signalling with semaphore and Morse code to earn their Communicator badges (check out the semaphore alphabet on page 19 of Get Active!). • In Whitwell Scouts and Guides will take part in well dressing. This local tradition involves taking frames filled with clay and pressing flowers and other natural materials into them to create a picture. The display will face Whitwell’s war memorial as a tribute to the centenary. The UK remembers • On 4 August the day will begin with a national service SCOUTING 31 SCOUTING HISTORY commemoration at Glasgow Cathedral, focusing on the Commonwealth contribution to the war. At dusk there’ll be an event on the theme of reconciliation at St Symphorien Military Cemetery in Belgium. At 11pm, Westminster Abbey will lead a countrywide candlelit vigil to mark the moment war was declared. • Cultural events are planned across the UK including 888,246 ceramic poppies to be planted at the Tower of London to commemorate fatalities. Visit 1418now.org.uk and 1914.org for more events. • Two children from every UK state secondary school will be funded by the government to visit the battlefields in Belgium and France. • Commemorative paving stones will be laid in the birthplaces of Victoria Cross recipients. Over 600 people were awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest military award for bravery, during the First World War. 32 SCOUTING • Imperial War Museums has launched livesofthefirstworldwar. org, a digital memorial to over 8 million people who served in uniform and on the home front across the Commonwealth. Upload information about your ancestors to contribute to this evolving memorial. • The BBC is airing extensive coverage of the First World War. Its World War One at Home tour has family-friendly events, see bbc.co.uk/ww1. A memorial for Scouts A team of volunteers from Birmingham Scout County is raising funds for a Scouting memorial at the National Memorial Arboretum, the UK’s year-round centre of remembrance in Staffordshire. ‘We want to remember all the members who have given service to Scouting and their community, especially those who have suffered through conflict,’ explains Paul Little, project co-ordinator. We want to give everyone in Scouting the chance to be part of this. We’re encouraging leaders to raise awareness of this project and talk about remembrance within their Groups.’ Following a national competition the project team are now finalising the memorial design, which will portray the spirit and vision of Scouting while also being an exciting place to visit and reflect for many years to come. Programme ideas There are many ways you and your Scout Group could mark the centenary of the First World War. You could research local history to find out how Scouts from your area were involved. Introduce the First World War centenary into your programme. Find creative activities to use with Explorer Scouts at scouts. org.uk/pol. Search with the term ‘First World War.’ August/September 2014 INTERNATIONAL SCOUTING FORGING FRIENDSHIPS Cubs in Lincolnshire are reaching out to children affected by Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines WORDS VICKY MILNES scouts.org.uk/magazine SCOUTING 35 INTERNATIONAL SCOUTING ‘When all of you gave us letters, we felt very happy because all of you gave us a chance’ – the letters from 27th Lincoln have given hope to the children of Tacloban Pictures: Will Ireland, Tearfund, Alamy ‘ I ’m so glad that I can have a great friend from England. And I’m glad too that even though you are so far away from us you all still care.’ Those are the words of Barbie, 11, who lives in Tacloban – the city in the Philippines where Typhoon Haiyan struck last November. Barbie’s friend is Ross, 9, a Cub at 27th Lincoln Thorpe-on-the-Hill. They are friends because of a project set up by the Cub Pack, with the help of charity Tearfund, to make contact with school children in Tacloban. Ross and Barbie have never met, and with no internet at San José Central School, keeping in touch by email isn’t an option. Instead, the Cubs and the school children send each other carefully handwritten letters, telling each other about their lives, families and hobbies. 36 SCOUTING The letters are delivered to the school by Steve, an international relief manager at Tearfund who is working on development projects in the Philippines. Tearfund recently produced a moving film of the children at the school reading aloud from their letters to the Cubs. Barbie speaks onscreen about what it was like when the typhoon hit: ‘My mother said to us: “Just pray. Because your prayer is the only key for our lives,” and I felt like I have a chance. But when all of you gave us each letters, we felt very happy because all of you gave us a chance. That is not the end of us.’ Watch a video, made with Tearfund, of Cubs reading their letters. Reaching out Ellie, an Occasional Helper at 27th Lincoln August/September 2014 INTERNATIONAL SCOUTING ‘I wanted to give the Cubs a feeling of what it’s like to reach out and help someone a long way away.’ ELLIE, OCCASIONAL HELPER Thorpe-on-the-Hill and Ross’s mum, explains why she helped set up the project: ‘I wanted to give the Cubs a feeling of what it’s like to reach out and help someone a long way away. It’s been so exciting that they’ve managed to contact children on the other side of the world.’ ‘Steve and I used to work together. After he retired he got involved in Tearfund and told me about his work in the Philippines. Steve said to me scouts.org.uk/magazine that a simple gesture, such as writing a letter, can have a massive impact.’ The friendship with the Cubs has benefited the children at San José Central School in Tacloban, as Steve explains: ‘The fact that they realised children somewhere else were thinking about them and cared about them was really powerful.’ Tonight, Steve visits the Cubs to deliver the letters from Tacloban. The letters are often personalised and illustrated by the children, giving a sense of their experience more than an email could. Hannah, 9, opens a letter which has a vibrant, colourful drawing with the message: ‘I am not a VICTIM. I am a SURVIVOR.’ Hannah has mixed emotions reading the letter: ‘I feel like, happy and sad. I’m happy that they’ve got the letters and they can read them and know that we care about them, but sad about what has happened in Tacloban.’ SCOUTING 37 Videos and handwritten letters allow Cubs a deeper connection Tacloban is still reeling from the typhoon’s effects Powerful words Evie, 9, reads a letter from Reyner with a poem entitled ‘Don’t quit.’ Reyner’s powerful words convey her determination to move forward after the typhoon: ‘You never can tell how close you are, it may be near when it seems so far, so stick to fight when you’re hardest hit, it’s when things seem worst that you must not quit.’ Through this project, the Cubs have learned a lot about the Philippines. Tonight they find out about Scouting in the country through a pairs game. They also listen to a presentation by Steve about the challenges of scouts.org.uk/magazine The Cubs have learned a lot about the Philippines and its Scouting Movement life in Tacloban and the devastation caused by the world’s most powerful typhoon. Steve tells them that in the school they’re writing to, 21 children died. ‘That’s the same number as the Cubs in this room,’ he explains. In the final activity, the leaders Akela and Badger asks the Cubs to think of items to send to their friends in Tacloban. Working in pairs, they write lists of items such as pens, pencils, rulers and notepads. Many of them also add a teddy bear. Ellie explains: ‘At the moment all they have at the school is a classroom and some desks. Since the typhoon they’ve had no equipment. All the maps had gone – Tearfund couldn’t show them where England was on a map.’ Positive action The Pack is planning a long-term fundraising effort to support their friends in Tacloban. With help from Group Scout Leader Fran, they will be involving the Beavers and Scouts in their Group. They will raise money to send the items the Cubs have selected to the schoolchildren, and also support projects the school has requested help with. Tearfund will provide help where possible to enable SCOUTING 39 INTERNATIONAL SCOUTING The Cubs now understand a great deal more about the devastation in Tacloban ‘Hopefully they will rethink their values and appreciate what they have.’ STEVE, INTERNATIONAL RELIEF MANAGER, TEARFUND 27th Lincoln Thorpe on the Hill to develop this international friendship. Ellie looks on proudly as the Cubs are awarded their Global Challenge badges at the end of the meeting. ‘It’s shown each of them how different their lives could be, depending on where they are in the world and the circumstances that come up. The Cubs have demonstrated a tremendous capacity to think about big issues. It’s fantastic that they’ve been able to do something positive for young people in Tacloban.’ Steve adds: ‘It’s great to see the Cubs so enthusiastic about reaching out to people they’ve never met. Through these letters, they understand more about what scouts.org.uk/magazine happened. Hopefully they will rethink their values and appreciate what they have.’ Following Typhoon Haiyan, over 6,000 people lost their lives, over 28,000 were injured and over 4,000,000 were displaced. In April 2014, there were still more than 1,000 people missing. The storm left millions of people without food, shelter and clean water. The huge scale and impact of what happened is difficult for anyone to fully comprehend. However, by reaching out and showing friendship to San José Central School, as well as offering practical help, the Cubs are making a difference to the children there who are rebuilding their lives. JOTA-JOTI Make contact with Scouts across the globe this October. Jamboree On The Air and Jamboree On The Internet (JOTA-JOTI) are annual events that involve half a million Scouts and Guides. Find out more about this great opportunity to forge international friendships at scouts.org.uk/jotajoti. SCOUTING 41 by phy gra y po lly, Mo We asked Beavers and Cubs to draw their leadersâ€Ś t hen photographed the results Photo: Rob Scott Rama (Graham Corfe, 50) doing archery drawn by Stanley, 9 Mang (Will Sherlock, 44) doing archery drawn by Kieran, 8 42 SCOUTING Life the Cub imitates art: s supe ensure rvise to accura cy ts the pose Akela Mat adop asterpiece from Aaron’s m ‘THE LEADERS OF 1ST NORTH DEVON (BARNSTAPLE)’ by Stanley, Kieran, Joe and Aaron Leaders: Will Sherlock, Graham Corfe, Andy Dunsworth and Mathew Gard Mathew says: ‘I found the session very enjoyable. It was interesting being directed by the Cubs on where to stand and how to hold my hands. The Cubs all enjoy drawing and it was interesting to see how they imagine us leaders doing activities.’ The Cubs take a ha nds-on approach at the ph oto sho ot Owl Andy Dunsworth, 39 (standing in for Baloo - Bryan Shanley, 49) doing archery drawn by Joe, 9 Akela (Mathew Gard, 34) at a campfire drawn by Aaron, 10 scouts.org.uk/magazine ,6 Dylan ‘COOKING WITH CUBS (AND A SCOUT)’ by Dylan, 6, 1st Stony Stratford Beavers Leader: Alby Wilson Dylan says: I thought it was a good idea to draw everyone cooking sausages, because I could see it clearly in my head. Alby is really good at explaining things and I love going to Beavers because I get to see my friends and we have fun! scouts.org.uk/magazine SCOUTING 45 MORE AMAZING PORTRAITS We had some brilliant submissions from young people across Britain here are some of our favourites: Hawkeye (Kevin Drew, 42) drawn by Scarlet, 7 Michael the shark (as named by Scarlet) Photo: Will Ireland ‘HAWKEYE CATCHES A SHARK!’ By Scarlet, 7, 11th High Wycombe Leader: Hawkeye (Kevin Drew) Scarlet: Hawkeye is really good at leading games (Beavers in, Beavers out is my favourite), so I drew him catching a shark. 46 SCOUTING Over to you We love receiving your Scouts’ pictures, so keep them coming for Mailbox (address on page 19). Based on an original idea by Dutch designer Yoni leFevre, www.yonilefevre.com/index.php/ grey-power, and recreated with his permission. August/September 2014 Advice and know-how to inspire and inform VOLUNTEERS IN PROFILE ‘ Our family’s been Scouting for four generations’ Members of the TurnerBourner family talk about their Scouting, spanning nearly 80 years across four generations… W hen Scouting was made available to both boys and girls in 2007, Amy, 8, wasted no time in becoming the first girl to join her local Cub Pack in Berkshire. Though a historical and proud day for the new Cub Scout, Amy wasn’t the first of the Turner women to enter the world of Scouting – not by a long shot. That story started nearly 80 years earlier, when Amy’s great grandmother, Sheila, volunteered with a local Wolf Cub Pack as part of her Ranger Guide service in 1936… 48 SCOUTING The saga begins ‘I was 17 at the time,’ says Sheila, who now lives in Taunton, Somerset. ‘I couldn’t give you numbers but I’d say there were very few women involved as leaders back then.’ She continues: ‘During my early years in Leicester I started a hospital Cub Pack for children with long-term illnesses. I eventually moved to Taunton in 1959 and was appointed Assistant District Commissioner. After all this time it’s now lovely to see my grandkids doing Scouting.’ Amy, now 13 and a fan of camping and outdoors cooking, enjoys looking at old pictures of Great Grandma: ‘The Cubs and Scouts looked really different then – Great Grandma wore a dress, whereas now even women Scout leaders wear Scout shirts and trousers.’ Adam, 9, also loves hearing Clockwise from top: Martin, Yvonne, Adam, Sheila and Amy about Scouting back in the old days. ‘Great Grandma tells us lots of funny stories, like when she went on camps she used to peel the potatoes so she got the Scouts nickname “Spuds”.’ Four generations of the Turner/ Bourner family have so far enjoyed Scouting: Sheila, her daughter Yvonne, Martin Turner (Yvonne’s son) and finally Amy and Adam (Martin’s children). Plus, there’s Martin’s uncle, Peter [Bourner], who has kept the Scouting family growing: ‘I met my wife through Scouting and our daughters were at Scout camp before they could talk.’ Peter, who was awarded a Silver Share your story Send us your own Scout stories: email scouting.magazine @scouts.org.uk August/September 2014 volunteer food games Yvonne (right) caught the Scouting bug from her mum, Sheila, who joined the Movement in 1936 During almost 80 years of Scouting, the family have worn many different Scout uniforms, enjoyed dozens of camps and handed down a love of Scouting through new generations Wolf 10 years ago, is now a District and County Archivist. ‘We have a magnificent collection of wonderful items – like Baden Powell’s sideboard,’ says Peter. ‘It came from B-P’s daughter, Betty – who was a good friend of mine.’ The love of Scouting Yvonne (Sheila’s daughter and Martin’s mum), was enrolled as a Brownie on Coronation Day, June 2, 1953. ‘I used to follow mum around in full Scout mode,’ she recalls. ‘I just started doing more Scouting than Guiding… My first grown-up thing was going to a Scout jamboree in Devon. I was only 14 and I met my future husband there. I came away from camp in love with Scouting and with Phil!’ And so the Scouting family grew with the birth of Yvonne’s three sons, including fervent Scouter, Martin, who eventually joined Yvonne’s Cub Pack. scouts.org.uk/magazine Like his relatives before him, Martin got involved in Scouting from a young age. ‘At six weeks old I was at my first Cub camp,’ says Martin. ‘I spent most of my childhood at a Scout campsite in Taunton, either with Scouts or with Dad. He was a warden there so I’d sit on the dumper truck while he’d work. ‘Grandma passed down the love of Scouting and it’s gone through the generations,’ says Martin. Some things never change A lot has changed over 80 years in Scouting, but some things – the important things – have stayed the same. ‘The great thing about Scouts is that it has evolved and yet the fundamentals remain the same,’ says Martin. ‘You have fun and you can do things you wouldn’t normally do.’ ‘I’ve seen young people change during their time at Scouts and it makes you feel very proud,’ says Sheila. Peter agrees: ‘Watching a young person evolve is great… It’s a really nice feeling.’ Adam, the youngest in the family, is clear why Scouts is for him: ‘I really love Cubs because I get to go to places where normal people can’t go, and people are really nice to me!’ ‘I started as a Cub in the mid-’70s at 3rd/4th Heywood (Ravenscroft). Unfortunately I didn’t move on into Scouts. I got married and had a son who joined the same Group as a Beaver – he had the same leader I’d had, and she remembered me! Once I had some spare time I decided to invest that in Scouting, because it gave both me and my son a good grounding.’ David Hind Assistant Cub Scout Leader SCOUTING 49 theknowledge How can I engage all members of our Group in the fire safety of our building? Picture: Thinkstock Whatever your Scouting query, our experts have an answer for you Our Group owns some first editions of Scouting for Boys, signed by B-P. How can we value and protect them? Julie Benton, Group Treasurer 50 SCOUTING Ralph Doe, Unity Liability and Insurance Adviser, says: Firstly make sure you get their value assessed by an antiques expert or auctioneer. Special consideration must be given to unusual or valuable items, donâ€™t just assume they can be lumped into a general sum insured for your camping equipment. You must make sure that you let your insurance broker know about any such items, as special terms may need to be applied. Joe Adeyemi, Assistant Scout Leader Stuart Carter, Safety in Scouting Co-ordinator, says: Make firerisk assessment part of your youth programme. Practice your fire drill each term, look at the signs and equipment in place and link this to badge work. Review the fire safety of your meeting place and stores, using the checklist on the website listed below. Any points raised must be passed to the Executive and acted upon. Perhaps get PLs or Explorers to help (with leader guidance). Feedback from everyone will help review the fire safety of your meeting place. Ensure your leaders know the different types of fire extinguisher and how and when to use them. For more advice see scouts.org.uk/safety. August/September 2014 food games e u s s i g Thebi n cannot be If a local sectio own new ur yo ng found, starti ssiblity section is a po What happens when a young person is ready to move up, but the next section doesn’t exist? Mark Zarins, Pack Assistant Emma Saunders, Head of Educational Programme, says: Communication is crucial to the moving-on process. It’s really important between the young person and the section leader, the parents, and leaders in the other sections. When a young person is ready to move on part of the conversation should be about which evening(s) they have available for Scouting and how far they’d be willing to travel. If there is no further section in their Group, leaders and managers should contact nearby Groups to ask if space is available. Creating a new section is also a possibility. This does take time but can be really fruitful and allow more young people to transition to the next section and have more options available to them. scouts.org.uk/magazine I’m worried some of our new members are struggling with the costs of Scouting. How should I broach the subject with them? Denise Lynch, Assistant Scout Leader Samuel Ebden, ABSL, 21st Walthamstow, says: It requires a very open approach. We make it clear from the outset that we want our young people to take part in all the activities we run, and that we can provide assistance in cases of financial hardship. We give parents privacy to discuss any issues. Ultimately, it’s about creating a culture where parents feel they can approach us and that our support is given with the parent’s wishes. Mark Tarry, Deputy Chief Commissioner for England, says: We increasingly come across members with financial difficulties. The challenge is not finding the funds – there are many available – but initiating the conversation with these members in a way that doesn’t embarrass them. People can be very proud even when in need. Raising funds to provide for members can also help, as can having a free-issue uniform store. David Hind, ACSL, 10th Dumfriesshire/1st Georgetown, says: There’s no easy way to tackle this issue; it has to be done sensitively to avoid causing offence. Speak to parents in confidence, and explain that your Group could offer help with spreading the costs. Tell them that you want their young person to continue in Scouting, and that Scouts help others out. Your District/County/Region could help with funds for activities. Over to you… Do you have a query about Scouting, or experience you could share as a member of our reader panel? If the answer to either question is yes, email us at [email protected] with your questions and advice. SCOUTING 51 theknowledge KNOW?Ts’ DID YOU r uses the ‘Fou Diabetes UK nosis: to help diag e thirst) m re xt (e y • Thirst thargic) le g • Tired (feelin lot) ding to go a • Toilet (nee ed in la xp ne • Thinner (u weight loss) Diabetes Find out more about the different types of this condition; who’s at risk and what you can do to prevent it Words: Anna Scrivenger. Pictures: Thinkstock D iabetes is a common health condition that can develop at any age, and is thought to affect over 3.5 million people in the UK. Recent studies suggest that one in three Britons are at risk of diabetes, meaning diagnoses could treble in the years ahead. It’s caused when the bloodstream contains too much glucose – a type of sugar that our bodies create from digesting carbohydrates, as part of the process by which we turn food into energy. This happens when the body cannot produce enough insulin to process it. Insulin is a hormone (produced by the pancreas) that allows glucose to enter cells, where it is turned into energy. But, with diabetes, there’s either more glucose around than the insulin can handle, or the insulin is not working properly. What are the symptoms? The main symptoms of diabetes include thirst, a need to pass urine, tiredness, unexplained weight loss, slow healing of cuts and blurred vision. When levels 52 SCOUTING are too high, the body will try to flush glucose out via the urine, so one of the main symptoms of diabetes is needing a wee more often than usual, especially at night – and being excessively thirsty. The flushing out of too much glucose can result in blood glucose crashes, or hypoglycaemia (a ‘hypo’) – resulting in shaking, sweating, tingling and nausea. Usually, eating or drinking something sugary will resolve a hypo. temperature and fruity-smelling breath (like pear drops or nail polish, which only others may be able to smell). This could lead to unconsciousness, coma and occasionally death. Types of diabetes There are three main types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2 and gestational, which temporarily affects pregnant women. Type 1, also known as insulin- ‘Type 1 usually runs in families and mostly affects young people’ Glucose levels can also rise too high, causing a different problem called hyperglycaemia, which is often the sudden onset of a dry mouth, extreme thirst, blurred vision and drowsiness. If symptoms are ignored, major organs start to become affected, and serious problems are signalled by loss of appetite, vomiting, high dependent diabetes, is an auto-immune condition in which the body attacks its own insulin-producing cells so fails to produce any insulin. This type can (but doesn’t necessarily) run in families; it normally affects young people, and commonly develops in the teens. This type cannot be prevented, but it can be managed by taking insulin injections for August/September 2014 volunteer life, in combination with a healthy diet, regular exercise and blood tests. Type 2 diabetes, also known as insulin resistance, is rising sharply, largely due to changing lifestyles. Most at risk are those who are overweight, over 40 and have high blood pressure. The pancreas either can no longer produce enough insulin, or the body starts failing to react to it. Diet and exercise are often enough to manage this condition (see overleaf); and medication also helps. How you can help If you, any of the young people you work with, or anyone else you know experience a combination of tiredness, thirst and/or weight loss for no obvious reason, it’s time to see the doctor. A diagnosis of diabetes, at any age, may leave both sufferers and their families feeling overwhelmed, angry and anxious. If a young person you know is diagnosed, be reassured that they can continue to participate fully in both Scouting and other everyday activities, and need not be kept back from games, camps etc. However, while they’re in your care you’ll need to understand their condition. Parents will have been well informed about this, so talk to them about the care plan. Talk to the young person, too, to see how they’re feeling and what they need help with. You may need to ensure that medications are administered on time and that appropriate diet is followed – and factor this in to your camp and activities programmes. Your involvement as a Scout leader can really make a difference to the young person’s wellbeing; check out the sidebar for one parent’s experience. advice food games Diabetes in young people Many of you will have diabetic young people in your Group. Lewis, 10, attends 1st Essington Cubs in Staffordshire. ‘Lewis was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes when he was four,’ says his mother, Zoe Sherwood. ‘He’s on an insulin pump 24 hours a day, and also uses a CGM (continuous glucose monitor). ‘There are many misconceptions about Type 1 diabetes and it’s often confused with Type 2. Children with Type 1 are recognised as having a disability as defined by the Equality Act 2010. ‘The leaders have been absolutely fantastic,’ Zoe says. ‘His condition can be very challenging and sometimes scary. When his blood sugar is too high or low it can reflect in his behaviour – and low blood sugar is a medical emergency. ‘The leaders, James and Susan, have taken all this in their stride. We gave them a copy of his care plan and talked them through it. They help him count his carbs, prompt him to check his blood sugars and help him treat himself. They give us camp meal plans in advance. His confidence has blossomed thanks to their support and he can take part in activities like any other Cub, such as hiking, biking and camping. The leaders have helped Lewis accept his condition. Their hard work is a massive support for Lewis, and also invaluable to our family.’ More info Find information and advice at diabetes.org.uk and nhs.uk/ Livewell/Diabetes, or head to tinyurl.com/lazan8o for useful member resources. While Type 1 diabetes is non-preventable, Type 2 can often be managed via a healthy lifestyle without need for medication, so turn the page for some basic lifestyle advice. scouts.org.uk/magazine SCOUTING 53 health Eat right Good diet and exercise can keep diabetes at bay – as well as a host of other conditions No food is out of bounds and the odd treat is fine, but for optimum health base your diet around vegetables, fruit, carbs and protein. Include the below every day (though not necessarily every meal) – keep tabs on what you put into your body. Picture: Thinkstock Starches Dairy 3 PORTIONS Milk, cheese, yogurt, cream and nut/ soy milk all keep bones strong and provide protein. Dairy products can be high in saturated fat, so choose low-fat or dairy-free options, and watch out , T L A S PICES S D for added sugar and N A S B HER lt a than 6g of sa preservatives. t Eating more ar he d to stroke an day can lead 1 portion = 1oz/45g ods. fo d se es oc it pr disease, so lim d spices as cheese, 1/3 pt milk, an s rb he y Eat as man citing as 2tbsp yogurt or ey’re more ex th – e lik u y yo an ncers, and m cottage cheese flavour enha e sitiv 5–14 PORTIONS A DAY These are your carbs – such as bread, rice, potatoes and pasta, which break down have po into glucose. They keep fits. health bene your digestion working Protein and are low in fat. Choose 2–3 PORTIONS low-GI options, which are absorbed Meat, fish, eggs, pulses, nuts, Quorn more slowly; basically, brown and and soy are all great sources of protein, wholegrain versions, which won’t but some options are healthier than affect your glucose levels as much and others and most of us eat more protein will fill you up for longer. than we need. Swap processed meats 1 portion = 2–3 tbsp cereal, rice, for lean meat or Quorn. Oily fish (ie pasta, noodles or potato, 1 slice of salmon, mackerel) is excellent for omega bread or 2–3 crackers oils, which protect the heart. Pulses (eg beans, chickpeas and lentils) are healthy, low cost and low fat. Fruit and veg 1 portion = 2-3oz meat/poultry; 5–10 PORTIONS 4-5oz fish, 2 eggs, 3tbsp pulses Packed with nutrients, these protect against cancer, stroke, heart disease and Sugar and fat high blood pressure. O PORTIONS (IDEALLY) Fresh, frozen, dried Your body does not need and tinned all count. any sugar or saturated Eat a rainbow fat, but most of us of colours to can’t resist the cover the full odd treat, and in spectrum of moderation they vitamins. can still be part 1 portion = of a healthy 1 handful diet; the less the better. 54 SCOUTING FOR OPTIMUM HEALTH 1 Losing excess weight lowers the risk of Type 2 diabetes. Use an online calculator to work out your BMI – a score of 19–25 is ideal. 2 Treat yourself to regular exercise. A daily 20-minute walk can make a huge difference. 3 Check food labels – find out how much saturated fat, sugar and chemicals are hidden in your food. 4 Avoid processed foods. Most of the food on today’s supermarket shelves did not exist 100 years ago. Try to focus on natural ingredients. 5 Cook your own meals. It’ll taste better, cost less, and put you in control of what you eat. 6 Eat your beans. Pulses are low in fat, high in fibre and protein; they control cholesterol and don’t have a big impact on blood glucose. 7 Eat (non-fried) fish twice a week. Mackerel, salmon, sardines and trout are best, but ensure they’re sustainably sourced. 8 Monitor your drinks. Alcohol and sugary drinks raise blood glucose levels, though sugary drinks are an excellent treatment for diabetic hypos. 9 Avoid ‘fad’ diets. They’re almost impossible to sustain so won’t work long-term. A balanced diet needs to fit in with your daily routine – long-term. 10 Think positive. You’ll be amazed at the difference a few tweaks can make to your health, energy, appearance and mood. Go for it! August/September 2014 theknowledge TAKE A HIKE \| HISTORIC HIKE The cradle of Scouting Walk back through time on Brownsea Island, a verdant isle in the arms of Poole Harbour and the birthplace of Scouting ing Bridg ons: ati gener history e 4-pag special walk Picture: Alamy A Scout’s paradise Baden-Powell chose Brownsea for an ‘experimental’ camping expedition for his embryonic organisation for boys in August 1907 – making it the birthplace of Scouting. The island also has plenty of natural history worth celebrating, from red squirrels and sika deer to a kaleidoscopic collection of plant, insect and birdlife. Brownsea Island: a timeline 56 SCOUTING 9th Century The island has a population of one: a hermit 1015 King Canute uses Brownsea as a base for a violent Viking raid on Southwest England Brownsea is the largest island in Dorset’s picturesque Poole Harbour 11th Century Bruno, Lord of Studland owns the island. ‘Brūnoces īeg’ (AngloSaxon for ‘Brunoc’s Island) gave Brownsea its name 1530s Brownsea passes from Church to Crown after the Dissolution of the Monasteries August/September 2014 walk food games Brownsea Island Map OS Explorer sheet OL15 Distance 3 miles/5.5 km Total ascent 30m Start and finish Ferry pier (SZ 02107 88006) Doing this island walk is like stepping through a window in time, offering a glimse of Scouting in its infancy and how things have changed over generations. Lightweight tents now pitch where the first Scouts camped in their heavy canvas shelters in 1907, but activities that shaped the Movement – woodcraft, ropework, archery and wildlife spotting – are still enjoyed here. The landscape has changed over the years, though. Wildfire devastated the woodlands in 1934, and during WWII Brownsea bore the brunt of thousands of German bombs. Photographs from 1963, when Lady Baden-Powell reopened the island to the public, show open views to the sea where large trees now stand. The route The adventure starts with a boat ride, ending amid a diversity of terrain from woods and heath to beaches and lagoons. From the ferry, head west along the tree-lined track. Brownsea Castle is to your left, and a bird hide overlooking Dorset Wildlife Trust (DWT) land is to your right. Turn left just before the church. On your right you’ll pass a mulberry tree (A) planted by Lady Baden-Powell when Brownsea was reopened to the public in 1963. Turn right along Portland Avenue, where you can divert down paths and check out the sandy shore (B). Join Deer Park Road and continue west to the Scout Stone (C), which commemorates the 1907 camp. Wander through the campsite, look across to the Purbeck Hills beyond the flagpole, and imagine daily life for those first Scouts – with B-P waking them at 6am with a blast on his kudu horn. Back to the future This September, Brownsea and National Trust will host XPERIMENTAL, a weekend for Scouts and Guides based on B-P’s experimental camp. Call 01202 492167 or email brownseagroup [email protected]. Trace the shoreline through woods to pottery pier (D), the island’s most westerly point. Climb the steep steps to ruined Maryland Village (E), a ghost town destroyed by German bombs in WWII, when Luftwaffe pilots were duped into thinking they were raining explosives on Bournemouth and Poole. Follow the path east through trees until you join Middle Street, which takes you back to your starting point, enjoying woodlands to your right and the DWT’s birdlife paradise (£2 entry) on your left. E D C Start and finish B This product includes mapping licensed from Ordnance Survey ® with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown Copyright 2005. All rights reserved. License Number PU 100040361. This map was generated and printed by TrackLogs Digital Mapping software. For more information see www.tracklogs.co.uk. 1547 A garrison fort is built, to be known as Brownsea Castle 1576 Queen Elizabeth I gives the island to Sir Christopher Hatton (rumoured to be her lover) scouts.org.uk/magazine 1907 B-P chooses the island (owned by a friend of his) for his ‘experimental camp’ in which 20 boys from both privileged and poor backgrounds spend a week learning Scout skills 1963 The National Trust takes ownership and Olave, Lady B-P, opens a permanent Scout campsite SCOUTING 57 theknowledge TAKE A HIKE \| LIVING MEMORIES Our Brownsea Readers share their memories of Brownsea Scouting… ‘My proudest moment in Scouting: this is me, investing three new Scouts on Brownsea last summer. The boy in the middle is my son. What an amazing ceremony and a very special one for me.’ Stephen Gafson ‘I represented Trinidad and Tobago at the Brownsea Island sunrise camp at WSJ 21 in 2007 in England.’ Rishi Ramdeo, Trinidad and Tobago ‘I was on Brownsea on 2 August 2007, exactly 100 years after B-P conducted the experimental camp there. I felt as a pilgrim while visiting the site of the first camp.’ Ranjit Chakraborty, India ‘This is my husband and our grandson on Brownsea, along with other Scouts from 7th Corby and 1st Corby. The island changes as soon as the last tourist boat leaves – the deer come out, the squirrels chatter and the peacocks strut their stuff.’ Catriona Eaton ‘I visited in 2000 with my fiancé, with some Scouts we were hosting from North Carolina. Our American friends were fascinated that we met through Scouting and got me to re-enact my proposal in front of the Scout Stone. We later visited them in the US on our honeymoon.’ Graham Ince 58 SCOUTING Leave a Scouting time capsule! Wherever you are, why not leave a memory of your Scouting experiences for future generations to learn from? Time capsules are containers filled with clues: photos, crafts, newspaper clippings and objects – that explain what life’s like for Scouts in 2014. Use a waterproof container, such as a biscuit tin or ice-cream tub, and bury it in the ground with the date clearly marked, and instructions not to open it until a specified year. You could bury your time capsule near your Scout hut or at a regular camping spot, and leave secret directions on how to find it. Who knows – maybe your own children will be the ones to rediscover it! August/September 2014 games TAKE A HIKE \| MORE HISTORIC HIKES Walks through time Walking over ground shaped by events in living memory is a great way for people from different age groups to connect. Here are a few ideas to kick-start your imagination… Thames Path, London The capital is dripping with history from every era, and much of the action revolves around the river. The Thames Path runs 180 miles from the Cotswolds to the Thames Barrier, but the 40-mile London section goes from Hampton Court Palace, through the heart of the city to East India Dock. Walk one section – eg from the Cutty Sark in Greenwich to the London Eye (7.5 miles) – and discover how the city has evolved. More info: nationaltrail.co.uk/thames-path. Rail trail rambles Railways transformed Britain, but in the 1960s the infamous Beeching report suddenly closed down 2,363 stations and 5,000 miles of track, many of which became amazing walking and cycling paths. There are hundreds to explore, including the Cuckoo Trail (East Sussex), the Five Pits Trail (Derbyshire) and the Swiss Valley Trail from Llanelli to Cross Hands in Wales – all offering a great mix of history and wildlife. The John Muir Way Muir, a pioneering conservationist regarded as Blipp here to see Brownsea back in B-P’s day the ‘Father of the National Parks’ in America, hailed from Scotland. Newly opened this year, this 134-mile trail celebrates his achievements. A good section to explore is the first 9 miles from Helensburgh – from where Muir sailed to America – to lovely Loch Lomond, see johnmuirway.org. Treasure trails Mission-based themed trails are an exciting way to explore historic areas, using clues provided by plaques, monuments and buildings along the way to answer questions and solve a mystery. There are over 1,100 to enjoy around the country, including the Titanic Trail, a two-mile adventure from Belfast city centre to the birthplace of the Titanic. Find maps and instructions at treasuretrails.co.uk. Picture: Alamy Scouts lead the way We can all learn from our elders, but one area where the younger generation can teach their leaders a thing or two is in the use of new technology. It may seem that the youth of today are glued to their gizmos, but these devices offer a massive range of apps that can help with planning outdoor expeditions, navigation, recording distance, and supplying fascinating details about areas you’re exploring. Why not get your young people to plan a walk to show their elders the way through the technical jungle? Here are some apps to try. scouts.org.uk/magazine Mudmaps Uses scale maps and your phone’s GPS system to pinpoint your location and access instructions on how to get to your destination. iPhone or Android, mud-maps.com. MemoryMap Lets you store maps (1:50 000 and 1:25 000, including topo, marine and even aviation) offline, so no phone signal necessary – and turns your device into a GPS. iPhone or Android, memory-map.com. RouteBuddy Topographical, aerial, road and OS mapping, with excellent waypoint functionality. Windows or Mac, routebuddy.com. Viewranger Displays topo maps (1:50 000 and 1:25 000), shows points of interest and records your route (even without internet connection). Android, iPhone and Symbian, viewranger.com. SCOUTING 59 games Reader recipe CASSIE BEST’S Healthy trail bars Packed with nutrients, these flapjacks are the perfect pick-me-up to take on a long hike – and younger sections can prepare them in just 10 minutes Cassie Best’s healthier flapjacks use bananas and apple to bind the mixture, so you can cut down on the fat and sugar. But they’re still just as sticky and delicious! Picture: Phil Webb About the chef Cassie Best, Assistant Food Editor at BBC Good Food magazine, has a real passion for baking. ‘I love a good flapjack, but was surprised at how much fat and sugar they contain, so I created this healthier alternative. I’m sure you’ll enjoy them as much as I do!’ 60 SCOUTING Ingredients Makes 12 • Butter – 50g/2oz, plus a little extra for greasing • Smooth peanut butter – 2 tbsp • Honey or maple syrup – 3 tbsp • Mashed bananas – 2 • Apple, peeled and grated – 1 • Rolled oats – 250g/9oz • Dried apricots, chopped – 85g/3oz • Raisins – 100g/4oz • Mixed seeds, eg pumpkin, sunflower, linseed – 85g/3oz 1 Heat oven to 160C/140C fan/ gas 3. Grease and line a 20cm-square tin with baking parchment. Heat the butter, peanut butter and honey or maple syrup together in a small pan until melted. 2 Add the mashed banana, apple and 100ml hot water, and mix to combine. 3 Tip the oats, the dried fruit and the seeds into a large bowl. Pour in the combined banana and apple and stir until everything is coated by the wet mixture. Tip into the cake tin and level the surface. 4 Bake for 55 mins until golden. Leave to cool in the tin. 5 Cut into 12 pieces to serve, or store in an airtight container in the fridge for up to 3 days. August/September 2014 volunteer 4 WIN! 1 One of them is the Duke of Edinburgh’s, like going round hospital section (6) 5 See 9ac. 9/5 Do Scouts go in for such a pursuit? Yes and no (7,8) 10 Artificial fibre, possibly only neckerchief’s top (5) 11 Love sprees madly – they involve a night away from home (10) 12 Pleasant French city (4) 13 Advise Tony if moving (6) 15 Spectacular parade requires leaf from book plus insect (7) 17 Guards, attendants – and car models (7) 19 Town/county in N. Ireland upset Martin (6) 21 eg the Scout Promise featured in boathouse (4) 23 A lot of hot air associated with this 9/5 ac.? (10) 26 Where to learn – about a fish shoal? (6) 27 Get Adele prepared to be a representative (8) 28 Major bee organisation – next one takes place in Japan (8) 29 Fixes, it’s said, burrows (5) Down 2 Downloads about tree-covered areas (9) 3 Tree I moved – make another knot (2-3) 4 Concert cancelled? Behave ostentatiously (4,3) 5 Part of flag, re-established? Say yes (5) 6 As Inuit replaced African republic (7) 7 One who helps freely – never lout, perhaps (9) 8 Giant unicorn displays part of uniform! (5) 14 Make a really thorough search with it, if it’s fine? (9) 16 Puts name forward to relocate Minnesota! (9) 18 Like orchestra bells, but Raul modified (7) 20 Pasta strips: North has lots! (7) 22 W. African capital involved in TAC crafts (5) 24 Small Brownie group making ‘D’ in Lego somehow (5) 25 Maybe Lancelot’s head dropped at this time of day? (5) Diggerland Devon tickets You could win a group pass to Diggerland Devon, to visit a world of digger-based adventures. Diggerland is the UK’s most unique construction-themed adventure park where guests can drive, ride, and operate earth-moving machinery in a safe and family-friendly environment. The theme park boasts an array of fabulous rides and drives such as Spin-Dizzy, Dig-a-Round, Ground Shuttle and Dumper Trucks, to name just a few. See diggerland.com for more info. To win a Group trip for 25 to Diggerland worth £500, simply answer the following question: What is the name of Diggerland’s popular ride? a. Dizzyspin, b. Spin-Dizzy, or c. DizzySpinny Email your answer to scouting. [email protected] or enter at scouts.org.uk/magazine. Terms and conditions 1. Ticket is for one Group, max 25 people. 2. Closing date 20 August. 3. Prize to be taken between 1 September – 2 November 2014. 4. Not to be used in conjunction with any other offer, voucher, discount or experience. SCOUTING 61 SIDE SPLITTER What is always behind time? The back of a watch SCOUTING CROSSWORD AUG/SEP LAST WORD CHARLIE MCDONNELL The YouTube star talks about a different kind of adventure – one that you can try, whatever your age What inspired you to first start video blogging (vlogging)? While revising for my GCSEs I just started messing around on my computer for a break. I had a really basic laptop with a webcam and was just doing it for fun, and then kept on doing it for fun for long enough that it just became my job. After about a month or so of making YouTube videos one of my videos was featured on What would you say to people who What are your top tips for want to do what you do? successful vlogging? Technology is at a point where it’s easy to get started, no matter what your age. It’s not just something that young people do – teenagers could easily teach their parents or grandparents how to vlog. I made my first attempts at filmmaking on my phone. You don’t have to think about the theory or go to film school. It’s just a case of having I don’t want to dictate how others should vlog, but for me personally the most important thing is to make videos for yourself rather than for an audience. That way it’s fun and even if there’s nobody watching, you’re still having a good time and making something that you’re proud of. ‘Technology’s not just something that only young people do’ the front page of the site so I went from a hundred or so people watching me to a thousand in a couple of days. What’s been the best thing that’s resulted from your channel? Loads of people engage with the videos and comment on them – it’s a really great way to connect with others from around the world and share ideas. Specifically though, being a massive fan of all of the Pixar movies, Disney Pixar contacted me and invited me to visit its studios. I met the director of Toy Story 3 and saw the movie before it was finished. That’s pretty hard to beat. Picture: Getty Are you at all outdoorsy? I was a Cub Scout when I was younger. I like walking, a lot; that’s always been big, especially on my mum’s side of the family. My granddad’s catchphrase was ‘best foot forward’. But I get around via my vlogging. I’m more of a virtual adventurer these days. 66 SCOUTING a go, and trying and playing and learning from experience. That’s what I did and it’s worked out well for me. It’s a different kind of adventure, but one that Scouts of all ages can get into. It’s also a great way for Scouts to speak to other young people all over the world. You could do a vlogging badge. What are you working on at the moment? I’m making a series of five short films at the moment, and have just finished working on my third, Strangers In A Bed, which will be online at youtube.com/charlie very soon. More info	i don't know
What is the North African dish of crushed wheat or course flour steamed over broth called?	The Foods of North Africa \| News The Foods of North Africa Source: Industry Operations ; Retailers As a food writer who has written and studied the national cuisines surrounding the Mediterranean for more than 40 years, I approach the cooking of the region in terms of its key flavors and tastes—the tang of its lemons and pomegranates; the soft textures of its dates and capers; the striking and unexpected combinations of its vegetables and fruits; its olives and olive oil—because these are among the things that Mediterranean food is all about. The foods of northern Africa are based on these and other flavors inherent to that region. But there is no such thing as northern African cuisine. The cooking of each of these countries—Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt—has it own distinct personality. A World-Class Cuisine To develop a great cuisine, a nation must have four attributes—an abundance of fine ingredients, a variety of cultural influences, a great civilization and the existence of a refined palace life. Morocco is blessed with all four of those attributes. Situated only a few miles from the straits of Europe, with a Mediterranean coast, an Atlantic Coast, five mountain ranges and an encompassing desert, Morocco has a wealth of raw ingredients, including: the mint, olives and quinces of Meknes; the oranges and lemons of Fez and Agadir; the pomegranates of Marrakesh; the almonds, lamb and za’atar of the Souss; the dates of Erfoud; and the spices that for thousands of years have been brought to this country. There are four Moroccan dishes that are world-class—bisteeya, mechoui, djej emsmel and couscous. Bisteeya is the most sophisticated and elaborate Moroccan dish, a combination of incredibly tasty flavors. It is a huge pie of the thinnest, flakiest pastry, filled with three layers—spicy pieces of pigeon or chicken, lemony eggs cooked in a savory onion sauce and toasted, sweetened almonds. The Food of Tunisia Tunisia has a cuisine so entirely its own that it will never be mistaken for the cooking of its neighbors. Tunisian cuisine is very healthy with a strong emphasis on grains, fresh fruits, fish and vegetables. And as a base for cooking—limpid, luscious olive oil. It is decidedly different from the sophisticated, luxurious palace cookery of Morocco and the humbler, simpler cuisines of Egypt and Algeria. The original Tunisians were Berbers, known for simple good cooking. Over the centuries numerous other culinary forces were brought to bear on this land: Phoenician, Roman, Arab, Moorish, Turkish, Italian and French—bringing recipes and techniques that melded into a strong vivid, colorful and extremely tasty national cuisine. The first major theme is its heat, a spicy pepperiness. Ever since hot red peppers were introduced to the Mediterranean, Tunisians have used them more than any other country. Fiery peppers play a role in many dishes, usually in the form of the famous harissa paste, a mixture of sun-dried peppers pounded with spices and garlic and packed into jars under a coating of oil. This thick, red, fiery sauce is a pillar of the Tunisian kitchen. In Tunisian home cooking, many soups, stews and sauces begin the same way: The cook stirs some tomato paste into a spoonful of hot olive oil; when the paste turns glossy and gives off a good aroma, some harissa, diluted with water and stirred until smooth, is added to the pot, along with the vegetables, liquid, herbs and spices. This method not only tames the harissa, but creates a creamier sauce. The second major theme is the sweeping use of olive oil as a cooking medium through North Africa. On the highways of Tunisia’s coastal plane one drives through great orchards containing millions of olive trees, producing superb fruit and oil. Tunisians do not have as many recipes as Moroccans for cooking olives. But one of the most interesting olive dishes I have ever tasted was in Tunisia; a highly aromatic ragout of stuffed olives—humble, piquant, complex, offbeat and delicious. A Love of Vegetables A third theme, and one that Tunisians share with Moroccans, Egyptians and Algerians, is a love of vegetables, particularly tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, pumpkins and edible wild greens—all deliciously perfumed by the sun and reduced to a thick purée that is served as a salad or used to enrich a meat or chicken dish called a tagine. Moroccan tagines are stews of meat, poultry or fish smothered with one or two vegetables or fruits (sometimes reduced), and cooked in an earthenware dish with a conical cover. Djej Emshmel is one of the four versions of Moroccan chicken, lemon and olive tagine, in which the chicken is slowly simmered with luscious olives and tart preserved lemons in a sauce seasoned with saffron, cumin, ginger and paprika. Tunisian tagines are different. Tunisian cooks, when speaking of tagines, will refer to them having a “beginning, a “middle and an “end. The “beginning is usually a mini-stew of veal or lamb cut into small pieces and cooked with onions and spices such as dried rosebuds and cinnamon or a robust combination of ground coriander and caraway. Then something starchy is added to thicken the juices---white beans, chick peas or cubed potatoes. The “middle part is the enrichment of the stew with cheese and eggs. The “end is the final baking in a deep pie dish either on the stove or in the oven until both top and bottom are crisply cooked and the eggs are just set, somewhat like an Italian frittata. The Land of the Pharoahs Sitting at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and Europe, Egypt has a culinary tradition that combines cuisines from many countries. Its food is quite different from that of Morocco and Tunisia, more similar to the food of the Middle East. Egypt’s national dish is Ful Mudammas. Fava beans are slowly cooked and mixed with a variety of spices and vegetables, including cumin, garlic, tomatoes, onions and carrots. It is eaten as a stew for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Chick peas and fava beans are also the basis for tahini and hummus, often spiced with a strong dose of garlic. Shelf-stable hummus is among the specialty food products being exported from Egypt. Daily Bread In North Africa, bread is eaten daily. It is sacred and is treated with respect. The round, heavy-textured flatbread common in Morocco and Tunisia is different from the Arab pita. It is made with a combination of semolina and hard wheat flour. The distinctive aroma comes from cooking the bread over coals, dried olive wood or grape vines. In Egypt, bread is served alongside hummus, babaganoush and an abundance of other spreads and dips. Tunisians have their own version of Middle Eastern mezzes, a grouping of vibrant tasting salads that are often highly spiced. Aside from the usual bowl of nuts, olives and thin slices of mullet caviar, you will typically find little plates of spiced octopus, squid and shrimp; shredded Romaine, purslane or endive; crushed carrots, pumpkins or zucchini, each blended separately with hot pepper, mixed spices, lemon juice and oil; mixed pickled garden vegetables such as cauliflower, radishes, turnips and carrots, cut into extra-thin slices; or fennel, turnips and radishes, some studded with crushed hot peppers, others garnished with sliced green olives or slivered leaves of celery, mint or radish. The most distinctive of the cooked salads is mechouia, which means “grilled: a mildly hot, spicy salad of roasted peppers, tomatoes, onions and garlic, often accompanying couscous, other salads and slices of country-style bread. Briks are Tunisia's most popular hot appetizers. It is the Tunisian snack par excellance—a delicious pastry triangle stuffed in innumerable ways, eaten any time of the day, bought out on the street or the beach, or served with a nourishing soup during the month of ramadan. The delicate, onion-skin, crisp pastry leaves are made by kneading semolina flour and water until enormous elasticity develops and then systematically tapping pieces of this dough onto a heated pan, leaving slightly overlapping rounds to cook only on one side. The pastry is called malsouqua, which means “to adhere in Arabic. The same pastry is made in Morocco, where it is called warka and means “a leaf. It is exactly the same as the Algerian dioul and is surprisingly close to Chinese spring roll skins. The Tunisian bread shaskoukhet and the Moroccan trid are made in the same way. This bread is prepared during the holy month of ramadan. In Morocco it is said to be the prophet Mohammed’s favorite dish. The bread is torn into small pieces and piled into a cone shape. The cook then pours a paprika-scented chicken stew around it. In Morocco, pieces of chicken are layered in the torn leaves. Couscous Every Other Day Couscous is probably the most famous dish of northern Africa. It has been called the national dish of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. An average family eats it approximately three times a week. The couscous concept is simple yet brilliant. Take a container with a perforated bottom, fill it with semolina-based pellets and place it above a bubbling stew. The steam from the stew will swell the grains and flavor them with its vapors. When served together—the couscous and the stew—the result is extraordinary. The Tunisians have developed a number of ways of making couscous with fish—a particularly fine one prepared in Djerba is made in an unusual three-tiered steamer. On the middle tier are slices of bluefish embedded in a mixture of chopped mint, parsley, Swiss chard and fennel leaves and steamed over a cinnamon-and-cumin-scented broth, while the couscous, cooking in solitary splendor on top, absorbs the flavors from the tiers below. Many modern couscous dishes are spicy, with lots of fiery peppers and a combination of ground coriander, cumin and garlic. Older recipes are mellow and exotic, often made with quince, raisins and a curious blend of dried rosebuds, black pepper and ground cinnamon called bharat. Also popular is a combination of the two recipes. North Africans, from Morocco to Egypt, often finish a meal with a charming presentation of mint tea embellished with a few floating pinenuts to impart a mildly resinous aroma. Paula Wolfert is the author of a dozen books on Mediterranean food, including Couscous and Other Good Food from Morocco and Mediterranean Grains and Greens. MOST READ ARTICLES	Couscous
The 'Daiquiri' cocktail was named after a town in which country?	Couscous Home > Travel Morocco > Cuisine Traditions & Recipes > Moroccan Couscous Traditions & Recipes Travel Morocco Cuisine Traditions & Recipes > Moroccan Couscous Traditions & Recipes Travel To Morocco & Learn About Moroccan Couscous Traditions and Morocco Recipes Couscous , or more affectionately known as seksu or sikuk, is the national dish of Morocco . The origins of the dish’s name is still a mystery, but many attribute it to the hissing sound as its steam moves through the holes of the couscoussière (steamer). When traveling to Morocco it is a must to eat couscous with a traditional Moroccan family. A Taste of Morocco Food Tour is an ideal way to learn how to make a couscous first hand. Book a Tour or call (800) 787-8806 or Email us a question! While in most Moroccan families this rolled semolina cereal is prepared and eaten on Fridays, a few incorporate couscous into their diet at least a few times a week. Although some debate exists, couscous is a food whose origins are best linked with the Berbers from North Africa. As the Berbers were poor agrarian people living in the mountains, it became a staple food for them due to easy access to wheat in Morocco. At one point in time, couscous was also the national dish for southern Spain; however, when the Arabs were expelled it became illegal to eat couscous by the decree of the inquisition. Only in recent years has couscous made an appearance in western cultures. Unfortunately, many pre-packaged instant varieties of couscous circulate in western stores. As a result, many people have the false idea that couscous shouldn’t take much longer than spaghetti to prepare. While it is possible to achieve a good couscous if handled properly, an authentic couscous can take up to five hours to cook. Couscous is also a celebratory dish eaten at weddings, funerals or the end of festivals or holidays like Ramadan. Traditionally, Dadas, the hidden faces of Morocco, were responsible for making the best couscous. Wheat was bought at the local market and brought to the local mill to have granules ground into preferred degrees of fineness. Only then would it be rolled by hand, followed by an addition of semolina seeds and cold salt water to moisten it. Flour was necessary to add to thicken the couscous. While couscous is often a dish that is served under meat or a vegetable stew, it can also be eaten alone flavored or plain, warm or cold, as a dessert or a side dish. In Morocco it is prepared using a variety of other elements popular with children such as dried fruit, nuts, and cinnamon. One thing to keep in mind when eating couscous during your travels in Morocco is that it is a communal dish and eaten with your hands. This is especially important if you are a guest in someone’s home. Worry not, your host will surely understand that eating couscous in Morocco may be new to you and subtlety shows you how to roll couscous into a ball. If you get confused, just look to your neighbor. When properly cooked couscous should be light and fluffy; it should not be gummy or gritty. Couscous is steamed two to three times. The traditional North African method is to use a steamer called a kiska:s in Arabic or couscoussière in French . The base is a tall metal pot shaped rather like an oil jar in which the meat and vegetables are cooked in a stew. On top of the base a steamer sits where the couscous is cooked, absorbing the flavors from the stew. The lid to the steamer has holes around its edge so that steam can escape. It is also possible to use a pot with a steamer insert. If the holes are too big the steamer can be lined with damp cheesecloth. Recipe: Seven-vegetable couscous with chunky onion harissa Ingredients: 1/4 cup plus 1 tablespoon olive oil 2 large leeks (white and pale green parts only), minced 4 large garlic cloves, chopped 2 1/4 cups chicken stock or canned broth 1 cup raisins 1 cup 1/2-inch cubes peeled butternut squash 1 large yellow crookneck squash, cut into 1/2-inch cubes 1 large zucchini, cut into 1/2-inch cubes 3/4 cup frozen baby lima beans, thawed 1 teaspoon turmeric Pinch (generous) of cayenne pepper 1 cup diced seeded plum tomatoes 3/4 cup frozen peas, thawed 1/2 cup coarsely chopped fresh cilantro 1 1/2 cups (about 10 ounces) couscous Lemon wedges 1 tablespoon plus 1 teaspoon dried crushed red pepper 3/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper 1/2 cup red wine vinegar 6 green onions, chopped 1 small red onion, chopped 2 large garlic cloves, minced Preparation To make the couscous: Heat oil in heavy large Dutch oven over low heat. Add leeks and garlic. Cover and cook until leeks are very tender but not brown, stirring occasionally, about 10 minutes. Add stock and next 8 ingredients. Season with salt and pepper. Increase heat and bring mixture to boil. Cover, reduce heat to medium and simmer until vegetables are crisp-tender, about 5 minutes. Mix in tomatoes, peas, cilantro, then couscous. Remove from heat. Cover and let stand 10 minutes. Fluff couscous with fork. Transfer to large platter. Garnish with lemon wedges. Serve, passing Chunky Onion Harissa separately. To make the harissa: Combine tomato paste, crushed red pepper and cayenne pepper in bowl. Gradually whisk in oil. Whisk in vinegar. Mix in onions and garlic. Season generously with salt and pepper. (Can be prepared 8 hours ahead. Let stand at room temperature. Stir harissa well before using.) Book with us	i don't know
Which mountain in Europe do the French call 'Mount Cervin', and the Italians 'Monte Silvio'?	The Courier Week 48 by The Courier Newspaper - issuu issuu www.thecourier.es Friday, January 20, 2012 We’re the dog’s b*****s (sorry, the cat’s whiskers) Peter and his ‘teacher’ Billy 100,000 REASONS WHY PETER IS TOPS WE knew his column would spark great interest among pet lovers, but it seems that every one of our estimated 100,000 readers wants advice from our animal behaviour expert PETER SINGH. And the problem most people seem to be barking about is, you guessed it, BARKING. Peter, a top dog psychologist (or behaviourist as he prefers to call himself) has an enviable record of success in weaving his animal magic on troublesome pets - so we invited him to write a weekly column and asked readers to submit questions about the behaviour of their cats and dogs. And boy, did you bombard the poor man! We have published a selection of your letters on the Centre Pages, along with Peter’s replies, and apologise to those whose questions do not appear this week. Meanwhile, Peter is ready, willing and able to keep handling a bumper mailbag, so please keep the questions coming. Last night, as we went to press, he told us: “I have had a terrific response from readers of The Courier and it is always a pleasure to help owners and their dogs to live a more harmonious life together. “I hope the Alicante region is a little more peaceful this week, with less barking!’’ Now turn to Pages 24, 25 and 30 - and if you have any questions, email the man himself at [email protected] DEATH SHIP ‘WAS TOP HEAVY’ DOOMED cruise liner Costa Concordia may have been dicing with death even before its launch in 2006, according to one of its first passengers. Torrevieja businessman Keith Barry (pictured left), himself a former shipbuilder, marvelled at the size and ornateness of the massive Italian vessel during a 2007 voyage with wife Keiley and daughter Jessica. But he was not unduly surprised when the ship keeled over after running aground off the Italian coast last week, leaving 11 people dead and 24 unaccounted for. ‘’I remember sitting in the spa on the 14th floor, looking around at all the marble embellishment and thinking ‘This ship is top heavy,’ he recalled yesterday (Thursday). ‘’Whilst that would not have been responsible for it running aground, it may well have EXCLUSIVE By DONNA GEE been the reason it keeled over. ‘’Having said that, it was an amazing ship and one of the best cruises I have been on. ‘’The facilities were excellent, the food fantastic and I would happily do it all again.’’ When TKO broadcaster Dennis Christian cruised on the Costa Concordia in 2008, he sensed another potential danger area soon after he and his partner Gretta boarded ship at Barcelona. Because of the arrival of different passengers at each port, many of the newcomers had to wait THREE DAYS before being given a vital safety drill. Torrevieja-based Christian, who recalls Turn to Page 4 LITTLE AND LARGE: The bow of the Costa Concordia dwarfs Keiley and Jessica Barry 2 Friday, January 20, 2012 Hey Bonzo, stop lying there like a piece of wood TELEPHONE 96 692 1003 679 096 309 JUNGLE DRUMS E-MAIL [email protected] WEB www.thecourier.es HEAD OFFICE Calle Luis Canovas Martinez 1. Urb Aguas Nuevas, Torrevieja 03183, ALICANTE PHONE: 96 692 1003 Email: [email protected] OPENING HOURS Mon - Fri 1030 to 1730 EDITOR Donna Gee ADVERTISING SALES 96 621 1003 [email protected] TELESALES 96 621 1003 616 332 178 Sally Los Alcazares, San Javier 618 391 491 Myra Quesada, Rojales, Torrevieja, San Miguel Tel. 618 583 765 Jean La Zenia, Playa Flamenca, Cabo Roig Tel. 618 898 034 Therese Guardamar, La Marina, Santa pola, Gran Alacant Tel 616 332 178 Writers Donna Gee Amanda Black Sally Bengtsson Rebecca Marks Jeanette Erath Alex Trelinski Dave Silver Steve Bott Tony Mayes Jake Monroe Affiliations Publication Published by Rainbow Media, S.L. Printed by Localprint S.L Depósito legal A - 132 - 2011 The Courier, its publishers, members of staff and its agents do not accept responsibility for claims by advertisers nor can it be held responsible for any errors in advertisements which are reproduced from poor artwork, low quality electronic data or inadequate instructions for text or other layout features. Further no responsibility is accepted for any loss or damage caused by an error, inaccuracy or non-appearance of any advertisement, although all advertisements produced are checked prior to insertion. We regret that we cannot accept responsibility for more than ONE incorrect insertion and that no re-publication will be granted in the case of typographical or minor changes which do not affect the value of the advertisement. E&OE. NO PART OF THIS NEWSPAPER MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE PUBLISHERS. Picture of the Week NO WANT SPEAK! Spaniards fear English errors The survey by Pueblo Inglés – More than English, also revealed that 98 per cent of those questioned thought standards of English teaching in Spanish schools were poor. Solar panels were fitted on a council A new survey has revealed that nine in ten house in North Wales – facing AWAY from Spaniards feel uncomfortable speaking English, even though 37 per cent of them have spent the sun. Tenant Gerald Evans pointed it out to the fitters but claims he was ignored. more than 15 years studying the language. The retired labourer suggested the panelling Thirty five per cent said they felt insecure and embarrassed, and four per cent said they would would be best at the front of the property where not attempt to speak English in case they it would be exposed to more sunlight during the day. seemed ‘ridiculous’ But he said: "I was told the correct positioning However, half said that although they knew their grammar was not correct, they would still had been assessed using a compass." The contractor, social housing refurbishment try to speak English. specialists Forrest, later apologised for the error on a bungalow in Chirk, near Wrexham. They have agreed to fix … he has also mistreated the eldest actions amounted to illegal abduction. and he even punched me in the stomIt also said she had violated an them the right way round free ach when I was pregnant with my last order from a Nottingham court banning of charge. child.” her from taking two of her children outShe decided to return to Spain after side the jurisdiction of England and claiming he threatened to take the chil- Wales. dren to Nigeria and she was advised Accusations against the husband by the Spanish Consulate in were not taken into account and Nottingham that it was better for her Carolina’s lawyer has requested that children to be in Spain. The mother the official complaints now be provided does not have sole custody of the chil- to Spain. It is understood he has also dren, aged eight, five and four months. lodged a denuncia for rape and abuse The Valencia court applied the at the National Court, the body responHague Convention in its ruling, made sible for safeguarding the rights public on Monday, that the woman’s Spanish citizens. It’s not just the Brits in Spain that struggle with language and the embarrassment of making stupid mistakes when trying to speak Spanish. q ‘Abuser’ husband wins back kids A VALENCIA woman, named only as Carolina AG, has been ordered to return her children to their father in the UK - even though she accuses him of abuse and rape. The woman and her Nigerian husband married in Spain in 2003 but moved to Britain in 2008. Carolina fled back to Spain with their three children after claiming her husband abused her throughout her marriage. She finally reported him for the abuse and for rape last year. She told EFE news agency: “I feared for mine and my children’s lives Friday Sunny High 18°C Low 7°C Chance of Rain 10% Monday Sunny High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of Rain 0% Tuesday PM Showers High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of Rain 50 % Saturday Sunny High 18°C Low 7°C Chance of Rain 10% Wednesday Mostly Sunny High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of Rain 0% Sunday Sunny High 18°C Low 7°C Chance of Rain 10% Thursday Light Rain High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of rain 40 % 3 Friday, January 20, 2012 Filipinas clean-up ends 20 years of aggro COURIER ADVERTISING IS THE MEAL THING! BUSINESS hasn’t been too good at Ricardo’s Bar and Bistro in El Raso recently, like most local eateries. So the decision to bring back their remarkable Sunday Roast Special was not a difficult one for proprietors Jane and Graham Lilley. What they did not expect was the massive response to their advert in last week’s Courier. “We had so many people here that we ran out of food,’’ gasped Graham, who underestimated the response by 50 per cent. “We served nearly 60 lunches on the day, which is a record for this time of year.’’ Last summer, the Lilleys dropped their Sunday lunches (which are prepared personally by Jane and complemented by roast and mash potatoes, Yorkshire pudding, fresh veg and trimmings) when the demand for heavy meals dropped in the heat of the holiday season. Head chef Jane prepares all the meals personally...but was taken by complete surprise as the 25 customers she expected for Sunday lunch mushroomed to the point that she and her reduced winter staff were stretched to the limit. “We apologise that some people did not get the full choice of chicken, beef or pork plus all the trimmings - but we are aiming not to be caught out again,’’ said Graham. One thing that won’t be changing is the astonishing price - £3.95. Yes, £3.95. Check out the Ricardo’s advert on Page 7. Sunday sellout: Jane and Graham Lilley Budget Brits on way back as Spain holiday cost falls IT’S official – the price of holidaying in Spain has gone down for British holiday makers. In fact, it is now up to 40 per cent cheaper to take a break in the Spanish sun than it was five years ago. The annual Holiday Money Spain’s resorts after totting up the cost of a range of typical holiday items including drinks, meals and suntan lotion. Of the 40 resorts surveyed, Spain was the second cheapest place to holiday – coming second only to longhaul destination, Sri Lanka. This is great news for cash-strapped Brits who have a love affair with Spain but have been put off by rising prices in recent years. And it’s even better news for all Costa businesses hoping for a bumper number of visitors in 2012. The 40 per cent drop is mainly due to cuts in prices as shops, bars and restaurants compete for business. But the rise of sterling against the euro – up 6.4 per cent in the past three months – has helped, too. Holiday Money Report’s shopping list came to a total CHEAPEST; Sri Lanka Report by Post Office Travel Money delivered its verdict on By SALLY BENGTSSON and AMANDA BLACK of £38 on the Costa del Sol. The same items cost £28 in Sri Lanka and a staggering £115.69 in the most expensive destination– Brisbane in Australia. Europe’s most expensive place was Italy, with £89.03. Eight items were on the shopping list – a cup of coffee in a bar or café, a bottle of local beer, a can of CocaCola, a bottle of sun cream, a 1.5 litre bottle of mineral water from a supermarket, insect repellent, a pack of cigarettes and a threecourse evening meal for two adults with a bottle of house wine. On value for money, Spain beat off competition from resorts that have previously been seen as a cheap alternative. Bulgaria’s shopping list came in more than £10 high- er than Spain’s, while Turkey, once seen as Europe’s cheapest destination, was 60 per cent more expensive. The report is especially good news for Spain as this year, more than ever, with money in such short supply, people are looking at affordability when booking their summer breaks. Post Office Travel Money head Sarah Munro said: “The message that came out clearly from our holiday budgeting research was that 2012 will be all about affordability. Holidays may still be a priority but they are not a necessity and people will not knowingly get into debt to fund them.” So, brace yourself to welcome a bumper crop of Brits on a budget this summer. AFTER a 20-year battle, Las Filipinas urbanisation in San Miguel is to have a proper water supply at last. Work to connect the urbanisation, which is home to hundreds of families, to a clean water supply finally began on Monday. The local Neighbourhood association, San Miguel Arcángel, welcomed the move. The group has been fighting for this basic service since 2004. The battle for clean water went as far as the European parliament after it was found that water to the homes on Las Filipinas was contaminated. Despite relief that the work to supply the urbanisation with clean water is at last going ahead, San Miguel Arcángel were angry that the people of the urbanisation – “the victims of this mess” – were having to pay more than six euros per cubic metre. l DEAREST: Brisbane MORE than 3,000 resale properties changed hands in Torrevieja last year, putting the city among the top ten markets in the sector throughout Spain. The year ended with 3,158 second-hand properties being sold in Torrevieja. However, there was little movement in construction of first homes. The oversupply of property in previous years saw 2011 finishing with licences granted for the building of just 85 new homes. From the mid-nineties until 2007, new homes were being built in the thousands each year. 4 Friday, January 20, 2012 THE COLD REALITY OF CRUISE SAFETY THE terrifying events off the small Italian island at the weekend will, I hope, be a wake-up call to the cruise industry. The ship hit submerged rocks, which ripped a huge gash below the waterline of the huge floating island - home to more than 4,000 passengers and crew. Frankly, the accident has put me off cruise holidays. Just imagine what would have happened if the accident had been off Norway or Alaska, with sea temperatures hovering around freezing rather than around 15 degrees in the Med. The death toll from hypothermia would have been enormous - on the scale of the Titanic. I hope the cruise industry looks at several aspects of this accident as a matter of urgency. 1) Is it practical to have such huge liners to travel so close to land at cruising speed? Should they not have to be at least a few miles offshore in case anything untoward goes wrong? 2) Is it sensible to built larger and larger liners with the potential for loss of life or injuries ever increasing? And 3) is there something basically wrong with the design of cruise liners that such vessels can take in water so quickly and list so quickly that it is impossible to launch lifeboats within minutes of an incident? Well, here we are (briefly) in the UK arranging for our furniture in storage to be driven to our new home in Spain. It's freezing cold, we're scraping the ice off the car every morning, and we've faced the usual endless traffic jams every time we take to the roads. Nothing in the UK has changed and it makes us realise how lucky we are to be living in Spain almost full-time now. Our family in Britain is split between the north and south, which means a lot of driving and nothing has changed with the price of fuel. How on earth can a 4p per litre difference in fuel cost between north and south be justified within the same company? Another noticeable thing is how friendly the people are up north compared to their southern counterparts. Supermarket staff couldn't do enough to help us find items on the shelves. Something perhaps that staff in Spanish supermarkets could learn! WHIPPING UP THE PREMIUMS SOMETHING we have been trying to avoid while in the UK is a terrible new disease - whiplash! It's become an epidemic in Britain with drivers and passengers apparently far more likely to "catch" it in the UK than the rest of Europe. Claims for whiplash now account for threequarters of the country’s personal injury accident claims - because, conveniently, it is very difficult for doctors to prove that a painful neck actually exists. It really is a sickening situation as people involved in the most minor of accidents claim whiplash pain and seek compensation. It is pushing up insurance premiums by 30 per cent or more - a totally crazy situation which needs addressing. Even worse is news that people are actually causing accidents, particularly at roundabouts, in order to make whiplash injury claims. Sickening Britain. MEALS AND STEALS WHAT on earth gets into people who have pots of money and still go into shops and steal? I refer to last week's sad case of celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson who was stupid enough to steal lowvalue items from a local supermarket. It resembles the case of a former mayor of my home town who did the very same thing, even though she had the money to buy the goods thousands of times over. Is it something to do with the thrill of doing something ille- The Stagesruck! crew gal? I can't understand why people who have wealth, act like people who are destitute. In fact, there are many who are living on the breadline who wouldn't dream of stealing. The reason for me writing about this is the attitude of the British legal system over such incidents. If this theft had been committed by a Joe Bloggs he would have been hauled before the courts and faced the humiliation of standing in the dock charged with theft. Instead, the police merely issued an "official caution" to Mr Thompson. What sort of example does this present to people? Firstly, what example does Mr Thompson, who is a celebrity, give to the rest of society, and what example are the police and the legal profession showing to society by giving a caution? It's like tapping him on the head and telling him not to be a naughty boy again. Millions of pounds are stolen from shops every year and, as a result, prices are pushed higher to pay for it. An example needs to be set - and a hefty fine or community service would be far more fitting. JOCKS AWAY SO the Scots want to jump ship and become an independent nation, do they? Well, good riddance to them. The Scots have been a problem ever since Roman times - after all, they had to build a wall across the country to keep them out. So, if they want to go it alone, let them. But they don't have a penny more of English money, they have to provide their own defence and cannot come running back if the going gets tough. And no using the £ either - let them enjoy the woes of the euro. Perhaps a few years of not having handouts from England to help give students free university education and lower council tax might make the Scots think twice. And just imagine it - no chance of the likes of Blair and Brown in Westminster and less likelihood of Labour gaining power with the loss of so many Labour voters from north of the border. Just for the record, I value a lot of Scots as friends. It's the politics north of the border that rankles. Grease and favour THE highly successful production of ‘Ancient Grease’ last May was a complete sell out for its three-night run - and many people missed it because the tickets went like Greased Lightnin’! So . . . due to public demand, Stagestruck! will be performing the show again on May 24, 25 and 26 at the School of Music and Culture in Los Montesinos. All proceeds will go to Adismon for disabled children. Some of the original cast were already in the group but there were no problems casting the remaining roles from the other members plus a couple of new characters so it promises to be even bigger, better and funnier than last time! Tickets are 5€, available from the theatre or by phoning the numbers below and everyone will be welcomed with a complimentary glass of wine. Doors open 7.15pm and show starts 8pm. Early booking is strongly advised so remember - if you were Born To Hand Jive then You’re The Ones That We Want because We’re Hopelessly Devoted To You and there’s the guarantee you’ll remember those Summer Nights! The Worst Thing You Can Do is miss it!! The group offer their services to anyone who would like to book them for their ‘Now For Something Completely Different’ occasions! To reserve tickets, please ring Stella on 966 786 154 or Sally on 648 783 601. Notice: Would Mary, who visited rehearsals at Casa Ventura a couple of times, please contact the group ASAP. Friday, January 20, 2012 Reaching for the moon... OK, so I´m not 21 any more, in fact in just over a year I will be double that. But I can honestly say my life now is at the point that I wanted it to be when I was 21. choices. Why did I want to stay in Spain and how did I know that I would? You see, I had no doubt in my mind that I was not going to go back to the UK. “I do not go backwards,” I would tell anyone who listened. Turns out, so far that I was right but Well, maybe not quite, I mean I´m not was it positive mental attitude that kept me stinking rich and not even a little bit famous, here? but I am comfortable in my skin, I have the I guess I could have given up and gone family I wanted, maybe not in the traditional back. All it would have proved was that either sense, but I am happy. I wasn´t a fighter or that I really didn´t want I can spend my days with my son or doing to be here, and I know that neither of those things that need to be done, such as shopare true. I believe that I owe my current situping and ation, which is cleaning a very happy and I can one, to severspend my al factors: I evenings really want to when my lad be in Spain, I is in bed love the relaxing and lifestyle, the writing. weather, the When I people - and I was with my believe it is a son’s father, better place to who was an raise children artist, I than the UK. thought my I am a life was complete. I had a man I loved, a strong person, I firmly believe we are all beautiful child and the bohemian life I´d strong and we all have the power to rise to dreamed of. Then, one afternoon, it came any occasion that presents itself and we can crashing down around my ears, when the overcome any obstacle. But possibly the man I thought was my dream turned out to main reasons I have been able to stay in be my worst nightmare. Spain are three very good friends, who were It has been a long year since he left Spain, there for me when I had nothing. Friends I we separated a year before that, and since have had for several years. One I met when he left I have had to make many choices. I first came to Spain and became an ally Recently I have been thinking about those against certain neighbours; the others, a couple I met when my son was a baby and we kept in touch. They were there when I had nothing and helped me back to my feet. Positive attitude certainly did help me as well and I think it also helped the peoKING´S COLLEGE, the British School of Murcia, is ple around me. They felt that opening its own Art Gallery on Thursday (January 26). I wasn´t giving up and maybe The new facility will showcase expeditions, mainly of felt more inclined to help, local artists, on a six to eight weekly basis. plus without the positivity it is The opening exhibition will be of paintings by Sñr easy to sink into despair and José María Cardelo, aka Eppo Cardelo, who has his even depression and no one own studio at the La Manga Club. This will run until wants to go down that road. Friday March 16. Sometimes we all have to Visitors are welcome to visit the gallery on weekdays reach out to people and between 9.30am and 5.30pm. On arrival, please go to accept help, and sometimes reception, where you will be given a pass and the we all have to look to our opportunity to browse the gallery at your leisure. friends and neighbours and The second exhibition will be by Stanislav Majorosi, recognise when help is needbeginning on Thursday March 22. Visitors attending ed. When we are down we the openings on January 26 and March 22 will receive need someone to pick us up, but don´t forget when we are drinks and tapas from 6.30pm. up, there may be someone who needs us to raise them to our level. Above all, do not be afraid to pick yourself up and try again, making mistakes is part of learning and growing as a person. Being on your own isn´t so bad, but whatever you want, go for it, reach for the moon, after all, if you miss it you will still hit the stars. King’s College in affair of the art 5 Friday, January 20, 2012 Alicante women to sue over breast implants SOME 80 women in Alicante province have united to bring a class action after discovering they received the controversial French PIP breast implants. The women fear for their health after finding that the implants from Poly Implante Prothese (PIP) contained industrial silicone. Many are desperate to get the potentially dangerous implants out of their bodies. One of those is Sandra Albaladejo, who had surgery in 2007, and last Thursday discovered her implant was a PIP. “The surgeon sold it to A MAN was quizzed by cops after taking his mum's me as the best on the marcorpse home on a bus after she suddenly dropped ket,” said Sandra. dead. According to The Sun, he was on a day trip with She does not know if the the 88-year-old when she passed away on the journey. implant has ruptured but Instead of reporting her death the shocked son put says she wants it out. the body in her wheelchair and boarded ANOTHER bus “I spend the day crying home. Cops alerted by fellow passengers stopped the and have great anxiety 52-year-old man in the street and called an ambulance. about what might happen to The incident happened on Monday evening after the me,” she said. “I denounce pair had spent the day in Lancaster. At Preston the everyone from the surgeon man, who is not being named, put his mum in a wheelto the Ministry of Health chair before boarding a bus to Chorley. because they are playing A spokesman for Lancashire Police said: "We with our health.” became aware of a man pushing a lady through the The clinic wants 3,000 street in Chorley. It is very tragic. This man has lost his euros to remove her mother and was struggling to know how to deal with implant. it." As well as containing Son takes his dead mum home on bus industrial silicone, the PIP implants are believed to be more likely to rupture. Julio Sáez Castán, head of Elche Tesla diagnostic imaging clinic, said: “We are seeing a lot of broken implants. In the past two years we have seen about 110 implants that were broken and, mostly, these are PIP prosthesis.” He added that it is the PIP implants manufactured after 2004 or 2005 that are most likely to break. Prior to that they had about the same rupture rate as other brands, according to Sáez. France has called for all affected women to have the implants removed, but at present the official line in Spain is that removal is not advised if the implants are not broken. But many women in Spain distrust this advice and fear their implants may rupture without them knowing. Mirella Casanova had surgery in 2007 in a private clinic in Alicante and in 2010 underwent a review. Although neither the ultrasound, MRI nor mammogram revealed a rupture, she decided to change the implants anyway. Once they were out Mirella discovered that “one of the prosthesis had lost volume without being broken. They explained that the silicone had leaked through the pores of the prosthesis. Now I have to have analysis with tumour markers every year.” Other women complain that they have not been contacted. DOOMED SHIP ‘TOP HEAVY’ From Page One Keith and Keiley Barry in the glitz of the Costa Concordia the trip as vividly as he does the gaudy decoration of the Costa Concordia, said: ‘’People were getting on at different places, and for three days we had no idea what the security drill was. Had there been an emergency, we would not have known what to do.’’ Dennis (pictured right) and Gretta (pictured below on board the Costa Concordia) are veteran cruisers and remember the Costa Concordia primarily for its incredible size – it has been described as ‘a floating town’ - and the fact that very few of the crew spoke English. “As well as the crew, the vast majority of the passengers were also Italian,’’ said Dennis. “The cruise as different to all the others in that there was no dress code. ‘People would turn up for dinner in shorts and tee-shirts and no one gave a damn. Personally, I found it excessively informal...but then, everyone has their own preference.’’ Among the victims of the tragedy was Spaniard Guillermo Gual, 68, who suffered from mental disabilities. The rest of his family, Juan and Ana Tomás, their four children and two friends of their eldest daughter, managed to flee the keeling ship, some in lifeboats and some in the water. But Guillermo went missing. All nine members of the party managed to convene on the third floor of the Concordia, only for the ship to begin listing more and more. "We didn't know anything, whether to head for the right side or the left side of the boat,’’ said Juan. “ The waiters tried to look calm, but you could see they were also nervous and didn't know what to do. The boat was sinking further and further and we were told to wait for the captain's instructions, but they never came. "In the end, we decided to save ourselves.’’ They all jumped into the water at the same time. But in the freezing sea, Guillermo was not with them. 7 Friday, January 20, 2012 Chocs away! This diet thing is hard to swallow AS I sit at my desk writing this, I’d like to be able to assure you that the only consumable item within my grasp is a cup of tea. And I can confirm that this is the case, now that I’ve finished off the box of praline chocolates I won at the local Quiz earlier this evening. Oh, I also have to confess that after the tenth and final choc, I couldn’t resist the opportunity to dunk a couple of biscuits into my brew while it was hot. OK, six if you have to know. The point is that, 19 days into 2012, my New Year’s Resolution has long bitten the dust - and I’ve probably bitten off more chocolate than I did in the whole of 2011. Unfortunately I swallowed it as well - distancing myself even further from the sylph-like figure I dreamt of as I emptied those tins of Celebrations and Quality Street over the Christmas hols. The world was going to change for me on January 1 and it did. I actually got a couple of salads down me (admittedly accompanied by a large dollop of Hellman’s Light from Mercadona) and I swear I didn’t put on an ounce for the first week of the year. I made a pact with my lodger Mike that we would avoid eating ‘naughties’ simply by not bringing them into the house. Of course I had to sneak a bar of chocolate into our weekly shop - just for the occasional treat, you understand. I wolfed down the lot and now I fear I’m doomed to spend the rest of the year starring in The Choccy Horror Show. Help! THE CANE SCRUTINY Yob rule a direct result of corporal punishment ban WHEN I was in junior school, I was petrified of the cane in Mr Coleman’s study. He was the headmaster - and the only teacher allowed to dish out corporal punishment. Understandably afraid of being beaten, I worked hard to make sure I never crossed Mr C - or any other teacher for that matter. When I think back, the fear of bamboo on youthful fingers was probably the biggest deterrent of all in keeping boisterous 10year-olds on the straight and narrow. My Dad wasn’t averse to clipping me around the ear when I stepped out off line at home; indeed he occasionally whacked me on the back of the head and was promptly ticked off by my stepmother for overstepping the mark. “Jack, that’s dangerous,’’ she would complain. ‘’If you must hit her, smack her on the leg.’’ Naughty To anyone under 30, the above scenario will sound Dickensian – and to some extent it was. But whilst I was a bit of a naughty child at home, I made sure I kept on the right side of the school authorities. Only once was I marched to Mr Coleman’s study...for stupidly lobbing a lump of coal onto the playground. Don’t ask me where the coal came from because I haven’t a clue. Mind you, this was in South Wales and at the time I was a minor! Anyway, you can imagine how this cowardly coalchucker reacted when the headmaster brought out his cane. I burst into a flood of tears and apologies... and literally begged for mercy. My emotional plea had desired effect on Mr though I’ll never know if cane would have hurt the C, the my The Broadband and Telephone Company 966 784 532 hand more than his alternative punishment – the exertion of writing ‘I shall not throw coal on the playground’ 100 times. Now I was a pretty typical kid and, whilst I was an angel compared to the child rioters of 2011, there is no doubt the fear of physical discipline taught me and my friends to respect authority. I’ve a message for David Cameron, Theresa May and Co. Corporal punishment works. And it’s because Britain abandoned discipline that loony looters ran wild in the nation’s major cities last year. I have certainly never come across anyone who was permanently damaged, physically or mentally, by the after-effects of six of the best. In fact, everyone I’ve spoken to said the experience did them good. But try telling that to the politically-correct dummies who run our country. They would rather collaborate with the thugs rather than confront them – believing you can talk sense to the brain dead. The vermin who destroyed England come from a subculture that has developed over the last few decades – a scum society where scallies perform street carnage while mum and dad are either enjoying the pleasantries of a comfortable jail cell or out of their minds on drink and drugs. These lowlifes are a tiny minority of British society, yet they can cause havoc, as we have seen so painfully in recent times. They respect nobody, would not dream of working, and believe the only way of life is to steal from others. They live by the law of insolence, robbery and violence. And the only way to deal with them when they go on the rampage is to give the police and, if necessary, the Army the freedom to stamp on them. But in a country where most policemen are not even armed, what chance have we got? Political correctness rules, just as it does in the schools where the little scumbags develop their obnoxious charms. Teachers cannot so much as raise a hand to discipline the rebels, who celebrate by threatening and even attacking the people trying to educate them. This is where the problem began...we took legalised discipline out of the equation when the cane was confiscated from our schoolteachers. It might already be too late, but Mr Coleman, your cane is needed. Desperately. 8 Friday, January 20, 2012 SIGN OF A SPANISH ADVENTURE I INVITED my three grandchildren to stand in line in the kitchen and explained the situation. 'Right, you lot. I have only one carton of fruit juice left so two of you shall have to make do with water. 'But how to decide which one gets the blackcurrant drink?' All three shrugged their little shoulders. 'We could draw straws.' I went on, 'But I have only the one straw and that's stickytaped to the single fruit drink. So that plan ain't gonna work. 'We could decide on the throw of a dice but I've mislaid the dice so . . .' 'You didn't lose the dice,' Mrs S butted in. 'You deliberately threw both dice behind the sideboard in a childish show of temper when we were playing Monopoly.' She went on: 'And your petulant behaviour was just because I had an hotel and two houses on my Park Lane when your old boot token landed on it.' (That happens to be my wife's biggest fault -- total recall.) 'Have you finished?' I snorted. 'I happen to be talking to the kids. So where were we?' All three grandchildren shrugged again. Okay,' I said. 'I'll ask you a general knowledge question and the first to answer wins the fruit juice.''I can submit a question,' Mrs S said. 'Why is your grandad so infantile when he plays board games?' I grabbed the phone and mimicked making a call. ‘Hello, doctor, what do you suggest for an interfering busybody who is in danger of suffering cramp of the tongue Smartypants,' I said. 'Wrong thirsty anyway. answer. But for showing iniMrs S popped her head from talking too much?' Mrs S tutted with the afore- tiative I shall award you the round the kitchen door. 'And tell them about the time you mentioned tongue and left prize.' I opened the fridge and knocked the board over the kitchen, no doubt to drive reached for the juice carton. when you were losing at someone else crazy. 'I don't want it,' said the six- Snakes and Ladders. You 'Back to business,' I said, viper!' clapping my hands. 'The first year-old. 'I want milk.' It was my turn to shrug. 'Right, kids,' I said. 'Who one who can tell me the capital of Spain gets the black- 'Well, that battle of wits wants to watch some telly?' turned out to be somewhat of Two of them legged it into currant drink.' the living room but the middle The two three-year-olds an anti-climax.' So I poured the eldest grandchild, who hadn't been shrugged for the umpteenth time that day but the six- child a glass of milk and gave thirsty, stayed put. 'Grandpa?' she asked. year-old piped up: 'The capi- the blackcurrant juice to the youngest infant after the mid- 'Who is that lady?’ tal of Spain is S.' 'Okay, Senor dle child said she wasn't 'You know who it is,' I said, 'It's your grandma. She sometimes talks too much.' ‘Not nana,' chuckled my granddaughter. 'That lady you just told us about? The one you called Auntie Climax? Is she really our auntie?' I laughed. 'That's not a person, sweetie. That's a figure of speech. I'll explain what an anti-climax is.' And I recounted the following story: Once upon a time Mrs S and I spent a week in Madrid (the real capital of Spain.)We were doing a bit of sightseeing when we came across this monument-type thingy with a plaque attached. Mrs S was intrigued. 'I wonder what that's all about. Why don't you nip up there and see what the plaque says.' 'Up there' happened to be 39 marble steps (actually, there were 24 but 39 sounds more literary.) 'No way,' I said. 'It's too dangerous. It's been raining and I'll probably slip and break my neck on those marble steps. I'm not going up there and that's final.' Ten minutes later I was back down again, huffing and puffing on the pavement. 'Well?' asked Mrs S. 'The plaque is in Spanish,' I said through gritted teeth. 'But I've written the words down anyway.' We got home and while Mrs S unpacked I nipped round to the house of my best pal, Eric the dentist. Eric's mother was halfSpanish (and half-wasn't) and so he speaks a bit of the lingo. 'Well, what does it say?' I asked, brandishing the piece of paper. Eric studied the words. 'Well, it's hardly brimming with Spanish culture. 'All that's written on the plaque is: Danger, Keep Off the Marble Steps.' And that -- I turned to my little granddaughter -- was what one termed an anti-climax. But the child was nowhere to be seen. She'd disappeared into the living room to join her older brother and younger cousin. They were sitting quietly on the sofa, passing the single fruit-juice carton between them. 'Kids can be so cute,' cooed Dave the barman down at the pub that evening. 'You know,' he went on, 'I should have married but I've been too busy over the years looking after your alcohol needs.' 'I'll tell you something, Dave,' I told him. 'You do remind me of my own dear father.' 'Ah, that is a lovely thing to say,' Dave said 'It's true,' I responded. 'When I was a little boy I used to wake my dad during the night and ask him for a drink. 'And the water he brought me tasted just like your draft beer does.' 11 Friday, January 20, 2012 SAY IT IN SPANISH Learn the lingo - with a little help from JEANETTE ERATH STARTING SPANISH, LESSON 3 THIS week we are going to learn the days of the week, the months and the seasons. I will give you the English, then the Spanish, then how the word sounds in Spanish. Keep practising all week, use the words when you can. The Months January – Enero (en er oh) February – Febrero (feb rare oh) March – Marzo (mar tho as in throw) April – Abril (ab riil) May – Mayo (my oh) June – Junio (hoo nee oh) July – Julio (hoo lee oh) August – Agosto (agos toh) September – Septiembre (sep tea em bray) October – Octubre (oc too bray) November – Noviembre (no vee em bray) December – Diciembre (Di thee em bray) The Seasons Days of the Week Monday – Lunes (loo ness) Tuesday – Martes (mar tes) Wednesday – Miércoles (me er co les) Thursday – Jueves (huay ves) Friday – Viernes (vee er nes) Saturday – Sábado (sa bad oh) Sunday – Domingo (dom in go) Spring – primavera (pri ma ver uh) Summer – verano (ver an oh) Autumn – otoño (au tonyo) Winter – invierno (in vee er no) When you are familiar with the words you can begin to use them in short sentences. For that you need to know the two verbs in Spanish that mean ´to be´. You may have heard them and if you´ve started to learn any Spanish you will have come across them. They are SER and ESTAR. As a general rule, SER is used for things that are permanent, such as gender, where you´re from, family relations, etc and ESTAR for short term or locations. In this week’s context, we will use SER in the form IT IS which is ES, so to say ‘today is Tuesday’ we would say HOY ES MARTES, or to say ‘ it is autumn’, we say ES OTOÑO. Practise a few sayings using ES and the words you have learnt from the above list; every day you can say what day it is and what month and season. That way you will get into the habit of speaking Spanish, and making sure you get it right. A good way to remember words is to write them down on stickers, and place them where you will see them, or on the item they relate to. For example, you could write the Spanish word for drawer on a sticker and place it on your drawer. Make sure the sticker comes off easily so when you have learnt the word you aren´t having to scrape sticky glue off all your surfaces - and obviously be careful with wallpaper. For words like ´day´ or ´month´, where there isn´t a physical object, you can write the word and the translation and place the sticker wherever you think you will see it regularly. Every time you see the sticker, say the word, you will be surprised how quickly Spanish words start sticking in your mind. Next week we will be looking at numbers and telling the time. 12 SHOCK OVER TEEN KILLER’S SENTENCE Celebrating the start of democracy La Verdad THE 200th anniversary of the 1812 Constitution is being celebrated in Cádiz this La Opinion year, the city where it was proclaimed. Marta del The Cádiz Constitution is seen by many as Castillo A MURDER case that has appalled and intrigued the start of democracy in Spain. and her Spain over the past three years has ended in a The document established people as citikiller shockingly lenient punishment. zens rather than subjects and introduced the Miguel Despite the prosecution requesting 52 years, a Seville concepts of freedom of expression and freeCarcaño court has handed down a 20-year prison sentence to the dom of the press. It also recognised the right murderer of 17-year-old Marta del Castillo. Her body has still to private property and personal safety. not been found. The constitution was short lived and Spain Miguel Carcaño, 21, was found guilty of killing his ex-girlwould have to wait until 1931 for popular sovfriend with an ashtray, then disposing of the body with the ereignty, the real basis of democracy. help of other people. Three other suspects were acquitted. However, the Cádiz Constitution is recognised Last spring, Javier García, was also acquitted of the muras the starting point for democracy in Spain. der and rape of Marta del Castillo but convicted of covering “It was legendary even though it was only up for Carcaño. in effect for a few years, because it set two The victim’s father, Antonio del Castillo, said on Friday that precedents that formed the basis of the liberthe court’s decision “makes no sense”, as it acquits three out al political system: national sovereignty and of the four suspects, making it seem as if Carcaño killed the division of powers,” says Emilio La Parra, Marta and got rid of her body by himself. “There is no justice a professor of contemporary in this country,” he said, promising to “keep fighting” and to history at Alicante University. appeal the decision. “Eva [Marta’s mother] is upstairs crying, “Cádiz became a political devastated; she cannot believe it and neither can we.” school that influenced the During the trial, the accused offered their apologies to the Americas and Europe, as a victim’s relatives, yet none revealed where her body was. role model of a country fightCarcaño was ordered to pay 340,000 euros in damages to ing for independence against the family. an invading army yet still capable of conducting a politEl Pais ical revolution,” says Alberto Ramos, a professor at Cádiz A Religious Education teacher who was barred from University. La Verdad teaching at public schools after marrying a divorced man The city will host many has just won her case - after 11 years. events to celebrate the The Constitutional Court ordered the Superior Court of anniversary. MOTHERS in crisis-hit families are turning to prostitution in a Justice of Andalucia, which desperate attempt to feed their children. had ruled in favour of the And the problem is so great, with so many women competRoman Catholic Church, ing for trade, that some are selling their bodies for as little as to retract in favour five euros. of Resurrección Galera La Verdad Even then, with few men having spare cash to pay for sex, Navarro, a former teacher the women often walk the streets in skimpy clothes, bearing Galera Navarro of Catholic religion. the cold for hours on end before coming home with nothing. Although the new sen- SPAIN’S controversial Ley de Costas (Coastal Law) will The work is dangerous and tence establishes Galera be reformed, the new government minister in charge many women are beaten or Navarro must be returned has said. robbed. Miguel Arias Cañete, the Minister of Agriculture, th- to her post, Catholic The women are often ga Baja. In 2011 ten ear Food and the Environment, has announced a profound Ve ny ma ke wo e bishops have said she housewives in families where AN earthquak re recorded in the reform of the coastal laws, with the aim of harmonising , Orihuela quakes we all wage-earners have lost people in Torrevieja de la area, the strongest being 3.5 will not get her job back. economic development and the protection of natural ar Pil ce and The education ministry Sin their jobs. Once unemploy- Costa September 13th. on e Th resources. “Tourism is compatible with protecting the . day tur Sa t thquakes have will have to pay an ment benefit runs out, the Horadada las 7am, 1994 270 ear environment,” according to Cañete. 6.0 at d rte sta and g rcia kin unspecified amount in sha families have no income. been recorded in Mu at tre cen The minister has also said he will act as a bridge epi s ke’ ca qua r’s Lor damages, which might Some of the women are as with the s Alicante. Last yea between different administrations in a bid to reach a r hte Ric . A magnitude of 1.7 wa the sea on be upwards of 200,000 old as fifty and many are small quake was 5.2 national agreement on water. recorded. This type of euros. immigrants. the scale. in n mo com is earthquake Mums selling sex Wife of divorcee CAN teach religion Coast law reform Tremor in Torrevieja Friday, January 20, 2012 LÍNEA DIRECTA, THE BEST COMPANY FOR EXPATRIATES AT THE BEST PRICE Since 1998 Línea Directa, the market leader in the sale of direct car, motorbike and home insurance in Spain, has offered an exclusive telephone service entirely in English and German. This service, the first of its kind in Spain, forms part of the company’s commitment to quality and excellence, which have also made it the market leader in this business sector, due to the fact that it currently has over 63,000 foreign customers residing in Spain. As a result, services such as purchasing a policy, making enquiries, processing claims, sending documents and 24-hour assistance can all be carried out in English or German at a time which is convenient for the customer by making just one phone call. And not only does Línea Directa offer the best, it also offers its services at the most competitive price on the market. A real case “This email to confirm receipt of insurance settlement in my bank account today. Many thanks for the professional and efficient way you have dealt with this claim. Regards.” Call now 902 123 104 13 14 Friday, January 20, 2012 PURE COP-ULATION Well, Nuck me! A MARRIED police officer has been sacked after he was found to have had sex with five different women while on duty, it has emerged. An internal investigation found Troy Van-Eda, 44, a police constable for Greater Manchester Police (GMP), had sex at two stations and also at the women's homes. In one instance, he had intercourse with one woman in a station’s boiler room, less than 24 hours after she was stopped for failing to wear a seatbelt. The father-of-three, who claimed he had separated from his wife, was accused of using his “police uniform to feed his obsession with women”. On Wednesday, the PC, from Cutgate, Rochdale, Greater Manchester, was dismissed for gross misconduct following at a three-day disciplinary hearing. Senior officers admitted on Thursday that the officer’s behaviour, while on duty, was “completely unacceptable”. It came after an 18-month internal GMP investigation, undertaken by the force’s Professional Standards Branch, following a formal complaint from one of the women. Two other women also gave statements to police alleging they had sex with the officer while he was on duty. A further two women later gave similar evidence at the disciplinary hearing. The PC, who denied the allegations, plans to appeal his sacking. In her statement to police, Joanne Pinder, 34, claimed the pair had sex in the boiler room of Littleborough Police Station in April 2004. The day before, he had pulled her over for failing to wear a seatbelt but instead of issuing her with a fine, asked for her phone number instead. The pair, who also had sex at Milnrow Police Station, then began a three year relationship. The officer, who has since become engaged, admitted he was a married father-of-three who had separated from his wife. He told her he lived at his mother’s house. Despite the revelation Miss Pinder, from Littleborough, Rochdale stood by him for a further three years until she discovered he was seeing another woman. "He received a salary to do an important job not to sleep with women,” said the charity support worker. “There are many decent people who would love the chance to become a police officer. He used his police uniform to feed his obsession with women.” GMP launched an inquiry in 2010 after she lodged a formal complaint. He was accused of gross misconduct but remained on restricted duties at Rochdale Police Station for 18 months and was banned Troy Van-Eda: from any contact with the pub‘Obsession lic with women’ None of the other women, who all gave evidence at the hearing, have been named. The disciplinary panel of senior officers, dismissed claims from Van-Eda, a former special constable in West Yorkshire, that he was a victim of smear campaign. On Thursday, Dawn Copley, the Assistant Chief Constable of GMP, admitted the officer had failed in his duty after he was sacked without notice. "Greater Manchester Police expects the very highest standards of all its offices and staff,” she said. “Clearly this officer's behaviour while on duty was completely unacceptable." Van-Eda, who now lives with his new fiancée, Rachael Smith, said: "I have lost my job for doing nothing. “Being in the police was a job I always wanted to do. I never wanted to bring disrepute to GMP and want to get my job back." Miliband: The naked truth A NAKED blonde woman appeared on a monitor in the background of a news discussion on Ed Miliband's leadership of the Labour Party on Tuesday night. The scene, from Channel 4 drama Shameless, appeared on screen for a number of seconds as host John MacKay interviewed Labour blogger Dan Hodges. Mr Hodges, a critic of Mr Miliband's leadership, was in ITN's London studio and was debating with shadow Scottish minister Willie Bain on STV's Scotland Tonight programme. The broadcaster apologised for the mistake after Paul Traynor, a viewer, made a formal complaint. Mr Traynor said: “Is this really what we’ve come to expect of Scottish journalism? Someone should explain why, while watching the political debate with John Mackay about Ed Miliband, some irresponsible employee decided to watch porn in the studio while live on TV.” A SNACK MAKER in Australia has won approval to call its product "Nuckin Futs" after authorities accepted the f-word was part of the country's vernacular. The trademark regulator agreed to allow the name as long as the product is not marketed to children after the company's lawyers argued that "----" and "----ing" were not offensive and were "now part of the universal discourse of the ordinary Australian". The authority overturned a ruling last year that the name was an "obvious spoonerism" and was shameful and inappropriate. The decision to allow the name came as little surprise in Australia, where the f-word is a common feature of everyday parlance. Australia's dictionary of record, the Macquarie, has an entry for the f-word – and the word was accidentally dropped in a recent live speech by the Communications Minister, Stephen Conroy, who oversees the country's broadcasting standards. It makes regular inadvertent appearances in live sports commentaries, which tends to prompt an embarrassed apology but occasionally goes unnoticed. "Should we be alarmed and outraged to the point of storming the trade mark office with the pucking fitchforks mentioned above?" said a columnist, Anthony Sharwood, on thepunch.com.au. "If you're that way inclined, go crucking fazy. But bear in mind, the f-word has been gradually sneaking its way into all sorts of upstanding Australian institutions." The company's lawyer, Jamie White, said the snack, which is mostly comprised of edible nuts, was only intended to be sold in pubs, nightclubs and entertainment venues. "We submit that whilst there may be a mere sentimental objection or mere distaste to Nuckin Futs, this is not a sufficient ground for rejection of the Trade Mark, particularly since a substantial number of people would not find the words shocking," said a five-page submission to the Trade Mark Examiner. Action Signs and Print ACTIONS SIGNS has been established on the Costa Blanca Since 2006. We have continually provided a reliable service to all our customers. In June 2010 we moved to a new studio above the Tyres Direct offices in Guardamar, which is situated on the N332 in the Poligono Santa Ana. At ACTION SIGNS we design, manufacture and fit your signage requirements. We specialise in all aspects of signage from vehicle graphics, shop signs internal & external, Illuminated signs, 3D lettering, urbanisation signs, pavement signs, banners for your business or personalised banners for birthdays, anniversaries or any occasion. We also design & print business cards and flyers for your business at VERY competitive rates. In this current economic climate here at ACTION SIGNS we strive to provide a competitively priced and very reliable service to all our existing and new clients.See our ad on page 45 15 Friday, January 20, 2012 Bye bye Scotland! Cam’s big McPlan IT’S a red letter day when a Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition find something to agree over, but we’ve actually seen a rare piece of unity over the future of Scotland. For any Conservatives reading this, I should remind them that Scotland is that part of the United Kingdom which is north of Cumbria and Northumberland, and where once upon a time the Tories had MPs elected. David Cameron, for reasons on the face of it best known to himself, has thrust the whole issue of Scottish Independence into the forefront of politics, by suggesting that the Westminster Government is the only body that can introduce a vote on Scotland breaking away from the Union. Ed Miliband has supported him on this, but all that’s happened is a lot of folk leaping up and down across the border, as they get ready to pipe in their Haggis for Burns Night next Wednesday. On first looks, you find it hard to understand why Cameron has thought this issue so important as to get involved in a bare knuckle fight against the popular Scottish First Minister, Alex Salmond. Yes, the Scottish National Party might be run- Look, it’s Blackadder disguised as David Cameron ning the show in Edinburgh, but despite the voters liking and voting for the SNP, those same electors would normally come out convincingly against Scotland going it alone. The only smell of a chance of that happening would be if some London-based politicians started to tell them how to run their affairs, like in organising a referendum on the union. You could certainly image the Scots justifiably sticking up two fingers at Westminster if they believed they were being bullied around. But might I suggest that this is part of some grand secret plan that Mr.Cameron may be keeping from us? This Blackadder-style plot goes like this. What better for the Tories if Scotland went its own way, with all those nasty Scottish Labour MPs no longer being elected to a Westminster Parliament, thus giving the Conservatives an almost unbreakable hold on power. Doubly so now, with the big NO vote against Proportional Representation last May. You’ll find plenty of English Tory MPs who, though publicly supporting the Union, would privately be happy to rebuild Hadrian’s Wall, and to give Alex Salmond whatever he wants. In fact, an ICM opinion poll last weekend suggested that more English voters wanted Scottish independence than those in Scotland! It’s clear that Ed Miliband is scared of any notion of independence, as his Scottish power base would be flushed down the Clyde and Forth. That’s why he was smiling away and nodding in the Prime Minister’s direction over this matter, but perhaps without realising that Cameron might be playing something of a double-bluff. The Prime Minister, meanwhile, is playing a risky game in antagonising Scotland, and if the Union starts to rock, he might find a Royal handbag swinging dangerously at him in his Tuesday night audiences with the Queen! Don’t you just hate it when politicians start poking their noses into matters that they scarcely know anything about, and then make a complete pigs proverbial about it all. David Cameron the other day started spouting off about the state of the UK film industry and saying that British films should all be big commercial hits and award winners like The King's Speech. If the PM has the secret formula for making hit films, then I’m sure that every producer on the planet would Andrew Lansley: Full marks like to know it! Cameron almost brushed aside the small budget and independent UK movie sector, which of course is a crucial learning ground for up-and-coming film makers and actors/actresses. I’d suggest that he has enough on his plate without making stupid comments on a subject area he does not know. Cameron is only the latest in a long line of British leaders who have done little or nothing to support the Arts, but are always quick to smile and line up for a photo-opportunity if Brits do well in any major international awards like the Oscars. Full marks to the Health Secretary, Andrew Lansley, in refusing to spend NHS money on replacing private boob jobs that have gone wrong. He’s been generous enough in offering NHS resources in removing PIP implants if there’s a clinical need, but I suggest these wealthy women should get their cheque-books out of their expensive handbags, rather than wasting British taxpayers’ resources on funding yet another vanity exercise. Perhaps these ladies should donate generously to help disfigured poor children in, say, Africa? 16 THE UK NEWS WHAT A NIGHT Brit talent adds shine to Golden IT was a great night for the Brits at the 69th Golden Globes as both Kate Winslet and Downton Abbey scooped top awards. Kate Winslet was named best actress in a mini series for Sky’s Mildred Pierce, while ITV’s Downton Abbey won best mini series. Kate, 36, was accompanied by her new man, 33-year-old Ned Rocknroll – nephew of Sir Richard Branson. She said: “I share this with my beautiful children Mia and Joe who light up my life every day.” Downton creator Julian Fellowes, Globes as stars scoop awards Daily Mirror there with two of its stars, Elizabeth McGovern and Hugh Bonneville, said: “How fabulous! The whole Downton Abbey adventure has been an extraordinary one, like spotting a promising child and waking up to find they won the Olympics.” Briton Idris Elba, 39, could barely hide his excitement as he collected a best actor prize for BBC’s Luther. Compere Ricky Gervais toned down his approach after shocking A CAT hurled from a high window in Buenos A-list stars the previous Aires, Argentina, seriously hurt a woman, 85, year. Madonna even got when it hit her on the head. one over on the cheeky The pet cat was thrown out of the fourth host, who had introduced floor window of an apartment block in her as “like a Virgin”. Buenos Aires as a married couple quarrelled. She said to cheers: “If During the blazing row, the husband picI’m just like a virgin, ked up the family pet and threw it at his wife, Ricky, why don’t you who ducked. come over here and do The cat then flew out of an open window, something about it?” landing on the elderly woman’s head as she Meryl Streep won best crossed the street below. actress for her role as The victim, a former opera singer named Mrs Thatcher in The Iron as Betty, also happens to be the couple’s Lady. Streep thanked neighbour. “everyone in England She was said to be in a critical condition in who let me come over hospital after suffering a fractured skull. there and trample over The cat didn’t survive the fall. their history”. Woman, 85, hit by flying moggy Daily Mirror Kate Winslet and Ned Rocknroll at the ceremony Cop’s Olympian blunder A SECRET dossier detailing plans for policing this summer’s London Olympics was left on a TRAIN. A cop lost the file but a commuter found it and handed it to The Sun. The shocking security blunder could have provided terrorists planning an attack with invaluable data. A shamed senior cop has been carpeted. The chief inspector in Scotland Yard’s Territorial Policing branch The Sun is said to be “hugely embarrassed” by the potentially serious blunder. The dossier contained details of security plans and provided minutes of top-level meetings where ways to beat terrorists were discussed. Names and mobile phone numbers of constables, sergeants and inspectors were included. Girl, 6, left alone at home for five days The Sun A LITTLE girl had to live on Monster Munch and water after being left alone by her wicked mother for FIVE DAYS. Scared Shekinha Terry, 6, was abandoned in a freezing council house covered in cat mess. Challenged by cops, heartless mum Natalie told them: "I neglected my daughter — end of." A court heard how Shekinha got to find Terry, 28, was not there. The bewildered child waited for a while but then took off her school uniform and switched on the TV. Throughout her ordeal she ate pickled onion flavour Monster Munch, said by food experts to have no nutritional value, and yoghurt. And she drank just water. Finally, shaking and sobbing hysterically, she knocked on a neighbour's door and told her: "Mum has left me for five days and she has not come back." Terry's shocking callousness was revealed at Maidstone Crown Court as she was jailed for 18 months for child cruelty. Hunt for Cotswold big cat continues as second body found Daily Mirror A KILLER big cat is believed to be on the loose in the Cotswolds after a second deer was mutilated. The carcass was found in a field 10 miles from where the first deer was ripped apart a fortnight ago in Woodchester Park, near Stroud. Experts fear the animals were brought down and devoured by a powerful predator such as a puma, jaguar or leopard. Big cat expert Frank Tunbridge said of the latest kill: “I believe it could be the same cat that attacked in Woodchester because these animals usually have a territory of 100 square miles. “Big cats could be thriving because there are plenty of deer, and winter weather creates cover for hunting.” The second body was found by a woman walking her dog between Whiteway and Rendcomb, Glos. When she returned to take photos, the roe deer had been stripped out with just its spine left. The first body had been ripped open and the heart, kidneys and liver were gone. Dr Robin Allaby, of Warwick University, is studying DNA samples from this deer to see if it was killed by a panther-like cat. He said: “I’m prepared to believe in the existence of big cats in the UK and we have a decent chance of finding out if it was there.” Friday, January 20, 2012 THE TABLOIDS CARE COSTS TO DOUBLE Hardworking homeowners will be punished MILLIONS of pensioners Counting the cost: Caring for could be forced to pay the elderly is ever more costly £60,000 for care in old age under plans to almost double fees. It would mean yet more hardworking homeowners having to sell their properties to pay bills as the initiative could see elderly couples forking out as much as £120,000 for their places in a nursing home. Yet the less thrifty who spend their money instead of saving through their working lives will still qualify for care paid for by the taxpayer. The figure nearly doubles the £35,000 cap on Liberal Democrat care fees put to the services minister Paul Government by its own care cost commission Burstow has rejected the boss, economist Andrew £60,000 cap plan saying the matter was still under Dilnot, last year. Financial experts and consideration. Dot Gibson, general campaigners for the secretary of the National elderly criticised the Department of Health Pensioners Convention, said: “We all pay for eduplans. Stuart Grennan, of cation, the NHS and Gallagher Employee defence – so why should Benefits said: “It is hard it be left to the individual to see the rationale and their families to pay behind a doubling of the for someone to look after Dilnot-suggested £35,000 someone suffering from dementia?’’ cap.” Daily Express 17 Life CAN mean life for notorious killers BRITAIN’S most notorious criminals can be kept behind bars for the rest of their lives, European judges have ruled. Jeremy Bamber and two other convicted murderers, Peter Moore and Douglas Vinter, lost their appeal to the European Court of Human Rights that whole-life tariffs condemning prisoners to die in jail amounted to “inhuman or degrading treatment”. In a statement Bamber said: “This political decision that I must die in jail is the death penalty using old age or infirmity as the method. “Both the trial judge and the Lord Chief Justice set my minimum tariff as 25 years. Quite why the Home Secretary felt I should die in jail Daily Mirror when the judges felt otherwise is a mystery. “To then be told by the European Court that it was reasonable and fair for the Home Secretary to resentence me to die in jail is quite extraordinary.” Bamber has always protested his innocence and says it was his schizophrenic sister who shot their parents and her twin sons before turning the gun on herself. His legal team claim to have new evidence that could overturn Bamber’s conviction but the Criminal Cases Review Commission reached a provisional decision not to refer his case back to the Court of Appeal. Teen seductress posed as boy Gemma Barker: Fooled cops A WOMAN who disguised herself as a BOY to trick teenage girls into relationships faces jail. Gemma Barker, 19, would don male clothes and hoodies to hide her female features as she deceived girls she fancied. The brunette's victims were completely taken in and even enjoyed sexual fumblings with their friend – who they believed was Aaron Lampard, Connor McCormack and Luke Jones. Cops were also fooled and believed they had arrested Aaron Lampard on sus- The Sun picion of sexual assault. It was only once "his" clothes were removed in the cells that stunned police realised "he" was a girl. Judge Peter Moss told Barker he could not be sure whether she was "bad and dangerous to know or mad and dangerous to know". Barker, of Staines, Middlesex, faces up to two years in jail after admitting two counts of sexual assault and one of fraud. Deportation of ‘hate cleric’ against human rights Daily Express A HATE cleric has been told he can stay in the UK because of his human rights, despite being described as Osama bin Laden’s right hand man in Europe. In a blow to the British government, radical Muslim Abu Qatada was told that he would not be deported back to Jordan even though he has been convicted on terror charges. He remains an iconic figure for many supporters of Jihad but was told by the European Court of Human Rights that he would not be sent back. This is because “there remains a real risk that evidence obtained by torture will be used against him” and he would not receive a fair trial. The decision flies in the face of UK law Lords who ruled almost three years ago that he could be sent back to Jordan. It is the first time the Strasbourg-based court has found that an expulsion would be in violation of the right to a fair trial. Home Secretary Theresa May said she was “disappointed” but it was “not the end of the road” and “all the legal options” will be considered. The battle to kick Qatada, who remains in prison, out of the country has been ongoing for ten years. 18 Friday, January 20, 2012 VEGETARIAN WINTER SALADS Comfort food with a wholesome kick. Eat your greens, reds and oranges with these seasonal salads ROASTED BABY VEGETABLE SALAD WITH CROUTONS A healthy vegetarian salad recipe that packs a punch. The ingredients are roasted for a fuller flavour and the croutons pick up on the gorgeous dressing. Ingredients 1. 1 red onion, cut into wedges 2. Carrots and sweetcorn, halved if large, from a 200g pack mixed baby vegetables (set the mangetout aside) 3. 6 tbsp. olive oil 4. 1/2 x garlic and rosemary flatbread, torn into chunky croutons (the rest can be frozen) 5. 1 tbsp. red wine vinegar 6. Small bag herb leaf salad Method 1. Preheat the oven to 220°C/fan200°C/gas 7. Put the onion into a roasting tin. Add the carrots and sweetcorn. Drizzle with 2 tablespoons olive oil, season and toss together. Roast for 20 minutes, turning halfway, until just tender. 2. Add the bread to the vegetables and toss together. Roast for a further 8-10 minutes, until the vegetables are lightly charred and the croutons crisp. 3. Meanwhile, whisk the remaining oil, the vinegar and some seasoning. Tip the salad into a large bowl, along with the reserved mangetout. Add the roasted vegetables and croutons drizzle with the dressing and gently toss together. Divide between bowls to serve. VEGETABLE AND FETA SALAD This vegetarian salad recipe is a tasty way to use up leftover roasted vegetables. heat. Fry the garlic for a couple of minutes before adding the vegetables. Fry for a few more minutes until warmed through. 2. Meanwhile, whisk together the oil, lemon zest and juice, then season to taste. Add to the pan to warm through. Transfer the vegetables to a serving plate and stir through the herbs and crumbled feta. GREEN BEAN AND SESAME SEED SALAD This green bean and sesame seed salad couldn't be simpler to make - and is ideal for vegetarians. Ingredients 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Method 1. Cook the green beans in a large saucepan of boiling water for 4-5 minutes, until tender. Drain well. 2. Meanwhile, place the mint and flatleaf parsley in a small food processor and whizz until finely chopped. Add the vinegar and olive oil and some salt and pepper and whizz again, until combined. 3. Add the herb dressing to the beans along with the sesame seeds and red onion and toss together well. Set aside to cool, then cover and chill in the fridge until ready to serve. Ingredients 1. Knob of butter 2. 1 large garlic clove, finely chopped 3. About 800g leftover sticky roast carrots and parsnips with hazelnuts and balsamic 4. 1½ tbsp extra-virgin olive oil 5. Grated zest and juice of ½ lemon 6. Small bunch of fresh flatleaf parsley, leaves chopped 7. Small bunch of fresh mint, leaves chopped 8. 100g feta, crumbled Method 1. Heat the butter in a large sauté pan over a medium 500g fine green beans, trimmed Small bunch of fresh mint Small bunch of fresh flatleaf parsley 1 tsp white wine vinegar 1 tbsp olive oil 2 tbsp sesame seeds, toasted 1 small red onion, very finely chopped GRIDDLED HALLOUMI WITH WATERCRESS SALAD Serve this vegetarian shortcut starter straightaway or the halloumi will turn rubbery. Ingredients 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Grated zest of ½ lemon and 2 tbsp juice 5 tbsp olive oil Handful of fresh flatleaf parsley, chopped 2 tbsp small capers, drained and rinsed 8 medium vine-ripened tomatoes l 100g watercress 7. 2 x 200g packs of Pittas pre-sliced grilled halloumi Method 1. Preheat the oven to 200°C/fan180°C/gas 6. To make the dressing, whisk together the lemon zest and juice, olive oil, parsley, capers and freshly ground black pepper, then set aside. 2. Cut the tomatoes into quarters. Divide the watercress and tomato wedges among four plates. 3. Place the halloumi slices on a baking sheet lined with foil and bake for 2-3 minutes or until just beginning to melt. 4. Add the hot halloumi to the plates, drizzle with the dressing and serve at once. WILD RICE AND CRANBERRY SALAD This wild rice and cranberry salad recipe is full of great fresh flavours to complement a rich meat dish. Ingredients 1. 25g butter 2. 200g wild rice 3. 750ml vegetable stock, hot 4. 50g dried cranberries 5. 100g fresh or frozen cranberries (defrosted) 6. Pared zest and juice of 1 orange 7. 150g basmati rice, rinsed 8. Bunch of spring onions, chopped 9. Large bunch of fresh flatleaf parsley, finely chopped 10. 3 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil Method 1. Melt the butter in a large pan, add the wild rice, stirring to coat, then pour in the stock. Add the dried and fresh/frozen cranberries and the orange zest. Cover and simmer for 25-30 minutes until the rice is tender and the stock is absorbed. Set aside to cool. 2. Meanwhile, put the basmati rice in another pan and cover with cold water. Bring to the boil, then simmer gently, uncovered, for 10-12 minutes until the rice has absorbed all the water and is tender and fluffy. Set aside to cool. 3. When both types of rice are cool, fluff them up with a fork and tip into a serving bowl. Fold through the spring onions, parsley, olive oil and a splash of orange juice, then season. Taste and adjust the seasoning, adding more orange juice or olive oil to taste. It’s Quesada Fish & Chips 2! Quesada Fish & Chips has now expanded by opening Quesada Fish & Chips 2 in Villa Martin Plaza. The same high quality food and standards will be present in this new restaurant that made Quesada Fish & Chips such a success. The Menu of the Day, which consists of Cod or Haddock plus Chips, Peas, Bread & Butter all for just €6, is available between 12 noon and 5pm, and the Home-Made Pie Special, served all day long, is a real treat priced at just €5. An extensive menu is also available throughout the day. For reservations and take-away orders Telephone: 966 764 441 Friday, January 20, 2012 19 CAFE GOLF – FOUR YEARS ON AND STILL GOING STRONG Cafe Golf certainly has something to celebrate. This much loved bar and restaurant has been open for four years, and is the only one on the San Javier strip which has not changed hands. Nike and Neil give both locals and holiday makers alike such a warm welcome and such good service that from day one Cafe Golf has become the one place in which customers are assured value for money, fun and a smiling friendly face. To celebrate their fourth anniversary there will be a party on Thursday January 26th, with a barbeque available and live entertainment provided by the Everly Brothers Tribute Act. Everyone is welcome and entry is free. Please book if you’d like the barbeque. And in conjunction with this celebration Cafe Golf is offering a brand new menu, new daily specials, and an array of daytime and evening entertainment, including: Thursday evenings, from 7pm, their weekly barbecue, (which is every Thursday of the year) and changes every week, offers regular live entertainment. Wednesdays are quiz nights, and the fun kicks off at 9pm. Bring your thinking caps and a good sense of humour. Fridays from 5pm to 7pm is Bingo Time, with prizes. This promises to be a firm favourite on a Friday afternoon. And if you fancy a drink and a snack, Cafe Golf is the place to go on a Friday and Saturday evening (from 7pm), when all the drinks are served with a delicious free tapa. If you can’t decide where to have Sunday lunch, why not come and try Cafe Golf’s Sunday roast. With prices starting at just 7.50€ you are guaranteed a mouth-watering meal at great value. There is a choice of three meats, and vegetarians are catered for too. Sunday roasts are served all year round from 1pm to 6pm, and if you fancy something lighter the regular menu is available too. There is even a loyalty scheme available. For every ten stamps you will get a Sunday lunch completely free! All the food at Cafe Golf is home-made, including the burgers, chips, cakes and biscuits. Takeaways are available too. Breakfasts are served all day, and that really does mean ALL day. Apart from great food, drinks and company, Cafe Golf also offers a postal service to the UK. All letters brought in are guaranteed to be in the UK postal system within two days. And if you need some washing doing Cafe Golf offers a laundry service, which collects items every Tuesday and Thursday, and offers competitive prices. And that is not all. Cafe Golf also offers a wide range of beautiful hand-made cards and jewellery, and a large book exchange. You can exchange a book for free or buy one for just 50 cents, which goes to charity. And Cafe Golf is a great place to pick up a local paper. Most are available here, and as opening hours are 9am to 10pm every day (except Tuesdays when they close at 5pm), you needn’t worry about siesta time. There is free Wi-Fi too, for those who are looking for somewhere to use their laptop. Starting in February are art classes on Wednesday mornings. A 2euro donation for each class will go to MABS charity. And for sports -lovers Cafe Golf has started to show a selection of premier matches, and is the ideal place to watch a good game in the company of other fellow spectators. There are two terraces, one at the front and one at the back, so if you want to sit outdoors you will always have the choice of sun or shade. So as you can see, Cafe Golf has something for everyone. Nike and Neil are your ideal hosts and really seem to know just what their customers want. The Courier would like to congratulate them on their success and popularity over the past four years, and wish them all the very best for the future. 20 WHEN the Iceland Overseas team in San Javier nominated MABS Cancer Support Group as their charity for 2011, they set the 12-month target at €6,000. And they not only achieved that figure - they exceeded it, with a final fundraising total for 2011 of €6,656. Starting out with MABS Murcia volunteers packing bags for 2010 Christmas shoppers and a big Christmas raffle, Iceland Overseas then went on to hold an Easter Fun Day, organised by Sorelle Fox. MABS volunteers were again on hand to pack customers’ bags in return for a small donation. There were com- Friday, January 20, 2012 Store’s cold comfort petitions and a fabulous array of raffle prizes, including a pair of Hugo Boss sunglasses from Specsavers worth €200 - thanks to the lovely Kathleen who gathered all the prizes. Several other local businesses supported this event, including AngloINFO, C&M Bouncy Castles, Sunshine FM Radio, Viva TV and the Classic Car Club of Torrevieja. MABS volunteers returned to Iceland again in December 2011 to join in the seasonal fun and help pack customers’ Christmas shopping. They were joined by Spangles Ladies’ Harmony Chorus (pictured), who got everyone in the festive mood with Christmas songs. Many chorus members are MABS volunteers, and the chorus sponsors the charity. San Javier’s Iceland Overseas team was so impressed with the work of MABS that it has chosen the charity as its charity of the year 2012, too. GRAND FINALE Six legs are better than three as two brave horses are linked Diamante’s £1,149 sparkle lunch saw the ladies enjoy a wonderful Christmas meal with entertainment by Viva Quartet. Everyone dug deep into their pockets to buy those extra raffle tickets and at the end of the lunch, Diamantes’ owners, Terri and Karla, announced that they had exceeded their goal and presented MABS with €1,149. “This is a marvellous achievement and I’d like to thank Terri, Karla and everyone who attended the lunches for supporting us,” said MABS Fundraiser, Janet Bell. “It’s meal of been an absolute pleasure ts €6 (includes ke Tic e. us ca m & CARE GROUP, peas) available fro d E an AR getting to know everyone SH ips ch , 20 en January vier, chick ll 634 362 during the year and I know Centre, San Ja e, San Javier or ca ntr Ce BS MA MABS Cancer for mal get-together we all intend to continue 11.00am. An infor GROUP, me along 826. Co er. nc ca - SHARE & CARE these friendships.” by 17 ry ua br Fe r, anyone affected For more infor ntre, San Javie at. Ce ch a Indeed they will, because er d nc an Ca e ffe MABS for a co 247. on 693 795 247. the Lunch Club is going to Anne on 693 795 ll Ca . am .00 11 mation call Anne ES G, Y & IVORY LADI NTEERS’ MEETIN carry on through 2012. February 21 - EBON February 1 – VOLU .00 am. 11 , tes Restaurant, El res za an cá am Al Di The first lunch will be held , s UB CL H NC LU se Las Claras, Lo w you can help 2pm. Three cour ho t for ou on Tuesday, 21st February at m ab 0p re 1.3 mo , t in Find ou Bev Mojón of wine €10. Raffle r information ring 1.30 pm for 2.00 pm, when lunch with glass d MABS. For furthe an and meet the ladies will enjoy a three MABS. Come along on 693 362 823. esday) - aid of ur place with course lunch and glass of dn yo We ok ery Bo . ev ds en en fri w ne ke ma February 1 (th r, vie 7. , Café Golf, San Ja wine is just 10€. tes on 965 352 94 ART WORKSHOP head for Diaman SALE - The r pe OK BO €2 – of y n da All Ladies are welcome to tio Satur ery Ev 11.00am. Dona .00 Los Alcázares 10 968 192 768. t, an on ur go along for the lunch where off sta Ge Re ll es Ca . Arch MABS ARITY FUN RACE they are guaranteed excel. pm 0 1.0 am February 10 - CH re e bil rcia.com for mo ge, San Javier Mo lent food and company Visit www.mabsmu NIGHT, Lui’s Loun rse, be a ho a 826. n 2 36 Ow 4 m. 63 Book your place with ll 0p ca or ts, en ev Home Park, 6.3 all for a good r, tte flu Diamantes on 965 352 947. a ve ha jockey, AT the beginning of 2011, Diamantes Restaurant in El Mojón, launched the Ebony & Ivory Ladies’ Lunch Club with the aim of raising €1000 for MABS Cancer Support Group by the end of the year. In September, with just three months to go, the figure had reached €688 and the club called for more ladies to share in the monthly lunches to make sure the target was met. Well it was – and more! The December ry a i d s t n e v e S B A Your M GASP eye winning double AFTER a successful but poorly supported production of 'Pack of Lies' in November, the Gran Alicant and Santa Pola Theatre Group (GASP) is back in rehearsal. Next productions is two short plays - 'Sparrows’ and 'Getting Along' - to be staged in May at the Life Resort in Gran Alacant. GASP, a small, very friendly and supportive group, are looking for members, particularly actors plus backstage . No experience is required. They meet Mondays and Wednesdays at 7.30pm at the Life Resort (above the Prensa). Come for a chat or give the President, David Ashley a call on 966 181113. Or e-mail GASP at [email protected]. uk EASY Horse Care Rescue Centre founders Sue and Rod Weeding had a successful trip to America to visit Molly, the horse that inspired their treatment of Faith, the three-legged horse at their centre in Rojales. The decision to go ahead with the amputation of Faith’s leg was taken after Sue and Rod heard Molly’s inspirational story. Molly was rescued by Kaye and Glenn Harris after Hurricane Katrina. Sadly, several months later she was attacked by a pit bull and the injury to her leg so serious she had to have the limb amputated. Sue and Rod presented Molly with around 30 Christmas cards from people on the Costa Blanca, as well as a Liverpool football scarf given to them for the little horse. Sue was so impressed with Kaye and Glenn that she has promised to work closely with them in the future. “We are going to interact with Molly’s Facebook page and look at doing a joint Molly and Faith book together,” she said. “Kaye and Glenn risked their lives during Hurricane Katrina to rescue animals and they are just normal people, living a very humble existence in a log cabin giving all the money they can to the animals. We will do all we can to raise awareness for them.” Faith is currently with a specialist horse vet in Barcelona where she faces more surgery. Friday, January 20, 2012 21 Final call for new players HAVE you got what it takes to tread the boards or work behind the scenes of a successful theatre company? If so, Adhoc Theatre Company wants to hear from you. Known for its hugely enjoyable productions of Allo, Allo and Run For Your Wife, Adhoc is fast gaining a reputation as one of the best comedy theatre groups on the Costa Blanca. The group also raises money for charity and has given great support to ADMISON. Now, with an exciting new play in the pipeline, Adhoc is looking to recruit not only actors, but also the all-important backstage crew, such as electricians, painters, seamstresses, ticket sellers and front of house staff. The company will be holding an open evening at The Club, Calle Azul in Quesada on January 25 from 8pm. Everyone is welcome to pop along for a drink and meet the current members. If you would like more details call Jax on 677 600 809 or email [email protected]. Or join Adhoc’s Facebook group ADHOC. Charity is one-stop-shop for help and info needs cted this year for Crushed Ice expe No frosty receptions G N I N E T S I L Y Z E FRE year off to a great CRUSHED Ice got the first gig of 2012 at start with a buzzing b last Friday. Clu try Quesada Coun been together The band has only r, but they’re yea t las er since Septemb . far from inexperienced band is made up The five-piece cover musicians, handof a talented group of member Ray ing nd fou picked by Prentice. start a band, Ray When he decided to best talent on the advertised for the the result. is Ice ed Costa. Crush Tuite on rhythm The line-up is Eric Parsons on lead rs) ge (fin guitar, Keith on bass guitar, guitar, John Wiggan s, and Ray holdcal vo d lea Chas Randal er on drums. ing the rhythm togeth wide variety of a y Crushed Ice pla k and pop classics music, covering roc present day. They from the 60s to the ists such as The art by sic feature mu a Reeves and the rth Blues Brothers, Ma Elvis Presley, es, atl Be e Th Vandellas, The Rolling O, EL Fleetwood Mac, s, The Who, Otis Stones, The Supreme y, Eric Clapton, an Redding, Bad Comp er, The Hollies, The Eagles, Badfing ff Richard and Cli Free, Status Quo, many, many more. for your bar, To book Crushed Ice , call Ray on 966 restaurant or function ook CRUSHED ceb Fa 712 987 or visit information. ICE SPAIN for more HELP’S offices in San Miguel de Salinas and Torrevieja provide a range of free information and advice to members of the public. Typical enquiries include questions on residencia, health care, cars, bereavement, wills and burglaries. If the answer to a problem is not known immediately, Help’s team will do their best to find information. Both offices are open Monday to Friday from 10.00am to 1.30pm. Help also operates a 24-hour Emergency Help Line on 965 704 282. A diabetic support group is held once a month to provide information and help to all those people living with diabetes. Help’s Friendship Centre at Playa Flamenca is open Mondays from 2pm, and is a popular meeting place where many new, long-lasting friendships are formed. Hospital visiting teams visit both the Vega Baja and the Torrevieja hospitals. Books and talking tapes from Help’s library are loaned to patients free of charge. Help has a wide range of orthopaedic equipment for hire from its San Miguel de Salinas office. This service is available to both residents and visitors to the area. Friends Unlimited is the social arm of Help Vega Baja. It meets on Thursday afternoons at The Club in Quesada between 2.00 pm and 4.00 pm. A variety of events is on offer, including coach trips, guest speakers, demonstrations, discussions and charity functions. For further information on any of Help’s activities, contact the offices in San Miguel on 966 723 733, Torrevieja on 965 704 282 or visit the website www.helpvegabaja.com Kids bowled over IT WAS a truly international competition when petanca players from nine countries met at Rocajuna pistes to raise money for EMAUS orphanage at Elche. The competition was fierce but friendly, and with the sun shining on the event, everyone had a wonderful time. While players were determined to do their best in the tournament, they were even more determined to raise money for disadvantaged children. So it was a proud moment when Graham Knight presented a donation of €780 to Annette English from EMAUS. Children from EMAUS came to watch the tournament and the players hope that they will join them in a game sometime. Graham Knight was kept busy with his ceremonial duties as, having presented the cheque to EMAUS, he was called on to hand out the medals and prizes. He had an excellent helper in the task in the form of Gina Marks from Sol TV. Third place went to Kelvin Radford and Pat Wenban from the Bandidos, second to Guy Fernandez and Julien Van Buggenoot from Amigos Belgas and first to Francis (Paco) Lopez and Alan (Pepinio) Liabue from Rocajuna. The players thanked everyone who donated prizes, medals, food and time to make the day such a success, Petanca prize guys:LEFT: Graham Knight, Pepinio Liabue, Paco Lopez and Gina Marks. RIGHT: Jackie Lopez, Graham and are already looking forward to next year’s event. Knight, Gina Marks, Kelvin Radford, Guy Fernandez and Julien Van Buggenoot 22 RICHARD CAVENDER Bluemoon Solutions www.bluemoonsolutions.es BlueMoon Solutions is the computer and IT services company on the Costa Blanca, they provide quality computer services at realistic prices and specialise in working with home users and small businesses. Richard moved to Spain four years ago having left his management background behind in the UK and decided to use his IT skills to help home users and small businesses with their PC problems. Now a relaxed 'computer man' he is out and about in the Spanish sun every day, making house and shop calls and using his vast experience and qualifications to (usually) sort out the problem there and then. Computers are his hobby as well as his work so don’t be surprised to get an answer to your email in the early hours! Do you ever have to queue for ages to get an appointment with the doctor? Well, I have the answer! I don’t know about you but every time Liesl (‘er indoors) or I have need to go to the doctor the biggest frustration is the fact that we know that we will need to traipse to the medical centre and queue for up to an hour – and that is just to get the appointment to see the doctor! Like many of the ex-pats here, I am quick to point out to others that the Spanish health system is far superior to that of good old Blighty, but also like most of my country folk, I have just “heard” that and don’t actually know whether it’s true. So this month I decided, (being far from an expert in this topic) that I would look it up. The best data that I could find health centre! I thought that I would share my wonderful discovery with you guys. It’s a pretty big website and does so much more than allow you to book appointments, but today this is the area we are going to focus on. So first, you will need your computer, an Internet connection and your SIP card. Fire up your computer and get onto the Internet, once there navigate to www.san.gva.es, you will be shown a page with 3 options (Ciutadania, Professionals, Institucional), you need to click on the Ciutadania after which you will be shown a very busy website the same as (image 1) As you will see there are only two languages for this site (Valencian or Castilliano), so no English I’m afraid. Next you need to click on the second menu item down on the left hand side, titled “Sanitat24: Solicitud de Cita Previa en atención primaria” this will display some hidden options, one of which is “Cita por Internet”, this is the option you need, once you click it you may get a message from your web browser say- was from that great online encyclopaedia – Wikipedia Countries’ health services are ranked based on life expectancy, responsiveness (i.e. speed of service) and financial contribution. I’m guessing that my little area of the Costa Blanca didn’t help in the responsiveness factor! Anyway, overall Spain was ranked number 7 in the world, with the UK coming 18th so it seems, in this case at least, the “jungle drums” were right; it still doesn’t change the fact, that, at least for my family, it’s a right royal pain in the rear to get a simple appointment! You can imagine my joy when I visited a customer, Graham in Gran Alacant, last week and he told me about a website he had found – www.san.gva.es If you have a SIP then you can use this website to book appointments with your local GP. This is all done over the Internet from the comfort of your own home so there is no need to stand for hours in dark, depressing, illness ridden reception halls in the local registered to. Just choose the doctor that you want to see and click on the Seleccionar button to continue. The next page (image 3) displays information about your particular health service (your doctor’s name etc) and allows you to type your requested appointment information. In here just type the date that you would like your appointment on, using the format DD/MM/YYYY. Then enter the time range that you would like to see the available appointments for, so if you want to see what appointments are available from 10am to 11am enter 10:00 in the first box and 11:00 in the second for example, then click on the “Demanar cita” button to view the available slots. The final screen (image 4) displays the appointments that are available to you, just select the specific appointment time and click “Confirmar cita” to confirm the appointment. If none of the appointments suit and you would like to check another time or date just click on the “Modificar criteris” to go back to the previous page and enter different information. Once confirmed a page will be displayed that you can print to take with you to your appointment. ing that the “content is blocked”, just click to accept that you want to view the blocked content and you will see the same as (image 2). You are almost there now, just enter your SIP card number in the box under “Número SIP / Número SIP” and your date of birth under the box “Data de naixement / Fecha de nacimiento”. Once done click on the button “Validar” to continue. The website will then confirm Don’t forget you can follow me on twitter the information that the health service have on record, i.e. @bluemoonspain your name etc. and it will then Alternatively why don’t you sign up for my list any doctors that you are newsletter. You can do this by going to:www.bluemoonsolutions.es and fill in the form that is on any page except the front page. [email protected] www.bluemoonsolutions.es Mobile: 655 044 970 Office: 902 906 200 Friday, January 20, 2012 WHY DO THEY DO THAT? Top dog psychologist PETER SINGH answers questions on the behaviour of pets. If YOUR dog or cat is giving you problems, email [email protected] THE world at the moment seems to be filled with many negative energies. War, fighting, killing, anger, greed, stress, I could go on and on. Many individuals are also suffering from some form of mental illness, mainly depression. In 2010/11 alone, 43.4 million prescriptions were given to people in the UK for antidepressants. With all these negative things happening, many people search for a new meaning to life and read different self help books to try to find out how they can improve their outlook on life and how to live in the moment and stop worrying. With this in mind, most of those suffering from some form of depression or searching for the meaning of life, are ignoring the greatest teachers on earth. Dogs! Dogs have so many valuable lessons to teach humans. But to learn from them we need to stop and heed these teachings they have to share with us. Rather than humans taking dogs to training, in reality they should be training us. Dogs don’t have egos, most of us do. Dogs are forgiving, most of us are not. Dogs live in the moment, most of us don’t. Dogs live calm lives, most of us donʼt. Ego is the worst offender in human beings. Ego makes you believe you are right. If you are right, then someone has to be wrong. Then, because we feel we are in the right, it makes us not want to forgive. Then, because of that, it stops us living in the moment, and we then spend most of our time worrying about the situation or talking to other people about it. Or, worse still, acting on our grievance, which is as far away from calm as you can get! Hopefully, by now you are beginning to agree that dogs should be showing us the way, rather than the other way around. If we do start to follow the teachings our dogs have for us, we will all be more balanced human beings, rather than the social chaos we witness in many situations. I work with aggressive dogs mostly. That is the number one reason most clients ask me to visit their homes. Interestingly, you will find that no other life form in the universe knows negativity, only humans. The only animals that CALM DOWN YOUR DOG will show anything close to negativity are those that live in close contact with humans. That is, dogs! Humans pass on their insecure emotions and negativity to their dogs, which is where you begin to see problems with our four- legged friends. If dogs were left alone, there wouldnʼt be any unbalanced dogs. When I work with my clients who have aggressive dogs, I know that I have to help the human, before I can help the dog. Once the human starts showing calm, balanced behaviour, along with meeting the dog’s needs, the problems then dissolve. So a dog never displays negative behaviour of its own accord. It is always because of something humankind did to the dog. Once I teach my clients how to eradicate the negativity in their lives and to live more towards the dogs’ network of teachings, i.e. no ego, forgiveness, living in the moment, and being calm, magic happens. All because they have simply learnt what their dog was trying to teach them all along. What astonishes me is that Spainʼs rescue centres are absolutely full to the brim of these wonderful four-legged teachers. All waiting to teach you the real valuable lessons of life. Go and rescue one and connect with your new dog in the way nature intended. I sincerely promise you that it will be the most rewarding thing you have ever done in your life. This was how I was taught. My teacher has big brown eyes and two big ears that stick up. He is covered in beige and black fur and is a German Shepherd by the name of Billy. He is my Guardian Angel and there are many for you to choose from in all of Spainʼs rescue centres. Who needs counsellors, therapists or doctors when you have your dog by your side? Next week I will write about how to start your relationship with your new rescue dog. a Don’t miss PETER SINGH’S animal advice column ever HI PETER, I have a fouryear-old shihtzu who has a real attitude problem. He loves to be in the garden but over the past year or so has begun to bark at everything and everyone. If someone passes the front gate, he launches himself at the gate and barks until they are completely out of sight. Our villa is first line to the golf course and he never used to bother about the golfers, but recently he has begun to bark at them when he can hear them chatting, He can't actually see them because of the wall. I appreciate he thinks he is defending his own area and probably telling everyone he is here, but I am worried that the neighbours will get thoroughly sick of him and make a complaint. If I go out to bring him inside when he is barking, he refuses to come to me and runs off. He stays when I tell him to, but when I bend down to pick him up he begins to bite (in a Barmy Barney’s a barking machine So maybe he thinks he is protecting her (even when she isn't here). I would very much appreciate your advice on how to stop Barney from making everyone's life a complete misery with his constant barking. CHRISTINE MORT Hi Christine, Thank you for your question. From what you say, it is apparent that your dog needs more exercise in order to drain his energy. q playful way, not aggressively), but he does have very sharp teeth! I have owned dogs all my life, usually Cavalier Spaniels and a little Spanish rescue dog and have always been able to control them, but the shihtzu has really got a mind of his own! He is marvellous with my two-year-old grandchild and i s so patient with her and she is the only one who he seems to respect. Actually, when I think about it, the barking problem began just after she was born. They lived with us for the first few months and we take care of her every day whilst my daughter works full time. He has started this barking obsession for two reasons. Firstly, because of the lack of exercise, he barks in order to rid himself of his excess energy - and secondly, because he is the most dominant one in the household. You also can’t bend down to pick him up, as this is a sign of affection to a dog, so he is, in his eyes, being rewarded for barking at strangers. When you correct him, you should do this by first of all being calm. If you get frustrated or anxious, dogs view this as weakness and unstable behaviour from humans and they then have to become the leaders in their own home because of this. When Barney barks in future, make a sound to get his attention, then approach him and claim the space he is in by walking into it and backing him away. If he runs off you must follow him until he shows you calm behaviour, which will be lying down, sitting down and generally switching off from an alert state into a calm state. His eyes will also indicate that he is now calm as they will become soft, rather than dilated. Use no words. Once he is calm, just walk away. This is the way his Mother would have corrected him. OUR FOX JUST WON Hi Peter I have read and enjoyed your new colu you with a problem that we are having w Terrier, approximately 18 months old. He local rescue centre. As he wasn’t chipped so he came to live with us six months ago ily. It seems as if he had been well cared f had his tail docked and walks well on although a little nervous is quite sociabl is a good little watchdog and always ale road outside, which we accept is him pro The problem we have is that when we and try to assure him that they are OK, he and finds it difficult to settle. Eventually make a move to leave he then starts all o We’d be grateful for any ideas you ma q Hi Lorna, Thank you for your questio is showing this fearful behaviour, yo At present you are giving affection wh that the visitors are OK. Because of this, this negative bahaviour. When he shows this behaviour in futu attention and then move towards him and Don't use words. Make sure you are c calmed down. If he walks away, you sho Once he has, you can then walk away. T Good luck, Lorna 25 Friday, January 20, 2012 It’s a dog’s life as Courier readers besiege Peter PETER SINGH provides one-to-one consultations with dog owners who experience problem behaviour with their pets. Peter, who himself owns five dogs and three cats, also runs monthly dog psychology courses for clients. He has joined The Courier to help our readers solve all those problems that irritate dog and cat owners. And, judging by the enormous response to his first column, he’s let himself in for an extremely busy time. Peter’s initial article last week prompted an amazing response as dozens of dog owners bombarded him with all sorts of questions. A selection are published today, together with Peter’s advice to each owner. We had planned to publish all the letters we received this week, but the sheer volume has made this impossible. Peter’s philosophy regarding dog behaviour is uncomplicated and easy to understand - you can check it out at www.thedogyouneed.com Peter has had a 100% success rate with clients in both Spain and the UK. He also provides a relaxing and peaceful mode of travelling with his pet transport business. Check the service out at www.europeanpettransport. com - AND LEARN FROM (and cat, of course) Living in the day: Peter Singh’s ‘Guardian Angel’ Billy - that’s him asa floppy-eared pup on the left q ry week - only in The Courier XY FELLA N’T SETTLE umn in The Courier and thought I’d email with our dog. Bobby is a lovely little Fox e was found as a stray and handed into a d his previous owners could not be traced o and has quickly become part of our fam- for in the past as he had been castrated, the lead. He is a happy little thing and e both with humans and other dogs. He rts us to anyone near our gate or on the otecting his territory. e let friends in (even ones he knows well) e continues to bark at them for a long time y he does calm down but as soon as they over again. ay have to help him get over this. LORNA on. It is very important that while your dog ou are not giving affection. en he does this as you are assuring him he is being rewarded by you for showing ure, you should make a sound to get his d wait for him to calm down. calm. You cannot back away until he has ould follow him until he shows you calm. That is the end of the correction. Hi Peter, I was very interested to read the article about you in The Courier and am wondering if you can help me with my cat problem. Until recently I had four cats (all rescue, acquired at different times) - one female and three male (two of which were brothers). One of the brothers was recently knocked down and killed by a car and ever since I have had a big problem with his brother spraying in the house - at least I am pretty sure it is him. They have all been neutered and therefore I am puzzled by this behaviour and very concerned as I keep discovering cat's pee on all sorts of things, not all of which are washable. Also, in the kitchen, which is not very nice. I have tried spraying certain things with Repellente but it seems to have no effect whatsoever. Can you help me as to the possible cause and/or remedy for this problem? JANET ELDRIDGE Hi Janet, Cats can start to suddenly spray when there has been a sudden change in the household, which there has been due to the sad loss of one of your cats. The cat that has started to spray because he feels something is wrong and does not feel safe any more. Cats spray, regardless of whether they are male or female or whether they have been neutered or not.I would suggest firstly that DEAR Peter, Our 13-year-old Jack Russell Terrier is starting to go blind from glaucoma. A vet has given us some eye drops that will not reverse to problem but may arrest it. Our problem is administering the drops, because our dog is not very happy about it and fights with teeth and claws. Up to now, with my wife putting in the drops and me holding the dog, we have had moderate success, but my arm is getting very badly cut up by our dog. We have not tried wrapping her up in a towel, or getting some body armour for me. Perhaps you can put forward the best method as this is going to be a long-term problem. FRAN, ALAN and SALLY THE DOG. Hi Fran, Alan & Sally! Thank you for your question. It is important that when you administer the drops, your dog has drained her energy from a walk or other forms of exercise. Also, you have to make sure you are both calm and that you are not q you clean the surfaces with a solution of washing powder and warm water. Then, over the top of that, spray surgical spirit, which will disinfect the area. Do not use any ammonia or chlorine-based solutions, as this will confuse the cat further since their urine contains these products. You should contain your cats in a smaller area for about a week and make sure that this new area has all the things they need to make them feel safe and comfortable. If you can't stop your cat from going to the same area where he is spraying, try putting his food there after you have cleaned the area. ONE IN THE EYE feeling sorry for her. The reason for this is because if you are feeling sorry for a dog, they pick this up as a weak energy from a human and will then try to be more dominant than you. Showing her the bottle the eye drops are in before you administer them will also help. Let her smell the bottle. This will help her to gain more trust in you, which is vital in these situations.Make sure you are very patient and wait until she is showing you calm before you insert the eye drops. You will be surprised at what can be achieved by showing a high level of patience. HOLA Peter, I am sure hou have been inundated with emails after the article in The Courier. It was a good article, and like you, we love animals. But we do have a problem Yorkie. He is six years old, and for about 7/8 months he never whimpered, but now he is such a noisy little Tyke and we have tried lots of things to stop him, He yaps constantly when he is on the way out for a walk, when we come in, and he will bark for nothing occasionally. We have tried water in a spray, electronic collar, plastic bottle with small stones in, and of course the usual "Pepe, NO," and "What have I said". I have talked to him, picked him up and spoken gently to him, but it doesn’t make any difference. We live in an apartment complex, fortunately our nearest neighbours are two floors below, so although they hear him, they say it’s not too bad. However we may be getting next-door neighbours, and I know they will complain - and if they are Spanish, then they will denounce us.We live next door to the Guardia Civil building, so it will be quite easy for these people to THE ENERGY GAP Luis TURID BÖRSETH, San but DEAR Peter, I like dogs you k an Th , rid Tu Hi r as I I am not a dog owne . It ion est for your qu flexilike my freedom and gs do the t tha m see , I would bility more. However not getting are ion est qu urs in bo have three neigh have enough exercise. who amongst them not If a dog’s energy is blem pro d seven dogs. The fin l wil it ily, da d that draine with all these dogs is to ich wh in as another activity it they bark and whine y- drain that energy. That, an or ne yo an soon as ur yo at wh ssible would seem, is thing moves. Is it po are t to neighbours’ dogs no m the to teach . ing do behave like that? q make a complaint. We have another little rescue dog, who has been very good, but now she has decided to make almost as much noise as the Yorkie. Fortunately she understands when I say NO, Help! ANN HOWLETT Almoradi Hi Ann, Thank you for your question. First of all, you are giving affection when you are trying to make him stop barking. Whenever you give a dog affection, you are nurturing the state of mind they are currently in. Dogs start unwanted behaviour such as constant barking because of a lack of exercise and because the correction is not being administered in a 'dog psychology way'. When Pepe next barks, make a sound to get his attention. Do not use words, or touch him. This will only excite him q 26 Friday, January 20, 2012 SAUNA DETOXIFICATION With the amount of toxins and environmental contaminants in the modern world, the need for periodic detoxification is evident. Toxins exist everywhere, from our food, soaps and shampoos to the air we breathe and the clothes we wear. These environmental toxins are suspected of playing a role in a number of diseases, including cancer, arthritis, weakened immune systems, autism, fibromyalgia, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and many more. The toxins that infest our bodies come from a variety of sources, including industrial pollutants, pesticide residue, food additives and heavy metals. With all these health challenges coming at us every day, the need to detoxify our bodies is obvious. There are several methods of detoxification, and there is still considerable debate as to which method works best. The first detoxification method is chelation therapy, in which preparations of enzymes are injected into the bloodstream, where they bind with toxins and remove them. Another popular detoxification method is fasting, either alone or in combination with herbal therapies and mineral preparations. Fasting allows the toxins in the body to be stripped away. Another popular method of detoxification is the sauna method, in which toxins are removed through heating. One advantage of the sauna method is obvious. The sauna method is the easiest method, and it can be used effectively by just about everyone. In addition, the sauna detoxification method can be used in conjunction with the other methods to make them more effective and useful. Sweating and sauna baths The traditional hot rocks sauna is still quite popular today, but it has begun to lose ground to the modern infrared saunas, which are able to provide benefits like energy efficiency, increased comfort, deeper heat penetration, and better detoxification. Infrared saunas have been found to produce sweat that has more toxins and other organic compounds in it. As much as 15% of the sweat produced in a typical infrared sauna, for instance, is composed of dissolved fats, toxins and other materials, whereas only about 5%-6% of sweat in the traditional hot rock sauna contains these materials, with the remaining 9495% being composed only of water. No matter what type of sauna you choose, there is little doubt that such sauna treatments can be good for the body as well as the soul. Saunas are a relaxing, and very effective way to remove the many toxins that build up through everyday living. are an ancient tradition, and one long associated with good health and healing. The tradition of the sauna goes back at least as far as ancient Rome, with the famous Roman baths, and includes such popular and well-known institutions as the Finnish Savusauna, the Sweat Lodge of the Native Americans, the Russian Banya and the Hammam of Morocco. It is obvious from studying history that people have been enjoying the detoxifying effects of the sauna for many years. In today’s world, there are a great many choices when it comes to sauna and steam treatments and detoxifying programs. There are choices to fit almost any budget, from exotic and expensive built-in home saunas to simple and less expensive portable units. Some saunas use conventional steam, whereas others use heated rocks and still others use modern and efficient infrared heaters. The effectiveness of any sauna detoxification program will depend in large measure on the type of heat that is used and the protocol that is employed. There are some important differences between a traditional sauna and the type of steam room often found at gyms. Even though a steam room feels hotter because of the high humidity it contains, it is actually harder for the body to sweat in a steam room than in a sauna. WHAT IS ALCOHOL POISONING? Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly consequence of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. Binge drinking, rapidly downing five or more drinks in a row, is a main cause of alcohol poisoning. The term alcohol can sometimes be confusing because it is a group of substances that are chemically similar. Ethanol is one type of alcohol and is usually found in alcoholic beverages. The other types of alcohol may not be meant to be consumed, but may be ingested accidentally or intentionally. The more common types of alcohol that may be consumed by humans, other than ethanol are methanol: also known as wood alcohol and is chemically similar to ethanol and also an inexpensive substance that is used in various industrial and household items; Ethyl glycol: primarily found in antifreeze, and very toxic to humans; Isopropanol: widely used in many household substances, and not as toxic as the others. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and not a stimulant. It depresses various other systems in the body mainly through the action of the nerves supplying different organs. It also has a direct chemical effect on various tissues throughout the body, some of which are extremely toxic. The danger lies in two possible outcomes of alcohol poisoning: Choking, as vomit may enter the airways and cause aspiration, since the gag reflex is depressed in a person who is intoxicated and Suffocation as the respiratory centre in the brain is depressed and causes slow and irregular breathing. Other effects that are life threatening Sauna Health Benefits Saunas, which are generally considered a "beauty therapy" treatment, can in fact double as a cardio-vascular, fat-burning therapy session as well. Yes, you heard right, spending some time in the sauna has been proven to offer cardio-vascular ‘training’ and in turn, literally burn off calories. Repeated sauna treatments improve cardio functioning which, in return, can improve cardiac functioning. This happens because the body responds to the steam of the sauna and increases your heart rate, which ultimately increases your metabolic rate, which leads to calories burnt. include liver and kidney failure and cardiovascular dysfunction which is more likely in a short period of time with toxic alcohols like ethyl glycol. Furthermore alcohol causes stupor, confusion or even coma which puts a person in harm’s way, particularly if driving or operating heavy machinery. There may be a slight variation in the symptoms of alcohol poisoning, among the different types of alcohol, but the presentation in all is preceded by a state of intoxication or inebriation. Many of the other symptoms that then follow are usually associated with intoxication as well such as vomiting, headaches and stupor. The more definitive symptoms of alcohol poisoning may develop only within hours and include: slow and irregular breathing, seizures, low body temperature, bluish tinge on the lips and fingers, loss of consciousness, and confusion and stupor. Additional symptoms may be seen with all types of alcohol poisoning, but particularly with methanol and ethyl glycol. These symptoms along with the type of alcohol poisoning in which it is most prominent include: redness or paleness of the pupil - methanol; muscle spasm and abnormal reflexes - ethyl glycol; cloudy or complete loss of vision – methanol; and coma – ethyl glycol. If you suspect someone has alcohol poisoning, call for emergency medical help right away. Alcohol poisoning treatment consists of providing breathing support, intravenous fluids and vitamins until the alcohol is completely out of the body. Before help arrives, you can provide the following assistance: keep them sitting and awake; give water to drink if requested, never coffee; lie on their side to avoid them choking on their vomit; keep them warm; and stay with them. Dr Machi Mannu is a Neuro-repatterning Specialist. For queries, send your email to [email protected] Friday, January 20, 2012 28 Friday, January 20, 2012 James Bond's amazing vehicles James Bond first burst onto our cinema screens in 1962 and right from the start the films always included beautiful women, criminal masterminds with plans for world domination and exciting cars generally with amazing gadgets. The Beaulieu National Motor Museum's brandnew 'Bond In Motion' exhibit has gathered together the best loved and most iconic of the Bond vehicles to present the largest collection of Bond vehicles ever seen in one place. Aston Martin DB5 Goldfinger (1964) The eagerly anticipated 23rd Bond film, Skyfall is set to be released in October 2012 and some of the vehicles used in that will appear at the exhibition once filming is complete. The Beaulieu exhibition runs until December 2012. men during a car chase which included them getting involved in a stock-car race on an ice-covered track. Three Cougars were used in filming and this is one of two survivors. This car was acquired after being found by an enthusiast in Sweden. Ford Mustang Mach 1 Diamonds Are Forever (1971) 1937 Rolls-Royce Phantom III - Goldfinger (1964) Auric Goldfinger's Rolls was chassis no 3BU168 with a Barker Sedanca de Ville body that held a surprising secret, because Goldfinger was smuggling gold from England to Austria by melting it down and recasting it into the shape of the panels of his car. The AU1 number plate refers to the periodic table symbol for gold. In the novel the Rolls-Royce used was a Silver Ghost. Probably the most memorable film car ever made, this Aston appeared on screen boasting machine guns, bulletproof shield, spinning number plates and a passenger ejector seat adapted from a fighter aircraft. The gadgets made this Aston some 136kg heavier but with its 330bhp engine this was barely noticeable. Aston Martin later built two replicas for publicity purposes. 'Little Nellie' and the alligator packing cases - You Only Live Twice (1967) This one-seater autogiro, codenamed 'Little Nellie', was just 9.5 feet long and weighed 250lb. Little Nellie had a top speed 90mph and a maximum altitude of 18,000 feet. Q brought her to Japan in four suitcases where Bond used her array of guns and heat-seeking missiles to destroy a squadron of SPECTRE attack helicopters. Tracy's Ford Cougar On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) The highlight of the Diamonds Are Forever Las Vegas car chase is the 1971 Mustang Mach 1 balancing on two wheels to drive through a narrow alley. Yet it's most remembered for a continuity mistake; the car comes out the other end of the alley tilted on the opposite side to when it went in. This recently found unrestored Mustang had a 429ci (seven litre) Cobra Jet Ram Air engine and was used mainly in the car park chase scenes. Honda three-wheeler bike - Diamonds Are Forever (1971) The Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo drove this 1969 Mercury Cougar XR7 428 convertible, helping Bond escape Blofeld's hench- When Bond steals a moon buggy the bad guys give chase on Honda ATC 90 threewheel all-terrain motorcycles. Built from 1970 onward, the bikes have a 90cc engine and use 22-inch tyres inflated to a low pressure meaning they can climb a gradient of Jet Reaction: 450mph jet bike British engineer Richard Brown is preparing to strap himself into this homemade motorcycle equipped with an afterburning jet engine in a bid to smash the world motorcycle speed record. Makes you proud to be British doesn't it? Friday, January 20, 2012 anxious Q, this Lotus was capable of transforming into a submarine equipped with antiaircraft missiles. Several full-size Esprit body shells were used for the transformation and the memorable underwater scenes took four months to film. Although the sub was only capable of 10 knots, the road-going version of the Esprit could hit 60mph in under eight seconds and top 130mph. Glastron boat - Moonraker (1979) Wetbike - The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) outrun the pursuers. Four identical cars were used, including this one employed purely for studio back projection and dialogue close-up filming. Citroën produced a special edition version with fake bullet holes. Tuk-tuk taxi - Octopussy (1983) 35 degrees. It's the forerunner of today's popular quad bikes and five were used in filming. AMC Hornet X - The Man With The Golden Gun (1974) 29 Glastron once again provided craft for Bond in the shape of a heavily modified Glastron/Carlson CV-23HT. This limited-edition model finished in silver glitter flake paint came with a bulletproof shield, mines and torpedoes. After filming the special equipment was removed when the boat was sold but the gadgets have since been put back in. Citroën 2CV For Your Eyes Only (1981) Two of these Bajaj RE auto rickshaws are used in a chase sequence through the streets of Udaipur. Bond and fellow MI6 agent Vijay are in one, with Gobinda and his henchmen in the pursuing vehicle. Fortunately the one driven by Vijay has been modified by MI6 with a more powerful Honda motorcycle that even allows Vijay to perform a wheelie. Commonly known as a Tuk-tuk due to the sound of their engines the Bajaj's design is based on the 1956 Piaggio Ape. Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud II - A View To A Kill (1985) Bond steals this 1974 Hornet hatchback from an AMC dealership in Bangkok, Thailand. A specially modified Hornet with central driving position - for perfect weight distribution - performed the twisting corkscrew jump. A computer had calculated everything precisely down to the 40mph launch speed meaning the stunt went perfectly first time. Lotus Esprit 'Wet Nellie' The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) Delivered to Bond in Sardinia by the ever This vehicle represents the world's first wetbike. It was built as a prototype using a 50bhp two-stroke Suzuki engine and once the Bond producers had seen the machine they immediately wrote it into the script. Production wetbikes went on sale to the public the following year. A sensation in the film in 1977, the things have been annoying sea bathers and sailors ever since. Chitty Chitty Gone Gone Radio 2 DJ Chris Evans has bought the Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car from the selftitled movie for a rumoured £500,000. Evans revealed he had bought the car from a Californian individual – a friend of Evans’ – as the private owner’s garage wasn’t large enough to accommodate all 17 feet (5.2 metres) of the vehicle’s monstrous length. Evans stepped in to purchase the car, offering what his friend paid for it, and has now reportedly sent the cinematic classic from the 1968 film to be restored. Evans commented at the weekend, “my pal had bought the car on his birthday before he went skiing, not realising she is over 17 feet long. Garage problem. No money lost or gained. “Chitty is now officially part of the Berkshire Automotive Massive. She is indeed Truly Scrumptious. She’s also gone into the workshop for some muchneeded road legalisation.” The car was the only working example built for the film and features a Ford Racing 3.0-litre V6, a dashboard plate from a WWI British fighter plane, a polished aluminium bonnet, red and white cedar boat deck and brass fittings lifted from Edwardian motor vehicles. Evans is no stranger to rare and valuable automobiles, however. The radio personality already owns a string of classic Ferraris, including a £12 million Ferrari 250 GTO and a £5 million 250 GT SWB California Spyder, once owned by actor James Coburn. It appears Evans has succeeded where the King of pop, Michael Jackson never did though, after the music artist once tried – and failed – to buy the vehicle for display at his Neverland ranch. Bond states that 'we're being out horse powered' as companion Melina's seemingly indestructible Citroën gets bashed and pushed off the road by a pair of Peugeot 504s. The 2CV used in the car chase was fitted with a Citroën GS 1,015cc flat-four engine producing 54bhp - doubling the original 29bhp output. Stiffer shock absorbers and roll bars improved the handling allowing the 2CV to After Bond is knocked unconscious in this Roller the vehicle is pushed into a lake where it sinks. Bond escapes by breathing air from the vehicle's tyres. The car in the film, a 1962 model, was owned by producer Cubby Broccoli, hence the number plate CUB1, although a different car actually went in the lake. The Cloud II had a 6.2 litre V8 and was built between 1959 and 1966. 30 Friday,December January 20, Friday, 16,2012 2011 [email protected] COURIER POSTBAG: YOUR VIEWS ON OUR NEWS The 50 euro man is back! OUR seasonal visitor returned to the Orihuela Costa last weekend and has been seen plying his trade in a number of the Residencias, asking for money on a false pretence. What he does is not an offence under the Spanish law. He knocks on doors asking for money to pay for a locksmith as he has either lost his house keys or had his house broken into. He says he is living in a house close by and gives his address. The house selected is unoccupied at this time and is either not his or is non-existent. He says he has to pay the locksmith and can´t get enough money from a cash machine to do so. Sometimes he finds out the name of the President of the Residencia and says that the President knows him. Over the years he has asked to borrow 30, 50 and 40 euros. If you are lucky you may be invited to attend a party at his house or to go there for a drink. Another story is that he needs to go to the German Embassy in Alicante with his children and asks to borrow the money to get there. He is very plausible in his tale and may change his story. Description:- he is in his forties, tall with fair hair and previ- ously scruffily dressed. He speaks perfect English and has said that he is from Germany, Holland or Denmark, and his name is Martin. But this might again be part of his tale. Please warn as many people as possible not to be taken in by this scam CHRIS POOLE, Orihuela Costa Neighbourhood Watch WELL, WE STILL HAVE THE SUN I AM one of the thousands of ex-pats over the decades who flocked to Spain -- the land of the rising sun - for a cut-price better lifestyle. As the last decade passed and the new utility infrastructures (Iberdrola and Aqua) and roads were installed I often wondered who was (eventually) going to pay for it all. Cheap petrol was also one incentive for ex-pats to count the savings from that charged at the forecourts back in Britain. With 2012 only just weeks old I read that in Spain water rates are to increase up to 60% this year. Petrol is at an all time high. Electricity increases have occurred during the last year. I know of people (both ex-pats and Spanish) who are struggling - some in dire straits. Simply, the bubble has burst. Not for all, as there are still wealthy folk in Spain, but for many the party is over. And (ex-pats) have gone - and continue - to go home. Taxes are to increase in 2012; with the average household set to cough up more money to the Town Halls, with property tax reportedly set to increase by 4-10%. Added to that of the utility increases. And for mortgagees, annual increases are faced. Hundreds more euros that will see the purse strings pulled even tighter. Many worried people - of all nationalities - are waiting for the next tap on the shoulFrom Page 25 der to hand over their cash. In some cases, it is money more. Do not use any tools they haven't got and they such as electric collars or spray bottles. All they will face repossession. With food and wine in do is teach a dog not to Spain remaining at a decent trust you. Wait until he shows calm cost - in some cases (Menu del Dia €5-8 and a glass of behaviour (which will be wine €1.50) - a meal in the shown by his eyes becoming soft and blinking, sun is something to savour. But gone are the days of rather than dilated) and cheap petrol, aqua, then either walk away (if Iberdrola, and taxes in Spain. indoors) or carry on with Not forgetting the 1.50 (1.60) the walk if you are out with him. If he walks away while Euro/£1 exchange rate. I have been the guy who you are giving the correcflies the flag for Spain, tion, you must follow him always have done. until he shows calm. It's not all doom and gloom Dogs understand this - Spain still has the sun. But correction because it is the times are a changing. way their Mother corrected WERDNA NOSNIKTA, them. You must be calm Alicante when doing this and mean Lynn, you really are the queen of Zumba! HELP Murcia Mar Menor would like to publicly express their gratitude to Lynn Preston, Zumba Instructor, for very kindly donating half of the proceeds (€375) of the Zumbathon held at the Torre Pacheco Hotel on November 5 to HELP Murcia Mar Menor. HELP Murcia Mar Menor receives no assistance from provincial or local government, therefore all time and donations are greatly appreciated. Lynn holds Zumba classes in the Innova Gym at Los Alcazares on Monday 11-12 noon, Tuesday 7-8pm, Wednesday 11-12 noon, Thursday 7-8 m, Ya & La Estudio de danza, Santiago de la Ribera, Monday and Wednesday 8.30 – 9.30pm, La Torre/Kings College Tuesday and Thursday 5-6 pm, Sucina, La Vereda Wednesday 4-5 pm. and Go Fitness gym San Javier Monday and Wednesday 7-8 pm. ELAINE DALE, President THE DOG PSYCHOLOGIST...your questions answered How do I stop her spinning? the correction. Good luck. Hi Peter. We read about you in The Courier. Our little Cindy, a chihuahua maybe whippet cross from the K9 rescue in La Marina, is a lovely dog - very affectionate and gives so much pleasure. She has a few problems behaviour wise, though. She goes round in circles, especially when she is excited,ie, if she thinks she is going out for a walk or that her food is going to be put out for her. She lets us know people are about but is not a persistent barker, which is good. We have tried to stop her going in circles but failed. Can you please give us an idea what to do? Someone says it is because she was kept in a cage and it was her way of getting exercise. BILL and PAT WINTERBURN Hi Bill and Pat. Spinning is a sign of anxiety. First of all I would suggest she needs more exercise to drain her energy. You also have to remember not to give affection when she is displaying this unbalanced behaviour. When you give affection to a dog, you are nurturing the state of mind they are currently in. Only give Cindy affection when she is showing calm behaviour. When she does spin, you need to make a sound to get her attention. Then walk towards her and wait until she shows calm. Her eyes will be a good indication of her becoming calm. When dogs are excited or stressed, their eyes dilate. When they show calm, their eyes become softer and normal blinking occurs. If Cindy walks away while you are doing this correction technique, you must follow her until she is calm. Do not talk to her or stroke her at this point. You are simply using your energy, which has to be calm, and your body language to correct her, just as her Mother would have done. Remember that exercise makes a dog calm and discipline (the correction technique) makes a dog submissive. That is the ideal state for a dog to be in - calm and submissive. 31 Friday, January 20, 2012 Where do u live? Here’s what frequency you need to be listening to! Don’t forget throughout January, February & March, for every advert you buy we’ll give you another one absolutely FREE!! Call us now on: 965 99 66 66 or email: [email protected] for more information ROBBIE FRANCE (1959 ‐ 2012) All at the TKO Media Group are deeply saddened to report of the passing of one of our former TKO GOLD presenters. Robbie joined TKO in early 2007 and for the next two and a half years displayed across the airwaves a fantastic knowledge of music delivered with a relaxed style and manner. "The French Connection" became a must‐listen‐to show, initially on a Saturday lunchtime and then during weekday afternoons. You knew that when "Blue Nile ‐ Tinsel Town In The Rain" began his show, you were in for a musical treat. He never let you down. Before working on radio, Robbie had a successful music career as a drummer, tutor, pro‐ ducer, and composer, most famously being an original member of Skunk Anansie as well as spells with Wishbone Ash, Diamond Head and Alphaville. He became a successful columnist in newspapers and music magazines and spent much of the last couple of years sailing around his beloved Meditteranean "chilling out"! And that was Robbie. A chilled out guy, a devoted father to his young son Max and to partner Karen. Our thoughts are with them and the rest of his family, particuarly his mother in Australia. Robbie died suddenly on Saturday 14th January. He was 52. Let’s see if you can win yourself a meal for two and a bottle of wine at Quesada Fish & Chips POP QUIZ January 20 Welcome to the famous TKO Gold pop quiz! We sure did have some fun with last week’s questions. All you have to do is take the first letter from each answer to find the name of a band or artist. Once you have found the key word, listen in to Chris Ashley´s show on TKO Gold, Saturday mornings 9am – 12pm. 1. Susan Dallion was the lead singer with this punk band. 2. Home State for Roy Orbison. 3. Jimi Hendrix first double L.P. 4. A boat Creedence and Tina sang about. 5. Gary Brooker sang lead vocals with this 60s group. 6. A never ending scoreless tennis match could sum up this song title. 7. Daughter of Ravi Shankar. 8. The High Numbers was this groups original name. 9. December 10th 1967 saw the tragic death of this Soul legend. 10. Green Tambourine was a hit for this group in 1968. 11. In the 60s his backing band were The Dreamers. 32 Friday, January 20, 2012 CODE CRACKER Code Cracker is a crossword puzzle with no clues; instead, every letter of the alphabet has been replaced by a number, the same number representing the same letter throughout the puzzle. All you have to do is decide which letter is represented by which number. In this week’s puzzle, 4 represents B and 19 represents Z, when these letters have been entered throughout the puzzle, you should have enough information to start guessing words and discovering other letters. QUICKIE Across 1 Muslim sovereign (6) 4 Incidental remarks (6) 9 Exile who flees for safety (7) 10 Worker in stone (5) 11 Squander (5) 12 Legislative act (7) 13 Contentious speech act (11) 18 Tornado (7) 20 Cover with liquid before cooking (5) 22 Triangular glass optical device (5) 23 Relating to swine (7) 24 Yearly (6) 25 Strait of the English Channel (6) Down 1 Astute (6) 2 Elevators (5) 3 Increase (7) 5 Group of islands in Polynesia (5) 6 Debate (7) 7 Wrongdoer (6) 8 Instrument for measuring earthquakes (11) 14 Personal belief (7) 15 Trade stoppage (7) 16 Ideally perfect state (6) 17 Choose (6) 19 Resort city in western Florida (5) 21 Avoid work (5) Last weeks Solution Across: 1 Possess, 5 Split, 8 Cheapen, 9 Avian, 10 Sprat, 11 Lettuce, 12 Always, 14 Athens, 17 Surgeon, 19 Added, 22 Exist, 23 Release, 24 Spray, 25 Perhaps. Down: 1 Pacts, 2 Swear, 3 Empathy, 4 Single, 5 Shaft, 6 Leisure, 7 Tunnels, 12 Abscess, 13 Warrior, 15 Trawler, 16 Unwrap, 18 Entry, 20 Diana, 21 Dress. Scribble Pad DOUBLE CROSS-WORD Solve the Double Cross-Word puzzle using either the standard or cryptic clues, the answers are exactly the same. CRYTPIC CLUES Across 1 Beginner with a gun (7) 5 Avoid the Spanish with due preparation (5) 8 Right sick and complaining! (7) 9 Sailor consumed tail off (5) 10 Spoil a spoilt Titan (5) 11 Take out former partner’s piece of land (7) 12 Oriental brass made into weapons (6) 14 Vet ran out of inn (6) 17 Wrong gear can mean bloodshed (7) 19 Runner has nothing for the party (5) 22 Unable to see window screen (5) 23 Eat a cut cooked spark (7) 24 Trials for important matches (5) 25 Poles in trouble with character from Greece (7) Down 1 Building support from trust (5) 2 Elsewhere in Dali biography (5) 3 Let this represent a Scottish emblem (7) 4 Reading, for example, about Tory leader’s shame (6) 5 Pass laws about a cent (5) 6 Ignorant of bizarre new aura (7) 7 Continually not turning up with the toffees (7) 12 It’s a container, however, for an old instrument (7) 13 Chuck and Halle provide fruits (7) 15 But you and me go under argon plant (7) 16 Not a wild type of a steed (6) 18 And directions for a mountain range (5) 20 Use a yashmak, so to speak (5) 21 A great sea responsible for canoe wreckage (5) STANDARD CLUES Down 1 Swagger (5) 2 Excuse (5) 3 Prickly plant (7) 4 Rue (6) 5 Decree (5) 6 Ignorant of (7) 7 District of Liverpool (7) 12 Early form of trombone (7) 13 Small round fruits (7) 15 Evergreen shrub (7) 16 Staid (6) 18 South American mountain system (5) 20 Make use of (5) 21 Large expanse of sea (5) Across 1 First course (7) 5 Escape (5) 8 Fence (7) 9 Decrease (5) 10 Contaminate (5) 11 Remove (7) 12 Fencing swords (6) 14 Public house (6) 17 Massacre (7) 19 Informal party (5) 22 Sightless (5) 23 Move (7) 24 Experiments (5) 25 Greek letter (7) Last weeks Solution Across: 1 Mishap, 4 Chides, 9 Siberia, 10 Riser, 11 Irene, 12 Lanyard, 13 Odds and ends, 18 Octagon, 20 Glade, 22 Crane, 23 Earlobe, 24 Netted, 25 Reader. Down: 1 Misfit, 2 Sabre, 3 Airless, 5 Heron, 6 Disband, 7 Strode, 8 Fallen angel, 14 Detract, 15 En garde, 16 Toucan, 17 Veneer, 19 Geese, 21 Avoid. FILL IT IN Complete the crossword grid by using the given words: Arcs Nil 2 letter words Area Nun My Clam Oaf Of Coal Pop So Eddy Rat To Flee Roe 3 letter words Lass Set Are Liar Sly Bad Lone Son Bag Nods Tad Bah Oath Tan Cab Pent Tap Cat 6 Rate Tat Dad Slot The Dot Told Thy Eel 8 Tops Tin Hop Trot Yap Lab 5 letter words Yes Lap Argot 4 letter words Lea Curio Airy New Feral Harem Omens Pence Piety Robot Satin Snaps Stoat Taper Tenor Total letter words Papers Scenic letter words Rosewood Sentence SPANISH-ENGLISH CROSSWORD Improve your Spanish - clues in Spanish, answers in English or vice versa. Across 1 Thing (object) (4) 3 Horses (8) 9 Farmacia (tienda) (7) 10 Heron (5) 11 Después de (tras un hecho concreto) (5) 12 Tuesday (6) 14 Spiders (6) 16 Castillo (6) 19 Morado (6) 21 Spy (5) 24 Pavement (5) 25 Job (employment) (7) 26 Lawyers (8) 27 Alone (by oneself) (4) Down 1 Spoons (8) 2 Sábana (de cama) (5) 4 Otoño (estación) (6) 5 Ira (de persona) (5) 6 El más grande (7) 7 Estrella (4) 8 Grass (botany) (6) 13 Traffic lights (8) 15 Tile (floor) (7) 17 In addition (6) 18 Theatre (6) 20 Square (town) (5) 22 Plate (for eating) (5) 23 Cow (4) 33 Friday, January 20, 2012 Across 1 Which genus of plant includes cabbage, swede, rape, and mustard? (8) 7 Which Ancient Scottish settlement to the north of Perth was where the kings of medieval Scotland were crowned on the Stone of Destiny? (5) 8 Which of the ancient Athenian philosophers was a pupil of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great? (9) 9 According to the Old Testament, God chose to spare which nephew of Abraham and his family, who were told to flee without looking back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah? (3) 10 According to Greek mythology, which son of Aphrodite was the god of love? (4) 11 What is the British slang term for £500? (6) 13 What was the surname of the actor who played Marshal Matt Dillon’s lame deputy Chester Goode in the television series Gunsmoke and the title character in the police television drama series McCloud? (6) 14 What name was given to a priest or priestess acting as a medium through whom advice or prophecy was sought from the gods in classical antiquity? (6) 17 See 5 Down 18/16 What was the name of the second wife of King Henry VIII of England and mother of Queen Elizabeth I? (4,6) 20 What was the surname of the Confederate general who surrendered at Appomattox courthouse on April 9, 1865? (3) 22 Which town in Hertfordshire was designated a planned SUDOKU Quiz Word urban centre in 1946 and developed as a new town? (9) 23 What was the maiden name of former Spice Girl, Victoria Beckham? (5) 24 Sb is the chemical symbol of which brittle silvery-white semi-metal? (8) Down 1 See 13 2 Phoenix is the capital of which state of the USA? (7) 3 According to the Old Testament, what was the name of the third son of Adam and Eve, given by God in place of the murdered Abel? (4) 4 Which soft white fibrous substance that surrounds the seeds of a tropical and subtropical plant is used as textile fibre and thread for sewing? (6) 5/17A Jolene and 9 to 5 were both British hit singles for which American country singer? (5,6) 6 Which unit of surface area is equal to 10,000 square meters? (7) 7 Which Australian folkinfluenced vocal group originally consisted of Judith Durham, Keith Potger, Bruce Woodley and Athol Guy? (7) 12 What name is given to a female heir, especially to vast wealth? (7) 13/1 Jerusalem is the best-known major work by which 18th/19th century English poet, painter, engraver and visionary mystic? (7,5) 15 Which monetary unit of Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, and certain other countries, chiefly in Latin America, is equal to 100th of the basic unit? (7) 16 See 18 Across 17 What name is given to each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically coloured? (5) 19 Which hard greyish-black mineral consisting of corundum and either haematite or magnetite is used as an abrasive, especially as a coating on paper? (5) SALLY’S SIMPLE SPANISH COMUNICACIONES 2 -COMMUNICATIONS 2 Match these words with their Spanish translations then find them in the wordsearch. (Answers below) 1. Which Scottish Loch Is The Deepest? 2. Which Cambridge Bridge Was Put Together In The 18th Century Without The Use Of A Nail? 3. By What Name Do Most Of Us Know The Peak The French Call Mount Cervin & The Italians Monte Cervino? 4. How many stars are on the flag of New Zealand? 5. What are the Aki, Daishimizu and the Seikan in Japan? 6. In Which Country Is Europe's Highest Mountain Mt Elbrus? 7. In which continent would you find the Mississippi River? 8. What Nationality Was Vasco Da Gama? 9. Of Where Are The Maoris The Indigenous Population? 10. Bridgetown is the capital of Where? 11. By Which City Does The Sugar Loaf Mountains Stand? 12. "Can you give me the capital of the following three countries: Syria, Morocco and Libya? "? 1. Loch Ness 2. The Mathematical Bridge (Queens College) 3. The Matterhorn 4. four 5. Tunnels 6. Russia 7. North America 8. Portugese 9. New Zealand 10. Barbados 11. Rio De Janeiro 12. "Damascus, Rabat, Tripoli" ANSWERS Last Week’s Solutions Code Cracker Last weeks Quiz Wordsolution Across: 1 Charcoal, 7 Tenor, 8 Rod Taylor, 9 Rig, 10 Ibex, 11 Mersey, 13 Austin, 14 Waffle, 17 Loafer, 18 Iris, 20/23 Eva Braun, 22 Irene Cara, 24 Tenerife. Down: 1 Corgi, 2 Andrews, 3 Clay, 4 Asleep, 5/6 Angry Brigade, 7 Tristan, 12 Vitamin, 13 Adverbs, 15 Ferrari, 16 Selene, 17 La Paz, 19 Skate, 21 Rene. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. microfono, contestador, interruptor, teclado, suprimir. a. delete, b. tuner, c. cable, d. telephone network, e. remote control, f. key, g. aerial, h. keyboard, i. plug, j. dish aerial, k. microphone, l. amplifier, m. answering machine, n. ear phones, o. wave, p. switch, q. screen, r. loud-speaker. Answers: 1d, 2j, 3o, 4r, 5q, 6g, 7c, 8e, 9l, 10n, 11i, 12b, 13f, 14k, 15m, 16p, 17h, 18a. Geography QUIZ 1. red-telefonica, 2. parabolica, 3. onda, 4. altavoz, 5. pantalla, 6. antena, 7. cable, 8. mando-a-distancia, 9. amplificador, 10. auriculares, 11. enchufe, 12. sintonizador, 13. tecla, ALAJ P U YAV R M S E R C ALTAVOZ MICROFONO L O N L T V N H I E A I R O O ONDA L H N G C T M M S O N E T D N AMPLIFICADOR A E Y O E E I Y P T D A E A T ANTENA PANTALLA T D N N F R TY E T O D C Z E PARABOLICA N E A C P O P R E J A N L I S AURICULARES AO J U HAR L J G D OAN T CABLE RED-TELEFONICA P P S V U U E C M R I M D OA CONTESTADOR SINTONIZAG Z V P P F F V I D S B O T D Y S T T O H A E L M T B I N O ENCHUFE DOR K X O N E L B A C S A H U I R INTERRUPTOR SUPRIMIR C R I A L TA V O Z N M I S W A C I L O B A R A P C R V L R MANDO-A-DISTECLA A D U R O D A C I F I L P M A TANCIA TECLADO O J B A U R I C U LA R E S K Soduko Span - Eng Friday, January 20, 2012 Horoscopes By Pandora Aries March 21 - April 19 You're not sure if your new mousetrap is better, but due to its horrifying use of liquefying blades, the world will beat a path to your door out of sheer morbid curiosity. Am I wrong? My ex-girlfriend lives in Murcia (I live in Torrevieja) and my mate lives about 3 miles from me. I still talk to my ex and she told me yesterday that she had some time off and she was coming up to Murcia, to meet up with my friend. Apparently she had been talking to him a lot on Facebook and became good friends so she would be meeting up with him, bearing in mind they have only met up once with myself. Now the problem I have is my (so called) friend has had a history of stealing my ex's and female friends and turning them against me by accusing me of doing and saying things I never did. But me being me I always accepted his apology. So now I can't help but feel he is stealing my ex who I am still very good friends with. She has said they are meeting on friendship terms but I know he wants more than that, but she disagrees. Every single person I have asked have said they wouldn't meet up with their ex's mate as it just seems wrong and awkward. Surely I can't be wrong? What do I do because I'm losing sleep worrying that the same is going to happen again? Taurus April 20 - May 20 You'll need to find new solutions to the same old problems this week, mostly because you're really building up quite a tolerance to alcohol. This week your destiny has the wings of an inebriated bird. Gemini May 21 - June 20 Take comfort in the fact that we are all part of a larger plan, although really it's more of an eons-spanning game of universal domination played by uncaring immortals than a "plan." Cancer June 21 - July 22 If you have a problem Romany Rose can help you with, email her at [email protected] assumed he was too. We hadn't seen each other for 6 weeks and he insisted on meeting up, taking me for dinner (I normally pay Dutch) and started being all needy. I told him to stop, that we were just as we were before and he started with the "yeah we work so well, uncomplicated" which is half right, I'm not complicated but he's getting more complicated by the minute. I was thinking I should just call it a day but he's not giving me a chance. I'm DAVID Torrevieja starting to feel a bit smothered. He also asked if I'd Hello David. I really don't slept with anyone else. I think there's anything you said I'd dated since we can do David. If you've weren't an item, he seemed explained your concerns to a little hurt. Have I misread her and told her that he has things? I mean on our first spread malicious hurtful date we laid our cards on rumours to your ex's in the the table, we both weren't past and broken good friend- looking for serious, no ships, then there's not much commitment, wouldn't be else you can do. At the end of boyfriend / girlfriend and the day, she's a grown up and neither of us were looking will make her own decision. I for marriage or kids. I hope she sees through this mean these were his other chap and doesn't listen words, what has hapto anything he says but you'll pened? Basically I know I can't just have to let things take their course. Hopefully she give and don't want to give values your friendship more more than what I do. He's than his. Why not offer to never going to be number meet up with her afterwards one on my list because no guy ever is. I've said that, since she's in the area? Either way, I'd get rid of this he said he understood, so male friend, he sounds like a what the heck is going on? scheming so and so. He's changed I started seeing this guy on a very casual basis as neither of us had time to commit. As we weren't committing I continued to date other people, read a lot of stories recently where this has happened and it doesn't seem to end well. There could be a chance he offered this hoping it would eventually lead to a more permanent long term relationship. I honestly think if all this is too much for you then the kindest thing would be to let him go. I don't think it’s fair carrying on this type of relationship when one person wants more and it’s cruel to carry on when you know he is hoping for just that. Hopefully by sorting things now it will save him more hurt in the future. Is he cheating? I think my boyfriend maybe cheating on me. I have been with him for a year and he insists that he never has and never will cheat on me. Last week I went on msn and saw that in October and November 2011 he became friends with two girls and both have the status of being 'hrny'. When I asked him about it he said he met them before he and I got together but that's not even possible. What do I do? Is he cheating? JOY La Marina JULIE Via email Hi Joy, This seems like such a reoccurring situation with many who go into what has been discussed as a casual relationship but other times one person will have more feelings than the other even though everything was talked through at the beginning. I've Hello Julie. Firstly by being friends with these girls he is not actually doing anything wrong we all like to meet new people for chatting. However if it is on his account that he has only recently become friends with them then he has lied to you. Presuming you have not hacked into his account and it is there for all to see when they became friends I would confront him. Just ask him why he felt he had to lie to you and that you don’t care who he is or is not friends with you just would like him to be open and honest with you. Sit down when you both have plenty of time and have a heart to heart both be open and honest with each other. You must tell him how you feel and ask him to do the same in return. Good luck I can’t converse I have been in a relationship for 5 months but it is now becoming difficult to make conversation. This is making me anxious and I feel it’s only a matter of time before she dumps me because of this. I don't think we know each other as well as we should do ffor a relationship of 5 months. We both love each other but I not sure what to talk to her about. PETER San luis Hello Peter. 5 months is no time at all. People can be together for years and are still getting to know each other. you can only find out about each other if you make time for each other sit down talk about what she has done that day what she enjoys doing. Go out and do activities you both like. Have time just the 2 of you alone. Surprise her by planning a day out together. If you’re on a tight budget all these things can be achieved with little or no money and just a bit of imagination. A relationship does not just make itself it takes a lot of work and effort on both sides and the more you put in the more you will get back in return. For the next week, laws will not apply to you, which is a real pain, as you've become pretty accustomed to Newton's first and third. "Hullabaloo" is your preferred word to add into conversations this week. Leo July 23 - August 22 This is a terrible week to make decisions about your love life, although to be perfectly honest, the problem's less with the week and more with you. Chuckles, guffaws but not LOLs are favoured by the planets for more times than not. Virgo August 23 - September 22 It's time to make people take you more seriously. If they don't respond to your demands within a half-hour of reading this, start killing the hostages. This week your flanges are in need of a service. Libra September 23 - October 22 Walk confidently in the direction of your life's dreams, but be warned that it's really quite a long walk to Madrid. Distrust any person who shakes your hand with a view to winning your vote in any election this week. Scorpio October 23 - November 21 Although no one is currently keeping statistics on falcon attacks, your next few weeks will motivate several people to begin considering the necessity. A phone call will answer a question you have pondered upon since the 16th of last month. Sagittarius November 22 - December 21 People say you're too easygoing, unmotivated, and accepting of your own flaws, but you'll learn to live with that. Most accidents occur at home, so stay safe this week by living on the streets of a distant city. Capricorn December 22 - January 19 The great thing about dogs is they still feel the same way about you when your back is turned. In related news, you'll never see the Doberman attack coming. Aquarius January 20 - February 18 While it's true there are only two kinds of people in the world, the stars believe it would be unkind to tell you just how much better than you the other one is. This week your preferred order of Banana Splits is Snork, Bingo, Fleagle and Drooper. Pisces February 19 - March 20 It turns out that pianos hardly ever suddenly fall out of twelfth story windows onto people, although you'll have a hard time feeling special about it. 35 Friday, January 20, 2012 TRELI ON THE TELLY Three cheers are not enough, dear Holmes THE BBC have really turned up trumps with some great drama in the first three weeks of 2012, led by the fantastic Sherlock, which gave us a gasping cliff-hanger in its last story on Sunday. Is the great man really dead, a victim of Moriarty? Andrew Scott has been a hoot camping it up as the baddie, and the three new stories we have had are simply not enough! With Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman so busy with other projects, along with the boss of the show, Steven Moffat, I fear we may have to wait a fair while for some more tales, assuming that Sherlock is alive, that is! A word as well for the delightful Una Stubbs as the landlady, Mrs. Hudson, who seemed to revel in every scene she was in. Sunday evening has always been a time for big popular dramas on BBC1, and we’ve seen the start of Call the Midwife, based on the best-selling memoirs of Jennifer with ALEX TRELINSKI Is Sherlock Holmes really dead? Maybe Benedict Cumberbatch (left) knows Worth. Judging from the first episode, this series is ticking many of the right boxes, including nostalgia from the fifties, and a good cast of stalwarts like Pam Ferris and Jenny Agutter, supporting the star, Jessica Raine as the newly qualified midwife, Jenny Lee. I liked the opener a lot, and I predict this will be a big hit, which will probably mean it’ll bomb! Sadly, last Friday saw the start of the final series of Hustle on BBC1, with creator Tony Jordan deciding to call it a day. There was nothing original about the first story or Mark, who was a greedy gold dealer, but what makes Hustle so much fun is that you can’t help liking the team of grifters led by Adrian Lester, and you just know that the cast are having a really good time. Not all TV drama has to be a Downton or Sherlock to be entertaining, which over the years Hustle has succeeded in being. I can’t wait to see one of the original team, Jaime Murray, popping up in the final episode. I had to blink a few times on Saturday night, as I thought that Jabba the Hut was making an unscheduled appearance on primetime TV. But a caption soon told me that it was in fact a bloated and bald Derek Hobson, who hosted ITV’s New Faces back in the seventies. He, along with Tony Hatch, was talking about the ground-breaking show as part of ITV 1’s five-part series, Talent Show Story, and a surprisingly enjoyable series it has turned out to be, even though the UK viewing figures are poor. Hatch, along with his fellow recordproducer, Mickie Most, were part of the first-ever talent show panel on UK TV, generations before anybody had heard of Simon Cowell, and they were not scared to dish out some very honest comments about some of the acts. Sadly, not many editions of the ATVproduced show have survived, which is a pity, as my favourite moment was when the third hard man of the Most and THE TEMPEST 12 The sorceress Prospera has been exiled from Milan and lives on a desolate, rocky island in the Mediterranean. Her only companions are her daughter Miranda who has grown up knowing no others; Ariel, a spirit she has ensorcelled to do her bidding; and her Caliban, the island’s original inhabitant that she has enslaved and who hates her. Prospera conjures up a tempest to wreck a passing ship containing Milanese dignitaries. The survivors wash ashore on the island. The unworldwise Miranda things is how, having set the film up, Julie Taymor otherwise leaves the island a bare landscape. This does lead to a film that is oddly extravagant visually but equally seems to take place almost entirely out of doors, apart from Prospera’s courtyard near the end. Even Prospera’s wardrobe of costumes is peculiarly located out of doors. One thing that must be commended hugely in Julie Taymor’s favour is that she opens the dialogue itself up. Watching Shakespeare film adapta- CAST: Helen Mirren, Russell Brand, Alfred Molina, Djimon Hounsou, David Strathairn DIRECTOR: Julie Taymor GENRE: SciFi/Fantasy, Drama, Romance RATING: 2.5/5 RUNNING TIME: 110 min. meets the young Tempest (1610-1). It comes Ferdinand and the two fall from Julie Taymor who is in love with each other. best known for her work as Caliban discovers two of a theatrical director, she the servants and recruits gaining acclaim for adaptthem into his schemes to ing various classic operas take revenge against and plays and interpreting Prospera. Meanwhile, them with a great deal of Prospera sends Ariel to visual flair. taunt and terrify the others One of the more interesting as they make their way This dvd review was brought to you by MOVING across the island. This is a new version of the MOVIES - OVER 7000 DVDS IN STOCK. Delivering all classic William over Spain and the UK Visit www.movingmovies.biz Tel Shakespeare play The 650 751 072 or email [email protected] Professor Brian Cox: A top presenter Hatch trio, TV critic Clifford Davis, gave a zero for ‘Star Quality’ to a useless “Bonnie Langford-style” girl singer barely out of nappies. A sharp edit of the videotape then cut to Hobson, who straight away introduced the next act, and clearly some tears and commotion had been cut out of the final transmission. It was certainly far too strong for the UK teatime viewers of 1973, but I’d have loved to have seen what actually did happen with no comforting hugs from the likes of Ant and Dec or Dermot O’Leary. Full credit to Cowell that he has always cited New Faces as the template for his formats and success, but much as I am a Cowell fan, the series has ended up as being undisguised propaganda for him. The clips have been great, but surely it should all have been done in some kind of chronological order, with the oily Hughie Green and Opportunity Knocks kicking things off with that famous ‘Clapometer’. At least we get to see all that in tomorrow night’s third programme! Two of the best of the new generation of TV presenters are Dara O’Briain and Professor Brian Cox, and it’s been great seeing them in tandem on BBC2’s Stargazing LIVE this week. It’s also been an excellent example of how you can do popular yet informative television, without dumbing down to the level of a primitive caveman. A quick note if you love a great drama mystery series. One of my favourite shows of 2011 starts a repeat run on the BBC HD Channel tonight at 11.30. I’m talking about The Shadow Line, which will reward you richly if you stay right with it. tions, unless you have memorised or are closely familiar with the text, you often need a set of primer notes to interpret and follow what is being said. Rather than people coming on a delivering dialogue by memorised rote as you usually get, Julie Taymor has her actors deliver it as though it were everyday dialogue, which certainly makes the play easier to follow. 36 The Courier Friday TV January 20 00:35 This Week 01:20 Skiing Weatherview 01:25 Countryfile 02:25 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 03:10 Britain's Killer Roads 03:55 You've Been Scammed 04:40 Asia Business Report 04:45 Sport Today 05:00 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 Deadly 60 16:30 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab: The Experiments 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 21:00 EastEnders 21:30 Room 101 22:00 Hustle 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 The Graham Norton Show 00:20 01:10 03:10 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:40 Snooker: The Masters Snooker Extra Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Close 05:00 Around the World in 80 Faiths 06:00 Around the World in 80 Faiths 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Copycats 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Uki 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Little Charley Bear 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 13:30 Live Snooker: The Masters 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Live Snooker: The Masters 21:00 Mastermind 21:30 On Hannibal's Trail 22:00 Sicily Unpacked 23:00 QI 23:30 Newsnight 00:35 Take Me Out 01:45 ITV News Headlines 01:45 The Zone 03:45 Tonight 04:10 ITV Nightscreen 05:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Safari Vet School 21:30 Coronation Street 22:00 Law & Order: UK 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 Jaws 00:35 Random Acts 00:40 Coppers 01:45 Curated by Lyle and Scott 02:00 Coming Up: Hooked 02:25 Embarrassing Bodies 03:20 One Minute Past Midnight 03:35 A Guide to Taking a Photo 03:40 Britain AD: King Arthur's Britain 04:35 Chrono-Perambulator 04:45 St Elsewhere 05:35 90210 06:15 Countdown 07:00 The Treacle People 07:10 The Hoobs 08:00 Freshly Squeezed 08:25 According to Jim 09:20 Everybody Loves Raymond 09:50 Frasier 10:55 Relocation: Phil Down Under 12:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 13:00 Channel 4 News Summary 13:05 Come Dine with Me 14:05 Vacation, Vacation, Vacation 14:35 Bad Day at Black Rock 16:10 Countdown 17:00 Deal or No Deal 18:00 Coach Trip 18:30 Come Dine with Me 19:00 The Simpsons 19:30 Hollyoaks 20:00 Channel 4 News 20:30 4thought.tv 20:35 Come Dine with Me 21:30 New Girl 22:00 The Million Pound Drop Live 23:35 Chris Moyles' Quiz Night HUSTLE The tricksters discover a valuable Picasso has been stolen, so they try to sell a forgery of the painting back to the original owner - only to come unstuck when Mickey is kidnapped. To rescue their leader, the grifters have to find out who took the original and then steal it back, but with so many fakes and double-crossers lurking behind every corner, they have a challenge on their hands to save Mickey in time. Sheila Hancock, Bill Bailey and Martin Kemp guest star. Postponed from January 13. 00:00 It's All About Amy 01:00 SuperCasino 04:55 HouseBusters 05:20 Michaela's Wild Challenge 05:45 Michaela's Wild Challenge 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:30 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 07:55 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Mio Mao 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Milkshake! Monkey 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 16:15 Secrets in the Walls 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 21:00 World's Toughest Trucker 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Wedding Planner YOU WOULDN’T BELIEVE IT... HANGING AROUND TALK ABOUT OVERKILL The Dutch air force says two of its F-16 jet fighters tried to help police chase a criminal suspect. Spokesman Olav Spanjer says the jets were about to leave Volkel airbase on a training mission Thursday evening when they heard local police had requested a military jeep to chase a suspect over soggy terrain. The pilots volunteered to help search using their infrared cameras. Spanjer conceded last Friday, "It was kind of a long-shot." The suspect was in a car with stolen license plates that sped away when police tried to pull it over. After an exchange of gunfire, the car crashed into a canal and the man ran away across a field. In the end, a tip from a suspicious neighbor, and not a high-tech jet, led police to the suspect. Got any I.D? Art student Andrzej Sobiepan didn't want to wait decades for his work to appear in museums. So he took matters in his own hands, covertly hanging one of his paintings in a major Polish gallery. By Wednesday, the young artist was getting plenty of attention after a nationwide TV channel reported on his stunt at the National Museum in the southwestern city of Wroclaw. He told reporters he hoped galleries would give more exhibition space to young artists as a result. "I decided that I will not wait 30 or 40 years for my works to appear at a place like this," Sobiepan told TVN24. "I want to benefit from them in the here and now." Sobiepan, a Wroclaw Fine Arts Academy student whose last name means "his own master," said he was inspired by the elusive British graffiti artist known only as Banksy. His own painting is small, white and green, and partly uses swine leather to show a drooping acacia leaf. Sobiepan put it up in a room with contemporary Polish art when a guard at the museum was looking the other way. Museum officials didn't notice the new painting for three days. Museum director Mariusz Hermansdorfer told TVN24 on Wednesday that the action revealed some security breaches, but that he also considered it a "witty artistic happening." "It has shown that the young generation of artists, unlike their predecessors, wants to see their works in museums," Hermansdorfer said. The museum has kept the painting on display — in its cafe. It will be offered for sale at Poland's biggest charity auction. A British man had his passport tattooed on his back and even used the image as an ID to take money out of the bank, he said. Richard Ashton, 27, had his passport inked on his back while backpacking in Australia in 2006. “I wanted something to remember my holiday by, but also wanted something patriotic,” he said. “My girlfriend at the time thought I was a bit daft, but eventually she found it hilarious. That seems to be the general reaction.” The London personal trainer said when he ran out of cash on his trip to Australia, he took off his shirt at a bank to use as ID. “The cashier gave me a strange look. She typed in my name and details after reading my tattoo and allowed me $50.” 37 The Courier Saturday TV January 21 00:20 The National Lottery Friday Night Draws 00:30 The Ruins 01:55 Weatherview 02:00 Question Time 03:00 MasterChef: The Professionals 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click 04:45 Newswatch 05:00 BBC News 05:30 On the Road With 06:00 BBC News 06:30 Our World 07:00 Breakfast 11:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 12:30 Nigel Slater's Simple Suppers 13:00 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 13:15 Football Focus 14:00 Live Snooker: The Masters 17:30 Final Score 18:15 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 18:35 Winter Wipeout 19:35 The Magicians 20:50 The National Lottery: Who Dares Wins 21:40 Casualty 22:30 Live at the Apollo 23:00 BBC News; Weather 23:20 Match of the Day 00:00 00:05 00:55 02:55 Weather Snooker: The Masters Snooker Extra Click 03:00 03:30 04:00 07:00 07:10 07:25 07:35 07:45 08:00 Lab 08:30 08:40 09:05 09:35 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:25 12:40 13:00 14:35 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:00 23:30 BBC News Nicole's Legacy Close Little Robots Zigby Finley the Fire Engine Octonauts Everything's Rosie Richard Hammond's Blast Dennis and Gnasher The Scooby-Doo Show Pixelface Prank Patrol Down Under Deadly 60 Barney's Latin America Animals at Work Trapped Ever After Hacker Time OOglies MOTD Kickabout Whale Rider Fire Down Below Escape to the Country Live Snooker: The Masters Pappano's Essential Tosca Flog It! Dad's Army Live Snooker: The Masters Doubt 01:55 ITV News Headlines 01:55 The Zone 04:00 A Home at the End of the World 05:30 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Mini CITV 08:25 CITV 10:25 ITV News 10:35 Richie Rich 12:25 This Morning: Saturday 13:25 Murder, She Wrote 14:30 Murder, She Wrote 15:30 ITV News and Weather 15:44 Meridian Weather 15:45 Animals Do the Funniest Things 16:45 Jurassic Park III 18:30 Meridian News and Weather 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 New You've Been Framed! 19:30 Harry Hill's TV Burp 20:00 Take Me Out 21:15 The Talent Show Story 22:15 The Jonathan Ross Show 23:15 ITV News and Weather 23:29 Meridian Weather 23:30 Celebrity Juice THE TRANSPORTER 2 Action sequel starring Jason Statham, Alessandro Gassman and Amber Valletta. Slick mercenary Frank Martin has relocated from the French Riviera to Miami, where he's working as a driver for the rich Billings family as a favour to a friend. Developing an unexpected bond with their six-year-old son, Jack, he's forced to take tough action when the boy is kidnapped. 00:35 Rude Tube 01:30 Sideways 03:40 Random Acts 03:45 Home Road Movies 04:00 The Birthday 04:15 My Name Is Earl 04:40 My Name Is Earl 05:00 Hung 05:30 St Elsewhere 06:20 Countdown 07:05 Sali Mali 07:10 The Hoobs 07:35 The Hoobs 08:00 Freesports on 4 08:25 GT Academy 08:55 The Morning Line 09:55 Everybody's Talking About 10:25 Live and Lost 10:55 The Big Bang Theory 11:25 Desperate Scousewives 12:25 The Simpsons 12:55 New Girl 13:25 Playing It Straight 14:25 The Big Bang Theory 14:55 Channel 4 Racing 17:20 Channel 4 Presents - Will Bayley 2012 17:25 Come Dine with Me 18:30 Channel 4 News 19:00 4thought.tv 19:05 Fame 21:15 The Million Pound Drop Live 22:50 The Transporter 2 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother 00:35 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:15 SuperCasino 04:55 Motorsport Mundial 05:20 Michaela's Wild Challenge 05:45 Michaela's Wild Challenge 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Peppa Pig 07:05 Roary the Racing Car 07:15 Fifi and the Flowertots 07:25 Fireman Sam 07:40 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:50 Castle Farm 07:55 Igam Ogam 08:05 Roobarb and Custard Too 08:15 The Milkshake! Show 08:30 Make Way for Noddy 08:45 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 08:55 Little Princess 09:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 09:30 Angelina Ballerina 09:45 Rupert Bear 10:00 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 10:15 The Mr Men Show 10:30 Roary the Racing Car 10:40 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 11:00 Animal Rescue Squad 11:20 It's All About Amy 12:20 Celebrity Big Brother 13:20 Celebrity Big Brother 13:50 Along Came Polly 15:30 55 Days at Peking 18:30 Joe Kidd 20:10 5 News Weekend 20:15 NCIS 21:15 Celebrity Big Brother 22:15 Made of Honor 38 The Courier Sunday TV January 22 00:45 The Football League Show 02:00 Weatherview 02:05 BBC News 02:30 On the Road With 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Dateline London 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Our World 05:00 BBC News 05:30 Click 06:00 BBC News 06:30 Nicole's Legacy 07:00 Breakfast 08:30 Match of the Day 10:00 The Andrew Marr Show 11:00 The Big Questions 12:00 Country Tracks 13:00 Sunday Politics 14:00 EastEnders 15:55 The Royal Bodyguard 16:25 Escape to the Country 17:25 Songs of Praise 18:00 Olympic Dreams 01:10 Snooker Extra 03:10 Close 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab 08:30 Dennis and Gnasher 08:40 The Owl 08:40 The Scooby-Doo Show 09:05 Paradise Cafe 09:30 Wingin' It 09:30 Diddy Dick & Dom 10:00 Friday Download 11:00 Something for the Weekend 12:30 The High and the Mighty 14:50 Live Snooker: The Masters 17:45 Ski Sunday 18:30 Porridge 19:00 The Last Explorers 20:00 The Many Faces of Les Dawson 21:00 Live Snooker: The Masters 00:15 Inside I'm Dancing 02:05 The Zone 04:05 In Plain Sight 04:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Mini CITV 08:25 CITV 10:25 ITV News 10:30 Ade in Britain 11:30 Dinner Date 12:30 Dickinson's Real Deal 13:30 ITV News and Weather 13:39 Meridian Weather 13:40 Murder, She Wrote 14:45 Columbo: Requiem for a Falling Star 16:45 Vera 18:40 Meridian News and Weather 18:55 ITV News and Weather 19:10 Dancing on Ice 21:30 Wild at Heart 22:30 Dancing on Ice: The Skate Off 23:00 That Sunday Night Show 23:30 ITV News and Weather 23:44 Meridian Weather 23:45 Alexander 127 HOURS 18:30 Antiques Roadshow 19:30 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 20:00 Countryfile 21:00 Call the Midwife 22:00 Birdsong 23:25 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 23:45 Match of the Day 2 Drama based on a true story, directed by Danny Boyle and starring James Franco. While solo climbing in the Utah canyons, Aron Ralston falls into a crevasse and becomes trapped by a falling boulder. As time slips by, he resigns himself to the fact that his survival depends on resorting to desperate measures. 00:30 03:05 03:20 03:35 04:25 05:05 05:30 06:25 07:10 07:35 08:00 08:30 08:35 09:00 09:50 12:20 12:55 13:55 14:35 15:05 17:25 18:25 18:55 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:50 The Abyss The Island Abductees St Elsewhere 90210 Force of Nature Lost Buildings of Britain Countdown The Hoobs The Hoobs Freesports on 4 Channel 4 Presents That Paralympic Show One Tree Hill Hollyoaks The Big Bang Theory Shipwrecked The Simpsons The Simpsons Ladyhawke Deal or No Deal Channel 4 News 4thought.tv Time Team Hugh's Three Hungry Boys The Hotel 127 Hours Chris Moyles' Quiz Night 00:10 Celebrity Wedding Planner 01:10 SuperCasino 05:00 Great Artists 05:25 Divine Designs 05:50 County Secrets 06:00 Hana's Helpline 06:10 The Milkshake! Show 06:35 Thomas & Friends 06:45 Roary the Racing Car 07:00 Peppa Pig 07:05 Roary the Racing Car 07:15 Fifi and the Flowertots 07:25 Fireman Sam 07:40 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:50 Castle Farm 07:55 Igam Ogam 08:05 Roobarb and Custard Too 08:15 The Milkshake! Show 08:35 Make Way for Noddy 08:45 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 08:55 Little Princess 09:05 Olivia 09:20 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 09:30 Angelina Ballerina 09:45 Rupert Bear 10:00 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 10:15 The Mr Men Show 10:30 Roary the Racing Car 10:40 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 11:00 Zoo Days 11:05 Meerkat Manor 11:35 Grey's Anatomy 12:30 Celebrity Big Brother 13:30 Benidorm ER 14:30 Police Academy 3: Back in Training 16:05 Little Man 17:55 Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls 19:40 Spider-Man 22:05 World's 22:55 5 News 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother 39 The Courier Monday TV January 23 00:55 Room 101 - Extra Storage 01:35 Weatherview 01:40 Film 2012 with Claudia Winkleman 02:20 Holby City 03:20 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 04:05 Celebrity Antiques Road Trip 05:05 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 20:30 Inside Out 21:00 EastEnders 21:30 Panorama 22:00 The Royal Bodyguard 22:30 Mrs Brown's Boys 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 A Question of Sport 00:00 00:30 01:00 02:40 02:45 03:00 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:45 05:00 05:10 Frank Skinner's Opinionated Fast and Loose Jacknife Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Close 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 14:00 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Baking Made Easy 20:30 A Question of Taste 21:00 University Challenge 21:30 An Island Parish 22:00 The Real Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines: A Wonderland Film 23:00 Mock the Week 23:30 Weather 02:45 ITV News Headlines 03:00 Ladette to Lady: Australia 03:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Cornwall with Caroline Quentin 21:30 Coronation Street 22:00 Above Suspicion 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 That Sunday Night Show PARTY PARAMEDICS Documentary following paramedics and volunteers as they travel around Colchester, Essex, on the `booze bus', dealing with the town's binge drinkers. Funded by local bars and clubs, the service deals with everything from accidental falls, to the aftermath of alcohol-and-drug-fuelled fights. Thousands of revellers head to the town at the weekend, and it is left to the SOS team to pick up the pieces. 00:40 80s 02:35 03:05 03:35 03:45 04:35 05:15 06:10 06:55 07:00 07:10 07:35 08:00 08:30 08:55 09:25 09:55 10:55 12:00 13:00 13:05 Away 14:05 14:10 14:30 16:10 17:00 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:55 21:00 22:00 23:00 Ben Elton: Laughing at the Coming Up: Geronimo Hallo Panda A Film from My Parish St Elsewhere 90210 Lost Buildings of Britain Countdown Sali Mali The Treacle People The Hoobs The Hoobs Freshly Squeezed According to Jim Everybody Loves Raymond Frasier Undercover Boss USA Phil Spencer: Secret Agent Secret Location Channel 4 News Summary A Place in the Sun: Home or Channel 4 Presents River Cottage Bites Passport to Pimlico Countdown Deal or No Deal Celebrity Coach Trip Come Dine with Me The Simpsons Hollyoaks Channel 4 News 4thought.tv SuperScrimpers Coppers Party Paramedics 00:00 Single White Female 02:10 SuperCasino 05:00 County Secrets 05:10 Great Scientists 05:35 Divine Designs 06:00 Hana's Helpline 06:10 The Milkshake! Show 06:35 Thomas & Friends 06:45 Roary the Racing Car 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Peppa Pig 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 16:15 Jane Doe: Ties that Bind 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 World's Toughest Trucker 21:00 Police Interceptors 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Wedding Planner 40 The Courier Tuesday TV January 24 00:05 Late Kick Off 00:35 The Graham Norton Show 01:20 Weatherview 01:25 Who Do You Think You Are? 02:25 MasterChef: The Professionals 02:55 You've Been Scammed 03:40 Celebrity Antiques Road Trip 04:40 Asia Business Report 04:45 Sport Today 05:00 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 20:30 BBC News; Regional News 21:00 Holby City 22:00 MasterChef 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 Death Row Dogs 00:20 01:20 02:20 02:30 02:45 03:00 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:40 American Football Bowls Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Close 05:00 Blethering Scots 05:30 Blethering Scots 06:00 Scots Scuil 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 14:00 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Escape to the Country 20:30 Match of the Day Live 23:00 Rhod Gilbert's Work Experience 23:30 Newsnight 00:10 Law & Order: UK 01:05 River Monsters 01:30 ITV News Headlines 03:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 04:30 ITV Nightscreen 05:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Farewell Becky 21:00 The Exit List 22:00 The Biggest Loser 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 Benidorm THE FAT FIGHTERS The trainers focus on exercises to get their clients' legs into shape. Tamaya Adams turns her attention to Susan, a 36-year-old woman with poor self-confidence who has tried a range of diets over the years to keep her weight under control. However, though she sheds the pounds quickly, Tamaya is concerned about her eating habits, and tries to teach her how to diet healthily. 00:05 00:10 01:15 02:10 03:05 03:10 03:15 04:05 04:45 05:00 05:55 06:55 07:00 07:10 07:35 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:55 12:00 13:00 13:05 Away 14:05 14:20 16:10 17:00 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:55 21:00 22:00 23:00 Random Acts Shameless The Joy of Teen Sex Embarrassing Bodies Undressing My Mother Brain Damage St Elsewhere 90210 Designers Under Pressure Rome: The Model Empire Lost Buildings of Britain Sali Mali The Treacle People The Hoobs The Hoobs Freshly Squeezed According to Jim Everybody Loves Raymond Frasier Undercover Boss USA Phil Spencer: Secret Agent Secret Location Channel 4 News Summary A Place in the Sun: Home or River Cottage Blithe Spirit Countdown Deal or No Deal Celebrity Coach Trip Come Dine with Me The Simpsons Hollyoaks Channel 4 News 4thought.tv The Fat Fighters 15 Kids and Counting Shameless 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:00 Kate Thornton - Anorexic: My Secret Past 02:00 SuperCasino 05:00 Animal Rescue Squad 05:10 Grey's Anatomy 06:00 County Secrets 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Peppa Pig 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Miami 16:15 Uncorked 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Police Interceptors 21:00 Cowboy Builders 22:00 Body of Proof 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother 41 The Courier Wednesday TV January 25 00:30 Open Range 02:40 Weatherview 02:45 The Manor Reborn 03:45 Nature's Miracle Babies 04:45 MasterChef: The Professionals 05:45 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Deadly 60 Bites 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 My Life: Boy Racers 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Regional News Programmes 20:00 The One Show 20:30 BBC News: Regional News 21:00 DIY SOS: The Big Build 22:00 MasterChef 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 The National Lottery Wednesday Night Draws 23:45 Film 2012 with Claudia Winkleman 00:20 01:20 02:20 02:30 02:45 03:00 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:45 Royal Institution Lectures Bowls Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today 05:00 Seriously Raleigh 06:00 After Life: Rot Box Detectives 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 Daily Politics 14:00 See Hear 14:30 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 21:00 Natural World 22:00 The Crusades 23:00 Have I Got News for You 23:30 Weather 00:35 Homes from Hell 2009 01:30 ITV News Headlines 04:00 Crossing Jordan 04:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 The National Television Awards 2012 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 The Constant Gardener THE NATIONAL TELEVISION AWARDS 2012 Dermot O'Leary hosts the star-studded ceremony celebrating the best of British TV over the past year, as the biggest names on the small screen gather at the O2 for the results of a nationwide poll across 14 categories. 00:05 Desperate Housewives 01:00 Random Acts 01:05 Poker 02:10 Sailing 02:35 KOTV Boxing Weekly 03:05 Volleyball 04:00 GT Academy 04:25 That Paralympic Show 04:55 Paralympic Wheelchair Rugby GB Cup 2011 05:50 European Wheelchair Fencing Championships 2011 06:15 Scrapheap Challenge 07:10 The Hoobs 08:00 Freshly Squeezed 08:30 According to Jim 08:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 09:25 Frasier 09:55 Undercover Boss USA 10:55 Phil Spencer: Secret Agent 12:00 Secret Location 13:00 Channel 4 News Summary 13:05 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 14:05 River Cottage Bites 14:25 The Belles of St Trinian's 16:10 Countdown 17:00 Deal or No Deal 18:00 Celebrity Coach Trip 18:30 Come Dine with Me 19:00 The Simpsons 19:30 Hollyoaks 20:00 Channel 4 News 20:55 4thought.tv 21:00 How to Cook Like Heston 21:30 The Fabulous Baker Brothers 22:00 One Born Every Minute 23:00 The Channel 4 Mash Up 23:35 Run Fatboy Run 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:00 Celebrity Wedding Planner 02:00 SuperCasino 04:55 HouseBusters 05:20 Michaela's Wild Challenge 05:45 Michaela's Wild Challenge 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:40 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Peppa Pig 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Miami 16:10 Honeymoon with Mom 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Cowboy Builders 21:00 Benidorm ER 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Jodie Marsh - Bullied: My Secret Past 42 The Courier Thusday TV January 26 00:25 National Lottery Update 01:10 In Her Defense 02:45 Weatherview 02:50 See Hear 03:20 Country Tracks 04:15 MasterChef: The Professionals 05:15 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 20:30 BBC News; Regional News 21:00 Earthflight 22:00 Crimewatch 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 Crimewatch Update 23:45 Question Time 00:20 Royal Institution Lectures 01:20 Bowls 02:20 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 04:30 Asia Business Report 04:45 Sport Today 05:00 Key Stage 4 History Curriculum Bites - International Relations 1919-1939 06:00 Keeping Loch Lomond 06:30 The Code 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 14:00 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 21:00 Saxon Hoard: A Golden Discovery 22:00 Putin, Russia & the West 23:00 Never Mind the Buzzcocks 23:30 Weather 01:50 ITV News Headlines 03:55 Frantic 05:55 ITV Nightscreen 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Tonight 21:00 Emmerdale 21:30 Coronation Street 22:00 Eternal Law 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 The Jonathan Ross Show JAPANS TSUNAMI: CAUGHT ON CAMERA Amateur footage and eyewitness accounts telling the story of the earthquake and subsequent tsunami that caused devastation in Japan in March 2011. The film also discovers how the country dealt with the aftermath of these natural disasters, as people struggled to rebuild their lives and communities. 01:30 Random Acts 01:35 Launched at Red Bull Studios 01:50 Launched at Red Bull Studios 02:05 Curated by Lyle and Scott 02:20 Professor Green Unseen: After Hours 02:50 4Play: Beardyman 03:00 That Riviera Touch 04:45 St Elsewhere 05:30 Force of Nature 06:00 Gone Fishing 06:15 Countdown 07:00 The Treacle People 07:10 The Hoobs 08:00 Freshly Squeezed 08:30 According to Jim 08:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 09:25 Frasier 09:55 Undercover Boss USA 10:55 Phil Spencer: Secret Agent 12:00 Secret Location 13:00 Channel 4 News Summary 13:05 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 14:10 The Third Man 16:10 Countdown 17:00 Deal or No Deal 18:00 Celebrity Coach Trip 18:30 Come Dine with Me 19:00 The Simpsons 19:30 Hollyoaks 20:00 Channel 4 News 20:55 4thought.tv 21:00 Location, Location, Location 22:00 The Restoration Man 23:00 Japan's Tsunami: Caught on Camera 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother 00:30 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:30 Poker: The Big Game 02:30 SuperCasino 04:55 HouseBusters 05:20 Nick's Quest 05:45 Nick's Quest 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Milkshake! Monkey 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 12:40 5 News Lunchtime 12:45 Celebrity Big Brother 13:45 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: NY 16:10 Bridge of Time 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Building the Ice Hotel 21:00 World's 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 43 Friday, January 20, 2012 AWNINGS ACCOMODATION Small, economic family run hotel, situated on the CV951, San Miguel de Salinas. Modern air-conditioned and ensuite rooms available, 35 € per room, per night. Call 966 842 070 for reservations. (48) ACCOUNTANTS contact Reverend Eddie on 966 7693 00 or 650 509 606. Reg No:2009-SG/A Are you running a business? Let us simplify things for you – accountancy, taxes, payroll services and more. We cater for companies and individuals. Established in 1984 on the Costa Blanca. Call us on 966 923 963 for your first consultation free of charge. (48) CARS FOR SALE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES EXCELLENT RECESSION PROOF BUSINESS WITH NO OVERHEADS AND ALL CASH. 5 COLD DRINK VENDING MACHINES €24,900. 25 PRINGLE MACHINES €14,900, ALL WITH GUARANTEED SITES. 619 307 318. (52) Huge Bar Restaurant with 6 room Hotel FOR RENT Very popular place only 36,000 euro for the whole year - NO MONTHLY RENT TO PAY! Call 651 885 200 AIR CONDITIONING CHURCH SERVICES International Christian Assembly, Calle Pilar de Horadada 5, Torrevieja. Evangelical non-denominational church. Sunday services 11am. Children's church 11am. House groups in Torrevieja, Los Balcones, San Javier. Ladies meeting Thursdays 11am. Craft club, Tuesdays, 2pm. Pastor, Rafael Restrepo. All nationalities welcome. Call 966 799 273 or 660 127 276. Pilar Christian Community Church Calle Canalejas 3. Pilar de la Horadada. Sunday Service at 11am, and Thursday at 5pm for Bible study and Prayer. Home groups meet during the week. All welcome from any church background or none. For further information contact Pilar ChristianCommunity [email protected] or Try Professional Business Support for your quick quote for car insurance. Excellent prices for expats, all policies available in English or German. We will call you back with a price. 966 923 963 Looking for a car? We have a good selection of LHD & RHD vehicles for sale or exchange. Simply view our easy to use website www.fwreurocars.com or Telephone 600 726 221 - 965687976 Ford Fiesta 1.4, 2003 5dr, 72,000 kms, stunning only 3950 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Ford Ka 1.3, Nov 2006, 53,000 kms, fsh, 4250 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Ford Fusion 1.6 plus, 2005, 49,000 kms, 5950 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Peugeot 307cc cabrio 2.0 auto/tip 2008, 48,000 kms, fsh, 14,250 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Ford Focus 1.6, 2006, 52,000 kms 7,600 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Renault Clio 1.2 5 door, bargain, 1950 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com BMW Compact 318, 2750 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Seat Ibiza, 1.9 TDI Cupra Sport 160 BHP, Oct 2007, 37,000 kms, fsh, 7,750 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Alfa Romeo 166 T-Spark, Nov 2001, 92,000 kms, 2950 Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Honda CRV 4 X 4 RHD, Spanish registered 2001, 51,000 miles, fully equipped, 3450 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Lexus RX300 4 X 4 auto, 2003, 12,450 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Good selection of RHD vehicles FOR SALE or EXCHANGE Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com FOR SALE Two orange gas cylinders. One full, one half full. 25€ each or 45€ for pair. Tel: 672192482. Santiago de la Ribera. Kymco Zing 125cc chopper style motorbike. Year 2000. 5768km. ITV July 2012. 400 euros. Tel 622 208 934. Two helmets included. (49) For all your insurance needs, ie.home, car, health, funeral, travel, etc Excellent cover from Spain´s 5th biggest insurance company, “CASER”. Policies available in English and German. Call Professional Business Support on 966 923 963 for a quick quote from a real person/our friendly staff. MEDICAL Make the most of private health care and private hospitals, we have great cover and a two tier pricing system to suit your age and pocket. All policies in English, many English speaking doctors or free translators at your service. Call us now on 966 923 963, and we will call you back with your quote. Caser Health Care . PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Viva Villa and Vacation Services, For Short or Long Term Rentals visit: www.villaandvacation.com or Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 TipTop Villa Care, for all your property needs. Meet and Greets. Cleaning. Holiday and Long Term Rentals. Advertising. Baby Equipment Hire. www.tiptopvillacare.com e-mail [email protected] Tel 667848582 (50) PROPERTY FOR RENT COSTA BLANCA SOUTH LONG TERM RENTALS ROLDAN LARGE DETACHED VILLA available furnished or UNFURNISHED Near to town centre and schools. Ideal for La Torre Golf Resort and Kings College. [email protected] or call Tel 667848582 www.tiptopvillacare.com (50) LONG TERM RENTALS (ALICANTE region) FORMENTERA de la SEGURA. NEAR ROJALES. Sunny and Bright 2 bedroom apartment. Large Terrace with BBQ. Walking distance to Town Centre 350€/mth* Linda 667848582 (50) Punta Prima 3 bed 2 bath apartment. 20m2 fully glazes balcony. Gated appartment. 400€ per month. Beautiful sea views. 5 mins to beach, bars and shops. 966 703 297. (48) Ref. 91, This lovely one bedroom apartment is on the fifth (top) floor of block one of the Miramar development - but don't worry about climbing the stairs, as there is a lift! A parking space is included in the key operated underground garage. €450PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 112, Spacious 3 bedroom detached villa with its private pool is located on the El Raso urbanisation near Guardamar. Convenient for all amenities, shops, supermarket, restaurants and bars. Short term only. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 COMPUTERS 44 Friday, January 20, 2012 Ref: 63, Two bedroom 1st floor apartment situated in Monino Blanco. The property overlooks a superb communal pool area, in within walking distance of bars, restaurants and shops. Short or long term rental available. €P.O.A Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 155, Luxurious Three Bedroom Villa With Private Pool, in Quesada Close to shops and restaurants within a five minute drive, and Guadamar Beach is within a ten minute drive. Long term or Short term available. €795PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 709, A lovely 1 bedroom apartment in Aguas Nuevas, within a 5 minute walk of the beach. There is a terrace outside with views to the sea. Short or long term rental available. €300PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 708, A lovely two bedroom, one bathroom corner ground floor apartment in Algorfa, with a spacious patio & Residents off road parking. Communal pool near by. Short or long term rental available. €400PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 117, A Lovely 3 Bedroomed 1st floor apartment on the outskirts of Torrevieja (Mar Azul). The Apartment is in walking distance of the excellent beaches and a good selection of restaurants, shops and bars. €425PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 CREATIVE CONCRETE Ref: 516, Well situated studio apartment in San Luis. The property has a balcony which has been glazed to create another room. Close to all shops and amenities, on a local bus route & 10 minutes from the beach. €250PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 702, A lovely 2 bedroom apartment in a quiet area of Torrevieja yet within walking distance to local beaches and amenities. It’s also less than an hour’s drive from both Alicante and Murcia San Javier Airports. €400PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 135, An outstanding two bedroom villa with one double and one twin room on the VillaMartin golf complex. There is a very pleasant terrace off the main bedroom and from the sun terrace on the roof the views are excellent. €400PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 04, A 2 bedroom apartment one street back from the famous Cabo Roig strip. There is a selection of local shops, restaurants and bars on the doorstep with the shopping strip only 400 metres away. €450PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 92, A lovely three bedroom apartment on the ground floor of block one of the Miramar developments. A small balcony runs the width of the lounge area above the small private garden area at the front of the property. €450PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 104, Lovely 2 Bedroom Apartment in Torrevieja, within walking distance to the Friday Market, Town Centre and the beach. Close to the Habaneres Shopping Centre and Aquapark. €350PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 151, Beautiful Family 3 Bedroom Villa. Well equipped American kitchen, double bedroom and bathroom. A further 2 bedrooms, bathroom, large terrace with sun loungers, table and chairs, FURNITURE ELECTRICIAN NEWS AGENTS bbq, and beautiful sea view. Short or long term rental available. €P.O.A.Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Luxury appartments, 2/3 bedrooms in San Miguel De Salinas. Floor heating, Elevator, Roof terrace with swimmingpool, from 385 euros/month Also holiday rentals and appartments in San Miguel de Salinas from 350 euros/month. 966 723 437 and 616 487 493 (48) PROPERTY FOR SALE Excellent cover for your house and home, includes travel assistance for when you go away. Interesting prices for expats; policies available in English or German. Call 966 923 963 for a quote. BEACH HOUSE 1 street from beach. LOS NAREJOS 3 bedroom 2 bathroom Townhouse HUGE BASEMENT, currently set out as GYM and DOUBLE bedroom. 175,000€. Linda 667848582 (50) BARGAIN 199,950 CEHEGIN 1 hour San Javier Airport. 40 mins. Corvera. 5 bedroom 2 bath FINCA with over 5,000m2 plot. Stunning. Tel. 667848 582 (50) HOUSE CLEARANCES GARDENING PLUMBERS Detached villa with large oasis pool. Situated on first Urb. In Gran Alacant. 500m2 plot, electric gates, alarmed 3 beds, 3 baths, fully furnished. Recently reduced for a quick sale Now only 260.000 euros Call 680 333 242 quoting ref 33 Altomar II in Gran Alacant Investment opportunity… 82.000 euros. 2 bed, 1 bath, lounge diner, ind. Kitchen, Glazed in Galleria, S/Facing, extra storage Fully furnished, Private parking, Com pools Ring 627 711 155 to view. Duplex in Monte y Mar, GA 2 Bed, 1 Bath, ground floor with views Fully furnished, A/Con, Heating, Ceiling Fans, English TV, garden, Communal pool, for apt please call 966 699 136 to view only 115.000 ono REDUCED Ground floor Duplex in Puerto Marino, Gran Alacant. Now only 99,500 euros. 2 bed, 1 bath, fully furnished Central heating, glazed galleria, grills, Mozzie nets, front garden, com pools, Private gated parking, walking distance to Shops bars restaurants etc. 627 711 155 MASSAGE Advertise here for only a fiver! 45 Friday, January 20, 2012 Calling all serious Buyers. I have a 5 bed, 4 bath, 2 kitchens, 2 lounges, detached Villa with self-filling pool in Gran Alacant. Everything included in price, fantastic Alicante/sea views. As a starting price I am looking in the region of 265.000 euros Interested in making me an offer call me on 680 333 242 Mid Terraced Town house in Gran Alacant 2 Bed, 3 Bath, being sold fully furnished. Electrical Appliances included, large front and rear garden, choice of communal pools, Private secure parking and walking distance to GA Center. 140.000 euros ono. Call 627 711 155 for viewing. Lovely well maintained terraced property situated in Mediterranea III in Gran Alacant. 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, everything included in price. Large communal pool, tennis PLASTERER PERSONAL courts, established gardens Walking distance to shops, bars restaurants. Very quiet location, over looks nature reserve. Private parking, call 680 333 242 for more details. 133.000 euros Beach Front property opposite Carabassi Beach 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, lounge diner, roof top solarium under ground secure parking, walking distance to beach Situated on local tram and bus route. Being sold fully furnished. 4 communal pools, tennis courts, bar and restaurant with in urbanisation Please ring 966 699 136 after 6pm (english & spanish spoken) Now only 125.000 euros excellent value in Gran Alacant. Quick sale needed. 199.000 euros ono Detached property in Puerto Marina. 3 Bed, 3 Bath, Immaculately furnished Alarmed, Central heating, Log fire, Hot & Cold air con, open fields to the rear, Private parking, Communal pools. 966.699.478 after 5 pm. Don Pueblo, Gran Alacant 209,000 euros 3 Double bedrooms with fitted wardrobes 2 bathrooms, spacious kitchen with galleria Lounge complete with chimney, large under build, top quality furniture and appliances inc. Com pools, underground garage, tennis courts To view call 627 711 155 Semi-detached villa in Gran Alacant 3 bed, 3 bath, lounge diner, independent kitchen, glazed in porch, large solarium with stunning views, Private Parking. A/Con Central heating, UK TV. Only 229.000 euros By appointment only call 966 699 136 Large detached villa, large pool with electronic solar cover, converted under build, roof top solarium with conservatory, panoramic views 545 m2 plot, part furnished, double glazed, A/con, alarmed, gas fire, est. irrigated gardens Call 680 333 242 for best price Ref 30 Close to Supavalue in Gran Alacant. Detached villa with pool on 640m2 plot. 3 bed, 2 bath, lounge diner, large roof top solarium, Porch, Outside WC, 2 built-in BBQ’s, Log Fire, Under build, Alarmed, Mature Gardens, Toldos blinds, Garage, Electronic Gates. 260.000 euros 627 711 155 English & Spanish spoken. Walking distance to all local amenities in GA Detached Villa with large pool. Decoratively tiled Garden, complete with BBQ. Est. palm & fruit trees. 3 bed, 3 bath, Fully Furnished including all electrical appliances. Quick sale needed, 270.000 euros, but very negotiable. For appointment to view call 966 699 478 after 5pm Top floor duplex in Puerto Marina, G/Alacant 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, lounge-diner, glazed-in porch, large roof-top solarium with views, Top quality furniture and appliances included. Secure private parking, communal pools, 108,000 euros. If you would like to view call 627 711 155 for an immediate appointment. LIMITED EDITION One of only a few bungalows in Gran Alacant. Top of the range furniture and appliances included. 3 bed, 2 bath, lounge diner, large kitchen, leading to galleria, huge roof top solarium with fantastic views of Alicante SIGN WRITING and mountains. Electronic gates leading to garage, 500m2 plot, 10x5 pool with irrigated gardens By appointment only, ring 680333242 325.000 ono Large family Home in Izla de Izaro, G.A (bajo) 4 bed, 3 bath, stunning communal pool with Jacuzzi & water features. Children’s play area and fantastic communal gardens. Very high standard throughout, Large converted under build & garage, elec. Gates Alarmed, A/con, outside kitchen and bathroom, 399.000 ono. To view call 966699136 after 5pm. Monte Y Mar - Gran Alacant Detached Villa with 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, lounge-diner, front porch, Large solarium with views. 400m2 plot Low maintenance irrigated gardens, Private pool & Parking. Tastefully furnished throughout and everything included. Recently Reduced to 239.000 euros. For more details call 627.711.155 Gran Alacant, corner semi detached 3 bedroomed, 2 bathrooms, large garden, enclosed terrace, fully furnished, private drive for 2 cars, on gated desirable urbanisation Monte Faro, many facilities priced for quick sale 185,000 Tel 680 333 242 Balsares, terraced 4 bedroomed house, 3 bathrooms, large underbuild, private underground parking direct to house, small gated urbanisation, directly over looking proposed new golf course opposite Gran Alacant, priced for quick sale at original off plan price 195.000 Tel 680 333 242 Gran Alacant, front line, 2 bed, 1 bath, downstairs toilet, fully furnished, roof terrace, walking distance to beaches, large communal REMOVALS and resturants, beach front property priced for quick sale 125,000 Tel 680 333 242 Viva Villa and Vacation Services are pleased to offer property sales for the Torrevieja and Oriheula areas of the Costa Blanca, Spain. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 or Visit : www.villaandvacation.com Ref: 513, €115,000. Two bedroom ground floor apartment, in Aguas Nuevas, close to all amenities including the beach. It has a good size lounge, kitchen and has off road parking facilities. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 521, €105,000. This comfortable bungalow is located in San Luis with a new roof and solarium tiles. It is close to supermarkets, bars, restaurants and is on the local bus route. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 520, €85,000. Two bedroom apartment in Dream Hills, with a fully equipped kitchen, large lounge, glazed-in terrace and a large solarium. This property comes with a large communal swimming pool. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 30, €119,000. Two bedroom detached house with large front terrace. This villa is in the Punta Marina area close to Playa Flamenca , Close to amenities. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 78, €120,000. Three bedroom Quad in Jardin Del Mar VII. There is offroad parking and small storage shed in the enclosed garden area, communal pool nearby. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 709, €60,000 A lovely 1 bedroom apartment in Aguas Nuevas, within a 5 minute walk of the beach. There is a terrace outside with views to the sea. Short or long term rental available. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 526, €49,900. A lovely bright 1 bedroom apartment in the area of Torreblanca.There is a large communal pool and well maintained gardens, with tennis courts and childrens play area. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 TRANSLATOR SOLICITORS Need English Speaking Solicitors in Torrevieja? Let us help to solve your problems with debt recovery, divorce, property, accident claims, legalise land. Call us on 966 923 963, give us brief details and get in touch with your specialist solicitor. (48) WIG SPECIALIST SALON MARGARETHAS, 23 years in Torrevieja Hair/Wig specialist for Medical illness and Hair Loss problems. We offer different Hair Replacements, top fillers, Hair prostheses, Toupees and Wigs, Natural and Artificial hair and much more. Also fashion/festival accessories TV/TS are welcome to our service. Please call our salon reception for an appointment with Margaretha on Tel no 966 921 846 Torrevieja (51) WANTED REMOVALS SINGLES SWIMMING POOL MAINTENANCE NEW VENTURE - Meet interesting individuals for friendships, socialising, trips etc. Single people only - all nationalities - all ages. Santa Pola. For more info call Sarah 680173140. (48) Recovery & Breakdown Services Greenside Gossip IVIE DAVIES takes a weekly look at the golf scene - [email protected] A frown like Alliss WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO THE THOUGHTFUL SIDE OF GOLF? IT WAS interesting to hear Peter Alliss complain, and rightly so, that “nobody lets anyone through any more.” He was commentating on a group of two top professionals waiting for a ruling on a Par 3. It’s quite normal to wait for the match referee to adjudicate on a question of rules, but in this case the next group, including the tournament leader, were waiting on the tee. It was quite obvious that up on the green it did not enter anybody’s mind to call the group through - and for those who observe some of the more selfish elements of pro golf, it comes as no surprise. The problem is, of course, that everything seen on television is mirrored at amateur level. There might be an excuse for pros playing for loads of money, but there is no reason why club golfers should not be more thoughtful to those playing behind. The game of golf is based on honesty and consideration, which are honed into its traditions, so let’s not follow these poor examples set by those who really should know better. Under the same heading as Slow Play, that dreaded scourge of golf, comes Etiquette, another thing that sometimes irritates me to a high score (any excuse). How often do we see holiday golfers turning up in beach shorts and vests? Where have the standards gone? If they do not know how to dress properly, do they really know how to play golf? It appears that anything goes now at golf courses and although they say you have to show a handicap certificate, how often does that actually happen? Now I am not saying we Peter Alliss Mini golf at Benidorm - for those who want to dress for the beach should resort to Draconian methods as at some clubs in England, where everything is barred, apart from a blazer, tie and long socks, if you wear shorts on the one hot day in summer. But etiquette is something different. It is courtesy, understanding other players’ needs, the traditions of golf. This is where golf clubs and tour operators should take a lead by ensuring that players are dressed correctly, have a good understanding of golf and appreciate the etiquet- te of golf. If they want to dress for the beach to swing a club, there is always the mini golf at Benidorm. So, coming back, I do think that dress codes, sensible ones, should be adhered to. This in turn would lead to a better understanding of golf and its traditions. Talking of dress codes reminds me of the traveller who got lost in the Sahara Desert. Realising his only chance of survival was to find civilisation, he started to walk. Time passed and he became very thirsty; more time passed and he began feeling faint. He was on the verge of falling unconscious when he came across a Bedouin tent. Barely conscious, he called out, “Water, water…” A Bedouin appeared and brandished a superb range of colourful silk ties. “I have no water, but would you like to buy a tie?” he said. “You fool,” gasped the man, “I’m dying of thirst! I need water!” “If you really need water, there is a tent about two kilometres over there where you can get some,” replied the Bedouin. The man summoned up all of his remaining strength to drag his parched body the two kilometres to the second tent. With his last ounce of strength, he pulled at the door of the tent and collapsed in a heap at the feet of an immaculately dressed Bedouin, who enquired: “May I help you sir?” “Water…” was the feeble reply. “Oh, sir,” replied the Bedouin, “I’m sorry but you can’t come in here without a tie!” 2012 RULE CHANGES RULE 1-2. Exerting Influence on Movement of Ball or Altering Physical Conditions The Rule is amended to establish more clearly that, if a player intentionally takes an action to influence the movement of a ball or to alter physical conditions affecting the playing of a hole in a way that is not permitted by the Rules, Rule 1-2 applies only when the action is not already covered in another Rule. For example, a player improving the lie of his ball is in breach of Rule 13-2 and therefore that Rule would apply, whereas a player intentionally improving the lie of a fellow-competitor’s ball is not a situation covered by Rule 13-2 and, therefore, is governed by Rule 1-2. Rule 6-3a. Time of Starting Rule 6-3a is amended to provide that the penalty for starting late, but within five minutes of the starting time, is reduced from disqualification to loss of the first hole in match play or two strokes at the first hole in stroke play. Previously this penalty reduction could be introduced as a condition of competition. Rule 12-1. Seeing Ball; Searching for Ball. Rule 12-1 is reformatted for clarity. In addition, it is amended to (i) permit a player to search for his ball anywhere on the course when it may be covered by sand and to clarify that there is no penalty if the ball is moved in these circumstances, and (ii) apply a penalty of one stroke under Rule 18-2a if a player moves his ball in a hazard when searching for it when it is believed to be covered by loose impediments. Rule 13-4. Ball in Hazard; Prohibited Actions Exception 2 to Rule 13-4 is amended to permit a player to smooth sand or soil in a hazard at any time, including before playing from that hazard, provided it is for the sole purpose of caring for the course and Rule 13-2 is not breached. Rule 18-2b. Ball Moving After Address. A new Exception is added that exonerates the player from penalty if his ball moves after it has been addressed when it is known or virtually certain that he did not cause the ball to move. For example, if it is a gust of wind that moves the ball after it has been addressed, there is no penalty and the ball is played from its new position. Rule 19-1. Ball in Motion Deflected or Stopped; By Outside Agency. The note is expanded to prescribe the various outcomes when a ball in motion has been deliberately deflected or stopped by an outside agency. Rule 20-7c. Playing from Wrong Place; Stroke Play. Note 3 is amended so that if a player is to be penalised for playing from a wrong place, in most cases the penalty will be limited to two strokes, even if another Rule has been breached prior to his making the stroke. Appendix IV. A new Appendix is added to prescribe general regulations for the design of devices and other equipment, such as tees, gloves and distance measuring devices. 5. Distance-Measuring Devices (Rule 14-3). During a stipulated round, the use of any distance measuring device is not permitted unless the Committee has introduced a Local Rule to that effect (see Note to Rule 14-3 and Appendix I; Part B; Section 9). Even when the Local Rule is in effect, the device must be limited to measuring distance only. Features that would render use of the device contrary to the Local Rule include, but are not limited to: l The gauging or measuring of slope; l The gauging or measuring of other conditions that might affect play (e.g. wind speed or direction, or other climate-based information such as temperature, humidity, etc.) lRecommendations that might assist the player in making a stroke or in his play (e.g. club selection, type of shot to be played, green reading or any other advice related matter); or l Calculating the effective distance between two points based on slope or other conditions affecting shot distance. Such non-conforming features render use of the device contrary to the Rules, irrespective of whether or not: l The features can be switched off or disengaged; and l The features are switched off or disengaged. A multi-functional device, such as a smartphone or PDA, may be used as a distance measuring device provided it contains a distance measuring application that meets all of the above limitations (i.e. it must measure distance only). In addition, when the distance measuring application is being used, there must be no other features or applications installed on the device that, if used, would be in breach of the Rules, whether or not they are actually used. I hope that explains it but for a copy of the Rules of Golf go onto the website; http://www.randa.org/en/Rules-and-AmateurStatus/New-Rules-2012.aspx and scroll down to the bottom. 47 Thursday, January 20, 2012 A COLD WIND Suicidal football stars get no sympathy for our outspoken football reporter. The Bottman has been there himself...and without the money PARDON ME if I don't shed too many tears over suicidal footballers. Following on from the sad case of Gary Speed, we have Dean Windass telling all and sundry about how he attempted suicide twice in two hours because he couldn't knock around with his footballing mates any more on the training ground and pitch. Windass scored the goal that took his hometown club Hull City into the Premier League a few years back, but he has since retired and now says he had trouble getting out of bed afterwards and just went down the pub. He lost his wife and family, went off with another woman, not necessarily in that order, spent most of his dough after bringing in more than half a million a year, then tried to top himself. Dean He took pills and then Windass: when that failed tied a Tried to kill bedsheet to the stairs rail. himself The sheet was too long, though, and after tying it around his neck, he didn't have enough stairs left to jump off. He was drunk at the time, I might add. Now we all have our emotional and mental problems. I tried the old early euthanasia stunt way back in 1998 after losing my job, car, house and wife and two kids in the space of a week. I'm still here too (more's the pity, I hear echoing around the globe) and I won't be trying it again. But Windass really had me in stitches when he declared that everyone thinks moneybags Premier League footballers have it made on all fronts - until they stop playing. Money, girls, houses, cars. You name it, if they want it they can have it. But the key to it all came in a simple sentence when Dean admitted a lot of his kind are not the brightest buttons in the box. There's no excuse for not having common sense unless you really do have a mental health problem that prevents you from learning ANYTHING. So next time Dean - or any other moaning ex-pro for that matter - contemplates the exit door, he should get himself down to a place of learning i.e the local library, for instance, and drink at the fount of all knowledge. It's free, too, so even if you have blown your millions on wine, women and song, it’s not too late to start again. Can ANYONE afford Tevez? THE Carlos Tevez saga rumbles on with Inter now joining the interested parties, following on from city rivals AC Milan. There was even a whisper that Tevez might yet stay at Manchester City - and as he may well be asking for up to £250,000 a week wages from any new employer, that is hardly surprising. Nobody can afford him! Didier Drogba might be a better option for any club wanting a big, powerful, tried and trusted striker who still has a bit left in the tank. That wily old fox Carlo Ancelotti is set to return to Stamford Bridge with a bid for the Drog after cheekily telling Andre Villas-Boas and Roman Abramovich that Chelsea MUST sell the Ivorian to leave the way free for £50 million flop Fernando Torres. Torres is trying hard, but like those kids in the classroom, must do better! Carlo just wants to help things along by leaving Fernando as the only choice up front alongside Daniel Sturridge - if he stays - as Nicolas Anelka is definitely going, too. Things at Old Trafford seem to have quietened down as far as Wayne Rooney leaving is concerned. But never say never and there are still 11 days to go to the transfer window cut-off point. United have other problems in that a gaggle of their promising kids are demanding outrageous new contracts. In the past, Fergie would simply show them the door if they persisted - but these days it’s the players and their agents who appear to be calling the shots, so Fergie may have met his match in the transfer dealing stakes. Danny Wellbeck, Paul Pogba and Ravel Morrison are the three players said to be holding out for big-money deals. Now Wellbeck has proved his worth and people are raving about French youth skipper Pogba and local lad Morrison, even though they have yet to play serious senior football for United. Fergie should remember that there are loads of kids down at the local park with the talent, should he fail to bring any through from the current crop in the United Academy teams and upwards. He needs to get down to the rec and grab the best before they get agents and start demanding more than a fridge for Mum and a BMW for Dad as signing sweeteners. Oh Danny joy...then it’s sieve and let die for sad Orihuela THE weekend began well for ITV Orihuela RFC with victories for their cadet and juvenile teams. The cadets fought back from 7-0 down at half-time to win 14-7 against Elche. And the juveniles triumphed 2517 at home to UCAM Murcia. So when Danny landed a penalty to put the senior side ahead against league leaders UCAM, Orihuela looked on course for an impressive hat-trick of wins. But UCAM showed why they are at the top, breaking down a very resilient Orihuela defence to go in at the break 14-3 up. It could have been different had the home attack taken their chances and had got the ball out wide with the overlaps – but the second half is probably best forgotten. Orihuela came out with their defence more holed than a sieve, which was a shame after the excellent work in the first half. And UCAM Murcia ran out comfortable winners 52-3. On February 24-26, ITV Orihuela RFC will have their usual No.7 stand at the “This is Spain exhibition” at La Zenia Hotel, supporting as always The Butterfly Children. The new rugby union supporters club at the Steak House in Rojales will be showing all televised rugby games on Sky Sports and free to view channels. This weekend features the Heineken Cup, starting tonight (Friday). Tomorrow, Saturday January 21, ITV Orihuela juveniles and seniors entertain San Javier at the start of the second round of league games (4pm). The club trains on Tuesday and Thursday at the Miguel Hernandez University. Juniors at 6.15pm, juveniles and seniors starting at 8.30. More information from Garry on 692 767 242, and (juniors) Oscar on 600 871 606 (Spanish). RESULTS: ITV Vega Baja 3 UCAM Murcia 52; Albacete 21 XV Murcia 21; Lorca 19 Squalos San Javier 0; Gegants Novelda 7 Cartagena 34. LEAGUE TABLE (9ª Jornada)	Matterhorn
Which volcano, one of the Lipari Islands, is nicknamed 'The Lighthouse of the Mediterranean'?	The Courier Week 48 by The Courier Newspaper - issuu issuu www.thecourier.es Friday, January 20, 2012 We’re the dog’s b*****s (sorry, the cat’s whiskers) Peter and his ‘teacher’ Billy 100,000 REASONS WHY PETER IS TOPS WE knew his column would spark great interest among pet lovers, but it seems that every one of our estimated 100,000 readers wants advice from our animal behaviour expert PETER SINGH. And the problem most people seem to be barking about is, you guessed it, BARKING. Peter, a top dog psychologist (or behaviourist as he prefers to call himself) has an enviable record of success in weaving his animal magic on troublesome pets - so we invited him to write a weekly column and asked readers to submit questions about the behaviour of their cats and dogs. And boy, did you bombard the poor man! We have published a selection of your letters on the Centre Pages, along with Peter’s replies, and apologise to those whose questions do not appear this week. Meanwhile, Peter is ready, willing and able to keep handling a bumper mailbag, so please keep the questions coming. Last night, as we went to press, he told us: “I have had a terrific response from readers of The Courier and it is always a pleasure to help owners and their dogs to live a more harmonious life together. “I hope the Alicante region is a little more peaceful this week, with less barking!’’ Now turn to Pages 24, 25 and 30 - and if you have any questions, email the man himself at [email protected] DEATH SHIP ‘WAS TOP HEAVY’ DOOMED cruise liner Costa Concordia may have been dicing with death even before its launch in 2006, according to one of its first passengers. Torrevieja businessman Keith Barry (pictured left), himself a former shipbuilder, marvelled at the size and ornateness of the massive Italian vessel during a 2007 voyage with wife Keiley and daughter Jessica. But he was not unduly surprised when the ship keeled over after running aground off the Italian coast last week, leaving 11 people dead and 24 unaccounted for. ‘’I remember sitting in the spa on the 14th floor, looking around at all the marble embellishment and thinking ‘This ship is top heavy,’ he recalled yesterday (Thursday). ‘’Whilst that would not have been responsible for it running aground, it may well have EXCLUSIVE By DONNA GEE been the reason it keeled over. ‘’Having said that, it was an amazing ship and one of the best cruises I have been on. ‘’The facilities were excellent, the food fantastic and I would happily do it all again.’’ When TKO broadcaster Dennis Christian cruised on the Costa Concordia in 2008, he sensed another potential danger area soon after he and his partner Gretta boarded ship at Barcelona. Because of the arrival of different passengers at each port, many of the newcomers had to wait THREE DAYS before being given a vital safety drill. Torrevieja-based Christian, who recalls Turn to Page 4 LITTLE AND LARGE: The bow of the Costa Concordia dwarfs Keiley and Jessica Barry 2 Friday, January 20, 2012 Hey Bonzo, stop lying there like a piece of wood TELEPHONE 96 692 1003 679 096 309 JUNGLE DRUMS E-MAIL [email protected] WEB www.thecourier.es HEAD OFFICE Calle Luis Canovas Martinez 1. Urb Aguas Nuevas, Torrevieja 03183, ALICANTE PHONE: 96 692 1003 Email: [email protected] OPENING HOURS Mon - Fri 1030 to 1730 EDITOR Donna Gee ADVERTISING SALES 96 621 1003 [email protected] TELESALES 96 621 1003 616 332 178 Sally Los Alcazares, San Javier 618 391 491 Myra Quesada, Rojales, Torrevieja, San Miguel Tel. 618 583 765 Jean La Zenia, Playa Flamenca, Cabo Roig Tel. 618 898 034 Therese Guardamar, La Marina, Santa pola, Gran Alacant Tel 616 332 178 Writers Donna Gee Amanda Black Sally Bengtsson Rebecca Marks Jeanette Erath Alex Trelinski Dave Silver Steve Bott Tony Mayes Jake Monroe Affiliations Publication Published by Rainbow Media, S.L. Printed by Localprint S.L Depósito legal A - 132 - 2011 The Courier, its publishers, members of staff and its agents do not accept responsibility for claims by advertisers nor can it be held responsible for any errors in advertisements which are reproduced from poor artwork, low quality electronic data or inadequate instructions for text or other layout features. Further no responsibility is accepted for any loss or damage caused by an error, inaccuracy or non-appearance of any advertisement, although all advertisements produced are checked prior to insertion. We regret that we cannot accept responsibility for more than ONE incorrect insertion and that no re-publication will be granted in the case of typographical or minor changes which do not affect the value of the advertisement. E&OE. NO PART OF THIS NEWSPAPER MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE PUBLISHERS. Picture of the Week NO WANT SPEAK! Spaniards fear English errors The survey by Pueblo Inglés – More than English, also revealed that 98 per cent of those questioned thought standards of English teaching in Spanish schools were poor. Solar panels were fitted on a council A new survey has revealed that nine in ten house in North Wales – facing AWAY from Spaniards feel uncomfortable speaking English, even though 37 per cent of them have spent the sun. Tenant Gerald Evans pointed it out to the fitters but claims he was ignored. more than 15 years studying the language. The retired labourer suggested the panelling Thirty five per cent said they felt insecure and embarrassed, and four per cent said they would would be best at the front of the property where not attempt to speak English in case they it would be exposed to more sunlight during the day. seemed ‘ridiculous’ But he said: "I was told the correct positioning However, half said that although they knew their grammar was not correct, they would still had been assessed using a compass." The contractor, social housing refurbishment try to speak English. specialists Forrest, later apologised for the error on a bungalow in Chirk, near Wrexham. They have agreed to fix … he has also mistreated the eldest actions amounted to illegal abduction. and he even punched me in the stomIt also said she had violated an them the right way round free ach when I was pregnant with my last order from a Nottingham court banning of charge. child.” her from taking two of her children outShe decided to return to Spain after side the jurisdiction of England and claiming he threatened to take the chil- Wales. dren to Nigeria and she was advised Accusations against the husband by the Spanish Consulate in were not taken into account and Nottingham that it was better for her Carolina’s lawyer has requested that children to be in Spain. The mother the official complaints now be provided does not have sole custody of the chil- to Spain. It is understood he has also dren, aged eight, five and four months. lodged a denuncia for rape and abuse The Valencia court applied the at the National Court, the body responHague Convention in its ruling, made sible for safeguarding the rights public on Monday, that the woman’s Spanish citizens. It’s not just the Brits in Spain that struggle with language and the embarrassment of making stupid mistakes when trying to speak Spanish. q ‘Abuser’ husband wins back kids A VALENCIA woman, named only as Carolina AG, has been ordered to return her children to their father in the UK - even though she accuses him of abuse and rape. The woman and her Nigerian husband married in Spain in 2003 but moved to Britain in 2008. Carolina fled back to Spain with their three children after claiming her husband abused her throughout her marriage. She finally reported him for the abuse and for rape last year. She told EFE news agency: “I feared for mine and my children’s lives Friday Sunny High 18°C Low 7°C Chance of Rain 10% Monday Sunny High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of Rain 0% Tuesday PM Showers High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of Rain 50 % Saturday Sunny High 18°C Low 7°C Chance of Rain 10% Wednesday Mostly Sunny High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of Rain 0% Sunday Sunny High 18°C Low 7°C Chance of Rain 10% Thursday Light Rain High 17°C Low 8°C Chance of rain 40 % 3 Friday, January 20, 2012 Filipinas clean-up ends 20 years of aggro COURIER ADVERTISING IS THE MEAL THING! BUSINESS hasn’t been too good at Ricardo’s Bar and Bistro in El Raso recently, like most local eateries. So the decision to bring back their remarkable Sunday Roast Special was not a difficult one for proprietors Jane and Graham Lilley. What they did not expect was the massive response to their advert in last week’s Courier. “We had so many people here that we ran out of food,’’ gasped Graham, who underestimated the response by 50 per cent. “We served nearly 60 lunches on the day, which is a record for this time of year.’’ Last summer, the Lilleys dropped their Sunday lunches (which are prepared personally by Jane and complemented by roast and mash potatoes, Yorkshire pudding, fresh veg and trimmings) when the demand for heavy meals dropped in the heat of the holiday season. Head chef Jane prepares all the meals personally...but was taken by complete surprise as the 25 customers she expected for Sunday lunch mushroomed to the point that she and her reduced winter staff were stretched to the limit. “We apologise that some people did not get the full choice of chicken, beef or pork plus all the trimmings - but we are aiming not to be caught out again,’’ said Graham. One thing that won’t be changing is the astonishing price - £3.95. Yes, £3.95. Check out the Ricardo’s advert on Page 7. Sunday sellout: Jane and Graham Lilley Budget Brits on way back as Spain holiday cost falls IT’S official – the price of holidaying in Spain has gone down for British holiday makers. In fact, it is now up to 40 per cent cheaper to take a break in the Spanish sun than it was five years ago. The annual Holiday Money Spain’s resorts after totting up the cost of a range of typical holiday items including drinks, meals and suntan lotion. Of the 40 resorts surveyed, Spain was the second cheapest place to holiday – coming second only to longhaul destination, Sri Lanka. This is great news for cash-strapped Brits who have a love affair with Spain but have been put off by rising prices in recent years. And it’s even better news for all Costa businesses hoping for a bumper number of visitors in 2012. The 40 per cent drop is mainly due to cuts in prices as shops, bars and restaurants compete for business. But the rise of sterling against the euro – up 6.4 per cent in the past three months – has helped, too. Holiday Money Report’s shopping list came to a total CHEAPEST; Sri Lanka Report by Post Office Travel Money delivered its verdict on By SALLY BENGTSSON and AMANDA BLACK of £38 on the Costa del Sol. The same items cost £28 in Sri Lanka and a staggering £115.69 in the most expensive destination– Brisbane in Australia. Europe’s most expensive place was Italy, with £89.03. Eight items were on the shopping list – a cup of coffee in a bar or café, a bottle of local beer, a can of CocaCola, a bottle of sun cream, a 1.5 litre bottle of mineral water from a supermarket, insect repellent, a pack of cigarettes and a threecourse evening meal for two adults with a bottle of house wine. On value for money, Spain beat off competition from resorts that have previously been seen as a cheap alternative. Bulgaria’s shopping list came in more than £10 high- er than Spain’s, while Turkey, once seen as Europe’s cheapest destination, was 60 per cent more expensive. The report is especially good news for Spain as this year, more than ever, with money in such short supply, people are looking at affordability when booking their summer breaks. Post Office Travel Money head Sarah Munro said: “The message that came out clearly from our holiday budgeting research was that 2012 will be all about affordability. Holidays may still be a priority but they are not a necessity and people will not knowingly get into debt to fund them.” So, brace yourself to welcome a bumper crop of Brits on a budget this summer. AFTER a 20-year battle, Las Filipinas urbanisation in San Miguel is to have a proper water supply at last. Work to connect the urbanisation, which is home to hundreds of families, to a clean water supply finally began on Monday. The local Neighbourhood association, San Miguel Arcángel, welcomed the move. The group has been fighting for this basic service since 2004. The battle for clean water went as far as the European parliament after it was found that water to the homes on Las Filipinas was contaminated. Despite relief that the work to supply the urbanisation with clean water is at last going ahead, San Miguel Arcángel were angry that the people of the urbanisation – “the victims of this mess” – were having to pay more than six euros per cubic metre. l DEAREST: Brisbane MORE than 3,000 resale properties changed hands in Torrevieja last year, putting the city among the top ten markets in the sector throughout Spain. The year ended with 3,158 second-hand properties being sold in Torrevieja. However, there was little movement in construction of first homes. The oversupply of property in previous years saw 2011 finishing with licences granted for the building of just 85 new homes. From the mid-nineties until 2007, new homes were being built in the thousands each year. 4 Friday, January 20, 2012 THE COLD REALITY OF CRUISE SAFETY THE terrifying events off the small Italian island at the weekend will, I hope, be a wake-up call to the cruise industry. The ship hit submerged rocks, which ripped a huge gash below the waterline of the huge floating island - home to more than 4,000 passengers and crew. Frankly, the accident has put me off cruise holidays. Just imagine what would have happened if the accident had been off Norway or Alaska, with sea temperatures hovering around freezing rather than around 15 degrees in the Med. The death toll from hypothermia would have been enormous - on the scale of the Titanic. I hope the cruise industry looks at several aspects of this accident as a matter of urgency. 1) Is it practical to have such huge liners to travel so close to land at cruising speed? Should they not have to be at least a few miles offshore in case anything untoward goes wrong? 2) Is it sensible to built larger and larger liners with the potential for loss of life or injuries ever increasing? And 3) is there something basically wrong with the design of cruise liners that such vessels can take in water so quickly and list so quickly that it is impossible to launch lifeboats within minutes of an incident? Well, here we are (briefly) in the UK arranging for our furniture in storage to be driven to our new home in Spain. It's freezing cold, we're scraping the ice off the car every morning, and we've faced the usual endless traffic jams every time we take to the roads. Nothing in the UK has changed and it makes us realise how lucky we are to be living in Spain almost full-time now. Our family in Britain is split between the north and south, which means a lot of driving and nothing has changed with the price of fuel. How on earth can a 4p per litre difference in fuel cost between north and south be justified within the same company? Another noticeable thing is how friendly the people are up north compared to their southern counterparts. Supermarket staff couldn't do enough to help us find items on the shelves. Something perhaps that staff in Spanish supermarkets could learn! WHIPPING UP THE PREMIUMS SOMETHING we have been trying to avoid while in the UK is a terrible new disease - whiplash! It's become an epidemic in Britain with drivers and passengers apparently far more likely to "catch" it in the UK than the rest of Europe. Claims for whiplash now account for threequarters of the country’s personal injury accident claims - because, conveniently, it is very difficult for doctors to prove that a painful neck actually exists. It really is a sickening situation as people involved in the most minor of accidents claim whiplash pain and seek compensation. It is pushing up insurance premiums by 30 per cent or more - a totally crazy situation which needs addressing. Even worse is news that people are actually causing accidents, particularly at roundabouts, in order to make whiplash injury claims. Sickening Britain. MEALS AND STEALS WHAT on earth gets into people who have pots of money and still go into shops and steal? I refer to last week's sad case of celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson who was stupid enough to steal lowvalue items from a local supermarket. It resembles the case of a former mayor of my home town who did the very same thing, even though she had the money to buy the goods thousands of times over. Is it something to do with the thrill of doing something ille- The Stagesruck! crew gal? I can't understand why people who have wealth, act like people who are destitute. In fact, there are many who are living on the breadline who wouldn't dream of stealing. The reason for me writing about this is the attitude of the British legal system over such incidents. If this theft had been committed by a Joe Bloggs he would have been hauled before the courts and faced the humiliation of standing in the dock charged with theft. Instead, the police merely issued an "official caution" to Mr Thompson. What sort of example does this present to people? Firstly, what example does Mr Thompson, who is a celebrity, give to the rest of society, and what example are the police and the legal profession showing to society by giving a caution? It's like tapping him on the head and telling him not to be a naughty boy again. Millions of pounds are stolen from shops every year and, as a result, prices are pushed higher to pay for it. An example needs to be set - and a hefty fine or community service would be far more fitting. JOCKS AWAY SO the Scots want to jump ship and become an independent nation, do they? Well, good riddance to them. The Scots have been a problem ever since Roman times - after all, they had to build a wall across the country to keep them out. So, if they want to go it alone, let them. But they don't have a penny more of English money, they have to provide their own defence and cannot come running back if the going gets tough. And no using the £ either - let them enjoy the woes of the euro. Perhaps a few years of not having handouts from England to help give students free university education and lower council tax might make the Scots think twice. And just imagine it - no chance of the likes of Blair and Brown in Westminster and less likelihood of Labour gaining power with the loss of so many Labour voters from north of the border. Just for the record, I value a lot of Scots as friends. It's the politics north of the border that rankles. Grease and favour THE highly successful production of ‘Ancient Grease’ last May was a complete sell out for its three-night run - and many people missed it because the tickets went like Greased Lightnin’! So . . . due to public demand, Stagestruck! will be performing the show again on May 24, 25 and 26 at the School of Music and Culture in Los Montesinos. All proceeds will go to Adismon for disabled children. Some of the original cast were already in the group but there were no problems casting the remaining roles from the other members plus a couple of new characters so it promises to be even bigger, better and funnier than last time! Tickets are 5€, available from the theatre or by phoning the numbers below and everyone will be welcomed with a complimentary glass of wine. Doors open 7.15pm and show starts 8pm. Early booking is strongly advised so remember - if you were Born To Hand Jive then You’re The Ones That We Want because We’re Hopelessly Devoted To You and there’s the guarantee you’ll remember those Summer Nights! The Worst Thing You Can Do is miss it!! The group offer their services to anyone who would like to book them for their ‘Now For Something Completely Different’ occasions! To reserve tickets, please ring Stella on 966 786 154 or Sally on 648 783 601. Notice: Would Mary, who visited rehearsals at Casa Ventura a couple of times, please contact the group ASAP. Friday, January 20, 2012 Reaching for the moon... OK, so I´m not 21 any more, in fact in just over a year I will be double that. But I can honestly say my life now is at the point that I wanted it to be when I was 21. choices. Why did I want to stay in Spain and how did I know that I would? You see, I had no doubt in my mind that I was not going to go back to the UK. “I do not go backwards,” I would tell anyone who listened. Turns out, so far that I was right but Well, maybe not quite, I mean I´m not was it positive mental attitude that kept me stinking rich and not even a little bit famous, here? but I am comfortable in my skin, I have the I guess I could have given up and gone family I wanted, maybe not in the traditional back. All it would have proved was that either sense, but I am happy. I wasn´t a fighter or that I really didn´t want I can spend my days with my son or doing to be here, and I know that neither of those things that need to be done, such as shopare true. I believe that I owe my current situping and ation, which is cleaning a very happy and I can one, to severspend my al factors: I evenings really want to when my lad be in Spain, I is in bed love the relaxing and lifestyle, the writing. weather, the When I people - and I was with my believe it is a son’s father, better place to who was an raise children artist, I than the UK. thought my I am a life was complete. I had a man I loved, a strong person, I firmly believe we are all beautiful child and the bohemian life I´d strong and we all have the power to rise to dreamed of. Then, one afternoon, it came any occasion that presents itself and we can crashing down around my ears, when the overcome any obstacle. But possibly the man I thought was my dream turned out to main reasons I have been able to stay in be my worst nightmare. Spain are three very good friends, who were It has been a long year since he left Spain, there for me when I had nothing. Friends I we separated a year before that, and since have had for several years. One I met when he left I have had to make many choices. I first came to Spain and became an ally Recently I have been thinking about those against certain neighbours; the others, a couple I met when my son was a baby and we kept in touch. They were there when I had nothing and helped me back to my feet. Positive attitude certainly did help me as well and I think it also helped the peoKING´S COLLEGE, the British School of Murcia, is ple around me. They felt that opening its own Art Gallery on Thursday (January 26). I wasn´t giving up and maybe The new facility will showcase expeditions, mainly of felt more inclined to help, local artists, on a six to eight weekly basis. plus without the positivity it is The opening exhibition will be of paintings by Sñr easy to sink into despair and José María Cardelo, aka Eppo Cardelo, who has his even depression and no one own studio at the La Manga Club. This will run until wants to go down that road. Friday March 16. Sometimes we all have to Visitors are welcome to visit the gallery on weekdays reach out to people and between 9.30am and 5.30pm. On arrival, please go to accept help, and sometimes reception, where you will be given a pass and the we all have to look to our opportunity to browse the gallery at your leisure. friends and neighbours and The second exhibition will be by Stanislav Majorosi, recognise when help is needbeginning on Thursday March 22. Visitors attending ed. When we are down we the openings on January 26 and March 22 will receive need someone to pick us up, but don´t forget when we are drinks and tapas from 6.30pm. up, there may be someone who needs us to raise them to our level. Above all, do not be afraid to pick yourself up and try again, making mistakes is part of learning and growing as a person. Being on your own isn´t so bad, but whatever you want, go for it, reach for the moon, after all, if you miss it you will still hit the stars. King’s College in affair of the art 5 Friday, January 20, 2012 Alicante women to sue over breast implants SOME 80 women in Alicante province have united to bring a class action after discovering they received the controversial French PIP breast implants. The women fear for their health after finding that the implants from Poly Implante Prothese (PIP) contained industrial silicone. Many are desperate to get the potentially dangerous implants out of their bodies. One of those is Sandra Albaladejo, who had surgery in 2007, and last Thursday discovered her implant was a PIP. “The surgeon sold it to A MAN was quizzed by cops after taking his mum's me as the best on the marcorpse home on a bus after she suddenly dropped ket,” said Sandra. dead. According to The Sun, he was on a day trip with She does not know if the the 88-year-old when she passed away on the journey. implant has ruptured but Instead of reporting her death the shocked son put says she wants it out. the body in her wheelchair and boarded ANOTHER bus “I spend the day crying home. Cops alerted by fellow passengers stopped the and have great anxiety 52-year-old man in the street and called an ambulance. about what might happen to The incident happened on Monday evening after the me,” she said. “I denounce pair had spent the day in Lancaster. At Preston the everyone from the surgeon man, who is not being named, put his mum in a wheelto the Ministry of Health chair before boarding a bus to Chorley. because they are playing A spokesman for Lancashire Police said: "We with our health.” became aware of a man pushing a lady through the The clinic wants 3,000 street in Chorley. It is very tragic. This man has lost his euros to remove her mother and was struggling to know how to deal with implant. it." As well as containing Son takes his dead mum home on bus industrial silicone, the PIP implants are believed to be more likely to rupture. Julio Sáez Castán, head of Elche Tesla diagnostic imaging clinic, said: “We are seeing a lot of broken implants. In the past two years we have seen about 110 implants that were broken and, mostly, these are PIP prosthesis.” He added that it is the PIP implants manufactured after 2004 or 2005 that are most likely to break. Prior to that they had about the same rupture rate as other brands, according to Sáez. France has called for all affected women to have the implants removed, but at present the official line in Spain is that removal is not advised if the implants are not broken. But many women in Spain distrust this advice and fear their implants may rupture without them knowing. Mirella Casanova had surgery in 2007 in a private clinic in Alicante and in 2010 underwent a review. Although neither the ultrasound, MRI nor mammogram revealed a rupture, she decided to change the implants anyway. Once they were out Mirella discovered that “one of the prosthesis had lost volume without being broken. They explained that the silicone had leaked through the pores of the prosthesis. Now I have to have analysis with tumour markers every year.” Other women complain that they have not been contacted. DOOMED SHIP ‘TOP HEAVY’ From Page One Keith and Keiley Barry in the glitz of the Costa Concordia the trip as vividly as he does the gaudy decoration of the Costa Concordia, said: ‘’People were getting on at different places, and for three days we had no idea what the security drill was. Had there been an emergency, we would not have known what to do.’’ Dennis (pictured right) and Gretta (pictured below on board the Costa Concordia) are veteran cruisers and remember the Costa Concordia primarily for its incredible size – it has been described as ‘a floating town’ - and the fact that very few of the crew spoke English. “As well as the crew, the vast majority of the passengers were also Italian,’’ said Dennis. “The cruise as different to all the others in that there was no dress code. ‘People would turn up for dinner in shorts and tee-shirts and no one gave a damn. Personally, I found it excessively informal...but then, everyone has their own preference.’’ Among the victims of the tragedy was Spaniard Guillermo Gual, 68, who suffered from mental disabilities. The rest of his family, Juan and Ana Tomás, their four children and two friends of their eldest daughter, managed to flee the keeling ship, some in lifeboats and some in the water. But Guillermo went missing. All nine members of the party managed to convene on the third floor of the Concordia, only for the ship to begin listing more and more. "We didn't know anything, whether to head for the right side or the left side of the boat,’’ said Juan. “ The waiters tried to look calm, but you could see they were also nervous and didn't know what to do. The boat was sinking further and further and we were told to wait for the captain's instructions, but they never came. "In the end, we decided to save ourselves.’’ They all jumped into the water at the same time. But in the freezing sea, Guillermo was not with them. 7 Friday, January 20, 2012 Chocs away! This diet thing is hard to swallow AS I sit at my desk writing this, I’d like to be able to assure you that the only consumable item within my grasp is a cup of tea. And I can confirm that this is the case, now that I’ve finished off the box of praline chocolates I won at the local Quiz earlier this evening. Oh, I also have to confess that after the tenth and final choc, I couldn’t resist the opportunity to dunk a couple of biscuits into my brew while it was hot. OK, six if you have to know. The point is that, 19 days into 2012, my New Year’s Resolution has long bitten the dust - and I’ve probably bitten off more chocolate than I did in the whole of 2011. Unfortunately I swallowed it as well - distancing myself even further from the sylph-like figure I dreamt of as I emptied those tins of Celebrations and Quality Street over the Christmas hols. The world was going to change for me on January 1 and it did. I actually got a couple of salads down me (admittedly accompanied by a large dollop of Hellman’s Light from Mercadona) and I swear I didn’t put on an ounce for the first week of the year. I made a pact with my lodger Mike that we would avoid eating ‘naughties’ simply by not bringing them into the house. Of course I had to sneak a bar of chocolate into our weekly shop - just for the occasional treat, you understand. I wolfed down the lot and now I fear I’m doomed to spend the rest of the year starring in The Choccy Horror Show. Help! THE CANE SCRUTINY Yob rule a direct result of corporal punishment ban WHEN I was in junior school, I was petrified of the cane in Mr Coleman’s study. He was the headmaster - and the only teacher allowed to dish out corporal punishment. Understandably afraid of being beaten, I worked hard to make sure I never crossed Mr C - or any other teacher for that matter. When I think back, the fear of bamboo on youthful fingers was probably the biggest deterrent of all in keeping boisterous 10year-olds on the straight and narrow. My Dad wasn’t averse to clipping me around the ear when I stepped out off line at home; indeed he occasionally whacked me on the back of the head and was promptly ticked off by my stepmother for overstepping the mark. “Jack, that’s dangerous,’’ she would complain. ‘’If you must hit her, smack her on the leg.’’ Naughty To anyone under 30, the above scenario will sound Dickensian – and to some extent it was. But whilst I was a bit of a naughty child at home, I made sure I kept on the right side of the school authorities. Only once was I marched to Mr Coleman’s study...for stupidly lobbing a lump of coal onto the playground. Don’t ask me where the coal came from because I haven’t a clue. Mind you, this was in South Wales and at the time I was a minor! Anyway, you can imagine how this cowardly coalchucker reacted when the headmaster brought out his cane. I burst into a flood of tears and apologies... and literally begged for mercy. My emotional plea had desired effect on Mr though I’ll never know if cane would have hurt the C, the my The Broadband and Telephone Company 966 784 532 hand more than his alternative punishment – the exertion of writing ‘I shall not throw coal on the playground’ 100 times. Now I was a pretty typical kid and, whilst I was an angel compared to the child rioters of 2011, there is no doubt the fear of physical discipline taught me and my friends to respect authority. I’ve a message for David Cameron, Theresa May and Co. Corporal punishment works. And it’s because Britain abandoned discipline that loony looters ran wild in the nation’s major cities last year. I have certainly never come across anyone who was permanently damaged, physically or mentally, by the after-effects of six of the best. In fact, everyone I’ve spoken to said the experience did them good. But try telling that to the politically-correct dummies who run our country. They would rather collaborate with the thugs rather than confront them – believing you can talk sense to the brain dead. The vermin who destroyed England come from a subculture that has developed over the last few decades – a scum society where scallies perform street carnage while mum and dad are either enjoying the pleasantries of a comfortable jail cell or out of their minds on drink and drugs. These lowlifes are a tiny minority of British society, yet they can cause havoc, as we have seen so painfully in recent times. They respect nobody, would not dream of working, and believe the only way of life is to steal from others. They live by the law of insolence, robbery and violence. And the only way to deal with them when they go on the rampage is to give the police and, if necessary, the Army the freedom to stamp on them. But in a country where most policemen are not even armed, what chance have we got? Political correctness rules, just as it does in the schools where the little scumbags develop their obnoxious charms. Teachers cannot so much as raise a hand to discipline the rebels, who celebrate by threatening and even attacking the people trying to educate them. This is where the problem began...we took legalised discipline out of the equation when the cane was confiscated from our schoolteachers. It might already be too late, but Mr Coleman, your cane is needed. Desperately. 8 Friday, January 20, 2012 SIGN OF A SPANISH ADVENTURE I INVITED my three grandchildren to stand in line in the kitchen and explained the situation. 'Right, you lot. I have only one carton of fruit juice left so two of you shall have to make do with water. 'But how to decide which one gets the blackcurrant drink?' All three shrugged their little shoulders. 'We could draw straws.' I went on, 'But I have only the one straw and that's stickytaped to the single fruit drink. So that plan ain't gonna work. 'We could decide on the throw of a dice but I've mislaid the dice so . . .' 'You didn't lose the dice,' Mrs S butted in. 'You deliberately threw both dice behind the sideboard in a childish show of temper when we were playing Monopoly.' She went on: 'And your petulant behaviour was just because I had an hotel and two houses on my Park Lane when your old boot token landed on it.' (That happens to be my wife's biggest fault -- total recall.) 'Have you finished?' I snorted. 'I happen to be talking to the kids. So where were we?' All three grandchildren shrugged again. Okay,' I said. 'I'll ask you a general knowledge question and the first to answer wins the fruit juice.''I can submit a question,' Mrs S said. 'Why is your grandad so infantile when he plays board games?' I grabbed the phone and mimicked making a call. ‘Hello, doctor, what do you suggest for an interfering busybody who is in danger of suffering cramp of the tongue Smartypants,' I said. 'Wrong thirsty anyway. answer. But for showing iniMrs S popped her head from talking too much?' Mrs S tutted with the afore- tiative I shall award you the round the kitchen door. 'And tell them about the time you mentioned tongue and left prize.' I opened the fridge and knocked the board over the kitchen, no doubt to drive reached for the juice carton. when you were losing at someone else crazy. 'I don't want it,' said the six- Snakes and Ladders. You 'Back to business,' I said, viper!' clapping my hands. 'The first year-old. 'I want milk.' It was my turn to shrug. 'Right, kids,' I said. 'Who one who can tell me the capital of Spain gets the black- 'Well, that battle of wits wants to watch some telly?' turned out to be somewhat of Two of them legged it into currant drink.' the living room but the middle The two three-year-olds an anti-climax.' So I poured the eldest grandchild, who hadn't been shrugged for the umpteenth time that day but the six- child a glass of milk and gave thirsty, stayed put. 'Grandpa?' she asked. year-old piped up: 'The capi- the blackcurrant juice to the youngest infant after the mid- 'Who is that lady?’ tal of Spain is S.' 'Okay, Senor dle child said she wasn't 'You know who it is,' I said, 'It's your grandma. She sometimes talks too much.' ‘Not nana,' chuckled my granddaughter. 'That lady you just told us about? The one you called Auntie Climax? Is she really our auntie?' I laughed. 'That's not a person, sweetie. That's a figure of speech. I'll explain what an anti-climax is.' And I recounted the following story: Once upon a time Mrs S and I spent a week in Madrid (the real capital of Spain.)We were doing a bit of sightseeing when we came across this monument-type thingy with a plaque attached. Mrs S was intrigued. 'I wonder what that's all about. Why don't you nip up there and see what the plaque says.' 'Up there' happened to be 39 marble steps (actually, there were 24 but 39 sounds more literary.) 'No way,' I said. 'It's too dangerous. It's been raining and I'll probably slip and break my neck on those marble steps. I'm not going up there and that's final.' Ten minutes later I was back down again, huffing and puffing on the pavement. 'Well?' asked Mrs S. 'The plaque is in Spanish,' I said through gritted teeth. 'But I've written the words down anyway.' We got home and while Mrs S unpacked I nipped round to the house of my best pal, Eric the dentist. Eric's mother was halfSpanish (and half-wasn't) and so he speaks a bit of the lingo. 'Well, what does it say?' I asked, brandishing the piece of paper. Eric studied the words. 'Well, it's hardly brimming with Spanish culture. 'All that's written on the plaque is: Danger, Keep Off the Marble Steps.' And that -- I turned to my little granddaughter -- was what one termed an anti-climax. But the child was nowhere to be seen. She'd disappeared into the living room to join her older brother and younger cousin. They were sitting quietly on the sofa, passing the single fruit-juice carton between them. 'Kids can be so cute,' cooed Dave the barman down at the pub that evening. 'You know,' he went on, 'I should have married but I've been too busy over the years looking after your alcohol needs.' 'I'll tell you something, Dave,' I told him. 'You do remind me of my own dear father.' 'Ah, that is a lovely thing to say,' Dave said 'It's true,' I responded. 'When I was a little boy I used to wake my dad during the night and ask him for a drink. 'And the water he brought me tasted just like your draft beer does.' 11 Friday, January 20, 2012 SAY IT IN SPANISH Learn the lingo - with a little help from JEANETTE ERATH STARTING SPANISH, LESSON 3 THIS week we are going to learn the days of the week, the months and the seasons. I will give you the English, then the Spanish, then how the word sounds in Spanish. Keep practising all week, use the words when you can. The Months January – Enero (en er oh) February – Febrero (feb rare oh) March – Marzo (mar tho as in throw) April – Abril (ab riil) May – Mayo (my oh) June – Junio (hoo nee oh) July – Julio (hoo lee oh) August – Agosto (agos toh) September – Septiembre (sep tea em bray) October – Octubre (oc too bray) November – Noviembre (no vee em bray) December – Diciembre (Di thee em bray) The Seasons Days of the Week Monday – Lunes (loo ness) Tuesday – Martes (mar tes) Wednesday – Miércoles (me er co les) Thursday – Jueves (huay ves) Friday – Viernes (vee er nes) Saturday – Sábado (sa bad oh) Sunday – Domingo (dom in go) Spring – primavera (pri ma ver uh) Summer – verano (ver an oh) Autumn – otoño (au tonyo) Winter – invierno (in vee er no) When you are familiar with the words you can begin to use them in short sentences. For that you need to know the two verbs in Spanish that mean ´to be´. You may have heard them and if you´ve started to learn any Spanish you will have come across them. They are SER and ESTAR. As a general rule, SER is used for things that are permanent, such as gender, where you´re from, family relations, etc and ESTAR for short term or locations. In this week’s context, we will use SER in the form IT IS which is ES, so to say ‘today is Tuesday’ we would say HOY ES MARTES, or to say ‘ it is autumn’, we say ES OTOÑO. Practise a few sayings using ES and the words you have learnt from the above list; every day you can say what day it is and what month and season. That way you will get into the habit of speaking Spanish, and making sure you get it right. A good way to remember words is to write them down on stickers, and place them where you will see them, or on the item they relate to. For example, you could write the Spanish word for drawer on a sticker and place it on your drawer. Make sure the sticker comes off easily so when you have learnt the word you aren´t having to scrape sticky glue off all your surfaces - and obviously be careful with wallpaper. For words like ´day´ or ´month´, where there isn´t a physical object, you can write the word and the translation and place the sticker wherever you think you will see it regularly. Every time you see the sticker, say the word, you will be surprised how quickly Spanish words start sticking in your mind. Next week we will be looking at numbers and telling the time. 12 SHOCK OVER TEEN KILLER’S SENTENCE Celebrating the start of democracy La Verdad THE 200th anniversary of the 1812 Constitution is being celebrated in Cádiz this La Opinion year, the city where it was proclaimed. Marta del The Cádiz Constitution is seen by many as Castillo A MURDER case that has appalled and intrigued the start of democracy in Spain. and her Spain over the past three years has ended in a The document established people as citikiller shockingly lenient punishment. zens rather than subjects and introduced the Miguel Despite the prosecution requesting 52 years, a Seville concepts of freedom of expression and freeCarcaño court has handed down a 20-year prison sentence to the dom of the press. It also recognised the right murderer of 17-year-old Marta del Castillo. Her body has still to private property and personal safety. not been found. The constitution was short lived and Spain Miguel Carcaño, 21, was found guilty of killing his ex-girlwould have to wait until 1931 for popular sovfriend with an ashtray, then disposing of the body with the ereignty, the real basis of democracy. help of other people. Three other suspects were acquitted. However, the Cádiz Constitution is recognised Last spring, Javier García, was also acquitted of the muras the starting point for democracy in Spain. der and rape of Marta del Castillo but convicted of covering “It was legendary even though it was only up for Carcaño. in effect for a few years, because it set two The victim’s father, Antonio del Castillo, said on Friday that precedents that formed the basis of the liberthe court’s decision “makes no sense”, as it acquits three out al political system: national sovereignty and of the four suspects, making it seem as if Carcaño killed the division of powers,” says Emilio La Parra, Marta and got rid of her body by himself. “There is no justice a professor of contemporary in this country,” he said, promising to “keep fighting” and to history at Alicante University. appeal the decision. “Eva [Marta’s mother] is upstairs crying, “Cádiz became a political devastated; she cannot believe it and neither can we.” school that influenced the During the trial, the accused offered their apologies to the Americas and Europe, as a victim’s relatives, yet none revealed where her body was. role model of a country fightCarcaño was ordered to pay 340,000 euros in damages to ing for independence against the family. an invading army yet still capable of conducting a politEl Pais ical revolution,” says Alberto Ramos, a professor at Cádiz A Religious Education teacher who was barred from University. La Verdad teaching at public schools after marrying a divorced man The city will host many has just won her case - after 11 years. events to celebrate the The Constitutional Court ordered the Superior Court of anniversary. MOTHERS in crisis-hit families are turning to prostitution in a Justice of Andalucia, which desperate attempt to feed their children. had ruled in favour of the And the problem is so great, with so many women competRoman Catholic Church, ing for trade, that some are selling their bodies for as little as to retract in favour five euros. of Resurrección Galera La Verdad Even then, with few men having spare cash to pay for sex, Navarro, a former teacher the women often walk the streets in skimpy clothes, bearing Galera Navarro of Catholic religion. the cold for hours on end before coming home with nothing. Although the new sen- SPAIN’S controversial Ley de Costas (Coastal Law) will The work is dangerous and tence establishes Galera be reformed, the new government minister in charge many women are beaten or Navarro must be returned has said. robbed. Miguel Arias Cañete, the Minister of Agriculture, th- to her post, Catholic The women are often ga Baja. In 2011 ten ear Food and the Environment, has announced a profound Ve ny ma ke wo e bishops have said she housewives in families where AN earthquak re recorded in the reform of the coastal laws, with the aim of harmonising , Orihuela quakes we all wage-earners have lost people in Torrevieja de la area, the strongest being 3.5 will not get her job back. economic development and the protection of natural ar Pil ce and The education ministry Sin their jobs. Once unemploy- Costa September 13th. on e Th resources. “Tourism is compatible with protecting the . day tur Sa t thquakes have will have to pay an ment benefit runs out, the Horadada las 7am, 1994 270 ear environment,” according to Cañete. 6.0 at d rte sta and g rcia kin unspecified amount in sha families have no income. been recorded in Mu at tre cen The minister has also said he will act as a bridge epi s ke’ ca qua r’s Lor damages, which might Some of the women are as with the s Alicante. Last yea between different administrations in a bid to reach a r hte Ric . A magnitude of 1.7 wa the sea on be upwards of 200,000 old as fifty and many are small quake was 5.2 national agreement on water. recorded. This type of euros. immigrants. the scale. in n mo com is earthquake Mums selling sex Wife of divorcee CAN teach religion Coast law reform Tremor in Torrevieja Friday, January 20, 2012 LÍNEA DIRECTA, THE BEST COMPANY FOR EXPATRIATES AT THE BEST PRICE Since 1998 Línea Directa, the market leader in the sale of direct car, motorbike and home insurance in Spain, has offered an exclusive telephone service entirely in English and German. This service, the first of its kind in Spain, forms part of the company’s commitment to quality and excellence, which have also made it the market leader in this business sector, due to the fact that it currently has over 63,000 foreign customers residing in Spain. As a result, services such as purchasing a policy, making enquiries, processing claims, sending documents and 24-hour assistance can all be carried out in English or German at a time which is convenient for the customer by making just one phone call. And not only does Línea Directa offer the best, it also offers its services at the most competitive price on the market. A real case “This email to confirm receipt of insurance settlement in my bank account today. Many thanks for the professional and efficient way you have dealt with this claim. Regards.” Call now 902 123 104 13 14 Friday, January 20, 2012 PURE COP-ULATION Well, Nuck me! A MARRIED police officer has been sacked after he was found to have had sex with five different women while on duty, it has emerged. An internal investigation found Troy Van-Eda, 44, a police constable for Greater Manchester Police (GMP), had sex at two stations and also at the women's homes. In one instance, he had intercourse with one woman in a station’s boiler room, less than 24 hours after she was stopped for failing to wear a seatbelt. The father-of-three, who claimed he had separated from his wife, was accused of using his “police uniform to feed his obsession with women”. On Wednesday, the PC, from Cutgate, Rochdale, Greater Manchester, was dismissed for gross misconduct following at a three-day disciplinary hearing. Senior officers admitted on Thursday that the officer’s behaviour, while on duty, was “completely unacceptable”. It came after an 18-month internal GMP investigation, undertaken by the force’s Professional Standards Branch, following a formal complaint from one of the women. Two other women also gave statements to police alleging they had sex with the officer while he was on duty. A further two women later gave similar evidence at the disciplinary hearing. The PC, who denied the allegations, plans to appeal his sacking. In her statement to police, Joanne Pinder, 34, claimed the pair had sex in the boiler room of Littleborough Police Station in April 2004. The day before, he had pulled her over for failing to wear a seatbelt but instead of issuing her with a fine, asked for her phone number instead. The pair, who also had sex at Milnrow Police Station, then began a three year relationship. The officer, who has since become engaged, admitted he was a married father-of-three who had separated from his wife. He told her he lived at his mother’s house. Despite the revelation Miss Pinder, from Littleborough, Rochdale stood by him for a further three years until she discovered he was seeing another woman. "He received a salary to do an important job not to sleep with women,” said the charity support worker. “There are many decent people who would love the chance to become a police officer. He used his police uniform to feed his obsession with women.” GMP launched an inquiry in 2010 after she lodged a formal complaint. He was accused of gross misconduct but remained on restricted duties at Rochdale Police Station for 18 months and was banned Troy Van-Eda: from any contact with the pub‘Obsession lic with women’ None of the other women, who all gave evidence at the hearing, have been named. The disciplinary panel of senior officers, dismissed claims from Van-Eda, a former special constable in West Yorkshire, that he was a victim of smear campaign. On Thursday, Dawn Copley, the Assistant Chief Constable of GMP, admitted the officer had failed in his duty after he was sacked without notice. "Greater Manchester Police expects the very highest standards of all its offices and staff,” she said. “Clearly this officer's behaviour while on duty was completely unacceptable." Van-Eda, who now lives with his new fiancée, Rachael Smith, said: "I have lost my job for doing nothing. “Being in the police was a job I always wanted to do. I never wanted to bring disrepute to GMP and want to get my job back." Miliband: The naked truth A NAKED blonde woman appeared on a monitor in the background of a news discussion on Ed Miliband's leadership of the Labour Party on Tuesday night. The scene, from Channel 4 drama Shameless, appeared on screen for a number of seconds as host John MacKay interviewed Labour blogger Dan Hodges. Mr Hodges, a critic of Mr Miliband's leadership, was in ITN's London studio and was debating with shadow Scottish minister Willie Bain on STV's Scotland Tonight programme. The broadcaster apologised for the mistake after Paul Traynor, a viewer, made a formal complaint. Mr Traynor said: “Is this really what we’ve come to expect of Scottish journalism? Someone should explain why, while watching the political debate with John Mackay about Ed Miliband, some irresponsible employee decided to watch porn in the studio while live on TV.” A SNACK MAKER in Australia has won approval to call its product "Nuckin Futs" after authorities accepted the f-word was part of the country's vernacular. The trademark regulator agreed to allow the name as long as the product is not marketed to children after the company's lawyers argued that "----" and "----ing" were not offensive and were "now part of the universal discourse of the ordinary Australian". The authority overturned a ruling last year that the name was an "obvious spoonerism" and was shameful and inappropriate. The decision to allow the name came as little surprise in Australia, where the f-word is a common feature of everyday parlance. Australia's dictionary of record, the Macquarie, has an entry for the f-word – and the word was accidentally dropped in a recent live speech by the Communications Minister, Stephen Conroy, who oversees the country's broadcasting standards. It makes regular inadvertent appearances in live sports commentaries, which tends to prompt an embarrassed apology but occasionally goes unnoticed. "Should we be alarmed and outraged to the point of storming the trade mark office with the pucking fitchforks mentioned above?" said a columnist, Anthony Sharwood, on thepunch.com.au. "If you're that way inclined, go crucking fazy. But bear in mind, the f-word has been gradually sneaking its way into all sorts of upstanding Australian institutions." The company's lawyer, Jamie White, said the snack, which is mostly comprised of edible nuts, was only intended to be sold in pubs, nightclubs and entertainment venues. "We submit that whilst there may be a mere sentimental objection or mere distaste to Nuckin Futs, this is not a sufficient ground for rejection of the Trade Mark, particularly since a substantial number of people would not find the words shocking," said a five-page submission to the Trade Mark Examiner. Action Signs and Print ACTIONS SIGNS has been established on the Costa Blanca Since 2006. We have continually provided a reliable service to all our customers. In June 2010 we moved to a new studio above the Tyres Direct offices in Guardamar, which is situated on the N332 in the Poligono Santa Ana. At ACTION SIGNS we design, manufacture and fit your signage requirements. We specialise in all aspects of signage from vehicle graphics, shop signs internal & external, Illuminated signs, 3D lettering, urbanisation signs, pavement signs, banners for your business or personalised banners for birthdays, anniversaries or any occasion. We also design & print business cards and flyers for your business at VERY competitive rates. In this current economic climate here at ACTION SIGNS we strive to provide a competitively priced and very reliable service to all our existing and new clients.See our ad on page 45 15 Friday, January 20, 2012 Bye bye Scotland! Cam’s big McPlan IT’S a red letter day when a Prime Minister and Leader of the Opposition find something to agree over, but we’ve actually seen a rare piece of unity over the future of Scotland. For any Conservatives reading this, I should remind them that Scotland is that part of the United Kingdom which is north of Cumbria and Northumberland, and where once upon a time the Tories had MPs elected. David Cameron, for reasons on the face of it best known to himself, has thrust the whole issue of Scottish Independence into the forefront of politics, by suggesting that the Westminster Government is the only body that can introduce a vote on Scotland breaking away from the Union. Ed Miliband has supported him on this, but all that’s happened is a lot of folk leaping up and down across the border, as they get ready to pipe in their Haggis for Burns Night next Wednesday. On first looks, you find it hard to understand why Cameron has thought this issue so important as to get involved in a bare knuckle fight against the popular Scottish First Minister, Alex Salmond. Yes, the Scottish National Party might be run- Look, it’s Blackadder disguised as David Cameron ning the show in Edinburgh, but despite the voters liking and voting for the SNP, those same electors would normally come out convincingly against Scotland going it alone. The only smell of a chance of that happening would be if some London-based politicians started to tell them how to run their affairs, like in organising a referendum on the union. You could certainly image the Scots justifiably sticking up two fingers at Westminster if they believed they were being bullied around. But might I suggest that this is part of some grand secret plan that Mr.Cameron may be keeping from us? This Blackadder-style plot goes like this. What better for the Tories if Scotland went its own way, with all those nasty Scottish Labour MPs no longer being elected to a Westminster Parliament, thus giving the Conservatives an almost unbreakable hold on power. Doubly so now, with the big NO vote against Proportional Representation last May. You’ll find plenty of English Tory MPs who, though publicly supporting the Union, would privately be happy to rebuild Hadrian’s Wall, and to give Alex Salmond whatever he wants. In fact, an ICM opinion poll last weekend suggested that more English voters wanted Scottish independence than those in Scotland! It’s clear that Ed Miliband is scared of any notion of independence, as his Scottish power base would be flushed down the Clyde and Forth. That’s why he was smiling away and nodding in the Prime Minister’s direction over this matter, but perhaps without realising that Cameron might be playing something of a double-bluff. The Prime Minister, meanwhile, is playing a risky game in antagonising Scotland, and if the Union starts to rock, he might find a Royal handbag swinging dangerously at him in his Tuesday night audiences with the Queen! Don’t you just hate it when politicians start poking their noses into matters that they scarcely know anything about, and then make a complete pigs proverbial about it all. David Cameron the other day started spouting off about the state of the UK film industry and saying that British films should all be big commercial hits and award winners like The King's Speech. If the PM has the secret formula for making hit films, then I’m sure that every producer on the planet would Andrew Lansley: Full marks like to know it! Cameron almost brushed aside the small budget and independent UK movie sector, which of course is a crucial learning ground for up-and-coming film makers and actors/actresses. I’d suggest that he has enough on his plate without making stupid comments on a subject area he does not know. Cameron is only the latest in a long line of British leaders who have done little or nothing to support the Arts, but are always quick to smile and line up for a photo-opportunity if Brits do well in any major international awards like the Oscars. Full marks to the Health Secretary, Andrew Lansley, in refusing to spend NHS money on replacing private boob jobs that have gone wrong. He’s been generous enough in offering NHS resources in removing PIP implants if there’s a clinical need, but I suggest these wealthy women should get their cheque-books out of their expensive handbags, rather than wasting British taxpayers’ resources on funding yet another vanity exercise. Perhaps these ladies should donate generously to help disfigured poor children in, say, Africa? 16 THE UK NEWS WHAT A NIGHT Brit talent adds shine to Golden IT was a great night for the Brits at the 69th Golden Globes as both Kate Winslet and Downton Abbey scooped top awards. Kate Winslet was named best actress in a mini series for Sky’s Mildred Pierce, while ITV’s Downton Abbey won best mini series. Kate, 36, was accompanied by her new man, 33-year-old Ned Rocknroll – nephew of Sir Richard Branson. She said: “I share this with my beautiful children Mia and Joe who light up my life every day.” Downton creator Julian Fellowes, Globes as stars scoop awards Daily Mirror there with two of its stars, Elizabeth McGovern and Hugh Bonneville, said: “How fabulous! The whole Downton Abbey adventure has been an extraordinary one, like spotting a promising child and waking up to find they won the Olympics.” Briton Idris Elba, 39, could barely hide his excitement as he collected a best actor prize for BBC’s Luther. Compere Ricky Gervais toned down his approach after shocking A CAT hurled from a high window in Buenos A-list stars the previous Aires, Argentina, seriously hurt a woman, 85, year. Madonna even got when it hit her on the head. one over on the cheeky The pet cat was thrown out of the fourth host, who had introduced floor window of an apartment block in her as “like a Virgin”. Buenos Aires as a married couple quarrelled. She said to cheers: “If During the blazing row, the husband picI’m just like a virgin, ked up the family pet and threw it at his wife, Ricky, why don’t you who ducked. come over here and do The cat then flew out of an open window, something about it?” landing on the elderly woman’s head as she Meryl Streep won best crossed the street below. actress for her role as The victim, a former opera singer named Mrs Thatcher in The Iron as Betty, also happens to be the couple’s Lady. Streep thanked neighbour. “everyone in England She was said to be in a critical condition in who let me come over hospital after suffering a fractured skull. there and trample over The cat didn’t survive the fall. their history”. Woman, 85, hit by flying moggy Daily Mirror Kate Winslet and Ned Rocknroll at the ceremony Cop’s Olympian blunder A SECRET dossier detailing plans for policing this summer’s London Olympics was left on a TRAIN. A cop lost the file but a commuter found it and handed it to The Sun. The shocking security blunder could have provided terrorists planning an attack with invaluable data. A shamed senior cop has been carpeted. The chief inspector in Scotland Yard’s Territorial Policing branch The Sun is said to be “hugely embarrassed” by the potentially serious blunder. The dossier contained details of security plans and provided minutes of top-level meetings where ways to beat terrorists were discussed. Names and mobile phone numbers of constables, sergeants and inspectors were included. Girl, 6, left alone at home for five days The Sun A LITTLE girl had to live on Monster Munch and water after being left alone by her wicked mother for FIVE DAYS. Scared Shekinha Terry, 6, was abandoned in a freezing council house covered in cat mess. Challenged by cops, heartless mum Natalie told them: "I neglected my daughter — end of." A court heard how Shekinha got to find Terry, 28, was not there. The bewildered child waited for a while but then took off her school uniform and switched on the TV. Throughout her ordeal she ate pickled onion flavour Monster Munch, said by food experts to have no nutritional value, and yoghurt. And she drank just water. Finally, shaking and sobbing hysterically, she knocked on a neighbour's door and told her: "Mum has left me for five days and she has not come back." Terry's shocking callousness was revealed at Maidstone Crown Court as she was jailed for 18 months for child cruelty. Hunt for Cotswold big cat continues as second body found Daily Mirror A KILLER big cat is believed to be on the loose in the Cotswolds after a second deer was mutilated. The carcass was found in a field 10 miles from where the first deer was ripped apart a fortnight ago in Woodchester Park, near Stroud. Experts fear the animals were brought down and devoured by a powerful predator such as a puma, jaguar or leopard. Big cat expert Frank Tunbridge said of the latest kill: “I believe it could be the same cat that attacked in Woodchester because these animals usually have a territory of 100 square miles. “Big cats could be thriving because there are plenty of deer, and winter weather creates cover for hunting.” The second body was found by a woman walking her dog between Whiteway and Rendcomb, Glos. When she returned to take photos, the roe deer had been stripped out with just its spine left. The first body had been ripped open and the heart, kidneys and liver were gone. Dr Robin Allaby, of Warwick University, is studying DNA samples from this deer to see if it was killed by a panther-like cat. He said: “I’m prepared to believe in the existence of big cats in the UK and we have a decent chance of finding out if it was there.” Friday, January 20, 2012 THE TABLOIDS CARE COSTS TO DOUBLE Hardworking homeowners will be punished MILLIONS of pensioners Counting the cost: Caring for could be forced to pay the elderly is ever more costly £60,000 for care in old age under plans to almost double fees. It would mean yet more hardworking homeowners having to sell their properties to pay bills as the initiative could see elderly couples forking out as much as £120,000 for their places in a nursing home. Yet the less thrifty who spend their money instead of saving through their working lives will still qualify for care paid for by the taxpayer. The figure nearly doubles the £35,000 cap on Liberal Democrat care fees put to the services minister Paul Government by its own care cost commission Burstow has rejected the boss, economist Andrew £60,000 cap plan saying the matter was still under Dilnot, last year. Financial experts and consideration. Dot Gibson, general campaigners for the secretary of the National elderly criticised the Department of Health Pensioners Convention, said: “We all pay for eduplans. Stuart Grennan, of cation, the NHS and Gallagher Employee defence – so why should Benefits said: “It is hard it be left to the individual to see the rationale and their families to pay behind a doubling of the for someone to look after Dilnot-suggested £35,000 someone suffering from dementia?’’ cap.” Daily Express 17 Life CAN mean life for notorious killers BRITAIN’S most notorious criminals can be kept behind bars for the rest of their lives, European judges have ruled. Jeremy Bamber and two other convicted murderers, Peter Moore and Douglas Vinter, lost their appeal to the European Court of Human Rights that whole-life tariffs condemning prisoners to die in jail amounted to “inhuman or degrading treatment”. In a statement Bamber said: “This political decision that I must die in jail is the death penalty using old age or infirmity as the method. “Both the trial judge and the Lord Chief Justice set my minimum tariff as 25 years. Quite why the Home Secretary felt I should die in jail Daily Mirror when the judges felt otherwise is a mystery. “To then be told by the European Court that it was reasonable and fair for the Home Secretary to resentence me to die in jail is quite extraordinary.” Bamber has always protested his innocence and says it was his schizophrenic sister who shot their parents and her twin sons before turning the gun on herself. His legal team claim to have new evidence that could overturn Bamber’s conviction but the Criminal Cases Review Commission reached a provisional decision not to refer his case back to the Court of Appeal. Teen seductress posed as boy Gemma Barker: Fooled cops A WOMAN who disguised herself as a BOY to trick teenage girls into relationships faces jail. Gemma Barker, 19, would don male clothes and hoodies to hide her female features as she deceived girls she fancied. The brunette's victims were completely taken in and even enjoyed sexual fumblings with their friend – who they believed was Aaron Lampard, Connor McCormack and Luke Jones. Cops were also fooled and believed they had arrested Aaron Lampard on sus- The Sun picion of sexual assault. It was only once "his" clothes were removed in the cells that stunned police realised "he" was a girl. Judge Peter Moss told Barker he could not be sure whether she was "bad and dangerous to know or mad and dangerous to know". Barker, of Staines, Middlesex, faces up to two years in jail after admitting two counts of sexual assault and one of fraud. Deportation of ‘hate cleric’ against human rights Daily Express A HATE cleric has been told he can stay in the UK because of his human rights, despite being described as Osama bin Laden’s right hand man in Europe. In a blow to the British government, radical Muslim Abu Qatada was told that he would not be deported back to Jordan even though he has been convicted on terror charges. He remains an iconic figure for many supporters of Jihad but was told by the European Court of Human Rights that he would not be sent back. This is because “there remains a real risk that evidence obtained by torture will be used against him” and he would not receive a fair trial. The decision flies in the face of UK law Lords who ruled almost three years ago that he could be sent back to Jordan. It is the first time the Strasbourg-based court has found that an expulsion would be in violation of the right to a fair trial. Home Secretary Theresa May said she was “disappointed” but it was “not the end of the road” and “all the legal options” will be considered. The battle to kick Qatada, who remains in prison, out of the country has been ongoing for ten years. 18 Friday, January 20, 2012 VEGETARIAN WINTER SALADS Comfort food with a wholesome kick. Eat your greens, reds and oranges with these seasonal salads ROASTED BABY VEGETABLE SALAD WITH CROUTONS A healthy vegetarian salad recipe that packs a punch. The ingredients are roasted for a fuller flavour and the croutons pick up on the gorgeous dressing. Ingredients 1. 1 red onion, cut into wedges 2. Carrots and sweetcorn, halved if large, from a 200g pack mixed baby vegetables (set the mangetout aside) 3. 6 tbsp. olive oil 4. 1/2 x garlic and rosemary flatbread, torn into chunky croutons (the rest can be frozen) 5. 1 tbsp. red wine vinegar 6. Small bag herb leaf salad Method 1. Preheat the oven to 220°C/fan200°C/gas 7. Put the onion into a roasting tin. Add the carrots and sweetcorn. Drizzle with 2 tablespoons olive oil, season and toss together. Roast for 20 minutes, turning halfway, until just tender. 2. Add the bread to the vegetables and toss together. Roast for a further 8-10 minutes, until the vegetables are lightly charred and the croutons crisp. 3. Meanwhile, whisk the remaining oil, the vinegar and some seasoning. Tip the salad into a large bowl, along with the reserved mangetout. Add the roasted vegetables and croutons drizzle with the dressing and gently toss together. Divide between bowls to serve. VEGETABLE AND FETA SALAD This vegetarian salad recipe is a tasty way to use up leftover roasted vegetables. heat. Fry the garlic for a couple of minutes before adding the vegetables. Fry for a few more minutes until warmed through. 2. Meanwhile, whisk together the oil, lemon zest and juice, then season to taste. Add to the pan to warm through. Transfer the vegetables to a serving plate and stir through the herbs and crumbled feta. GREEN BEAN AND SESAME SEED SALAD This green bean and sesame seed salad couldn't be simpler to make - and is ideal for vegetarians. Ingredients 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Method 1. Cook the green beans in a large saucepan of boiling water for 4-5 minutes, until tender. Drain well. 2. Meanwhile, place the mint and flatleaf parsley in a small food processor and whizz until finely chopped. Add the vinegar and olive oil and some salt and pepper and whizz again, until combined. 3. Add the herb dressing to the beans along with the sesame seeds and red onion and toss together well. Set aside to cool, then cover and chill in the fridge until ready to serve. Ingredients 1. Knob of butter 2. 1 large garlic clove, finely chopped 3. About 800g leftover sticky roast carrots and parsnips with hazelnuts and balsamic 4. 1½ tbsp extra-virgin olive oil 5. Grated zest and juice of ½ lemon 6. Small bunch of fresh flatleaf parsley, leaves chopped 7. Small bunch of fresh mint, leaves chopped 8. 100g feta, crumbled Method 1. Heat the butter in a large sauté pan over a medium 500g fine green beans, trimmed Small bunch of fresh mint Small bunch of fresh flatleaf parsley 1 tsp white wine vinegar 1 tbsp olive oil 2 tbsp sesame seeds, toasted 1 small red onion, very finely chopped GRIDDLED HALLOUMI WITH WATERCRESS SALAD Serve this vegetarian shortcut starter straightaway or the halloumi will turn rubbery. Ingredients 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Grated zest of ½ lemon and 2 tbsp juice 5 tbsp olive oil Handful of fresh flatleaf parsley, chopped 2 tbsp small capers, drained and rinsed 8 medium vine-ripened tomatoes l 100g watercress 7. 2 x 200g packs of Pittas pre-sliced grilled halloumi Method 1. Preheat the oven to 200°C/fan180°C/gas 6. To make the dressing, whisk together the lemon zest and juice, olive oil, parsley, capers and freshly ground black pepper, then set aside. 2. Cut the tomatoes into quarters. Divide the watercress and tomato wedges among four plates. 3. Place the halloumi slices on a baking sheet lined with foil and bake for 2-3 minutes or until just beginning to melt. 4. Add the hot halloumi to the plates, drizzle with the dressing and serve at once. WILD RICE AND CRANBERRY SALAD This wild rice and cranberry salad recipe is full of great fresh flavours to complement a rich meat dish. Ingredients 1. 25g butter 2. 200g wild rice 3. 750ml vegetable stock, hot 4. 50g dried cranberries 5. 100g fresh or frozen cranberries (defrosted) 6. Pared zest and juice of 1 orange 7. 150g basmati rice, rinsed 8. Bunch of spring onions, chopped 9. Large bunch of fresh flatleaf parsley, finely chopped 10. 3 tbsp extra-virgin olive oil Method 1. Melt the butter in a large pan, add the wild rice, stirring to coat, then pour in the stock. Add the dried and fresh/frozen cranberries and the orange zest. Cover and simmer for 25-30 minutes until the rice is tender and the stock is absorbed. Set aside to cool. 2. Meanwhile, put the basmati rice in another pan and cover with cold water. Bring to the boil, then simmer gently, uncovered, for 10-12 minutes until the rice has absorbed all the water and is tender and fluffy. Set aside to cool. 3. When both types of rice are cool, fluff them up with a fork and tip into a serving bowl. Fold through the spring onions, parsley, olive oil and a splash of orange juice, then season. Taste and adjust the seasoning, adding more orange juice or olive oil to taste. It’s Quesada Fish & Chips 2! Quesada Fish & Chips has now expanded by opening Quesada Fish & Chips 2 in Villa Martin Plaza. The same high quality food and standards will be present in this new restaurant that made Quesada Fish & Chips such a success. The Menu of the Day, which consists of Cod or Haddock plus Chips, Peas, Bread & Butter all for just €6, is available between 12 noon and 5pm, and the Home-Made Pie Special, served all day long, is a real treat priced at just €5. An extensive menu is also available throughout the day. For reservations and take-away orders Telephone: 966 764 441 Friday, January 20, 2012 19 CAFE GOLF – FOUR YEARS ON AND STILL GOING STRONG Cafe Golf certainly has something to celebrate. This much loved bar and restaurant has been open for four years, and is the only one on the San Javier strip which has not changed hands. Nike and Neil give both locals and holiday makers alike such a warm welcome and such good service that from day one Cafe Golf has become the one place in which customers are assured value for money, fun and a smiling friendly face. To celebrate their fourth anniversary there will be a party on Thursday January 26th, with a barbeque available and live entertainment provided by the Everly Brothers Tribute Act. Everyone is welcome and entry is free. Please book if you’d like the barbeque. And in conjunction with this celebration Cafe Golf is offering a brand new menu, new daily specials, and an array of daytime and evening entertainment, including: Thursday evenings, from 7pm, their weekly barbecue, (which is every Thursday of the year) and changes every week, offers regular live entertainment. Wednesdays are quiz nights, and the fun kicks off at 9pm. Bring your thinking caps and a good sense of humour. Fridays from 5pm to 7pm is Bingo Time, with prizes. This promises to be a firm favourite on a Friday afternoon. And if you fancy a drink and a snack, Cafe Golf is the place to go on a Friday and Saturday evening (from 7pm), when all the drinks are served with a delicious free tapa. If you can’t decide where to have Sunday lunch, why not come and try Cafe Golf’s Sunday roast. With prices starting at just 7.50€ you are guaranteed a mouth-watering meal at great value. There is a choice of three meats, and vegetarians are catered for too. Sunday roasts are served all year round from 1pm to 6pm, and if you fancy something lighter the regular menu is available too. There is even a loyalty scheme available. For every ten stamps you will get a Sunday lunch completely free! All the food at Cafe Golf is home-made, including the burgers, chips, cakes and biscuits. Takeaways are available too. Breakfasts are served all day, and that really does mean ALL day. Apart from great food, drinks and company, Cafe Golf also offers a postal service to the UK. All letters brought in are guaranteed to be in the UK postal system within two days. And if you need some washing doing Cafe Golf offers a laundry service, which collects items every Tuesday and Thursday, and offers competitive prices. And that is not all. Cafe Golf also offers a wide range of beautiful hand-made cards and jewellery, and a large book exchange. You can exchange a book for free or buy one for just 50 cents, which goes to charity. And Cafe Golf is a great place to pick up a local paper. Most are available here, and as opening hours are 9am to 10pm every day (except Tuesdays when they close at 5pm), you needn’t worry about siesta time. There is free Wi-Fi too, for those who are looking for somewhere to use their laptop. Starting in February are art classes on Wednesday mornings. A 2euro donation for each class will go to MABS charity. And for sports -lovers Cafe Golf has started to show a selection of premier matches, and is the ideal place to watch a good game in the company of other fellow spectators. There are two terraces, one at the front and one at the back, so if you want to sit outdoors you will always have the choice of sun or shade. So as you can see, Cafe Golf has something for everyone. Nike and Neil are your ideal hosts and really seem to know just what their customers want. The Courier would like to congratulate them on their success and popularity over the past four years, and wish them all the very best for the future. 20 WHEN the Iceland Overseas team in San Javier nominated MABS Cancer Support Group as their charity for 2011, they set the 12-month target at €6,000. And they not only achieved that figure - they exceeded it, with a final fundraising total for 2011 of €6,656. Starting out with MABS Murcia volunteers packing bags for 2010 Christmas shoppers and a big Christmas raffle, Iceland Overseas then went on to hold an Easter Fun Day, organised by Sorelle Fox. MABS volunteers were again on hand to pack customers’ bags in return for a small donation. There were com- Friday, January 20, 2012 Store’s cold comfort petitions and a fabulous array of raffle prizes, including a pair of Hugo Boss sunglasses from Specsavers worth €200 - thanks to the lovely Kathleen who gathered all the prizes. Several other local businesses supported this event, including AngloINFO, C&M Bouncy Castles, Sunshine FM Radio, Viva TV and the Classic Car Club of Torrevieja. MABS volunteers returned to Iceland again in December 2011 to join in the seasonal fun and help pack customers’ Christmas shopping. They were joined by Spangles Ladies’ Harmony Chorus (pictured), who got everyone in the festive mood with Christmas songs. Many chorus members are MABS volunteers, and the chorus sponsors the charity. San Javier’s Iceland Overseas team was so impressed with the work of MABS that it has chosen the charity as its charity of the year 2012, too. GRAND FINALE Six legs are better than three as two brave horses are linked Diamante’s £1,149 sparkle lunch saw the ladies enjoy a wonderful Christmas meal with entertainment by Viva Quartet. Everyone dug deep into their pockets to buy those extra raffle tickets and at the end of the lunch, Diamantes’ owners, Terri and Karla, announced that they had exceeded their goal and presented MABS with €1,149. “This is a marvellous achievement and I’d like to thank Terri, Karla and everyone who attended the lunches for supporting us,” said MABS Fundraiser, Janet Bell. “It’s meal of been an absolute pleasure ts €6 (includes ke Tic e. us ca m & CARE GROUP, peas) available fro d E an AR getting to know everyone SH ips ch , 20 en January vier, chick ll 634 362 during the year and I know Centre, San Ja e, San Javier or ca ntr Ce BS MA MABS Cancer for mal get-together we all intend to continue 11.00am. An infor GROUP, me along 826. Co er. nc ca - SHARE & CARE these friendships.” by 17 ry ua br Fe r, anyone affected For more infor ntre, San Javie at. Ce ch a Indeed they will, because er d nc an Ca e ffe MABS for a co 247. on 693 795 247. the Lunch Club is going to Anne on 693 795 ll Ca . am .00 11 mation call Anne ES G, Y & IVORY LADI NTEERS’ MEETIN carry on through 2012. February 21 - EBON February 1 – VOLU .00 am. 11 , tes Restaurant, El res za an cá am Al Di The first lunch will be held , s UB CL H NC LU se Las Claras, Lo w you can help 2pm. Three cour ho t for ou on Tuesday, 21st February at m ab 0p re 1.3 mo , t in Find ou Bev Mojón of wine €10. Raffle r information ring 1.30 pm for 2.00 pm, when lunch with glass d MABS. For furthe an and meet the ladies will enjoy a three MABS. Come along on 693 362 823. esday) - aid of ur place with course lunch and glass of dn yo We ok ery Bo . ev ds en en fri w ne ke ma February 1 (th r, vie 7. , Café Golf, San Ja wine is just 10€. tes on 965 352 94 ART WORKSHOP head for Diaman SALE - The r pe OK BO €2 – of y n da All Ladies are welcome to tio Satur ery Ev 11.00am. Dona .00 Los Alcázares 10 968 192 768. t, an on ur go along for the lunch where off sta Ge Re ll es Ca . Arch MABS ARITY FUN RACE they are guaranteed excel. pm 0 1.0 am February 10 - CH re e bil rcia.com for mo ge, San Javier Mo lent food and company Visit www.mabsmu NIGHT, Lui’s Loun rse, be a ho a 826. n 2 36 Ow 4 m. 63 Book your place with ll 0p ca or ts, en ev Home Park, 6.3 all for a good r, tte flu Diamantes on 965 352 947. a ve ha jockey, AT the beginning of 2011, Diamantes Restaurant in El Mojón, launched the Ebony & Ivory Ladies’ Lunch Club with the aim of raising €1000 for MABS Cancer Support Group by the end of the year. In September, with just three months to go, the figure had reached €688 and the club called for more ladies to share in the monthly lunches to make sure the target was met. Well it was – and more! The December ry a i d s t n e v e S B A Your M GASP eye winning double AFTER a successful but poorly supported production of 'Pack of Lies' in November, the Gran Alicant and Santa Pola Theatre Group (GASP) is back in rehearsal. Next productions is two short plays - 'Sparrows’ and 'Getting Along' - to be staged in May at the Life Resort in Gran Alacant. GASP, a small, very friendly and supportive group, are looking for members, particularly actors plus backstage . No experience is required. They meet Mondays and Wednesdays at 7.30pm at the Life Resort (above the Prensa). Come for a chat or give the President, David Ashley a call on 966 181113. Or e-mail GASP at [email protected]. uk EASY Horse Care Rescue Centre founders Sue and Rod Weeding had a successful trip to America to visit Molly, the horse that inspired their treatment of Faith, the three-legged horse at their centre in Rojales. The decision to go ahead with the amputation of Faith’s leg was taken after Sue and Rod heard Molly’s inspirational story. Molly was rescued by Kaye and Glenn Harris after Hurricane Katrina. Sadly, several months later she was attacked by a pit bull and the injury to her leg so serious she had to have the limb amputated. Sue and Rod presented Molly with around 30 Christmas cards from people on the Costa Blanca, as well as a Liverpool football scarf given to them for the little horse. Sue was so impressed with Kaye and Glenn that she has promised to work closely with them in the future. “We are going to interact with Molly’s Facebook page and look at doing a joint Molly and Faith book together,” she said. “Kaye and Glenn risked their lives during Hurricane Katrina to rescue animals and they are just normal people, living a very humble existence in a log cabin giving all the money they can to the animals. We will do all we can to raise awareness for them.” Faith is currently with a specialist horse vet in Barcelona where she faces more surgery. Friday, January 20, 2012 21 Final call for new players HAVE you got what it takes to tread the boards or work behind the scenes of a successful theatre company? If so, Adhoc Theatre Company wants to hear from you. Known for its hugely enjoyable productions of Allo, Allo and Run For Your Wife, Adhoc is fast gaining a reputation as one of the best comedy theatre groups on the Costa Blanca. The group also raises money for charity and has given great support to ADMISON. Now, with an exciting new play in the pipeline, Adhoc is looking to recruit not only actors, but also the all-important backstage crew, such as electricians, painters, seamstresses, ticket sellers and front of house staff. The company will be holding an open evening at The Club, Calle Azul in Quesada on January 25 from 8pm. Everyone is welcome to pop along for a drink and meet the current members. If you would like more details call Jax on 677 600 809 or email [email protected]. Or join Adhoc’s Facebook group ADHOC. Charity is one-stop-shop for help and info needs cted this year for Crushed Ice expe No frosty receptions G N I N E T S I L Y Z E FRE year off to a great CRUSHED Ice got the first gig of 2012 at start with a buzzing b last Friday. Clu try Quesada Coun been together The band has only r, but they’re yea t las er since Septemb . far from inexperienced band is made up The five-piece cover musicians, handof a talented group of member Ray ing nd fou picked by Prentice. start a band, Ray When he decided to best talent on the advertised for the the result. is Ice ed Costa. Crush Tuite on rhythm The line-up is Eric Parsons on lead rs) ge (fin guitar, Keith on bass guitar, guitar, John Wiggan s, and Ray holdcal vo d lea Chas Randal er on drums. ing the rhythm togeth wide variety of a y Crushed Ice pla k and pop classics music, covering roc present day. They from the 60s to the ists such as The art by sic feature mu a Reeves and the rth Blues Brothers, Ma Elvis Presley, es, atl Be e Th Vandellas, The Rolling O, EL Fleetwood Mac, s, The Who, Otis Stones, The Supreme y, Eric Clapton, an Redding, Bad Comp er, The Hollies, The Eagles, Badfing ff Richard and Cli Free, Status Quo, many, many more. for your bar, To book Crushed Ice , call Ray on 966 restaurant or function ook CRUSHED ceb Fa 712 987 or visit information. ICE SPAIN for more HELP’S offices in San Miguel de Salinas and Torrevieja provide a range of free information and advice to members of the public. Typical enquiries include questions on residencia, health care, cars, bereavement, wills and burglaries. If the answer to a problem is not known immediately, Help’s team will do their best to find information. Both offices are open Monday to Friday from 10.00am to 1.30pm. Help also operates a 24-hour Emergency Help Line on 965 704 282. A diabetic support group is held once a month to provide information and help to all those people living with diabetes. Help’s Friendship Centre at Playa Flamenca is open Mondays from 2pm, and is a popular meeting place where many new, long-lasting friendships are formed. Hospital visiting teams visit both the Vega Baja and the Torrevieja hospitals. Books and talking tapes from Help’s library are loaned to patients free of charge. Help has a wide range of orthopaedic equipment for hire from its San Miguel de Salinas office. This service is available to both residents and visitors to the area. Friends Unlimited is the social arm of Help Vega Baja. It meets on Thursday afternoons at The Club in Quesada between 2.00 pm and 4.00 pm. A variety of events is on offer, including coach trips, guest speakers, demonstrations, discussions and charity functions. For further information on any of Help’s activities, contact the offices in San Miguel on 966 723 733, Torrevieja on 965 704 282 or visit the website www.helpvegabaja.com Kids bowled over IT WAS a truly international competition when petanca players from nine countries met at Rocajuna pistes to raise money for EMAUS orphanage at Elche. The competition was fierce but friendly, and with the sun shining on the event, everyone had a wonderful time. While players were determined to do their best in the tournament, they were even more determined to raise money for disadvantaged children. So it was a proud moment when Graham Knight presented a donation of €780 to Annette English from EMAUS. Children from EMAUS came to watch the tournament and the players hope that they will join them in a game sometime. Graham Knight was kept busy with his ceremonial duties as, having presented the cheque to EMAUS, he was called on to hand out the medals and prizes. He had an excellent helper in the task in the form of Gina Marks from Sol TV. Third place went to Kelvin Radford and Pat Wenban from the Bandidos, second to Guy Fernandez and Julien Van Buggenoot from Amigos Belgas and first to Francis (Paco) Lopez and Alan (Pepinio) Liabue from Rocajuna. The players thanked everyone who donated prizes, medals, food and time to make the day such a success, Petanca prize guys:LEFT: Graham Knight, Pepinio Liabue, Paco Lopez and Gina Marks. RIGHT: Jackie Lopez, Graham and are already looking forward to next year’s event. Knight, Gina Marks, Kelvin Radford, Guy Fernandez and Julien Van Buggenoot 22 RICHARD CAVENDER Bluemoon Solutions www.bluemoonsolutions.es BlueMoon Solutions is the computer and IT services company on the Costa Blanca, they provide quality computer services at realistic prices and specialise in working with home users and small businesses. Richard moved to Spain four years ago having left his management background behind in the UK and decided to use his IT skills to help home users and small businesses with their PC problems. Now a relaxed 'computer man' he is out and about in the Spanish sun every day, making house and shop calls and using his vast experience and qualifications to (usually) sort out the problem there and then. Computers are his hobby as well as his work so don’t be surprised to get an answer to your email in the early hours! Do you ever have to queue for ages to get an appointment with the doctor? Well, I have the answer! I don’t know about you but every time Liesl (‘er indoors) or I have need to go to the doctor the biggest frustration is the fact that we know that we will need to traipse to the medical centre and queue for up to an hour – and that is just to get the appointment to see the doctor! Like many of the ex-pats here, I am quick to point out to others that the Spanish health system is far superior to that of good old Blighty, but also like most of my country folk, I have just “heard” that and don’t actually know whether it’s true. So this month I decided, (being far from an expert in this topic) that I would look it up. The best data that I could find health centre! I thought that I would share my wonderful discovery with you guys. It’s a pretty big website and does so much more than allow you to book appointments, but today this is the area we are going to focus on. So first, you will need your computer, an Internet connection and your SIP card. Fire up your computer and get onto the Internet, once there navigate to www.san.gva.es, you will be shown a page with 3 options (Ciutadania, Professionals, Institucional), you need to click on the Ciutadania after which you will be shown a very busy website the same as (image 1) As you will see there are only two languages for this site (Valencian or Castilliano), so no English I’m afraid. Next you need to click on the second menu item down on the left hand side, titled “Sanitat24: Solicitud de Cita Previa en atención primaria” this will display some hidden options, one of which is “Cita por Internet”, this is the option you need, once you click it you may get a message from your web browser say- was from that great online encyclopaedia – Wikipedia Countries’ health services are ranked based on life expectancy, responsiveness (i.e. speed of service) and financial contribution. I’m guessing that my little area of the Costa Blanca didn’t help in the responsiveness factor! Anyway, overall Spain was ranked number 7 in the world, with the UK coming 18th so it seems, in this case at least, the “jungle drums” were right; it still doesn’t change the fact, that, at least for my family, it’s a right royal pain in the rear to get a simple appointment! You can imagine my joy when I visited a customer, Graham in Gran Alacant, last week and he told me about a website he had found – www.san.gva.es If you have a SIP then you can use this website to book appointments with your local GP. This is all done over the Internet from the comfort of your own home so there is no need to stand for hours in dark, depressing, illness ridden reception halls in the local registered to. Just choose the doctor that you want to see and click on the Seleccionar button to continue. The next page (image 3) displays information about your particular health service (your doctor’s name etc) and allows you to type your requested appointment information. In here just type the date that you would like your appointment on, using the format DD/MM/YYYY. Then enter the time range that you would like to see the available appointments for, so if you want to see what appointments are available from 10am to 11am enter 10:00 in the first box and 11:00 in the second for example, then click on the “Demanar cita” button to view the available slots. The final screen (image 4) displays the appointments that are available to you, just select the specific appointment time and click “Confirmar cita” to confirm the appointment. If none of the appointments suit and you would like to check another time or date just click on the “Modificar criteris” to go back to the previous page and enter different information. Once confirmed a page will be displayed that you can print to take with you to your appointment. ing that the “content is blocked”, just click to accept that you want to view the blocked content and you will see the same as (image 2). You are almost there now, just enter your SIP card number in the box under “Número SIP / Número SIP” and your date of birth under the box “Data de naixement / Fecha de nacimiento”. Once done click on the button “Validar” to continue. The website will then confirm Don’t forget you can follow me on twitter the information that the health service have on record, i.e. @bluemoonspain your name etc. and it will then Alternatively why don’t you sign up for my list any doctors that you are newsletter. You can do this by going to:www.bluemoonsolutions.es and fill in the form that is on any page except the front page. [email protected] www.bluemoonsolutions.es Mobile: 655 044 970 Office: 902 906 200 Friday, January 20, 2012 WHY DO THEY DO THAT? Top dog psychologist PETER SINGH answers questions on the behaviour of pets. If YOUR dog or cat is giving you problems, email [email protected] THE world at the moment seems to be filled with many negative energies. War, fighting, killing, anger, greed, stress, I could go on and on. Many individuals are also suffering from some form of mental illness, mainly depression. In 2010/11 alone, 43.4 million prescriptions were given to people in the UK for antidepressants. With all these negative things happening, many people search for a new meaning to life and read different self help books to try to find out how they can improve their outlook on life and how to live in the moment and stop worrying. With this in mind, most of those suffering from some form of depression or searching for the meaning of life, are ignoring the greatest teachers on earth. Dogs! Dogs have so many valuable lessons to teach humans. But to learn from them we need to stop and heed these teachings they have to share with us. Rather than humans taking dogs to training, in reality they should be training us. Dogs don’t have egos, most of us do. Dogs are forgiving, most of us are not. Dogs live in the moment, most of us don’t. Dogs live calm lives, most of us donʼt. Ego is the worst offender in human beings. Ego makes you believe you are right. If you are right, then someone has to be wrong. Then, because we feel we are in the right, it makes us not want to forgive. Then, because of that, it stops us living in the moment, and we then spend most of our time worrying about the situation or talking to other people about it. Or, worse still, acting on our grievance, which is as far away from calm as you can get! Hopefully, by now you are beginning to agree that dogs should be showing us the way, rather than the other way around. If we do start to follow the teachings our dogs have for us, we will all be more balanced human beings, rather than the social chaos we witness in many situations. I work with aggressive dogs mostly. That is the number one reason most clients ask me to visit their homes. Interestingly, you will find that no other life form in the universe knows negativity, only humans. The only animals that CALM DOWN YOUR DOG will show anything close to negativity are those that live in close contact with humans. That is, dogs! Humans pass on their insecure emotions and negativity to their dogs, which is where you begin to see problems with our four- legged friends. If dogs were left alone, there wouldnʼt be any unbalanced dogs. When I work with my clients who have aggressive dogs, I know that I have to help the human, before I can help the dog. Once the human starts showing calm, balanced behaviour, along with meeting the dog’s needs, the problems then dissolve. So a dog never displays negative behaviour of its own accord. It is always because of something humankind did to the dog. Once I teach my clients how to eradicate the negativity in their lives and to live more towards the dogs’ network of teachings, i.e. no ego, forgiveness, living in the moment, and being calm, magic happens. All because they have simply learnt what their dog was trying to teach them all along. What astonishes me is that Spainʼs rescue centres are absolutely full to the brim of these wonderful four-legged teachers. All waiting to teach you the real valuable lessons of life. Go and rescue one and connect with your new dog in the way nature intended. I sincerely promise you that it will be the most rewarding thing you have ever done in your life. This was how I was taught. My teacher has big brown eyes and two big ears that stick up. He is covered in beige and black fur and is a German Shepherd by the name of Billy. He is my Guardian Angel and there are many for you to choose from in all of Spainʼs rescue centres. Who needs counsellors, therapists or doctors when you have your dog by your side? Next week I will write about how to start your relationship with your new rescue dog. a Don’t miss PETER SINGH’S animal advice column ever HI PETER, I have a fouryear-old shihtzu who has a real attitude problem. He loves to be in the garden but over the past year or so has begun to bark at everything and everyone. If someone passes the front gate, he launches himself at the gate and barks until they are completely out of sight. Our villa is first line to the golf course and he never used to bother about the golfers, but recently he has begun to bark at them when he can hear them chatting, He can't actually see them because of the wall. I appreciate he thinks he is defending his own area and probably telling everyone he is here, but I am worried that the neighbours will get thoroughly sick of him and make a complaint. If I go out to bring him inside when he is barking, he refuses to come to me and runs off. He stays when I tell him to, but when I bend down to pick him up he begins to bite (in a Barmy Barney’s a barking machine So maybe he thinks he is protecting her (even when she isn't here). I would very much appreciate your advice on how to stop Barney from making everyone's life a complete misery with his constant barking. CHRISTINE MORT Hi Christine, Thank you for your question. From what you say, it is apparent that your dog needs more exercise in order to drain his energy. q playful way, not aggressively), but he does have very sharp teeth! I have owned dogs all my life, usually Cavalier Spaniels and a little Spanish rescue dog and have always been able to control them, but the shihtzu has really got a mind of his own! He is marvellous with my two-year-old grandchild and i s so patient with her and she is the only one who he seems to respect. Actually, when I think about it, the barking problem began just after she was born. They lived with us for the first few months and we take care of her every day whilst my daughter works full time. He has started this barking obsession for two reasons. Firstly, because of the lack of exercise, he barks in order to rid himself of his excess energy - and secondly, because he is the most dominant one in the household. You also can’t bend down to pick him up, as this is a sign of affection to a dog, so he is, in his eyes, being rewarded for barking at strangers. When you correct him, you should do this by first of all being calm. If you get frustrated or anxious, dogs view this as weakness and unstable behaviour from humans and they then have to become the leaders in their own home because of this. When Barney barks in future, make a sound to get his attention, then approach him and claim the space he is in by walking into it and backing him away. If he runs off you must follow him until he shows you calm behaviour, which will be lying down, sitting down and generally switching off from an alert state into a calm state. His eyes will also indicate that he is now calm as they will become soft, rather than dilated. Use no words. Once he is calm, just walk away. This is the way his Mother would have corrected him. OUR FOX JUST WON Hi Peter I have read and enjoyed your new colu you with a problem that we are having w Terrier, approximately 18 months old. He local rescue centre. As he wasn’t chipped so he came to live with us six months ago ily. It seems as if he had been well cared f had his tail docked and walks well on although a little nervous is quite sociabl is a good little watchdog and always ale road outside, which we accept is him pro The problem we have is that when we and try to assure him that they are OK, he and finds it difficult to settle. Eventually make a move to leave he then starts all o We’d be grateful for any ideas you ma q Hi Lorna, Thank you for your questio is showing this fearful behaviour, yo At present you are giving affection wh that the visitors are OK. Because of this, this negative bahaviour. When he shows this behaviour in futu attention and then move towards him and Don't use words. Make sure you are c calmed down. If he walks away, you sho Once he has, you can then walk away. T Good luck, Lorna 25 Friday, January 20, 2012 It’s a dog’s life as Courier readers besiege Peter PETER SINGH provides one-to-one consultations with dog owners who experience problem behaviour with their pets. Peter, who himself owns five dogs and three cats, also runs monthly dog psychology courses for clients. He has joined The Courier to help our readers solve all those problems that irritate dog and cat owners. And, judging by the enormous response to his first column, he’s let himself in for an extremely busy time. Peter’s initial article last week prompted an amazing response as dozens of dog owners bombarded him with all sorts of questions. A selection are published today, together with Peter’s advice to each owner. We had planned to publish all the letters we received this week, but the sheer volume has made this impossible. Peter’s philosophy regarding dog behaviour is uncomplicated and easy to understand - you can check it out at www.thedogyouneed.com Peter has had a 100% success rate with clients in both Spain and the UK. He also provides a relaxing and peaceful mode of travelling with his pet transport business. Check the service out at www.europeanpettransport. com - AND LEARN FROM (and cat, of course) Living in the day: Peter Singh’s ‘Guardian Angel’ Billy - that’s him asa floppy-eared pup on the left q ry week - only in The Courier XY FELLA N’T SETTLE umn in The Courier and thought I’d email with our dog. Bobby is a lovely little Fox e was found as a stray and handed into a d his previous owners could not be traced o and has quickly become part of our fam- for in the past as he had been castrated, the lead. He is a happy little thing and e both with humans and other dogs. He rts us to anyone near our gate or on the otecting his territory. e let friends in (even ones he knows well) e continues to bark at them for a long time y he does calm down but as soon as they over again. ay have to help him get over this. LORNA on. It is very important that while your dog ou are not giving affection. en he does this as you are assuring him he is being rewarded by you for showing ure, you should make a sound to get his d wait for him to calm down. calm. You cannot back away until he has ould follow him until he shows you calm. That is the end of the correction. Hi Peter, I was very interested to read the article about you in The Courier and am wondering if you can help me with my cat problem. Until recently I had four cats (all rescue, acquired at different times) - one female and three male (two of which were brothers). One of the brothers was recently knocked down and killed by a car and ever since I have had a big problem with his brother spraying in the house - at least I am pretty sure it is him. They have all been neutered and therefore I am puzzled by this behaviour and very concerned as I keep discovering cat's pee on all sorts of things, not all of which are washable. Also, in the kitchen, which is not very nice. I have tried spraying certain things with Repellente but it seems to have no effect whatsoever. Can you help me as to the possible cause and/or remedy for this problem? JANET ELDRIDGE Hi Janet, Cats can start to suddenly spray when there has been a sudden change in the household, which there has been due to the sad loss of one of your cats. The cat that has started to spray because he feels something is wrong and does not feel safe any more. Cats spray, regardless of whether they are male or female or whether they have been neutered or not.I would suggest firstly that DEAR Peter, Our 13-year-old Jack Russell Terrier is starting to go blind from glaucoma. A vet has given us some eye drops that will not reverse to problem but may arrest it. Our problem is administering the drops, because our dog is not very happy about it and fights with teeth and claws. Up to now, with my wife putting in the drops and me holding the dog, we have had moderate success, but my arm is getting very badly cut up by our dog. We have not tried wrapping her up in a towel, or getting some body armour for me. Perhaps you can put forward the best method as this is going to be a long-term problem. FRAN, ALAN and SALLY THE DOG. Hi Fran, Alan & Sally! Thank you for your question. It is important that when you administer the drops, your dog has drained her energy from a walk or other forms of exercise. Also, you have to make sure you are both calm and that you are not q you clean the surfaces with a solution of washing powder and warm water. Then, over the top of that, spray surgical spirit, which will disinfect the area. Do not use any ammonia or chlorine-based solutions, as this will confuse the cat further since their urine contains these products. You should contain your cats in a smaller area for about a week and make sure that this new area has all the things they need to make them feel safe and comfortable. If you can't stop your cat from going to the same area where he is spraying, try putting his food there after you have cleaned the area. ONE IN THE EYE feeling sorry for her. The reason for this is because if you are feeling sorry for a dog, they pick this up as a weak energy from a human and will then try to be more dominant than you. Showing her the bottle the eye drops are in before you administer them will also help. Let her smell the bottle. This will help her to gain more trust in you, which is vital in these situations.Make sure you are very patient and wait until she is showing you calm before you insert the eye drops. You will be surprised at what can be achieved by showing a high level of patience. HOLA Peter, I am sure hou have been inundated with emails after the article in The Courier. It was a good article, and like you, we love animals. But we do have a problem Yorkie. He is six years old, and for about 7/8 months he never whimpered, but now he is such a noisy little Tyke and we have tried lots of things to stop him, He yaps constantly when he is on the way out for a walk, when we come in, and he will bark for nothing occasionally. We have tried water in a spray, electronic collar, plastic bottle with small stones in, and of course the usual "Pepe, NO," and "What have I said". I have talked to him, picked him up and spoken gently to him, but it doesn’t make any difference. We live in an apartment complex, fortunately our nearest neighbours are two floors below, so although they hear him, they say it’s not too bad. However we may be getting next-door neighbours, and I know they will complain - and if they are Spanish, then they will denounce us.We live next door to the Guardia Civil building, so it will be quite easy for these people to THE ENERGY GAP Luis TURID BÖRSETH, San but DEAR Peter, I like dogs you k an Th , rid Tu Hi r as I I am not a dog owne . It ion est for your qu flexilike my freedom and gs do the t tha m see , I would bility more. However not getting are ion est qu urs in bo have three neigh have enough exercise. who amongst them not If a dog’s energy is blem pro d seven dogs. The fin l wil it ily, da d that draine with all these dogs is to ich wh in as another activity it they bark and whine y- drain that energy. That, an or ne yo an soon as ur yo at wh ssible would seem, is thing moves. Is it po are t to neighbours’ dogs no m the to teach . ing do behave like that? q make a complaint. We have another little rescue dog, who has been very good, but now she has decided to make almost as much noise as the Yorkie. Fortunately she understands when I say NO, Help! ANN HOWLETT Almoradi Hi Ann, Thank you for your question. First of all, you are giving affection when you are trying to make him stop barking. Whenever you give a dog affection, you are nurturing the state of mind they are currently in. Dogs start unwanted behaviour such as constant barking because of a lack of exercise and because the correction is not being administered in a 'dog psychology way'. When Pepe next barks, make a sound to get his attention. Do not use words, or touch him. This will only excite him q 26 Friday, January 20, 2012 SAUNA DETOXIFICATION With the amount of toxins and environmental contaminants in the modern world, the need for periodic detoxification is evident. Toxins exist everywhere, from our food, soaps and shampoos to the air we breathe and the clothes we wear. These environmental toxins are suspected of playing a role in a number of diseases, including cancer, arthritis, weakened immune systems, autism, fibromyalgia, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer’s disease and many more. The toxins that infest our bodies come from a variety of sources, including industrial pollutants, pesticide residue, food additives and heavy metals. With all these health challenges coming at us every day, the need to detoxify our bodies is obvious. There are several methods of detoxification, and there is still considerable debate as to which method works best. The first detoxification method is chelation therapy, in which preparations of enzymes are injected into the bloodstream, where they bind with toxins and remove them. Another popular detoxification method is fasting, either alone or in combination with herbal therapies and mineral preparations. Fasting allows the toxins in the body to be stripped away. Another popular method of detoxification is the sauna method, in which toxins are removed through heating. One advantage of the sauna method is obvious. The sauna method is the easiest method, and it can be used effectively by just about everyone. In addition, the sauna detoxification method can be used in conjunction with the other methods to make them more effective and useful. Sweating and sauna baths The traditional hot rocks sauna is still quite popular today, but it has begun to lose ground to the modern infrared saunas, which are able to provide benefits like energy efficiency, increased comfort, deeper heat penetration, and better detoxification. Infrared saunas have been found to produce sweat that has more toxins and other organic compounds in it. As much as 15% of the sweat produced in a typical infrared sauna, for instance, is composed of dissolved fats, toxins and other materials, whereas only about 5%-6% of sweat in the traditional hot rock sauna contains these materials, with the remaining 9495% being composed only of water. No matter what type of sauna you choose, there is little doubt that such sauna treatments can be good for the body as well as the soul. Saunas are a relaxing, and very effective way to remove the many toxins that build up through everyday living. are an ancient tradition, and one long associated with good health and healing. The tradition of the sauna goes back at least as far as ancient Rome, with the famous Roman baths, and includes such popular and well-known institutions as the Finnish Savusauna, the Sweat Lodge of the Native Americans, the Russian Banya and the Hammam of Morocco. It is obvious from studying history that people have been enjoying the detoxifying effects of the sauna for many years. In today’s world, there are a great many choices when it comes to sauna and steam treatments and detoxifying programs. There are choices to fit almost any budget, from exotic and expensive built-in home saunas to simple and less expensive portable units. Some saunas use conventional steam, whereas others use heated rocks and still others use modern and efficient infrared heaters. The effectiveness of any sauna detoxification program will depend in large measure on the type of heat that is used and the protocol that is employed. There are some important differences between a traditional sauna and the type of steam room often found at gyms. Even though a steam room feels hotter because of the high humidity it contains, it is actually harder for the body to sweat in a steam room than in a sauna. WHAT IS ALCOHOL POISONING? Alcohol poisoning is a serious and sometimes deadly consequence of drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. Binge drinking, rapidly downing five or more drinks in a row, is a main cause of alcohol poisoning. The term alcohol can sometimes be confusing because it is a group of substances that are chemically similar. Ethanol is one type of alcohol and is usually found in alcoholic beverages. The other types of alcohol may not be meant to be consumed, but may be ingested accidentally or intentionally. The more common types of alcohol that may be consumed by humans, other than ethanol are methanol: also known as wood alcohol and is chemically similar to ethanol and also an inexpensive substance that is used in various industrial and household items; Ethyl glycol: primarily found in antifreeze, and very toxic to humans; Isopropanol: widely used in many household substances, and not as toxic as the others. Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant and not a stimulant. It depresses various other systems in the body mainly through the action of the nerves supplying different organs. It also has a direct chemical effect on various tissues throughout the body, some of which are extremely toxic. The danger lies in two possible outcomes of alcohol poisoning: Choking, as vomit may enter the airways and cause aspiration, since the gag reflex is depressed in a person who is intoxicated and Suffocation as the respiratory centre in the brain is depressed and causes slow and irregular breathing. Other effects that are life threatening Sauna Health Benefits Saunas, which are generally considered a "beauty therapy" treatment, can in fact double as a cardio-vascular, fat-burning therapy session as well. Yes, you heard right, spending some time in the sauna has been proven to offer cardio-vascular ‘training’ and in turn, literally burn off calories. Repeated sauna treatments improve cardio functioning which, in return, can improve cardiac functioning. This happens because the body responds to the steam of the sauna and increases your heart rate, which ultimately increases your metabolic rate, which leads to calories burnt. include liver and kidney failure and cardiovascular dysfunction which is more likely in a short period of time with toxic alcohols like ethyl glycol. Furthermore alcohol causes stupor, confusion or even coma which puts a person in harm’s way, particularly if driving or operating heavy machinery. There may be a slight variation in the symptoms of alcohol poisoning, among the different types of alcohol, but the presentation in all is preceded by a state of intoxication or inebriation. Many of the other symptoms that then follow are usually associated with intoxication as well such as vomiting, headaches and stupor. The more definitive symptoms of alcohol poisoning may develop only within hours and include: slow and irregular breathing, seizures, low body temperature, bluish tinge on the lips and fingers, loss of consciousness, and confusion and stupor. Additional symptoms may be seen with all types of alcohol poisoning, but particularly with methanol and ethyl glycol. These symptoms along with the type of alcohol poisoning in which it is most prominent include: redness or paleness of the pupil - methanol; muscle spasm and abnormal reflexes - ethyl glycol; cloudy or complete loss of vision – methanol; and coma – ethyl glycol. If you suspect someone has alcohol poisoning, call for emergency medical help right away. Alcohol poisoning treatment consists of providing breathing support, intravenous fluids and vitamins until the alcohol is completely out of the body. Before help arrives, you can provide the following assistance: keep them sitting and awake; give water to drink if requested, never coffee; lie on their side to avoid them choking on their vomit; keep them warm; and stay with them. Dr Machi Mannu is a Neuro-repatterning Specialist. For queries, send your email to [email protected] Friday, January 20, 2012 28 Friday, January 20, 2012 James Bond's amazing vehicles James Bond first burst onto our cinema screens in 1962 and right from the start the films always included beautiful women, criminal masterminds with plans for world domination and exciting cars generally with amazing gadgets. The Beaulieu National Motor Museum's brandnew 'Bond In Motion' exhibit has gathered together the best loved and most iconic of the Bond vehicles to present the largest collection of Bond vehicles ever seen in one place. Aston Martin DB5 Goldfinger (1964) The eagerly anticipated 23rd Bond film, Skyfall is set to be released in October 2012 and some of the vehicles used in that will appear at the exhibition once filming is complete. The Beaulieu exhibition runs until December 2012. men during a car chase which included them getting involved in a stock-car race on an ice-covered track. Three Cougars were used in filming and this is one of two survivors. This car was acquired after being found by an enthusiast in Sweden. Ford Mustang Mach 1 Diamonds Are Forever (1971) 1937 Rolls-Royce Phantom III - Goldfinger (1964) Auric Goldfinger's Rolls was chassis no 3BU168 with a Barker Sedanca de Ville body that held a surprising secret, because Goldfinger was smuggling gold from England to Austria by melting it down and recasting it into the shape of the panels of his car. The AU1 number plate refers to the periodic table symbol for gold. In the novel the Rolls-Royce used was a Silver Ghost. Probably the most memorable film car ever made, this Aston appeared on screen boasting machine guns, bulletproof shield, spinning number plates and a passenger ejector seat adapted from a fighter aircraft. The gadgets made this Aston some 136kg heavier but with its 330bhp engine this was barely noticeable. Aston Martin later built two replicas for publicity purposes. 'Little Nellie' and the alligator packing cases - You Only Live Twice (1967) This one-seater autogiro, codenamed 'Little Nellie', was just 9.5 feet long and weighed 250lb. Little Nellie had a top speed 90mph and a maximum altitude of 18,000 feet. Q brought her to Japan in four suitcases where Bond used her array of guns and heat-seeking missiles to destroy a squadron of SPECTRE attack helicopters. Tracy's Ford Cougar On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) The highlight of the Diamonds Are Forever Las Vegas car chase is the 1971 Mustang Mach 1 balancing on two wheels to drive through a narrow alley. Yet it's most remembered for a continuity mistake; the car comes out the other end of the alley tilted on the opposite side to when it went in. This recently found unrestored Mustang had a 429ci (seven litre) Cobra Jet Ram Air engine and was used mainly in the car park chase scenes. Honda three-wheeler bike - Diamonds Are Forever (1971) The Contessa Teresa di Vicenzo drove this 1969 Mercury Cougar XR7 428 convertible, helping Bond escape Blofeld's hench- When Bond steals a moon buggy the bad guys give chase on Honda ATC 90 threewheel all-terrain motorcycles. Built from 1970 onward, the bikes have a 90cc engine and use 22-inch tyres inflated to a low pressure meaning they can climb a gradient of Jet Reaction: 450mph jet bike British engineer Richard Brown is preparing to strap himself into this homemade motorcycle equipped with an afterburning jet engine in a bid to smash the world motorcycle speed record. Makes you proud to be British doesn't it? Friday, January 20, 2012 anxious Q, this Lotus was capable of transforming into a submarine equipped with antiaircraft missiles. Several full-size Esprit body shells were used for the transformation and the memorable underwater scenes took four months to film. Although the sub was only capable of 10 knots, the road-going version of the Esprit could hit 60mph in under eight seconds and top 130mph. Glastron boat - Moonraker (1979) Wetbike - The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) outrun the pursuers. Four identical cars were used, including this one employed purely for studio back projection and dialogue close-up filming. Citroën produced a special edition version with fake bullet holes. Tuk-tuk taxi - Octopussy (1983) 35 degrees. It's the forerunner of today's popular quad bikes and five were used in filming. AMC Hornet X - The Man With The Golden Gun (1974) 29 Glastron once again provided craft for Bond in the shape of a heavily modified Glastron/Carlson CV-23HT. This limited-edition model finished in silver glitter flake paint came with a bulletproof shield, mines and torpedoes. After filming the special equipment was removed when the boat was sold but the gadgets have since been put back in. Citroën 2CV For Your Eyes Only (1981) Two of these Bajaj RE auto rickshaws are used in a chase sequence through the streets of Udaipur. Bond and fellow MI6 agent Vijay are in one, with Gobinda and his henchmen in the pursuing vehicle. Fortunately the one driven by Vijay has been modified by MI6 with a more powerful Honda motorcycle that even allows Vijay to perform a wheelie. Commonly known as a Tuk-tuk due to the sound of their engines the Bajaj's design is based on the 1956 Piaggio Ape. Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud II - A View To A Kill (1985) Bond steals this 1974 Hornet hatchback from an AMC dealership in Bangkok, Thailand. A specially modified Hornet with central driving position - for perfect weight distribution - performed the twisting corkscrew jump. A computer had calculated everything precisely down to the 40mph launch speed meaning the stunt went perfectly first time. Lotus Esprit 'Wet Nellie' The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) Delivered to Bond in Sardinia by the ever This vehicle represents the world's first wetbike. It was built as a prototype using a 50bhp two-stroke Suzuki engine and once the Bond producers had seen the machine they immediately wrote it into the script. Production wetbikes went on sale to the public the following year. A sensation in the film in 1977, the things have been annoying sea bathers and sailors ever since. Chitty Chitty Gone Gone Radio 2 DJ Chris Evans has bought the Chitty Chitty Bang Bang car from the selftitled movie for a rumoured £500,000. Evans revealed he had bought the car from a Californian individual – a friend of Evans’ – as the private owner’s garage wasn’t large enough to accommodate all 17 feet (5.2 metres) of the vehicle’s monstrous length. Evans stepped in to purchase the car, offering what his friend paid for it, and has now reportedly sent the cinematic classic from the 1968 film to be restored. Evans commented at the weekend, “my pal had bought the car on his birthday before he went skiing, not realising she is over 17 feet long. Garage problem. No money lost or gained. “Chitty is now officially part of the Berkshire Automotive Massive. She is indeed Truly Scrumptious. She’s also gone into the workshop for some muchneeded road legalisation.” The car was the only working example built for the film and features a Ford Racing 3.0-litre V6, a dashboard plate from a WWI British fighter plane, a polished aluminium bonnet, red and white cedar boat deck and brass fittings lifted from Edwardian motor vehicles. Evans is no stranger to rare and valuable automobiles, however. The radio personality already owns a string of classic Ferraris, including a £12 million Ferrari 250 GTO and a £5 million 250 GT SWB California Spyder, once owned by actor James Coburn. It appears Evans has succeeded where the King of pop, Michael Jackson never did though, after the music artist once tried – and failed – to buy the vehicle for display at his Neverland ranch. Bond states that 'we're being out horse powered' as companion Melina's seemingly indestructible Citroën gets bashed and pushed off the road by a pair of Peugeot 504s. The 2CV used in the car chase was fitted with a Citroën GS 1,015cc flat-four engine producing 54bhp - doubling the original 29bhp output. Stiffer shock absorbers and roll bars improved the handling allowing the 2CV to After Bond is knocked unconscious in this Roller the vehicle is pushed into a lake where it sinks. Bond escapes by breathing air from the vehicle's tyres. The car in the film, a 1962 model, was owned by producer Cubby Broccoli, hence the number plate CUB1, although a different car actually went in the lake. The Cloud II had a 6.2 litre V8 and was built between 1959 and 1966. 30 Friday,December January 20, Friday, 16,2012 2011 [email protected] COURIER POSTBAG: YOUR VIEWS ON OUR NEWS The 50 euro man is back! OUR seasonal visitor returned to the Orihuela Costa last weekend and has been seen plying his trade in a number of the Residencias, asking for money on a false pretence. What he does is not an offence under the Spanish law. He knocks on doors asking for money to pay for a locksmith as he has either lost his house keys or had his house broken into. He says he is living in a house close by and gives his address. The house selected is unoccupied at this time and is either not his or is non-existent. He says he has to pay the locksmith and can´t get enough money from a cash machine to do so. Sometimes he finds out the name of the President of the Residencia and says that the President knows him. Over the years he has asked to borrow 30, 50 and 40 euros. If you are lucky you may be invited to attend a party at his house or to go there for a drink. Another story is that he needs to go to the German Embassy in Alicante with his children and asks to borrow the money to get there. He is very plausible in his tale and may change his story. Description:- he is in his forties, tall with fair hair and previ- ously scruffily dressed. He speaks perfect English and has said that he is from Germany, Holland or Denmark, and his name is Martin. But this might again be part of his tale. Please warn as many people as possible not to be taken in by this scam CHRIS POOLE, Orihuela Costa Neighbourhood Watch WELL, WE STILL HAVE THE SUN I AM one of the thousands of ex-pats over the decades who flocked to Spain -- the land of the rising sun - for a cut-price better lifestyle. As the last decade passed and the new utility infrastructures (Iberdrola and Aqua) and roads were installed I often wondered who was (eventually) going to pay for it all. Cheap petrol was also one incentive for ex-pats to count the savings from that charged at the forecourts back in Britain. With 2012 only just weeks old I read that in Spain water rates are to increase up to 60% this year. Petrol is at an all time high. Electricity increases have occurred during the last year. I know of people (both ex-pats and Spanish) who are struggling - some in dire straits. Simply, the bubble has burst. Not for all, as there are still wealthy folk in Spain, but for many the party is over. And (ex-pats) have gone - and continue - to go home. Taxes are to increase in 2012; with the average household set to cough up more money to the Town Halls, with property tax reportedly set to increase by 4-10%. Added to that of the utility increases. And for mortgagees, annual increases are faced. Hundreds more euros that will see the purse strings pulled even tighter. Many worried people - of all nationalities - are waiting for the next tap on the shoulFrom Page 25 der to hand over their cash. In some cases, it is money more. Do not use any tools they haven't got and they such as electric collars or spray bottles. All they will face repossession. With food and wine in do is teach a dog not to Spain remaining at a decent trust you. Wait until he shows calm cost - in some cases (Menu del Dia €5-8 and a glass of behaviour (which will be wine €1.50) - a meal in the shown by his eyes becoming soft and blinking, sun is something to savour. But gone are the days of rather than dilated) and cheap petrol, aqua, then either walk away (if Iberdrola, and taxes in Spain. indoors) or carry on with Not forgetting the 1.50 (1.60) the walk if you are out with him. If he walks away while Euro/£1 exchange rate. I have been the guy who you are giving the correcflies the flag for Spain, tion, you must follow him always have done. until he shows calm. It's not all doom and gloom Dogs understand this - Spain still has the sun. But correction because it is the times are a changing. way their Mother corrected WERDNA NOSNIKTA, them. You must be calm Alicante when doing this and mean Lynn, you really are the queen of Zumba! HELP Murcia Mar Menor would like to publicly express their gratitude to Lynn Preston, Zumba Instructor, for very kindly donating half of the proceeds (€375) of the Zumbathon held at the Torre Pacheco Hotel on November 5 to HELP Murcia Mar Menor. HELP Murcia Mar Menor receives no assistance from provincial or local government, therefore all time and donations are greatly appreciated. Lynn holds Zumba classes in the Innova Gym at Los Alcazares on Monday 11-12 noon, Tuesday 7-8pm, Wednesday 11-12 noon, Thursday 7-8 m, Ya & La Estudio de danza, Santiago de la Ribera, Monday and Wednesday 8.30 – 9.30pm, La Torre/Kings College Tuesday and Thursday 5-6 pm, Sucina, La Vereda Wednesday 4-5 pm. and Go Fitness gym San Javier Monday and Wednesday 7-8 pm. ELAINE DALE, President THE DOG PSYCHOLOGIST...your questions answered How do I stop her spinning? the correction. Good luck. Hi Peter. We read about you in The Courier. Our little Cindy, a chihuahua maybe whippet cross from the K9 rescue in La Marina, is a lovely dog - very affectionate and gives so much pleasure. She has a few problems behaviour wise, though. She goes round in circles, especially when she is excited,ie, if she thinks she is going out for a walk or that her food is going to be put out for her. She lets us know people are about but is not a persistent barker, which is good. We have tried to stop her going in circles but failed. Can you please give us an idea what to do? Someone says it is because she was kept in a cage and it was her way of getting exercise. BILL and PAT WINTERBURN Hi Bill and Pat. Spinning is a sign of anxiety. First of all I would suggest she needs more exercise to drain her energy. You also have to remember not to give affection when she is displaying this unbalanced behaviour. When you give affection to a dog, you are nurturing the state of mind they are currently in. Only give Cindy affection when she is showing calm behaviour. When she does spin, you need to make a sound to get her attention. Then walk towards her and wait until she shows calm. Her eyes will be a good indication of her becoming calm. When dogs are excited or stressed, their eyes dilate. When they show calm, their eyes become softer and normal blinking occurs. If Cindy walks away while you are doing this correction technique, you must follow her until she is calm. Do not talk to her or stroke her at this point. You are simply using your energy, which has to be calm, and your body language to correct her, just as her Mother would have done. Remember that exercise makes a dog calm and discipline (the correction technique) makes a dog submissive. That is the ideal state for a dog to be in - calm and submissive. 31 Friday, January 20, 2012 Where do u live? Here’s what frequency you need to be listening to! Don’t forget throughout January, February & March, for every advert you buy we’ll give you another one absolutely FREE!! Call us now on: 965 99 66 66 or email: [email protected] for more information ROBBIE FRANCE (1959 ‐ 2012) All at the TKO Media Group are deeply saddened to report of the passing of one of our former TKO GOLD presenters. Robbie joined TKO in early 2007 and for the next two and a half years displayed across the airwaves a fantastic knowledge of music delivered with a relaxed style and manner. "The French Connection" became a must‐listen‐to show, initially on a Saturday lunchtime and then during weekday afternoons. You knew that when "Blue Nile ‐ Tinsel Town In The Rain" began his show, you were in for a musical treat. He never let you down. Before working on radio, Robbie had a successful music career as a drummer, tutor, pro‐ ducer, and composer, most famously being an original member of Skunk Anansie as well as spells with Wishbone Ash, Diamond Head and Alphaville. He became a successful columnist in newspapers and music magazines and spent much of the last couple of years sailing around his beloved Meditteranean "chilling out"! And that was Robbie. A chilled out guy, a devoted father to his young son Max and to partner Karen. Our thoughts are with them and the rest of his family, particuarly his mother in Australia. Robbie died suddenly on Saturday 14th January. He was 52. Let’s see if you can win yourself a meal for two and a bottle of wine at Quesada Fish & Chips POP QUIZ January 20 Welcome to the famous TKO Gold pop quiz! We sure did have some fun with last week’s questions. All you have to do is take the first letter from each answer to find the name of a band or artist. Once you have found the key word, listen in to Chris Ashley´s show on TKO Gold, Saturday mornings 9am – 12pm. 1. Susan Dallion was the lead singer with this punk band. 2. Home State for Roy Orbison. 3. Jimi Hendrix first double L.P. 4. A boat Creedence and Tina sang about. 5. Gary Brooker sang lead vocals with this 60s group. 6. A never ending scoreless tennis match could sum up this song title. 7. Daughter of Ravi Shankar. 8. The High Numbers was this groups original name. 9. December 10th 1967 saw the tragic death of this Soul legend. 10. Green Tambourine was a hit for this group in 1968. 11. In the 60s his backing band were The Dreamers. 32 Friday, January 20, 2012 CODE CRACKER Code Cracker is a crossword puzzle with no clues; instead, every letter of the alphabet has been replaced by a number, the same number representing the same letter throughout the puzzle. All you have to do is decide which letter is represented by which number. In this week’s puzzle, 4 represents B and 19 represents Z, when these letters have been entered throughout the puzzle, you should have enough information to start guessing words and discovering other letters. QUICKIE Across 1 Muslim sovereign (6) 4 Incidental remarks (6) 9 Exile who flees for safety (7) 10 Worker in stone (5) 11 Squander (5) 12 Legislative act (7) 13 Contentious speech act (11) 18 Tornado (7) 20 Cover with liquid before cooking (5) 22 Triangular glass optical device (5) 23 Relating to swine (7) 24 Yearly (6) 25 Strait of the English Channel (6) Down 1 Astute (6) 2 Elevators (5) 3 Increase (7) 5 Group of islands in Polynesia (5) 6 Debate (7) 7 Wrongdoer (6) 8 Instrument for measuring earthquakes (11) 14 Personal belief (7) 15 Trade stoppage (7) 16 Ideally perfect state (6) 17 Choose (6) 19 Resort city in western Florida (5) 21 Avoid work (5) Last weeks Solution Across: 1 Possess, 5 Split, 8 Cheapen, 9 Avian, 10 Sprat, 11 Lettuce, 12 Always, 14 Athens, 17 Surgeon, 19 Added, 22 Exist, 23 Release, 24 Spray, 25 Perhaps. Down: 1 Pacts, 2 Swear, 3 Empathy, 4 Single, 5 Shaft, 6 Leisure, 7 Tunnels, 12 Abscess, 13 Warrior, 15 Trawler, 16 Unwrap, 18 Entry, 20 Diana, 21 Dress. Scribble Pad DOUBLE CROSS-WORD Solve the Double Cross-Word puzzle using either the standard or cryptic clues, the answers are exactly the same. CRYTPIC CLUES Across 1 Beginner with a gun (7) 5 Avoid the Spanish with due preparation (5) 8 Right sick and complaining! (7) 9 Sailor consumed tail off (5) 10 Spoil a spoilt Titan (5) 11 Take out former partner’s piece of land (7) 12 Oriental brass made into weapons (6) 14 Vet ran out of inn (6) 17 Wrong gear can mean bloodshed (7) 19 Runner has nothing for the party (5) 22 Unable to see window screen (5) 23 Eat a cut cooked spark (7) 24 Trials for important matches (5) 25 Poles in trouble with character from Greece (7) Down 1 Building support from trust (5) 2 Elsewhere in Dali biography (5) 3 Let this represent a Scottish emblem (7) 4 Reading, for example, about Tory leader’s shame (6) 5 Pass laws about a cent (5) 6 Ignorant of bizarre new aura (7) 7 Continually not turning up with the toffees (7) 12 It’s a container, however, for an old instrument (7) 13 Chuck and Halle provide fruits (7) 15 But you and me go under argon plant (7) 16 Not a wild type of a steed (6) 18 And directions for a mountain range (5) 20 Use a yashmak, so to speak (5) 21 A great sea responsible for canoe wreckage (5) STANDARD CLUES Down 1 Swagger (5) 2 Excuse (5) 3 Prickly plant (7) 4 Rue (6) 5 Decree (5) 6 Ignorant of (7) 7 District of Liverpool (7) 12 Early form of trombone (7) 13 Small round fruits (7) 15 Evergreen shrub (7) 16 Staid (6) 18 South American mountain system (5) 20 Make use of (5) 21 Large expanse of sea (5) Across 1 First course (7) 5 Escape (5) 8 Fence (7) 9 Decrease (5) 10 Contaminate (5) 11 Remove (7) 12 Fencing swords (6) 14 Public house (6) 17 Massacre (7) 19 Informal party (5) 22 Sightless (5) 23 Move (7) 24 Experiments (5) 25 Greek letter (7) Last weeks Solution Across: 1 Mishap, 4 Chides, 9 Siberia, 10 Riser, 11 Irene, 12 Lanyard, 13 Odds and ends, 18 Octagon, 20 Glade, 22 Crane, 23 Earlobe, 24 Netted, 25 Reader. Down: 1 Misfit, 2 Sabre, 3 Airless, 5 Heron, 6 Disband, 7 Strode, 8 Fallen angel, 14 Detract, 15 En garde, 16 Toucan, 17 Veneer, 19 Geese, 21 Avoid. FILL IT IN Complete the crossword grid by using the given words: Arcs Nil 2 letter words Area Nun My Clam Oaf Of Coal Pop So Eddy Rat To Flee Roe 3 letter words Lass Set Are Liar Sly Bad Lone Son Bag Nods Tad Bah Oath Tan Cab Pent Tap Cat 6 Rate Tat Dad Slot The Dot Told Thy Eel 8 Tops Tin Hop Trot Yap Lab 5 letter words Yes Lap Argot 4 letter words Lea Curio Airy New Feral Harem Omens Pence Piety Robot Satin Snaps Stoat Taper Tenor Total letter words Papers Scenic letter words Rosewood Sentence SPANISH-ENGLISH CROSSWORD Improve your Spanish - clues in Spanish, answers in English or vice versa. Across 1 Thing (object) (4) 3 Horses (8) 9 Farmacia (tienda) (7) 10 Heron (5) 11 Después de (tras un hecho concreto) (5) 12 Tuesday (6) 14 Spiders (6) 16 Castillo (6) 19 Morado (6) 21 Spy (5) 24 Pavement (5) 25 Job (employment) (7) 26 Lawyers (8) 27 Alone (by oneself) (4) Down 1 Spoons (8) 2 Sábana (de cama) (5) 4 Otoño (estación) (6) 5 Ira (de persona) (5) 6 El más grande (7) 7 Estrella (4) 8 Grass (botany) (6) 13 Traffic lights (8) 15 Tile (floor) (7) 17 In addition (6) 18 Theatre (6) 20 Square (town) (5) 22 Plate (for eating) (5) 23 Cow (4) 33 Friday, January 20, 2012 Across 1 Which genus of plant includes cabbage, swede, rape, and mustard? (8) 7 Which Ancient Scottish settlement to the north of Perth was where the kings of medieval Scotland were crowned on the Stone of Destiny? (5) 8 Which of the ancient Athenian philosophers was a pupil of Plato and the teacher of Alexander the Great? (9) 9 According to the Old Testament, God chose to spare which nephew of Abraham and his family, who were told to flee without looking back at the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah? (3) 10 According to Greek mythology, which son of Aphrodite was the god of love? (4) 11 What is the British slang term for £500? (6) 13 What was the surname of the actor who played Marshal Matt Dillon’s lame deputy Chester Goode in the television series Gunsmoke and the title character in the police television drama series McCloud? (6) 14 What name was given to a priest or priestess acting as a medium through whom advice or prophecy was sought from the gods in classical antiquity? (6) 17 See 5 Down 18/16 What was the name of the second wife of King Henry VIII of England and mother of Queen Elizabeth I? (4,6) 20 What was the surname of the Confederate general who surrendered at Appomattox courthouse on April 9, 1865? (3) 22 Which town in Hertfordshire was designated a planned SUDOKU Quiz Word urban centre in 1946 and developed as a new town? (9) 23 What was the maiden name of former Spice Girl, Victoria Beckham? (5) 24 Sb is the chemical symbol of which brittle silvery-white semi-metal? (8) Down 1 See 13 2 Phoenix is the capital of which state of the USA? (7) 3 According to the Old Testament, what was the name of the third son of Adam and Eve, given by God in place of the murdered Abel? (4) 4 Which soft white fibrous substance that surrounds the seeds of a tropical and subtropical plant is used as textile fibre and thread for sewing? (6) 5/17A Jolene and 9 to 5 were both British hit singles for which American country singer? (5,6) 6 Which unit of surface area is equal to 10,000 square meters? (7) 7 Which Australian folkinfluenced vocal group originally consisted of Judith Durham, Keith Potger, Bruce Woodley and Athol Guy? (7) 12 What name is given to a female heir, especially to vast wealth? (7) 13/1 Jerusalem is the best-known major work by which 18th/19th century English poet, painter, engraver and visionary mystic? (7,5) 15 Which monetary unit of Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, and certain other countries, chiefly in Latin America, is equal to 100th of the basic unit? (7) 16 See 18 Across 17 What name is given to each of the segments of the corolla of a flower, which are modified leaves and are typically coloured? (5) 19 Which hard greyish-black mineral consisting of corundum and either haematite or magnetite is used as an abrasive, especially as a coating on paper? (5) SALLY’S SIMPLE SPANISH COMUNICACIONES 2 -COMMUNICATIONS 2 Match these words with their Spanish translations then find them in the wordsearch. (Answers below) 1. Which Scottish Loch Is The Deepest? 2. Which Cambridge Bridge Was Put Together In The 18th Century Without The Use Of A Nail? 3. By What Name Do Most Of Us Know The Peak The French Call Mount Cervin & The Italians Monte Cervino? 4. How many stars are on the flag of New Zealand? 5. What are the Aki, Daishimizu and the Seikan in Japan? 6. In Which Country Is Europe's Highest Mountain Mt Elbrus? 7. In which continent would you find the Mississippi River? 8. What Nationality Was Vasco Da Gama? 9. Of Where Are The Maoris The Indigenous Population? 10. Bridgetown is the capital of Where? 11. By Which City Does The Sugar Loaf Mountains Stand? 12. "Can you give me the capital of the following three countries: Syria, Morocco and Libya? "? 1. Loch Ness 2. The Mathematical Bridge (Queens College) 3. The Matterhorn 4. four 5. Tunnels 6. Russia 7. North America 8. Portugese 9. New Zealand 10. Barbados 11. Rio De Janeiro 12. "Damascus, Rabat, Tripoli" ANSWERS Last Week’s Solutions Code Cracker Last weeks Quiz Wordsolution Across: 1 Charcoal, 7 Tenor, 8 Rod Taylor, 9 Rig, 10 Ibex, 11 Mersey, 13 Austin, 14 Waffle, 17 Loafer, 18 Iris, 20/23 Eva Braun, 22 Irene Cara, 24 Tenerife. Down: 1 Corgi, 2 Andrews, 3 Clay, 4 Asleep, 5/6 Angry Brigade, 7 Tristan, 12 Vitamin, 13 Adverbs, 15 Ferrari, 16 Selene, 17 La Paz, 19 Skate, 21 Rene. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. microfono, contestador, interruptor, teclado, suprimir. a. delete, b. tuner, c. cable, d. telephone network, e. remote control, f. key, g. aerial, h. keyboard, i. plug, j. dish aerial, k. microphone, l. amplifier, m. answering machine, n. ear phones, o. wave, p. switch, q. screen, r. loud-speaker. Answers: 1d, 2j, 3o, 4r, 5q, 6g, 7c, 8e, 9l, 10n, 11i, 12b, 13f, 14k, 15m, 16p, 17h, 18a. Geography QUIZ 1. red-telefonica, 2. parabolica, 3. onda, 4. altavoz, 5. pantalla, 6. antena, 7. cable, 8. mando-a-distancia, 9. amplificador, 10. auriculares, 11. enchufe, 12. sintonizador, 13. tecla, ALAJ P U YAV R M S E R C ALTAVOZ MICROFONO L O N L T V N H I E A I R O O ONDA L H N G C T M M S O N E T D N AMPLIFICADOR A E Y O E E I Y P T D A E A T ANTENA PANTALLA T D N N F R TY E T O D C Z E PARABOLICA N E A C P O P R E J A N L I S AURICULARES AO J U HAR L J G D OAN T CABLE RED-TELEFONICA P P S V U U E C M R I M D OA CONTESTADOR SINTONIZAG Z V P P F F V I D S B O T D Y S T T O H A E L M T B I N O ENCHUFE DOR K X O N E L B A C S A H U I R INTERRUPTOR SUPRIMIR C R I A L TA V O Z N M I S W A C I L O B A R A P C R V L R MANDO-A-DISTECLA A D U R O D A C I F I L P M A TANCIA TECLADO O J B A U R I C U LA R E S K Soduko Span - Eng Friday, January 20, 2012 Horoscopes By Pandora Aries March 21 - April 19 You're not sure if your new mousetrap is better, but due to its horrifying use of liquefying blades, the world will beat a path to your door out of sheer morbid curiosity. Am I wrong? My ex-girlfriend lives in Murcia (I live in Torrevieja) and my mate lives about 3 miles from me. I still talk to my ex and she told me yesterday that she had some time off and she was coming up to Murcia, to meet up with my friend. Apparently she had been talking to him a lot on Facebook and became good friends so she would be meeting up with him, bearing in mind they have only met up once with myself. Now the problem I have is my (so called) friend has had a history of stealing my ex's and female friends and turning them against me by accusing me of doing and saying things I never did. But me being me I always accepted his apology. So now I can't help but feel he is stealing my ex who I am still very good friends with. She has said they are meeting on friendship terms but I know he wants more than that, but she disagrees. Every single person I have asked have said they wouldn't meet up with their ex's mate as it just seems wrong and awkward. Surely I can't be wrong? What do I do because I'm losing sleep worrying that the same is going to happen again? Taurus April 20 - May 20 You'll need to find new solutions to the same old problems this week, mostly because you're really building up quite a tolerance to alcohol. This week your destiny has the wings of an inebriated bird. Gemini May 21 - June 20 Take comfort in the fact that we are all part of a larger plan, although really it's more of an eons-spanning game of universal domination played by uncaring immortals than a "plan." Cancer June 21 - July 22 If you have a problem Romany Rose can help you with, email her at [email protected] assumed he was too. We hadn't seen each other for 6 weeks and he insisted on meeting up, taking me for dinner (I normally pay Dutch) and started being all needy. I told him to stop, that we were just as we were before and he started with the "yeah we work so well, uncomplicated" which is half right, I'm not complicated but he's getting more complicated by the minute. I was thinking I should just call it a day but he's not giving me a chance. I'm DAVID Torrevieja starting to feel a bit smothered. He also asked if I'd Hello David. I really don't slept with anyone else. I think there's anything you said I'd dated since we can do David. If you've weren't an item, he seemed explained your concerns to a little hurt. Have I misread her and told her that he has things? I mean on our first spread malicious hurtful date we laid our cards on rumours to your ex's in the the table, we both weren't past and broken good friend- looking for serious, no ships, then there's not much commitment, wouldn't be else you can do. At the end of boyfriend / girlfriend and the day, she's a grown up and neither of us were looking will make her own decision. I for marriage or kids. I hope she sees through this mean these were his other chap and doesn't listen words, what has hapto anything he says but you'll pened? Basically I know I can't just have to let things take their course. Hopefully she give and don't want to give values your friendship more more than what I do. He's than his. Why not offer to never going to be number meet up with her afterwards one on my list because no guy ever is. I've said that, since she's in the area? Either way, I'd get rid of this he said he understood, so male friend, he sounds like a what the heck is going on? scheming so and so. He's changed I started seeing this guy on a very casual basis as neither of us had time to commit. As we weren't committing I continued to date other people, read a lot of stories recently where this has happened and it doesn't seem to end well. There could be a chance he offered this hoping it would eventually lead to a more permanent long term relationship. I honestly think if all this is too much for you then the kindest thing would be to let him go. I don't think it’s fair carrying on this type of relationship when one person wants more and it’s cruel to carry on when you know he is hoping for just that. Hopefully by sorting things now it will save him more hurt in the future. Is he cheating? I think my boyfriend maybe cheating on me. I have been with him for a year and he insists that he never has and never will cheat on me. Last week I went on msn and saw that in October and November 2011 he became friends with two girls and both have the status of being 'hrny'. When I asked him about it he said he met them before he and I got together but that's not even possible. What do I do? Is he cheating? JOY La Marina JULIE Via email Hi Joy, This seems like such a reoccurring situation with many who go into what has been discussed as a casual relationship but other times one person will have more feelings than the other even though everything was talked through at the beginning. I've Hello Julie. Firstly by being friends with these girls he is not actually doing anything wrong we all like to meet new people for chatting. However if it is on his account that he has only recently become friends with them then he has lied to you. Presuming you have not hacked into his account and it is there for all to see when they became friends I would confront him. Just ask him why he felt he had to lie to you and that you don’t care who he is or is not friends with you just would like him to be open and honest with you. Sit down when you both have plenty of time and have a heart to heart both be open and honest with each other. You must tell him how you feel and ask him to do the same in return. Good luck I can’t converse I have been in a relationship for 5 months but it is now becoming difficult to make conversation. This is making me anxious and I feel it’s only a matter of time before she dumps me because of this. I don't think we know each other as well as we should do ffor a relationship of 5 months. We both love each other but I not sure what to talk to her about. PETER San luis Hello Peter. 5 months is no time at all. People can be together for years and are still getting to know each other. you can only find out about each other if you make time for each other sit down talk about what she has done that day what she enjoys doing. Go out and do activities you both like. Have time just the 2 of you alone. Surprise her by planning a day out together. If you’re on a tight budget all these things can be achieved with little or no money and just a bit of imagination. A relationship does not just make itself it takes a lot of work and effort on both sides and the more you put in the more you will get back in return. For the next week, laws will not apply to you, which is a real pain, as you've become pretty accustomed to Newton's first and third. "Hullabaloo" is your preferred word to add into conversations this week. Leo July 23 - August 22 This is a terrible week to make decisions about your love life, although to be perfectly honest, the problem's less with the week and more with you. Chuckles, guffaws but not LOLs are favoured by the planets for more times than not. Virgo August 23 - September 22 It's time to make people take you more seriously. If they don't respond to your demands within a half-hour of reading this, start killing the hostages. This week your flanges are in need of a service. Libra September 23 - October 22 Walk confidently in the direction of your life's dreams, but be warned that it's really quite a long walk to Madrid. Distrust any person who shakes your hand with a view to winning your vote in any election this week. Scorpio October 23 - November 21 Although no one is currently keeping statistics on falcon attacks, your next few weeks will motivate several people to begin considering the necessity. A phone call will answer a question you have pondered upon since the 16th of last month. Sagittarius November 22 - December 21 People say you're too easygoing, unmotivated, and accepting of your own flaws, but you'll learn to live with that. Most accidents occur at home, so stay safe this week by living on the streets of a distant city. Capricorn December 22 - January 19 The great thing about dogs is they still feel the same way about you when your back is turned. In related news, you'll never see the Doberman attack coming. Aquarius January 20 - February 18 While it's true there are only two kinds of people in the world, the stars believe it would be unkind to tell you just how much better than you the other one is. This week your preferred order of Banana Splits is Snork, Bingo, Fleagle and Drooper. Pisces February 19 - March 20 It turns out that pianos hardly ever suddenly fall out of twelfth story windows onto people, although you'll have a hard time feeling special about it. 35 Friday, January 20, 2012 TRELI ON THE TELLY Three cheers are not enough, dear Holmes THE BBC have really turned up trumps with some great drama in the first three weeks of 2012, led by the fantastic Sherlock, which gave us a gasping cliff-hanger in its last story on Sunday. Is the great man really dead, a victim of Moriarty? Andrew Scott has been a hoot camping it up as the baddie, and the three new stories we have had are simply not enough! With Benedict Cumberbatch and Martin Freeman so busy with other projects, along with the boss of the show, Steven Moffat, I fear we may have to wait a fair while for some more tales, assuming that Sherlock is alive, that is! A word as well for the delightful Una Stubbs as the landlady, Mrs. Hudson, who seemed to revel in every scene she was in. Sunday evening has always been a time for big popular dramas on BBC1, and we’ve seen the start of Call the Midwife, based on the best-selling memoirs of Jennifer with ALEX TRELINSKI Is Sherlock Holmes really dead? Maybe Benedict Cumberbatch (left) knows Worth. Judging from the first episode, this series is ticking many of the right boxes, including nostalgia from the fifties, and a good cast of stalwarts like Pam Ferris and Jenny Agutter, supporting the star, Jessica Raine as the newly qualified midwife, Jenny Lee. I liked the opener a lot, and I predict this will be a big hit, which will probably mean it’ll bomb! Sadly, last Friday saw the start of the final series of Hustle on BBC1, with creator Tony Jordan deciding to call it a day. There was nothing original about the first story or Mark, who was a greedy gold dealer, but what makes Hustle so much fun is that you can’t help liking the team of grifters led by Adrian Lester, and you just know that the cast are having a really good time. Not all TV drama has to be a Downton or Sherlock to be entertaining, which over the years Hustle has succeeded in being. I can’t wait to see one of the original team, Jaime Murray, popping up in the final episode. I had to blink a few times on Saturday night, as I thought that Jabba the Hut was making an unscheduled appearance on primetime TV. But a caption soon told me that it was in fact a bloated and bald Derek Hobson, who hosted ITV’s New Faces back in the seventies. He, along with Tony Hatch, was talking about the ground-breaking show as part of ITV 1’s five-part series, Talent Show Story, and a surprisingly enjoyable series it has turned out to be, even though the UK viewing figures are poor. Hatch, along with his fellow recordproducer, Mickie Most, were part of the first-ever talent show panel on UK TV, generations before anybody had heard of Simon Cowell, and they were not scared to dish out some very honest comments about some of the acts. Sadly, not many editions of the ATVproduced show have survived, which is a pity, as my favourite moment was when the third hard man of the Most and THE TEMPEST 12 The sorceress Prospera has been exiled from Milan and lives on a desolate, rocky island in the Mediterranean. Her only companions are her daughter Miranda who has grown up knowing no others; Ariel, a spirit she has ensorcelled to do her bidding; and her Caliban, the island’s original inhabitant that she has enslaved and who hates her. Prospera conjures up a tempest to wreck a passing ship containing Milanese dignitaries. The survivors wash ashore on the island. The unworldwise Miranda things is how, having set the film up, Julie Taymor otherwise leaves the island a bare landscape. This does lead to a film that is oddly extravagant visually but equally seems to take place almost entirely out of doors, apart from Prospera’s courtyard near the end. Even Prospera’s wardrobe of costumes is peculiarly located out of doors. One thing that must be commended hugely in Julie Taymor’s favour is that she opens the dialogue itself up. Watching Shakespeare film adapta- CAST: Helen Mirren, Russell Brand, Alfred Molina, Djimon Hounsou, David Strathairn DIRECTOR: Julie Taymor GENRE: SciFi/Fantasy, Drama, Romance RATING: 2.5/5 RUNNING TIME: 110 min. meets the young Tempest (1610-1). It comes Ferdinand and the two fall from Julie Taymor who is in love with each other. best known for her work as Caliban discovers two of a theatrical director, she the servants and recruits gaining acclaim for adaptthem into his schemes to ing various classic operas take revenge against and plays and interpreting Prospera. Meanwhile, them with a great deal of Prospera sends Ariel to visual flair. taunt and terrify the others One of the more interesting as they make their way This dvd review was brought to you by MOVING across the island. This is a new version of the MOVIES - OVER 7000 DVDS IN STOCK. Delivering all classic William over Spain and the UK Visit www.movingmovies.biz Tel Shakespeare play The 650 751 072 or email [email protected] Professor Brian Cox: A top presenter Hatch trio, TV critic Clifford Davis, gave a zero for ‘Star Quality’ to a useless “Bonnie Langford-style” girl singer barely out of nappies. A sharp edit of the videotape then cut to Hobson, who straight away introduced the next act, and clearly some tears and commotion had been cut out of the final transmission. It was certainly far too strong for the UK teatime viewers of 1973, but I’d have loved to have seen what actually did happen with no comforting hugs from the likes of Ant and Dec or Dermot O’Leary. Full credit to Cowell that he has always cited New Faces as the template for his formats and success, but much as I am a Cowell fan, the series has ended up as being undisguised propaganda for him. The clips have been great, but surely it should all have been done in some kind of chronological order, with the oily Hughie Green and Opportunity Knocks kicking things off with that famous ‘Clapometer’. At least we get to see all that in tomorrow night’s third programme! Two of the best of the new generation of TV presenters are Dara O’Briain and Professor Brian Cox, and it’s been great seeing them in tandem on BBC2’s Stargazing LIVE this week. It’s also been an excellent example of how you can do popular yet informative television, without dumbing down to the level of a primitive caveman. A quick note if you love a great drama mystery series. One of my favourite shows of 2011 starts a repeat run on the BBC HD Channel tonight at 11.30. I’m talking about The Shadow Line, which will reward you richly if you stay right with it. tions, unless you have memorised or are closely familiar with the text, you often need a set of primer notes to interpret and follow what is being said. Rather than people coming on a delivering dialogue by memorised rote as you usually get, Julie Taymor has her actors deliver it as though it were everyday dialogue, which certainly makes the play easier to follow. 36 The Courier Friday TV January 20 00:35 This Week 01:20 Skiing Weatherview 01:25 Countryfile 02:25 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 03:10 Britain's Killer Roads 03:55 You've Been Scammed 04:40 Asia Business Report 04:45 Sport Today 05:00 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 Deadly 60 16:30 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab: The Experiments 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 21:00 EastEnders 21:30 Room 101 22:00 Hustle 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 The Graham Norton Show 00:20 01:10 03:10 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:40 Snooker: The Masters Snooker Extra Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Close 05:00 Around the World in 80 Faiths 06:00 Around the World in 80 Faiths 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Raa Raa the Noisy Lion 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Copycats 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Uki 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Little Charley Bear 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 13:30 Live Snooker: The Masters 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Live Snooker: The Masters 21:00 Mastermind 21:30 On Hannibal's Trail 22:00 Sicily Unpacked 23:00 QI 23:30 Newsnight 00:35 Take Me Out 01:45 ITV News Headlines 01:45 The Zone 03:45 Tonight 04:10 ITV Nightscreen 05:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Safari Vet School 21:30 Coronation Street 22:00 Law & Order: UK 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 Jaws 00:35 Random Acts 00:40 Coppers 01:45 Curated by Lyle and Scott 02:00 Coming Up: Hooked 02:25 Embarrassing Bodies 03:20 One Minute Past Midnight 03:35 A Guide to Taking a Photo 03:40 Britain AD: King Arthur's Britain 04:35 Chrono-Perambulator 04:45 St Elsewhere 05:35 90210 06:15 Countdown 07:00 The Treacle People 07:10 The Hoobs 08:00 Freshly Squeezed 08:25 According to Jim 09:20 Everybody Loves Raymond 09:50 Frasier 10:55 Relocation: Phil Down Under 12:00 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 13:00 Channel 4 News Summary 13:05 Come Dine with Me 14:05 Vacation, Vacation, Vacation 14:35 Bad Day at Black Rock 16:10 Countdown 17:00 Deal or No Deal 18:00 Coach Trip 18:30 Come Dine with Me 19:00 The Simpsons 19:30 Hollyoaks 20:00 Channel 4 News 20:30 4thought.tv 20:35 Come Dine with Me 21:30 New Girl 22:00 The Million Pound Drop Live 23:35 Chris Moyles' Quiz Night HUSTLE The tricksters discover a valuable Picasso has been stolen, so they try to sell a forgery of the painting back to the original owner - only to come unstuck when Mickey is kidnapped. To rescue their leader, the grifters have to find out who took the original and then steal it back, but with so many fakes and double-crossers lurking behind every corner, they have a challenge on their hands to save Mickey in time. Sheila Hancock, Bill Bailey and Martin Kemp guest star. Postponed from January 13. 00:00 It's All About Amy 01:00 SuperCasino 04:55 HouseBusters 05:20 Michaela's Wild Challenge 05:45 Michaela's Wild Challenge 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:30 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 07:55 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Mio Mao 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Milkshake! Monkey 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 16:15 Secrets in the Walls 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Eddie Stobart: Trucks and Trailers 21:00 World's Toughest Trucker 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Wedding Planner YOU WOULDN’T BELIEVE IT... HANGING AROUND TALK ABOUT OVERKILL The Dutch air force says two of its F-16 jet fighters tried to help police chase a criminal suspect. Spokesman Olav Spanjer says the jets were about to leave Volkel airbase on a training mission Thursday evening when they heard local police had requested a military jeep to chase a suspect over soggy terrain. The pilots volunteered to help search using their infrared cameras. Spanjer conceded last Friday, "It was kind of a long-shot." The suspect was in a car with stolen license plates that sped away when police tried to pull it over. After an exchange of gunfire, the car crashed into a canal and the man ran away across a field. In the end, a tip from a suspicious neighbor, and not a high-tech jet, led police to the suspect. Got any I.D? Art student Andrzej Sobiepan didn't want to wait decades for his work to appear in museums. So he took matters in his own hands, covertly hanging one of his paintings in a major Polish gallery. By Wednesday, the young artist was getting plenty of attention after a nationwide TV channel reported on his stunt at the National Museum in the southwestern city of Wroclaw. He told reporters he hoped galleries would give more exhibition space to young artists as a result. "I decided that I will not wait 30 or 40 years for my works to appear at a place like this," Sobiepan told TVN24. "I want to benefit from them in the here and now." Sobiepan, a Wroclaw Fine Arts Academy student whose last name means "his own master," said he was inspired by the elusive British graffiti artist known only as Banksy. His own painting is small, white and green, and partly uses swine leather to show a drooping acacia leaf. Sobiepan put it up in a room with contemporary Polish art when a guard at the museum was looking the other way. Museum officials didn't notice the new painting for three days. Museum director Mariusz Hermansdorfer told TVN24 on Wednesday that the action revealed some security breaches, but that he also considered it a "witty artistic happening." "It has shown that the young generation of artists, unlike their predecessors, wants to see their works in museums," Hermansdorfer said. The museum has kept the painting on display — in its cafe. It will be offered for sale at Poland's biggest charity auction. A British man had his passport tattooed on his back and even used the image as an ID to take money out of the bank, he said. Richard Ashton, 27, had his passport inked on his back while backpacking in Australia in 2006. “I wanted something to remember my holiday by, but also wanted something patriotic,” he said. “My girlfriend at the time thought I was a bit daft, but eventually she found it hilarious. That seems to be the general reaction.” The London personal trainer said when he ran out of cash on his trip to Australia, he took off his shirt at a bank to use as ID. “The cashier gave me a strange look. She typed in my name and details after reading my tattoo and allowed me $50.” 37 The Courier Saturday TV January 21 00:20 The National Lottery Friday Night Draws 00:30 The Ruins 01:55 Weatherview 02:00 Question Time 03:00 MasterChef: The Professionals 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Click 04:45 Newswatch 05:00 BBC News 05:30 On the Road With 06:00 BBC News 06:30 Our World 07:00 Breakfast 11:00 Saturday Kitchen Live 12:30 Nigel Slater's Simple Suppers 13:00 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 13:15 Football Focus 14:00 Live Snooker: The Masters 17:30 Final Score 18:15 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 18:35 Winter Wipeout 19:35 The Magicians 20:50 The National Lottery: Who Dares Wins 21:40 Casualty 22:30 Live at the Apollo 23:00 BBC News; Weather 23:20 Match of the Day 00:00 00:05 00:55 02:55 Weather Snooker: The Masters Snooker Extra Click 03:00 03:30 04:00 07:00 07:10 07:25 07:35 07:45 08:00 Lab 08:30 08:40 09:05 09:35 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:25 12:40 13:00 14:35 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:00 23:30 BBC News Nicole's Legacy Close Little Robots Zigby Finley the Fire Engine Octonauts Everything's Rosie Richard Hammond's Blast Dennis and Gnasher The Scooby-Doo Show Pixelface Prank Patrol Down Under Deadly 60 Barney's Latin America Animals at Work Trapped Ever After Hacker Time OOglies MOTD Kickabout Whale Rider Fire Down Below Escape to the Country Live Snooker: The Masters Pappano's Essential Tosca Flog It! Dad's Army Live Snooker: The Masters Doubt 01:55 ITV News Headlines 01:55 The Zone 04:00 A Home at the End of the World 05:30 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Mini CITV 08:25 CITV 10:25 ITV News 10:35 Richie Rich 12:25 This Morning: Saturday 13:25 Murder, She Wrote 14:30 Murder, She Wrote 15:30 ITV News and Weather 15:44 Meridian Weather 15:45 Animals Do the Funniest Things 16:45 Jurassic Park III 18:30 Meridian News and Weather 18:45 ITV News and Weather 19:00 New You've Been Framed! 19:30 Harry Hill's TV Burp 20:00 Take Me Out 21:15 The Talent Show Story 22:15 The Jonathan Ross Show 23:15 ITV News and Weather 23:29 Meridian Weather 23:30 Celebrity Juice THE TRANSPORTER 2 Action sequel starring Jason Statham, Alessandro Gassman and Amber Valletta. Slick mercenary Frank Martin has relocated from the French Riviera to Miami, where he's working as a driver for the rich Billings family as a favour to a friend. Developing an unexpected bond with their six-year-old son, Jack, he's forced to take tough action when the boy is kidnapped. 00:35 Rude Tube 01:30 Sideways 03:40 Random Acts 03:45 Home Road Movies 04:00 The Birthday 04:15 My Name Is Earl 04:40 My Name Is Earl 05:00 Hung 05:30 St Elsewhere 06:20 Countdown 07:05 Sali Mali 07:10 The Hoobs 07:35 The Hoobs 08:00 Freesports on 4 08:25 GT Academy 08:55 The Morning Line 09:55 Everybody's Talking About 10:25 Live and Lost 10:55 The Big Bang Theory 11:25 Desperate Scousewives 12:25 The Simpsons 12:55 New Girl 13:25 Playing It Straight 14:25 The Big Bang Theory 14:55 Channel 4 Racing 17:20 Channel 4 Presents - Will Bayley 2012 17:25 Come Dine with Me 18:30 Channel 4 News 19:00 4thought.tv 19:05 Fame 21:15 The Million Pound Drop Live 22:50 The Transporter 2 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother 00:35 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:15 SuperCasino 04:55 Motorsport Mundial 05:20 Michaela's Wild Challenge 05:45 Michaela's Wild Challenge 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Peppa Pig 07:05 Roary the Racing Car 07:15 Fifi and the Flowertots 07:25 Fireman Sam 07:40 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:50 Castle Farm 07:55 Igam Ogam 08:05 Roobarb and Custard Too 08:15 The Milkshake! Show 08:30 Make Way for Noddy 08:45 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 08:55 Little Princess 09:10 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 09:30 Angelina Ballerina 09:45 Rupert Bear 10:00 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 10:15 The Mr Men Show 10:30 Roary the Racing Car 10:40 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 11:00 Animal Rescue Squad 11:20 It's All About Amy 12:20 Celebrity Big Brother 13:20 Celebrity Big Brother 13:50 Along Came Polly 15:30 55 Days at Peking 18:30 Joe Kidd 20:10 5 News Weekend 20:15 NCIS 21:15 Celebrity Big Brother 22:15 Made of Honor 38 The Courier Sunday TV January 22 00:45 The Football League Show 02:00 Weatherview 02:05 BBC News 02:30 On the Road With 03:00 BBC News 03:30 Dateline London 04:00 BBC News 04:30 Our World 05:00 BBC News 05:30 Click 06:00 BBC News 06:30 Nicole's Legacy 07:00 Breakfast 08:30 Match of the Day 10:00 The Andrew Marr Show 11:00 The Big Questions 12:00 Country Tracks 13:00 Sunday Politics 14:00 EastEnders 15:55 The Royal Bodyguard 16:25 Escape to the Country 17:25 Songs of Praise 18:00 Olympic Dreams 01:10 Snooker Extra 03:10 Close 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Richard Hammond's Blast Lab 08:30 Dennis and Gnasher 08:40 The Owl 08:40 The Scooby-Doo Show 09:05 Paradise Cafe 09:30 Wingin' It 09:30 Diddy Dick & Dom 10:00 Friday Download 11:00 Something for the Weekend 12:30 The High and the Mighty 14:50 Live Snooker: The Masters 17:45 Ski Sunday 18:30 Porridge 19:00 The Last Explorers 20:00 The Many Faces of Les Dawson 21:00 Live Snooker: The Masters 00:15 Inside I'm Dancing 02:05 The Zone 04:05 In Plain Sight 04:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Mini CITV 08:25 CITV 10:25 ITV News 10:30 Ade in Britain 11:30 Dinner Date 12:30 Dickinson's Real Deal 13:30 ITV News and Weather 13:39 Meridian Weather 13:40 Murder, She Wrote 14:45 Columbo: Requiem for a Falling Star 16:45 Vera 18:40 Meridian News and Weather 18:55 ITV News and Weather 19:10 Dancing on Ice 21:30 Wild at Heart 22:30 Dancing on Ice: The Skate Off 23:00 That Sunday Night Show 23:30 ITV News and Weather 23:44 Meridian Weather 23:45 Alexander 127 HOURS 18:30 Antiques Roadshow 19:30 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 20:00 Countryfile 21:00 Call the Midwife 22:00 Birdsong 23:25 BBC News; Regional News and Weather 23:45 Match of the Day 2 Drama based on a true story, directed by Danny Boyle and starring James Franco. While solo climbing in the Utah canyons, Aron Ralston falls into a crevasse and becomes trapped by a falling boulder. As time slips by, he resigns himself to the fact that his survival depends on resorting to desperate measures. 00:30 03:05 03:20 03:35 04:25 05:05 05:30 06:25 07:10 07:35 08:00 08:30 08:35 09:00 09:50 12:20 12:55 13:55 14:35 15:05 17:25 18:25 18:55 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:50 The Abyss The Island Abductees St Elsewhere 90210 Force of Nature Lost Buildings of Britain Countdown The Hoobs The Hoobs Freesports on 4 Channel 4 Presents That Paralympic Show One Tree Hill Hollyoaks The Big Bang Theory Shipwrecked The Simpsons The Simpsons Ladyhawke Deal or No Deal Channel 4 News 4thought.tv Time Team Hugh's Three Hungry Boys The Hotel 127 Hours Chris Moyles' Quiz Night 00:10 Celebrity Wedding Planner 01:10 SuperCasino 05:00 Great Artists 05:25 Divine Designs 05:50 County Secrets 06:00 Hana's Helpline 06:10 The Milkshake! Show 06:35 Thomas & Friends 06:45 Roary the Racing Car 07:00 Peppa Pig 07:05 Roary the Racing Car 07:15 Fifi and the Flowertots 07:25 Fireman Sam 07:40 Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs 07:50 Castle Farm 07:55 Igam Ogam 08:05 Roobarb and Custard Too 08:15 The Milkshake! Show 08:35 Make Way for Noddy 08:45 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 08:55 Little Princess 09:05 Olivia 09:20 The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and His Best Friend Corky 09:30 Angelina Ballerina 09:45 Rupert Bear 10:00 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 10:15 The Mr Men Show 10:30 Roary the Racing Car 10:40 Mist: Sheepdog Tales 11:00 Zoo Days 11:05 Meerkat Manor 11:35 Grey's Anatomy 12:30 Celebrity Big Brother 13:30 Benidorm ER 14:30 Police Academy 3: Back in Training 16:05 Little Man 17:55 Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls 19:40 Spider-Man 22:05 World's 22:55 5 News 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother 39 The Courier Monday TV January 23 00:55 Room 101 - Extra Storage 01:35 Weatherview 01:40 Film 2012 with Claudia Winkleman 02:20 Holby City 03:20 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 04:05 Celebrity Antiques Road Trip 05:05 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 20:30 Inside Out 21:00 EastEnders 21:30 Panorama 22:00 The Royal Bodyguard 22:30 Mrs Brown's Boys 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 A Question of Sport 00:00 00:30 01:00 02:40 02:45 03:00 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:45 05:00 05:10 Frank Skinner's Opinionated Fast and Loose Jacknife Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Close 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 14:00 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Baking Made Easy 20:30 A Question of Taste 21:00 University Challenge 21:30 An Island Parish 22:00 The Real Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines: A Wonderland Film 23:00 Mock the Week 23:30 Weather 02:45 ITV News Headlines 03:00 Ladette to Lady: Australia 03:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Coronation Street 21:00 Cornwall with Caroline Quentin 21:30 Coronation Street 22:00 Above Suspicion 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 That Sunday Night Show PARTY PARAMEDICS Documentary following paramedics and volunteers as they travel around Colchester, Essex, on the `booze bus', dealing with the town's binge drinkers. Funded by local bars and clubs, the service deals with everything from accidental falls, to the aftermath of alcohol-and-drug-fuelled fights. Thousands of revellers head to the town at the weekend, and it is left to the SOS team to pick up the pieces. 00:40 80s 02:35 03:05 03:35 03:45 04:35 05:15 06:10 06:55 07:00 07:10 07:35 08:00 08:30 08:55 09:25 09:55 10:55 12:00 13:00 13:05 Away 14:05 14:10 14:30 16:10 17:00 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:55 21:00 22:00 23:00 Ben Elton: Laughing at the Coming Up: Geronimo Hallo Panda A Film from My Parish St Elsewhere 90210 Lost Buildings of Britain Countdown Sali Mali The Treacle People The Hoobs The Hoobs Freshly Squeezed According to Jim Everybody Loves Raymond Frasier Undercover Boss USA Phil Spencer: Secret Agent Secret Location Channel 4 News Summary A Place in the Sun: Home or Channel 4 Presents River Cottage Bites Passport to Pimlico Countdown Deal or No Deal Celebrity Coach Trip Come Dine with Me The Simpsons Hollyoaks Channel 4 News 4thought.tv SuperScrimpers Coppers Party Paramedics 00:00 Single White Female 02:10 SuperCasino 05:00 County Secrets 05:10 Great Scientists 05:35 Divine Designs 06:00 Hana's Helpline 06:10 The Milkshake! Show 06:35 Thomas & Friends 06:45 Roary the Racing Car 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Peppa Pig 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation 16:15 Jane Doe: Ties that Bind 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 World's Toughest Trucker 21:00 Police Interceptors 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Wedding Planner 40 The Courier Tuesday TV January 24 00:05 Late Kick Off 00:35 The Graham Norton Show 01:20 Weatherview 01:25 Who Do You Think You Are? 02:25 MasterChef: The Professionals 02:55 You've Been Scammed 03:40 Celebrity Antiques Road Trip 04:40 Asia Business Report 04:45 Sport Today 05:00 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 20:30 BBC News; Regional News 21:00 Holby City 22:00 MasterChef 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 Death Row Dogs 00:20 01:20 02:20 02:30 02:45 03:00 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:40 American Football Bowls Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Close 05:00 Blethering Scots 05:30 Blethering Scots 06:00 Scots Scuil 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 14:00 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Escape to the Country 20:30 Match of the Day Live 23:00 Rhod Gilbert's Work Experience 23:30 Newsnight 00:10 Law & Order: UK 01:05 River Monsters 01:30 ITV News Headlines 03:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 04:30 ITV Nightscreen 05:35 The Jeremy Kyle Show 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Farewell Becky 21:00 The Exit List 22:00 The Biggest Loser 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 Benidorm THE FAT FIGHTERS The trainers focus on exercises to get their clients' legs into shape. Tamaya Adams turns her attention to Susan, a 36-year-old woman with poor self-confidence who has tried a range of diets over the years to keep her weight under control. However, though she sheds the pounds quickly, Tamaya is concerned about her eating habits, and tries to teach her how to diet healthily. 00:05 00:10 01:15 02:10 03:05 03:10 03:15 04:05 04:45 05:00 05:55 06:55 07:00 07:10 07:35 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:55 12:00 13:00 13:05 Away 14:05 14:20 16:10 17:00 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:55 21:00 22:00 23:00 Random Acts Shameless The Joy of Teen Sex Embarrassing Bodies Undressing My Mother Brain Damage St Elsewhere 90210 Designers Under Pressure Rome: The Model Empire Lost Buildings of Britain Sali Mali The Treacle People The Hoobs The Hoobs Freshly Squeezed According to Jim Everybody Loves Raymond Frasier Undercover Boss USA Phil Spencer: Secret Agent Secret Location Channel 4 News Summary A Place in the Sun: Home or River Cottage Blithe Spirit Countdown Deal or No Deal Celebrity Coach Trip Come Dine with Me The Simpsons Hollyoaks Channel 4 News 4thought.tv The Fat Fighters 15 Kids and Counting Shameless 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:00 Kate Thornton - Anorexic: My Secret Past 02:00 SuperCasino 05:00 Animal Rescue Squad 05:10 Grey's Anatomy 06:00 County Secrets 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Peppa Pig 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Miami 16:15 Uncorked 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Police Interceptors 21:00 Cowboy Builders 22:00 Body of Proof 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother 41 The Courier Wednesday TV January 25 00:30 Open Range 02:40 Weatherview 02:45 The Manor Reborn 03:45 Nature's Miracle Babies 04:45 MasterChef: The Professionals 05:45 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Deadly 60 Bites 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 My Life: Boy Racers 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Regional News Programmes 20:00 The One Show 20:30 BBC News: Regional News 21:00 DIY SOS: The Big Build 22:00 MasterChef 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 The National Lottery Wednesday Night Draws 23:45 Film 2012 with Claudia Winkleman 00:20 01:20 02:20 02:30 02:45 03:00 03:30 03:45 04:00 04:30 04:45 Royal Institution Lectures Bowls Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today Newsday Asia Business Report Sport Today 05:00 Seriously Raleigh 06:00 After Life: Rot Box Detectives 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 Daily Politics 14:00 See Hear 14:30 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 21:00 Natural World 22:00 The Crusades 23:00 Have I Got News for You 23:30 Weather 00:35 Homes from Hell 2009 01:30 ITV News Headlines 04:00 Crossing Jordan 04:50 ITV Nightscreen 06:30 ITV Morning News 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 The National Television Awards 2012 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 The Constant Gardener THE NATIONAL TELEVISION AWARDS 2012 Dermot O'Leary hosts the star-studded ceremony celebrating the best of British TV over the past year, as the biggest names on the small screen gather at the O2 for the results of a nationwide poll across 14 categories. 00:05 Desperate Housewives 01:00 Random Acts 01:05 Poker 02:10 Sailing 02:35 KOTV Boxing Weekly 03:05 Volleyball 04:00 GT Academy 04:25 That Paralympic Show 04:55 Paralympic Wheelchair Rugby GB Cup 2011 05:50 European Wheelchair Fencing Championships 2011 06:15 Scrapheap Challenge 07:10 The Hoobs 08:00 Freshly Squeezed 08:30 According to Jim 08:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 09:25 Frasier 09:55 Undercover Boss USA 10:55 Phil Spencer: Secret Agent 12:00 Secret Location 13:00 Channel 4 News Summary 13:05 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 14:05 River Cottage Bites 14:25 The Belles of St Trinian's 16:10 Countdown 17:00 Deal or No Deal 18:00 Celebrity Coach Trip 18:30 Come Dine with Me 19:00 The Simpsons 19:30 Hollyoaks 20:00 Channel 4 News 20:55 4thought.tv 21:00 How to Cook Like Heston 21:30 The Fabulous Baker Brothers 22:00 One Born Every Minute 23:00 The Channel 4 Mash Up 23:35 Run Fatboy Run 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:00 Celebrity Wedding Planner 02:00 SuperCasino 04:55 HouseBusters 05:20 Michaela's Wild Challenge 05:45 Michaela's Wild Challenge 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:40 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Peppa Pig 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:40 Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 13:10 5 News Lunchtime 13:15 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: Miami 16:10 Honeymoon with Mom 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Cowboy Builders 21:00 Benidorm ER 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Jodie Marsh - Bullied: My Secret Past 42 The Courier Thusday TV January 26 00:25 National Lottery Update 01:10 In Her Defense 02:45 Weatherview 02:50 See Hear 03:20 Country Tracks 04:15 MasterChef: The Professionals 05:15 Newsday 05:30 HARDtalk 06:00 BBC News 06:30 World Business Report 06:45 BBC News 07:00 Breakfast 10:15 Wanted Down Under 11:00 Homes Under the Hammer 11:58 BBC News; Weather 12:00 Saints and Scroungers 12:45 Britain's Empty Homes 13:13 BBC News; Weather 13:15 Bargain Hunt 14:00 BBC News; Weather 14:30 Regional News and Weather 14:45 Doctors 15:15 Escape to the Country 16:00 BBC News; Weather; Regional News 16:05 The Big Performance 16:35 Wingin' It 17:00 All Over the Place 17:30 The Owl 18:00 Newsround 18:15 Pointless 19:00 BBC News 19:30 Weather 20:00 The One Show 20:30 BBC News; Regional News 21:00 Earthflight 22:00 Crimewatch 23:00 BBC News 23:25 Regional News and Weather 23:35 Crimewatch Update 23:45 Question Time 00:20 Royal Institution Lectures 01:20 Bowls 02:20 Newsday 02:30 Asia Business Report 02:45 Sport Today 03:00 Newsday 03:30 Asia Business Report 03:45 Sport Today 04:00 Newsday 04:30 Asia Business Report 04:45 Sport Today 05:00 Key Stage 4 History Curriculum Bites - International Relations 1919-1939 06:00 Keeping Loch Lomond 06:30 The Code 07:00 Little Robots 07:10 Zigby 07:25 Finley the Fire Engine 07:35 Octonauts 07:45 Dipdap 07:50 Everything's Rosie 08:00 Roar 08:30 League of Super Evil 08:40 Eliot Kid 08:55 Newsround 09:00 Remote Control Star 09:25 LazyTown 09:50 Lulu Zipadoo 10:05 Tinga Tinga Tales 10:20 The Large Family 10:35 Guess with Jess 10:45 Bob's Mini Projects 10:50 Louie 10:55 Same Smile 11:10 Chuggington: Badge Quest 11:15 64 Zoo Lane 11:30 Wibbly Pig 11:40 Waybuloo 12:00 In the Night Garden 12:30 BBC World News 13:00 Daily Politics 14:00 Live Bowls 16:00 Helicopter Heroes 16:45 Flog It! 17:30 Perfection 18:15 Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is 19:00 Eggheads 19:30 Great British Railway Journeys 20:00 Hairy Bikers' Best of British 21:00 Saxon Hoard: A Golden Discovery 22:00 Putin, Russia & the West 23:00 Never Mind the Buzzcocks 23:30 Weather 01:50 ITV News Headlines 03:55 Frantic 05:55 ITV Nightscreen 07:00 Daybreak 09:30 Lorraine 10:25 The Jeremy Kyle Show 11:30 This Morning 13:30 Loose Women 14:30 ITV News and Weather 14:55 Meridian News and Weather 15:00 Dickinson's Real Deal 16:00 The Alan Titchmarsh Show 16:59 Meridian Weather 17:00 The Hungry Sailors 18:00 The Chase 19:00 Meridian Tonight 19:30 ITV News and Weather 20:00 Emmerdale 20:30 Tonight 21:00 Emmerdale 21:30 Coronation Street 22:00 Eternal Law 23:00 ITV News at Ten and Weather 23:30 Meridian Tonight and Weather 23:35 The Jonathan Ross Show JAPANS TSUNAMI: CAUGHT ON CAMERA Amateur footage and eyewitness accounts telling the story of the earthquake and subsequent tsunami that caused devastation in Japan in March 2011. The film also discovers how the country dealt with the aftermath of these natural disasters, as people struggled to rebuild their lives and communities. 01:30 Random Acts 01:35 Launched at Red Bull Studios 01:50 Launched at Red Bull Studios 02:05 Curated by Lyle and Scott 02:20 Professor Green Unseen: After Hours 02:50 4Play: Beardyman 03:00 That Riviera Touch 04:45 St Elsewhere 05:30 Force of Nature 06:00 Gone Fishing 06:15 Countdown 07:00 The Treacle People 07:10 The Hoobs 08:00 Freshly Squeezed 08:30 According to Jim 08:55 Everybody Loves Raymond 09:25 Frasier 09:55 Undercover Boss USA 10:55 Phil Spencer: Secret Agent 12:00 Secret Location 13:00 Channel 4 News Summary 13:05 A Place in the Sun: Home or Away 14:10 The Third Man 16:10 Countdown 17:00 Deal or No Deal 18:00 Celebrity Coach Trip 18:30 Come Dine with Me 19:00 The Simpsons 19:30 Hollyoaks 20:00 Channel 4 News 20:55 4thought.tv 21:00 Location, Location, Location 22:00 The Restoration Man 23:00 Japan's Tsunami: Caught on Camera 00:00 Celebrity Big Brother 00:30 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 01:30 Poker: The Big Game 02:30 SuperCasino 04:55 HouseBusters 05:20 Nick's Quest 05:45 Nick's Quest 06:10 House Doctor 06:35 House Doctor 07:00 Thomas & Friends 07:10 The WotWots 07:20 City of Friends 07:35 Jelly Jamm 07:45 Peppa Pig 07:50 Castle Farm 08:00 Little Princess 08:10 Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom 08:20 The Mr Men Show 08:35 Thomas & Friends 08:45 Noddy in Toyland 09:00 Fifi and the Flowertots 09:10 Milkshake! Monkey 09:15 Peppa Pig 09:20 Peppa Pig 09:30 Roary the Racing Car 09:45 Bananas in Pyjamas 10:00 Hana's Helpline 10:15 The Wright Stuff 12:10 LIVE with Gabby 12:40 5 News Lunchtime 12:45 Celebrity Big Brother 13:45 Celebrity Big Brother 14:15 Home and Away 14:45 Neighbours 15:15 CSI: NY 16:10 Bridge of Time 18:00 5 News at 5 18:30 Neighbours 19:00 Home and Away 19:30 5 News at 6.30 20:00 Building the Ice Hotel 21:00 World's 22:00 Celebrity Big Brother 23:00 Celebrity Big Brother's Bit on the Side 43 Friday, January 20, 2012 AWNINGS ACCOMODATION Small, economic family run hotel, situated on the CV951, San Miguel de Salinas. Modern air-conditioned and ensuite rooms available, 35 € per room, per night. Call 966 842 070 for reservations. (48) ACCOUNTANTS contact Reverend Eddie on 966 7693 00 or 650 509 606. Reg No:2009-SG/A Are you running a business? Let us simplify things for you – accountancy, taxes, payroll services and more. We cater for companies and individuals. Established in 1984 on the Costa Blanca. Call us on 966 923 963 for your first consultation free of charge. (48) CARS FOR SALE BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES EXCELLENT RECESSION PROOF BUSINESS WITH NO OVERHEADS AND ALL CASH. 5 COLD DRINK VENDING MACHINES €24,900. 25 PRINGLE MACHINES €14,900, ALL WITH GUARANTEED SITES. 619 307 318. (52) Huge Bar Restaurant with 6 room Hotel FOR RENT Very popular place only 36,000 euro for the whole year - NO MONTHLY RENT TO PAY! Call 651 885 200 AIR CONDITIONING CHURCH SERVICES International Christian Assembly, Calle Pilar de Horadada 5, Torrevieja. Evangelical non-denominational church. Sunday services 11am. Children's church 11am. House groups in Torrevieja, Los Balcones, San Javier. Ladies meeting Thursdays 11am. Craft club, Tuesdays, 2pm. Pastor, Rafael Restrepo. All nationalities welcome. Call 966 799 273 or 660 127 276. Pilar Christian Community Church Calle Canalejas 3. Pilar de la Horadada. Sunday Service at 11am, and Thursday at 5pm for Bible study and Prayer. Home groups meet during the week. All welcome from any church background or none. For further information contact Pilar ChristianCommunity [email protected] or Try Professional Business Support for your quick quote for car insurance. Excellent prices for expats, all policies available in English or German. We will call you back with a price. 966 923 963 Looking for a car? We have a good selection of LHD & RHD vehicles for sale or exchange. Simply view our easy to use website www.fwreurocars.com or Telephone 600 726 221 - 965687976 Ford Fiesta 1.4, 2003 5dr, 72,000 kms, stunning only 3950 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Ford Ka 1.3, Nov 2006, 53,000 kms, fsh, 4250 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Ford Fusion 1.6 plus, 2005, 49,000 kms, 5950 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Peugeot 307cc cabrio 2.0 auto/tip 2008, 48,000 kms, fsh, 14,250 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Ford Focus 1.6, 2006, 52,000 kms 7,600 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Renault Clio 1.2 5 door, bargain, 1950 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com BMW Compact 318, 2750 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Seat Ibiza, 1.9 TDI Cupra Sport 160 BHP, Oct 2007, 37,000 kms, fsh, 7,750 euros Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Alfa Romeo 166 T-Spark, Nov 2001, 92,000 kms, 2950 Tel 600 726 221 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Honda CRV 4 X 4 RHD, Spanish registered 2001, 51,000 miles, fully equipped, 3450 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Lexus RX300 4 X 4 auto, 2003, 12,450 euros Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com Good selection of RHD vehicles FOR SALE or EXCHANGE Tel 600 726 221 - 965 687 976 www.fwreurocars.com FOR SALE Two orange gas cylinders. One full, one half full. 25€ each or 45€ for pair. Tel: 672192482. Santiago de la Ribera. Kymco Zing 125cc chopper style motorbike. Year 2000. 5768km. ITV July 2012. 400 euros. Tel 622 208 934. Two helmets included. (49) For all your insurance needs, ie.home, car, health, funeral, travel, etc Excellent cover from Spain´s 5th biggest insurance company, “CASER”. Policies available in English and German. Call Professional Business Support on 966 923 963 for a quick quote from a real person/our friendly staff. MEDICAL Make the most of private health care and private hospitals, we have great cover and a two tier pricing system to suit your age and pocket. All policies in English, many English speaking doctors or free translators at your service. Call us now on 966 923 963, and we will call you back with your quote. Caser Health Care . PROPERTY MANAGEMENT Viva Villa and Vacation Services, For Short or Long Term Rentals visit: www.villaandvacation.com or Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 TipTop Villa Care, for all your property needs. Meet and Greets. Cleaning. Holiday and Long Term Rentals. Advertising. Baby Equipment Hire. www.tiptopvillacare.com e-mail [email protected] Tel 667848582 (50) PROPERTY FOR RENT COSTA BLANCA SOUTH LONG TERM RENTALS ROLDAN LARGE DETACHED VILLA available furnished or UNFURNISHED Near to town centre and schools. Ideal for La Torre Golf Resort and Kings College. [email protected] or call Tel 667848582 www.tiptopvillacare.com (50) LONG TERM RENTALS (ALICANTE region) FORMENTERA de la SEGURA. NEAR ROJALES. Sunny and Bright 2 bedroom apartment. Large Terrace with BBQ. Walking distance to Town Centre 350€/mth* Linda 667848582 (50) Punta Prima 3 bed 2 bath apartment. 20m2 fully glazes balcony. Gated appartment. 400€ per month. Beautiful sea views. 5 mins to beach, bars and shops. 966 703 297. (48) Ref. 91, This lovely one bedroom apartment is on the fifth (top) floor of block one of the Miramar development - but don't worry about climbing the stairs, as there is a lift! A parking space is included in the key operated underground garage. €450PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 112, Spacious 3 bedroom detached villa with its private pool is located on the El Raso urbanisation near Guardamar. Convenient for all amenities, shops, supermarket, restaurants and bars. Short term only. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 COMPUTERS 44 Friday, January 20, 2012 Ref: 63, Two bedroom 1st floor apartment situated in Monino Blanco. The property overlooks a superb communal pool area, in within walking distance of bars, restaurants and shops. Short or long term rental available. €P.O.A Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 155, Luxurious Three Bedroom Villa With Private Pool, in Quesada Close to shops and restaurants within a five minute drive, and Guadamar Beach is within a ten minute drive. Long term or Short term available. €795PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 709, A lovely 1 bedroom apartment in Aguas Nuevas, within a 5 minute walk of the beach. There is a terrace outside with views to the sea. Short or long term rental available. €300PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 708, A lovely two bedroom, one bathroom corner ground floor apartment in Algorfa, with a spacious patio & Residents off road parking. Communal pool near by. Short or long term rental available. €400PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 117, A Lovely 3 Bedroomed 1st floor apartment on the outskirts of Torrevieja (Mar Azul). The Apartment is in walking distance of the excellent beaches and a good selection of restaurants, shops and bars. €425PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 CREATIVE CONCRETE Ref: 516, Well situated studio apartment in San Luis. The property has a balcony which has been glazed to create another room. Close to all shops and amenities, on a local bus route & 10 minutes from the beach. €250PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 702, A lovely 2 bedroom apartment in a quiet area of Torrevieja yet within walking distance to local beaches and amenities. It’s also less than an hour’s drive from both Alicante and Murcia San Javier Airports. €400PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 135, An outstanding two bedroom villa with one double and one twin room on the VillaMartin golf complex. There is a very pleasant terrace off the main bedroom and from the sun terrace on the roof the views are excellent. €400PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 04, A 2 bedroom apartment one street back from the famous Cabo Roig strip. There is a selection of local shops, restaurants and bars on the doorstep with the shopping strip only 400 metres away. €450PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 92, A lovely three bedroom apartment on the ground floor of block one of the Miramar developments. A small balcony runs the width of the lounge area above the small private garden area at the front of the property. €450PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 104, Lovely 2 Bedroom Apartment in Torrevieja, within walking distance to the Friday Market, Town Centre and the beach. Close to the Habaneres Shopping Centre and Aquapark. €350PCM Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 151, Beautiful Family 3 Bedroom Villa. Well equipped American kitchen, double bedroom and bathroom. A further 2 bedrooms, bathroom, large terrace with sun loungers, table and chairs, FURNITURE ELECTRICIAN NEWS AGENTS bbq, and beautiful sea view. Short or long term rental available. €P.O.A.Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Luxury appartments, 2/3 bedrooms in San Miguel De Salinas. Floor heating, Elevator, Roof terrace with swimmingpool, from 385 euros/month Also holiday rentals and appartments in San Miguel de Salinas from 350 euros/month. 966 723 437 and 616 487 493 (48) PROPERTY FOR SALE Excellent cover for your house and home, includes travel assistance for when you go away. Interesting prices for expats; policies available in English or German. Call 966 923 963 for a quote. BEACH HOUSE 1 street from beach. LOS NAREJOS 3 bedroom 2 bathroom Townhouse HUGE BASEMENT, currently set out as GYM and DOUBLE bedroom. 175,000€. Linda 667848582 (50) BARGAIN 199,950 CEHEGIN 1 hour San Javier Airport. 40 mins. Corvera. 5 bedroom 2 bath FINCA with over 5,000m2 plot. Stunning. Tel. 667848 582 (50) HOUSE CLEARANCES GARDENING PLUMBERS Detached villa with large oasis pool. Situated on first Urb. In Gran Alacant. 500m2 plot, electric gates, alarmed 3 beds, 3 baths, fully furnished. Recently reduced for a quick sale Now only 260.000 euros Call 680 333 242 quoting ref 33 Altomar II in Gran Alacant Investment opportunity… 82.000 euros. 2 bed, 1 bath, lounge diner, ind. Kitchen, Glazed in Galleria, S/Facing, extra storage Fully furnished, Private parking, Com pools Ring 627 711 155 to view. Duplex in Monte y Mar, GA 2 Bed, 1 Bath, ground floor with views Fully furnished, A/Con, Heating, Ceiling Fans, English TV, garden, Communal pool, for apt please call 966 699 136 to view only 115.000 ono REDUCED Ground floor Duplex in Puerto Marino, Gran Alacant. Now only 99,500 euros. 2 bed, 1 bath, fully furnished Central heating, glazed galleria, grills, Mozzie nets, front garden, com pools, Private gated parking, walking distance to Shops bars restaurants etc. 627 711 155 MASSAGE Advertise here for only a fiver! 45 Friday, January 20, 2012 Calling all serious Buyers. I have a 5 bed, 4 bath, 2 kitchens, 2 lounges, detached Villa with self-filling pool in Gran Alacant. Everything included in price, fantastic Alicante/sea views. As a starting price I am looking in the region of 265.000 euros Interested in making me an offer call me on 680 333 242 Mid Terraced Town house in Gran Alacant 2 Bed, 3 Bath, being sold fully furnished. Electrical Appliances included, large front and rear garden, choice of communal pools, Private secure parking and walking distance to GA Center. 140.000 euros ono. Call 627 711 155 for viewing. Lovely well maintained terraced property situated in Mediterranea III in Gran Alacant. 2 Bedrooms, 2 Bathrooms, everything included in price. Large communal pool, tennis PLASTERER PERSONAL courts, established gardens Walking distance to shops, bars restaurants. Very quiet location, over looks nature reserve. Private parking, call 680 333 242 for more details. 133.000 euros Beach Front property opposite Carabassi Beach 2 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, lounge diner, roof top solarium under ground secure parking, walking distance to beach Situated on local tram and bus route. Being sold fully furnished. 4 communal pools, tennis courts, bar and restaurant with in urbanisation Please ring 966 699 136 after 6pm (english & spanish spoken) Now only 125.000 euros excellent value in Gran Alacant. Quick sale needed. 199.000 euros ono Detached property in Puerto Marina. 3 Bed, 3 Bath, Immaculately furnished Alarmed, Central heating, Log fire, Hot & Cold air con, open fields to the rear, Private parking, Communal pools. 966.699.478 after 5 pm. Don Pueblo, Gran Alacant 209,000 euros 3 Double bedrooms with fitted wardrobes 2 bathrooms, spacious kitchen with galleria Lounge complete with chimney, large under build, top quality furniture and appliances inc. Com pools, underground garage, tennis courts To view call 627 711 155 Semi-detached villa in Gran Alacant 3 bed, 3 bath, lounge diner, independent kitchen, glazed in porch, large solarium with stunning views, Private Parking. A/Con Central heating, UK TV. Only 229.000 euros By appointment only call 966 699 136 Large detached villa, large pool with electronic solar cover, converted under build, roof top solarium with conservatory, panoramic views 545 m2 plot, part furnished, double glazed, A/con, alarmed, gas fire, est. irrigated gardens Call 680 333 242 for best price Ref 30 Close to Supavalue in Gran Alacant. Detached villa with pool on 640m2 plot. 3 bed, 2 bath, lounge diner, large roof top solarium, Porch, Outside WC, 2 built-in BBQ’s, Log Fire, Under build, Alarmed, Mature Gardens, Toldos blinds, Garage, Electronic Gates. 260.000 euros 627 711 155 English & Spanish spoken. Walking distance to all local amenities in GA Detached Villa with large pool. Decoratively tiled Garden, complete with BBQ. Est. palm & fruit trees. 3 bed, 3 bath, Fully Furnished including all electrical appliances. Quick sale needed, 270.000 euros, but very negotiable. For appointment to view call 966 699 478 after 5pm Top floor duplex in Puerto Marina, G/Alacant 2 bedrooms, 1 bathroom, lounge-diner, glazed-in porch, large roof-top solarium with views, Top quality furniture and appliances included. Secure private parking, communal pools, 108,000 euros. If you would like to view call 627 711 155 for an immediate appointment. LIMITED EDITION One of only a few bungalows in Gran Alacant. Top of the range furniture and appliances included. 3 bed, 2 bath, lounge diner, large kitchen, leading to galleria, huge roof top solarium with fantastic views of Alicante SIGN WRITING and mountains. Electronic gates leading to garage, 500m2 plot, 10x5 pool with irrigated gardens By appointment only, ring 680333242 325.000 ono Large family Home in Izla de Izaro, G.A (bajo) 4 bed, 3 bath, stunning communal pool with Jacuzzi & water features. Children’s play area and fantastic communal gardens. Very high standard throughout, Large converted under build & garage, elec. Gates Alarmed, A/con, outside kitchen and bathroom, 399.000 ono. To view call 966699136 after 5pm. Monte Y Mar - Gran Alacant Detached Villa with 3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, lounge-diner, front porch, Large solarium with views. 400m2 plot Low maintenance irrigated gardens, Private pool & Parking. Tastefully furnished throughout and everything included. Recently Reduced to 239.000 euros. For more details call 627.711.155 Gran Alacant, corner semi detached 3 bedroomed, 2 bathrooms, large garden, enclosed terrace, fully furnished, private drive for 2 cars, on gated desirable urbanisation Monte Faro, many facilities priced for quick sale 185,000 Tel 680 333 242 Balsares, terraced 4 bedroomed house, 3 bathrooms, large underbuild, private underground parking direct to house, small gated urbanisation, directly over looking proposed new golf course opposite Gran Alacant, priced for quick sale at original off plan price 195.000 Tel 680 333 242 Gran Alacant, front line, 2 bed, 1 bath, downstairs toilet, fully furnished, roof terrace, walking distance to beaches, large communal REMOVALS and resturants, beach front property priced for quick sale 125,000 Tel 680 333 242 Viva Villa and Vacation Services are pleased to offer property sales for the Torrevieja and Oriheula areas of the Costa Blanca, Spain. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 or Visit : www.villaandvacation.com Ref: 513, €115,000. Two bedroom ground floor apartment, in Aguas Nuevas, close to all amenities including the beach. It has a good size lounge, kitchen and has off road parking facilities. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 521, €105,000. This comfortable bungalow is located in San Luis with a new roof and solarium tiles. It is close to supermarkets, bars, restaurants and is on the local bus route. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 520, €85,000. Two bedroom apartment in Dream Hills, with a fully equipped kitchen, large lounge, glazed-in terrace and a large solarium. This property comes with a large communal swimming pool. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 30, €119,000. Two bedroom detached house with large front terrace. This villa is in the Punta Marina area close to Playa Flamenca , Close to amenities. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 78, €120,000. Three bedroom Quad in Jardin Del Mar VII. There is offroad parking and small storage shed in the enclosed garden area, communal pool nearby. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref: 709, €60,000 A lovely 1 bedroom apartment in Aguas Nuevas, within a 5 minute walk of the beach. There is a terrace outside with views to the sea. Short or long term rental available. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 Ref. 526, €49,900. A lovely bright 1 bedroom apartment in the area of Torreblanca.There is a large communal pool and well maintained gardens, with tennis courts and childrens play area. Call: 965 707 188 or 626 397 397 TRANSLATOR SOLICITORS Need English Speaking Solicitors in Torrevieja? Let us help to solve your problems with debt recovery, divorce, property, accident claims, legalise land. Call us on 966 923 963, give us brief details and get in touch with your specialist solicitor. (48) WIG SPECIALIST SALON MARGARETHAS, 23 years in Torrevieja Hair/Wig specialist for Medical illness and Hair Loss problems. We offer different Hair Replacements, top fillers, Hair prostheses, Toupees and Wigs, Natural and Artificial hair and much more. Also fashion/festival accessories TV/TS are welcome to our service. Please call our salon reception for an appointment with Margaretha on Tel no 966 921 846 Torrevieja (51) WANTED REMOVALS SINGLES SWIMMING POOL MAINTENANCE NEW VENTURE - Meet interesting individuals for friendships, socialising, trips etc. Single people only - all nationalities - all ages. Santa Pola. For more info call Sarah 680173140. (48) Recovery & Breakdown Services Greenside Gossip IVIE DAVIES takes a weekly look at the golf scene - [email protected] A frown like Alliss WHAT EVER HAPPENED TO THE THOUGHTFUL SIDE OF GOLF? IT WAS interesting to hear Peter Alliss complain, and rightly so, that “nobody lets anyone through any more.” He was commentating on a group of two top professionals waiting for a ruling on a Par 3. It’s quite normal to wait for the match referee to adjudicate on a question of rules, but in this case the next group, including the tournament leader, were waiting on the tee. It was quite obvious that up on the green it did not enter anybody’s mind to call the group through - and for those who observe some of the more selfish elements of pro golf, it comes as no surprise. The problem is, of course, that everything seen on television is mirrored at amateur level. There might be an excuse for pros playing for loads of money, but there is no reason why club golfers should not be more thoughtful to those playing behind. The game of golf is based on honesty and consideration, which are honed into its traditions, so let’s not follow these poor examples set by those who really should know better. Under the same heading as Slow Play, that dreaded scourge of golf, comes Etiquette, another thing that sometimes irritates me to a high score (any excuse). How often do we see holiday golfers turning up in beach shorts and vests? Where have the standards gone? If they do not know how to dress properly, do they really know how to play golf? It appears that anything goes now at golf courses and although they say you have to show a handicap certificate, how often does that actually happen? Now I am not saying we Peter Alliss Mini golf at Benidorm - for those who want to dress for the beach should resort to Draconian methods as at some clubs in England, where everything is barred, apart from a blazer, tie and long socks, if you wear shorts on the one hot day in summer. But etiquette is something different. It is courtesy, understanding other players’ needs, the traditions of golf. This is where golf clubs and tour operators should take a lead by ensuring that players are dressed correctly, have a good understanding of golf and appreciate the etiquet- te of golf. If they want to dress for the beach to swing a club, there is always the mini golf at Benidorm. So, coming back, I do think that dress codes, sensible ones, should be adhered to. This in turn would lead to a better understanding of golf and its traditions. Talking of dress codes reminds me of the traveller who got lost in the Sahara Desert. Realising his only chance of survival was to find civilisation, he started to walk. Time passed and he became very thirsty; more time passed and he began feeling faint. He was on the verge of falling unconscious when he came across a Bedouin tent. Barely conscious, he called out, “Water, water…” A Bedouin appeared and brandished a superb range of colourful silk ties. “I have no water, but would you like to buy a tie?” he said. “You fool,” gasped the man, “I’m dying of thirst! I need water!” “If you really need water, there is a tent about two kilometres over there where you can get some,” replied the Bedouin. The man summoned up all of his remaining strength to drag his parched body the two kilometres to the second tent. With his last ounce of strength, he pulled at the door of the tent and collapsed in a heap at the feet of an immaculately dressed Bedouin, who enquired: “May I help you sir?” “Water…” was the feeble reply. “Oh, sir,” replied the Bedouin, “I’m sorry but you can’t come in here without a tie!” 2012 RULE CHANGES RULE 1-2. Exerting Influence on Movement of Ball or Altering Physical Conditions The Rule is amended to establish more clearly that, if a player intentionally takes an action to influence the movement of a ball or to alter physical conditions affecting the playing of a hole in a way that is not permitted by the Rules, Rule 1-2 applies only when the action is not already covered in another Rule. For example, a player improving the lie of his ball is in breach of Rule 13-2 and therefore that Rule would apply, whereas a player intentionally improving the lie of a fellow-competitor’s ball is not a situation covered by Rule 13-2 and, therefore, is governed by Rule 1-2. Rule 6-3a. Time of Starting Rule 6-3a is amended to provide that the penalty for starting late, but within five minutes of the starting time, is reduced from disqualification to loss of the first hole in match play or two strokes at the first hole in stroke play. Previously this penalty reduction could be introduced as a condition of competition. Rule 12-1. Seeing Ball; Searching for Ball. Rule 12-1 is reformatted for clarity. In addition, it is amended to (i) permit a player to search for his ball anywhere on the course when it may be covered by sand and to clarify that there is no penalty if the ball is moved in these circumstances, and (ii) apply a penalty of one stroke under Rule 18-2a if a player moves his ball in a hazard when searching for it when it is believed to be covered by loose impediments. Rule 13-4. Ball in Hazard; Prohibited Actions Exception 2 to Rule 13-4 is amended to permit a player to smooth sand or soil in a hazard at any time, including before playing from that hazard, provided it is for the sole purpose of caring for the course and Rule 13-2 is not breached. Rule 18-2b. Ball Moving After Address. A new Exception is added that exonerates the player from penalty if his ball moves after it has been addressed when it is known or virtually certain that he did not cause the ball to move. For example, if it is a gust of wind that moves the ball after it has been addressed, there is no penalty and the ball is played from its new position. Rule 19-1. Ball in Motion Deflected or Stopped; By Outside Agency. The note is expanded to prescribe the various outcomes when a ball in motion has been deliberately deflected or stopped by an outside agency. Rule 20-7c. Playing from Wrong Place; Stroke Play. Note 3 is amended so that if a player is to be penalised for playing from a wrong place, in most cases the penalty will be limited to two strokes, even if another Rule has been breached prior to his making the stroke. Appendix IV. A new Appendix is added to prescribe general regulations for the design of devices and other equipment, such as tees, gloves and distance measuring devices. 5. Distance-Measuring Devices (Rule 14-3). During a stipulated round, the use of any distance measuring device is not permitted unless the Committee has introduced a Local Rule to that effect (see Note to Rule 14-3 and Appendix I; Part B; Section 9). Even when the Local Rule is in effect, the device must be limited to measuring distance only. Features that would render use of the device contrary to the Local Rule include, but are not limited to: l The gauging or measuring of slope; l The gauging or measuring of other conditions that might affect play (e.g. wind speed or direction, or other climate-based information such as temperature, humidity, etc.) lRecommendations that might assist the player in making a stroke or in his play (e.g. club selection, type of shot to be played, green reading or any other advice related matter); or l Calculating the effective distance between two points based on slope or other conditions affecting shot distance. Such non-conforming features render use of the device contrary to the Rules, irrespective of whether or not: l The features can be switched off or disengaged; and l The features are switched off or disengaged. A multi-functional device, such as a smartphone or PDA, may be used as a distance measuring device provided it contains a distance measuring application that meets all of the above limitations (i.e. it must measure distance only). In addition, when the distance measuring application is being used, there must be no other features or applications installed on the device that, if used, would be in breach of the Rules, whether or not they are actually used. I hope that explains it but for a copy of the Rules of Golf go onto the website; http://www.randa.org/en/Rules-and-AmateurStatus/New-Rules-2012.aspx and scroll down to the bottom. 47 Thursday, January 20, 2012 A COLD WIND Suicidal football stars get no sympathy for our outspoken football reporter. The Bottman has been there himself...and without the money PARDON ME if I don't shed too many tears over suicidal footballers. Following on from the sad case of Gary Speed, we have Dean Windass telling all and sundry about how he attempted suicide twice in two hours because he couldn't knock around with his footballing mates any more on the training ground and pitch. Windass scored the goal that took his hometown club Hull City into the Premier League a few years back, but he has since retired and now says he had trouble getting out of bed afterwards and just went down the pub. He lost his wife and family, went off with another woman, not necessarily in that order, spent most of his dough after bringing in more than half a million a year, then tried to top himself. Dean He took pills and then Windass: when that failed tied a Tried to kill bedsheet to the stairs rail. himself The sheet was too long, though, and after tying it around his neck, he didn't have enough stairs left to jump off. He was drunk at the time, I might add. Now we all have our emotional and mental problems. I tried the old early euthanasia stunt way back in 1998 after losing my job, car, house and wife and two kids in the space of a week. I'm still here too (more's the pity, I hear echoing around the globe) and I won't be trying it again. But Windass really had me in stitches when he declared that everyone thinks moneybags Premier League footballers have it made on all fronts - until they stop playing. Money, girls, houses, cars. You name it, if they want it they can have it. But the key to it all came in a simple sentence when Dean admitted a lot of his kind are not the brightest buttons in the box. There's no excuse for not having common sense unless you really do have a mental health problem that prevents you from learning ANYTHING. So next time Dean - or any other moaning ex-pro for that matter - contemplates the exit door, he should get himself down to a place of learning i.e the local library, for instance, and drink at the fount of all knowledge. It's free, too, so even if you have blown your millions on wine, women and song, it’s not too late to start again. Can ANYONE afford Tevez? THE Carlos Tevez saga rumbles on with Inter now joining the interested parties, following on from city rivals AC Milan. There was even a whisper that Tevez might yet stay at Manchester City - and as he may well be asking for up to £250,000 a week wages from any new employer, that is hardly surprising. Nobody can afford him! Didier Drogba might be a better option for any club wanting a big, powerful, tried and trusted striker who still has a bit left in the tank. That wily old fox Carlo Ancelotti is set to return to Stamford Bridge with a bid for the Drog after cheekily telling Andre Villas-Boas and Roman Abramovich that Chelsea MUST sell the Ivorian to leave the way free for £50 million flop Fernando Torres. Torres is trying hard, but like those kids in the classroom, must do better! Carlo just wants to help things along by leaving Fernando as the only choice up front alongside Daniel Sturridge - if he stays - as Nicolas Anelka is definitely going, too. Things at Old Trafford seem to have quietened down as far as Wayne Rooney leaving is concerned. But never say never and there are still 11 days to go to the transfer window cut-off point. United have other problems in that a gaggle of their promising kids are demanding outrageous new contracts. In the past, Fergie would simply show them the door if they persisted - but these days it’s the players and their agents who appear to be calling the shots, so Fergie may have met his match in the transfer dealing stakes. Danny Wellbeck, Paul Pogba and Ravel Morrison are the three players said to be holding out for big-money deals. Now Wellbeck has proved his worth and people are raving about French youth skipper Pogba and local lad Morrison, even though they have yet to play serious senior football for United. Fergie should remember that there are loads of kids down at the local park with the talent, should he fail to bring any through from the current crop in the United Academy teams and upwards. He needs to get down to the rec and grab the best before they get agents and start demanding more than a fridge for Mum and a BMW for Dad as signing sweeteners. Oh Danny joy...then it’s sieve and let die for sad Orihuela THE weekend began well for ITV Orihuela RFC with victories for their cadet and juvenile teams. The cadets fought back from 7-0 down at half-time to win 14-7 against Elche. And the juveniles triumphed 2517 at home to UCAM Murcia. So when Danny landed a penalty to put the senior side ahead against league leaders UCAM, Orihuela looked on course for an impressive hat-trick of wins. But UCAM showed why they are at the top, breaking down a very resilient Orihuela defence to go in at the break 14-3 up. It could have been different had the home attack taken their chances and had got the ball out wide with the overlaps – but the second half is probably best forgotten. Orihuela came out with their defence more holed than a sieve, which was a shame after the excellent work in the first half. And UCAM Murcia ran out comfortable winners 52-3. On February 24-26, ITV Orihuela RFC will have their usual No.7 stand at the “This is Spain exhibition” at La Zenia Hotel, supporting as always The Butterfly Children. The new rugby union supporters club at the Steak House in Rojales will be showing all televised rugby games on Sky Sports and free to view channels. This weekend features the Heineken Cup, starting tonight (Friday). Tomorrow, Saturday January 21, ITV Orihuela juveniles and seniors entertain San Javier at the start of the second round of league games (4pm). The club trains on Tuesday and Thursday at the Miguel Hernandez University. Juniors at 6.15pm, juveniles and seniors starting at 8.30. More information from Garry on 692 767 242, and (juniors) Oscar on 600 871 606 (Spanish). RESULTS: ITV Vega Baja 3 UCAM Murcia 52; Albacete 21 XV Murcia 21; Lorca 19 Squalos San Javier 0; Gegants Novelda 7 Cartagena 34. LEAGUE TABLE (9ª Jornada)	i don't know
Which Swiss cheese was named after a valley near the city of Berne?	Urban Dictionary: emmental cheese emmental cheese Emmental cheese (sometimes also called Emmentaler or Emmenthal) is a Swiss cheese. It first came from Switzerland. It is named after the Emmental, the valley of a river, near Berne. Emmental cheese was first made around 1292 in that region. Emmental cheese is left to ripen for a period of 6-7 weeks. Ripening it for 8-12 weeks gives a more spicy (salty) cheese. In Europe, about 464 200 tons of Emmental are produced each year. Emmental Cheese is the formal name for Swiss Cheese. When I was a kid, we used to refer to Swiss cheese as "rat cheese," because it was the type of cheese always depicted in cartoons featuring mice and rats. Later I learned that not all cheese with holes is Swiss cheese and not all Swiss cheese has holes.	Emmenthal
Which starchy staple food of Africa, used to make 'Farofa Flour', also known as 'Manioc'?	Urban Dictionary: emmental cheese emmental cheese Emmental cheese (sometimes also called Emmentaler or Emmenthal) is a Swiss cheese. It first came from Switzerland. It is named after the Emmental, the valley of a river, near Berne. Emmental cheese was first made around 1292 in that region. Emmental cheese is left to ripen for a period of 6-7 weeks. Ripening it for 8-12 weeks gives a more spicy (salty) cheese. In Europe, about 464 200 tons of Emmental are produced each year. Emmental Cheese is the formal name for Swiss Cheese. When I was a kid, we used to refer to Swiss cheese as "rat cheese," because it was the type of cheese always depicted in cartoons featuring mice and rats. Later I learned that not all cheese with holes is Swiss cheese and not all Swiss cheese has holes.	i don't know
If you were born on August Bank Holiday Monday, what star sign are you?	August 31 Horoscope - August 31 Zodiac \| Famous Birthdays August 31 Horoscope August 31 Zodiac Being a Virgo born on August 31st, you are well known for your trustworthiness, discipline and caring nature. You have a strong understanding people and use this ability to identify the best way to help others. Likewise, you find little reason to manipulate, preferring to be honest and trustworthy over all else. In matters of work, you meet tasks with a strong attention to detail and dedication. These qualities make you a valued friend and employee. August 31 Element The Virgo's paired element is earth and in fact, you are the only zodiac sign with a fixed relationship with the element. Earth's influence can be witnessed in your wholly grounded nature. You often utilize your practicality to maintain realistic goals and expectations. You have an appreciation for all that stimulates the senses and subsequently have an interest in the material world. Embracing earth's positive qualities will assist you on your path to success in life, however, be aware that too much prudence may cause you to be overly cautious in all aspects of life. August 31 Planetary Influence Your sign's ruling planet is Mercury, but as you were born in the first Decan, or part, of the sign, you actually have twice Mercury's influence. Mercury is the planet of communication, which explains your mental agility and exceptional social skills. You use your mental ability in all aspects of your life, especially in work and in caring for others. Your planetary influence allows for your innate ability to lock into a task, rarely missing a single detail. Although your material pursuits are an important part of your sense of success, make sure to develop close relationships. You are loyal and dependable in relationships and you must find others that share in these values. August 31 Career While choosing a career is one of the greatest challenges in life, your natural social skills and generosity make a wide range of careers available for you to pursue. Your attention to detail may be well-suited for business, science or finance. Similarly, your social skills would be well-paired in a career in sales or education. If you are more interested in creative expression, the entertainment world may be more appealing to you. The successful careers of comedian Chris Tucker and actor Richard Gere, who were also born on August 31st, should serve as motivation. August 31 Sabian Symbol The Sabian Symbol for your birthday is an expressionist painter at work. Although you have a respect for tradition, you may have developed your own individual values. Embrace your originality and find a way to express it. Doing so could bring you a strong sense of fulfillment. Celebrity Relationships Here are a few Virgo celebrities born on August 31st and their past or present romantic connections:	Virgo interferometer
The 'Stratocaster' is a model of which make of guitar?	Were you born to be a star? What your birth sign says about your route to fame and fortune \| Daily Mail Online Were you born to be a star? What your birth sign says about your route to fame and fortune comments Always dreamed of a career in showbusiness? Well, research has revealed that you're twice as likely to hit the big time if you're born under Sagittarius. Analysis of the star signs of 100 celebrities found that nearly one in five of those who got their big break early were born between November 23 and December 21. They include Frank Sinatra, Jimi Hendrix, Noel Coward, Tina Turner, Britney Spears and Scarlett Johannson. The next most successful showbiz signs were Virgo and Cancer. Taureans, by comparison, are the least likely to find early fame as entertainers. That's much as an astrologer would expect. For whatever our star sign, we are all born blessed with different talents and inclinations that can shape our personalities - and our choice of careers - in later life. Read on to find out what gifts the heavens bestowed upon you at birth... and why it's never too late to fulfil your potential. The Mail's legendary astrologer JONATHAN CAINER has all the answers... . CAPRICORN (Dec 22-Jan 20) Frumpy to glamorous: Carol Vorderman Organisers. Managers. Chair-people. Treasurers. Judges and head teachers. Responsible, reliable people who will always put duty before levity and demonstrate true common sense. That's what we're told Capricorns are supposed to turn into when they grow up. Some, it's true, manifest such qualities right from early childhood. Capricorns somehow have old heads on young shoulders, even when they're still in nappies. Yet as they grow older, they mature like fine wines, becoming all the wiser and the more benign. Or at least, they do if they don't take themselves and their burdens too seriously. It's for this reason that, if you're a Capricorn, I'm loath to recommend an entry into any of the professions above, assuming you're not already engaged in one. You need steering away from such a straitlaced life towards more fun and adventure. Still, it's never too late to emerge from a frumpy facade and start glowing with glamour. Just look at Carol Vorderman! RELATED ARTICLES Jools Holland formed his first successful pop group at a very tender age According to some astrologers, Aquarians are supposed to be sociologists. They should study the behaviour of people, as individuals and groups and apply their observations to the benefit of humankind. Others insist Aquarians were born to be team leaders. They say they have motivational skills that are exceptional and impressive. It may all be true but, if you're an Aquarian, you'll know that what you really want to do is something that nobody else would ever think of doing, preferably in a field that has never been previously ploughed. You're quirky and unconventional. Yet you fully understand how to make folk think that what you're up to is perfectly normal, just as you love making the difficult look easy. And for you, more or less, it is. Jools Holland (pictured), who formed his first successful pop group at a very tender age and is breaking new ground to this day, makes a fine example of your affability and eccentricity at its best. PISCES (Feb 20-Mar 20) Gordon Brown: Pisceans are versatile and often hard to understand A healer? A poet? A painter? A diver? A jailer? A chiropodist? These are just some of the many career options you can choose from, if you are a Piscean who consults the traditional astrological guidebooks. Yet people born under this sign shouldn't feel obliged to narrow down their options. It doesn't suit them. Pisceans are versatile and those who don't allow themselves the freedom to chop and change risk fulfilling their escapist urges in their leisure time, with all kinds of controversial results. If you were born under this sign, you should know that it's far more appropriate to live your dream. Maybe you'll help make the world a better place for others in the process. Or at least, you'll think that this is what you are doing... and that will help you. Never believe that Pisceans are impractical. They may be many other things and they may, too, be hard to understand at times, but Einstein was a Pisces, and the current Prime Minister of Britain is too. I rest my case. ARIES (Mar 21-Apr 20) To be born under the sign of the Ram is to have no fear of locking horns with anyone! It makes you assertive, ambitious and energetic. It also makes you argumentative. And please, don't say: 'No it doesn't!' Chris Evans has a cavalier attitude to his career Aries-born people can, of course, be charming and gentle too. The wise ones soon learn to pick their fights carefully. But none can resist a chance to boldly go where none has gone before and, if this means they have to split a few infinitives along the way, they won't backtrack. Think, for example, of Chris Evans and the cavalier attitude he has taken to his own career. A refusal to be risk averse has paid great dividends. Even now, he's not afraid to step into Terry Wogan's shoes - shoes that many say can never be filled. If you're an Aries and you're not quite like this, there's still a lesson here. While you have great potential to become a military leader, a pioneering politician or a successful entrepreneur, what you're really best at is being yourself! TAURUS (Apr 21-May 21) Researchers have concluded that children born under Taurus are least likely to gain fame in early life. That fits. If you know you've got stamina and staying power, why would you swap a lifetime of stable success for a temporary triumph? Jessica Watson sailed single-handed around the world at just 16 Taureans want results not responses and they're willing to work long, hard, unsung hours to get these. Nor can they see the point in doing anything without a practical purpose. That's why they make good cooks, craftspeople, bakers, business-folk and bankers. Well, when I say bankers, I mean the kind we used to have. A bonus, to a Taurean, is a reward that must be reinvested. If you're a Taurean, you'll love art, sculpture, gardening and anything you can help to shape with the sheer force of your patient determination. Even if you set off early in life for success, you're far more likely, like Jessica Watson, to sail single-handed round the world at just 16 than seek the stormy sea of celebrity. GEMINI (May 22-June 22) Kylie Minogue has shown us all her fighting spirit If you're born under the sign of the twins, you're not obliged to develop a split personality, but you will always see two sides to every story. That gives you a natural edge in research, commerce and communication. In the unlikely event that you ever run out of people to debate things with, you can play the game of 'devil's advocate' all by yourself. You can argue any case from any angle and while not all barristers are born under your sign, many Geminis love to feel sure they know the law, even if they work in their other favourite fields, such as sales, education and journalism. A competitive urge often takes Geminis into the sporting arena where they can demonstrate their endless will to win. Kylie Minogue has shown us all her fighting spirit and she demonstrates, too, Gemini versatility in the way she began life as an actress and turned into a pop star. Though not all Geminis are quite so glamorous, all can turn on the sex appeal with unnerving ease when they feel so inspired. CANCER (June 23-July 23) Lindsay Lohan: Good at pretending to be what everyone else wanted her to be Cancerians are ruled by the Moon. They go through so many moods and phases that it's hard to pigeonhole them. What comes naturally to a Cancerian when the mood is right may prove elusive a short while later. That's why, when a Cancerian says 'I don't feel like doing this right now', they should always be listened to and waited for. If you were born under this sign, you'll know how sensitive you are to 'timing'. You are also sensitive to the needs of others. Just as the Moon reflects sunlight, you reflect attitudes and expectations. You're supposed to make such a good nurse, cook or carer. It's not that you can't do anything else, just that you've always got access to your kindness and your desire to support. It's also why you should be wary of glitzy, superficial situations. Lindsay Lohan is a classic example of a Cancerian who got so good at pretending to be what everyone else wanted her to be, she forgot how to be herself. LEO (July 24-Aug 23) JK Rowling's character Harry Potter is also a Leo What can a Leo do with their life? Anything they want to! If you're born under this sign, you've got a head full of application and dedication plus a heart full of loyalty and generosity. You like making people happy. That's why you get so cross when you encounter folk who revel in making people angry, grumpy or sad. You should be a campaigner for justice or a fighter for freedom. There aren't, though, many jobs like this in the classifieds! But you'll take on any role as long as it allows you to express that side of yourself. Indeed, your ability to play almost any part is almost magical. Which brings us neatly round to Harry Potter. He's a Leo, as is JK Rowling, who gave her character her own birthday. Like them, all Leos should know that nothing will ever hold them back while they're brave enough to face fears that others hardly dare to name. VIRGO (Aug 24-Sep 23) Michael Jackson had the Virgo genius, but he also had other influences Virgos were placed on this earth to put right whatever everyone else has got wrong in such a subtle, sensitive way that nobody even notices. If you're a Virgo, you will know all about this compulsion to compensate. It's what drives you, simultaneously, to success and to distraction. No wonder you're not bothered by all that nonsense about how your sign is supposed to be about tidiness, detail and order. You've been misunderstood your whole life long. Fortunately, naturally, you quite understand why others don't understand. It's just another item on that great long list of misunderstandings that you feel obliged to make allowance for. That sense of obligation affects you greatly, but as it also makes you truly brilliant in whatever field you gravitate towards, we must see it as yet another mixed blessing. Michael Jackson had the Virgo genius, too. But he also had other influences on his chart and childhood, which you can consider yourself blessed to have missed out on. LIBRA (Sep 24-Oct 23) Simon Cowell: Combines the role of critic and mentor so well Art, music, beauty and quality control. These are the areas that Librans are supposed to excel in. And they do. But you've also got an impressive ability to ask questions that can't be answered in all areas. Others say: 'That's the way it is.' You say: 'Why can't it be some other way?' It makes you difficult to work with, at times, yet it also makes you a most rewarding kind of colleague. You amble through life's options and alternatives, collecting ideas and strategies which turn out to be of immense value. And if, at times, you're assertive about the need to implement these, it's only ever because you're right. As blessed as you are with insight, you are equally gifted with charm. You know how to make folk feel better about themselves, even when you're pointing out flaws that ought to concern them. Simon Cowell (pictured) was born under your sign. Who but someone born under the sign of the balance could combine that role of critic and mentor? SCORPIO (Oct 24-Nov 22) Scorpios can't really see round corners. They don't actually have X-ray eyes. Yet they know, somehow, what others are thinking, even when they think they aren't thinking it. David Dimbleby: Shows typical Scorpio traits of being blunt, direct and decisiveness Is it a form of telepathy? Is it the result of an agile intellect? Whatever it is, it makes them so strong and so incisive that nothing can defeat them. Other, perhaps, than their own propensity to become overly sensitive. In the research that demonstrated how some signs are more likely to end up finding early stardom, Scorpios didn't come top of the list. But then if you're a Scorpio, you'll know it's only in later life that you really began to find the confidence to work constructively, consistently. You can be blunt, direct and decisive. Yet when you delicately balance that with a degree of self restraint, you bring out the best in situations and in yourself. You'd make a natural hypnotist, healer, therapist, writer, researcher, journalist or, as in the case of your fellow Scorpio David Dimbleby , interviewer. SAGITTARIUS (Nov 23-Dec 21) Why are Sagittarians more likely to end up child stars than people born under any other sign? Because from the moment they are born, they exude natural exuberance. Noel Coward was a child star who grew up to be a creative genius They can't repress it and they won't restrain it! Yet it's so honest, natural and hopeful that it melts even the most cynical hearts. Sagittarians of any age have a kind of selective deafness. There are some words they just can't hear. Like, for example, the word 'impossible'. If it registers at all, it acts as an invitation. As you'll know, if you are a Sagittarian, the impossible is not always as impossible as most folk think. And if you only ever rise successfully to such a challenge once, you can then feel justified in taking on more such tasks; for better or for worse. While you're naturally inclined towards law, publishing, event management or exploration, impossible things have a way of working out well for you. Noel Coward was a child star who grew up to be a creative genius. He's just one more example of what can be done, as long as you don't start to believe that it can't!	i don't know
Which was the only 'Wonder of the Ancient World' located in what is now Iraq?	Wonders of Iraq - 7wonders.org Wonders of Iraq Official languages: Arab, Kurdish Population: 28 221 181 approximately Iraq is an important country in Western Asia whose official name is Republic of Iraq. This country has borders with Syria to northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the west and Arabia Saudi and Kuwait to the south. Besides, Iraq has a little coastline at the Persian Gulf in Umm Qasr. The capital of Iraq is the historical city of Baghdad which is located between the main rivers of the country the Tigris and the Euphrates, the same region where the legendary Mesopotamia were located and where they are the main archeological remains of Babylon the city of the Hanging Gardens, one of the seven wonders of the ancient World. The Republic of Iraq was created after the World War I as a protectorate of Great Britain. The territory that occupies Iraq belonged to the ancient Mesopotamia and later to the Turkish Empire. The population of the country is around 28 221 181 inhabitants, almost 75% of it are Muslim Arabs. The Iraq’s population is composed mainly by three ethnical groups Sunni Muslims which inhabit the zone around Baghdad in the center of the country, Shis’a Muslims that are mainly in the south and Kurdish that are in the north. Iraq is 437 072 square kilometers. The country is mainly desert, exception the zone between Tigris and Euphrates rivers where the land is very fertile. The north zone of the country is composed by mountains. The climate in most part of the country is the typical desert’s weather with mild to cool winters and dry and hot summers. The main economical activity of the country is the oil extraction and the official currency is the Iraqi dinar. Iraq has a GDP of around $89 billions with a GDP per capita of $2900 approximately. Iraq has a rich history; the ancient Greeks knew the territory of Iraq as Mesopotamia. This region was 5000 year ago the cradle of one of the first civilizations of the world, the Sumerian culture. The humanity owed to this culture many important advances like the first sciences, mathematics, laws and philosophies. Many archeologists think that this region was the cradle of the civilization. At the beginning of the VII century the territory of Iraq was ruled by the Rashidun Caliphate whose capital was in Damascus. In the VIII century Baghdad became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and one of the most important cities of the Arab world for five centuries until XIII century when Mongols destroyed and sacked the city. By 1535 Baghdad was ruled by Ottoman Turks who controlled Iraq until XX century. In the World War I Ottoman were allied of Germany. In the bloody campaign of Mesopotamia British forces took the control of the zone. Once the war was finished The Treaty of Sevres and the Treaty of Lausanne defined the conformation of the Western Asia and granted the United Kingdom the control over Iraq. United Kingdom granted Iraq its independence in 1932; but they imposed a monarchy, known as Hashemite monarchy leaded by the King Faisal who ruled until 1939. Then Ali al-Gaylani took the power; therefore UK invaded Iraq to ensure oils supplies in western nations and because the new Iraqi leader supported the nazis. The British reinstalled the Hashemite monarchy, which lasted until 1958 when was defeated by a coup d’état of the Iraqi army leaded by General Abdul Karim Qassim who was overthrown by the Colonel Abdul Salam Arif in 1963, Abdul Salam died in 1966 and he was replaced by his brother Abdul Rahman . Finally in 1968 Abduhl Rahman was overthrown by the Arab Socialist Baath Party which Saddam Hussein was part. In 1979 Hussein became president of Iraq. In 1980 Saddam Hussein declared war against Iran. USA supported Hussein because they believed fundamentalist Iranian regimen leaded by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeni was a threat. During the war Huseein’s troops attacked Iranians soldiers and civil people with chemical arms. In 1990 the dictator decided to invade and declare Kuwait part of Iraq searching the oil of this country. But, United Nations Security Council authorized a international coalition to intervene in Kuwait. The international coalition leaded by the ancient partner of Iraq, United States (which had many economical interests in the zone) defeated the Iraqi troops in the Gulf War. But, the barbarian dictator ordered his troops to destroy the oil wells of Kuwait, this fact caused a great economical and mainly ecological disaster. Between 1991 and 2003 economic sanctions were imposed to Iraq. Meanwhile, Sadam Hussein responded violently to the protest of the people. In March 2003 United States invaded Iraq for decision of George W. Bush under the pretext to seek mass destruction weapons and without the authorization of UN (these weapons were never found). Now Iraq is controlled by American troops and is in the midst of a great social, economical and political crisis. But, Iraq is much more that war and evil leaders. It is a great country with many resources and good, warm, resilient and strong people, proof of this is the National team of football, which won the Asian Championship in 2007; despite the difficult situation in the country. Iraq has also a great glorious history and culture, which the entire civilized world wished that Iraqi people will recover very soon.	Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Preceding 'Brownies', what name is given to the youngest section of the Girl Guiding movement in the UK?	Hanging Gardens of Babylon Facts Hanging Gardens of Babylon Facts Hanging Gardens of Babylon Facts The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are thought to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon. Even though there is no proof that they actually existed, they are considered to be one of the Seven Wonders of the World. It is called the Hanging Gardens because the gardens were built high above the ground on multi-level stone terraces. The plants weren't rooted in the earth like a traditional garden. If it existed it was likely the most beautiful man-made gardens ever created. Interesting Hanging Gardens of Babylon Facts: The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world that may not even have existed. There is no documentation in Babylonian sources that the gardens ever existed. There is also no solid archaeological evidence that they existed. Several ancient Roman and Greek writers wrote about the gardens. They wrote about why they were built, how they were built, and the size of the gardens. They even described how the gardens were watered. They didn't all agree on why they were built or who they were built for. The most popular theory is that the gardens were built by king Nebuchadnezzar II to make his wife happy. She was homesick for the plants and gardens of her homeland. King Nebuchadnezzar II ruled Babylon from 605BC, for a period of 43 years. It was during this time that he is said to have had the Hanging Gardens built. If the gardens actually existed, it would have taken 8,200 gallons of water each day to keep the plants watered. The gardens were thought to be about 75 feet high. The water would have had to have been carried up or transported to the top of the gardens by a primitive water irrigation system. There are many clay tablets that exist from the time period when the Hanging Gardens would have existed. None of these ancient tablets mention the Hanging Gardens. Many believe that if the gardens did exist they would have been located south of Bagdad in Iraq. Some historians and archaeologists believe that the gardens did exist and were destroyed by war and erosion. Some believe it was earthquakes that eventually devastated and destroyed the gardens. In the ‘Hanging Gardens', the plants did not actually hang. They grew from many different levels of terraces (similar to balconies). The word ‘hanging' comes from the Latin word ‘pensilis' or the translation of the Greek word ‘kremastos'. It actually means overhanging instead of just hanging. A Greek historian named Diordorus Siculus described the gardens as being 400 feet wide by 400 feet long. He also said that the walls were more than 80 feet high. Between 1899 and 1917 a German archaeologist Robert Koldewey may have unearthed the Hanging Gardens. What he unearthed resembled what Diordorus Siculus had described. In the bottom of the ‘hanging gardens' there were three strange holes in the floor that would have worked well for a chain pump irrigation system. This would have made it possible to irrigate the plants. Recent excavations have found traces of aqueducts near Nineveh, which would have supported such a garden. Nineveh is 300 miles away from Babylon. Related Links:	i don't know
'Operation Jubilee' was the World War II codename for the attack on which seaport in 1942?	World War II - Dieppe Raid - Operation Jubilee 1,500 men Dieppe Raid - Background: Following the Fall of France in June 1940, the British began developing and testing new amphibious tactics which would be needed in order to return to the Continent. Many of these were utilized during the commando operations conducted by Combined Operations. In 1941, with the Soviet Union under extreme pressure, Joseph Stalin asked Prime Minister Winston Churchill to expedite the opening of a second front. While British and Americans forces were not in a position to launch a major invasion, several large raids were discussed. In identifying potential targets, Allied planners sought to test tactics and strategies that could be used during the main invasion. Key among these was whether a large, fortified seaport could be captured intact during the initial phases of the attack. Also, while infantry landing techniques had been perfected during the commando operations, there was concern regarding the effectiveness of the landing craft designed to carry tanks and artillery, as well as questions regarding the German response to the landings. Moving forward, planners selected the town of Dieppe, in northwest France, as the target. Dieppe Raid - The Allied Plan: Designated Operation Rutter, preparations the raid began with the goal of implementing the plan in July 1942. The plan called for paratroopers to land east and west of Dieppe to eliminate German artillery positions while the Canadian 2nd Division assaulted the town. In addition, the Royal Air Force would be present in force with the goal of drawing the Luftwaffe into battle. Embarking on July 5, the troops were aboard their ships when the fleet was attacked by German bombers. With the element of surprise eliminated, it was decided to cancel the mission. While most felt the raid was dead, Lord Louis Mountbatten, the head of Combined Operations, resurrected it on July 11 under the name Operation Jubilee. Working outside of the normal command structure, Mountbatten pressed for the raid to go forward on August 19. Due to the unofficial nature of his approach, his planners were forced to utilize intelligence that was months old. Changing the initial plan, Mountbatten replaced the paratroopers with commandos and added two flank attacks designed to capture the headlands that dominated Dieppe's beaches. Dieppe Raid - A Bloody Failure: Departing on August 18, with Major General John H. Roberts in command, the raiding force moved across the Channel towards Dieppe. Issues quickly arose when the eastern commando force's ships encountered a German convoy. In the brief fight that followed, the commandos were scattered and only 18 successfully landed. Led by Major Peter Young, they moved inland and opened fire on the German artillery position. Lacking the men to capture it, Young was able to keep the Germans pinned down and away from their guns. Far to west, No. 4 Commando, under Lord Lovat, landed and quickly destroyed the other artillery battery. Next to land were the two flank attacks, one at Puys and the other at Pourville. Landing at Pourville, just to the east of Lovat's commandos, Canadian troops were put ashore on the wrong side of the Scie River. As a result, they were forced to fight through town to gain the only bridge across the stream. Reaching the bridge, they were unable to get across and were forced to withdraw. To the east of Dieppe, Canadian and Scottish forces hit the beach at Puys. Arriving in disorganized waves, they encountered heavy German resistance and were unable to get off the beach. As the intensity of the German fire prevented rescue craft from approaching, the entire Puys force was either killed or captured. Despite the failures on the flanks, Roberts pressed on with the main assault. Landing around 5:20 AM, the first wave climbed up the steep pebble beach and encountered stiff German resistance. The attack on the eastern end of the beach was stopped completely, while some progress was made at the western end where troops were able to move into a casino building. The infantry's armor support arrived late and only 27 of 58 tanks successfully made it ashore. Those that did were blocked from entering the town by an anti-tank wall. From his position on the destroyer HMS Calpe, Roberts was unaware that the initial assault was trapped on the beach and taking heavy fire from the headlands. Acting on fragments of radio messages which implied that his men were in the town, he ordered his reserve force to land. Taking fire all the way to the shore, they added to the confusion on the beach. Finally around 10:50 AM, Roberts became aware that the raid had turned into a disaster and ordered the troops to withdraw back to their ships. Due to heavy German fire, this proved difficult and many were left on the beach to become prisoners. Dieppe Raid - Aftermath: Of the 6,090 Allied troops that took part in the Dieppe Raid, 1,027 were killed and 2,340 were captured. This loss represented 55% of Roberts' total force. Of the 1,500 Germans tasked with defending Dieppe, losses totaled around 311 killed and 280 wounded. Severely criticized after the raid, Mountbatten defended his actions citing that despite its failure it provided vital lessons which would be used later in Normandy . In addition, the raid led Allied planners to drop the notion of capturing a seaport during the initial stages of the invasion, as well as showed the importance of pre-invasion bombardments and naval gunfire support.	Dieppe
Which French footballer was 'World Footballer of the Year' in 1983, 1984 and 1985?	BBC - History - World Wars: The Dieppe Raid The Dieppe Raid By Julian Thompson Last updated 2011-03-30 Did lessons learnt in the disastrous Dieppe Raid of 1942 secure the success of the Normandy landings? Julian Thompson questions how useful the tactical blunders and senseless slaughter were in planning D-Day. On this page Print this page Why Dieppe? On 19 August 1942, a disastrous seaborne raid was launched by Allied forces on the German-occupied French port of Dieppe. Why was such a raid ever undertaken? Because, with Germany operating deep in the Soviet Union, the Russians were urging the Allies to relieve the pressure on them by opening a second front in north-west Europe. At the same time the British Chief of Combined Operations, Rear Admiral Louis Mountbatten, was agitating for a practical trial beach landing, against real opposition, for his troops. In the face of this pressure, Churchill decided that Operation Rutter, a 'hit and run' raid on Dieppe, should go ahead. Top The plan and the players The Canadian government was keen for its troops to take part © British Lieutenant General Bernard Montgomery's South-Eastern Command provided the troops for the operation, and planned an unimaginative frontal assault, without heavy preliminary air bombardment. Montgomery was also being pressed by the Canadian government to ensure that Canadian troops saw some action, so the Canadian 2nd Division, under Major General Roberts, was selected for the main force. These troops were to assault the town and port of Dieppe, while, as a distraction, British parachute units would attack German batteries on the headlands on either side of the Canadians. The first rehearsal was a disaster, but a second try, ten days later, went better, and Montgomery was satisfied. On 1 July it was agreed that the raid would take place either on 4 July, or on the first day afterwards that promised favourable weather conditions. The first rehearsal was a disaster ... The attack was to be mounted from five ports between Southampton and Newhaven, with forces made up of around 5,000 Canadians, 1,000 British troops, and 50 US Rangers. There were 237 ships and landing craft, and 74 squadrons of aircraft, of which 66 were fighter squadrons. Top Changes and security The plan: frontal attack without aerial bombardment © The weather was consistently bad, however, and on 7 July the operation was postponed. Montgomery wanted it cancelled altogether, as the troops had been briefed and he was afraid that word of the operation might leak out. Unusually for him, however, he did not persist with his demand, and preparations continued. He was not involved in the matter for long, in any case, as he was summoned to Egypt to command the Eighth Army. Meanwhile, a number of changes to the plan were made. The codename was changed to Jubilee. The planned air bombardment on Dieppe was reduced, for fear of French casualties, and because of the continuing priority of the strategic bombing offensive on Germany. Eight destroyers were allocated to bombard the shore from seaward, as it was judged that battleships could not be used, being too vulnerable when they were close to the coast. The parachute operation on the flanks, even more dependent on the weather than the seaborne assault, was cancelled. This task was instead given to Numbers 3 and 4 Army Commandos, to the relief of the Commanding Officer of 1st Parachute Battalion, who later commented that from the outset of the raid 'security was abysmal'. Intelligence on the enemy was patchy. It was decided that the Royal Marine Commando, which had been in the force from the outset, was to land in fast gunboats and motor boats after the main force had gone in. They were then to destroy the Dieppe dock installations, and capture documents in a safe in the port office. The break-in was to be the special responsibility of a marine who had been a burglar in civilian life. Intelligence on the enemy was patchy. There were German gun positions dug into the sides of the headland cliffs, but these were not spotted by Allied air reconnaissance photographers. Planners assessed the beach gradient and its suitability for tanks only by scanning holiday snapshots. As a consequence, enemy strength and terrain were grossly underestimated. In addition, the Germans were on high alert having been warned by French double gents that the British were showing interest in Dieppe. They had also detected increased radio traffic and the concentration of landing craft in Britain's south coast ports. Top Initial assault Without sufficient air cover, tanks were exposed to enemy fire © The raid began at 04.50 on 19 August, with attacks on the flanking coastal batteries, from west to east. These included Varengeville (Number 4 Commando), Pourville (the South Saskatchewan Regiment and the Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada), Puys (the Royal Regiment of Canada), and Berneval (Number 3 Commando). By this time, however, the element of surprise that the planners had counted on was lost. Some of the landing craft escorts had already exchanged shots with a small German convoy off Puys and Berneval at 03.48. ...the element of surprise that the planners had counted on was lost... Despite this, Number 4 Commando successfully stormed the Varengeville battery. This was the one unit that captured all of its objectives that day. Only 18 men from Number 3 Commando got ashore in the right place. Nevertheless, for a time they managed to distract the Berneval battery to such good effect that the gunners fired wildly all over the place, but the commandos were eventually forced to withdraw in the face of superior enemy forces. At Puys, the Royal Regiment of Canada was annihilated. Just 60 men out of 543 were extracted from the beach. And only a handful of the men of the South Saskatchewan Regiment reached their objectives, with others from this regiment landing in the wrong place. The Queen's Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada, despite being landed late, did manage to penetrate further inland than any other troops that day, but they were soon forced back as German reinforcements rushed to the scene. Top Main assault At 11.00, the order to withdraw was given © Half an hour later the main frontal assault by the Essex Scottish Regiment and Royal Hamilton Light Infantry started, supported by 27 Churchill tanks of the 14th Canadian Army Tank Regiment. The tracks of most of the tanks were stripped as they were driven on to the shingle beach, and the bogged down vehicles became sitting ducks for German anti-tank guns. Those tanks that did cross the sea wall were stopped by concrete roadblocks. The infantry were slaughtered on the beach by vicious cross-fire from machine-guns hidden in the cliffs. Supporting fire by naval destroyers was far too light to have much effect. To make things worse, Canadian Major General Roberts could not see the objective, because of a smoke screen laid by ships in support of the landings. As a result, acting on incorrect information and unaware of the mayhem on the beaches, he now made the mistake of reinforcing failure and sent in his two reserve units. ... the bogged-down vehicles became sitting ducks for the anti-tank guns. Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal, launched straight at the centre of the town, were pinned down under the cliffs, and Roberts ordered the Royal Marine Commando to land in order to support them. This was a completely new task, involving passing through the town and attacking batteries on the east headland. The last minute change of plan caused utter chaos. The commanding officer had to transfer all his men from gunboats and motor boats into landing craft used in the earlier waves, and brief them on the new mission in very short order. Many of the RMC craft were hit and disabled on the run-in. Those men that did reach the shore were either killed or captured. The commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel 'Tigger' Phillipps, seeing that the mission was suicidal, stood up on the stern of his craft and signalled to those following him that they should turn back. He was killed a few moments later. At 11.00, under heavy fire, the withdrawal from the beaches began. It was completed by 14.00. Casualties from the raid included 3,367 Canadians killed, wounded or taken prisoner, and 275 British commandos. The Royal Navy lost one destroyer and 33 landing craft, suffering 550 dead and wounded. The RAF lost 106 aircraft to the Luftwaffe's 48. The German army casualties were 591. Top Who to blame? Claims that Mountbatten did not have authority have been discounted © Churchill and the Chiefs of Staff - the heads of the Navy, Army and Air Force, who met daily to discuss strategy and advise Churchill - were responsible for this disastrous misjudgement. But, because no written record exists of the Chiefs of Staff approving the raid in its final form, it has sometimes been suggested that it was really Mountbatten who remounted it without authorisation. This is almost certainly nonsense. The Chiefs of Staff disliked Mountbatten, regarding him as an upstart foisted on them by Churchill, so any unauthorised action on his part would have given them the ammunition to recommend his removal. Since Mountbatten was not removed, and the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, General Sir Alan Brooke, in his frank and detailed diary, makes no mention of his having exceeded his authority, it seems unlikely that Mountbatten can be accused of mounting the raid without authority. General Brooke was in the Middle East from 1 August 1942, returning on the 24th, after the event. This was unfortunate, for, as the most forceful and intelligent of the Chiefs of Staff, had he been in Britain in the days preceding the raid, he might have persuaded Churchill to call it off. The disaster did point up the need for much heavier firepower in future raids. Much has been said since about the fact that the Dieppe raid was a necessary precursor to the great amphibious operations that were to follow, in terms of the lessons learned and experience gained. Mountbatten pursued that line all his life. But as Chief of Combined Operations, he did bear some of the responsibility for mounting the operation, so one can only comment, 'he would say that, wouldn't he?' The disaster did point up the need for much heavier firepower in future raids. It was recognised that this should include aerial bombardment, special arrangements to be made for land armour, and intimate fire support right up to the moment when troops crossed the waterline (the most dangerous place on the beach) and closed with their objectives. However, it did not need a debacle like Dieppe to learn these lessons. As judged by General Sir Leslie Hollis - secretary to the Chiefs of Staff Committee and deputy head of the Military Wing of the War Cabinet with direct access to Churchill - the operation was a complete failure, and the many lives that were sacrificed in attempting it were lost with no tangible result. Unauthorised Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid by Brian Loring Villa (Oxford University Press, 1989) Canada at Dieppe by T Murray Hunter (Canadian War Museum, Ottawa, 1982) Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War: Vol 1, Six Years of War by CP Stacey (Ottawa, 1966) The Commandos 1940-1946 by Charles Messenger (William Kimber, 1985) March Past by Lovat, the Lord (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978) The Green Beret: The Story of the Commandos 1940-1945 by Hilary St George Saunders (Michael Joseph, 1949) Commando by Peter Young (Macdonald, 1970) Top About the author Major General Thompson served in the Royal Marines for 34 years. He commanded on operations at all levels from platoon to brigade in the Near, Middle and Far East, and the Southern and Northern Regions of Europe. At the end of 1986 he retired as a Major General and then spent three years at the Department of War Studies, King's College, London. He is now a visiting Professor in War Studies at King's College London. He has published eight books on military history and contributed to seven others.	i don't know
If you were landing at an airport with the international airport code 'VCE', in which European city would you be in?	Venice Marco Polo Airport Top 11 Free Sights Venice Marco Polo Airport (VCE) What you need to know before arriving or departing at Venice's international airport, including advice on reaching the city by boat, bus, or taxi. By Durant Imboden For many foreign visitors, flying to Italy means booking a ticket to Milan or Rome. And that's a shame, because Venice's Marco Polo International Airport is often a more convenient gateway. Why? Distance to the city center is one reason. The Piazzale Roma is just 20 minutes away by land taxi or airport bus , and the Lido, the Piazza San Marco, and other locations in the historic center are easy to reach via the Alilaguna airport boat . ABOVE: An aerial view of Venice's international airport, which is built on the edge of the Venetian Lagoon. INSET BELOW: An Emirates jet arrives in Venice, and a ticket counter for Venice's public bus and boat services. Marco Polo Airport is also more manageable in size than its counterparts in Milan and Rome, although it can feel like a Third-World airport if you're departing on a weekend or on a day when thousands of passengers have been disgorged by cruise ships. Consider yourself fortunate if you arrive or depart on a clear day, when views from the air can be breathtaking. You'll see the Dolomites, the Adriatic, and the Venetian Lagoon. You'll see land that's submerged at high tide, suggesting a Northern Italian version of Atlantis. And if you're on the right side of the plane, you'll see the city itself, with instantly recognizable landmarks like the Campanile di San Marco and the Grand Canal. Arriving at VCE If you're renting a car, you'll find rental counters in the arrivals lounge. Other services include free luggage carts, public telephones, baggage storage, toilets, tourist information, hotel bookings, currency exchange, and tickets for local and regional transportation. (See the links to the Marco Polo airport's Web site on the next page if you have questions about passenger services.) For information on ground transportation, use the "Also see" navigation links below. You may also find our aerial photo map helpful, although some of Google's satellite details may not be up to date. Warning: If you have a luggage problem, filing a claim can be a frustrating experience . Not long ago, one of our suitcases didn't arrive on an Air France from Paris, and we had to stand in line for more than three hours to make a report.	Venice
One of the 'Seven Wonders of the Ancient World' was the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. Near which modern tourist resort is the site located?	Lufthansa Airlines to Venice Flight Tickets, Lufthansa Airlines Cheap Fares to Venice, International Airlines Status, Schedules \| MakeMyTrip India Lufthansa (LH 9461) Check Time ---T--- 6h 10m & 1 Stop Book now Lufthansa Airlines to Venice Flight Tickets, Lufthansa Airlines Cheap Fares to Venice, International Airlines Status, Schedules \| MakeMyTrip India About Lufthansa Airlines Lufthansa Airlines is the largest airlines company in Europe in terms of passengers carried as well as fleet size. It is also known as Deutsche Lufthansa and came in existence in year 1953 but started to operate in 1955 as flag carrier of Germany. It has two major operating hubs in Europe. One is Frankfurt Airport and another is Munich Airport. It is founding member of Star Alliance and serves various destinations worldwide. It connects many destinations like Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich, Zurich, Hannover and Nuremberg. Top cities of many countries are covered by it. Many city of India are also covered by it. Hundreds of destinations in 6 continents are covered by this airline. Its main operational hubs are Frankfurt Airport, Munich Airport and two others. It has also code share agreements with Air India, Luxair, Air Malta and JetBlue Airways. The three travel classes which are offered by it are First Class, Business Class and Economy Class. First class, Business class and economy class services are offered in international flights but business class and economy class services are offered in European domestic flights. This airline offer services to more than 78 countries in which Asia, Europe, America and Africa are main continents. Within South Africa its services are limited. Johannesburg, Cape Town, East London, Durban and Port Elizabeth are connected to each other by this airline. About Venice (VCE) Famous for its historical culture and scenic charm, the city of Venice is one of the oldest cities in the world. Founded more than 1500 years back, Venice is linked with a chain of 150 canals, 400 bridges and many old roadways. While exploring the city, one can see the architectural buildings that were constructed on thin oak and posts driven deep into the ground to give it a rock-solid foundation. Tourists can also find number of famous museums, historical monuments and world-known churches which show you some of the magical colours of this majestic city. The city also gives you a clear picture of its glories past and lively present. Though the city is quite small in the terms of area, but its mark on the map of Italy is big. Some of the best attractions of the city are Chiesa di San Sebastiano, Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute, Campo dei Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Scuola Grande di San Rocco, Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, and Canal Grande where you can enjoy a time of your life with your loved ones. Don't miss the chance to enjoy boating at the Venetian Lagoon and Gondola that would surely add some of the most beautiful moments which you will cherish throughout life. If you are a theater lover, you can visit many famous theaters in the city. For the shopping freaks, the city has a lot to offer. There are many shopping malls and complexes where you can find all the branded products. Enjoy the magic of this city during the time of Venice Carnival which is usually held in the months of September to November. You don't need any specific season or time to visit this city as the climate remains quite pleasant throughout the year. If you are making your mind to visit this part, then you can book your air tickets to Venice through one of the leading online travel portal known as MakeMyTrip.com. Here on this dedicated travel portal, you can also get some attractive discounts on your every booking. Booking your hotels and flights is quite easy as you just need to follow few steps on MakeMyTrip. Less	i don't know
In which English town or city is Her Majesty's Prison Featherstone?	Her Majesty's Prisons (Hansard, 2 December 1981) Her Majesty's Prisons (Birmingham, Sparkbrook) I beg to move, That this House, believing that conditions in Her Majesty's Prisons are now both an affront to a civilised society and a continued threat to the maintenance of law and order within the United Kingdom, calls upon the Home Secretary to meet the crisis of overcrowding by reducing both the number of offenders sentenced to imprisonment and the lengths of those custodial sentences which must be imposed, and to introduce those reforms which would enable the Prison Services to treat offenders in a way consistent with the real objects of the penal system. Neither the existence nor the extent of the crisis within our prisons is, I believe, in dispute. We have recently had dramatic evidence provided, for example, by the governors of Wormwood Scrubs prison and Manchester prison in their letters to The Times and The Daily Telegraph. Adding to the drama and the serious nature of the crisis is a statement that I understand has been made today by the Prison Officers Association at Strangeways, which has announced that it will accept into that prison no more prisoners on remand or prisoners committed to it by magistrates' courts until it has received from the Home Secretary a written assurance concerning the date on which new building in that prison will begin. I emphasise that I neither applaud nor support such unilateral action. However, it seems that that action, like a statement that I understand has been made on behalf of all prison governors to the Home Secretary today, is certain evidence of the conditions that are now applying in British prisons. I am told that there are now 1,600 prisoners in Strangeways, which at best was designed to accommodate 1,021. I do not wish to dwell on the evidence provided by the more dramatic sources, such as prison officers and prison governors, who have recently made their position clear. We have a more authoritative and in every way a more important source of evidence from which to describe the degradation which is now our prison system. It states: two or three men crowded into a small and deteriorating cell in boredom and futility with no integral sanitation facilities and crowded for up to 23 hours each day. It continues: less and less attention, training and work experience". The third passage states: more and more frustration and resentment building up among men and women who are obliged to live every hour of every day by the strict routine associated with minimum free association and few facilities. That indictment of our present prison system was made by the Home Secretary when speaking to Sunderland Conservatives two months ago. As well as winning high marks and, from me at least, high praise for his description of the crisis, the right hon. Gentleman deserves equal commendation for his prescription of the cure. He said: Our task is to seek to reduce both the numbers of offenders sentenced to imprisonment and the length of those sentences which must be imposed. 275 It is those words that make up the bulk of the Opposition's motion, a motion which I understand will not gain the Home Secretary's support although it repeats his words exactly. We have tabled the motion because we hope to hear from the right hon. Gentleman that he and the Government are about to turn platitude into policy. We disagree with neither his prescription nor his account of life in our prisons. We know that the one imaginative proposal to be made during the past two years has been abandoned. I do not propose to follow the strange semantic argument that took place in another place on whether that proposal had been abandoned because the judiciary had vetoed it or had given "wise advice" on which the right hon. Gentleman eventually acted. Whatever the reason and whatever the relationship between the right hon. Gentleman, the judges and the magistrates, the plan to release some prisoners after serving one third of their custodial sentence and requiring them for the next third to be out of prison but under constant supervision has been dropped. That real prospect of removing substantial numbers from the prison system has been abandoned. It has been replaced by a plan that is described rather paradoxically as a modified suspended sentence, which on the Government's admission will have nothing like the effect on the prison population that the original plan, proposed by the right hon. Gentleman and subsequently abandoned, would have had. The modified proposal may have no effect on the prison population. § (Orpington) The right hon. Gentleman has been describing the evils of overcrowding in our prisons but it is not suggested in the motion that the most important contribution which could be made to easing that problem would be the provision of new prison accommodation. That remedy is set out in the Government's amendment. I wonder why the right hon. Gentleman is going on so much about other alternatives instead of directing his mind to providing extra prison accommodation. § Mr. Hattersley If the hon. Gentleman will apply his normal rule of patience, he will discover that I do not advocate that solution because I do not believe in it. I do not believe that additional prison places are the answer. New prison places are, but they should be places that accommodate a substantially smaller prison population. If I may correct the hon. Gentleman as well as command the attention of the Home Secretary, I was not describing the evils of our present system, but quoting the Home Secretary's description of the evils of that system. It is on his definition of degradation that we in the Opposition stand, and on which I hope the right hon. Gentleman continues to stand in the debate. I repeat that the new scheme that the Home Secretary has introduced as a second best alternative to the one that he has dropped may not reduce the prison population. In our submission what we need above all is a substantial and immediate reduction in the numbers of men and women serving custodial sentences. The truth is— § Mr. Hattersley I shall deal with that attitude, which I shall later describe as being as unintelligent as it is barbarous. However, before I move on to that, I shall describe what I believe to be the position. In this country we send too many people to prison. Many of those who have to be incarcerated go to prison for far too long. In 1937 the prison population averaged each day a little more than 10,000. Now it fluctuates between 44,000 and 46,000. There has been an increase in the 14 to 17 age group, the prison population of young people having quadrupled over the last 15 years. That enormous prison population is largely accommodated in Victorian institutions, in conditions that the Victorians themselves would not have tolerated. They would not have tolerated three men in a cell for 23 hours a day or workshops that are closed because staff cannot provide adequate supervision. They would not have tolerated prisoners who enjoy the luxury of one bath every seven days. While in some ways there has been a deterioration from Victorian standards, the worst of Victorian facilities have been maintained, such as the obligation to slop out rather than enjoy proper sanitary facilities. All that seems absolutely intolerable. I hope that the Home Secretary says that it is intolerable to him and that he does not propose to tolerate it any longer. Perhaps in some ways paradoxically, only in Northern Ireland are our prisons anything like acceptable to the standards of a civilised community. Perhaps one of the things that we should do is to have a crash building programme in Great Britain to provide facilities here of the sort that are enjoyed—if that is the right description—in Northern Ireland. I emphasise to the hon. Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook), because I failed to explain this to him at first, that I do not want a facility of 44,000 or 46,000 modern places, but a substantial reduction in numbers. The men and women who must remain in prison—the residual minimum—should be housed in decent facilities. § (Anglesey) I have considerable sympathy with what the right hon. Gentleman says, as I hope the House will hear if I catch your eye later, Mr. Deputy Speaker. Is the right hon. Gentleman saying that this is a new phenomenon, a problem that has occurred only in the last 2½ years? If not, will he say what his Government, of which he was a member, did, and how they addressed their minds to the problem when he was in office? § Mr. Hattersley The point that I hope the hon. Gentleman already knows, if he has prepared a speech, is that the prison population has substantially increased over the last three years. I do not suggest that the problem did not exist. Of course, the prison population has increased. Those are matters that should not be in dispute. The figures are there and available. I do not pretend that there were not too many people in prison when I had the honour to serve as one of Her Majesty's Ministers. However, I insist that the position has substantially deteriorated. The things that governors and prison officers have said over the last months and the breakouts and disturbances in the last two years are comparatively recent phenomena as a result of the figure approaching and perhaps breaking the crisis barrier. The hon. Gentleman will discover when I reach the end of my speech that I hope that the matter will be decided 277 not as one of party dispute, but as one of both parties facing a crisis. If he wants the debate to degenerate to the level of party dispute that is his problem, but it is not my attitude and I believe that it is not that of the House or of the country. More appropriate is the objective analysis of what happens in Britain and the proper comparison of the people whom we send to prison in this country with those who are sent to prison in other parts of Western European society. Our figure for convicted prisoners who are serving their sentences is 80 per 100,000 of the population. In Holland it is only 13.4, in Italy it is 21.8, in Luxembourg it is 56.8, in Denmark it is 44.8 and in Germany, which has the highest figure apart from us, it is 67.1. In France, when the figures were last available, it was 39.4, which is only half the British figure. I said "when the figures were last available" because on coming to power President Mitterrand announced an immediate amnesty for prisoners in French prisons who were convicted and sentenced for crimes that he did not believe justified custodial sentences and were causing overcrowding in French prisons, a factor that he found unacceptable. One of the things that the Home Secretary must do in the light of what the governors and prison officers have told him, and of all the evidence that has been presented to him, is to consider whether he should have a general amnesty for the many people, whom I shall describe in a moment, who are presently in British prisons and who, by any standards of reason, sense, and humanity, should not be there. Surely he agrees that there are men and women in our prisons who not only should not be there but should never have been sent there. Men and women have been sent to prison for maintenance and small fine defaults. There are prostitutes convicted of soliciting, and drunks, beggars and the homeless, guilty of sleeping rough. We need immediate legislation to remove those offenders from the categories of custodial sentences. We need immediate Government action to remove from our prisons mentally sick men and women who are there only because hospitals will not accept them. I do not pretend that removing those categories from custodial sentence will result in a dramatic reduction in the prison population—it would be rather less than 4 per cent. While I do not pretend that that would make a dramatic reduction, first I believe that it is right and, secondly, I believe that it is a step in the right direction which, together with some of the other proposals that I have advanced to the House, would make a substantial, if not dramatic, reduction. My next proposal concerns prisoners on remand. The record for the whole United Kingdom for holding prisoners on remand compares favourably with at least half the other countries in Western Europe. However, the entire United Kingdom record is improved because of the average period spent on remand in Scotland. That is not the same for England and Wales. In Scotland there is an admirable system of requiring a man or woman to be brought to trial within 110 days of committal or requiring that man or woman to be allowed out there and then on bail. That system does not undermine the processes of Scottish justice, but concentrates the courts' and advocates' minds on the necessity to get on with the trial. When one considers the periods for which men and women are held on remand, one sees that a similar rule should be introduced in England and Wales. It is wrong that often an innocent man or woman may have to wait six months 278 in prison for the opportunity to demonstrate his or her innocence. A reduction in the period of remand, as well as being right in itself, would also be a second step towards limiting the size of the prison population. § Mr. Hattersley The hon. Member for Grantham (Mr. Hogg) sitting down—indeed, lying down—cries "How many?" The answer depends on how quickly his profession would respond to the 110-day rule. I cannot put a precise figure on it, but I believe that it is right in itself. § There are many estimates, one of which my hon. Friend is about to give me, although I shall not necessarily endorse it. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk I know that my right hon. Friend will endorse what I shall say. He will recall that the May committee referred to the fact that 44 per cent. of those held in custody on remand were subsequently found not guilty or given a non-custodial sentence. The May committee referred to this practice as a scandal. Not only are many of these people at least technically innocent, but invariably they are held in the most appalling conditions in our overcrowded local prisons. That is certainly an affront to any civilised society. § Mr. Hattersley I endorse every word that my hon. Friend has spoken. The only shortcoming of his intervention was that it did not answer the point made by the hon. Member for Grantham. My hon. Friend did not do so, because I do not think that an answer is possible. I suspect that the hon. Member for Grantham knows that no figure can be given. I hope that, as a distinguished member of the legal profession, the hon. Gentleman will agree that it is wrong that an innocent man or woman should sometimes be required to wait six months to demonstrate his or her innocence. I make a third suggestion as to how the prison population can be reduced. That is by the implementation of the one part of the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure with which I am in enthusiastic agreement—part II. The creation of a national prosecution service, staffed by solicitors and barristers who work independently of the local police force, would in my view avoid many of the present prosecutions that now send people to prison in an unnecessarily arbitrary way. I emphasise for a second time that those three suggestions do not constitute a policy that would reduce the prison population sufficiently dramatically, but they are a beginning, and the Home Secretary should implement my more radical proposals. We must legislate across a wide spectrum of the law for lower maximum sentences. If there are lower maximum sentences, the evidence suggests that the courts will impose a lower sentence when they determine where, within the maximum, the penalty ought to fall. I convince myself that the Home Secretary agrees with that general proposition, but the difference between him and me is that he wants to move by exhortation rather than by legislation. In Leicester two months ago, when speaking to local magistrates, he said that in his view there ought to be shorter sentences, but the evidence again suggests that exhortation to shorter sentences will not 279 produce the results that he and I both want to see. There must be legislation to reduce maximum sentences before a reduction is reflected in general sentencing policy. We shall convince the public of the efficacy of that policy—and only that will be acceptable to the House—only if we examine the purposes of imprisonment in a more rational and objective way than they have been examined in the past. We must move away from the idea that sentences must inevitably and always be either a fine or a custodial sentence. We should begin to introduce alternative penalties that will deter and punish in the way that fines and prison are supposed to do, but which will avoid the reckless waste of months spent in prison. We should examine the whole range of punishments at least for serious crimes, excluding crimes of violence, and decide how many would be more appropriately punished by an obligation to serve the community in some way to right the wrong that has been done and by a duty to provide some sort of restitution. For instance, it seems absurd that men and women convicted of an offence involving goods to which others are entitled, theft, fraud, or even the regular refusal to pay maintenance to wives and families should be sent to prison in a way that makes it impossible for them to make any restitution for the damage that they have done. § Does the right hon. Gentleman agree that a third of our prison population is made up of those convicted of burglary? What would he do with the burglars? § Some of them might be better occupied outside prison than inside prison. § That demonstrates one of the hon. Gentleman's prejudices. One of my convictions is that they are no less likely to burgle after they come out of prison. § They will not do it while they are inside. § Mr. Hattersley The hon. Gentleman says that they will not do so while inside, but even he would not expect people convicted of burglary to be inside for ever. I want to create a society in which crimes are less likely to be committed, rather than an unthinking society that considers punishing individuals only once a crime has been committed. It is enormously simplistic to say that all burglars ought automatically to be imprisoned. § (York) Will my right hon. Friend remind the critics across the Chamber of the experience in Holland where, in 1973, it was deliberately decided to cut the rate of sentencing by about half? There has been no increase in the crime rate there, which was then greater than the crime rates in other Western European countries. § Mr. Hattersley That is one of the clear implications from the figures of imprisonment that I gave in my comparison with other Western European countries. No one is suggesting that, inherently, those countries are more law-abiding than we are. Nor is anyone suggesting the obverse—that because of the small amount of custodial sentencing they have experienced rampant crime waves 280 that we have somehow avoided. The truth is that different penal systems have achieved better results than ours. My contention remains that non-custodial sentences, examined instance by instance by the Home Secretary and applied when desirable, would produce a better result. Of course, all this will need some money for hostels and more probation officers as well as many other additional resources, but prisons cost money as well. At present it costs a minimum of £7,000 a year to keep a man in prison. I believe that that money could be far better spent on a more progressive way of deterring and preventing crime. We should understand what happens when a man is sent to prison. We should examine why a man or woman is sent to prison in the first place. The hard fact of the matter—and this in some ways refutes the point made by the hon. Member for Grantham—is that nothing is more likely to send a man to prison for a second time than sending him to prison for the first time. If we want to reduce the prison population, the avoidance of sending first offenders to prison, or people being sent there at an unnecessarily early stage, is an absolute necessity for all of us who want to see a general improvement. I know that the Government accept that point of view. I also appreciate that one of their most important tasks is to convince the public that by reducing sentences and taking some crimes out of the realm of custodial sentence they will not be undermining the entire basis of the prison system as well as the prospects for law and order. One educational job which must be done concerns the reason why we send people to prison. Almost all hon. Members—certainly those educated in the 1950s—believe that people are sent to prison for moral improvement and social regeneration. The hard facts of the last 30 years are that that has not happened, and that the opposite often happens. If men or women leave prison improved, that is probably because of their resources rather than those of the prison. Prisons exist for three purposes. One is to punish, one to deter and one to protect from society those who must be permanently excluded from the continuing damage and injury they might do. If we consider prison in those terms, rather than believing in its reformative role, we shall consider more rationally how long men and women need to be incarcerated in order to maintain the deterrent and provide the punishment. We need to consider rationally the alternatives to prison as a punishment. This is only half a party point, but I know that the Home Secretary has some conversion and explanation to do within his own party, which contains the people who naturally and properly influence him most. I recall the lady at the Conservative Party conference who went to the rostrum shaking a pair of handcuffs at the assembled delegates. She had the remarkable good fortune of being almost one of my constituents. She explained that, although she felt some moral guilt, she could not bring herself or find it within her heart to feel sorry for those in prison, irrespective of how degrading and intolerable were the conditions in which they lived. I hope that the Home Secretary will do his best to argue against that attitude. He has chosen to be unpopular within his party in other good causes in the past, and I hope that he will have the courage and farsightedness to do the same again. The attitude of those who say "What does it matter what happens to them once they are inside? Since they are offenders, let them be treated in the most barbarous way", seems to be as foolish as it is uncivilised. 281 What we now do with too many offenders is to incarcerate them in a way which wastes money and lives, destroys families, and patently does nothing to reduce crime. The penal system as it now operates is not having the deterrent effect for which much of society hoped. I repeat that once people have been inside they have almost a prescription for going to prison again. Our chief and principal obligation, in terms of law and order and a civilised wish and duty, is to prevent the prisons from operating as they now do. To improve prison conditions and to make them something like tolerable, our first duty is to reduce dramatically the prison population. That would enable the prison regimes to be transformed. It would free them from a constant risk of disturbance and mutiny. It would increase the status of the prison officer. It would provide the prospect of training and rehabilitation in a way that does not exist today. Most importantly, it would redeem Britain's reputation as being a civilised society applying penal policies which are conducive to the standards which we in this House claim to hold. Even at this late hour, I ask the Home Secretary to accept the Opposition motion rather than to pursue the amendment, which is at best apologetic and at worst simply an attempt at self-justification. I do not regard the debate today as a party political affair. I have attempted to advance my case in essentially non-political terms. I have described what the Opposition believe to be a national emergency. The Home Secretary should choose to work with the entire House in facing and overcoming the emergency. I therefore hope that he will accept our motion rather than choose to divide the House and pretend that this is a matter of proper party controversy. It is not. It is a matter which equally concerns, exercises and worries all men and women of good will who want Britain to be a truly civilised place in which law and order are properly and reasonably preserved. The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Mr. William Whitelaw) I beg to move, to leave out from "That" to the end of the Question and to add instead thereof: this House, recognising that, as a result of increasing crime and decades of neglect, conditions in many of Her Majesty's Prisons are now both an affront to a civilised society and a continued threat to law and order, endorses the Government's strategy of providing new and improved prison accommodation through a sustained building programme, and of seeking the reduction in the prison population by encouraging the use by the courts of non-custodial sentences and shorter sentences of imprisonment, consistent with the need to protect the public". I shall explain to the right hon. Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) why it is right not to support his motion and why I believe that the amendment sets out the basic strategy that I shall put before the House. However, I assure him that I do not approach the matter in any party political sense. He knows that if I did that I could make the most devastating case against the previous Labour Government, of which he was a member, on every front that he has spoken about today. I shall not do that, because I agree with him that we must approach these serious problems as a united House. I welcome the debate as an opportunity for the House to discuss frankly the grave difficulties facing the prison system and the options open to the Government in confronting them. I intend to describe the Government's 282 strategy for dealing with the problems of the prison system—problems which are certainly in part the product of neglect and national indifference. That is why the Government have taken the lead during the past two years in opening up the prison system to the public gaze. We have exposed the human consequences of the decay of the prison estate and the overcrowding that results from a prison population well in excess of the accommodation available for it. My ministerial colleagues in the Home Office have repeated the message time and again, both in the House and elsewhere, that conditions in some of our prisons are, in the words of the director-general of the prison service, "an affront to civilised society". The message has been reinforced in a number of recent television programmes. Because of the Government's openness of approach, there is now probably more public understanding of prison conditions than at any time in the recent past. The problems are perhaps now too well known to require elaboration. I should, however, like to remind the House of one or two stark facts about their effects on the people within the system, both staff and inmates. No new closed prison or borstal was built in England and Wales in the 40 years between 1918 and 1958. As a result, 60 per cent. of adult male prisoners are accommodated in inadequate Victorian buildings. Just as important, about half the prison staff work in those inadequate conditions. That is bad enough. Yet the worst conditions are often found in the temporary wartime buildings which have reached the end of their useful life but which cannot, while the prison population remains high, be relinquished. The House will be well aware of the size of the prison population. The latest total is about 44,000 as against certified normal accommodation of less than 39,000. In practice, more than 37,000 means a degree of overcrowding. The global figures mask considerably greater overcrowding in local prisons. For example, on 31 October Birmingham prison, with room for 537 prisoners, held 927, of whom 576 were three to a cell. The sharing of cells is not necessarily wrong in itself, but when it is enforced and three to a cell it is intolerable. The weight of numbers imposes enormous strains on the ability of prison management to do more than cope. As a result of the priority afforded to manning the courts and escorting prisoners, staff are seldom available to provide more than the absolute minimum regime. There can be no dispute that conditions in some of our prisons today are quite unacceptable and that action must be taken to improve them. The May committee paid an eloquent tribute to the staff of the prison service—a tribute I endorsed when the committee's report was published and which I wish to reinforce today. The circumstances in which many staff work make it hard for them to feel that their task has any positive aspect, and their fundamental duty of protecting the public becomes more difficult to discharge. I have spoken of the physical limitations of the prison system. There are also human limits—limits on the ability of staff to do a constructive job if they are offered no hope. Of course, such circumstances do not apply throughout the prison service. There are some establishments which have modern facilities, which are not overcrowded, in which prisoners have access to a wide range of regime activities, and in which staff are able to play as active a role as they wish. Nevertheless, I have stressed the worst of the problems facing the prison system, because I do not 283 want the House to underestimate their scale or intractability. These are major problems. There is no single solution to them. The Government are, therefore, attacking them on several fronts. I turn, first, to what is being done to increase the available resources. The Government have a substantial building programme, which should produce 5,000 new places in the 1980s. We have approved the construction of six new prisons to start over the next three years, and work on Wyland in Norfolk, a new category C prison, has already begun. The others, in order of starting, are young offender establishments at Stocken in Leicestershire and Appleton Thorn in Cheshire; a dispersal prison at Full Sutton on Humberside; two category B prisons at Garth next to Wymott and Swaleside next to Standford Hill. I can also announce today decisions to proceed with two more new prisons—making eight in all—at Bovingdon in Hertfordshire and Lockwood in Oxfordshire, starting in 1984–85. In the longer term, we are considering, among other possibilities, a new women's prison at Featherstone near Wolverhampton and a much needed local prison in the London area at Woolwich. § Mr. Douglas Hogg Before my right hon. Friend leaves the important matter of bringing new prisons into existence, will he explain why he is not prepared to use places such as Beckingham on a long-term basis until the new prisons are available? They are perfectly able to house category C prisoners. § Mr. Whitelaw I visited the Army camp at Beckingham, which we had on a temporary basis and which we have just closed. Army camps, by their very nature, are not suitable for use as long-term prisons. They are extremely expensive to run in terms of staff, who have to live away from their homes and in very poor conditions during the period in which they are there. Nevertheless, I am extremely grateful to those who ran the temporary prisons, and to my hon. Friend's constituents for their understanding. The wartime camps are no substitute for the sort of programme that I am announcing today, although they were valuable to us during a short major emergency. § In the light of the decision by some prison officers today not to accept further remand prisoners, how can the immediate problem be resolved to their satisfaction? § Mr. Whitelaw The prison governor is seeing the members of the Prison Officers' Association who are concerned with that problem. It would be wrong for me, when the governor is discussing these matters, to make any comments that might prejudice his discussions in the prison. I know that the House and the hon. Gentleman would not expect me to do that. In addition to the new prisons that we are planning, there are 14 major capital projects at existing establishments on which we are spending £23 million in the current financial year. There are dozens of smaller schemes elsewhere. Moreover, following the statement by my right hon. and learned Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer this afternoon, I am able to announce an important enhancement of our redevelopment programme. In 1982–83, a substantially larger sum of money will be 284 provided for this purpose than had previously been planned. During the 1980s, we are planning major reconstruction projects at over 60 establishments which will, among other things, bring much improved access to sanitation. In present economic circumstances, this is a substantial investment in the future of the prison service. We have set in hand the most ambitious programme of building and reconstruction this century. Indeed, if it had been undertaken in the past it would have alleviated many of the problems that the Government inherited. Nevertheless, it is only a part of the solution to those problems, and, I am afraid, not the larger part. There are two reasons why an expansion of resources cannot be a complete answer to the problems of the prison service. First, the legacy of the past is such that a considerable building programme is needed simply to replace accommodation which will need to be taken out of use as a result of decay or through hazards common to any prison system. I said that 5,000 new prison places should be provided during the 1980s. How many of those would be additional places will depend on the unpredictable factors that I have mentioned. Secondly, new buildings are for tomorrow; the problem is with us today. The time which a new establishment takes to build could be shortened by disregarding the normal processes of local consultation, but I know that hon. Members lay much store by those processes. Let them try to build a prison in any part of the country, and find what the local Members of Parliament have to say in the course of the planning procedures. We cannot, in the short term, create prisons that will meet all the deficiencies of the past and all the demands that are being made upon the prisons now. We have soldiered on with an inadequate system for long enough, and successive Governments have done too little about it. Perhaps they have done no more than reflect a public feeling that there are better things on which to spend our money than creating decent conditions in the prisons. But if that feeling exists, we cannot as a society simultaneously demand a sentencing policy that assumes the existence of resources on a scale that we have not provided. We must have fewer prisoners. For lesser offences we must have shorter sentences. Getting public understanding of this is not easy. We have, above all, to retain public confidence in our determination to maintain good order in our society. With 2½ million serious offences being reported to the police last year, and reported crime having risen in recent years by about 5 per cent. a year, the public expect an effective response to crime from the police, the courts, the prisons and the probation service. There are all too many offenders who, on any showing, must expect to go to prison for their offences. But that need not, and cannot, mean that the use of imprisonment must stay at its present level. No one doubts—the courts least of all—that imprisonment must be the last resort. The emphasis has for years been on extending the alternatives, and of exhausting those alternatives before recourse to imprisonment. Far and away the most frequently imposed penalty is the fine, and the courts make extensive use of other methods which enable offenders to be dealt with in the community. Last year, nearly 30,000 offenders were put on probation. That was a welcome increase of more than 20 per cent. on the previous year. In addition, 20,000 offenders were made the subject of community service 285 orders. That was an increase of more than 40 per cent. over the previous year. I am glad to see my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn (Mr. Carlisle) in his place today, because he played a major part in introducing community service orders under the Conservative Government of that time. Community service has existed for less than 10 years. In that short time it has established a significant place in sentencing. It accounts for 4 per cent. of all sentences imposed for indictable offences. If imprisonment had kept pace with the increase in the number of offenders, our prison population would be many thousands greater than the present crisis level. Offenders must be dealt with in the community, wherever that is consistent with the protection of the public. Despite the need for restraints in public expenditure, I have enlarged the probation service so that it can offer the courts convincing alternatives to custody. This year there was provision for an increase amounting to 50 extra probation officers. Following the decisions announced by the Chancellor earlier this afternoon, I am glad to say that I shall be able to make available to the probation service additional resources for more rapid growth in 1982–83 than had previously been planned. Overall, there is now provision in that year for 150 additional probation officers compared with this year. During the last year we have provided the full cost of 86 new places in approved probation and bail hostels and have increased our contribution towards the number of such places in voluntary sector schemes. I acknowledge what my hon. Friend the Member for Cheltenham (Mr. Irving) has done in many of those cases. That number has in turn risen by about 250 since 1 April 1981. But no one should be under the illusion that our prison problems can be solved easily by diverting offences from custody. We can all agree that in an ideal world we should prefer our prisons to he rid of some offenders—those convicted of offenders of drunkenness, the mentally disordered and fine defaulters. But there are no simple alternatives for dealing with them, not least the fine defaulters, for whom imprisonment must be the ultimate sanction. Offenders in those three categories in any event amount only to 1,000 to 1,500 in the prison population of 44,000 at any one time. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk The Home Secretary twice said that there is a crisis in our prisons and that the problem is today's problem. Why does he not attempt to create an interim breathing space to deal with the problem by granting an amnesty to all those serving sentences of 18 months or less so that they can be released six months before the end of their sentences? He has the powers now under the Imprisonment (Temporary Provisions) Act 1980 which would release immediately 5,000 or 6,000 petty offenders and another 5,000 or 6,000 in six months? That would provide an important breathing space for the hard-pressed prison service and the staff who work in it. § Mr. Whitelaw I shall come to some of those matters later in my speech. If one makes such decisions, it is crucial, as I have said, that the House should take public opinion with it. One must be careful not to make moves with which one cannot take public opinion at a time of rising crime rates, about which many people are worried. The great majority of prisoners are in prison because they have committed serious offences, not once but 286 repeatedly. Just to take one figure, there were more than 10,000 men in prison on 30 June last year for offences of burglary. More than 8,000 were known to have three or more previous convictions. The public want the police, quite rightly, to detect more of those who commit burglaries. People expect the courts to deal with them. In many cases, therefore, the question is not whether there should be a custodial sentence, but whether a shorter sentence will do. § Mr. Whitelaw That is my hon. Friend's opinion. It may not always be the opinion of all those in the legal profession, all judges and all magistrates. How is that to be brought about? First, we must consider the criminal justice system in its entirety. Many of our present problems arise from the fact that we have all tended to consider its component parts—the police, the courts, the prisons and the probation service—in isolation from one another. We also tend to see the role of Parliament in isolation from the role of the courts. Neither Parliament nor the courts alone hold the key to the problem. Parliament and the courts complement each other. We in Parliament determine the resources that the country can afford to devote to the criminal justice system. I have made it clear that we cannot provide the prison space required to enable the courts to continue using imprisonment at its present rate. Parliament also lays down in statute the framework of the sentencing powers available to the courts. Within those powerss it is for the courts—and rightly so—to decide how each individual offender should be dealt with. The total prison population, which causes us so much anxiety, is the sum of thousands of those individual decisions. The Opposition motion cannot, in my judgment, be supported, because it suggests that the Home Secretary can directly reduce the numbers of people sentenced to imprisonment and the length of sentences imposed. That over-simplifies the position. It is for the courts—within the framework laid down by Parliament—to determine who of those brought before them and convicted should be sentenced to imprisonment and for how long, not for the Home Secretary. Parliament must set the framework best suited to the needs of the system as a whole, but the courts must retain their discretion in individual cases. Changing the statutory framework of powers will, therefore, not by itself solve the prisons crisis. It is suggested, for example, that we should reduce maximum penalties. It is not the maximum penalties—which the courts reserve for the most serious offenders—but the length of sentences imposed on ordinary offenders that creates the pressure. Substantial prison sentences are sometimes necessary, but we can afford them only for really serious offenders. The judgments of the Court of Appeal, under the leadership of the Lord Chief Justice, make that principle abundantly clear. In the case of Upton, the Court of Appeal emphasised that judges should take into account the conditions in the prison system. In imposing sentences the courts have a number of objectives: to deter the offender and others, to register society's disapproval of serious offending, and to give society protection from the offender's activities. The courts are bound to have those considerations in mind in deciding the length of sentence. The more serious the offence, the more severe the sentence. 287 However, there is scope for prison sentences to be shorter without the sense of proportion being lost. The Lord Chief Justice, in the Bibi judgment, said that many offenders can be dealt with equally justly and effectively by a sentence of six or nine months' imprisonment as by one of 18 months or three years. There are encouraging signs that, in consequence, shorter sentences are being imposed. The average length of sentence imposed in the latter half of last year was two months shorter in the Crown court compared with the year earlier, and nearly two weeks shorter in the magistrates' courts. How can Parliament reinforce that trend which I believe has only just started? We suggested one possibility in the proposal for early release under supervision for short sentence prisoners which we included in the "Review of Parole" published in May. The scheme would have involved the release of prisoners serving sentences of six months to three years after one-third of their sentence. The next third would have been served under supervision in the community instead of in custody as at present. The final third would have been the existing period of remission. So the scheme would have halved the period of effective custody for offenders coming within it. We put forward the scheme for consultation. Before embarking on so fundamental a change, we were bound to weigh very carefully the comments made on the merits of the scheme and its likely effects. There was support for the contribution that it could make towards easing the prison problems that we are debating today, but there were also widespread misgivings. The effectiveness of short periods of supervision, especially without consent, was doubted. More important, as Lord Justice Lawton and the chairman of the Magistrates' Association have made clear in recent letters to The Times, there were fears that an automatic scheme which created such large gaps between the length of sentence imposed by the court and the period of custody actually served would undermine the authority of the courts and the confidence of the public in the courts' ability to protect them from recidivist offenders. In reaching my decision whether to give effect to the proposal, I was bound to take the comments made on it seriously. That is the point of consultation. It would ill befit anyone in the House, so keen as we are on consultation, to suggest that that should not be taken into account. Because its overall merits were seriously doubted and its effectiveness uncertain, I concluded that this was not the right way to proceed. That was my decision, freely taken. I also reached the conclusion that the benefits of the kind that I was looking for through the supervised release scheme could be found by activating the power of the courts to suspend part of a prison sentence. That power is already on the statute book in section 47 of the Criminal Law Act 1977 . It has the advantage, therefore, that it can be brought into effect as soon as the necessary preparations have been made, without awaiting the passage of the Criminal Justice Bill . Our consultations with the judiciary make it clear that the courts would regard that as a valuable addition to their sentencing powers. I am accordingly making the necessary preparations in order to bring section 47 into operation in the spring. The Criminal Justice Bill that I presented today includes provision to make the operation of section 47 even more flexible by extending its availability to sentences of as little as three months and by enabling the 288 courts to reduce the period served in custody initially to 28 days if, through the exercise of their discretion, they think it right to do so. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk How does the Home Secretary square what he is now saying with what he said in his review of the parole system, about there being no certainty that such a proposal would reduce the prison population? More important, how does he square it with the statement made in the House by the Minister of State on 13 December 1979 that the introduction of the partially suspended sentence would increase the numbers of people held in prison? In view of those two statements, why is he proposing this measure as one that will reduce the prison population? § Mr. Whitelaw I believe that, in view of the evidence of progress towards shorter sentences, it is right to reinforce that trend. The judges and magistrates believe that in this new climate partially suspended sentences would be a valuable addition and would reinforce the trend. I have made a choice. I did not choose some form of supervised release that would reduce the prison population, because there was no evidence that that would be so. That would depend on what the House decided to do about the discretion that it might have provided for the courts during the passage of the Criminal Justice Bill . I am not pretending that partially suspended sentences are certain to reduce the prison population, but I believe that in the present climate they will probably succeed. I want to work with the judiciary in its efforts towards shorter sentences. My proposal is the best way to reinforce that trend. I have taken a decision based on my belief in what the judiciary is doing under the leadership of the Lord Chief Justice. The climate of opinion is right for the successful introduction of partly suspended sentences. They can play a valuable part in reinforcing the trend to shorter periods in custody. It will be essential that they are used—and I believe that they will be—as a substitute for full immediate imprisonment and not instead of fully suspended sentences. Parliament has made it clear that the present level of imprisonment is too high and that the present level of the prison population must be drastically reduced. That can be achieved without going soft on the minority of violent and serious offenders. I believe that the courts understand that, but the courts make individual decisions. They do not have the means to regulate the system as a whole. That is for Parliament. If the approach that I have outlined—the courts' move towards shorter sentences reinforced by improved powers—does not afford the prison system the relief that it so desperately needs, Parliament will have to intervene. Parliament cannot stand by if the system threatens to break down. § What is the Home Secretary doing about it? § Mr. Whitelaw The hon. Gentleman does not have much patience. In my next sentence I shall say what I am doing. I hope that he will give me a chance to do so. The Criminal Justice Bill includes permanent provisions with similar effect to those included in the temporary provisions legislation passed to meet last year's emergency. Under these powers the Home Secretary of the day would have to lay an order before Parliament which would—subject to an affirmative resolution—have a direct 289 effect on the level of the prison population. The order would have to specify the categories of offender to be released up to six months before their normal remission date. The powers are carefully drawn so that early release can be limited to suitable offenders—for example, offenders nearing the end of sentences for non-violent offences. I have never sought to minimise the dangers facing our prisons. I do not do so now. Breakdown is all too close. I do not seek to evade that, but I ask the House to recognise the Government's comprehensive strategy for improving prison conditions which is set out in the amendment. A reorganised prison department is carrying through substantial changes to bring increased efficiency throughout the system. An independent inspectorate has been appointed. The Government are carrying forward a substantial programme of new prisons and improvements, repairs and maintenance to existing prisons. They have thus embarked on the biggest prison improvement programme undertaken by any Government this century—and at a time of scarce economic resources. The Government have given every encouragement to the use of non-custodial sentences. We have devoted increased resources to the probation service to encourage probation orders and community service orders. We have reversed the neglect of attendance centres for young adults. The Government have supported the lead given by the Lord Chief Justice for shorter sentences in appropriate cases. Now we are planning to build on that by the introduction of partly suspended sentences which the judges and magistrates believe will reinforce the trend towards shorter sentences. Finally, in order to mobilise public opinion behind the need for prison reform, we have opened up the prison system to the public gaze and will continue to do so. That, in total, is easily the biggest reform of the prison system undertaken by any Government in modern times. That is the programme that I am asking the House to support in the Lobby tonight. (Ormskirk) I congratulate my right hon. Friend the Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) and also the Shadow Cabinet on tabling the motion which gives the House a rare opportunity to debate what the Home Secretary called a neglected subject. Both the Home Secretary and my right hon. Friend referred to the crisis in the prison system. Indeed, when the Home Secretary spoke to the Cumbria probation and after-care service on 13 September he said that the crisis was undermining the criminal justice system. He said that if we did not take speedy action we might have a crisis by the spring of next year. There is a crisis. That is generally accepted on both sides of the House. The crisis is in numbers. There are 44,500 prisoners now—the figure was 45,500 a few months ago—in accommodation designed to accommodate fewer than 39,000 prisoners. There are 17,000 prisoners two or three to cells that were built for one in Victorian times. There are 17,000 prisoners locked in their cells for 23 out of every 24 hours and denied proper access to educational, recreational or work facilities. Moreover, they are held in the most appalling, degrading, disgusting, dehumanising and brutalising conditions that no one in this House would inflict upon animals. If we suggested that 290 cattle or dogs should be held in the same disgusting and degrading conditions as exist in many of our local prisons, there would be an immediate public outcry and controversy, and rightly so. But we are subjecting many of our fellow citizens to precisely those conditions over inordinately long periods. The Home Secretary, my right hon. Friend the Member for Sparkbrook and everyone else who has taken an interest in this subject are aware of that, acknowledge it and point to it. To give him credit, the Home Secretary has probably done more than anyone else in this House, certainly more than the two previous Home Secretaries, to draw attention to the problem in our prisons. He has spoken throughout the country on every conceivable occasion, and before the Select Committee, sometimes using his words very extravagantly, but always pointing to this disgraceful problem and the need for remedial action. But he has done nothing substantive to reduce the prison population. For all the trumpeting and the fanfare of the package presented today, very little will result in the short or medium term significantly to reduce those numbers. The Home Secretary has nailed his colours to this mast. On one occasion he said that he put his political reputation on the line in reducing the prison population. But he has failed, even though he has been in office for two years. I accept that there have been decades of neglect. The Labour Government were no better, and in many ways much worse, but that in no way exonerates the Home Secretary from his responsibilities, particularly in the light of his acknowledgment of the need for remedial action. Many options and opportunities are available to the Home Secretary. For example, he could have accepted my suggestion during an earlier intervention. He could announce an immediate amnesty for all prisoners serving sentences of 18 months or less. They could be released six months before the end of their sentence. That would immediately remove 5,000 or 6,000 from the prison population, and another 5,000 or 6,000 in six months' time. Those are not negligible numbers, but it is extremely important to provide a breathing space to prisoners, staff, and to the Home Secretary himself, so that a wider package of measures of a more permanent nature can be devised and implemented. The Home Secretary had that option, to which he referred as a potential future option that he might use. It is available now. He does not need to introduce legislation. Such an action would not involve additional resources. There would be no need for more probation officers or hostels. There would be no need for the other excuses traditionally given as the reason why action cannot be taken. Indeed, he is not arguing against the idea in principle, because today he accepted the principle of such an amnesty by indicating that it is enshrined in the Bill presented, but not published, today. If the Home Secretary is deeply serious—and I believe that he is—in what he has repeatedly said over the past two years and has reiterated today, that was one area where he could have taken immediate and effective action, but yet again he has put it off to some far-distant future date. He could also have legislated in the Criminal Justice Bill —we understand that it is not in the Bill—to reduce the length of prison sentences. That is something that has been put forward not only by the advisory council on the penal system and the parliamentary penal affairs group, but also by the recent report of the all-party Select Committee on Home Affairs, which was unanimous in this respect. 291 In evidence to that Committee, and elsewhere, the Home Secretary has acknowledged that a reduction in the lengths of sentences is the most significant single feature that could reduce the prison population substantially. Whether he does it by continuing to exhort the judiciary or by legislation may be a matter of judgment and choice. But certainly the evidence that we have as to the way in which the judiciary has responded in the past to attempts to get it to mould its behaviour to what Parliament and the public deem to be appropriate does not suggest that it is likely to reduce the lengths of sentences in practice over a long period. The evidence for that is provided by the way in which sentences have increased over precisely the decade since parole was introduced. Coincidentally—I do not suggest that there was any conspiracy—the increasing lengths of sentences imposed by the judiciary since the introduction of the parole system have wiped out all the benefits that came from that system. That may be another reason, which the Home Secretary did not produce, for not introducing release on licence. Those are just two things that could be done. There were many other options available to the Home Secretary—not least that of supervised release, which appeared to be his own favoured option, which he endorsed and recommended in recent months on several occasions in different parts of the country. That, too, would have had the immediate impact—a third; a third; and a third—of reducing the prison population by 7,000. It may not have had the long-term consequences and benefits that many of us on the both sides of the House desire, but it would, at the very minimum, have provided that essential and crucial breathing space for the prison service. I shall not enter into the argument as to whether the Home Secretary has capitulated, and, if so, to whom—whether it was the Tory law and order lobby at the Tory Party conference, or the allegedly enlightened considered views of the judiciary—except to say that on the evidence of the letter quoted by the Home Secretary, Lord Justice Lawton's letter in The Times, although Lord Justice Lawton clearly said that he was against this proposal, he also intimated that both he and the rest of the judiciary would implement it in practice if that was Parliament's will. That is quite a different thing from any suggestion that the judiciary on that occasion was thwarting either the Home Secretary or the proposed will of Parliament. § Mr. Whitelaw I should like to confirm what the hon. Gentleman has said. Constitutionally, it is extremely important that it should be so confirmed. There never was any question in Lord Justice Lawton's letter or in anything that was said to me by anyone in the judiciary that the judiciary would not have loyally worked with the scheme if I decided to introduce it through Parliament. That was clear from the start. There have been suggestions otherwise. I want to confirm absolutely, as Lord Justice Lawton sets out, that that was the judiciary's position and is its position. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk Then there is every reason in the world why that proposal should be in the Criminal Justice Bill , and no reason why it should not be there, given what the Home Secretary has said. During his speech he paid 292 careful attention to those who were against the proposal. I acknowledge that we are all entitled to have a judgment and a different view of matters. But, as the Home Secretary has confirmed, no one has suggested that, if it were the will of Parliament, it would not be implemented. The Home Secretary did not indicate that many people supported the proposal, not least, again, the Select Committee on Home Affairs. There are Opposition Members present today who were members of that Committee and who supported the proposal. The Home Secretary has had wide all-party support in the House. For some reason he has chosen to disregard the political input into that debate and to take advice from other quarters, so far unspecified, which has led him to dismiss the proposal, even though he was actively in favour of it as little as two or three months ago. There are other options, too, that were available and are still available to the Home Secretary. Not least, there is the 50 per cent. remission, which operates so successfully in Northern Ireland. If we can manage to have a scheme of 50 per cent. remission without the kind of recidivism which is always assumed to occur on such occasions—or with no increase in recidivism, at least—operated effectively in Northern Ireland with all the difficulties there, there is no reason why we cannot also operate such a scheme effectively on the mainland. Those are just a few of the perhaps more important options that would have been open or available to the Home Secretary if he had been serious and sincere in his desire to reduce the prison population. They go beyond all the other measures that I want to see and that my right hon. Friend the Member for Sparkbrook mentioned today because they stand on their own ground in terms of getting out of prison the mentally ill and disordered, alcoholics, drug addicts, prostitutes, vagrants and all the others who, as my right hon. Friend said, should not be there. I was glad to hear that said from the Labour Front Bench because, if there is a Labour Government after the next election, much of what has been said today will be rammed very firmly down my right hon. Friend's throat if there is any backtracking on this issue. All those things should have been done anyway. We should no longer have to come to the House to make out that case. The case has been made frequently and vehemently and stands on its merits. The numbers are small and relatively insignificant, but we have no right to include such people in the penal system. Those are a few of the options that the Home Secretary could have taken and activated. What has he chosen to do instead? He said that he would build more prisons and provide more capital expenditure for refurbishment, even though he knows that the 5,000 places being provided only replace the buildings that are falling down and may not even be sufficient to replace those that will fall into disuse before the 5,000 places come into operation. The right hon. Gentleman has said that he will do that even though he knows that the time between taking the decision such as the one he has announced today to build a new prison and the first prisoner entering the cells in that prison is 10 years. Work on the new prison will start in 1984 but the first prisoner will not enter the cells until 1994. Meanwhile the number of prisoners is increasing and the conditions in which they are held become more deplorable and more appalling. We have no right to hold people in such conditions. 293 The Home Secretary's other suggestion was a partially suspended sentence, even though the Magistrates' Association has gone on record against it, the advisory council on the penal system is against it and even though, in Question Time, on 13 December 1979, the then Minister of State, the present Chief Secretary to the Treasury, said: The difficulty in introducing the measure immediately is that it is difficult to know the impact that it would have on the prison population. Even if accurate forecasts of the overall impact cannot be obtained, there is reason to believe that it would increase the number of prisoners detained for short periods."— [ Official Report, 13 December 1979; Vol. 975, c. 1519. ] Those are not my words, the words of the hon. Member for Cheltenham (Mr. Irving) or anyone else who wishes to see a reduction in the prison population. They are the words of one of the Home Secretary's Ministers of State. Less than two years ago the then Minister of State argued against the measure on the ground that it would increase, not reduce, the prison population. That is the one important proposal that the Home Secretary has produced today that he says will reduce the prison population. But that is not all. The right hon. and learned Member for Cleveland and Whitby (Mr. Brittan) is not the only person to have said that. In May this year, the Home Office's "Review of Parole in England and Wales" referred in paragraph 58 to section 47 of the Criminal Law Act 1977 and said That section has not been activated because of fears that the new sentence would be used to give a taste of imprisonment in cases where at present the courts would impose a fully suspended sentence or non-custodial sentence. Inevitably, too, in a proportion of cases the suspended part of the sentence would be subsequently activated. Thus there can be no certainty that implementing section 47 would achieve any reduction in numbers in custody and would not confer any advantage in the treatment of individual offenders. Therefore, only a few months ago, in May, the Home Secretary's own review of the parole system made a sustained and substantial case against the proposal that he has put forward today as his contribution to reducing the prison population. I make my next remarks with deep regret because I have great personal respect for the Home Secretary both as a person and for what he has done in this area. I am sorry, but the Home Secretary's proposals will not do. Today, the Home Secretary has provided just another catalogue of the failures that are symptomatic of Home Secretaries on both sides of the House, who, decade after decade, have tried to grasp the important and serious nettle of how to deal humanely, compassionately and decently with the prison population. I shall conclude by quoting from someone at the sharp end. He has to deal with the conditions that we are prepared to allow such men to work in. We have seen the unprecedented step of two prison governors writing to the press. They are not really courageous, because they are only enjoying the dispensation that the Home Secretary—according to the May committee's recommendation of openness of mind and of approach—has accorded them. Those governors are not brave or courageous to write to the press. That is the new regime. That is what we expect. They are contributing to the debate. None has made more important and forceful contributions to the debate than the governors of Wormwood Scrubs and of Strangeways, Manchester. I 294 shall quote from a letter published in The Daily Telegraph, on 30 November. It was written by Mr. Norman Brown, the governor of Manchester prison. He wrote: We just cannot go on locking men and women up, many for 23 hours a day. Why do the warnings continually given by the Prison Service go ignored? That is a good question. Perhaps the Home Secretary will answer it. He continued: We are the people who have to work and contain our inmates in the squalor that we do; we are the people who have to deal with the barricades, the fires, the hunger strikers, the riots, the slopping out. Is it not time that the necessary legislation be introduced to reduce our prison population and restore the morale of the prison staff, allowing us to operate a system with decent standards and dignity, or must we go on being ignored by Parliament and the courts while they carry on talking about overcrowding for yet another 30 years. Hon. Members cannot go on talking about the appalling conditions in our prisons for another year—let alone another 30 years. Even the guilty have a right to minimum, decent, civilised standards. That right is now being denied them. That is an affront to human dignity—as the motion states—and is an offence against the European Convention of Human Rights. Every one of us should be deeply and thoroughly ashamed of what is done in our name, which we allow to continue. The Home Secretary bears the ultimate responsibility. It is on his head and shoulders. He started out with apparently great prospects as a reforming Home Secretary, but on the evidence of the last few years and on the evidence of the Bill's proposals I regret to say that he, like all the others, has failed and shows no sign of being a success. (Runcorn) This is the first time, Mr. Deputy Speaker, that I have attempted to catch your eye, or that of Mr. Speaker, since ceasing, this summer, to be a member of the Government. Therefore, I am grateful to you, Mr. Deputy Speaker, for having called me to speak now. The right hon. Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) and I have been Members of Parliament for the extremely long period of 17 years. However, this is the first time that I have addressed the House from the Government Back Benches. Perhaps I cannot crave the indulgences normally given to maiden speakers. The more appropriate analogy might be for me to crave whatever indulgencies are advanced to an old maid. I am sorry that the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook is not in the Chamber. I was a junior Minister in the Home Office from 1970 to 1974. Throughout that period I was responsible for the Home Office's criminal department and for at least part of that period I was responsible for the prison service. Throughout, I believe that I was responsible for parole. I should have liked to tell the right hon. Gentleman that, as I come back to the issue seven years later, my overwhelming impression is that very little has changed. I agree entirely with what the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook said about the need to look upon prison as a last resort and the need for shorter sentences. It was not so much the content as the occasional tone of voice of the right hon. Gentleman that gave the impression that all that was happening was new, that this crisis had arisen quickly and unexpectedly, and that the courts were manned by people sitting and waiting for the opportunity to send other 295 people to prison as quickly as possible. I do not believe that this is the true situation. I believe that little has changed since the debates that occurred between 1970 and 1974. The figures, for instance, have changed very little. There is talk today of crisis with a prison population numbering 44,000. In 1970, the prison population was over 40,000. Of more significance are the predictions that awaited the incoming Conservative Government in that year. It was predicted that if no steps were taken to deal with the problem the prison population would rise to 42,000 by 1971–72, to 52,950 by 1975–76 and to between 62,000 and 67,000 by the end of the decade—in other words, the present year. I hope to explain the action that was taken by that incoming Conservative Government. It is important, however, in all this talk of crisis and overcrowding, to set the figure of 44,000 against the background of the predicted increase in the prison population 10 years ago. It is also necessary to take account of the fact that indictable crime known to the police in 1970 was miming at 1.5 million offences a year. By 1974, the figure had risen to 1.9 million. In the current year, the figure is 2.5 million. A smaller proportion of those convicted of indictable crime are sent to prison today compared with 10 years ago. The figure given by the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook of 10,000 in the 1930s as against 40,000 in the 1980s is wholly meaningless. It has meaning only when examined against the rate of crime at the time. The chances are that the number of people sent to prison in the 1930s was a higher proportion of those convicted of indictable offences than is the position now. My overwhelming immediate reaction returning to this debate after seven years is that the language and the words have changed very little. I should like to deal with three matters that have changed. First, the attitude and the awareness of society and particularly the prison service to conditions within prisons have altered. As the hon. Member for Ormskirk (Mr. Kilroy-Silk) generously remarked, this is largely due to the lead given by my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary. The second change is that on this issue, as on so many, we talk today in much more strident tones, through the media, of crisis and riots. The third change that has occurred—I do not wish, like the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook, to make a party political speech—is that in the intervening period, between 1974 and 1979, a Government were in power that took no action to alleviate the situation. One cannot examine overcrowding simply in terms of numbers. Numbers alone do not mean overcrowding. One has to take numbers in relation to the capacity that exists within the prison service. In two decades of substantial increase in crime, it is inevitable that, whatever has been done to try to keep people out of prison, the figure of those going to prison would be likely to some extent to increase, although, as I have attempted to point out, the figure has been far less than predicted. If we are to provide adequately for those in prison, to get rid of the intolerable conditions and to replace some of the Victorian prisons with modern prisons, the only answer is a prison building programme. 296 In an Adjournment debate on 20 November, the Minister of State, Home Office, my hon. and learned Friend the Member for Royal Tunbridge Wells (Mr. Mayhew), said that my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary had inherited a nil building programme. That is almost exactly the same situation that existed in 1970. At that time, the incoming Conservative Government inherited a situation in which 80 new places had been provided in the previous year in the whole of the prison service although the prison population then stood at about 40,000. During the following three years, we created new prison places at the rate of 2,000 a year. We left an inheritance that would have provided for 11,000 new places between 1974 and 1978 together with 9,700 starts in the same period. That programme, devised in the early 1970s, was cut dramatically when it became the first casualty of the capital programme. The annual report on prisons in 1977 stated that the redevelopment of Victorian prisons had become more remote than at any time in the previous 30 years. A prison building programme is essential. I welcome what the Home Secretary said about the programme. I do not believe that we can debate our penal policy as a Parliament purely to meet the everyday convenience of the availability of resources. If we are to carry out our duty to provide the facilities necessary in the fight against crime, we have to be willing to provide prison accommodation in which people can be kept in conditions of humanity and where those required by society to be punished in this manner can be humanely treated. I regret the fact that the previous Government left an inheritance of nil building and earlier cancelled a programme that they had inherited. I welcome the fact that the Home Secretary has realistically taken up the matter again and provided more capital projects that many Conservative Members have argued, in another capacity, would be welcome at this time. There are two methods of dealing with an overcrowded prison population. One is to build prisons and the other, as has been rightly said, is to reduce where possible the number of people who are sent to prison and the length of time for which they are sent there. I suggest to my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary, to the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook and to the hon. Member for Ormskirk, who spoke in terms of an amnesty, that we cannot dictate penal policy merely by short-term expediences to fit in with resources. If we want a small prison population—I believe that there is a strong case for it—we must justify it on penal grounds, not merely on the ground of financial expediency. As I say, there is a case for having a smaller prison population. Prison must be a traumatic event, and it should be used as sparingly as possible. I welcome what my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary generously said about the community service orders which we introduced in 1971 as a means of providing wider alternatives. Moreover, we should remind judges and those who sit in courts that, when it is necessary to send a person to prison who has not been to prison before, a short sentence may be totally adequate for the purposes that they have in mind. In the past, we have criticised short sentences and have assumed that it is never right to impose a short sentence. I would rather that those people who get short sentences were dealt with in other ways, but if a court decides that a sentence of imprisonment is necessary, a 297 short sentence, certainly on the first occasion, can well be adequate. It is a deterrent and a retribution, which are the aims of imprisonment in those circumstances. Inevitably, a tariff of moral guilt is built up by courts. Inevitably, the length of sentence is bound to demonstrate the court's view of the outrage created to society by the offence. Inevitably, the length of sentence imposed at the time of sentence is where the deterrent effect of the sentence is indicated. Within the framework laid down by the House, we need to allow freedom for the courts to exercise their own judicial discretion concerning what the length of the sentence should be, but thereafter we should be willing to be far more adventurous in the use of such matters as parole as a means of ensuring that people are able to return to society. § Mr. Alexander W. Lyon Is there not also an obligation on us to teach judges that there is a positive benefit in shorter sentencing, and that shorter sentencing does not necessarily contribute to an increase in the crime rate? Should we not teach judges what the right hon. and learned Gentleman himself knows from his experience at the Home Office? § Mr. Carlisle I am not entirely sure that I agree with the phrase "teach judges". I believe that we should persuade those who sit in courts, at all levels, of the desirability of dealing with people in ways other than imprisonment, and convince them of the argument for short sentences when prison is imposed. I agree with that, but I am totally opposed to the suggestion in the Opposition motion that somehow arbitrary executive action by the Home Secretary should achieve that end. Surely our task as a Parliament is to set the parameters, the framework within which courts act, and to give wider opportunities for alternatives to imprisonment. I personally would oppose a suggestion for increasing the period of remission. If we automatically increase remission, I fear that we shall increase the length of sentences that are given. I would rather advance through further use of parole, where courts can give a sentence which will be the maximum that a person will serve as a penalty, leaving it to those who watch over him during that period to decide the right moment for release. I remain cynical of the Home Secretary's views about partial suspended sentences. I am ready to be persuaded, and I look forward to hearing the debate, even if I do not take part in it. However, I ask the Home Secretary to look at the evidence. There is no doubt that the introduction of suspended sentences in its early days increased the prison population, because the number of people who were given suspended sentences and then committed another offence during the period of suspended sentence received longer sentences than they otherwise would have been given. I question whether partial suspended sentences will achieve the Home Secretary's aims. I accept that there is something in looking again, as the hon. Member for Ormskirk suggested, at the recommendations of the advisory committee about providing shorter maximum sentences within which the court will then have to work. I would also like to know what is the present amount of use of community service. I believe that we should widen the use of parole. I hope that my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary will say whether the failure rate of parole is still as low as 7 per cent., as it was in earlier years. 298 We ought to take up the views of Lord Justice Waller in a letter to The Times the other day, suggesting the introduction of parole for those with sentences of 18 months or less. I know the difficulties of being unable to obtain full reports, but we now give parole through a local parole board without going through the main parole board. In my view, there are openings there. That is a more effective way, combined with the prison building programme, of meeting the crisis, if crisis be the right word, of the long-standing overcrowding in prisons. The Home Secretary should look again at the wider use of open prisons. I cannot accept an Opposition motion which calls for executive action. That would be wrong and unacceptable to the people of our country. The motion was delivered in a critical tone of voice, and it was largely hypocritical. We should continue, start and press on with the necessary building programme and influence and persuade those people who have the difficult task of sitting in a judicial capacity of the importance of keeping sentences down, instead of the Executive attempting to interfere with that discretion. (Birmingham, Ladywood) The right hon. and learned Member for Runcorn (Mr. Carlisle) criticised my right hon. Friend the Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) for having delivered a party political speech. If my right hon. Friend had not taken this opportunity, which was welcomed by my hon. Friend the Member for Ormskirk (Mr. Kilroy-Silk), to set out the official Opposition's view on the prison service, he would have been open to the criticism that he had missed an opportunity of explaining the Opposition's view on these matters. Therefore, the right hon. and learned Gentleman was a little unkind to criticise my right hon. Friend in that way. The Home Secretary referred to the prison in Birmingham. I shall say a few words about that later. Clearly, the right hon. Gentleman is mindful of the critical situation in local prisons, and Birmingham is no exception. The Home Secretary did not respond fully to what my right hon. Friend said about the ways in which the prison population could be reduced. The arguments are well known and have been put forward in this place and elsewhere, but surely the Home Secretary could have taken the time to explain a little more fully the Government's views. There are substantial numbers of people who, in the view of those who know about these matters, should not be in custody. The Government have not put forward a valid reason why such people cannot, in the foreseeable future, be regarded as prisoners in the category unlikely to be given custodial sentences. In fairness, most of these people are inadequate to cope with our society. They obviously need some care, guidance and attention, but they do not necessarily need the harsh regime of a prison. That is particularly true of those who are in prison because of alcoholism, drug abuse and other related matters. There are two main strands to the argument that I wish to pursue. The first concerns the control of the offender—the punishment that deprives him of his liberty. Few in society would fail to recognise that that is 299 necessary. The punishment must be effective both as a measure of control of offenders and as a deterrent for others who might commit serious offences. The second strand of the argument is a view that most people would hold. The prison policy of Her Majesty's Government should include a regime designed to rehabilitate the offender. One would hope that after a spell in prison an offender would be discouraged from committing further crime. The humane aspect of how offenders might be treated in prison has already been mentioned. Without doubt there are considerable shortcomings in educational facilities and vocational training, and from time to time it appears that there are deficiencies in the medical attention received by inmates. Most people would agree that a custodial sentence should be a meaningful punishment to the criminal. Any crime regarded by society as unacceptable must be punished accordingly. Many people argue that the regime in which criminals are detained should be fair and reasonable and should be conducted in such a way that it will lead to rehabilitation. The demand is that all centres—prisons, detention centres, borstal institutions, or open prisons—should be in keeping with the needs of our modern age, not those of the Victorian age. The policy that the Home Secretary seemed to be outlining earlier gave some encouragement, which it would be churlish not to recognise. The Government have in mind to do something about the matter. However, as my hon. Friend the Member for Ormskirk said, it is somewhat too little and it is certainly too late. The Home Secretary is trying to contend with today's problems, but only in five years' time. That is not good enough. The Home Secretary should speed up the programme to try to overcome some of the difficulties in prisons now. The problems of Winson Green prison in Birmingham were outlined by the Home Secretary. That prison, designed for 527 inmates, now houses 927. Of those, 576 are three to a cell. The Birmingham media have reported that the prison has often held more than 1,000 prisoners. That is getting on for twice the number of prisoners for which it was designed. When men are confined for 23 hours a day, three to a cell, that must, by any civilised standards, be regarded as totally unacceptable. The Government must address themselves to correcting the situation not only in Winson Green prison but in other prisons where similar conditions obtain. I hope that the Minister will address himself to some specific points which I shall put to him. Will he provide some information about the ways in which prison regimes can be improved, in particular about ways of improving standards of education and vocational training? That is of paramount importance to the correction of the offender. Widespread criticism has been expressed in the Birmingham area about prisoners' medical care and supervision. I hope that the Minister will pay attention to that. I do not wish to dwell on any case which has come to light recently, but there is public disquiet about the medical treatment being offered to prisoners. There is concern about the possibility of shortcomings in the way in which medical treatment is given. In the event of a serious complaint by a prisoner or his family about 300 medical treatment, will the Minister undertake to hold a public inquiry immediately after the complaint has been made? In the past few months there has been a welcome move towards making the prison service more accountable. Many people with interests in the prison service welcome that move. If someone is given medical treatment which is held to be unsatisfactory later, and a complaint is registered, the Home Office should make the complaint public and the outcome of the Home Office's findings more readily available. Such matters are important to those who have raised the future of Winson Green prison with me. I am aware that many right hon. and hon. Members wish to participate in the debate. I ask the Home Secretary to undertake an early reappraisal of the whole of the building programme for the prison service. He should take account of the view expressed by many right hon. and hon. Members that the programme is insufficient in terms of its demand and that the envisaged time scale for the programme is far too long. It must be telescoped to be more meaningful and to cope with the demand by prison service workers of all grades to improve our prisons. (Cheltenham) Since the first day that the Home Secretary took office he has done more than any Home Secretary in recent years to draw public attention to the crisis of overcrowding in our prisons. From the beginning he has drawn the attention of the courts, the judges, the press and everyone involved in the penal system to the great effort needed to put right the damage done in the last 20 or 30 years. Little improvement has been made to most of our prisons in that time. Over one third of the prison population have to spend at least 23 hours a day living three or four in cells built for one. Cells in our prisons do not have integral sanitation and the sordid result is the clearing up in the prison yard every morning of parcels of excrement thrown out of the window in the night, and the lining up of prisoners every morning for the degrading process of slopping out. Children in our schools are taught to look back in horror at the prison conditions of John Howard's time. Future generations will ask how those living in the 1980s could have called themselves civilised when, for all our technical advancement, they subjected so many human beings to such appalling treatment and had the temerity to refer to it as part of a system of "justice". I have been constantly critical of Governments of both political persuasions for their failure to tackle the problems of our prisons. The criticisms that we are now hearing from the Opposition Front Bench ring very hollow when we recall the abysmal record of the previous Labour Government on these issues. I remember that in 1975 Mr. Roy Jenkins, now a leading contender for the leadership of the SDP but then a Labour Home Secretary, announced that if the prison population reached 42,000 conditions would be intolerable and drastic action to relieve the position would be inevitable. The following year the prison population totalled 42,000 for the first time, yet, during the remainder of the Labour Government's term of office, the inevitable drastic action was notable by its absence. No reasonable person can doubt the Home Secretary's deep and genuine concern about the problems of overcrowding, which affect not only the men who are 301 subjected to sentences, but each and every person who has to work in the prison system. Let us not forget those men and women in the prison service and those who make a great contribution through the probation and after-care service. We need a less posturing recrimination from those who did nothing when they had the chance in Government, and more constructive support for the Home Secretary in the form of practical suggestions that will help him to achieve his aim of reducing the prison population without endangering the public. I give some examples that might help towards that aim, and I emphasise that most of my thinking is geared towards the non-violent offender. First, the Home Secretary could look again at the recommendation that was made in 1970 by the advisory council on the penal system that a new sentence of weekend imprisonment be introduced. That could be imposed as an alternative to full-time imprisonment when the court considers that a non-custodial penalty is not right. Weekend imprisonment operates successfully in West Germany, Holland, Belgium and New Zealand and avoids such undesirable side-effects of custody as loss of job, total disruption of family life and the continuous exposure to the contaminated effects of a closed prison life. We have seen that army camps can be brought into use as temporary prisons with remarkable speed in an emergency. Why cannot such camps be brought into use with equal speed, even if on an experimental basis, as they are already being used, as weekend prisons? Instead, I understand that some of the camps are being closed and will no doubt go into disrepair. The cost of servicing that sort of system should not be astronomical. An offender who would serve a weekend sentence is most unlikely to be the sort of offender who will either wish to escape or be violent. § Will my hon. Friend give way? § Mr. Irving No, I am sorry; I never give way. Secondly, the Home Secretary should remove the penalty of imprisonment for many minor offences, some of which could be decriminalised with no adverse effects for public safety. For example, there is a growing body of opinion in Parliament that regards the practice of imprisonment for soliciting as throughly objectionable. Organisations as disparate as the Prison and Borstal Governors' Society and the Police Federation agree that the practice is both harsh and pointless. There is also weighty all-party support for making the offences of sleeping rough and begging non-imprisonable, in the form of the report of the Select Committee on Home Affairs on vagrancy earlier this year. I was disappointed that the report did not go further and recommend the total repeal of the Dickensian laws that punish men and women and label them as criminals for being homeless and disadvantaged. I hope that as a minimum the Home Secretary will implement the Committee's recommendation that they should at least become non-imprisonable offences. Thirdly, the Home Secretary should take steps to reduce the number of people imprisoned for failure to pay fines, of whom there were nearly 16,000 in 1980. Fine defaulters now constitute a quarter of all receptions into prison of sentenced inmates and they make disproportionate demands on the time and resources of the staff. 302 In July, the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders, of which I have the honour to be vice-chairman, published the report of a working party under the distinguished chairmanship of Lady Howe. It made a series of excellent recommendations designed to reduce the use of imprisonment for fine defaulters. I commend it to all concerned, as there are 34 sensible, considered recommendations that would act as alternatives to imprisonment. Many of those alternative methods of enforcing fines are rarely used by the courts. The report recommends that, before committing a defaulter to prison, the courts should have to certify that all other options have been considered and are inappropriate, giving reasons for that view. I hope that the Home Secretary will implement that reasonable and sensible proposal. Fourthly, immediate steps should be taken to remove mentally disturbed offenders from prisons to either psychiatric or secure hospitals. It is a national scandal that the practice of imprisoning them is increasing because suitable hospital space, although available, is refused to the offenders. The Home Secretary should also encourage the greater use of existing alternatives to imprisonment. The steady increase in the use of community service orders since they were introduced by the Conservative Government in 1972 is the only significant success story in sentencing policy during the last 10 years. Even now, however, only 4 per cent. of adults convicted of indictable offences receive a community service order. There is scope for even greater use of such orders. Even fewer offenders are sent to senior detention centres, even though they provide a straightforward, easily understood penalty without the undesirable side effects if imprisonment. They are cheap to set up and run because they use existing premises and are manned by volunteer police or prison officers in their spare time. Although the Home Secretary has taken steps to extend the number of senior attendance centres—unlike his predecessors in office—courts in most parts of the country still have no centre available to them for young adult offenders. A crash programme should be instituted to establish senior attendance centres throughout the country. I believe that a determined programme of measures along those lines would receive widespread support from those in and out of Parliament who are concerned and distressed about the appalling and deteriorating conditions within our prisons. Let us, if our humanity fails us—I pray that it will not—not forget the cost. About £70,000 to £80,000 is the capital cost per new prison cell and £7,000 to £10,000 is the annual revenue cost. Let us compare that with some of the alternatives that are provided through a number of housing associations, including Stonham housing association. An alternative for the minor offender, the alcoholic or the drug addict costs a housing association £7,000 in capital costs and £3,000 a year in revenue costs. Surely that must be an avenue into which it would better to pour some of the millions that will go into the new prison building programme. I am certain that not everyone will agree with me, but in my view no new prison cells should be used until one old cell is demolished. By that method less expensive and non-custodial methods will have to be adopted. One cannot but conclude with a certain amount of praise and anxiety for the heavy responsibilities that rest 303 upon the shoulders of the Home Secretary and his colleagues in the Home Office. I can only suggest that if ever he wished to change his job there is only one worse in the House of Commons and that is chairmanship of the Catering Sub-Committee. § 7.2 pm (York) I wish to deal with only one point, the education of the judiciary, which accords well with the last point made by the hon. Member for Belper (Mrs. Faith). All the discussion of that vexed problem was contained in the report of the Home Affairs Committee that was published in July. It was not mentioned in the debate until my hon. Friend the Member for Battersea, South (Mr. Dubs) made his speech. There were two Front Bench spokesmen who apparently had never read it. What is the point of having Select Committees if we do not take cognisance of what they are saying? It is significant that we reported in July and that the Home Office has not yet responded to our report, although everyone knows that that is a fundamental issue for the Home Office. Unless we press hard, the House will not receive the full benefit of Select Committees. The only way in which we shall reduce the prison population is by cutting the sentences. The only way in which we shall cut sentences is by teaching the judiciary, not that the prisons are so full that it should not send the people there, but that there is a beneficial value in having shorter sentencing and that that will not lead to an increase in the crime rate. That is a misunderstanding which was evident in the speech by the hon. Member for Huddersfield, West (Mr. Dickens). In 1973 the position in Holland was similar to that in this country. A decision was taken by the public prosecutors who appear in all criminal cases in Holland to advocate to the judiciary that it should consider halving the sentences that had been given on previous occasions. Over the years the judiciary acceded to that. In Holland there has been no significant increase in the crime rate other than the increase which is common to Western Europe. No increase has been caused by shorter sentencing. That reinforces the evidence from research in this country that the length of sentence has little effect on the incidence of crime. It does not deter and it does nothing to reform the criminal. All that we need to do about sentencing is to try to identify the appropriate custodial sentence for cases where a custodial sentence is the only proper sentence. That seems to be less than the average tariff set up by judges over the years. One has only to read the letter written by Lord Justice Lawton in The Times last week to see what is wrong with the judiciary's opinion. It is right to say that the prisons are overcrowded, but that is only in the remand centres and local prisons. It is right to say that in those establishments most of the prisoners are serving sentences of between 18 months and four years. On the whole they are serving those sentences for house-breaking, theft and burglary. Lord Justice Lawton claims that most of those people have had several previous convictions. That is borne out by the statistics. Lord Justice Lawton goes on to say that there is therefore a necessity for the courts to go on increasing the sentence that they give in each successive conviction, and that that must be about the same as the present tariff, to protect the public. However, that is a fundamental flaw that the Dutch experiment exposed and that the Scottish 327 experience also exposes. In this country we can also claim to expose the flaw by the experience following the prison officers' dispute. During that dispute in a limited area there was a reduction in sentencing and no significant increase in the crime rate. In those circumstances the message that should go to the judiciary is not that the prison fabric is falling about us, that we do not have the space for any more prisoners, and that we do not have the money to build enough prisons quickly to cope with the prisoners, but that it is wrong to give prisoners sentences of the length that is being imposed today. When we on the Select Committee carried out the study, we asked the Home Office to calculate the effect on the prison population of halving sentences of between 12 months and four years. The effect was dramatic. It reduced the prison population from 44,000 to about 35,000. In those circumstances the judiciary must accept that that is the proper way forward. How will it accept that? The general tool with which to bludgeon it is the suggestion of the advisory council on penal reform that the maximum should be reduced. I remember what used to happen in cases of gross indecency. The judges were obliged to pass sentences of less than two years in cases of male gross indecency, because that was the maximum tariff. Increasingly, they came to the view that the maximum should be given in every case. They sometimes sent people convicted of four offences of gross indecency to prison for eight years. That attempt to reduce the tariff did not succeed. Some hon. Members have criticised the Labour Government of 1974 to 1976. One of the reasons why I was not attracted to the advisory council's report was simply that merely to reduce the maxima would not necessarily reduce the tariff. The only way in which the tariff can be reduced is by teaching the judges that we do not need a tariff such as the one that Lord Justice Lawton has firmly fixed in his head after 46 years' experience in the courts. I underwent training when I was appointed a deputy circuit judge. That meant that along with others I was invited to a conference in the Lord Chief Justice's court for one day—a Saturday—and we were given some test cases. Each group had to decide the appropriate sentences. Without exception, every sentence we suggested was more than doubled by the judge who gave us advice at the end. He came from the Court of Appeal. It was he who needed the education, not us. We were prepared to give a lighter sentence, and there was no justification for the kind of sentencing given by the judge. The Court of Appeal must change its policy. It needs educating. When the Labour Government were in office, they set up a system under Lord Justice Bridge to educate the judiciary. There is now an institute for training the judiciary, although it is fair to say that it applies only to judges on appointment. I gather that the training involved lasts only two or three days. We need a period of six months so that the judiciary who have been trained in the courts as advocates, and have learnt the tariff there, can be taken to Holland and Sweden as well as around our prisons and shown that it is totally unnecessary. The only way in which that will be done is by insisting on it here 328 and now. The one thing that the Home Secretary, in conjunction with the Lord Chancellor, can do is to begin a sensible system of judicial education here and now. We cannot continue simply to depend upon the strictures of the Court of Appeal. The Home Secretary has done all that he could. He has done a good deal more than most Home Secretaries to try to persuade the Lord Chief Justice. Indeed, the Lord Chief Justice has said that if the tariff were normally three years and 18 months, it would be appropriate to think in terms of about 18 months down to nine months. The effect of that in the first year has been to reduce the average Crown court sentence by only two months. The Home Secretary takes great credit for that, but it is totally inadequate. We shall not meet the prison crisis by simply lopping a few weeks off the average sentence of 18 months to four years. There must be a significant cut, and the only way in which that will be done is to change the attitude of the judiciary. In that sense, the Home Secretary has some power. He can insist that judges should be trained for longer periods and that they should be brought into contact with the latest research upon the effects of sentencing. I shall now resume my seat because the hon. Member for Anglesey (Mr. Best) has been waiting nearly as long as I have to speak, but I hope that what I have said will be taken into account. § 9.4 pm The Minister of State, Home Office (Mr. Patrick Mayhew) I am sorry that the speech by the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) should have ended on a note of such disappointment and scepticism. I thought it a little hard that my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary should have been upbraided by him for tardiness in implementing the May committee's recommendations and that the prison officers' dispute should have been held up as an illustration of that. The prison officers' dispute took place because my right hon. Friend sought to implement those recommendations. I shall refer later to the building programme that my right hon. Friend announced, but I take it a little hard that the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West 337 should say that the prison programme announced today did not greatly impress hon. Members. It can fairly be described as the largest prison building programme—both in terms of new construction and of major reconstruction—so far this century. It ill becomes a representative of the Labour Party, which did so very little in its last term of office, to say that the programme does not greatly impress him. The right hon. and learned Gentleman mentioned remand prisoners. Of course, we are deeply concerned about the length of time that they have to spend awaiting trial. In the eye of the law they are innocent, but they constitute about one-sixth of the prison population. However, unless we legislate for bail to be more readily available—which would not be wise or justifiable—we can only shorten the length of time they spend in prison by shortening the delay in coming to trial. The Lord Chancellor and the Lord Chief Justice have been paying close attention to the problem. Considerable progress has been made in the South-East, which is the worst area for delays in coming to trial. I assure the House that we regard this matter as serious and that considerable progress has been made. This is the second debate within a week in which hon. Members have had the opportunity to debate a motion that includes the crisis in our prisons. I welcome it. The more that is known about the subject the better. As several hon. Members have remarked, no one has done more than my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary in the last two-and-a-half years to draw attention to the crisis. All hon. Members who have spoken have at least been united in their condemnation of conditions in many of our prisons and in the recognition of the compelling need for change. I am not referring to all prisons. Some stand comparison with the best in the world. In far too many, however, the conditions, as the Government amendment recognises, are an affront to a civilised society and equally a continued threat to law and order. Those conditions bear not only upon the inmates but also, heavily, upon the prison service for whom I express, on behalf of the Government, the warmest admiration. It is not true—this is greatly to the credit of the prison service—that those who work in prisons are at the end of their tether, although they earnestly wish to see better prison conditions to do the constructive part, as distinct from the straight containing part, of their job. I went to Brixton prison early this morning. I should like to express my deep appreciation of the wise, humane and discreet way in which prison officers there are carrying out their duties in difficult circumstances. Of those conditions, overcrowding is certainly the worst and has to be reduced. The causes of the overcrowding are complex. It does no justice to the problem to contend that the number of offenders sentenced to prison and the length of custodial sentences should be reduced by the Home Secretary, as the motion seeks. We have to remind ourselves, for reasons far more important than mere linguistics, that, within the framework laid down by Parliament, it is for the judiciary and not for the Executive to determine sentences in such a way as to meet the justice of each particular case—justice between the offender and the State, in which respect I take note of the point made by the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West, justice between the offender and his victim and justice between one offender and another. This is central but it is not reflected in the Opposition motion. The 338 scale of the demands on the prison system must always remain doubly uncertain. The rate of crime is unpredictable and the judicial response to it must always vary according to the circumstances. Governments have a responsibility that is partly expressed in two propositions. The first is that long prison sentences must always be available for those convicted of violent offences so that, for the duration of those sentences at least, they shall not be in a position to injure the public further. The second is that sufficient and humane prison accommodation must always be available as a front line of defence for the public. These propositions are reflected in the Government amendment. No less important, the amendment describes the means by which they can properly be fulfilled, including a reduction of the prison population through the encouragement of non-custodial sentences and a sustained prison building programme. Hon. Members have raised questions such as the choice between supervised release or partially suspended sentences and the prison building programme. I hope that I shall be forgiven if I postpone my response on those topics until later in my speech. The other topics to attract most attention have been the problems of fine defaulters and maintenance defaulters in prison, the mentally disordered, drunks, remand prisoners, lower maximum sentences and the position and the attitudes of the judiciary. The hon. Member for Ormskirk (Mr. Kilroy-Silk) congratulated my right hon. Friend on having done more than his two predecessors. We are grateful to the hon. Gentleman. He can say it again and, to do him justice, he has said it previously. The hon. Gentleman, like the right hon. Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) who opened the debate, called for an amnesty. In my view, more injustice than justice is associated with an amnesty. We should think, for example, of those who are excluded from an amnesty by being one week too late. That is a defeat for everyone who believes in the judicial determination of these matters. Moreover, one amnesty is expected to beget another. I noted with pleasure that the right hon. Gentleman felt that there was a place for deterrence in prison sentences, but the deterrent feature of a prison sentence is greatly undermined by the expectation of an amnesty. So amnesties are completely unacceptable. The hon. Member for Ormskirk and others spoke of the desirability of reducing maximum sentences. That will not meet the position. Maximum sentences are seldom imposed and, when they are, it is to meet exceptionally bad crime. We need to seek to encourage a reduction of the normal or the average length. It would not be right to cut down maximum sentences in the way suggested, for example, by the advisory council on the penal system. If we did that, we should not allow sufficient scope for the courts to deal with really serious offences. The hon. Gentleman also said that the Magistrates' Association is against partially suspended sentences. That is not so, as can be seen from the letter written to The Times a few days ago by the chairman of that association, Lady Ralphs, when she said that she had one major reservation but that it had now been dealt with. My right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn (Mr. Carlisle) made a speech which was an ornament to this debate. He condemned the implication in the speech of the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook that the courts are manned only by judges waiting for the 339 opportunity to send people to prison. He said that, had no steps been taken by the judiciary as well as by anyone else, to change the pattern that was apparent by 1970 and 1971, the Home Office forecasts were that there would be not 45,000, not 55,000, but as many as 65,000 people in prison by the end of this decade, or shortly afterwards. The point that he justifiably made was that the judiciary has recognised the need for shorter sentences and has implemented them in its policy. My right hon. and learned Friend said that in 1974–79 a Government were in power who took no action. I shall come back to that matter in the context of the prison building programme, or the absence of such, during those years. He said that prison must be a traumatic event, and that a short prison sentence can meet the need for deterrence. I believe that that is more widely understood. If we were to increase remission, he feared that the sentence would be increased. I think that there is justification for that belief, in the light of the consultations that we have had. When my right hon. and learned Friend said that he was a cynic about section 47, and founded that cynicism upon what happened in cases of suspended sentences, he was not comparing like with like. Fully suspended sentences have to be all or nothing. They were mandatory in the case of a six-months' sentence, or less for several years after they were introduced. That was very unpopular with the courts, as mandatory sentences always are, and that distorted the consequences. He asked about the parole rate failure. It is under 10 per cent.—or so it is believed. I think that I have dealt with my hon. and learned Friend's principal questions. My hon. Friend the Member for Cheltenham (Mr. Irving), who is so well-versed in these matters, asked a number of questions. I am grateful for his congratulations on what my right hon. Friend announced today. He asked about weekend prisons. I can do no better than to refer to what my hon. Friend the Member for Paddington (Mr. Wheeler) said about them. He pointed to the difficult practical considerations that arise, not only for resources but for the prison service. He said that if someone has to lose his liberty, let him do so, and, if not, let him stay at large in the community. He said that there should be no halfway house. We shall re-examine that question, but there is much to be said in favour of what my hon. Friend the Member for Paddington (Mr. Wheeler) said about that. We shall continue to encourage the use of senior attendance centres. My hon. Friend will forgive me if I do not take further time to deal with the other important points that he made. I take issue with the hon. Member for Battersea, South (Mr. Dubs) who said that the judiciary has let the Home Secretary down. There are many reasons why the number of committals fell during the prison officer's dispute. There is no ground whatsoever for the slur that the hon. Gentleman put upon the judiciary. He said that the prison service contained many people who displayed racial prejudice. He feared that that was so. I reject that slur. I can draw upon personal experience, although mine is only an impression. At Brixton prison at 7.30 this morning I heard a report in the warmest terms by a white prison officer about a black prison officer who was said to be a 340 very fine prison officer indeed. That is typical of the general view in the prison service, and I am not in the least surprised. My hon. Friend the Member for Paddington will forgive me if I do not go as deeply as I should like into his speech. He said that he supported persuading the judiciary to give shorter sentences. He said that he was in favour of supervised release and of the principle that the court itself should decide. I agree. My hon. Friend also made an important point about crime prevention. My hon. Friend the Member for Plymouth, Drake (Miss Fookes) said that she was in favour of partially suspended sentences. She supported them as Chairman of the Sub-Committee of the Expenditure Committee as far back as 1978. I am glad that we are able to meet her request. We shall certainly keep under careful review whether offences should remain imprisonable, and, if so, what the maximum sentence should be. My hon. Friend asked about that. I hope that other hon. Members will forgive me if I do not deal specifically with their remarks. My hon. Friend the Member for Belper (Mrs. Faith) insisted that the final decision on early release should remain with the judiciary. That weighed heavily in the decision that my right hon. Friend has taken. The hon. Member for York (Mr. Lyon) referred to the Lord Chief Justice and the Court of Appeal. They are giving a clear lead on the need for shorter sentences where they are consistent with the protection of the public. Sentencing is a matter of the greatest concern. The hon. Gentleman should know of the great care that is taken to instruct new arrivals on the judicial bench in modern sentencing theories. It is wrong to imply that the judiciary has fixed ideas in that regard. We should be wrong to place all our faith in attempts to improve prison conditions and shorten sentences. We must encourage non-custodial sentences and widen the range available to the courts. That is the effect of the Bill introduced today. But we cannot ignore, as does the Opposition's motion, the building of more prisons. My hon. Friend the Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook) said in an intervention that the motion was silent on that point. That is an extraordinary omission, as many hon. Members have noticed. It is instructive to examine the decisions by the last Labour Government from which our overcrowding problems today in part derive. In 1974 that Government inherited a prison department that envisaged a continuing programme of new prison building, coupled with increasing emphasis on redevelopment of the Victorian cell blocks. Those words are from one of the annual reports of the prison department. The then Government inherited a prison department that was looking forward to a continuing programme. That takes up the point made by my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn, who was more responsible, under the then Home Secretary, than anyone for laying the foundations for that expectation. I quote from the annual reports on the work of the prison department. The 1974 report stated that as part of the review of the present building programme it became necessary to abandon plans for two more category C prisons at Gartree in Leicestershire and Wrabness in Essex, which would have provided some 1,600 places for inmates in the lower security categories and to defer other schemes. The 1975 report stated: 341 As a result of the 1975 public expenditure survey, the estimated expenditure for the present building programme for the years 1975–76 to 1978–79 was reduced by over £40 million. This has meant the indefinite deferment of three major schemes that were to produce 1,600 places by 1979–80. Five other schemes were also deferred. Together, these five schemes would have produced just over 1,700 new places in the years after 1979–80. The 1976 report stated: At a time when the prison population (and the proportion of prisoners requiring higher degrees of security) is continuing to increase and essential services, as well as actual accommodation in older establishments are a continuing cause for concern, a reduced prison building programme presents the Prison Department with the difficult issue of conflicting priorities. It becomes more a question of allocating resources so as to ensure minimum dislocation than of ensuring steady progress. In 1977, as my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn has already reminded us, the report stated: The essential redevelopment of the Victorian estate seemed in 1977 more remote than at any time in the last 30 years. Therefore, the inheritance to which my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary succeeded in May 1979 was not a happy one. The hon. and learned Member for Bradford, West (Mr. Lyons), twitting me about section 47 and the partially suspended sentences, said that I was a civil lawyer. The Roman lawyers would have called my right hon. Friend's inheritance a hereditas damnosa, one that called immediately for extremely large expenditure, and not one to be welcomed. Much of the harm had been done by the cancellations and deferments of the previous Labour Government. They were the less excusable because they coincided with an annual rise in the prison population of ominous proportions. The extent of their effect on planned new prison places can be gauged from the extracts that I have quoted from the annual reports of the prison department. It is true that we inherited from that Government a belated programme of prison starts, as distinct from building, in 1981–82 and 1982–83 and of thoughts for starts in the following year. We have developed and greatly expanded that programme into what my hon. Friend has described as the largest prison building programme for a century. It is rubbish to talk of capitulation when my right hon. Friend has steered away from what he at first put forward as "something to be discussed" in the foreword of the Red Book, "The Review of Parole", a document available as a basis for informed discussion of these matters. This is not a newspaper proprietor, for example, who has been defeated on what he has described as his last offer. Not in the least. This is the Home Secretary who has heeded the consultations that he specifically invited. It is not enough to deplore the conditions that exist in so many of our prisons, deplorable though they are. It is not enough to call on the Home Secretary to make the prisoners fewer or their sentences shorter. The House must go deeper than that and, just as tenaciously, it must hold to the concept of an independent judiciary. The strategy by which we can do that is to be found in our amendment. § Question put, That the original words stand part of the Question:— § The House divided:Ayes 231, Noes 287.	Wolverhampton
Which writer created the character of 'Detective Inspector Jane Tennyson'?	Her Majesty's Prisons (Hansard, 2 December 1981) Her Majesty's Prisons (Birmingham, Sparkbrook) I beg to move, That this House, believing that conditions in Her Majesty's Prisons are now both an affront to a civilised society and a continued threat to the maintenance of law and order within the United Kingdom, calls upon the Home Secretary to meet the crisis of overcrowding by reducing both the number of offenders sentenced to imprisonment and the lengths of those custodial sentences which must be imposed, and to introduce those reforms which would enable the Prison Services to treat offenders in a way consistent with the real objects of the penal system. Neither the existence nor the extent of the crisis within our prisons is, I believe, in dispute. We have recently had dramatic evidence provided, for example, by the governors of Wormwood Scrubs prison and Manchester prison in their letters to The Times and The Daily Telegraph. Adding to the drama and the serious nature of the crisis is a statement that I understand has been made today by the Prison Officers Association at Strangeways, which has announced that it will accept into that prison no more prisoners on remand or prisoners committed to it by magistrates' courts until it has received from the Home Secretary a written assurance concerning the date on which new building in that prison will begin. I emphasise that I neither applaud nor support such unilateral action. However, it seems that that action, like a statement that I understand has been made on behalf of all prison governors to the Home Secretary today, is certain evidence of the conditions that are now applying in British prisons. I am told that there are now 1,600 prisoners in Strangeways, which at best was designed to accommodate 1,021. I do not wish to dwell on the evidence provided by the more dramatic sources, such as prison officers and prison governors, who have recently made their position clear. We have a more authoritative and in every way a more important source of evidence from which to describe the degradation which is now our prison system. It states: two or three men crowded into a small and deteriorating cell in boredom and futility with no integral sanitation facilities and crowded for up to 23 hours each day. It continues: less and less attention, training and work experience". The third passage states: more and more frustration and resentment building up among men and women who are obliged to live every hour of every day by the strict routine associated with minimum free association and few facilities. That indictment of our present prison system was made by the Home Secretary when speaking to Sunderland Conservatives two months ago. As well as winning high marks and, from me at least, high praise for his description of the crisis, the right hon. Gentleman deserves equal commendation for his prescription of the cure. He said: Our task is to seek to reduce both the numbers of offenders sentenced to imprisonment and the length of those sentences which must be imposed. 275 It is those words that make up the bulk of the Opposition's motion, a motion which I understand will not gain the Home Secretary's support although it repeats his words exactly. We have tabled the motion because we hope to hear from the right hon. Gentleman that he and the Government are about to turn platitude into policy. We disagree with neither his prescription nor his account of life in our prisons. We know that the one imaginative proposal to be made during the past two years has been abandoned. I do not propose to follow the strange semantic argument that took place in another place on whether that proposal had been abandoned because the judiciary had vetoed it or had given "wise advice" on which the right hon. Gentleman eventually acted. Whatever the reason and whatever the relationship between the right hon. Gentleman, the judges and the magistrates, the plan to release some prisoners after serving one third of their custodial sentence and requiring them for the next third to be out of prison but under constant supervision has been dropped. That real prospect of removing substantial numbers from the prison system has been abandoned. It has been replaced by a plan that is described rather paradoxically as a modified suspended sentence, which on the Government's admission will have nothing like the effect on the prison population that the original plan, proposed by the right hon. Gentleman and subsequently abandoned, would have had. The modified proposal may have no effect on the prison population. § (Orpington) The right hon. Gentleman has been describing the evils of overcrowding in our prisons but it is not suggested in the motion that the most important contribution which could be made to easing that problem would be the provision of new prison accommodation. That remedy is set out in the Government's amendment. I wonder why the right hon. Gentleman is going on so much about other alternatives instead of directing his mind to providing extra prison accommodation. § Mr. Hattersley If the hon. Gentleman will apply his normal rule of patience, he will discover that I do not advocate that solution because I do not believe in it. I do not believe that additional prison places are the answer. New prison places are, but they should be places that accommodate a substantially smaller prison population. If I may correct the hon. Gentleman as well as command the attention of the Home Secretary, I was not describing the evils of our present system, but quoting the Home Secretary's description of the evils of that system. It is on his definition of degradation that we in the Opposition stand, and on which I hope the right hon. Gentleman continues to stand in the debate. I repeat that the new scheme that the Home Secretary has introduced as a second best alternative to the one that he has dropped may not reduce the prison population. In our submission what we need above all is a substantial and immediate reduction in the numbers of men and women serving custodial sentences. The truth is— § Mr. Hattersley I shall deal with that attitude, which I shall later describe as being as unintelligent as it is barbarous. However, before I move on to that, I shall describe what I believe to be the position. In this country we send too many people to prison. Many of those who have to be incarcerated go to prison for far too long. In 1937 the prison population averaged each day a little more than 10,000. Now it fluctuates between 44,000 and 46,000. There has been an increase in the 14 to 17 age group, the prison population of young people having quadrupled over the last 15 years. That enormous prison population is largely accommodated in Victorian institutions, in conditions that the Victorians themselves would not have tolerated. They would not have tolerated three men in a cell for 23 hours a day or workshops that are closed because staff cannot provide adequate supervision. They would not have tolerated prisoners who enjoy the luxury of one bath every seven days. While in some ways there has been a deterioration from Victorian standards, the worst of Victorian facilities have been maintained, such as the obligation to slop out rather than enjoy proper sanitary facilities. All that seems absolutely intolerable. I hope that the Home Secretary says that it is intolerable to him and that he does not propose to tolerate it any longer. Perhaps in some ways paradoxically, only in Northern Ireland are our prisons anything like acceptable to the standards of a civilised community. Perhaps one of the things that we should do is to have a crash building programme in Great Britain to provide facilities here of the sort that are enjoyed—if that is the right description—in Northern Ireland. I emphasise to the hon. Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook), because I failed to explain this to him at first, that I do not want a facility of 44,000 or 46,000 modern places, but a substantial reduction in numbers. The men and women who must remain in prison—the residual minimum—should be housed in decent facilities. § (Anglesey) I have considerable sympathy with what the right hon. Gentleman says, as I hope the House will hear if I catch your eye later, Mr. Deputy Speaker. Is the right hon. Gentleman saying that this is a new phenomenon, a problem that has occurred only in the last 2½ years? If not, will he say what his Government, of which he was a member, did, and how they addressed their minds to the problem when he was in office? § Mr. Hattersley The point that I hope the hon. Gentleman already knows, if he has prepared a speech, is that the prison population has substantially increased over the last three years. I do not suggest that the problem did not exist. Of course, the prison population has increased. Those are matters that should not be in dispute. The figures are there and available. I do not pretend that there were not too many people in prison when I had the honour to serve as one of Her Majesty's Ministers. However, I insist that the position has substantially deteriorated. The things that governors and prison officers have said over the last months and the breakouts and disturbances in the last two years are comparatively recent phenomena as a result of the figure approaching and perhaps breaking the crisis barrier. The hon. Gentleman will discover when I reach the end of my speech that I hope that the matter will be decided 277 not as one of party dispute, but as one of both parties facing a crisis. If he wants the debate to degenerate to the level of party dispute that is his problem, but it is not my attitude and I believe that it is not that of the House or of the country. More appropriate is the objective analysis of what happens in Britain and the proper comparison of the people whom we send to prison in this country with those who are sent to prison in other parts of Western European society. Our figure for convicted prisoners who are serving their sentences is 80 per 100,000 of the population. In Holland it is only 13.4, in Italy it is 21.8, in Luxembourg it is 56.8, in Denmark it is 44.8 and in Germany, which has the highest figure apart from us, it is 67.1. In France, when the figures were last available, it was 39.4, which is only half the British figure. I said "when the figures were last available" because on coming to power President Mitterrand announced an immediate amnesty for prisoners in French prisons who were convicted and sentenced for crimes that he did not believe justified custodial sentences and were causing overcrowding in French prisons, a factor that he found unacceptable. One of the things that the Home Secretary must do in the light of what the governors and prison officers have told him, and of all the evidence that has been presented to him, is to consider whether he should have a general amnesty for the many people, whom I shall describe in a moment, who are presently in British prisons and who, by any standards of reason, sense, and humanity, should not be there. Surely he agrees that there are men and women in our prisons who not only should not be there but should never have been sent there. Men and women have been sent to prison for maintenance and small fine defaults. There are prostitutes convicted of soliciting, and drunks, beggars and the homeless, guilty of sleeping rough. We need immediate legislation to remove those offenders from the categories of custodial sentences. We need immediate Government action to remove from our prisons mentally sick men and women who are there only because hospitals will not accept them. I do not pretend that removing those categories from custodial sentence will result in a dramatic reduction in the prison population—it would be rather less than 4 per cent. While I do not pretend that that would make a dramatic reduction, first I believe that it is right and, secondly, I believe that it is a step in the right direction which, together with some of the other proposals that I have advanced to the House, would make a substantial, if not dramatic, reduction. My next proposal concerns prisoners on remand. The record for the whole United Kingdom for holding prisoners on remand compares favourably with at least half the other countries in Western Europe. However, the entire United Kingdom record is improved because of the average period spent on remand in Scotland. That is not the same for England and Wales. In Scotland there is an admirable system of requiring a man or woman to be brought to trial within 110 days of committal or requiring that man or woman to be allowed out there and then on bail. That system does not undermine the processes of Scottish justice, but concentrates the courts' and advocates' minds on the necessity to get on with the trial. When one considers the periods for which men and women are held on remand, one sees that a similar rule should be introduced in England and Wales. It is wrong that often an innocent man or woman may have to wait six months 278 in prison for the opportunity to demonstrate his or her innocence. A reduction in the period of remand, as well as being right in itself, would also be a second step towards limiting the size of the prison population. § Mr. Hattersley The hon. Member for Grantham (Mr. Hogg) sitting down—indeed, lying down—cries "How many?" The answer depends on how quickly his profession would respond to the 110-day rule. I cannot put a precise figure on it, but I believe that it is right in itself. § There are many estimates, one of which my hon. Friend is about to give me, although I shall not necessarily endorse it. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk I know that my right hon. Friend will endorse what I shall say. He will recall that the May committee referred to the fact that 44 per cent. of those held in custody on remand were subsequently found not guilty or given a non-custodial sentence. The May committee referred to this practice as a scandal. Not only are many of these people at least technically innocent, but invariably they are held in the most appalling conditions in our overcrowded local prisons. That is certainly an affront to any civilised society. § Mr. Hattersley I endorse every word that my hon. Friend has spoken. The only shortcoming of his intervention was that it did not answer the point made by the hon. Member for Grantham. My hon. Friend did not do so, because I do not think that an answer is possible. I suspect that the hon. Member for Grantham knows that no figure can be given. I hope that, as a distinguished member of the legal profession, the hon. Gentleman will agree that it is wrong that an innocent man or woman should sometimes be required to wait six months to demonstrate his or her innocence. I make a third suggestion as to how the prison population can be reduced. That is by the implementation of the one part of the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure with which I am in enthusiastic agreement—part II. The creation of a national prosecution service, staffed by solicitors and barristers who work independently of the local police force, would in my view avoid many of the present prosecutions that now send people to prison in an unnecessarily arbitrary way. I emphasise for a second time that those three suggestions do not constitute a policy that would reduce the prison population sufficiently dramatically, but they are a beginning, and the Home Secretary should implement my more radical proposals. We must legislate across a wide spectrum of the law for lower maximum sentences. If there are lower maximum sentences, the evidence suggests that the courts will impose a lower sentence when they determine where, within the maximum, the penalty ought to fall. I convince myself that the Home Secretary agrees with that general proposition, but the difference between him and me is that he wants to move by exhortation rather than by legislation. In Leicester two months ago, when speaking to local magistrates, he said that in his view there ought to be shorter sentences, but the evidence again suggests that exhortation to shorter sentences will not 279 produce the results that he and I both want to see. There must be legislation to reduce maximum sentences before a reduction is reflected in general sentencing policy. We shall convince the public of the efficacy of that policy—and only that will be acceptable to the House—only if we examine the purposes of imprisonment in a more rational and objective way than they have been examined in the past. We must move away from the idea that sentences must inevitably and always be either a fine or a custodial sentence. We should begin to introduce alternative penalties that will deter and punish in the way that fines and prison are supposed to do, but which will avoid the reckless waste of months spent in prison. We should examine the whole range of punishments at least for serious crimes, excluding crimes of violence, and decide how many would be more appropriately punished by an obligation to serve the community in some way to right the wrong that has been done and by a duty to provide some sort of restitution. For instance, it seems absurd that men and women convicted of an offence involving goods to which others are entitled, theft, fraud, or even the regular refusal to pay maintenance to wives and families should be sent to prison in a way that makes it impossible for them to make any restitution for the damage that they have done. § Does the right hon. Gentleman agree that a third of our prison population is made up of those convicted of burglary? What would he do with the burglars? § Some of them might be better occupied outside prison than inside prison. § That demonstrates one of the hon. Gentleman's prejudices. One of my convictions is that they are no less likely to burgle after they come out of prison. § They will not do it while they are inside. § Mr. Hattersley The hon. Gentleman says that they will not do so while inside, but even he would not expect people convicted of burglary to be inside for ever. I want to create a society in which crimes are less likely to be committed, rather than an unthinking society that considers punishing individuals only once a crime has been committed. It is enormously simplistic to say that all burglars ought automatically to be imprisoned. § (York) Will my right hon. Friend remind the critics across the Chamber of the experience in Holland where, in 1973, it was deliberately decided to cut the rate of sentencing by about half? There has been no increase in the crime rate there, which was then greater than the crime rates in other Western European countries. § Mr. Hattersley That is one of the clear implications from the figures of imprisonment that I gave in my comparison with other Western European countries. No one is suggesting that, inherently, those countries are more law-abiding than we are. Nor is anyone suggesting the obverse—that because of the small amount of custodial sentencing they have experienced rampant crime waves 280 that we have somehow avoided. The truth is that different penal systems have achieved better results than ours. My contention remains that non-custodial sentences, examined instance by instance by the Home Secretary and applied when desirable, would produce a better result. Of course, all this will need some money for hostels and more probation officers as well as many other additional resources, but prisons cost money as well. At present it costs a minimum of £7,000 a year to keep a man in prison. I believe that that money could be far better spent on a more progressive way of deterring and preventing crime. We should understand what happens when a man is sent to prison. We should examine why a man or woman is sent to prison in the first place. The hard fact of the matter—and this in some ways refutes the point made by the hon. Member for Grantham—is that nothing is more likely to send a man to prison for a second time than sending him to prison for the first time. If we want to reduce the prison population, the avoidance of sending first offenders to prison, or people being sent there at an unnecessarily early stage, is an absolute necessity for all of us who want to see a general improvement. I know that the Government accept that point of view. I also appreciate that one of their most important tasks is to convince the public that by reducing sentences and taking some crimes out of the realm of custodial sentence they will not be undermining the entire basis of the prison system as well as the prospects for law and order. One educational job which must be done concerns the reason why we send people to prison. Almost all hon. Members—certainly those educated in the 1950s—believe that people are sent to prison for moral improvement and social regeneration. The hard facts of the last 30 years are that that has not happened, and that the opposite often happens. If men or women leave prison improved, that is probably because of their resources rather than those of the prison. Prisons exist for three purposes. One is to punish, one to deter and one to protect from society those who must be permanently excluded from the continuing damage and injury they might do. If we consider prison in those terms, rather than believing in its reformative role, we shall consider more rationally how long men and women need to be incarcerated in order to maintain the deterrent and provide the punishment. We need to consider rationally the alternatives to prison as a punishment. This is only half a party point, but I know that the Home Secretary has some conversion and explanation to do within his own party, which contains the people who naturally and properly influence him most. I recall the lady at the Conservative Party conference who went to the rostrum shaking a pair of handcuffs at the assembled delegates. She had the remarkable good fortune of being almost one of my constituents. She explained that, although she felt some moral guilt, she could not bring herself or find it within her heart to feel sorry for those in prison, irrespective of how degrading and intolerable were the conditions in which they lived. I hope that the Home Secretary will do his best to argue against that attitude. He has chosen to be unpopular within his party in other good causes in the past, and I hope that he will have the courage and farsightedness to do the same again. The attitude of those who say "What does it matter what happens to them once they are inside? Since they are offenders, let them be treated in the most barbarous way", seems to be as foolish as it is uncivilised. 281 What we now do with too many offenders is to incarcerate them in a way which wastes money and lives, destroys families, and patently does nothing to reduce crime. The penal system as it now operates is not having the deterrent effect for which much of society hoped. I repeat that once people have been inside they have almost a prescription for going to prison again. Our chief and principal obligation, in terms of law and order and a civilised wish and duty, is to prevent the prisons from operating as they now do. To improve prison conditions and to make them something like tolerable, our first duty is to reduce dramatically the prison population. That would enable the prison regimes to be transformed. It would free them from a constant risk of disturbance and mutiny. It would increase the status of the prison officer. It would provide the prospect of training and rehabilitation in a way that does not exist today. Most importantly, it would redeem Britain's reputation as being a civilised society applying penal policies which are conducive to the standards which we in this House claim to hold. Even at this late hour, I ask the Home Secretary to accept the Opposition motion rather than to pursue the amendment, which is at best apologetic and at worst simply an attempt at self-justification. I do not regard the debate today as a party political affair. I have attempted to advance my case in essentially non-political terms. I have described what the Opposition believe to be a national emergency. The Home Secretary should choose to work with the entire House in facing and overcoming the emergency. I therefore hope that he will accept our motion rather than choose to divide the House and pretend that this is a matter of proper party controversy. It is not. It is a matter which equally concerns, exercises and worries all men and women of good will who want Britain to be a truly civilised place in which law and order are properly and reasonably preserved. The Secretary of State for the Home Department (Mr. William Whitelaw) I beg to move, to leave out from "That" to the end of the Question and to add instead thereof: this House, recognising that, as a result of increasing crime and decades of neglect, conditions in many of Her Majesty's Prisons are now both an affront to a civilised society and a continued threat to law and order, endorses the Government's strategy of providing new and improved prison accommodation through a sustained building programme, and of seeking the reduction in the prison population by encouraging the use by the courts of non-custodial sentences and shorter sentences of imprisonment, consistent with the need to protect the public". I shall explain to the right hon. Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) why it is right not to support his motion and why I believe that the amendment sets out the basic strategy that I shall put before the House. However, I assure him that I do not approach the matter in any party political sense. He knows that if I did that I could make the most devastating case against the previous Labour Government, of which he was a member, on every front that he has spoken about today. I shall not do that, because I agree with him that we must approach these serious problems as a united House. I welcome the debate as an opportunity for the House to discuss frankly the grave difficulties facing the prison system and the options open to the Government in confronting them. I intend to describe the Government's 282 strategy for dealing with the problems of the prison system—problems which are certainly in part the product of neglect and national indifference. That is why the Government have taken the lead during the past two years in opening up the prison system to the public gaze. We have exposed the human consequences of the decay of the prison estate and the overcrowding that results from a prison population well in excess of the accommodation available for it. My ministerial colleagues in the Home Office have repeated the message time and again, both in the House and elsewhere, that conditions in some of our prisons are, in the words of the director-general of the prison service, "an affront to civilised society". The message has been reinforced in a number of recent television programmes. Because of the Government's openness of approach, there is now probably more public understanding of prison conditions than at any time in the recent past. The problems are perhaps now too well known to require elaboration. I should, however, like to remind the House of one or two stark facts about their effects on the people within the system, both staff and inmates. No new closed prison or borstal was built in England and Wales in the 40 years between 1918 and 1958. As a result, 60 per cent. of adult male prisoners are accommodated in inadequate Victorian buildings. Just as important, about half the prison staff work in those inadequate conditions. That is bad enough. Yet the worst conditions are often found in the temporary wartime buildings which have reached the end of their useful life but which cannot, while the prison population remains high, be relinquished. The House will be well aware of the size of the prison population. The latest total is about 44,000 as against certified normal accommodation of less than 39,000. In practice, more than 37,000 means a degree of overcrowding. The global figures mask considerably greater overcrowding in local prisons. For example, on 31 October Birmingham prison, with room for 537 prisoners, held 927, of whom 576 were three to a cell. The sharing of cells is not necessarily wrong in itself, but when it is enforced and three to a cell it is intolerable. The weight of numbers imposes enormous strains on the ability of prison management to do more than cope. As a result of the priority afforded to manning the courts and escorting prisoners, staff are seldom available to provide more than the absolute minimum regime. There can be no dispute that conditions in some of our prisons today are quite unacceptable and that action must be taken to improve them. The May committee paid an eloquent tribute to the staff of the prison service—a tribute I endorsed when the committee's report was published and which I wish to reinforce today. The circumstances in which many staff work make it hard for them to feel that their task has any positive aspect, and their fundamental duty of protecting the public becomes more difficult to discharge. I have spoken of the physical limitations of the prison system. There are also human limits—limits on the ability of staff to do a constructive job if they are offered no hope. Of course, such circumstances do not apply throughout the prison service. There are some establishments which have modern facilities, which are not overcrowded, in which prisoners have access to a wide range of regime activities, and in which staff are able to play as active a role as they wish. Nevertheless, I have stressed the worst of the problems facing the prison system, because I do not 283 want the House to underestimate their scale or intractability. These are major problems. There is no single solution to them. The Government are, therefore, attacking them on several fronts. I turn, first, to what is being done to increase the available resources. The Government have a substantial building programme, which should produce 5,000 new places in the 1980s. We have approved the construction of six new prisons to start over the next three years, and work on Wyland in Norfolk, a new category C prison, has already begun. The others, in order of starting, are young offender establishments at Stocken in Leicestershire and Appleton Thorn in Cheshire; a dispersal prison at Full Sutton on Humberside; two category B prisons at Garth next to Wymott and Swaleside next to Standford Hill. I can also announce today decisions to proceed with two more new prisons—making eight in all—at Bovingdon in Hertfordshire and Lockwood in Oxfordshire, starting in 1984–85. In the longer term, we are considering, among other possibilities, a new women's prison at Featherstone near Wolverhampton and a much needed local prison in the London area at Woolwich. § Mr. Douglas Hogg Before my right hon. Friend leaves the important matter of bringing new prisons into existence, will he explain why he is not prepared to use places such as Beckingham on a long-term basis until the new prisons are available? They are perfectly able to house category C prisoners. § Mr. Whitelaw I visited the Army camp at Beckingham, which we had on a temporary basis and which we have just closed. Army camps, by their very nature, are not suitable for use as long-term prisons. They are extremely expensive to run in terms of staff, who have to live away from their homes and in very poor conditions during the period in which they are there. Nevertheless, I am extremely grateful to those who ran the temporary prisons, and to my hon. Friend's constituents for their understanding. The wartime camps are no substitute for the sort of programme that I am announcing today, although they were valuable to us during a short major emergency. § In the light of the decision by some prison officers today not to accept further remand prisoners, how can the immediate problem be resolved to their satisfaction? § Mr. Whitelaw The prison governor is seeing the members of the Prison Officers' Association who are concerned with that problem. It would be wrong for me, when the governor is discussing these matters, to make any comments that might prejudice his discussions in the prison. I know that the House and the hon. Gentleman would not expect me to do that. In addition to the new prisons that we are planning, there are 14 major capital projects at existing establishments on which we are spending £23 million in the current financial year. There are dozens of smaller schemes elsewhere. Moreover, following the statement by my right hon. and learned Friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer this afternoon, I am able to announce an important enhancement of our redevelopment programme. In 1982–83, a substantially larger sum of money will be 284 provided for this purpose than had previously been planned. During the 1980s, we are planning major reconstruction projects at over 60 establishments which will, among other things, bring much improved access to sanitation. In present economic circumstances, this is a substantial investment in the future of the prison service. We have set in hand the most ambitious programme of building and reconstruction this century. Indeed, if it had been undertaken in the past it would have alleviated many of the problems that the Government inherited. Nevertheless, it is only a part of the solution to those problems, and, I am afraid, not the larger part. There are two reasons why an expansion of resources cannot be a complete answer to the problems of the prison service. First, the legacy of the past is such that a considerable building programme is needed simply to replace accommodation which will need to be taken out of use as a result of decay or through hazards common to any prison system. I said that 5,000 new prison places should be provided during the 1980s. How many of those would be additional places will depend on the unpredictable factors that I have mentioned. Secondly, new buildings are for tomorrow; the problem is with us today. The time which a new establishment takes to build could be shortened by disregarding the normal processes of local consultation, but I know that hon. Members lay much store by those processes. Let them try to build a prison in any part of the country, and find what the local Members of Parliament have to say in the course of the planning procedures. We cannot, in the short term, create prisons that will meet all the deficiencies of the past and all the demands that are being made upon the prisons now. We have soldiered on with an inadequate system for long enough, and successive Governments have done too little about it. Perhaps they have done no more than reflect a public feeling that there are better things on which to spend our money than creating decent conditions in the prisons. But if that feeling exists, we cannot as a society simultaneously demand a sentencing policy that assumes the existence of resources on a scale that we have not provided. We must have fewer prisoners. For lesser offences we must have shorter sentences. Getting public understanding of this is not easy. We have, above all, to retain public confidence in our determination to maintain good order in our society. With 2½ million serious offences being reported to the police last year, and reported crime having risen in recent years by about 5 per cent. a year, the public expect an effective response to crime from the police, the courts, the prisons and the probation service. There are all too many offenders who, on any showing, must expect to go to prison for their offences. But that need not, and cannot, mean that the use of imprisonment must stay at its present level. No one doubts—the courts least of all—that imprisonment must be the last resort. The emphasis has for years been on extending the alternatives, and of exhausting those alternatives before recourse to imprisonment. Far and away the most frequently imposed penalty is the fine, and the courts make extensive use of other methods which enable offenders to be dealt with in the community. Last year, nearly 30,000 offenders were put on probation. That was a welcome increase of more than 20 per cent. on the previous year. In addition, 20,000 offenders were made the subject of community service 285 orders. That was an increase of more than 40 per cent. over the previous year. I am glad to see my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn (Mr. Carlisle) in his place today, because he played a major part in introducing community service orders under the Conservative Government of that time. Community service has existed for less than 10 years. In that short time it has established a significant place in sentencing. It accounts for 4 per cent. of all sentences imposed for indictable offences. If imprisonment had kept pace with the increase in the number of offenders, our prison population would be many thousands greater than the present crisis level. Offenders must be dealt with in the community, wherever that is consistent with the protection of the public. Despite the need for restraints in public expenditure, I have enlarged the probation service so that it can offer the courts convincing alternatives to custody. This year there was provision for an increase amounting to 50 extra probation officers. Following the decisions announced by the Chancellor earlier this afternoon, I am glad to say that I shall be able to make available to the probation service additional resources for more rapid growth in 1982–83 than had previously been planned. Overall, there is now provision in that year for 150 additional probation officers compared with this year. During the last year we have provided the full cost of 86 new places in approved probation and bail hostels and have increased our contribution towards the number of such places in voluntary sector schemes. I acknowledge what my hon. Friend the Member for Cheltenham (Mr. Irving) has done in many of those cases. That number has in turn risen by about 250 since 1 April 1981. But no one should be under the illusion that our prison problems can be solved easily by diverting offences from custody. We can all agree that in an ideal world we should prefer our prisons to he rid of some offenders—those convicted of offenders of drunkenness, the mentally disordered and fine defaulters. But there are no simple alternatives for dealing with them, not least the fine defaulters, for whom imprisonment must be the ultimate sanction. Offenders in those three categories in any event amount only to 1,000 to 1,500 in the prison population of 44,000 at any one time. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk The Home Secretary twice said that there is a crisis in our prisons and that the problem is today's problem. Why does he not attempt to create an interim breathing space to deal with the problem by granting an amnesty to all those serving sentences of 18 months or less so that they can be released six months before the end of their sentences? He has the powers now under the Imprisonment (Temporary Provisions) Act 1980 which would release immediately 5,000 or 6,000 petty offenders and another 5,000 or 6,000 in six months? That would provide an important breathing space for the hard-pressed prison service and the staff who work in it. § Mr. Whitelaw I shall come to some of those matters later in my speech. If one makes such decisions, it is crucial, as I have said, that the House should take public opinion with it. One must be careful not to make moves with which one cannot take public opinion at a time of rising crime rates, about which many people are worried. The great majority of prisoners are in prison because they have committed serious offences, not once but 286 repeatedly. Just to take one figure, there were more than 10,000 men in prison on 30 June last year for offences of burglary. More than 8,000 were known to have three or more previous convictions. The public want the police, quite rightly, to detect more of those who commit burglaries. People expect the courts to deal with them. In many cases, therefore, the question is not whether there should be a custodial sentence, but whether a shorter sentence will do. § Mr. Whitelaw That is my hon. Friend's opinion. It may not always be the opinion of all those in the legal profession, all judges and all magistrates. How is that to be brought about? First, we must consider the criminal justice system in its entirety. Many of our present problems arise from the fact that we have all tended to consider its component parts—the police, the courts, the prisons and the probation service—in isolation from one another. We also tend to see the role of Parliament in isolation from the role of the courts. Neither Parliament nor the courts alone hold the key to the problem. Parliament and the courts complement each other. We in Parliament determine the resources that the country can afford to devote to the criminal justice system. I have made it clear that we cannot provide the prison space required to enable the courts to continue using imprisonment at its present rate. Parliament also lays down in statute the framework of the sentencing powers available to the courts. Within those powerss it is for the courts—and rightly so—to decide how each individual offender should be dealt with. The total prison population, which causes us so much anxiety, is the sum of thousands of those individual decisions. The Opposition motion cannot, in my judgment, be supported, because it suggests that the Home Secretary can directly reduce the numbers of people sentenced to imprisonment and the length of sentences imposed. That over-simplifies the position. It is for the courts—within the framework laid down by Parliament—to determine who of those brought before them and convicted should be sentenced to imprisonment and for how long, not for the Home Secretary. Parliament must set the framework best suited to the needs of the system as a whole, but the courts must retain their discretion in individual cases. Changing the statutory framework of powers will, therefore, not by itself solve the prisons crisis. It is suggested, for example, that we should reduce maximum penalties. It is not the maximum penalties—which the courts reserve for the most serious offenders—but the length of sentences imposed on ordinary offenders that creates the pressure. Substantial prison sentences are sometimes necessary, but we can afford them only for really serious offenders. The judgments of the Court of Appeal, under the leadership of the Lord Chief Justice, make that principle abundantly clear. In the case of Upton, the Court of Appeal emphasised that judges should take into account the conditions in the prison system. In imposing sentences the courts have a number of objectives: to deter the offender and others, to register society's disapproval of serious offending, and to give society protection from the offender's activities. The courts are bound to have those considerations in mind in deciding the length of sentence. The more serious the offence, the more severe the sentence. 287 However, there is scope for prison sentences to be shorter without the sense of proportion being lost. The Lord Chief Justice, in the Bibi judgment, said that many offenders can be dealt with equally justly and effectively by a sentence of six or nine months' imprisonment as by one of 18 months or three years. There are encouraging signs that, in consequence, shorter sentences are being imposed. The average length of sentence imposed in the latter half of last year was two months shorter in the Crown court compared with the year earlier, and nearly two weeks shorter in the magistrates' courts. How can Parliament reinforce that trend which I believe has only just started? We suggested one possibility in the proposal for early release under supervision for short sentence prisoners which we included in the "Review of Parole" published in May. The scheme would have involved the release of prisoners serving sentences of six months to three years after one-third of their sentence. The next third would have been served under supervision in the community instead of in custody as at present. The final third would have been the existing period of remission. So the scheme would have halved the period of effective custody for offenders coming within it. We put forward the scheme for consultation. Before embarking on so fundamental a change, we were bound to weigh very carefully the comments made on the merits of the scheme and its likely effects. There was support for the contribution that it could make towards easing the prison problems that we are debating today, but there were also widespread misgivings. The effectiveness of short periods of supervision, especially without consent, was doubted. More important, as Lord Justice Lawton and the chairman of the Magistrates' Association have made clear in recent letters to The Times, there were fears that an automatic scheme which created such large gaps between the length of sentence imposed by the court and the period of custody actually served would undermine the authority of the courts and the confidence of the public in the courts' ability to protect them from recidivist offenders. In reaching my decision whether to give effect to the proposal, I was bound to take the comments made on it seriously. That is the point of consultation. It would ill befit anyone in the House, so keen as we are on consultation, to suggest that that should not be taken into account. Because its overall merits were seriously doubted and its effectiveness uncertain, I concluded that this was not the right way to proceed. That was my decision, freely taken. I also reached the conclusion that the benefits of the kind that I was looking for through the supervised release scheme could be found by activating the power of the courts to suspend part of a prison sentence. That power is already on the statute book in section 47 of the Criminal Law Act 1977 . It has the advantage, therefore, that it can be brought into effect as soon as the necessary preparations have been made, without awaiting the passage of the Criminal Justice Bill . Our consultations with the judiciary make it clear that the courts would regard that as a valuable addition to their sentencing powers. I am accordingly making the necessary preparations in order to bring section 47 into operation in the spring. The Criminal Justice Bill that I presented today includes provision to make the operation of section 47 even more flexible by extending its availability to sentences of as little as three months and by enabling the 288 courts to reduce the period served in custody initially to 28 days if, through the exercise of their discretion, they think it right to do so. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk How does the Home Secretary square what he is now saying with what he said in his review of the parole system, about there being no certainty that such a proposal would reduce the prison population? More important, how does he square it with the statement made in the House by the Minister of State on 13 December 1979 that the introduction of the partially suspended sentence would increase the numbers of people held in prison? In view of those two statements, why is he proposing this measure as one that will reduce the prison population? § Mr. Whitelaw I believe that, in view of the evidence of progress towards shorter sentences, it is right to reinforce that trend. The judges and magistrates believe that in this new climate partially suspended sentences would be a valuable addition and would reinforce the trend. I have made a choice. I did not choose some form of supervised release that would reduce the prison population, because there was no evidence that that would be so. That would depend on what the House decided to do about the discretion that it might have provided for the courts during the passage of the Criminal Justice Bill . I am not pretending that partially suspended sentences are certain to reduce the prison population, but I believe that in the present climate they will probably succeed. I want to work with the judiciary in its efforts towards shorter sentences. My proposal is the best way to reinforce that trend. I have taken a decision based on my belief in what the judiciary is doing under the leadership of the Lord Chief Justice. The climate of opinion is right for the successful introduction of partly suspended sentences. They can play a valuable part in reinforcing the trend to shorter periods in custody. It will be essential that they are used—and I believe that they will be—as a substitute for full immediate imprisonment and not instead of fully suspended sentences. Parliament has made it clear that the present level of imprisonment is too high and that the present level of the prison population must be drastically reduced. That can be achieved without going soft on the minority of violent and serious offenders. I believe that the courts understand that, but the courts make individual decisions. They do not have the means to regulate the system as a whole. That is for Parliament. If the approach that I have outlined—the courts' move towards shorter sentences reinforced by improved powers—does not afford the prison system the relief that it so desperately needs, Parliament will have to intervene. Parliament cannot stand by if the system threatens to break down. § What is the Home Secretary doing about it? § Mr. Whitelaw The hon. Gentleman does not have much patience. In my next sentence I shall say what I am doing. I hope that he will give me a chance to do so. The Criminal Justice Bill includes permanent provisions with similar effect to those included in the temporary provisions legislation passed to meet last year's emergency. Under these powers the Home Secretary of the day would have to lay an order before Parliament which would—subject to an affirmative resolution—have a direct 289 effect on the level of the prison population. The order would have to specify the categories of offender to be released up to six months before their normal remission date. The powers are carefully drawn so that early release can be limited to suitable offenders—for example, offenders nearing the end of sentences for non-violent offences. I have never sought to minimise the dangers facing our prisons. I do not do so now. Breakdown is all too close. I do not seek to evade that, but I ask the House to recognise the Government's comprehensive strategy for improving prison conditions which is set out in the amendment. A reorganised prison department is carrying through substantial changes to bring increased efficiency throughout the system. An independent inspectorate has been appointed. The Government are carrying forward a substantial programme of new prisons and improvements, repairs and maintenance to existing prisons. They have thus embarked on the biggest prison improvement programme undertaken by any Government this century—and at a time of scarce economic resources. The Government have given every encouragement to the use of non-custodial sentences. We have devoted increased resources to the probation service to encourage probation orders and community service orders. We have reversed the neglect of attendance centres for young adults. The Government have supported the lead given by the Lord Chief Justice for shorter sentences in appropriate cases. Now we are planning to build on that by the introduction of partly suspended sentences which the judges and magistrates believe will reinforce the trend towards shorter sentences. Finally, in order to mobilise public opinion behind the need for prison reform, we have opened up the prison system to the public gaze and will continue to do so. That, in total, is easily the biggest reform of the prison system undertaken by any Government in modern times. That is the programme that I am asking the House to support in the Lobby tonight. (Ormskirk) I congratulate my right hon. Friend the Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) and also the Shadow Cabinet on tabling the motion which gives the House a rare opportunity to debate what the Home Secretary called a neglected subject. Both the Home Secretary and my right hon. Friend referred to the crisis in the prison system. Indeed, when the Home Secretary spoke to the Cumbria probation and after-care service on 13 September he said that the crisis was undermining the criminal justice system. He said that if we did not take speedy action we might have a crisis by the spring of next year. There is a crisis. That is generally accepted on both sides of the House. The crisis is in numbers. There are 44,500 prisoners now—the figure was 45,500 a few months ago—in accommodation designed to accommodate fewer than 39,000 prisoners. There are 17,000 prisoners two or three to cells that were built for one in Victorian times. There are 17,000 prisoners locked in their cells for 23 out of every 24 hours and denied proper access to educational, recreational or work facilities. Moreover, they are held in the most appalling, degrading, disgusting, dehumanising and brutalising conditions that no one in this House would inflict upon animals. If we suggested that 290 cattle or dogs should be held in the same disgusting and degrading conditions as exist in many of our local prisons, there would be an immediate public outcry and controversy, and rightly so. But we are subjecting many of our fellow citizens to precisely those conditions over inordinately long periods. The Home Secretary, my right hon. Friend the Member for Sparkbrook and everyone else who has taken an interest in this subject are aware of that, acknowledge it and point to it. To give him credit, the Home Secretary has probably done more than anyone else in this House, certainly more than the two previous Home Secretaries, to draw attention to the problem in our prisons. He has spoken throughout the country on every conceivable occasion, and before the Select Committee, sometimes using his words very extravagantly, but always pointing to this disgraceful problem and the need for remedial action. But he has done nothing substantive to reduce the prison population. For all the trumpeting and the fanfare of the package presented today, very little will result in the short or medium term significantly to reduce those numbers. The Home Secretary has nailed his colours to this mast. On one occasion he said that he put his political reputation on the line in reducing the prison population. But he has failed, even though he has been in office for two years. I accept that there have been decades of neglect. The Labour Government were no better, and in many ways much worse, but that in no way exonerates the Home Secretary from his responsibilities, particularly in the light of his acknowledgment of the need for remedial action. Many options and opportunities are available to the Home Secretary. For example, he could have accepted my suggestion during an earlier intervention. He could announce an immediate amnesty for all prisoners serving sentences of 18 months or less. They could be released six months before the end of their sentence. That would immediately remove 5,000 or 6,000 from the prison population, and another 5,000 or 6,000 in six months' time. Those are not negligible numbers, but it is extremely important to provide a breathing space to prisoners, staff, and to the Home Secretary himself, so that a wider package of measures of a more permanent nature can be devised and implemented. The Home Secretary had that option, to which he referred as a potential future option that he might use. It is available now. He does not need to introduce legislation. Such an action would not involve additional resources. There would be no need for more probation officers or hostels. There would be no need for the other excuses traditionally given as the reason why action cannot be taken. Indeed, he is not arguing against the idea in principle, because today he accepted the principle of such an amnesty by indicating that it is enshrined in the Bill presented, but not published, today. If the Home Secretary is deeply serious—and I believe that he is—in what he has repeatedly said over the past two years and has reiterated today, that was one area where he could have taken immediate and effective action, but yet again he has put it off to some far-distant future date. He could also have legislated in the Criminal Justice Bill —we understand that it is not in the Bill—to reduce the length of prison sentences. That is something that has been put forward not only by the advisory council on the penal system and the parliamentary penal affairs group, but also by the recent report of the all-party Select Committee on Home Affairs, which was unanimous in this respect. 291 In evidence to that Committee, and elsewhere, the Home Secretary has acknowledged that a reduction in the lengths of sentences is the most significant single feature that could reduce the prison population substantially. Whether he does it by continuing to exhort the judiciary or by legislation may be a matter of judgment and choice. But certainly the evidence that we have as to the way in which the judiciary has responded in the past to attempts to get it to mould its behaviour to what Parliament and the public deem to be appropriate does not suggest that it is likely to reduce the lengths of sentences in practice over a long period. The evidence for that is provided by the way in which sentences have increased over precisely the decade since parole was introduced. Coincidentally—I do not suggest that there was any conspiracy—the increasing lengths of sentences imposed by the judiciary since the introduction of the parole system have wiped out all the benefits that came from that system. That may be another reason, which the Home Secretary did not produce, for not introducing release on licence. Those are just two things that could be done. There were many other options available to the Home Secretary—not least that of supervised release, which appeared to be his own favoured option, which he endorsed and recommended in recent months on several occasions in different parts of the country. That, too, would have had the immediate impact—a third; a third; and a third—of reducing the prison population by 7,000. It may not have had the long-term consequences and benefits that many of us on the both sides of the House desire, but it would, at the very minimum, have provided that essential and crucial breathing space for the prison service. I shall not enter into the argument as to whether the Home Secretary has capitulated, and, if so, to whom—whether it was the Tory law and order lobby at the Tory Party conference, or the allegedly enlightened considered views of the judiciary—except to say that on the evidence of the letter quoted by the Home Secretary, Lord Justice Lawton's letter in The Times, although Lord Justice Lawton clearly said that he was against this proposal, he also intimated that both he and the rest of the judiciary would implement it in practice if that was Parliament's will. That is quite a different thing from any suggestion that the judiciary on that occasion was thwarting either the Home Secretary or the proposed will of Parliament. § Mr. Whitelaw I should like to confirm what the hon. Gentleman has said. Constitutionally, it is extremely important that it should be so confirmed. There never was any question in Lord Justice Lawton's letter or in anything that was said to me by anyone in the judiciary that the judiciary would not have loyally worked with the scheme if I decided to introduce it through Parliament. That was clear from the start. There have been suggestions otherwise. I want to confirm absolutely, as Lord Justice Lawton sets out, that that was the judiciary's position and is its position. § Mr. Kilroy-Silk Then there is every reason in the world why that proposal should be in the Criminal Justice Bill , and no reason why it should not be there, given what the Home Secretary has said. During his speech he paid 292 careful attention to those who were against the proposal. I acknowledge that we are all entitled to have a judgment and a different view of matters. But, as the Home Secretary has confirmed, no one has suggested that, if it were the will of Parliament, it would not be implemented. The Home Secretary did not indicate that many people supported the proposal, not least, again, the Select Committee on Home Affairs. There are Opposition Members present today who were members of that Committee and who supported the proposal. The Home Secretary has had wide all-party support in the House. For some reason he has chosen to disregard the political input into that debate and to take advice from other quarters, so far unspecified, which has led him to dismiss the proposal, even though he was actively in favour of it as little as two or three months ago. There are other options, too, that were available and are still available to the Home Secretary. Not least, there is the 50 per cent. remission, which operates so successfully in Northern Ireland. If we can manage to have a scheme of 50 per cent. remission without the kind of recidivism which is always assumed to occur on such occasions—or with no increase in recidivism, at least—operated effectively in Northern Ireland with all the difficulties there, there is no reason why we cannot also operate such a scheme effectively on the mainland. Those are just a few of the perhaps more important options that would have been open or available to the Home Secretary if he had been serious and sincere in his desire to reduce the prison population. They go beyond all the other measures that I want to see and that my right hon. Friend the Member for Sparkbrook mentioned today because they stand on their own ground in terms of getting out of prison the mentally ill and disordered, alcoholics, drug addicts, prostitutes, vagrants and all the others who, as my right hon. Friend said, should not be there. I was glad to hear that said from the Labour Front Bench because, if there is a Labour Government after the next election, much of what has been said today will be rammed very firmly down my right hon. Friend's throat if there is any backtracking on this issue. All those things should have been done anyway. We should no longer have to come to the House to make out that case. The case has been made frequently and vehemently and stands on its merits. The numbers are small and relatively insignificant, but we have no right to include such people in the penal system. Those are a few of the options that the Home Secretary could have taken and activated. What has he chosen to do instead? He said that he would build more prisons and provide more capital expenditure for refurbishment, even though he knows that the 5,000 places being provided only replace the buildings that are falling down and may not even be sufficient to replace those that will fall into disuse before the 5,000 places come into operation. The right hon. Gentleman has said that he will do that even though he knows that the time between taking the decision such as the one he has announced today to build a new prison and the first prisoner entering the cells in that prison is 10 years. Work on the new prison will start in 1984 but the first prisoner will not enter the cells until 1994. Meanwhile the number of prisoners is increasing and the conditions in which they are held become more deplorable and more appalling. We have no right to hold people in such conditions. 293 The Home Secretary's other suggestion was a partially suspended sentence, even though the Magistrates' Association has gone on record against it, the advisory council on the penal system is against it and even though, in Question Time, on 13 December 1979, the then Minister of State, the present Chief Secretary to the Treasury, said: The difficulty in introducing the measure immediately is that it is difficult to know the impact that it would have on the prison population. Even if accurate forecasts of the overall impact cannot be obtained, there is reason to believe that it would increase the number of prisoners detained for short periods."— [ Official Report, 13 December 1979; Vol. 975, c. 1519. ] Those are not my words, the words of the hon. Member for Cheltenham (Mr. Irving) or anyone else who wishes to see a reduction in the prison population. They are the words of one of the Home Secretary's Ministers of State. Less than two years ago the then Minister of State argued against the measure on the ground that it would increase, not reduce, the prison population. That is the one important proposal that the Home Secretary has produced today that he says will reduce the prison population. But that is not all. The right hon. and learned Member for Cleveland and Whitby (Mr. Brittan) is not the only person to have said that. In May this year, the Home Office's "Review of Parole in England and Wales" referred in paragraph 58 to section 47 of the Criminal Law Act 1977 and said That section has not been activated because of fears that the new sentence would be used to give a taste of imprisonment in cases where at present the courts would impose a fully suspended sentence or non-custodial sentence. Inevitably, too, in a proportion of cases the suspended part of the sentence would be subsequently activated. Thus there can be no certainty that implementing section 47 would achieve any reduction in numbers in custody and would not confer any advantage in the treatment of individual offenders. Therefore, only a few months ago, in May, the Home Secretary's own review of the parole system made a sustained and substantial case against the proposal that he has put forward today as his contribution to reducing the prison population. I make my next remarks with deep regret because I have great personal respect for the Home Secretary both as a person and for what he has done in this area. I am sorry, but the Home Secretary's proposals will not do. Today, the Home Secretary has provided just another catalogue of the failures that are symptomatic of Home Secretaries on both sides of the House, who, decade after decade, have tried to grasp the important and serious nettle of how to deal humanely, compassionately and decently with the prison population. I shall conclude by quoting from someone at the sharp end. He has to deal with the conditions that we are prepared to allow such men to work in. We have seen the unprecedented step of two prison governors writing to the press. They are not really courageous, because they are only enjoying the dispensation that the Home Secretary—according to the May committee's recommendation of openness of mind and of approach—has accorded them. Those governors are not brave or courageous to write to the press. That is the new regime. That is what we expect. They are contributing to the debate. None has made more important and forceful contributions to the debate than the governors of Wormwood Scrubs and of Strangeways, Manchester. I 294 shall quote from a letter published in The Daily Telegraph, on 30 November. It was written by Mr. Norman Brown, the governor of Manchester prison. He wrote: We just cannot go on locking men and women up, many for 23 hours a day. Why do the warnings continually given by the Prison Service go ignored? That is a good question. Perhaps the Home Secretary will answer it. He continued: We are the people who have to work and contain our inmates in the squalor that we do; we are the people who have to deal with the barricades, the fires, the hunger strikers, the riots, the slopping out. Is it not time that the necessary legislation be introduced to reduce our prison population and restore the morale of the prison staff, allowing us to operate a system with decent standards and dignity, or must we go on being ignored by Parliament and the courts while they carry on talking about overcrowding for yet another 30 years. Hon. Members cannot go on talking about the appalling conditions in our prisons for another year—let alone another 30 years. Even the guilty have a right to minimum, decent, civilised standards. That right is now being denied them. That is an affront to human dignity—as the motion states—and is an offence against the European Convention of Human Rights. Every one of us should be deeply and thoroughly ashamed of what is done in our name, which we allow to continue. The Home Secretary bears the ultimate responsibility. It is on his head and shoulders. He started out with apparently great prospects as a reforming Home Secretary, but on the evidence of the last few years and on the evidence of the Bill's proposals I regret to say that he, like all the others, has failed and shows no sign of being a success. (Runcorn) This is the first time, Mr. Deputy Speaker, that I have attempted to catch your eye, or that of Mr. Speaker, since ceasing, this summer, to be a member of the Government. Therefore, I am grateful to you, Mr. Deputy Speaker, for having called me to speak now. The right hon. Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) and I have been Members of Parliament for the extremely long period of 17 years. However, this is the first time that I have addressed the House from the Government Back Benches. Perhaps I cannot crave the indulgences normally given to maiden speakers. The more appropriate analogy might be for me to crave whatever indulgencies are advanced to an old maid. I am sorry that the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook is not in the Chamber. I was a junior Minister in the Home Office from 1970 to 1974. Throughout that period I was responsible for the Home Office's criminal department and for at least part of that period I was responsible for the prison service. Throughout, I believe that I was responsible for parole. I should have liked to tell the right hon. Gentleman that, as I come back to the issue seven years later, my overwhelming impression is that very little has changed. I agree entirely with what the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook said about the need to look upon prison as a last resort and the need for shorter sentences. It was not so much the content as the occasional tone of voice of the right hon. Gentleman that gave the impression that all that was happening was new, that this crisis had arisen quickly and unexpectedly, and that the courts were manned by people sitting and waiting for the opportunity to send other 295 people to prison as quickly as possible. I do not believe that this is the true situation. I believe that little has changed since the debates that occurred between 1970 and 1974. The figures, for instance, have changed very little. There is talk today of crisis with a prison population numbering 44,000. In 1970, the prison population was over 40,000. Of more significance are the predictions that awaited the incoming Conservative Government in that year. It was predicted that if no steps were taken to deal with the problem the prison population would rise to 42,000 by 1971–72, to 52,950 by 1975–76 and to between 62,000 and 67,000 by the end of the decade—in other words, the present year. I hope to explain the action that was taken by that incoming Conservative Government. It is important, however, in all this talk of crisis and overcrowding, to set the figure of 44,000 against the background of the predicted increase in the prison population 10 years ago. It is also necessary to take account of the fact that indictable crime known to the police in 1970 was miming at 1.5 million offences a year. By 1974, the figure had risen to 1.9 million. In the current year, the figure is 2.5 million. A smaller proportion of those convicted of indictable crime are sent to prison today compared with 10 years ago. The figure given by the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook of 10,000 in the 1930s as against 40,000 in the 1980s is wholly meaningless. It has meaning only when examined against the rate of crime at the time. The chances are that the number of people sent to prison in the 1930s was a higher proportion of those convicted of indictable offences than is the position now. My overwhelming immediate reaction returning to this debate after seven years is that the language and the words have changed very little. I should like to deal with three matters that have changed. First, the attitude and the awareness of society and particularly the prison service to conditions within prisons have altered. As the hon. Member for Ormskirk (Mr. Kilroy-Silk) generously remarked, this is largely due to the lead given by my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary. The second change is that on this issue, as on so many, we talk today in much more strident tones, through the media, of crisis and riots. The third change that has occurred—I do not wish, like the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook, to make a party political speech—is that in the intervening period, between 1974 and 1979, a Government were in power that took no action to alleviate the situation. One cannot examine overcrowding simply in terms of numbers. Numbers alone do not mean overcrowding. One has to take numbers in relation to the capacity that exists within the prison service. In two decades of substantial increase in crime, it is inevitable that, whatever has been done to try to keep people out of prison, the figure of those going to prison would be likely to some extent to increase, although, as I have attempted to point out, the figure has been far less than predicted. If we are to provide adequately for those in prison, to get rid of the intolerable conditions and to replace some of the Victorian prisons with modern prisons, the only answer is a prison building programme. 296 In an Adjournment debate on 20 November, the Minister of State, Home Office, my hon. and learned Friend the Member for Royal Tunbridge Wells (Mr. Mayhew), said that my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary had inherited a nil building programme. That is almost exactly the same situation that existed in 1970. At that time, the incoming Conservative Government inherited a situation in which 80 new places had been provided in the previous year in the whole of the prison service although the prison population then stood at about 40,000. During the following three years, we created new prison places at the rate of 2,000 a year. We left an inheritance that would have provided for 11,000 new places between 1974 and 1978 together with 9,700 starts in the same period. That programme, devised in the early 1970s, was cut dramatically when it became the first casualty of the capital programme. The annual report on prisons in 1977 stated that the redevelopment of Victorian prisons had become more remote than at any time in the previous 30 years. A prison building programme is essential. I welcome what the Home Secretary said about the programme. I do not believe that we can debate our penal policy as a Parliament purely to meet the everyday convenience of the availability of resources. If we are to carry out our duty to provide the facilities necessary in the fight against crime, we have to be willing to provide prison accommodation in which people can be kept in conditions of humanity and where those required by society to be punished in this manner can be humanely treated. I regret the fact that the previous Government left an inheritance of nil building and earlier cancelled a programme that they had inherited. I welcome the fact that the Home Secretary has realistically taken up the matter again and provided more capital projects that many Conservative Members have argued, in another capacity, would be welcome at this time. There are two methods of dealing with an overcrowded prison population. One is to build prisons and the other, as has been rightly said, is to reduce where possible the number of people who are sent to prison and the length of time for which they are sent there. I suggest to my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary, to the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook and to the hon. Member for Ormskirk, who spoke in terms of an amnesty, that we cannot dictate penal policy merely by short-term expediences to fit in with resources. If we want a small prison population—I believe that there is a strong case for it—we must justify it on penal grounds, not merely on the ground of financial expediency. As I say, there is a case for having a smaller prison population. Prison must be a traumatic event, and it should be used as sparingly as possible. I welcome what my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary generously said about the community service orders which we introduced in 1971 as a means of providing wider alternatives. Moreover, we should remind judges and those who sit in courts that, when it is necessary to send a person to prison who has not been to prison before, a short sentence may be totally adequate for the purposes that they have in mind. In the past, we have criticised short sentences and have assumed that it is never right to impose a short sentence. I would rather that those people who get short sentences were dealt with in other ways, but if a court decides that a sentence of imprisonment is necessary, a 297 short sentence, certainly on the first occasion, can well be adequate. It is a deterrent and a retribution, which are the aims of imprisonment in those circumstances. Inevitably, a tariff of moral guilt is built up by courts. Inevitably, the length of sentence is bound to demonstrate the court's view of the outrage created to society by the offence. Inevitably, the length of sentence imposed at the time of sentence is where the deterrent effect of the sentence is indicated. Within the framework laid down by the House, we need to allow freedom for the courts to exercise their own judicial discretion concerning what the length of the sentence should be, but thereafter we should be willing to be far more adventurous in the use of such matters as parole as a means of ensuring that people are able to return to society. § Mr. Alexander W. Lyon Is there not also an obligation on us to teach judges that there is a positive benefit in shorter sentencing, and that shorter sentencing does not necessarily contribute to an increase in the crime rate? Should we not teach judges what the right hon. and learned Gentleman himself knows from his experience at the Home Office? § Mr. Carlisle I am not entirely sure that I agree with the phrase "teach judges". I believe that we should persuade those who sit in courts, at all levels, of the desirability of dealing with people in ways other than imprisonment, and convince them of the argument for short sentences when prison is imposed. I agree with that, but I am totally opposed to the suggestion in the Opposition motion that somehow arbitrary executive action by the Home Secretary should achieve that end. Surely our task as a Parliament is to set the parameters, the framework within which courts act, and to give wider opportunities for alternatives to imprisonment. I personally would oppose a suggestion for increasing the period of remission. If we automatically increase remission, I fear that we shall increase the length of sentences that are given. I would rather advance through further use of parole, where courts can give a sentence which will be the maximum that a person will serve as a penalty, leaving it to those who watch over him during that period to decide the right moment for release. I remain cynical of the Home Secretary's views about partial suspended sentences. I am ready to be persuaded, and I look forward to hearing the debate, even if I do not take part in it. However, I ask the Home Secretary to look at the evidence. There is no doubt that the introduction of suspended sentences in its early days increased the prison population, because the number of people who were given suspended sentences and then committed another offence during the period of suspended sentence received longer sentences than they otherwise would have been given. I question whether partial suspended sentences will achieve the Home Secretary's aims. I accept that there is something in looking again, as the hon. Member for Ormskirk suggested, at the recommendations of the advisory committee about providing shorter maximum sentences within which the court will then have to work. I would also like to know what is the present amount of use of community service. I believe that we should widen the use of parole. I hope that my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary will say whether the failure rate of parole is still as low as 7 per cent., as it was in earlier years. 298 We ought to take up the views of Lord Justice Waller in a letter to The Times the other day, suggesting the introduction of parole for those with sentences of 18 months or less. I know the difficulties of being unable to obtain full reports, but we now give parole through a local parole board without going through the main parole board. In my view, there are openings there. That is a more effective way, combined with the prison building programme, of meeting the crisis, if crisis be the right word, of the long-standing overcrowding in prisons. The Home Secretary should look again at the wider use of open prisons. I cannot accept an Opposition motion which calls for executive action. That would be wrong and unacceptable to the people of our country. The motion was delivered in a critical tone of voice, and it was largely hypocritical. We should continue, start and press on with the necessary building programme and influence and persuade those people who have the difficult task of sitting in a judicial capacity of the importance of keeping sentences down, instead of the Executive attempting to interfere with that discretion. (Birmingham, Ladywood) The right hon. and learned Member for Runcorn (Mr. Carlisle) criticised my right hon. Friend the Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) for having delivered a party political speech. If my right hon. Friend had not taken this opportunity, which was welcomed by my hon. Friend the Member for Ormskirk (Mr. Kilroy-Silk), to set out the official Opposition's view on the prison service, he would have been open to the criticism that he had missed an opportunity of explaining the Opposition's view on these matters. Therefore, the right hon. and learned Gentleman was a little unkind to criticise my right hon. Friend in that way. The Home Secretary referred to the prison in Birmingham. I shall say a few words about that later. Clearly, the right hon. Gentleman is mindful of the critical situation in local prisons, and Birmingham is no exception. The Home Secretary did not respond fully to what my right hon. Friend said about the ways in which the prison population could be reduced. The arguments are well known and have been put forward in this place and elsewhere, but surely the Home Secretary could have taken the time to explain a little more fully the Government's views. There are substantial numbers of people who, in the view of those who know about these matters, should not be in custody. The Government have not put forward a valid reason why such people cannot, in the foreseeable future, be regarded as prisoners in the category unlikely to be given custodial sentences. In fairness, most of these people are inadequate to cope with our society. They obviously need some care, guidance and attention, but they do not necessarily need the harsh regime of a prison. That is particularly true of those who are in prison because of alcoholism, drug abuse and other related matters. There are two main strands to the argument that I wish to pursue. The first concerns the control of the offender—the punishment that deprives him of his liberty. Few in society would fail to recognise that that is 299 necessary. The punishment must be effective both as a measure of control of offenders and as a deterrent for others who might commit serious offences. The second strand of the argument is a view that most people would hold. The prison policy of Her Majesty's Government should include a regime designed to rehabilitate the offender. One would hope that after a spell in prison an offender would be discouraged from committing further crime. The humane aspect of how offenders might be treated in prison has already been mentioned. Without doubt there are considerable shortcomings in educational facilities and vocational training, and from time to time it appears that there are deficiencies in the medical attention received by inmates. Most people would agree that a custodial sentence should be a meaningful punishment to the criminal. Any crime regarded by society as unacceptable must be punished accordingly. Many people argue that the regime in which criminals are detained should be fair and reasonable and should be conducted in such a way that it will lead to rehabilitation. The demand is that all centres—prisons, detention centres, borstal institutions, or open prisons—should be in keeping with the needs of our modern age, not those of the Victorian age. The policy that the Home Secretary seemed to be outlining earlier gave some encouragement, which it would be churlish not to recognise. The Government have in mind to do something about the matter. However, as my hon. Friend the Member for Ormskirk said, it is somewhat too little and it is certainly too late. The Home Secretary is trying to contend with today's problems, but only in five years' time. That is not good enough. The Home Secretary should speed up the programme to try to overcome some of the difficulties in prisons now. The problems of Winson Green prison in Birmingham were outlined by the Home Secretary. That prison, designed for 527 inmates, now houses 927. Of those, 576 are three to a cell. The Birmingham media have reported that the prison has often held more than 1,000 prisoners. That is getting on for twice the number of prisoners for which it was designed. When men are confined for 23 hours a day, three to a cell, that must, by any civilised standards, be regarded as totally unacceptable. The Government must address themselves to correcting the situation not only in Winson Green prison but in other prisons where similar conditions obtain. I hope that the Minister will address himself to some specific points which I shall put to him. Will he provide some information about the ways in which prison regimes can be improved, in particular about ways of improving standards of education and vocational training? That is of paramount importance to the correction of the offender. Widespread criticism has been expressed in the Birmingham area about prisoners' medical care and supervision. I hope that the Minister will pay attention to that. I do not wish to dwell on any case which has come to light recently, but there is public disquiet about the medical treatment being offered to prisoners. There is concern about the possibility of shortcomings in the way in which medical treatment is given. In the event of a serious complaint by a prisoner or his family about 300 medical treatment, will the Minister undertake to hold a public inquiry immediately after the complaint has been made? In the past few months there has been a welcome move towards making the prison service more accountable. Many people with interests in the prison service welcome that move. If someone is given medical treatment which is held to be unsatisfactory later, and a complaint is registered, the Home Office should make the complaint public and the outcome of the Home Office's findings more readily available. Such matters are important to those who have raised the future of Winson Green prison with me. I am aware that many right hon. and hon. Members wish to participate in the debate. I ask the Home Secretary to undertake an early reappraisal of the whole of the building programme for the prison service. He should take account of the view expressed by many right hon. and hon. Members that the programme is insufficient in terms of its demand and that the envisaged time scale for the programme is far too long. It must be telescoped to be more meaningful and to cope with the demand by prison service workers of all grades to improve our prisons. (Cheltenham) Since the first day that the Home Secretary took office he has done more than any Home Secretary in recent years to draw public attention to the crisis of overcrowding in our prisons. From the beginning he has drawn the attention of the courts, the judges, the press and everyone involved in the penal system to the great effort needed to put right the damage done in the last 20 or 30 years. Little improvement has been made to most of our prisons in that time. Over one third of the prison population have to spend at least 23 hours a day living three or four in cells built for one. Cells in our prisons do not have integral sanitation and the sordid result is the clearing up in the prison yard every morning of parcels of excrement thrown out of the window in the night, and the lining up of prisoners every morning for the degrading process of slopping out. Children in our schools are taught to look back in horror at the prison conditions of John Howard's time. Future generations will ask how those living in the 1980s could have called themselves civilised when, for all our technical advancement, they subjected so many human beings to such appalling treatment and had the temerity to refer to it as part of a system of "justice". I have been constantly critical of Governments of both political persuasions for their failure to tackle the problems of our prisons. The criticisms that we are now hearing from the Opposition Front Bench ring very hollow when we recall the abysmal record of the previous Labour Government on these issues. I remember that in 1975 Mr. Roy Jenkins, now a leading contender for the leadership of the SDP but then a Labour Home Secretary, announced that if the prison population reached 42,000 conditions would be intolerable and drastic action to relieve the position would be inevitable. The following year the prison population totalled 42,000 for the first time, yet, during the remainder of the Labour Government's term of office, the inevitable drastic action was notable by its absence. No reasonable person can doubt the Home Secretary's deep and genuine concern about the problems of overcrowding, which affect not only the men who are 301 subjected to sentences, but each and every person who has to work in the prison system. Let us not forget those men and women in the prison service and those who make a great contribution through the probation and after-care service. We need a less posturing recrimination from those who did nothing when they had the chance in Government, and more constructive support for the Home Secretary in the form of practical suggestions that will help him to achieve his aim of reducing the prison population without endangering the public. I give some examples that might help towards that aim, and I emphasise that most of my thinking is geared towards the non-violent offender. First, the Home Secretary could look again at the recommendation that was made in 1970 by the advisory council on the penal system that a new sentence of weekend imprisonment be introduced. That could be imposed as an alternative to full-time imprisonment when the court considers that a non-custodial penalty is not right. Weekend imprisonment operates successfully in West Germany, Holland, Belgium and New Zealand and avoids such undesirable side-effects of custody as loss of job, total disruption of family life and the continuous exposure to the contaminated effects of a closed prison life. We have seen that army camps can be brought into use as temporary prisons with remarkable speed in an emergency. Why cannot such camps be brought into use with equal speed, even if on an experimental basis, as they are already being used, as weekend prisons? Instead, I understand that some of the camps are being closed and will no doubt go into disrepair. The cost of servicing that sort of system should not be astronomical. An offender who would serve a weekend sentence is most unlikely to be the sort of offender who will either wish to escape or be violent. § Will my hon. Friend give way? § Mr. Irving No, I am sorry; I never give way. Secondly, the Home Secretary should remove the penalty of imprisonment for many minor offences, some of which could be decriminalised with no adverse effects for public safety. For example, there is a growing body of opinion in Parliament that regards the practice of imprisonment for soliciting as throughly objectionable. Organisations as disparate as the Prison and Borstal Governors' Society and the Police Federation agree that the practice is both harsh and pointless. There is also weighty all-party support for making the offences of sleeping rough and begging non-imprisonable, in the form of the report of the Select Committee on Home Affairs on vagrancy earlier this year. I was disappointed that the report did not go further and recommend the total repeal of the Dickensian laws that punish men and women and label them as criminals for being homeless and disadvantaged. I hope that as a minimum the Home Secretary will implement the Committee's recommendation that they should at least become non-imprisonable offences. Thirdly, the Home Secretary should take steps to reduce the number of people imprisoned for failure to pay fines, of whom there were nearly 16,000 in 1980. Fine defaulters now constitute a quarter of all receptions into prison of sentenced inmates and they make disproportionate demands on the time and resources of the staff. 302 In July, the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders, of which I have the honour to be vice-chairman, published the report of a working party under the distinguished chairmanship of Lady Howe. It made a series of excellent recommendations designed to reduce the use of imprisonment for fine defaulters. I commend it to all concerned, as there are 34 sensible, considered recommendations that would act as alternatives to imprisonment. Many of those alternative methods of enforcing fines are rarely used by the courts. The report recommends that, before committing a defaulter to prison, the courts should have to certify that all other options have been considered and are inappropriate, giving reasons for that view. I hope that the Home Secretary will implement that reasonable and sensible proposal. Fourthly, immediate steps should be taken to remove mentally disturbed offenders from prisons to either psychiatric or secure hospitals. It is a national scandal that the practice of imprisoning them is increasing because suitable hospital space, although available, is refused to the offenders. The Home Secretary should also encourage the greater use of existing alternatives to imprisonment. The steady increase in the use of community service orders since they were introduced by the Conservative Government in 1972 is the only significant success story in sentencing policy during the last 10 years. Even now, however, only 4 per cent. of adults convicted of indictable offences receive a community service order. There is scope for even greater use of such orders. Even fewer offenders are sent to senior detention centres, even though they provide a straightforward, easily understood penalty without the undesirable side effects if imprisonment. They are cheap to set up and run because they use existing premises and are manned by volunteer police or prison officers in their spare time. Although the Home Secretary has taken steps to extend the number of senior attendance centres—unlike his predecessors in office—courts in most parts of the country still have no centre available to them for young adult offenders. A crash programme should be instituted to establish senior attendance centres throughout the country. I believe that a determined programme of measures along those lines would receive widespread support from those in and out of Parliament who are concerned and distressed about the appalling and deteriorating conditions within our prisons. Let us, if our humanity fails us—I pray that it will not—not forget the cost. About £70,000 to £80,000 is the capital cost per new prison cell and £7,000 to £10,000 is the annual revenue cost. Let us compare that with some of the alternatives that are provided through a number of housing associations, including Stonham housing association. An alternative for the minor offender, the alcoholic or the drug addict costs a housing association £7,000 in capital costs and £3,000 a year in revenue costs. Surely that must be an avenue into which it would better to pour some of the millions that will go into the new prison building programme. I am certain that not everyone will agree with me, but in my view no new prison cells should be used until one old cell is demolished. By that method less expensive and non-custodial methods will have to be adopted. One cannot but conclude with a certain amount of praise and anxiety for the heavy responsibilities that rest 303 upon the shoulders of the Home Secretary and his colleagues in the Home Office. I can only suggest that if ever he wished to change his job there is only one worse in the House of Commons and that is chairmanship of the Catering Sub-Committee. § 7.2 pm (York) I wish to deal with only one point, the education of the judiciary, which accords well with the last point made by the hon. Member for Belper (Mrs. Faith). All the discussion of that vexed problem was contained in the report of the Home Affairs Committee that was published in July. It was not mentioned in the debate until my hon. Friend the Member for Battersea, South (Mr. Dubs) made his speech. There were two Front Bench spokesmen who apparently had never read it. What is the point of having Select Committees if we do not take cognisance of what they are saying? It is significant that we reported in July and that the Home Office has not yet responded to our report, although everyone knows that that is a fundamental issue for the Home Office. Unless we press hard, the House will not receive the full benefit of Select Committees. The only way in which we shall reduce the prison population is by cutting the sentences. The only way in which we shall cut sentences is by teaching the judiciary, not that the prisons are so full that it should not send the people there, but that there is a beneficial value in having shorter sentencing and that that will not lead to an increase in the crime rate. That is a misunderstanding which was evident in the speech by the hon. Member for Huddersfield, West (Mr. Dickens). In 1973 the position in Holland was similar to that in this country. A decision was taken by the public prosecutors who appear in all criminal cases in Holland to advocate to the judiciary that it should consider halving the sentences that had been given on previous occasions. Over the years the judiciary acceded to that. In Holland there has been no significant increase in the crime rate other than the increase which is common to Western Europe. No increase has been caused by shorter sentencing. That reinforces the evidence from research in this country that the length of sentence has little effect on the incidence of crime. It does not deter and it does nothing to reform the criminal. All that we need to do about sentencing is to try to identify the appropriate custodial sentence for cases where a custodial sentence is the only proper sentence. That seems to be less than the average tariff set up by judges over the years. One has only to read the letter written by Lord Justice Lawton in The Times last week to see what is wrong with the judiciary's opinion. It is right to say that the prisons are overcrowded, but that is only in the remand centres and local prisons. It is right to say that in those establishments most of the prisoners are serving sentences of between 18 months and four years. On the whole they are serving those sentences for house-breaking, theft and burglary. Lord Justice Lawton claims that most of those people have had several previous convictions. That is borne out by the statistics. Lord Justice Lawton goes on to say that there is therefore a necessity for the courts to go on increasing the sentence that they give in each successive conviction, and that that must be about the same as the present tariff, to protect the public. However, that is a fundamental flaw that the Dutch experiment exposed and that the Scottish 327 experience also exposes. In this country we can also claim to expose the flaw by the experience following the prison officers' dispute. During that dispute in a limited area there was a reduction in sentencing and no significant increase in the crime rate. In those circumstances the message that should go to the judiciary is not that the prison fabric is falling about us, that we do not have the space for any more prisoners, and that we do not have the money to build enough prisons quickly to cope with the prisoners, but that it is wrong to give prisoners sentences of the length that is being imposed today. When we on the Select Committee carried out the study, we asked the Home Office to calculate the effect on the prison population of halving sentences of between 12 months and four years. The effect was dramatic. It reduced the prison population from 44,000 to about 35,000. In those circumstances the judiciary must accept that that is the proper way forward. How will it accept that? The general tool with which to bludgeon it is the suggestion of the advisory council on penal reform that the maximum should be reduced. I remember what used to happen in cases of gross indecency. The judges were obliged to pass sentences of less than two years in cases of male gross indecency, because that was the maximum tariff. Increasingly, they came to the view that the maximum should be given in every case. They sometimes sent people convicted of four offences of gross indecency to prison for eight years. That attempt to reduce the tariff did not succeed. Some hon. Members have criticised the Labour Government of 1974 to 1976. One of the reasons why I was not attracted to the advisory council's report was simply that merely to reduce the maxima would not necessarily reduce the tariff. The only way in which the tariff can be reduced is by teaching the judges that we do not need a tariff such as the one that Lord Justice Lawton has firmly fixed in his head after 46 years' experience in the courts. I underwent training when I was appointed a deputy circuit judge. That meant that along with others I was invited to a conference in the Lord Chief Justice's court for one day—a Saturday—and we were given some test cases. Each group had to decide the appropriate sentences. Without exception, every sentence we suggested was more than doubled by the judge who gave us advice at the end. He came from the Court of Appeal. It was he who needed the education, not us. We were prepared to give a lighter sentence, and there was no justification for the kind of sentencing given by the judge. The Court of Appeal must change its policy. It needs educating. When the Labour Government were in office, they set up a system under Lord Justice Bridge to educate the judiciary. There is now an institute for training the judiciary, although it is fair to say that it applies only to judges on appointment. I gather that the training involved lasts only two or three days. We need a period of six months so that the judiciary who have been trained in the courts as advocates, and have learnt the tariff there, can be taken to Holland and Sweden as well as around our prisons and shown that it is totally unnecessary. The only way in which that will be done is by insisting on it here 328 and now. The one thing that the Home Secretary, in conjunction with the Lord Chancellor, can do is to begin a sensible system of judicial education here and now. We cannot continue simply to depend upon the strictures of the Court of Appeal. The Home Secretary has done all that he could. He has done a good deal more than most Home Secretaries to try to persuade the Lord Chief Justice. Indeed, the Lord Chief Justice has said that if the tariff were normally three years and 18 months, it would be appropriate to think in terms of about 18 months down to nine months. The effect of that in the first year has been to reduce the average Crown court sentence by only two months. The Home Secretary takes great credit for that, but it is totally inadequate. We shall not meet the prison crisis by simply lopping a few weeks off the average sentence of 18 months to four years. There must be a significant cut, and the only way in which that will be done is to change the attitude of the judiciary. In that sense, the Home Secretary has some power. He can insist that judges should be trained for longer periods and that they should be brought into contact with the latest research upon the effects of sentencing. I shall now resume my seat because the hon. Member for Anglesey (Mr. Best) has been waiting nearly as long as I have to speak, but I hope that what I have said will be taken into account. § 9.4 pm The Minister of State, Home Office (Mr. Patrick Mayhew) I am sorry that the speech by the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West (Mr. Archer) should have ended on a note of such disappointment and scepticism. I thought it a little hard that my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary should have been upbraided by him for tardiness in implementing the May committee's recommendations and that the prison officers' dispute should have been held up as an illustration of that. The prison officers' dispute took place because my right hon. Friend sought to implement those recommendations. I shall refer later to the building programme that my right hon. Friend announced, but I take it a little hard that the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West 337 should say that the prison programme announced today did not greatly impress hon. Members. It can fairly be described as the largest prison building programme—both in terms of new construction and of major reconstruction—so far this century. It ill becomes a representative of the Labour Party, which did so very little in its last term of office, to say that the programme does not greatly impress him. The right hon. and learned Gentleman mentioned remand prisoners. Of course, we are deeply concerned about the length of time that they have to spend awaiting trial. In the eye of the law they are innocent, but they constitute about one-sixth of the prison population. However, unless we legislate for bail to be more readily available—which would not be wise or justifiable—we can only shorten the length of time they spend in prison by shortening the delay in coming to trial. The Lord Chancellor and the Lord Chief Justice have been paying close attention to the problem. Considerable progress has been made in the South-East, which is the worst area for delays in coming to trial. I assure the House that we regard this matter as serious and that considerable progress has been made. This is the second debate within a week in which hon. Members have had the opportunity to debate a motion that includes the crisis in our prisons. I welcome it. The more that is known about the subject the better. As several hon. Members have remarked, no one has done more than my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary in the last two-and-a-half years to draw attention to the crisis. All hon. Members who have spoken have at least been united in their condemnation of conditions in many of our prisons and in the recognition of the compelling need for change. I am not referring to all prisons. Some stand comparison with the best in the world. In far too many, however, the conditions, as the Government amendment recognises, are an affront to a civilised society and equally a continued threat to law and order. Those conditions bear not only upon the inmates but also, heavily, upon the prison service for whom I express, on behalf of the Government, the warmest admiration. It is not true—this is greatly to the credit of the prison service—that those who work in prisons are at the end of their tether, although they earnestly wish to see better prison conditions to do the constructive part, as distinct from the straight containing part, of their job. I went to Brixton prison early this morning. I should like to express my deep appreciation of the wise, humane and discreet way in which prison officers there are carrying out their duties in difficult circumstances. Of those conditions, overcrowding is certainly the worst and has to be reduced. The causes of the overcrowding are complex. It does no justice to the problem to contend that the number of offenders sentenced to prison and the length of custodial sentences should be reduced by the Home Secretary, as the motion seeks. We have to remind ourselves, for reasons far more important than mere linguistics, that, within the framework laid down by Parliament, it is for the judiciary and not for the Executive to determine sentences in such a way as to meet the justice of each particular case—justice between the offender and the State, in which respect I take note of the point made by the right hon. and learned Member for Warley, West, justice between the offender and his victim and justice between one offender and another. This is central but it is not reflected in the Opposition motion. The 338 scale of the demands on the prison system must always remain doubly uncertain. The rate of crime is unpredictable and the judicial response to it must always vary according to the circumstances. Governments have a responsibility that is partly expressed in two propositions. The first is that long prison sentences must always be available for those convicted of violent offences so that, for the duration of those sentences at least, they shall not be in a position to injure the public further. The second is that sufficient and humane prison accommodation must always be available as a front line of defence for the public. These propositions are reflected in the Government amendment. No less important, the amendment describes the means by which they can properly be fulfilled, including a reduction of the prison population through the encouragement of non-custodial sentences and a sustained prison building programme. Hon. Members have raised questions such as the choice between supervised release or partially suspended sentences and the prison building programme. I hope that I shall be forgiven if I postpone my response on those topics until later in my speech. The other topics to attract most attention have been the problems of fine defaulters and maintenance defaulters in prison, the mentally disordered, drunks, remand prisoners, lower maximum sentences and the position and the attitudes of the judiciary. The hon. Member for Ormskirk (Mr. Kilroy-Silk) congratulated my right hon. Friend on having done more than his two predecessors. We are grateful to the hon. Gentleman. He can say it again and, to do him justice, he has said it previously. The hon. Gentleman, like the right hon. Member for Birmingham, Sparkbrook (Mr. Hattersley) who opened the debate, called for an amnesty. In my view, more injustice than justice is associated with an amnesty. We should think, for example, of those who are excluded from an amnesty by being one week too late. That is a defeat for everyone who believes in the judicial determination of these matters. Moreover, one amnesty is expected to beget another. I noted with pleasure that the right hon. Gentleman felt that there was a place for deterrence in prison sentences, but the deterrent feature of a prison sentence is greatly undermined by the expectation of an amnesty. So amnesties are completely unacceptable. The hon. Member for Ormskirk and others spoke of the desirability of reducing maximum sentences. That will not meet the position. Maximum sentences are seldom imposed and, when they are, it is to meet exceptionally bad crime. We need to seek to encourage a reduction of the normal or the average length. It would not be right to cut down maximum sentences in the way suggested, for example, by the advisory council on the penal system. If we did that, we should not allow sufficient scope for the courts to deal with really serious offences. The hon. Gentleman also said that the Magistrates' Association is against partially suspended sentences. That is not so, as can be seen from the letter written to The Times a few days ago by the chairman of that association, Lady Ralphs, when she said that she had one major reservation but that it had now been dealt with. My right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn (Mr. Carlisle) made a speech which was an ornament to this debate. He condemned the implication in the speech of the right hon. Member for Sparkbrook that the courts are manned only by judges waiting for the 339 opportunity to send people to prison. He said that, had no steps been taken by the judiciary as well as by anyone else, to change the pattern that was apparent by 1970 and 1971, the Home Office forecasts were that there would be not 45,000, not 55,000, but as many as 65,000 people in prison by the end of this decade, or shortly afterwards. The point that he justifiably made was that the judiciary has recognised the need for shorter sentences and has implemented them in its policy. My right hon. and learned Friend said that in 1974–79 a Government were in power who took no action. I shall come back to that matter in the context of the prison building programme, or the absence of such, during those years. He said that prison must be a traumatic event, and that a short prison sentence can meet the need for deterrence. I believe that that is more widely understood. If we were to increase remission, he feared that the sentence would be increased. I think that there is justification for that belief, in the light of the consultations that we have had. When my right hon. and learned Friend said that he was a cynic about section 47, and founded that cynicism upon what happened in cases of suspended sentences, he was not comparing like with like. Fully suspended sentences have to be all or nothing. They were mandatory in the case of a six-months' sentence, or less for several years after they were introduced. That was very unpopular with the courts, as mandatory sentences always are, and that distorted the consequences. He asked about the parole rate failure. It is under 10 per cent.—or so it is believed. I think that I have dealt with my hon. and learned Friend's principal questions. My hon. Friend the Member for Cheltenham (Mr. Irving), who is so well-versed in these matters, asked a number of questions. I am grateful for his congratulations on what my right hon. Friend announced today. He asked about weekend prisons. I can do no better than to refer to what my hon. Friend the Member for Paddington (Mr. Wheeler) said about them. He pointed to the difficult practical considerations that arise, not only for resources but for the prison service. He said that if someone has to lose his liberty, let him do so, and, if not, let him stay at large in the community. He said that there should be no halfway house. We shall re-examine that question, but there is much to be said in favour of what my hon. Friend the Member for Paddington (Mr. Wheeler) said about that. We shall continue to encourage the use of senior attendance centres. My hon. Friend will forgive me if I do not take further time to deal with the other important points that he made. I take issue with the hon. Member for Battersea, South (Mr. Dubs) who said that the judiciary has let the Home Secretary down. There are many reasons why the number of committals fell during the prison officer's dispute. There is no ground whatsoever for the slur that the hon. Gentleman put upon the judiciary. He said that the prison service contained many people who displayed racial prejudice. He feared that that was so. I reject that slur. I can draw upon personal experience, although mine is only an impression. At Brixton prison at 7.30 this morning I heard a report in the warmest terms by a white prison officer about a black prison officer who was said to be a 340 very fine prison officer indeed. That is typical of the general view in the prison service, and I am not in the least surprised. My hon. Friend the Member for Paddington will forgive me if I do not go as deeply as I should like into his speech. He said that he supported persuading the judiciary to give shorter sentences. He said that he was in favour of supervised release and of the principle that the court itself should decide. I agree. My hon. Friend also made an important point about crime prevention. My hon. Friend the Member for Plymouth, Drake (Miss Fookes) said that she was in favour of partially suspended sentences. She supported them as Chairman of the Sub-Committee of the Expenditure Committee as far back as 1978. I am glad that we are able to meet her request. We shall certainly keep under careful review whether offences should remain imprisonable, and, if so, what the maximum sentence should be. My hon. Friend asked about that. I hope that other hon. Members will forgive me if I do not deal specifically with their remarks. My hon. Friend the Member for Belper (Mrs. Faith) insisted that the final decision on early release should remain with the judiciary. That weighed heavily in the decision that my right hon. Friend has taken. The hon. Member for York (Mr. Lyon) referred to the Lord Chief Justice and the Court of Appeal. They are giving a clear lead on the need for shorter sentences where they are consistent with the protection of the public. Sentencing is a matter of the greatest concern. The hon. Gentleman should know of the great care that is taken to instruct new arrivals on the judicial bench in modern sentencing theories. It is wrong to imply that the judiciary has fixed ideas in that regard. We should be wrong to place all our faith in attempts to improve prison conditions and shorten sentences. We must encourage non-custodial sentences and widen the range available to the courts. That is the effect of the Bill introduced today. But we cannot ignore, as does the Opposition's motion, the building of more prisons. My hon. Friend the Member for Orpington (Mr. Stanbrook) said in an intervention that the motion was silent on that point. That is an extraordinary omission, as many hon. Members have noticed. It is instructive to examine the decisions by the last Labour Government from which our overcrowding problems today in part derive. In 1974 that Government inherited a prison department that envisaged a continuing programme of new prison building, coupled with increasing emphasis on redevelopment of the Victorian cell blocks. Those words are from one of the annual reports of the prison department. The then Government inherited a prison department that was looking forward to a continuing programme. That takes up the point made by my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn, who was more responsible, under the then Home Secretary, than anyone for laying the foundations for that expectation. I quote from the annual reports on the work of the prison department. The 1974 report stated that as part of the review of the present building programme it became necessary to abandon plans for two more category C prisons at Gartree in Leicestershire and Wrabness in Essex, which would have provided some 1,600 places for inmates in the lower security categories and to defer other schemes. The 1975 report stated: 341 As a result of the 1975 public expenditure survey, the estimated expenditure for the present building programme for the years 1975–76 to 1978–79 was reduced by over £40 million. This has meant the indefinite deferment of three major schemes that were to produce 1,600 places by 1979–80. Five other schemes were also deferred. Together, these five schemes would have produced just over 1,700 new places in the years after 1979–80. The 1976 report stated: At a time when the prison population (and the proportion of prisoners requiring higher degrees of security) is continuing to increase and essential services, as well as actual accommodation in older establishments are a continuing cause for concern, a reduced prison building programme presents the Prison Department with the difficult issue of conflicting priorities. It becomes more a question of allocating resources so as to ensure minimum dislocation than of ensuring steady progress. In 1977, as my right hon. and learned Friend the Member for Runcorn has already reminded us, the report stated: The essential redevelopment of the Victorian estate seemed in 1977 more remote than at any time in the last 30 years. Therefore, the inheritance to which my right hon. Friend the Home Secretary succeeded in May 1979 was not a happy one. The hon. and learned Member for Bradford, West (Mr. Lyons), twitting me about section 47 and the partially suspended sentences, said that I was a civil lawyer. The Roman lawyers would have called my right hon. Friend's inheritance a hereditas damnosa, one that called immediately for extremely large expenditure, and not one to be welcomed. Much of the harm had been done by the cancellations and deferments of the previous Labour Government. They were the less excusable because they coincided with an annual rise in the prison population of ominous proportions. The extent of their effect on planned new prison places can be gauged from the extracts that I have quoted from the annual reports of the prison department. It is true that we inherited from that Government a belated programme of prison starts, as distinct from building, in 1981–82 and 1982–83 and of thoughts for starts in the following year. We have developed and greatly expanded that programme into what my hon. Friend has described as the largest prison building programme for a century. It is rubbish to talk of capitulation when my right hon. Friend has steered away from what he at first put forward as "something to be discussed" in the foreword of the Red Book, "The Review of Parole", a document available as a basis for informed discussion of these matters. This is not a newspaper proprietor, for example, who has been defeated on what he has described as his last offer. Not in the least. This is the Home Secretary who has heeded the consultations that he specifically invited. It is not enough to deplore the conditions that exist in so many of our prisons, deplorable though they are. It is not enough to call on the Home Secretary to make the prisoners fewer or their sentences shorter. The House must go deeper than that and, just as tenaciously, it must hold to the concept of an independent judiciary. The strategy by which we can do that is to be found in our amendment. § Question put, That the original words stand part of the Question:— § The House divided:Ayes 231, Noes 287.	i don't know
Which part of a church building, situated near the altar, is reserved for the clergy and choir, and is typically separated from the nave by steps or a screen?	Church Architecture Glossary See rood screen . Chapel A chapel can either be an alcove with an altar in a large church, or a separate building that is smaller than a full-sized church. Chapels have the same function as church buildings and are equipped the same way, but they are usually dedicated to special use. For example, a large estate might have a chapel in which worship services are held for family members, staff, and guests. If a church builds a new and larger sanctuary, but keeps the old one, the old one is often called a chapel. Communion Table See altar . East Wall The wall behind the altar, as viewed from the nave , is the “east wall,” no matter what direction you are actually facing. In the past, all church buildings faced east, and it is still the case for eastern Orthodox churches today. A person who enters the church goes from west to east, which symbolizes going from the evil of the present world to the glory of the New Jerusalem to come. High Altar A large church may have several altars. The term high altar refers to the main altar in the chancel. Other altars may be located on the sides of the nave or in separate chapels in the same building. Historic Floor Plan: As viewed by a worshiper seated among the congregation , there are two speaker’s stands on either side of the front of the church. The one on the left is called the pulpit , and it is used by clergy to read the gospel lesson and to preach the sermon. Accordingly, the left side of the church is called the gospel side. The on the right is called the lectern . It generally holds a large Bible and is used by lay readers for the Old Testament and epistle lessons. Accordingly, the right side of the church is called the epistle side. The communion table stands centered behind the lecterns. If there is enough room, the communion table is placed away from the wall so that the celebrant may face the congregation during communion. The choir may be located behind the congregation, to one or both sides of the sanctuary , or even on the opposite side of the communion table from the congregation. The choir is most often not in direct sight of the congregation. The wall that the congregation faces during worship is called the ‘east wall’ regardless of the actual compass direction, because of the ancient practice, inherited from Judaism, of facing Jerusalem during prayers. The simplest and easiest shape for a room is a square or rectangle, because it is easier and less expensive to build a straight wall than a curved wall. In the historic floor plan, the chancel is on the short wall of the rectangle. That results in a long aisle and pews in the back that are quite some distance from the front. There are two modern variants on the historic plan; one is to put the chancel on the long side of the rectangle and the other is to make a square room and put the chancel in one of the corners. In these variants, the pews are either curved or placed at angles so that everyone in the congregation faces the chancel. The result is that everyone is closer to the chancel. For example, I attended a church with a nave that could seat over 400 people. The nave was a rectangle with the chancel on the long side, so that despite the size of the nave, no one sat more than eleven pews back from the chancel. Orthodox churches also follow this plan, except that they actually do face east, the nave is square rather than rectangular, and there are normally no pews. (The congregation stands.) See also iconostasis . You can see a diagram and get more information about historic church interiors . Icon An icon is a highly stylized religious painting on wood. The icon follows detailed artistic conventions, which include the lack of perspective and unearthly colors. The icons are deliberately unrealistic so that they edify faith without causing idolatry. In an Orthodox church, no matter where you look, there’s an icon—and that is the whole idea. It is nearly impossible to be in an Orthodox church without thinking spiritual thoughts all the time. The subject and placement of the icons is significant. An illiterate person could learn the whole gospel just by looking around. Iconostasis In Orthodox churches, the chancel and the nave are separated by a partition that generally does not reach all the way to the ceiling. It is covered with icons whose subject and placement is significant. It is called an iconostasis—it is essentially an icon stand. The iconostasis has three doors, two on each side so the clergy can enter and leave the chancel, and one in the middle that, when open, gives the congregation a view of the celebrant and the altar. In Orthodox worship, the nave represents earth, the chancel represents heaven, and the iconostasis is the barrier that prevents us from seeing heaven from earth. The celebrant opens the middle door at appropriate times when heaven is revealed to people on earth. The western equivalent is called a rood screen . Kneeler In churches where it is customary to kneel for prayer, there is often a long, narrow padded bar at the base of pew in front of you, which can be tilted down for kneeling and tilted up to make it easier to get in and out of the pew. Most often the kneelers are the length of the pew and are used by several people. If you are visiting a church that has kneelers, and you are not accustomed to using them, keep the kneeler in the down position during the service except while someone is passing through. Otherwise someone might attempt to kneel when the kneeler isn’t in place. See also prayer desk . Lectern In churches with a historic floor plan , there are two speaker’s stands in the front of the church. The one on the right (as viewed by the congregation) is called the lectern. The word lectern comes from the Latin word meaning ‘to read,’ because the lectern primarily functions as a reading stand. It is used by lay people to read the scripture lessons, except for the gospel lesson, to lead the congregation in prayer, and to make announcements. Because the epistle lesson is usually read from the lectern, the lectern side of the church is called the epistle side. See also ambo and pulpit . In some churches, the positions of the pulpit and the lectern are reversed (that is, pulpit is on the right and the lectern is on the left) for architectural or aesthetic reasons. Lecture-Hall Floor Plan: As viewed by a worshiper in the congregation , there is one speaker’s stand, centered in the front of the church. It is actually an ambo , but is often incorrectly called the pulpit . It is used by all individuals who are involved in the conduct of the worship service. The choir is seated behind the pulpit, facing the congregation and in full view. There is usually a long kneeling rail between the congregation and the pulpit. If there is a communion table, it is located between the kneeling rail and the pulpit. To receive communion, the congregation comes up and kneels at the rail. In some churches communion is served to the congregation in the pews. The kneeling rail is often used for individual counseling and prayer as a response to the sermon or the worship service. You can see a diagram and get more information about this type of church interior . Narthex The historic term for what might otherwise be called the foyer or entry way of the church. Nave The architectural term for the place where the congregation gathers for worship, as opposed to the front part of the church from which the service is led. In churches with a lecture-hall floor plan , the term ‘sanctuary’ is often used to mean both chancel and nave because the two are not architecturally distinct. An oratory is a room or a portion of a room that is set aside for an individual to conduct personal devotions. The word oratory comes from a Latin word that means a place to pray. Pew Originally, Christians stood for worship, and that is still the case in many eastern churches. The pew, a long, backed bench upon which congregants sit, was an innovation of western medieval Christianity. Pews were inherited by Protestants from the Roman Catholic Church, and because of their practicality, have spread to some Orthodox churches located in the west. Prayer Desk Also called a prie-dieu, a prayer desk is a kneeler with a small shelf for books, as in the illustration on the right. In churches where it is customary to kneel for prayer, there might be two prayer desks in the chancel, one for the clergy and the other for the lay leader. Prayer desks are also found in private homes and small chapels. Prie-Dieu See Prayer Desk . Pulpit In churches with a historic floor plan , there are two speaker’s stands in the front of the church. The one on the left (as viewed by the congregation) is called the pulpit. It is used by clergy to read the gospel and preach the sermon. Since the gospel lesson is usually read from the pulpit, the pulpit side of the church is called the gospel side. See also ambo and lectern . In some churches, the positions of the pulpit and the lectern are reversed (that is, pulpit is on the right and the lectern is on the left) for architectural or aesthetic reasons. Rood Screen A rood screen (also known as a chancel screen) is a partition that separates the nave of a church from the chancel . It is similar to an iconostasis in an Eastern Orthodox church, except that its origin is more recent. Its construction is different, because it is not a complete visual barrier. Rood screens are much less common in western churches today than in medieval times, when they originated. Protestants had theological problems with separating the laity from the liturgy. Catholic churches removed the rood screens for the same reason as a result of the Council of Trent (1545-1563). You can still find a rood screen in an Anglican or Lutheran church. Sacristy In historic church architecture, the sacristy is the room or closet in which communion equipment, linen, and supplies are kept. It is usually equipped with a sink. Sanctuary In historic church architecture, the front part of the church from which the service is conducted, as distinct from the nave , where the congregation sits. The sanctuary is usually an elevated platform, usually three steps up from the nave. In churches with a lecture-hall floor plan , the term ‘sanctuary’ is often used to mean both chancel and nave because the two are not architecturally distinct. In historic usage, chancel ; and sanctuary are synonyms. Shrine A shrine is a building or a place that is dedicated to one particular type of devotion that is limited to commemorating an event or a person. What makes it a shrine is its limited purpose and use. It could be anything from a large building to a plaque mounted on a pole next to the side of the road. A shrine is located on the site where the event occurred that gave rise to the commemoration and the devotion. For example, suppose someone erects a commemorative plaque on the spot where some important person was murdered and people often come there to think about the significance of the event and pray. That is essentially a shrine. Stage In western (not Orthodox) churches where worship is theatrical and the congregation functions as mainly as audience, the architect often enlarges the chancel to accommodate performances and calls it a ‘stage,’ as in a theater. Transept In medieval times, it became necessary to increase space near the chancel to accommodate large numbers of clergy, the choirs, or members of religious orders. The result was a space between the chancel and the nave that extends beyond the side walls, giving the church a cruciform floor plan—meaning that it is cross-shaped when viewed from the air. Undercroft The undercroft is essentially a fancy word for the church basement under the chancel and nave (and transept, if there is one).	Chancel
What type of law court has replaced the Assize Court?	Clergy Seating through the Centuries - Adoremus Bulletin Clergy Seating through the Centuries By Daniel DeGreve August 15, 2014 Online Edition Clergy Seating through the Centuries Part II — The Enclosed Choir in the Medieval Cathedrals and Abbeys by Daniel DeGreve Part I of this exploration of the history and development of clergy seating in churches appeared in the June-July 2014 issue of AB The above sketch shows a comparison of clergy seating layouts from various historical periods before Vatican II (sketch by Daniel DeGreve ©2014) The ecclesial institutions of the medieval Church are sometimes maligned by contemporary-minded liturgists and church historians as having been exaggeratedly clerical in nature. Perhaps the most obvious artifact of this so-called clericalism is the fully enclosed choir or chancel, a relative few of which still exist in some of the celebrated cathedrals, abbeys, and collegiate churches of Europe that render the effect of a church within a church. Such choirs are partitioned by monumental, richly carved stalls on either side in the antiphonal arrangement and, sometimes, along the short end opposite the altar to form a U-shape, and by the occasional surviving choir screen — which according to its particular function and provenance may go by the term pulpitum, jube, lettner, trascoro, tramezzo, or rood screen. Yet, for a proper and accurate understanding of the transformation of the early basilica bema-choir and presbyterium into the lengthy eastern limbs of the late medieval great churches, it is helpful to keep in mind that as the liturgy evolved through the centuries while its essential form and purpose were maintained, so too did the accommodations that served it. One of the pivotal contributions was made by the eighth-century Frankish bishop Saint Chrodegang of Metz, who developed a rule of communal life for the priests of his cathedral based on Augustine’s earlier rules for the same, and, in so doing, laid the foundation for the systematic erection of cathedral chapters during the Carolingian era — courtesy of the Council of Aachen in 816. The principal duty of the canon priests who belonged to these chapters was the daily celebration of the Office in the cathedral. Although the life of a canon was distinct from that of a monk, the introduction of canonical chapters did advance a more monastic paradigm for the layout of cathedrals; although some, like Canterbury in England and most of those in the British Isles, had been monastic from their foundation. Similarly, the emergence of chapters attached to non-cathedral churches gave rise to the quasi-monastic collegiate churches of ascendant European towns and cities, especially in those of the Low Countries. Another critical development that propelled the need for a compartmentalized choir was the growing popularity of pilgrimage during the Middle Ages. As the veneration of relics became more widespread throughout Europe, the large influxes of pilgrims crowding into shrine churches gave rise to choirs that provided more privacy for the monks or canons attached to them as they celebrated the Office. While privacy and protection from irreverence fed the pragmatic impetus for this spatial detachment from the nave, there was a corresponding liturgical symbology that tended toward the increased enhancement of the Solomonic attributes of a church as the Christian temple. The invention of choir stalls was a gradual process that grew out of the use of subsellia and sedilia. The Rule of St. Chrodegang refers to the standing posture of the singers and other lesser members of the community, and, as late as the eleventh century, Saint Peter Damien wrote against seating: “Contra sedentes in choro.”1 However, this attitude weakened as choir service became longer and more elaborate. Sometimes the use of T-shaped crutches (reclintoria) by the elderly or infirm was permitted, and even the plan of St. Gall included choir seats with backs (formae or formulae), which were likely moveable appointments. However, by the eleventh century, fixed seats divided only by arms — stalli — had come into existence, and from that time they took on an increasingly architectural form that defined the choir space even more distinctly than it had been previously.2 By the fifteenth century, wooden choir stalls in universal use had high, richly paneled backs, and were fitted with elaborately carved seats, dividers, and canopies. Some of the finest figural ornament can be found on the misericords, customary brackets underneath the hinged seats that, when the seats were turned up, provided relief to standing clergy who were able to lean against them. In Italy, highly detailed narrative scenes and figural decoration were executed on the backs of stalls with the use of intarsia, a method of inlay wood design. While the senior clergy — whether they be monks, friars, or canons — occupied the high-backed stalls along the periphery of the choir enclosure, one or more rows of low-backed stalls or choir pews were placed on either side in front of them. These were used by chaplains, brothers, and lay clerks, including vicars choral, who were professional male singers introduced in the late Middle Ages for the purpose of singing the more complicated polyphonic liturgical music. Each successive row was placed a step higher than the one in front of it, and was equipped with a book ledge and kneelers supported by the backs of the preceding row. The front row of seats were sometimes provided with a continuous modesty panel topped by a ledge rail for the same purpose. The end panels of these rails and seat dividers became situations for embellishment that came to include carved floral finials and the like. The development of the choir stall was accompanied by the prevailing tendency to locate the bishop’s cathedra or abbot’s throne along the Gospel side of the choir rather than behind the altar in the apse, which O’Connell places as early as the ninth or tenth centuries on the Continent, and no later than the twelfth in England.3 In some places, such as Canterbury and Norwich, the ancient ceremonial cathedra remains to this day on its dais at the head of the apse, although a secondary bishop’s seat, conforming to a stall, was added to the medieval choir, which became the one normally used by prelates during choir service. Clerical offices were distinguished by the articulation of their respective stalls and their locational relationship to each other. The bishop’s canopy was generally the largest and most elaborate, followed by that of the dean and/or provost. In some cases, a lay-person, generally a monarch or noble beneficiary, might also have an honorary stall for his use during state visits. The presbyteries of cathedrals and abbeys came to be positioned in front of the high altar as they likely already had been all along in the much smaller ecclesiae rusticanae, or parish churches. Yet, the distinction between the choir and presbyterium, or chancel, remained. It is important to note that choir stalls were typically used by the clergy during choir service, not by the celebrant and his assistants during Mass. The presbyterium was still set beyond the choir and its stalls, and occupied the area about the altar, generally raised a step above the choir and railed off from it. The celebrant of the Mass and his assisting ministers would have sat in the presbyterium on seats, which will be described in greater detail in the following section. The essential traits of this choir-presbyterium sanctuary arrangement can still be appreciated in some of the great Gothic cathedral choirs of Europe, such as at Amiens and Auch in France, and has been extensively retained within the Anglican tradition from large cathedrals to modest parish churches. As mentioned above, in the great churches, the choir became more detached from the nave through monumental partitions, as can still be seen throughout England, Spain, Belgium, and parts of Germany, and through dramatic transitions of floor level, which is idiomatic of northern Italy. The location of an altar in front of the partitioned or elevated choir for the analogous celebration of the Mass in the more immediate presence of the laity became common in cathedrals and collegiate churches. Such altar arrangements still can be appreciated in various locales throughout Europe, such as in the monastic church of San Miniato al Monte in Florence and the former cathedral of Magdeburg. These altars do not seem to have been equipped with any fixed clergy seating that has survived in modern times, but probably included moveable wooden sedilia. Parish churches, which became identified as such by the eleventh century, functioned primarily on behalf of the laity, so that the choir, if included, was a relatively short space with only a few stalls. Nevertheless, the Office was dutifully sung by a small community of priests, or even by some individual rectors, and the choir/ chancel was usually separated by a screen not unlike cathedrals and abbeys. Squints, which were apertures cut through the thicknesses of walls, permitted views of the high altar where heavier screens were used, and allowed the laity to venerate the Host when it was elevated.4 The rood screens and choir stalls of these village churches can still be appreciated, such as those of the Church of St. Mary in Westwell, England and a host of late Gothic churches in Swabia and the Black Forest in Germany.5 Late Medieval and Tridentine Sedilia Briefly mentioned in Part I of this article, sedilia (plural of sedile) were benches composed of multiple seats, usually three or sometimes five in number, which corresponded to the number of celebrating and assisting ministers during Mass. It was customary for the celebration of Mass in its solemn high form to include either two deacons or a deacon and subdeacon to assist the celebrant. The primitive sedilia of the first millennium was an undivided wooden or stone bench, usually fixed and always placed near the altar, and probably without much of a back and certainly no arms, so as not to compete with a cathedra. A couple of the earliest surviving examples are from Sant Climent in Taüll, Spain (1200), and the monastery in Gradefes, also in Spain.6 As previously described, the sedilia came into common use during the Middle Ages, from cathedrals to simple parish churches, especially as the apsidal synthronon of the early basilicas tended toward eventual obsolescence in favor of an altar visually engaged to the apse wall in its stead. As Christendom “cast off its old garments to cover itself in a white vesture of churches,” the design of sedilia took an innovatively architectural turn. By the second half of the twelfth century, sedilia began to be incorporated, quite literally, within the masonry structure of the Epistle side (pictured below this paragraph) wall of the presbyteries. Recessed and articulated with one or more arches, the pattern of wall sedilia often followed that of the blind arcading that lent visual relief to the heavy walls, and were complemented by the adjacent piscina niche, where the ritual ablution of the Eucharistic vessels was performed. Often the stone seats of recessed sedilia were separated by small columns or mullions supporting their capping arches, and were not uncommonly placed at a stepped profile analogous to the floor elevations — the one closest to the altar raised at the highest level and being reserved for the celebrant. Otherwise, the seats were placed in alignment to each other, as seen in the ruins of Ardfert Cathedral in County Kerry, Ireland. In village parish churches, only a single sedile recessed in the wall might be provided. In other cases, a single stone bench was made long enough for two or three persons. Whereas brightly painted, stenciled, or glazed tile designs often decorated the back surfaces of recessed sedilia, small stained-glass windows may also punctuate them, as can be found in France and England, such as at Dorchester Abbey in Oxfordshire. Small curtains sometimes were used at the back to keep away cold drafts from their occupants, and were color-coordinated with the vestments in liturgical season and occasion. As Gothic architecture flowered with increasing ornamental elegance, especially after the thirteenth century, the ceiling surfaces of some recessed sedilia became vaulted compartments detailed with delicate ribs and bosses, and intricately executed stone canopies — not unlike those of the wooden choir stalls. At the Basilica of the Sacred Heart at the University of Notre Dame, the presider’s and assisants’ chairs are canted at an angle on the traditional Epistle side of the Sanctuary, a common solution seen today. (source: http://www.ndneighborhood.com/ ) Recessed wall sedilia were employed throughout European locales, especially in the North and in Spain, with the notable exception of Italy, where the articulation of wall mass tended to be more planar than sculptural in design. There, freestanding sedilia with low backs were placed near the Epistle wall. The low back distinguished the sedilia from the cathedra, and also allowed for the long vestments donned at the altar. As a Classical architectural grammar of Italian persuasion gradually spread northward beyond the Alps, the sedilia tended to revert to a piece of wood furniture, even in locales where the recessed wall sedilia had been previously favored. Similarly, faldstools continued to be used by prelates when not officiating in their own cathedral. The spirit of the Counter Reformation and the Council of Trent brought about an attitudinal shift regarding the size and prominence formerly assigned the choir and chancel. Improving visibility of the high altar and the ritual of the Mass for the edification of the laity was the overriding priority and impetus for this transformation, and it was accompanied by a gradual diminishment of obligation to the communal profession of the Office by canons and the secular clergy in their churches. Although Saint Charles Borromeo did not offer a preference for the position of choir stalls relative to the high altar in his book of instructions to the priests of his archdiocese regarding church layout, the second half of the sixteenth century onward witnessed the reordering of choirs throughout Italy. The Italian solution, as it might be called, was to locate the choir stalls in the chancel completely behind the high altar in the curvature of the apse, as at the cathedral of Piacenza, or to allow them to surround the high altar, as at Borromeo’s own cathedral of Milan, where they begin well in front of the high altar and continue behind it. Even in monastic churches, such as Andrea Palladio’s masterpiece of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice, the Benedictine choir with its wooden stalls was placed in the apse behind the high altar, and visually partitioned by a handsome trabeated organ case. One might see this ‘retro-choir’ (not in the British sense), whereby the function of the patristic bema-type choir was now wed to the apsidal presbyterium, as a natural answer in a tradition-laden part of Christendom that had tended to cling to ancient forms and semiotics all along. It is even defensible that such arrangements had existed prior to the Counter Reformation, as has been elucidated in the research of Donal Cooper on the function of double-sided altarpieces in pre-Tridentine Franciscan choir enclosures in Umbria.7 High altars in Italy were moved forward to accommodate relocated choirs in pre-existing churches. Frequently, new large canvas altarpieces were still applied to the apse wall, although the altars themselves now stood some distance in front of them, as at the cathedral of Cremona. The cathedra and its associated faldstools for lesser prelates might be kept on the Gospel side of the shortened chancel space in front of the altar, placed at one end of the horseshoe-shaped apsidal choir, or in the midst of the choir stalls, as at Spoleto and Orvieto. Classical taste favored the use of brocaded testers over the cathedra to bolster its visual prominence when placed on the Gospel side, just as the wooden Gothic canopies of northern Europe had done. The wooden bench-like sedilia for the celebrant and his assistants remained essentially unchanged in form although some with seat dividers do exist from the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Additionally, wooden stools known as scabella were provided for lesser ministers, such as acolytes and other servers, and were placed along the side walls of the sanctuary in proximity to the sedilia and high altar. The Jesuit mother church of Il Gesu in Rome has been held up by historians as a poster-image of the ideal Tridentine church layout. In describing it, we may temporarily dispense with the terms choir and chancel, and refer to the sanctuary instead. The sanctuary of Il Gesu is relatively shallow and is separated only by a step or two and a low altar rail, which is a dematerialized version of the ancient cancelli. The high altar and tabernacle are unencumbered by choir stalls. Across Catholic Christendom, shallower sanctuaries and clearer sightlines of high altars ubiquitously prevailed in Tridentine layouts. The Second Vatican Council and the Presider’s Chair In 1955, seven years before the solemn opening of the Council, the Reverend J.B. O’Connell wrote the following on the sedilia in his book Church Building and Furnishing: The Church’s Way: For the sacred ministers (celebrant, deacon and subdeacon, and sometimes an assistant priest) … the only seat appointed by the rubrics is a movable bench, long enough to seat three persons comfortably, with no divisions (making any distinction between its three occupants), without arms and un-canopied… This bench must be placed on the floor, not on a platform so that it is approached by steps. It may have a low back, over which the vestments of the ministers can hang, when they sit, to avoid crushing them. By a series of decrees, [the Sacred Congregation of Rites] has forbidden the use of armchairs, or separate chairs of a domestic pattern, by the sacred ministers, since the former are reserved for higher prelates, and the latter are unsuitable for liturgical use… The bench is placed, normally, on the Epistle side of the chancel facing the side steps of the high altar.8 O’Connell goes on to describe the tradition of covering the sedilia with a color-coordinated non-silk cloth according to the day, ritual, and/or Office. Yet the centuries-old side placement of the sedilia described above was generally discarded during the dramatic changes that were made according to the spirit of Vatican II less than 20 or 30 years after this preceding passage was published. Sacrosanctum Concilium never mandated any formula for seating, but the revisions to the General Instruction of the Roman Missal that were released following the Council did offer the ancient Roman model of the apsidal cathedra as an option for the celebrant. The option of celebrating the Mass versus populi, or toward the people, necessitated the provision of freestanding altars without the visual impediments of retables, tall candlesticks, and altar crucifixes, which in turn freed up the space behind them for the cathedra or presider’s chair, as well as chairs of assisting ministers, including members of the newly re-established diaconate. The result, especially in cathedrals, was an arrangement not unlike the synthronon of old. While the sedilia itself was not specifically forbidden by the rubrics, its association with what became the extraordinary form of the Roman Rite and its antiphonal (sideways) orientation made it seem antiquated and unconducive to the engagement of the laity’s active participation. Hence, many bishops, pastors, and liturgists saw to their removal, relocation, repurposing, or outright disposal. Practically speaking, and not necessarily in sight of the tradition thus covered here, there are occasions when placing the clergy seating behind the altar may be a viable programmatic and aesthetic response to a design problem, particularly when dealing with limited side space in a small chancel or seating in-the-round. Generally, the best way to accomplish this is to place the seats off to the side and at a cant (angle), so as to not obstruct the visual axis between the altar and the tabernacle. From an archaeological perspective, however, it is interesting to note that there seems to be a persisting sense amongst many modern liturgists that the presider’s chair — versus populi — is representative of a return to the liturgical patrimony of the early Church, or at least its spirit. In the latest edition of the General Instruction of the Roman Missal, the versus populi orientation of clergy seating continues to be viewed as a more compatible position for leading the assembly in prayer than the antiphonal orientation, which somewhat obscured the priest’s face from the laity, but fashioned an essentially uniform prayerful posture of celebrant and congregation toward the altar of Christ’s Sacrifice. While seating of a domestic type — once prohibited according to the Sacred Congregation of Rites — is seen just about everywhere, and though some may think questioning its use is an insignificant matter, it will be fitting to close with these words taken from Pope Pius XII’s encyclical Mediator Dei: 62. …But it is neither wise nor laudable to reduce everything to antiquity by every possible device. Thus, to cite some instances, one would be straying from the straight path were he to wish the altar restored to its primitive table form; were he to want black excluded as a color for the liturgical vestments; were he to forbid the use of sacred images and statues in churches; were he to order the crucifix so designed that the divine Redeemer’s body shows no trace of His cruel sufferings; and lastly were he to disdain and reject polyphonic music or singing in parts, even where it conforms to regulations issued by the Holy See. 63. …Just as obviously unwise and mistaken is the zeal of one who in matters liturgical would go back to the rites and usage of antiquity, discarding the new patterns introduced by disposition of divine Providence to meet the changes of circumstances and situation.9 If ever there should be a movement to restore the sedilia to common use — and its traditional antiphonal position, which the author dares to say is the more critical of the two related issues — the defenders of the versus-populi poised presider’s chair may readily invoke the preceding passage as an injunction for dispelling reversion to a previous form and arrangement. Yet, any examination of the Church’s heritage will demonstrate that divine Providence works through timeless means and methods — even occasional follies. NOTES: 1. T. Poole. “Choir (Architecture),” The Catholic Encyclopedia. (New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908). www.newadvent.org 2. Ibid. 3. J.B. O’Connell. Church Building and Furnishing: The Church’s Way. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1955), 93-94. 4. John Henry Parker. A Concise Glossary of Architectural Terms. (New York: Crescent Books, 1989), 264-265. 5. Justin E.A. Kroesen. Staging the Liturgy: The Medieval Altarpiece in the Iberian Peninsula. (Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2009), 162. 6. Ibid. 7. Donal Cooper. “Franciscan Choir Enclosures and the Function of Double-Sided Altarpieces in Pre-Tridentine Umbria,” Journal of the Warburg & Courtald Institutes. (2001), Vol. 64, 1-54. 8. J.B. O’Connell. Church Building and Furnishing: The Church’s Way. (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1955), 67-69. 9. Pope Pius XII – Mediator Dei. 1947 encyclical.(adoremus.org/MediatorDei.html ) *** Daniel P. DeGreve is an architect with David B. Meleca Architects LLC in Columbus, Ohio. He has contributed articles to both The Adoremus Bulletin and Sacred Architecture Journal. Specializing in traditional ecclesiastical architecture and furnishings in addition to urbanism, Daniel has led the design for several church restoration and renovation projects, including that of his native parish in Ohio. He is presently involved in the design of additions and improvements to an 1837 Greek Revival church, which will incorporate a new clergy sedilia inspired by the patterns of Asher Benjamin. Daniel holds a Master of Architectural Design & Urbanism from the University of Notre Dame (2009), and a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Cincinnati (2002). Amiens Cathedral painting by Charles Wild showing a solemn liturgy being celebrated at the high altar and choir around 1826. Note the conons in their stalls, the bishop at his cathedra on the left, and the cantors in the center foreground. (Source: http://www.yeodoug.com/) The Choir of Albi Cathedral in southern France, showing the Gothic ornament of the stalls and their enclosure, including the great jube with its Calvary rood. (Source: Wikimedia) The twelfth-century Norman recessed sedilia in the Church of St. Mary de Castro in Leicester, England is one of the earliest surviving of its kind. Note the slightly stepped profile of each seat. (Photo: Father Lawrence Lew, OP ©2014) The fifteenth-century sedilia of Dorchester Abbey (Oxfordshire) in use by the celebrant and assiting ministers during the Roman Catholic Requiem Mass for Dr. Mary Berry in 2008. (Photo: Father Lawrence Lew, OP ©2008) Seton Parish Church in Pickerington, OH, features an unusal placement of the presider’s and deacon’s chairs on the raised island behind and separate from the altar platform. (Photo: Daniel DeGreve ©2014) The presider’s chair is placed behind the altar in the Chiesa di Brembo a Dalmine in Bergamo, Italy. (Photo: http://asthought.polimi-cooperation.org/) The antiphonal placement of the presider’s and assistants’ chairs in the chancel of St. Patrick Church in Columbus, Ohio offers a more traditional orientation for liturgical prayers. (Photo: Daniel DeGreve ©2014 Adoremus, Society for the Renewal of the Sacred Liturgy *	i don't know
Which paper size is four times larger than A5?	A1, A2, A3, A4 learn about paper sizes, if you’d like to know more 10th March 2010 Back Everyone uses standard paper size terms but do you they understand what they mean and why? International Standard (ISO 216) specifies paper sizes used in most countries in the world today (except for the US and Canada which uses its own sizing standard) and the development of these paper size ratios can be dated back to the Eighteenth Century. Before the adoption of this standard, paper sizes did not fit into any formal system and did not work with metric units and it wasn’t until 1975 when so many countries were using this paper sizing system that the International Standard was formalised. There are a lot of mathematical fomulas behind the workings of A, B and C paper sizes but the underlying feature is that any successive paper size (eg. A1, A2, A3, A4) measurement is determined by halving the dimensions of the preceding one. For example the most commonly used paper size is A4 (297mm x 210mm) and the next paper size is A5 (210mm x 148.5mm) which is equal to half of the A4 dimensions. The main uses of A, B and C paper sizes is their application to a particular print project. For example C paper sizes are solely used for the manufacture of envelopes and are sized in a way that would allow an A4 piece of paper to fit nicely into a C4 envelope. B sized papers are larger than A sizes and are generally used for oversized projects such as posters and folders, and allow for multiple page documents to be printed on fewers sheets and more economically. Commonly printed items such as a postcard (A6), flyer (A5) or newsletter (A4) will be printed at a standard size, it is at the special request of a customer to create something with a bespoke size that would change this. Therefore a request to quote for a postcard would be based on A6 size (148.5mm x 105mm): A0 (841mm x 1189mm)	A3
In which city was the actor and writer Alan Bennett born?	Is A5 bigger or smaller than A4? - Printing Service by Fulprint Printing Service by Fulprint You are here: Home / FAQs / Is A5 bigger or smaller than A4? Is A5 bigger or smaller than A4? May 31, 2012 by 3 4 1/7 Other paper sizes are SRA2, SRA3, RA2, RA3, B2, B3, B4, etc. Don’t be confused – just ask . Posted in: Questions on Paper Sizes and Types Testimonials Fulprint has produced our village magazine to our editor's very exacting specifications every month for over five years. It is always delivered on time for our volunteer distributors to distribute, which is very important to us. We are very happy with the service we receive. Carole Green	i don't know
If you ordered “Homard” in a French restaurant, which shellfish would you be served?	Best restaurants Best restaurants Created by Dolce&Gabbana Updated On: September 19, 2012 A selection of the best restaurants in the world Av. Paral·lel, 164, Barcelona, Catalonia Cocktail Bar · Sant Antoni · 31 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: Ferran Adrià and his brother Albert creation, here diners will be served 41 courses. Reservations are online only. Arzachena, Sardinia Seafood Restaurant · 3 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: Chef Elio Sironi will serve traditional Sardinian cuisine made only with the excellence of local products. San Vincenzo, Tuscany Restaurant · 2 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: Chef Fulvietto Pierangelini creates yummy dishes like tagliolini with Sicilian pesto or greater amberjack with black truffle and capers, spinaches and leeks cream. 60 Henry St (at Cranberry Street), Brooklyn, NY Italian Restaurant · Brooklyn Heights · 48 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: The menu offers pizzas and handmade pastas at this handsome Italian restaurant. 518 W 27th St (at 10th Ave), New York, NY Hotel · Chelsea · 72 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: Chef Olivier Reginensi offers “French fare with a Latin flair”: turbot a la plancha, roasted Maine lobster, Berkshire Pork chop with chestnuts, black Angus Ny Strip steak. 1301 N State Pkwy (at Goethe St), Chicago, IL American Restaurant · Gold Coast · 94 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: Reopened focusing on farm-to-table and organic cuisine. On the menu, among the dishes are: slow-baked Atlantic salmon, over roasted lobster, chicken-liver toast and roasted carrot and avocado salad. 8400 Wilshire Blvd (at Gale Dr.), Beverly Hills, CA Vietnamese Restaurant · West Los Angeles · 90 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: This totally unconventional Vietnamese Restaurant in Los Angeles is an homage to Asian cuisine without pretending to be a fusion experiment. Try their Spring Rolls, Thai chili and Bun Cha. 461 W 23rd St (10th Ave.), New York, NY French Restaurant · Chelsea · 53 tips and reviews Dolce&Gabbana: At Alain Allegretti’s handsome chef new restaurant in New York you can taste French Riviera cuisine with some Italian, Spanish, Portuguese influeneces. What's not to love? Piazza Risorgimento (via Carlo Poerio), Milan, Lombardy Italian Restaurant · Buenos Aires - Venezia · 44 tips and reviews Sos OrzaStudio: The first concept restaurant created by fashion stylists Dolce and Gabbana. Let you be treated like a celebrity in Milan! Read more.	Lobster
Which capital city is known to its inhabitants as Lefkosia?	The Henderson Castle \| Dining T-bone (NY Strip and Filet Mignon) 20 oz $59 Cote de Boeuf (Bone-in Ribeye) 32 oz $79 Great steak takes time. Only the best cuts are selected to enter our dry aging locker. This unique processes produces a prized steak like no other. Aged beef is already tender, and can be ordered less done than you would fresh meat. We strongly recommend it be ordered rare or medium rare only. We want you to be satisfied with your steak. Please inform your server immediately if it is not to your satisfaction and we will make it right. We cannot be responsible for the quality of steaks ordered to doneness more than Medium. How do I like my Steak? Blue Served with H Wedge Salad, Soup du Jour, & Garlic Mashed Potatoes Substitutions start at $5 Always hand-cut to order. Master Chef Moyet has personally selected several local farms, including Gibson Family Farms in Scotts, MI, & select western ranches to source our prime beef, bringing together the best the US has to offer. We offer both dry-aged beef and traditional wet-aged beef. Each Steak is seared on cast iron, and oven finished for a one of a kind mouthwatering experience. SAUCES $5 Your steak will be cooked to perfection and delicious on its own. Sometimes you may want to add a sauce to amplify its flavor and complement your wine Béarnaise $67 Cochon, “Whole Hog”, GSM, Napa Valley, CA Bordelaise (Red Wine Demi-Glace) $64 Château Cap de l'Ousteau, Bordeaux, Haut-Médoc Au Poivre (Green Peppercorn Cream) $89 Chateau St.Jean Cabernet Sauvignon, Sonoma, CA Beurre Blanc $62 L'EXCELLENCE de Liliane Duboscq Argentine Chimichurri $35 Echeverria Cabernet Franc Reserva, Curico Valley, Chile MAKE IT SURF & TURF Served with H Wedge Salad, Soup du Jour, & Garlic Mashed Potatoes. 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For two $150 served 12pm — 4pm* Afternoon High Tea Wed-Fri $24.99 Each person receives unlimited Novus Premium Tea and an assortment of 10 sweet and savory items. Examples include: Mini Sandwiches, Mini Quiche, Mini Spinach Pie, French Macaron, Chocolate Truffle, Chocolate Strawberry, Cucumber Croissant Sandwiches, Yogurt Parfait, Mini Eclair , Mini Belgium Puff Pastry. Weekend Brunch High Tea Sat-Sun $29.99 Each person receives unlimited Novus Premium Tea, 1 Mimosa and an assortment of 10 sweet and savory items. Examples include: Mini Sandwiches, Mini Quiche, Mini Spinach Pie, French Macaron, Chocolate Truffle, Chocolate Strawberry, Cucumber Croissant Sandwiches, Yogurt Parfait, Mini Eclair , Mini Belgium Puff Pastry. additional Mimosa $8.99 *24 hr advance reservations required. This is just an example menu and it may change daily upon market and chef creativity. Breakfast at the Castle served 7:30am — 9:30am starting at $24.99 per person Treat yourself to an American style 4 course breakfast here at the Castle. Includes Juice, Coffee and Tea. Just give us a call the day before at 269-344-1827 Spirits Lounge Frank Henderson New Holland Beer Barrel Bourbon, Sugar, Angustura Bitters, Lemon Peel Mary Henderson Scotch Whiskey, Yellow Chartreuse, Celery Bitters, Peychaud’s Bitters, Orange twist Christine Sparkling Brut, St. Germain, Orange Bitters, Demerara Vanilla Sugar Cube Madame Constance Seasonal Sherry Cobbler Uncle Michel Beefeater Gin, Lavender- Honey Syrup, Lemon, Egg white, Soda Mountain Home Friends Journeyman White Whiskey, St. Germain, House-made Maraschino Cherry, Peychaud’s Bitters, Orange, Sugar Clare Burleigh Gran Centenario Anejo Tequila, Crème de Violette, Pineapple, Egg White, Maraschino, Lime Cocktails Martini Classique Grey Goose VX, Contratto Vermouth Bianco, Smoked Goat Cheese Olive Michigan Maple Daquiri Flor de Cana dark rum, Angostura Bitters, Peychaud’s Bitters Michigan Maple Syrup, Lime Red Velvet Cake Stoli Vanille Vodka, Luxardo Amaro, Rumchata, Coffee/Cocoa Syrup, EggWhite & Lemon Zest Beer Menu Bell’s 2-Hearted IPA $5 Bell’s Seasonal $4 Dark Horse Scotty Karate Ale $5 Paw Paw Jakes Vanillla Porter $5 Dark Horse Crooked Tree IPA $5 Short’s Seasonal $5	i don't know
In which British city is Great Victoria Street railway station?	BELFAST GREAT VICTORIA STREET STATION - MAJOR RAILWAY STATION (24HR STAFF) in Belfast (City Centre), Northern Ireland Geographic Location: Lat: 54.59422; Long: -5.93743 - GeoTag: GB-BFS Belfast Great Victoria Street Station Belfast Great Victoria Street Station is a Railway Station managed by NI Railways.(Translink) and is located in or near Belfast (City Centre), Northern Ireland. Mainland rail tickets from The Trainline.com You can obtain timetable information and ticket prices for trains from any UK mainland railway station to any other UK mainland railway station. Just click the banner below for further details. Discount on-line train tickets	Belfast
What was the name of Cutthroat Jake’s ship in the Captain Pugwash TV series?	Hotels near Belfast Europa Bus and Great Victoria Street Station I don't have specific dates yet Search Visit the city of Belfast in Northern Ireland The railway station is located in one of the best positions in Belfast when you are hoping to find the best options for exploring the historic buildings, doing some great shopping, or simply wanting to take advantage of the growing number of cultural options. Combining the best in the arts with historic buildings is something that is easy to do in Belfast, particularly from cheap hostels close to Grand Victoria Street. One of the top attractions to be found in the city is the Grand opera House, which is found close to the Europa Bus Station, which offers a glimpse into the history of Belfast through its Oriental style architecture. A renovation at the start of the 21st century made significant changes to this landmark of Great Victoria Street, which now boasts a restaurant and bistro offering excellent dining opportunities for you during the day or night. It's good to know that many cheap hostels, b&b's and hotels can be found in central Belfast, within easy reach of both Great Victoria Street train station and Europa Bus Station. > Find my Accommodation in Belfast near Great Victoria Street and Europa Bus Station Explore the best in Irish Hospitality Access to the Europa Bus and railway station on Great Victoria Street is a good option for you when you are hoping to explore more than simply the city centre of Belfast, but instead take a tour of Ireland as a whole. Your visit to Belfast would not be complete if you didn't take a little time exploring the best in Irish hospitality, which in Northern Ireland means a trip to the Crown Liquor Saloon. Any trip to Ireland should always include enjoying some local nightlife, which the Great Victoria Street area of Belfast allows you to enjoy with ease. Beautiful Countryside See the beautiful countryside. A number of castles and ancient forts are available for you to enjoy as you take a trip into the history of the area. Belfast is also seeing an influx of visitors looking to join you in finding the best in cheap hostels and hotels close to the train station. Many of the historic sites found on the outskirts of the city are also being used as locations for a number of well loved TV shows. "Game of Thrones" fans can follow in the footsteps of many of their favourite characters who film scenes in and around Belfast. Belfast Great Victoria Street Railway and Europa Bus Station Belfast Great Victoria Street Train Station -- Belfast Great Victoria Street train station is located near Great Victoria Street, and Sandy Row, opposite the Crown Bar within the Europa Buscentre complex in the city centre of Belfast Northern Ireland. Belfast's main business and shopping areas are within easy reach, as are many of Belfast’s best restaurants, bars and cafes. The other main rail station in Belfast is the Central Railway Station , located on East Bridge Street. Enterprise service to Dublin Connolly departs in this train station. Find a room close to Great Victoria Street station and Grand Opera House, City Hall and Crown Liquor Saloon are nearby. Stay in this area and popular shopping and entertainment venues are close by. We specialise in last minute special discount rates on all types of accommodation from very cheap 1 star to 5 star luxury Hotels, and self catering apartments to rent beside Belfast Great Victoria Street rail station. Save money on budget or luxury hotels, and apartments nearest to this railway station. A very popular hotel located beside the station is 3 Days Hotel Belfast, located within 5 minutes of the Grand Opera House and the Great Victoria Street bus and railway stations. The Days Hotel Belfast is the closest hotel to Great Victoria Street railway station. Another popular accommodation nearby is luxury 4 star Europa Hotel. It is one of Northern Ireland’s largest and most luxurious hotels. Great Victoria Street bus and train station is right next door. Check our database for special cheap rates and get the latest deals for these hotels. Belfast Europa Bus Station -- Buses leave from the Europa bus terminal heading all over Ireland. It's located in front of the Great Victoria Street train station on Glengall Street (behind the Europa Hotel). The other main bus terminal in Belfast is Laganside Bus Centre, situated east of Albert Clock Tower. Ulsterbus covers all of Northern Ireland outside Belfast and runs expresses to Dublin and other ROI centres. Air Connections -- Belfast Great Victoria Street railroad station is served by two airports. Belfast International Airport is located 13.2 miles ( 21.3 km) north-west of the city, and George Best Belfast City Airport located close to the city centre (2 miles / 3.2 km ) adjacent to the Port of Belfast. Relevant internet information	i don't know
Which book by Andrea Levy was the Booker Prize winner of the year in 2004?	Andrea Levy - Author Andrea Levy Contact Author In 1948 Andrea Levy's father sailed from Jamaica to England on the Empire Windrush ship and her mother joined him soon after. Andrea was born in London in 1956, growing up black in what was still a very white England. This experience has given her an complex perspective on the country of her birth. Andrea Levy did not begin writing until she was in her mid-thirties. At that time there was little written about the black British experience in Britian. After attending writing workshops Levy began to write the novels that she, as a young woman, had always wanted to read – entertaining novels that reflect the experiences of black Britons, that look closely and perceptively at Britain and its changing population and at the intimacies that bind British history with that of the Caribbean. In her first three novels she explored - from different perspectives - the problems faced by black British-born children of Jamaican emigrants. In her first novel, the semi-autobiographical Every Light in the House Burnin' (1994), the story is of a Jamaican family living in London in the 1960s. Never Far from Nowhere (1996), her second, is set during the 1970s and tells the story of two very different sisters living on a London council estate. In Fruit of the Lemon (1999), Faith Jackson, a young black woman, visits Jamaica after suffering a nervous breakdown and discovers a previously unknown personal history In her fourth novel Small Island Levy examines the experiences of those of her father's generation who returned to Britain after being in the RAF during the Second World War. But more than just the story of the Jamaicans who came looking for a new life in the Mother Country, she explores the adjustments and problems faced by the English people whom those Jamaicans came to live amongst. Immigration changes everyone's lives and in Small Island Levy examines not only the conflicts of two cultures thrown together after a terrible war, but also the kindness and strength people can show to each other. The Second World War was a great catalyst that has led to the multi-cultural society Britain has become. For Andrea Levy acknowledging the role played by all sides in this change is an important part of understanding the process so we can go on to create a better future together. In her latest novel, The Long Song , Levy goes further back to the origins of that intimacy between Britain and the Caribbean. The book is set in early 19th century Jamaica during the last years of slavery and the period immediately after emmancipation. It is the story of July, a house slave on a sugar plantation named Amity. The story is narrated by the character of July herself, now an old woman, looking back upon her eventful life. Levy's latest publication is Six Stories and an Essay , a collection of short stories that she has written over her career, along with an essay where she talks about her Caribbean heritage and the motivation this has given her to write. Andrea Levy is a Londoner. She not only lives and works in the city she loves but has used London as the setting in many of her novels. She has been a recipient of an Arts Council Award and her second novel Never Far from Nowhere was long listed for the Orange Prize. Small Island was the winner of the Orange Prize for Fiction, the Whitbread Novel Award, the Whitbread Book of the Year award, the Orange Best of the Best, and the Commonwealth Writer's Prize. Her latest novel The Long Song was shortlisted for the Man Booker prize, and was the winner of the Walter Scott Prize for Historical Fiction. Besides novels she has also written short stories that have been read on radio, published in newspapers and anthologised. She has been a judge for the Orange Prize for Fiction, Orange Futures and the Saga Prize.	Small Island
Which Gilbert & Sullivan operetta has the subtitle “Flowers of Progress”?	Booker longlist welcomes first-timers \| Books \| The Guardian Booker longlist welcomes first-timers Share on Messenger Close The judging panel of the Man Booker prize for fiction, one of the literary world's most prestigious and lucrative awards, today announced its longlist for 2004. The 22 books that made it onto the longlist were chosen from a pool of 132 entries. The most distinguishing feature of this year's lengthy longlist, which otherwise contained few great shocks, was the number of first-time novelists featuring in it - six out of 22. Among the newcomers, Susanna Clarke's 800-page magical epic set between the Napoleonic wars, Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell (Bloomsbury), is tipped to do well, while Louise Dean's Becoming Strangers (Scribner), and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's Purple Hibiscus (4th Estate), which was also shortlisted for the Orange prize, are both highly acclaimed. Established author are of course also well represented. Nadeem Aslam's Maps for Lost Lovers (Faber & Faber) is his first novel since Season of the Rainbirds 11 years ago, and looks set to be a strong contender. Colm Tóibín, shortlisted in 1999 for The Blackwater Lightship (Picador), attracted the judges' notice again, this time for The Master (Picador), his portrait of Henry James. The Observer called Tóibín's book "startlingly excellent". David Mitchell, who also found a place on the shortlist in the past with his second novel, number9dream (Sceptre), is back again with Cloud Atlas (Sceptre). Big names that failed to make it onto the longlist this year include Louis de Bernières and Jeanette Winterson, both of whose novels this year have received mixed reviews. Perhaps more surprisingly, Andrea Levy, whose novel Small Island won the Orange prize earlier this year, was also omitted. The panel of five judges is this year chaired by Chris Smith MP. The other members are novelist Tibor Fischer, who has himself been shortlisted in the past; writer and academic Robert Macfarlane (whose book, Mountains of the Mind, won the 2003 Guardian first book award); Rowan Pelling, the founder and editor of The Erotic Review; and the literary editor of The Economist, Fiammetta Rocco. "This has been a very rich year for fiction and we have a strong and varied longlist of 22 books," said Chris Smith, commenting on the list. "I'm particularly pleased that there are a number of first or second novels on the list as well as a number of well-established writers. The list is a mixture of seriousness and fun; it ranges across several continents; it goes back and forwards in time; and getting a shortlist of six out of this variety will be a nightmare." The shortlist will be announced on September 21, and the winner will be revealed on October 19 in an awards ceremony at the Royal Horticultural Halls in Westminster. The longlist in full Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Purple Hibiscus Nadeem Aslam Maps for Lost Lovers Nicola Barker Clear: A Transparent Novel John Bemrose The Island Walkers Ronan Bennett Havoc, in its Third Year Susanna Clarke Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell Neil Cross Always the Sun Achmat Dangor Bitter Fruit Lewis Desoto A Blade of Grass Sarah Hall The Electric Michelangelo James Hamilton-Paterson Cooking with Fernet Branca Justin Haythe The Honeymoon Shirley Hazzard The Great Fire Alan Hollinghurst The Line of Beauty Gail Jones Sixty Lights	i don't know
Which book by Mark Haddon was the Booker Prize winner in 2003?	The Man Booker Prize Winner and Shortlist Books 2003 (download torrent) - TPB The Man Booker Prize Winner and Shortlist Books 2003 Type: Get this torrent (Problems with magnets links are fixed by upgrading your torrent client !) This torrent Includes the winner of 2003 Man Booker prize and 2 out of 5 books from the shortlist as well as 4 books from the longlist (To make up for the missing shortlist books). Don't forget to check out the 2004 to 2012 Lists already uploaded by Me. Click "Man Booker Prize" tag to see the other torrents. Book 01 - Vernon God Little by DBC Pierre (Winner) Book 02 - Brick Lane by Monica Ali (Shortlist) Book 03 - Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood (Shortlist) Book 04 - Elizabeth Costello by J. M. Coetzee (Longlist) [No Table of Contents] Book 05 - The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The NightTime by Mark Haddon (Longlist) Book 06 - The Light of Day by Graham Swift (Longlist) Book 07 - Yellow Dog by Martin Amis (Longlist) Format 1 - .ePUB Format 2 - .Mobi All my Ebook uploads are separated by Genre Tags Support Your Favorite Authors By Buying Their Books Check out all my Magazine and ebook uploads here. https://thepiratebay.se/user/azizex666/	The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
The Italian word for “scratched drawings” is used commonly n English. What is the word/	Download The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime Audiobook \| Mark Haddon Audiobooks > Fiction > Literary > The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime Download The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime Audiobook Click for printable size audiobook cover 3.00 (422,694 ratings) (rate this audio book) Author: Mark Haddon Narrator: Jeff Woodman Publisher: Recorded Books, LLC Format: Unabridged Audiobook Delivery: Instant Download Audio Length: 6 hours Regular Price: $24.99 Add to Cart — or — Publisher Description Christopher John Francis Boone knows all the countries of the world and their capitals and every prime number up to 7,057. He relates well to animals but has no understanding of human emotions. He cannot stand to be touched. And he detests the color yellow. This improbable story of Christopher’s quest to investigate the suspicious death of a neighborhood dog makes for one of the most captivating, unusual, and widely heralded novels in recent years. Download and start listening now! bh7m Listeners Also Enjoyed: Lord of the Flies by William Golding November 2002 The Escape by David Baldacci November 2014 The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd January 2003 The Fountainhead by Ayn Rand December 2007 Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck January 2010 NOS4A2 by Joe Hill April 2013 A Separate Peace by John Knowles January 1959 Quotes & Awards “Brilliant…Delightful…Very moving, very plausible—and very funny.” Oliver Sacks, New York Times bestselling author of Hallucinations “Mark Haddon’s portrayal of an emotionally disassociated mind is a superb achievement. He is a wise and bleakly funny writer with rare gifts of empathy.” Ian McEwan, New York Times bestselling author of Atonement “Full of whimsical surprises and tender humor.” People “Funny, sad, and totally convincing.” Time “Disorienting and reorienting the reader to devastating effect…As suspenseful and harrowing as anything in Conan Doyle.” New York Times Book Review “Haddon’s book illuminates the way one mind works so precisely, so humanely, that it reads like both an acutely observed case study and an artful exploration of a different ‘mystery’: the thoughts and feeling we share even with those very different from us.” Entertainment Weekly “This original and affecting novel is a triumph of empathy.” New Yorker “A murder mystery, a road atlas, a postmodern canvas of modern sensory overload, a coming-of-age journal, and lastly a really affecting look at the grainy inconsistency of parental and romantic love and its failures…In this striking first novel, Mark Haddon is both clever and observant, and the effect is vastly affecting.” Washington Post “Gloriously eccentric and wonderfully intelligent.” Boston Globe “Extraordinarily moving, often blackly funny…It is hard to think of anyone who would not be moved and delighted by this book.” Financial Times (London) Winner of the 2003 Whitbread Award Winner of the 2004 YALSA Alex Award Winner of the Guardian Children’s Fiction Prize Long-listed for the Man Booker Prize Listener Opinions by Ann \| 2/20/2014 " This book has some inappropriate language. But it was really interesting and helped me understand autism a little better. " by Jae \| 2/5/2014 " Noy really my kind of book! " by Alex \| 2/1/2014 " Thought this book was brilliant. Can't believe how well he managed to write from inside the head of a 15 year old boy with Asperger's. A quick read and made me laugh out loud. " by Catherine \| 1/24/2014 " this book was suggested by two different authors of books i just read, about its spot on portrayal of aspergers and so i decided to try it! i really enjoyed it, found it to be very great read. " > Show All Heather \| 1/21/2014 " I enjoyed this book, it was engaging, funny, disturbing and sad at others. Autism is not something i have any experience with, and i know there are different degrees of it, overall i recommend this book a good read! " Marina \| 1/20/2014 " A life-changing masterpiece, the kind of book that will stay with me until the end. " Menucha \| 1/18/2014 " Intensely powerful, remarkably different from anything I've ever read before. Finished it one one sitting. I didn't read this book...I swallowed it whole. " Sarah \| 1/13/2014 " I'd forgotten how good this book is. The author does a great job of helping you see what it is like inside the mind of an autistic child. Well written and a little sad. Liked it a lot. " Cheryl Smith \| 1/12/2014 " As an aunt of an autistic nephew, I could relate. Frustrating autism. " Erica \| 1/9/2014 " A fast, but interesting read- 1st person point of view allows you to walk in the shoes of someone with Aspergers- perhaps... as it was written by someone who does not have Aspergers. " Jan \| 1/4/2014 " Everyone should read this book. " Diana Franchini \| 12/28/2013 " Absolutely loved this book! Great insight into how the autistic mind works... " Cadi Fortes \| 12/22/2013 " I just realized that the title of this book comes from a Sherlock Holmes quote! It's from Silver Blaze. Great line. :P " Leanne Krausmann \| 11/5/2013 " I am a special education major and I read this book when I was younger, but I found it so interesting to read a book from the point of view of someone with autism. This book was very interesting and I would love to read it again! " Daniel \| 6/4/2013 " An immediate favorite. Best book I've read all year. " Felicity Chaplin \| 4/29/2013 " I give this book 3.5 stars. I liked the way it was written, and the character of Christopher was interesting and likeable. But I felt the ending was a bit rushed. Like the author has gotten bored. " Kimberly \| 10/20/2012 " What a great book- loved the first person point of view. You learn every in and out of this character- captivating. A lot of twists and turns I didn't see coming as well. " MÃ¡rcia \| 7/13/2012 " A dead dog and a freaky boy. " Tina Thompson \| 6/11/2012 " Only book I have ever read that is narrated by someone with Autism. Great glimpse into the main characters mind amid the craziness of the curious incident of the dog... in the night-time. " Katie Barton-harper \| 2/14/2012 " A very unique narrative. I really enjoyed it. I felt like I gained some insight into a very different worldview. " Rachel \| 1/19/2012 " Such an incredible book! I absolutely loved it. An easy read and just couldn't get enough!!! " Henry \| 12/29/2011 " So cleverly written and unique. " J.E. \| 11/23/2011 " This was a highly unusual and well-written book. It's not for me to say whether the author gets the autistic narrator "right," but everything you've read about what a good novel this is is true. " Katie Knight \| 10/3/2011 " Could really relate to it! " Whit \| 8/5/2011 " This is a really cute book. " Laurie Drouillard \| 7/18/2011 " Since I am a fan of lists, this book was perfect. I felt for Christopher through the whole book, never felt disconnected. " Bholloway \| 7/15/2011 " A great read. Gripping, with a strong voice that carries you away with the narrative. Offers fresh perspectives on ways of understanding the world, and does the things that all great novels should: enable you to understand and connect to the world of someone else. " Katja \| 5/25/2011 " This is ‘less is more’ done well. The simplicity of this story, written from the perspective of a boy with Asperger’s syndrome (or at least something similar), somehow makes it more heartfelt. It was very easy and a pleasure to read. " Chris \| 5/24/2011 " I throughly enjoyed the book, yet somewhat related with too many of the characters quirks! " Heather \| 5/24/2011 " This is one of the most unique books I have ever read. It is currently making the rounds in my classroom as well for independent reading. The students seem to enjoy to unique voice of the main character. " Karla \| 5/24/2011 " One of the most amazing books that I have ever read. Enough said. " Madeleine \| 5/24/2011 " I loved the story and the character, and I understand that the way it was written, but I needed more description or substance. It was missing something. But it was fascinating and I loved his asides about prime numbers, or math problems. " Nalia \| 5/24/2011 " This book is easy to read and i really liked it. Most of all, loved the character, the autistic child and the way he thinks and acts. It takes you into his world, funny and sad and clever altogether. i recomend it! " Deborah \| 5/23/2011 " Hard to get into and didn't love the ending. Just didn't love it although my book club members did ... " Bill \| 5/22/2011 " Fun afternoon — or for me, a three-afternoon — read. Characters were brief but human. This is a good example of a short story that would be difficult to translate well to film, though they'll likely try. " Heidi \| 5/22/2011 " Great read. Gave me improved compassion for those with children and those themselves suffering from autism. " Katrina \| 5/22/2011 " Really, really loved this! As someone who worked with autistic students years ago, the voice of this boy is amazingly authentic and honest. " Trine \| 5/22/2011 " Just finished this book and really enjoyed it. " Malena \| 5/21/2011 " It reminded me a bit of "The Perks of Being a Wallflower" but with a different plot and story. I guess it was because of the style and the main characters. I really liked the plot and how the characters reacted to certain situations in the story. " Spicedmama \| 5/21/2011 " There were moments I laughed out loud. A very interesting read. Not all who partake will understand it. "	i don't know
In English the word describes a complete failure. In Italian it describes a straw covered bottle. What is the word?	Wine & Champagne Bottles Wine & Champagne Bottles Click here to move to the Organization & Structure Summary. Wine and champagne (carbonated or "sparkling" wine) bottles were, generally speaking, produced in a much more limited variety of shapes than the spirits/liquor containers discussed above. (Note: On this page the term "champagne" is referring to all sparkling wines, not just those from that region of France.) A large majority of wine/champagne bottles are round in cross section; square, rectangular, or other body shapes are unusual, though they do exist to a minor extent with wine bottles, especially in the 20th century. Champagne, being carbonated, pretty much had to be contained in round heavy glass bottles (like all carbonated beverages) since round bottles are inherently stronger than other shapes, all other things being equal (glass thickness & quality). In addition, a large majority of wine/champagne bottles were (and continue to be) produced in some shade of olive green, with amber and aqua/colorless glass occasionally used; other colors were unusual (McKearin & Wilson 1978, Van den Bossche 2001). Sizes of wine bottles can vary widely from small "sample" sizes of a few ounces to very large demijohns and carboys that held many gallons. Champagne bottles were typically made in limited sizes with a very large majority being less than a half gallon. Wine - primarily the fermented juice of grapes - has been a common beverage since at least 2000 B.C. The fermentation of grape juice creates alcohol (typically 10-15% by volume) which both preserves the juice - enhancing the potential for long term storage - and adds extra dimensions and characteristics of particular appeal to humans since time immemorial. Wine is, of course, an extremely popular beverage today around the world. Wine was historically stored in wooden casks, clay/ceramic amphorae and jugs, and other containers though some bottles were likely being used for wine storage as early as the time of Christ (Munsey 1970, Van den Bossche 2001). Bottles for containing, distributing, or dispensing wine were common in the U. S. from the mid 17th century to the present day. The earliest wine and spirits bottles in the American colonies were typically English made imports as no significant production of these type bottles was likely done on American soil until the late 18th century (McKearin & Wilson 1978). Wine being one of the most common beverages of the past 300-400 years (next to water and possibly beer/ale) results in wine bottles and fragments being one of the most commonly encountered items on historic sites. The exception to this is during National Prohibition in the U.S. (1919 to 1933) when the production (and it was hoped, consumption) of alcoholic beverages was made illegal, though of course, production was still occurring either for sacramental (particularly wine) purposes, for "medicinal purposes" (requiring a doctors prescription), for in-home use, or simply illegally. See the discussion on the subject in the introduction to the Bottle Typing/Diagnostic Shapes: Liquor/Spirits Bottles page. Wine/champagne bottles have followed very similar and relatively narrow design patterns during the entire period covered by this website - the 19th to mid-20th centuries. One distinctive feature of most wine/champagne bottles which is not common on other bottles is the presence of a kick-up or push-up in the base. In the wine world this basal indentation is known as a "punt" though that term was not apparently used by glass makers. Wine and champagne bottles today closely follow many of the same dominant designs that were used in the mid to late 19th century. This includes the ubiquity of the cork (or now synthetic cork substitutes) accepting champagne finishes and the continued presence of punts (Shultz 1980). Because of this lack of diversity this webpage is relatively brief. As with all historic bottle types and shapes however, there is a wide variation of subtle differences to be found within the various diagnostic shape classes which are covered on this page. Thus, don't dwell too closely on minor nuances. Several excellent sources of information on very early wine bottles (17th and 18th centuries) are available and recommended since this website does not comprehensively cover bottles made prior to the early 19th century. Three notable publications are: American Bottles and Flasks and Their Ancestry by Helen McKearin and Kenneth Wilson (1978); Cylindrical English Wine & Beer Bottles 1735-1850 by Olive Jones (1986); and Antique Glass Bottles: Their History and Evolution (1500-1850) by Willy Van den Bossche (2001). An excellent historical overview of the 19th century wine trade, with a special emphasis on Western America, is found in The Bottles of Old Sacramento: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Glass and Ceramic Containers Part 1 by Peter Schulz, et al. (1980). NOTE: Attached to the "Bottle Types/Diagnostic Shapes" grouping of pages is a complete copy of a never re-printed, 280 page, 1906 Illinois Glass Company bottle catalog scanned at two pages per JPEG file. Click 1906 IGCo. Catalog to access the page that links to all the scans of this very useful catalog. Wine and champagne bottles are listed primarily on pages 136-147. Champagne bottle styles Each of the pictured bottles has a relatively short description and explanation including estimated dates or date ranges for that type bottle and links to other view pictures of the bottle. Additional links to images of similar bottles are also frequently included. The array of references used to support the conclusions and estimates found here - including the listed dating ranges - are noted. Additional information and estimates are based on the empirical observations of the author over 50 years of experience; this is often but not always noted. Various terminology is used in the descriptions that may be unfamiliar if you have not studied other pages on this site. If a term is unfamiliar, first check the Bottle Glossary page for an explanation or definition. As an alternative, one can do a search of this website. To do a word/phrase search one must use the "Search SHA" boxes found on many of the main SHA web pages, including the Research Resources page (upper right side of that page) which links to this site. The Historic Bottle Website (HBW) has no internal search mechanism so be aware that when running a search one will also get non-HBW response links to other portions of the SHA site. Wine bottle styles Wine and champagne bottles are some of the most commonly recovered items from historic sites throughout the U.S. since the consumption of wine was (and is) very common in most "Western" countries (Jones 1986). As already noted, wine and champagne bottle shapes tend to be some of the least diverse of any group of bottles covered on this website, though many of the shapes are very diagnostic of being a wine or champagne bottle. In addition, most of these specific shape classes have been in use for 125 to 150 years or more, continue to be used today, and are often very closely identified with certain types of wines. Some of the pictures found below are of modern bottles in styles that go well back into the 19th century with little change in the overall "look" of the bottle. Given this almost unprecedented similarity through time, the dating of these bottles by shape is largely impossible and other manufacturing related diagnostic features must be used to determine the approximate age range of items; a subject that is covered on various other pages on this website (Schulz 1980; Wilson 1981). One other note on wine bottles is that they are somewhat rarely embossed, but instead product identified with labels or frequently with blob seals . Most other types of bottles show a tendency towards more embossed examples through the last half of the 19th century and into the first couple decades of the 20th. This is not true for wine bottles where if anything, the tendency was to move from applied blob seals (two shown in the picture at the top of this page) to completely unadorned bottles that were labeled only through that same time period (Munsey 1970). (Note: Blob seals were in use for wine bottles from the early 17th century until well into the early 20th century, though proportionally (not in absolute numbers) there were likely more used on bottles prior to 1860 than after that time.) Note: One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, often with European wine in them. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Early wine bottle shapes The variety of shapes of early (pre-1860) wine bottles is surprisingly diverse - given the limited numbers of bottles produced during that era - compared to the shapes found in later years. The bottles pictured here are a sampling of just some of the different shapes that were used for wine primarily during the first half of the 19th century and before. However, all of the types of bottles pictured here were also have been used for various other liquids and beverages including spirits, hard cider, and ale/beer as well as other products on occasion including even caraway seeds and ground pepper (McKearin & Wilson 1978; McDougall 1990). The bottle pictured to left is a very early "Belgian type" wine or spirits bottle that dates between 1700 and 1730. These bottles were commonly used for wine as well as spirits like rum. This type bottle is European in origin (Belgium or Dutch) though ones like it were imported into this country during the early to mid-18th century since few if any utilitarian bottles like this were being made in the U.S. at that time. Click on the following hyperlinks to view more images of this bottle: base view ; finish and upper neck view . It is also thought that these type bottles were occasionally used for sparkling wines also as they typically have relatively heavy glass and could likely withstand the pressure of carbonation (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The chestnut flask pictured to the right is a typical early American example that was most likely produced by a New England glasshouse between 1790 and 1820 - the heyday of this particular style. It is free-blown, has a blowpipe type pontil scar in its pushed up base, and is medium olive green in color. Click on the following link to view more pictures of this chestnut flask: side view ; base view showing the blowpipe pontil scar. This bottle is also discussed more on the Liquor/Spirits Bottles page (in the "Other Miscellaneous Shapes" section). The black glass (very dark olive amber) wine, spirits, or ale/porter/cider bottle to the left is of early American origin being blown by the New England Glass Bottle Company (Cambridge, Mass.) between 1827 and 1845 (McKearin & Wilson 1978). That company name is embossed very faintly on the base of this bottle - click NEGBCo base marking to view a picture of the base. The center of the base has a sand pontil mark that is typical of the era. Click shoulder, neck & finish to view a close-up of those portions of this bottle. Like its English counterparts, this bottle was made in a three-piece mold though very similar types were also free-blown (usually earlier) and produced in dip molds. This wide squatty style was common in different variations from the late 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. As indicated this shape saw wide usage as a beverage bottle; it is also discussed more on the Liquor/Spirits Bottles page (in the "Cylinders" section). The utility bottle pictured to the right was blown in a dip mold which is indicated by the faint line at the shoulder/body junction, faintly textured (from the mold surface) surface to the bottle body below the shoulder, and the smooth glossy glass surface at the shoulder and neck (click photo to enlarge). It has a crudely applied mineral finish, a faint sand pontil scar on the base, and likely dates from between 1850 and 1870. Click on the following links for more images of this bottle: shoulder/neck close-up , base view . Of interest on this bottle is a faint bluish cast to the apex of the moderately pushed-up base. This is frequently seen on mid 19th century black glass bottles and is likely the result of the iron rod that was used to form the push-up base and/or pontil rod. This general type of bottle was also mouth-blown in two and three-piece molds and later (late 19th and early 20th centuries) in turn-molds. This shape was undoubtedly commonly used for a variety of beverages and physically similar examples can date from the early 19th through early 20th century. Thus, manufacturing based diagnostic features must be used to come up with a reasonable date range for this style. Even then, the typical absence of embossing on most of these type items (and the rarity of original labels) which often allows for dating refinement, makes for relatively imprecise dating reliability. See the discussion of this type bottle on the Liquor/Spirits Bottles page. This shape of bottle compared to the ones above shows the trend of wine bottles from wider and squatty to taller and narrower as time progressed (Jones 1986). Click on the following links to view an early 19th century (1816 or slightly before) free-blown English wine bottle - with the original label - that would be a precursor to the utility bottle pictured to the right: full view showing the dated 1816 label; base view showing a sand (or possibly "disc") pontil scar and unusual lack of a push-up base (photo from eBayï¿½). Additional images/information on early squat wine bottles: E arly English "onion" bottle - This is the earliest bottle illustrated on this website (excluding the Roman bottles found on the Glassmaking & Glassmakers page) dating from the 1680s to 1720s period (Dumbrell 1983). It is English in origin, very dark olive green glass (i.e., "black glass"), free-blown with a glass-tipped or blow-pipe pontil scar, and has a period typical string rim finish type. This bottle is European in origin and pre-dates the time period covered by this website but is included to show an example of a bottle typical of some of the earliest types than can be found in North America (McKearin & Wilson 1978). These bottles were certainly used for both wine and spirits. (Image courtesy of Glass Works Auctions.) Dating summary/notes: These early types of wine bottles are a sampling of those used during the first half of the 19th century (and before) as there was a relatively wide assortment of shapes - given the era - that saw duty as wine bottles (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The general dating ranges for each of the pictured examples is in the description of the bottle above, and not reiterated here. The reasons for the relative diversity of shapes used to contain wine during this earlier era is varied and includes the following: During this period bottles were a scarce and relatively expensive commodity and what one used to bottle a product was what one could acquire - new or used. Many types of bottles saw use for a wide array of products. For example this type of early American Stoddard utility bottle (ca. 1830-1850) was known to have been used for an assortment of liquid products, e.g., ink, liquor, medicine, cosmetics, oils, and other products (McKearin & Wilson 1978). There was a decided lack of variety of bottle shapes in general during this early era, necessitating the use of more different types of bottles for a given substance than later (late 19th and early 20th centuries) when more bottle types were available and identified with specific products. The lack of variety of early shapes in general was probably a function of limited manufacturing techniques to make unusual designs (only so much one can do free blowing or with a dip mold), limited market or demand for different shapes, and the labor intensity of making bottles (and high glassblower pay) which made bottles quite expensive to produce (Scoville 1948). For more information on the subject of early wine (and spirits) bottles is Olive Jones 1986 work entitled "Cylindrical English Wine & Beer Bottles: 1735-1850" (Jones 1986). Also see Hume's (1991) "A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America" for more information on the subject including an illustrated time series of primarily English-made wine/spirits bottles from 1652 to 1834. "Bordeaux" shape This distinctive and familiar shape of bottle is commonly referred to as a "Bordeaux" type bottle; they were also called a "claret", "sauterne" (the latter primarily in light green or aqua glass), and likely other names (IGCo. 1906, Obear-Nestor 1922, Lucas Co. Bottle Co. 1940s). These names also refer to the application to which these bottles were typical used, i.e., to bottle Bordeaux region wines which include cabernet sauvignon, claret, and sauterne (sweet wine from the Sauterne region of France). These bottles are typified by having a tall body with almost vertically parallel sides (with sometimes a bit of a taper from shoulder to heel), a moderately steep shoulder, moderately short but distinct neck (a bit less than a third the length of the body), and usually a champagne style single part finish. The bases usually have a moderate to deep push-up with the presence of a mamelon common. Click Illinois Glass Company 1906 catalog - page 136 to view that companies available Bordeaux bottle, which is specifically noted as a turn-mold. This shape originated in Europe by at least the early to mid 19th century and likely came to the U.S. shortly thereafter. The style follows the chronologic trend of wine bottles from wider and squatty to taller and narrower, which is shown somewhat by the bottles pictured in the previous section. French made bottles of this specific style (free-blown but without pontil scars) were found on the Steamboat Bertrand which sank in the Missouri River in 1865 and were likely being made at least as early as the 1850s (Switzer 1974, Jones 1986, Van den Bossche 2001). A bottle very similar to the Bertrand examples is pictured below left. "Claret" bottles were noted as being produced by American manufacturers as early as 1829, though the shapes were not specifically described. One 1831 New England Glass Company ad noted that their "claret" bottles were a "correct imitation of the French" implying that this style could date back well beyond the early 1830s date for imports (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The Bordeaux style does appear to be a distinct evolutionary change from the utility bottle pictured in the section above (bulging neck, mineral finish) and these early ads may have been describing that type bottle instead. In any event, this shape most likely dates back at least to the 1840s for wine and continues to be used today for many types of red wines (few white wines) produced throughout the world. The picture to the right shows a typical 3/4 liter example with contents that was bought in 2005 and is virtually exactly like it's 100 year older brother above, including a kick-up base, olive green color, and cork closured champagne finish. Click close-up of shoulder, neck, and finish to view a close-up picture of this modern bottle. Upon close inspection of these two bottles the only substantive differences are related to the method of manufacture, the modern version being of course machine-made. The bottle pictured above left is a likely early 20th century example of a Bordeaux style bottle that was produced in a turn-mold as it has no side-seams and the distinctive concentric horizontal rings on the body typical of that manufacturing method. This bottle is actually labeled Vin Zymo Elixir Wine Tonic (San Francisco, CA.); not actually wine itself though "wine tonic" was certainly wine based. The label on this bottle implies a dating no earlier than the early 1910s based on the contents or capacity notation, which was not required prior to this time. The high alcohol content (30%) with no mention of "medicinal use" indicates a pre-Prohibition (pre-1920) product (Lockhart pers. communication 2003). This bottle could date from the same era as the label since turn-mold bottles were still being produced at least as late as the early 1910s (Illinois Glass Company 1911, Toulouse 1969b). However, the bottle could possibly pre-date the label and have been re-used for this semi-medicinal product since the bottles method of manufacture (turn-mold, tooled finish) was being used at least as early as the late 1880s. However, it is impossible to ascertain this for certain. Click on the following links for more pictures of this Bordeaux shaped wine bottle: base view ; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish ; view of the label on the other side . The small size (9.2" tall and pint + or -) Bordeaux style bottle pictured to the left is dip molded (there is a faint "ridge" at the shoulder indicating a dip mold heritage) with a crudely laid on ring type champagne finish (laid around a non-fire polished roughly cracked-off bore) and a crudely pushed up and fairly deep kick-up/push-up base. This bottle exhibits a lot of the characteristics and crudity of a bottle made during the first half of the 19th century, but is not obviously pontil scarred making it likely to date around the Civil War period of 1860-1870, since after this period dip molded bottles become more and more unusual and prior to this period pontil marks are almost universal. Click on the following links for more view of this bottle: base view ; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish . This bottle is very similar to those pictured and described in Switzer (1974) that were determined to be French in origin and dating right from 1864 to early 1865, when the Steamship Bertrand sank in the Missouri River. Earlier Bordeaux style bottles tend to have a bit more slope to the shoulder compared to the later ones with a sharper angle; compare the bottle to the left with the two pictured above (Van den Bossche 2001). However, this feature appears not to be definitive of an early manufacture since, as with most bottle styles, there were subtle variations made throughout the many years of use. The two sizes of similar early Bordeaux bottles to the right also date conclusively from the mid-1860s as they were recovered from the from the Steamship Republicï¿½ which sank off the coast of Georgia during late October of 1865 (Gerth 2006). These bottles are also free-blown or dip molded, have laid-on champagne type finishes, and very deep kick-ups. (Photo by George Salmon Photography, courtesy of Odyssey Marine Exploration.) Dating summary/notes: The Bordeaux style of wine bottles were made for an exceptionally long period of time - from possibly the early 19th century (surely from no later than the 1840s) to the present day. Occasional examples can be found with a different type finish (primarily external screw threads in the 20th century), though the majority of the bottles made up to the present have a cork accepting champagne finish but are otherwise identical in shape. This shape of bottle can be mouth-blown in a turn or two-piece mold or machine-made. Thus, the general dating of this style must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. Click on the following link to view a webpage that describes the three major wine bottle shapes (the Bordeaux and the following two shapes): http://www.cellarnotes.net/bottleshapes.html One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. It should also be noted that identically shaped bottles (in aqua as well as olive green) were used from the very early 19th century until well into the 20th century for olive oil. See the cylindrical olive oil bottles section of the Food Bottle & Canning Jars typology page for more information. "Burgundy" shape This distinctive and familiar shape of bottle is most often referred as a "Burgundy" or sometimes "cognac" bottle, though other names are of course possible (IGCo. 1906 & 1920, Obear-Nestor 1922, Lucas Co. Bottle Co. 1940s). These names also refer to the application to which these bottles were typical used, i.e., to bottle Burgundy region or type wines which include pinot noir, chardonnay, chablis, beaujolais, and various other red and white wines. The style was also used for cognac (distilled white wine) though the cognac bottles tend to be taller in the body (discussed more below). Burgundy bottles have a moderate height body with almost vertically parallel sides, a long sloping shoulder which merges seamlessly into the neck which is usually topped by a champagne style single part finish. The height of the shoulder and neck in combination is usually equal to or a bit more than the height of the body (heel to shoulder). The bases usually have moderate to deep push-ups with the presence of a mamelon common, though later 20th century ones have minimal push-ups and small to non-existent mamelons. Like the Bordeaux style bottle above, the Burgundy shape originated in Europe by at least the early 19th century and likely came to the U.S. shortly thereafter. It seems to have first shown up in the U.S. prior to the Civil War and follows the chronological trend of wine bottles from wider and squatty to taller and narrower, which is shown somewhat by the bottles pictured in the previous section (Jones 1986, Van den Bossche 2001). The Burgundy style appears to be a slight evolutionary take off from the very similarly shaped champagne bottle which date back at least to the early 19th century, though these were likely imported from England or France, as the earliest mention of champagne bottles by an American manufacture is 1829 (McKearin & Wilson 1978). Champagne bottles tend to be a little wider in the body and made with heavier glass; differences that are usually distinct when one has the two types side by side. In addition champagne bottles were usually made in a darker olive green color than the Burgundy style, though this is quite variable and a likely meaningless distinction. In a sense, the Burgundy/champagne shape is a hybrid between the Bordeaux style noted above and the tall slender hock wine style discussed next. This precise shape continues to be used today for many types of red and white wines produced throughout the world. The example pictured above is of a full (Chardonnay) 3/4 liter bottle bought in 2005 which is virtually identical to the mouth-blown ones from 100 years or more ago, including its kick-up base, typical olive green color, and cork stoppered champagne finish. Click close-up of shoulder, neck, and finish to view a close-up picture of this modern bottle showing the lack of clear transition from the shoulder to the neck. For an illustration of an identical looking example from a 1906 Illinois Glass Company catalog, click IGCo. 1906 catalog - page 140-141 ; the Burgundy shape is pictured on page 141 on the far right. A cognac bottle is pictured next to the Burgundy shape and is very similar except that the body is a bit longer and the shoulder/neck combination a bit shorter. The bottle pictured to the right is another modern Burgundy style bottle that was used for sake, showing that there was and is some alternative use of this style beyond certain types of wine. Click close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish to view the unusual cork stoppered finish on this example, which would be considered a bead finish. Most Burgundy style bottles have a champagne finish, though in more recent times (mid-20th century on) external screw threads are common. However, the latter type finish is not widely used with the exception of "cheap" wine, simply because it is associated with cheap wine and few wine producers - not unexpectedly - wish their product to be thought of that way. Dating summary/notes: The Burgundy/champagne style has been made for an very long period of time - probably as early as the mid-19th century to the present day. This shape of bottle can be mouth-blown in a turn or two-piece mold or machine-made. Thus, the general dating of this style of bottle must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. Click on the following link to view a webpage that describes the three major wine bottle shapes (the Burgundy and the shapes above and below): http://www.cellarnotes.net/bottleshapes.html One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, up until at least National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. "Hock" or "Rhine" shape This is the third and last of the three dominant styles of wine bottles which bridge the time from at least the mid 19th century to the present day. This particular shape was - and still is - referred to as a "hock" or Rhine wine. Glassmakers during the early 20th century called them by either name (IGCo. 1906 & 1920, Alther 1909, Obear-Nester 1922). Click on the following link to view the illustration and listing for hock wine bottles in the 1906 Illinois Glass Company catalog - IGCo. 1906 catalog - page 138 (right side of the left page). This catalog indicates that these bottles are of German or French origin, though sold through this American glass company catalog. During the 19th century, hock wine bottles typically contained both red and white Rhine and Mosel wines. The term "hock" is reported to be an English pronunciation of the abbreviation for Hockheim, which is a vineyard village south of Mannheim, Germany from which the first Main-Rhine wines were exported to England (Van den Bossche 2001). The distinctive shape of these bottles is typified by being tall and slender with no sharp break where the body merges into the shoulder (though the shoulder starts where the parallel body sides just begin to converge) and no discernable break where the shoulder becomes the neck. The diameter of these bottles simply gradually and gracefully diminishes from a point at or just beyond 1/3 of the height from the heel to almost the finish base. This general shape dates back to at least the 1820s or 1830s in Europe, though these early to mid 19th century examples are just slightly "squattier" in shape (relatively speaking) than those pictured here. They were also typically free-blown or dip molded, often exhibiting pontil scars reflecting the technology of that period, and are sometimes blob sealed (Boow 1991; Van den Bossche 2001). From the 1870s on (possibly earlier), hock wines were primarily made in the longer graceful shape shown here, either in two-piece post or cup-bottom molds, or most commonly in turn-molds (Van den Bossche 2001, empirical observations). Hock wine bottles from the 19th and early 20th centuries are most often seen in shades of olive green or amber, but were produced commonly in a wide array of other colors from colorless to aqua to red amber (a common color; see bottle to the right pictured above) to various shades of blue or bluish green (bottle to left below). Machine-made examples typically date from the mid to late 1910s and after (see last note at the bottom of this page for a dating caution). Today this precise shape is synonymous with white wines made throughout the world from an assortment of grapes including Riesling (usually green bottles) and Gewurztraminer (usually amber bottles) (Van Den Bossche 2001). The tall hock wine bottles pictured above are of the typical shape, size, proportions (approximately 3/4 liter/25-26 oz. capacity and 12-13" tall) that have been used from at least the 1870s or 1880s to the present day. Both of these bottles were produced in a turn-mold, as they have no body mold seams in evidence and distinctive horizontal rings from the turn mold process. Both also have applied champagne finishes and moderate push-up bases with small mamelons. Like most (we believe) hock wine bottles these bottles were very likely imported from Europe and date from the late 19th or early 20th centuries. Because of this, they have true applied finishes at a later date than similar American made products (see notes below). Click on the following links to see more images of these bottles: base view ; close-up of the upper half of the olive green example. The bottles pictured to the right above are downscaled examples of the typical hock wine shape which date from the same era as the bottles above, i.e., 1890-1920. Both have typical champagne finishes, though the blue green one (left) is applied (and likely foreign made) and the smaller amber one has a tooled finish (and possibly American made). The smaller example was also made in a two-piece cup-bottom mold (not turn-mold) which may be an unusual configuration for a foreign made hock wine. Click on the following links for more pictures of these bottles: base views of both bottles; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish of the blue green bottle. During the first half of the 20th century, some hock wine type bottles were produced in primarily colorless glass (sometimes with a slight pink or straw colored cast) that were elaborately embossed with the brand name VIRGINIA DARE WINES ( Garrett & Co., New York) with additional embossing of an eagle on a shield. These very common bottles held different wines produced by this company and are usually machine-made, though some early ones are mouth-blown, dating from just before Prohibition to the mid-20th century. The picture to the left is of an example that is 13" tall and has a brandy type finish and likely dates from the late 1910s or 1920s (excuse the poor quality of the picture which is off eBayï¿½). Shorter versions were also made. Later examples had an unusual brandy finish with a crown cap bead lip or upper part (1920s and 1930s) and external screw threads (40s and 50s) (date ranges estimated based on empirical observations). Please note that the vast majority of hock wine bottles have neither body embossing nor blob seals. An interesting variation of the bottle above is another product from the same company that was most likely produced during National Prohibition (1920 to 1933). This bottle is also a shape variation of the hock wine but used for a medicinal product - see picture to the right (from eBayï¿½). The "Old Monticello Tonic" was likely a product intended to skirt the alcohol-as-beverage related regulations of Volstead Act by affirming its medicinal qualities. The label notes that the product is "A Truly Stimulative and Blood- Building Medical Preparation. Agrees with the Constitution, Containing the Nutritive Properties of Proteins and Phosphates So Combined in a Rare Old Wine of Known Tonic Value As To Make A Most Effective Remedy For Indigestion. Anemia and Neurasthenia. Dose 1 to 1 1/2 Ounces - Before or after Meals Alcohol - 18% Manufactured under Authority of Internal Revenue Department Permit No. N.Y.H. 13369. Garrett & Company, Inc. Bush Terminal No 10 Brooklyn, N.Y." This bottle is embossed on the reverse with "Garrett & Co. Inc. Monticello New York, St. Louis, Established 1835 Refilling Prohibited Reg. U.S. Pat. Off." Click on the following links to see more views of this bottle: side with embossing which also shows the crown cap seal; close-up of the label noting a high alcohol content for wine which was most likely fortified. Bottles of this shape were also used on for bay rum (men's aftershave). Typically the bay rum bottles are more slender in the body than the hock wines, though this is most apparent only when compared side to side and may not be a universal differentiation trait. Click on bay rum bottle to view an 11.5" hock style bottle which is labeled as having contained bay rum. The label notes that it was "Frenchï¿½s Bay Rum Imported by Geo. C. Goodwin & Co. 38 Hanover St. Boston." This bottle was made in a two piece mold, has a crudely applied champagne finish, and dates from about 1870 to 1880 (photo courtesy of Glass Works Auctions). Dating summary/notes: Like the two other bottles listed just above, the hock wine style has been made for a very long period of time - from at least as early as the 1830s - and continuously up to the present day. Occasional examples can be found with a different type finish (external screw threads, a brandy finish with a crown cap bead lip or upper part), though the vast majority of the bottles made up to the present have a cork accepting champagne finish and are otherwise identical in shape (IGCo. 1920). This shape of bottle can be free-blown or dip molded item (pre-1870), or turn or two-piece molded (1880 to 1920s), or machine-made (late 1910s to date). Thus, the general dating of this style of bottle must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. Click on the following link to view a webpage that describes the three major wine bottle shapes (the hock wine and the previous two shapes): http://www.cellarnotes.net/bottleshapes.html One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, at least up until National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Other wine shapes The three bottle style shapes noted above account for a large majority of the wine bottles produced over the past century or more. However, even with this dominance there were variations on the above themes, a couple of which are covered here. Absinthe/Pastis: Absinthe and the related Pastis were types of distilled beverages that came in bottle types that were also likely used for wine. Both beverages were (and are) composed of alcohol (40-50%) and a mixture of herbs and spices (commonly including anise), which were and are closely guarded secrets. Absinthe contained wormwood which had reputed hallucinogenic effects which caused it to be outlawed most places during the early 20th century (1915 in France where it originated), though it is made again today including in France (Reed 1966). Pastis was a similar beverage that persisted as it did not contain wormwood. It continues to be a traditional drink in portions of southern France (i.e., Provence) where it is mixed with cold water. Click on the following link to read more about Pastis: http://itotd.com/index.alt?ArticleID=248 (this site also contains a link to another website about absinthe). Apparently these products were quite popular in the United States as this shape of bottle is commonly encountered on historic sites. It is likely, however, that this style was also used for various other wine and spirits products. The bottle pictured to the left has a blob seal on shoulder with the name JULES PERNOD (and a cross) embossed within it. Jules Pernod was a large producer of pastis during the late 19th and 20th centuries and is still in business under the name Pernod-Ricard (source: the website linked above). This particular bottle was produced in a turn-mold and has an applied single part finish that is similar to the champagne finish except that it is rounded instead of flat on the outside surface. This style of bottle was also free-blown and possibly dip molded, so one needs to look closely to determine the method of manufacture (Reed 1966). Click on the following links to view more pictures of this bottle: base view showing the high push-up; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish showing the embossed blob seal. Follow the next link to a website on the legend and lore of absinthe: http://www.oxygenee.com "Chianti" style: A very distinctive wine bottle style are the uniquely shaped bottles used almost exclusively for the Italian "Chianti" wine. This style still sees some limited use today though most Chianti is bottled in the Bordeaux style bottles now. The image to the right shows a pair of these bottles with the very distinctive cylindrical bulbous body which lacks even a cursory flattened base making it impossible for them to stand up on their own. Instead, these bottles were contained inside a straw basket (known as a "fiasco" in Italian) which was woven in a fashion that included a wicker base allowing the bottle to stand up (Wikipedia 2011). (Images from eBayï¿½.) The pictured Chianti bottles (lying on their sides) are 10.5"(left) to 11.0" tall and are both machine-made likely dating from the 1920s to 1930s era given the relatively crude manufacturing (e.g., wavy, uneven bubbly glass; thick mold seams). The bases show the typical "look" of machine-made examples of this style with a large (several inches in diameter) incised circle up the body a ways (toward the finishes) from the apex of the base; click Chianti bases to see such as it is easier to see what is meant here than describe it. The manufacturing cause of these circles are unknown to the author although they were most likely caused by the interface of the body mold halves and the base plate of the machines "blow" mold. Mouth-blown examples of these bottle lack this unusual seam and have either an applied or tooled finish (empirical observations). The finishes of the illustrated bottles (click Chianti finishes to see close-ups) show typical diagnostic features of a machine bottle including the horizontal ring-mold seam just below the base of the finish and a vertical side mold seam extending to the rim of the finish. (9/2013 note: The wire wrapped around the neck of the green bottle was for hooking several of these bottles together either for decorative or functional purposes, possibly at a later time. A user of this site forwarded an image of three of the bottles tethered together by these same type wires to form the base of a lamp purchased in the 1950s!) The history of this wine type, including an image of a traditional shaped bottle in the straw basket is available at this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti Even though these bottles are believed to all be of foreign manufacture, they are covered on this site as they are very commonly encountered in the U.S. and the author of this site receives a disproportionate number of questions about them (they are commonly seen at flea markets and yard/garage/patio sales - with and without the wicker). Dating summary/notes: Mouth-blown examples of both type bottles date from the mid 19th century (possibly late 19th century for the Chianti bottles) into at least the 1920s (and possibly 1930s). Machine-made examples date from the mid to late 1910s to the present day. The general dating of this style of bottle must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more information and begin the process of determining a date for a specific bottle of this type. Click on the following link to see the absinthe bottle offered by the Illinois Glass Company in 1906 which were likely imported by them: IGCo. 1906 catalog - page 132-133 (middle of the right hand page). The Chianti bottles have not been found in any of the bottle makers catalog in the authors possession; it is believed that all bottles of this style are foreign made and imported into the U. S. As noted for the bottles above, one potentially confounding factor when trying to date most wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, at least up until National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Spirits shapes used for wine: Occasionally, shapes closely identified with containing spirits were used for wine (and likely vice versa). One example is pictured to the left which is the shape of the "Tall, Square Long-necked Spirits bottle" covered in that section of the Liquor/Spirits bottle page. This bottle is machine-made and body embossed with URBANA WINE CO. INC. and a city in New York which can not be read. (Apologies for the poor images which were off of eBayï¿½.) The base ( base view ) is embossed with the makers mark of an "H" in a triangle indicating manufacture by J. T. & A. Hamilton (Pittsburgh, PA.) who were in business from 1884 to 1943 (Toulouse 1971). However, this bottle most likely dates from around 1915 to 1919 (Prohibition) though could also have been a "medicinal" wine product produced during Prohibition, i.e., the 1920s. Another type spirits bottle used occasionally for wine were the "Patent" style cylinders which are also covered on the Liquor/Spirits bottle page. The pictured bottle (to the right) is a three-piece mold, "Patent" style (though not embossed as such) spirits bottle with an applied "mineral" finish and a sand pontil scar on the base (click base view to see such). The original label reads "PURE MOUNTAIN MALMSEY A PLEASANT SWEET WINE BOTTLED BY G. W. HOLDEN 1850." The labeled noted date of bottling fits well with the diagnostic characteristics of this bottle and is almost certainly the year (possibly 1849) when the bottle was manufactured. Malmsey was an alternative name for the varietal grape known also as Malvasia. (Information from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvasia ) This also indicates that the style of bottle was occasionally used for wine. One fascinating source of information on the types of wines (and spirits) available in the West during the early 20th century is found at a Harvard University website which contains an entire 1912 H. Jevne Company (Los Angeles, CA.) Grocers catalog. A link to this catalog follows: http://pds.harvard.edu:8080/pdx/servlet/pds?id=2845731&n=89&s=4 . On pages 6 and 7 one will find the index to the entire catalog. Pages 87 through 100 contain the listings for scores of wines and spirits types and brands that they offered (the listed link should take one to page 87 of that catalog). Return to the top of this page. Champagne bottle styles Sparkling wine or champagne was almost exclusively bottled in one specific type bottle with few changes in the basic shape over the past two centuries. Even though the term "champagne" is specific to sparkling wines produced by that region of France, the term is used here generically for this shape of bottle since it is so commonly used by archaeologists and collectors in referring to this shape. Since there is only one type bottle used commonly for champagne, lets move to that discussion... Champagne bottles Champagne style bottles are one of the more common alcoholic beverage bottles found on mid 19th to early 20th century historic sites. Apparently this style, though primarily used for champagne, was also used for other products (particular wine - see image below) since these bottles are found more commonly than one would expect for an upscale product like champagne. Possibly sparkling wine was a more common and inexpensive beverage in the past? For example, champagne bottles were a very commonly excavated item at Western Army forts where the occupants were by no means well off, though it is possible that the better paid officers were the primary consumers of the product (Wilson 1981). Champagne bottles were also apparently commonly used for beer bottling as evidenced by the late 19th century trade card pictured below which is obviously a typical olive green "champagne" bottle used for "Clausen's Champagne Lager Beer." That use may help explain the commonness of these bottles at Western forts as well as other areas? Champagne bottles are morphologically very similar to the Burgundy wine style discussed above except that champagne bottles are typically proportionally wider in the body and made with distinctly heavier glass to withstand the internal pressures of carbonation. Both types do share the following similarities: moderate height body with almost vertically parallel sides and a long sloping shoulder which merges seamlessly into the neck which is usually topped by a champagne style single part banded finish. The height of the shoulder and neck in combination is usually equal to or a bit more than the height of the body with both styles. Champagne bases usually have deep push-up's with the presence of a mamelon common though not ubiquitous, though mid to late 20th century examples often have minimal push-ups and small to non-existent mamelons (McDougall 1990). Since champagne bottles are more commonly encountered on historic sites than the Burgundy style bottles it is likely that these two slightly different types were commonly used for either product, i.e., champagne bottles used for Burgundy type wines. It appears that in more recent years (possibly after National Prohibition) the Burgundy style bottle has become more distinctly separated from the champagne bottle, though more investigation is necessary (empirical observations). The champagne/burgundy style bottle shape dates back to at least the very early 19th century in Europe with the earliest ones in the U. S. found examples likely imported from England or France. The quite typical champagne style bottle pictured to the left is known to date from 1811 as it was recovered from the British Royal Naval ship HMS St. George which sank off the North Sea coast of Denmark on Christmas Eve 1811. (Photo courtesy of K. Charles Cooper, Maritime Archaeology Program, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg.) Although all the manufacturing details are not known it appears to have been either dip-molded or fully free-blown, certainly a pontil scar of some type, a high push-up within the base, made of very heavy glass an applied narrow string type finish variations of which were one of the most common styles used on spirits and wine bottles made from the mid-17th century into the first third of the 19th century (Jones 1986; Van den Bossche 2001; Cooper 2012). The bottle is likely of French origin, but could possibly be English (Cooper 2012). The earliest mention of champagne bottles being made by an American manufacturer was is 1829 in an advertisement from the New England Glass Bottle Company (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The earliest champagne style bottles were produced free-blown or with a dip mold prior to the mid-1870s, often exhibiting pontil scars of various types on the base (Switzer 1980; McDougall 1990; Van den Bossche 2001). From the 1870s on, bottles were typically mold blown, either in a two-piece mold or even more commonly, in a turn-mold. Machine-made examples date from the mid to late 1910s and later. The large size (approx. one quart) champagne bottle pictured in the upper left portion of this section was produced in a turn-mold and appears to have a tooled champagne finish. (It is often difficult to tell with a turn-mold bottle if the finish was tooled or applied.) This particular bottle dates from around 1895 to 1910 based on the context of where it was found in Eastern Nevada. The bottle body has no evidence of side mold seams - consistent with it being a turn-mold - but also exhibits no sign of the horizontal concentric rings which are common on turn-mold produced items. This could be a function of a relatively fresh coating ("paste") on the inside of the mold prior to blowing or possibly post-molding fire polishing, which is unlikely for cheap utilitarian ware such as this (Toulouse 1969b). This bottle could be mistaken for free-blown, except that method of manufacture is inconsistent with the high level of symmetry to the body (see Bottle Body Characteristics & Mold Seams page) and the bottles known noted date range. Click on the following links for more images of this bottle: base view showing the relatively deep kick-up and mamelon; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish with some of the foil neck seal still in evidence. The bottle pictured to the right is the smaller (approx. pint) version of the classic champagne shape with a label for a French Pommard regional wine, i.e., pinot noir, which has been traditionally bottled in the Burgundy shape. This bottle was produced in a turn-mold, has very heavy glass, a tooled champagne finish with a beveled rim, and likely dates from the early 1900s (1900 to 1915). The bottle was almost certainly made in Europe also. For more images of this bottle click on the following links: base view showing kick-up; close-up of the finish and upper neck . Dating summary/notes: The champagne style has been made for an exceptionally long period of time - at least as early as about 1800 up to the present day. Occasional examples can be found with a different type finish though the vast majority of the bottles made up to the present have a cork accepting champagne finish and are otherwise identical in shape. A notable exceptions is that the earliest champagne bottles (1850s and before) will have have a sheared (aka straight) finish or string finish (Jones 1986; McDougall 1990). More recent (late 20th century) champagne bottle finishes will accept a cork closure (often plastic with cheap champagne) though also have a flaring collar (flaring out from top to bottom) below a crown cap accepting bead lip or upper part. The champagne style of bottle can be either free-blown or dip molded item (pre-1870), turn-molded, two-piece molded (both most common from about the mid-1870s through the 1910s and probably to a small degree even into the 1920s with imported bottles) or machine-made (mid 1910s to date). It has also been observed that earlier (generally pre-1860) pontil scarred champagne bottles will almost exclusively have a sand pontil scar if there is a distinct mamelon present, though may have a blowpipe or sand pontil scar if there is no mamelon in evidence. Champagne bottles with an iron pontil scars are not known to the author but are possible (McDougall 1990; empirical observations). Due to the wide span of production of this style dating must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. As noted for the wine bottles above, one potentially confounding factor when trying to date champagne bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of champagne bottles were imported from Europe, at least up until National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Also see the discussion of the "champagne" finish at this link: champagne style finish . It includes a short discussion on some subtle differences between two variations of the champagne finish that have dating utility. Other champagne shapes: This section is left open for suggestions about alternative champagne bottle shapes since the author of this website has not seen very much champagne offered in bottles that deviate much from the general shape discussed above. Finishes can vary somewhat but the essential shape as described above is ubiquitous. For additional images of various labeled wine & champagne bottles click the following link to view the pertinent section of the Labeled Bottles page . Again it must be stated that the category of bottles covered on this webpage (Wine/Champagne) is very large. Like all of the bottle "typing" (typology) pages connected to the main Bottle Typing/Diagnostic Shapes page, this page just scratched the surface as to the total diversity of these bottle types. It does, however, cover the primary styles that were most commonly used and encountered within an archaeological context. This page has also somewhat emphasized mouth-blown bottles since that subject is of more familiarity to the author of this website than later 20th century, machine-made items. However, though the automated bottle production era also had incredible variety, it was not likely as diverse as the mouth-blown era since shape standardization and simplification was typical of machine manufacturing. Also, bottle body embossing became much less frequent on machine-made bottles and a significant amount of the diversity of the mouth-blown production era was the different proprietary embossing on essentially the same shapes of bottles. 11/20/2016 This website created and managed by: Bill Lindsey Questions? See FAQ #21 . Copyright ï¿½ 2016 Bill Lindsey. All rights reserved. Viewers are encouraged, for personal or classroom use, to download limited copies of posted material. No material may be copied for commercial purposes. Author reserves the right to update this information as appropriate.	Fiasco
Three Manchester United players were in the 1966 England World Cup winning squad. Bobby Charlton and Nobby Styles were two – who was the third?	Wine & Champagne Bottles Wine & Champagne Bottles Click here to move to the Organization & Structure Summary. Wine and champagne (carbonated or "sparkling" wine) bottles were, generally speaking, produced in a much more limited variety of shapes than the spirits/liquor containers discussed above. (Note: On this page the term "champagne" is referring to all sparkling wines, not just those from that region of France.) A large majority of wine/champagne bottles are round in cross section; square, rectangular, or other body shapes are unusual, though they do exist to a minor extent with wine bottles, especially in the 20th century. Champagne, being carbonated, pretty much had to be contained in round heavy glass bottles (like all carbonated beverages) since round bottles are inherently stronger than other shapes, all other things being equal (glass thickness & quality). In addition, a large majority of wine/champagne bottles were (and continue to be) produced in some shade of olive green, with amber and aqua/colorless glass occasionally used; other colors were unusual (McKearin & Wilson 1978, Van den Bossche 2001). Sizes of wine bottles can vary widely from small "sample" sizes of a few ounces to very large demijohns and carboys that held many gallons. Champagne bottles were typically made in limited sizes with a very large majority being less than a half gallon. Wine - primarily the fermented juice of grapes - has been a common beverage since at least 2000 B.C. The fermentation of grape juice creates alcohol (typically 10-15% by volume) which both preserves the juice - enhancing the potential for long term storage - and adds extra dimensions and characteristics of particular appeal to humans since time immemorial. Wine is, of course, an extremely popular beverage today around the world. Wine was historically stored in wooden casks, clay/ceramic amphorae and jugs, and other containers though some bottles were likely being used for wine storage as early as the time of Christ (Munsey 1970, Van den Bossche 2001). Bottles for containing, distributing, or dispensing wine were common in the U. S. from the mid 17th century to the present day. The earliest wine and spirits bottles in the American colonies were typically English made imports as no significant production of these type bottles was likely done on American soil until the late 18th century (McKearin & Wilson 1978). Wine being one of the most common beverages of the past 300-400 years (next to water and possibly beer/ale) results in wine bottles and fragments being one of the most commonly encountered items on historic sites. The exception to this is during National Prohibition in the U.S. (1919 to 1933) when the production (and it was hoped, consumption) of alcoholic beverages was made illegal, though of course, production was still occurring either for sacramental (particularly wine) purposes, for "medicinal purposes" (requiring a doctors prescription), for in-home use, or simply illegally. See the discussion on the subject in the introduction to the Bottle Typing/Diagnostic Shapes: Liquor/Spirits Bottles page. Wine/champagne bottles have followed very similar and relatively narrow design patterns during the entire period covered by this website - the 19th to mid-20th centuries. One distinctive feature of most wine/champagne bottles which is not common on other bottles is the presence of a kick-up or push-up in the base. In the wine world this basal indentation is known as a "punt" though that term was not apparently used by glass makers. Wine and champagne bottles today closely follow many of the same dominant designs that were used in the mid to late 19th century. This includes the ubiquity of the cork (or now synthetic cork substitutes) accepting champagne finishes and the continued presence of punts (Shultz 1980). Because of this lack of diversity this webpage is relatively brief. As with all historic bottle types and shapes however, there is a wide variation of subtle differences to be found within the various diagnostic shape classes which are covered on this page. Thus, don't dwell too closely on minor nuances. Several excellent sources of information on very early wine bottles (17th and 18th centuries) are available and recommended since this website does not comprehensively cover bottles made prior to the early 19th century. Three notable publications are: American Bottles and Flasks and Their Ancestry by Helen McKearin and Kenneth Wilson (1978); Cylindrical English Wine & Beer Bottles 1735-1850 by Olive Jones (1986); and Antique Glass Bottles: Their History and Evolution (1500-1850) by Willy Van den Bossche (2001). An excellent historical overview of the 19th century wine trade, with a special emphasis on Western America, is found in The Bottles of Old Sacramento: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Glass and Ceramic Containers Part 1 by Peter Schulz, et al. (1980). NOTE: Attached to the "Bottle Types/Diagnostic Shapes" grouping of pages is a complete copy of a never re-printed, 280 page, 1906 Illinois Glass Company bottle catalog scanned at two pages per JPEG file. Click 1906 IGCo. Catalog to access the page that links to all the scans of this very useful catalog. Wine and champagne bottles are listed primarily on pages 136-147. Champagne bottle styles Each of the pictured bottles has a relatively short description and explanation including estimated dates or date ranges for that type bottle and links to other view pictures of the bottle. Additional links to images of similar bottles are also frequently included. The array of references used to support the conclusions and estimates found here - including the listed dating ranges - are noted. Additional information and estimates are based on the empirical observations of the author over 50 years of experience; this is often but not always noted. Various terminology is used in the descriptions that may be unfamiliar if you have not studied other pages on this site. If a term is unfamiliar, first check the Bottle Glossary page for an explanation or definition. As an alternative, one can do a search of this website. To do a word/phrase search one must use the "Search SHA" boxes found on many of the main SHA web pages, including the Research Resources page (upper right side of that page) which links to this site. The Historic Bottle Website (HBW) has no internal search mechanism so be aware that when running a search one will also get non-HBW response links to other portions of the SHA site. Wine bottle styles Wine and champagne bottles are some of the most commonly recovered items from historic sites throughout the U.S. since the consumption of wine was (and is) very common in most "Western" countries (Jones 1986). As already noted, wine and champagne bottle shapes tend to be some of the least diverse of any group of bottles covered on this website, though many of the shapes are very diagnostic of being a wine or champagne bottle. In addition, most of these specific shape classes have been in use for 125 to 150 years or more, continue to be used today, and are often very closely identified with certain types of wines. Some of the pictures found below are of modern bottles in styles that go well back into the 19th century with little change in the overall "look" of the bottle. Given this almost unprecedented similarity through time, the dating of these bottles by shape is largely impossible and other manufacturing related diagnostic features must be used to determine the approximate age range of items; a subject that is covered on various other pages on this website (Schulz 1980; Wilson 1981). One other note on wine bottles is that they are somewhat rarely embossed, but instead product identified with labels or frequently with blob seals . Most other types of bottles show a tendency towards more embossed examples through the last half of the 19th century and into the first couple decades of the 20th. This is not true for wine bottles where if anything, the tendency was to move from applied blob seals (two shown in the picture at the top of this page) to completely unadorned bottles that were labeled only through that same time period (Munsey 1970). (Note: Blob seals were in use for wine bottles from the early 17th century until well into the early 20th century, though proportionally (not in absolute numbers) there were likely more used on bottles prior to 1860 than after that time.) Note: One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, often with European wine in them. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Early wine bottle shapes The variety of shapes of early (pre-1860) wine bottles is surprisingly diverse - given the limited numbers of bottles produced during that era - compared to the shapes found in later years. The bottles pictured here are a sampling of just some of the different shapes that were used for wine primarily during the first half of the 19th century and before. However, all of the types of bottles pictured here were also have been used for various other liquids and beverages including spirits, hard cider, and ale/beer as well as other products on occasion including even caraway seeds and ground pepper (McKearin & Wilson 1978; McDougall 1990). The bottle pictured to left is a very early "Belgian type" wine or spirits bottle that dates between 1700 and 1730. These bottles were commonly used for wine as well as spirits like rum. This type bottle is European in origin (Belgium or Dutch) though ones like it were imported into this country during the early to mid-18th century since few if any utilitarian bottles like this were being made in the U.S. at that time. Click on the following hyperlinks to view more images of this bottle: base view ; finish and upper neck view . It is also thought that these type bottles were occasionally used for sparkling wines also as they typically have relatively heavy glass and could likely withstand the pressure of carbonation (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The chestnut flask pictured to the right is a typical early American example that was most likely produced by a New England glasshouse between 1790 and 1820 - the heyday of this particular style. It is free-blown, has a blowpipe type pontil scar in its pushed up base, and is medium olive green in color. Click on the following link to view more pictures of this chestnut flask: side view ; base view showing the blowpipe pontil scar. This bottle is also discussed more on the Liquor/Spirits Bottles page (in the "Other Miscellaneous Shapes" section). The black glass (very dark olive amber) wine, spirits, or ale/porter/cider bottle to the left is of early American origin being blown by the New England Glass Bottle Company (Cambridge, Mass.) between 1827 and 1845 (McKearin & Wilson 1978). That company name is embossed very faintly on the base of this bottle - click NEGBCo base marking to view a picture of the base. The center of the base has a sand pontil mark that is typical of the era. Click shoulder, neck & finish to view a close-up of those portions of this bottle. Like its English counterparts, this bottle was made in a three-piece mold though very similar types were also free-blown (usually earlier) and produced in dip molds. This wide squatty style was common in different variations from the late 18th century into the middle of the 19th century. As indicated this shape saw wide usage as a beverage bottle; it is also discussed more on the Liquor/Spirits Bottles page (in the "Cylinders" section). The utility bottle pictured to the right was blown in a dip mold which is indicated by the faint line at the shoulder/body junction, faintly textured (from the mold surface) surface to the bottle body below the shoulder, and the smooth glossy glass surface at the shoulder and neck (click photo to enlarge). It has a crudely applied mineral finish, a faint sand pontil scar on the base, and likely dates from between 1850 and 1870. Click on the following links for more images of this bottle: shoulder/neck close-up , base view . Of interest on this bottle is a faint bluish cast to the apex of the moderately pushed-up base. This is frequently seen on mid 19th century black glass bottles and is likely the result of the iron rod that was used to form the push-up base and/or pontil rod. This general type of bottle was also mouth-blown in two and three-piece molds and later (late 19th and early 20th centuries) in turn-molds. This shape was undoubtedly commonly used for a variety of beverages and physically similar examples can date from the early 19th through early 20th century. Thus, manufacturing based diagnostic features must be used to come up with a reasonable date range for this style. Even then, the typical absence of embossing on most of these type items (and the rarity of original labels) which often allows for dating refinement, makes for relatively imprecise dating reliability. See the discussion of this type bottle on the Liquor/Spirits Bottles page. This shape of bottle compared to the ones above shows the trend of wine bottles from wider and squatty to taller and narrower as time progressed (Jones 1986). Click on the following links to view an early 19th century (1816 or slightly before) free-blown English wine bottle - with the original label - that would be a precursor to the utility bottle pictured to the right: full view showing the dated 1816 label; base view showing a sand (or possibly "disc") pontil scar and unusual lack of a push-up base (photo from eBayï¿½). Additional images/information on early squat wine bottles: E arly English "onion" bottle - This is the earliest bottle illustrated on this website (excluding the Roman bottles found on the Glassmaking & Glassmakers page) dating from the 1680s to 1720s period (Dumbrell 1983). It is English in origin, very dark olive green glass (i.e., "black glass"), free-blown with a glass-tipped or blow-pipe pontil scar, and has a period typical string rim finish type. This bottle is European in origin and pre-dates the time period covered by this website but is included to show an example of a bottle typical of some of the earliest types than can be found in North America (McKearin & Wilson 1978). These bottles were certainly used for both wine and spirits. (Image courtesy of Glass Works Auctions.) Dating summary/notes: These early types of wine bottles are a sampling of those used during the first half of the 19th century (and before) as there was a relatively wide assortment of shapes - given the era - that saw duty as wine bottles (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The general dating ranges for each of the pictured examples is in the description of the bottle above, and not reiterated here. The reasons for the relative diversity of shapes used to contain wine during this earlier era is varied and includes the following: During this period bottles were a scarce and relatively expensive commodity and what one used to bottle a product was what one could acquire - new or used. Many types of bottles saw use for a wide array of products. For example this type of early American Stoddard utility bottle (ca. 1830-1850) was known to have been used for an assortment of liquid products, e.g., ink, liquor, medicine, cosmetics, oils, and other products (McKearin & Wilson 1978). There was a decided lack of variety of bottle shapes in general during this early era, necessitating the use of more different types of bottles for a given substance than later (late 19th and early 20th centuries) when more bottle types were available and identified with specific products. The lack of variety of early shapes in general was probably a function of limited manufacturing techniques to make unusual designs (only so much one can do free blowing or with a dip mold), limited market or demand for different shapes, and the labor intensity of making bottles (and high glassblower pay) which made bottles quite expensive to produce (Scoville 1948). For more information on the subject of early wine (and spirits) bottles is Olive Jones 1986 work entitled "Cylindrical English Wine & Beer Bottles: 1735-1850" (Jones 1986). Also see Hume's (1991) "A Guide to Artifacts of Colonial America" for more information on the subject including an illustrated time series of primarily English-made wine/spirits bottles from 1652 to 1834. "Bordeaux" shape This distinctive and familiar shape of bottle is commonly referred to as a "Bordeaux" type bottle; they were also called a "claret", "sauterne" (the latter primarily in light green or aqua glass), and likely other names (IGCo. 1906, Obear-Nestor 1922, Lucas Co. Bottle Co. 1940s). These names also refer to the application to which these bottles were typical used, i.e., to bottle Bordeaux region wines which include cabernet sauvignon, claret, and sauterne (sweet wine from the Sauterne region of France). These bottles are typified by having a tall body with almost vertically parallel sides (with sometimes a bit of a taper from shoulder to heel), a moderately steep shoulder, moderately short but distinct neck (a bit less than a third the length of the body), and usually a champagne style single part finish. The bases usually have a moderate to deep push-up with the presence of a mamelon common. Click Illinois Glass Company 1906 catalog - page 136 to view that companies available Bordeaux bottle, which is specifically noted as a turn-mold. This shape originated in Europe by at least the early to mid 19th century and likely came to the U.S. shortly thereafter. The style follows the chronologic trend of wine bottles from wider and squatty to taller and narrower, which is shown somewhat by the bottles pictured in the previous section. French made bottles of this specific style (free-blown but without pontil scars) were found on the Steamboat Bertrand which sank in the Missouri River in 1865 and were likely being made at least as early as the 1850s (Switzer 1974, Jones 1986, Van den Bossche 2001). A bottle very similar to the Bertrand examples is pictured below left. "Claret" bottles were noted as being produced by American manufacturers as early as 1829, though the shapes were not specifically described. One 1831 New England Glass Company ad noted that their "claret" bottles were a "correct imitation of the French" implying that this style could date back well beyond the early 1830s date for imports (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The Bordeaux style does appear to be a distinct evolutionary change from the utility bottle pictured in the section above (bulging neck, mineral finish) and these early ads may have been describing that type bottle instead. In any event, this shape most likely dates back at least to the 1840s for wine and continues to be used today for many types of red wines (few white wines) produced throughout the world. The picture to the right shows a typical 3/4 liter example with contents that was bought in 2005 and is virtually exactly like it's 100 year older brother above, including a kick-up base, olive green color, and cork closured champagne finish. Click close-up of shoulder, neck, and finish to view a close-up picture of this modern bottle. Upon close inspection of these two bottles the only substantive differences are related to the method of manufacture, the modern version being of course machine-made. The bottle pictured above left is a likely early 20th century example of a Bordeaux style bottle that was produced in a turn-mold as it has no side-seams and the distinctive concentric horizontal rings on the body typical of that manufacturing method. This bottle is actually labeled Vin Zymo Elixir Wine Tonic (San Francisco, CA.); not actually wine itself though "wine tonic" was certainly wine based. The label on this bottle implies a dating no earlier than the early 1910s based on the contents or capacity notation, which was not required prior to this time. The high alcohol content (30%) with no mention of "medicinal use" indicates a pre-Prohibition (pre-1920) product (Lockhart pers. communication 2003). This bottle could date from the same era as the label since turn-mold bottles were still being produced at least as late as the early 1910s (Illinois Glass Company 1911, Toulouse 1969b). However, the bottle could possibly pre-date the label and have been re-used for this semi-medicinal product since the bottles method of manufacture (turn-mold, tooled finish) was being used at least as early as the late 1880s. However, it is impossible to ascertain this for certain. Click on the following links for more pictures of this Bordeaux shaped wine bottle: base view ; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish ; view of the label on the other side . The small size (9.2" tall and pint + or -) Bordeaux style bottle pictured to the left is dip molded (there is a faint "ridge" at the shoulder indicating a dip mold heritage) with a crudely laid on ring type champagne finish (laid around a non-fire polished roughly cracked-off bore) and a crudely pushed up and fairly deep kick-up/push-up base. This bottle exhibits a lot of the characteristics and crudity of a bottle made during the first half of the 19th century, but is not obviously pontil scarred making it likely to date around the Civil War period of 1860-1870, since after this period dip molded bottles become more and more unusual and prior to this period pontil marks are almost universal. Click on the following links for more view of this bottle: base view ; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish . This bottle is very similar to those pictured and described in Switzer (1974) that were determined to be French in origin and dating right from 1864 to early 1865, when the Steamship Bertrand sank in the Missouri River. Earlier Bordeaux style bottles tend to have a bit more slope to the shoulder compared to the later ones with a sharper angle; compare the bottle to the left with the two pictured above (Van den Bossche 2001). However, this feature appears not to be definitive of an early manufacture since, as with most bottle styles, there were subtle variations made throughout the many years of use. The two sizes of similar early Bordeaux bottles to the right also date conclusively from the mid-1860s as they were recovered from the from the Steamship Republicï¿½ which sank off the coast of Georgia during late October of 1865 (Gerth 2006). These bottles are also free-blown or dip molded, have laid-on champagne type finishes, and very deep kick-ups. (Photo by George Salmon Photography, courtesy of Odyssey Marine Exploration.) Dating summary/notes: The Bordeaux style of wine bottles were made for an exceptionally long period of time - from possibly the early 19th century (surely from no later than the 1840s) to the present day. Occasional examples can be found with a different type finish (primarily external screw threads in the 20th century), though the majority of the bottles made up to the present have a cork accepting champagne finish but are otherwise identical in shape. This shape of bottle can be mouth-blown in a turn or two-piece mold or machine-made. Thus, the general dating of this style must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. Click on the following link to view a webpage that describes the three major wine bottle shapes (the Bordeaux and the following two shapes): http://www.cellarnotes.net/bottleshapes.html One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. It should also be noted that identically shaped bottles (in aqua as well as olive green) were used from the very early 19th century until well into the 20th century for olive oil. See the cylindrical olive oil bottles section of the Food Bottle & Canning Jars typology page for more information. "Burgundy" shape This distinctive and familiar shape of bottle is most often referred as a "Burgundy" or sometimes "cognac" bottle, though other names are of course possible (IGCo. 1906 & 1920, Obear-Nestor 1922, Lucas Co. Bottle Co. 1940s). These names also refer to the application to which these bottles were typical used, i.e., to bottle Burgundy region or type wines which include pinot noir, chardonnay, chablis, beaujolais, and various other red and white wines. The style was also used for cognac (distilled white wine) though the cognac bottles tend to be taller in the body (discussed more below). Burgundy bottles have a moderate height body with almost vertically parallel sides, a long sloping shoulder which merges seamlessly into the neck which is usually topped by a champagne style single part finish. The height of the shoulder and neck in combination is usually equal to or a bit more than the height of the body (heel to shoulder). The bases usually have moderate to deep push-ups with the presence of a mamelon common, though later 20th century ones have minimal push-ups and small to non-existent mamelons. Like the Bordeaux style bottle above, the Burgundy shape originated in Europe by at least the early 19th century and likely came to the U.S. shortly thereafter. It seems to have first shown up in the U.S. prior to the Civil War and follows the chronological trend of wine bottles from wider and squatty to taller and narrower, which is shown somewhat by the bottles pictured in the previous section (Jones 1986, Van den Bossche 2001). The Burgundy style appears to be a slight evolutionary take off from the very similarly shaped champagne bottle which date back at least to the early 19th century, though these were likely imported from England or France, as the earliest mention of champagne bottles by an American manufacture is 1829 (McKearin & Wilson 1978). Champagne bottles tend to be a little wider in the body and made with heavier glass; differences that are usually distinct when one has the two types side by side. In addition champagne bottles were usually made in a darker olive green color than the Burgundy style, though this is quite variable and a likely meaningless distinction. In a sense, the Burgundy/champagne shape is a hybrid between the Bordeaux style noted above and the tall slender hock wine style discussed next. This precise shape continues to be used today for many types of red and white wines produced throughout the world. The example pictured above is of a full (Chardonnay) 3/4 liter bottle bought in 2005 which is virtually identical to the mouth-blown ones from 100 years or more ago, including its kick-up base, typical olive green color, and cork stoppered champagne finish. Click close-up of shoulder, neck, and finish to view a close-up picture of this modern bottle showing the lack of clear transition from the shoulder to the neck. For an illustration of an identical looking example from a 1906 Illinois Glass Company catalog, click IGCo. 1906 catalog - page 140-141 ; the Burgundy shape is pictured on page 141 on the far right. A cognac bottle is pictured next to the Burgundy shape and is very similar except that the body is a bit longer and the shoulder/neck combination a bit shorter. The bottle pictured to the right is another modern Burgundy style bottle that was used for sake, showing that there was and is some alternative use of this style beyond certain types of wine. Click close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish to view the unusual cork stoppered finish on this example, which would be considered a bead finish. Most Burgundy style bottles have a champagne finish, though in more recent times (mid-20th century on) external screw threads are common. However, the latter type finish is not widely used with the exception of "cheap" wine, simply because it is associated with cheap wine and few wine producers - not unexpectedly - wish their product to be thought of that way. Dating summary/notes: The Burgundy/champagne style has been made for an very long period of time - probably as early as the mid-19th century to the present day. This shape of bottle can be mouth-blown in a turn or two-piece mold or machine-made. Thus, the general dating of this style of bottle must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. Click on the following link to view a webpage that describes the three major wine bottle shapes (the Burgundy and the shapes above and below): http://www.cellarnotes.net/bottleshapes.html One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, up until at least National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. "Hock" or "Rhine" shape This is the third and last of the three dominant styles of wine bottles which bridge the time from at least the mid 19th century to the present day. This particular shape was - and still is - referred to as a "hock" or Rhine wine. Glassmakers during the early 20th century called them by either name (IGCo. 1906 & 1920, Alther 1909, Obear-Nester 1922). Click on the following link to view the illustration and listing for hock wine bottles in the 1906 Illinois Glass Company catalog - IGCo. 1906 catalog - page 138 (right side of the left page). This catalog indicates that these bottles are of German or French origin, though sold through this American glass company catalog. During the 19th century, hock wine bottles typically contained both red and white Rhine and Mosel wines. The term "hock" is reported to be an English pronunciation of the abbreviation for Hockheim, which is a vineyard village south of Mannheim, Germany from which the first Main-Rhine wines were exported to England (Van den Bossche 2001). The distinctive shape of these bottles is typified by being tall and slender with no sharp break where the body merges into the shoulder (though the shoulder starts where the parallel body sides just begin to converge) and no discernable break where the shoulder becomes the neck. The diameter of these bottles simply gradually and gracefully diminishes from a point at or just beyond 1/3 of the height from the heel to almost the finish base. This general shape dates back to at least the 1820s or 1830s in Europe, though these early to mid 19th century examples are just slightly "squattier" in shape (relatively speaking) than those pictured here. They were also typically free-blown or dip molded, often exhibiting pontil scars reflecting the technology of that period, and are sometimes blob sealed (Boow 1991; Van den Bossche 2001). From the 1870s on (possibly earlier), hock wines were primarily made in the longer graceful shape shown here, either in two-piece post or cup-bottom molds, or most commonly in turn-molds (Van den Bossche 2001, empirical observations). Hock wine bottles from the 19th and early 20th centuries are most often seen in shades of olive green or amber, but were produced commonly in a wide array of other colors from colorless to aqua to red amber (a common color; see bottle to the right pictured above) to various shades of blue or bluish green (bottle to left below). Machine-made examples typically date from the mid to late 1910s and after (see last note at the bottom of this page for a dating caution). Today this precise shape is synonymous with white wines made throughout the world from an assortment of grapes including Riesling (usually green bottles) and Gewurztraminer (usually amber bottles) (Van Den Bossche 2001). The tall hock wine bottles pictured above are of the typical shape, size, proportions (approximately 3/4 liter/25-26 oz. capacity and 12-13" tall) that have been used from at least the 1870s or 1880s to the present day. Both of these bottles were produced in a turn-mold, as they have no body mold seams in evidence and distinctive horizontal rings from the turn mold process. Both also have applied champagne finishes and moderate push-up bases with small mamelons. Like most (we believe) hock wine bottles these bottles were very likely imported from Europe and date from the late 19th or early 20th centuries. Because of this, they have true applied finishes at a later date than similar American made products (see notes below). Click on the following links to see more images of these bottles: base view ; close-up of the upper half of the olive green example. The bottles pictured to the right above are downscaled examples of the typical hock wine shape which date from the same era as the bottles above, i.e., 1890-1920. Both have typical champagne finishes, though the blue green one (left) is applied (and likely foreign made) and the smaller amber one has a tooled finish (and possibly American made). The smaller example was also made in a two-piece cup-bottom mold (not turn-mold) which may be an unusual configuration for a foreign made hock wine. Click on the following links for more pictures of these bottles: base views of both bottles; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish of the blue green bottle. During the first half of the 20th century, some hock wine type bottles were produced in primarily colorless glass (sometimes with a slight pink or straw colored cast) that were elaborately embossed with the brand name VIRGINIA DARE WINES ( Garrett & Co., New York) with additional embossing of an eagle on a shield. These very common bottles held different wines produced by this company and are usually machine-made, though some early ones are mouth-blown, dating from just before Prohibition to the mid-20th century. The picture to the left is of an example that is 13" tall and has a brandy type finish and likely dates from the late 1910s or 1920s (excuse the poor quality of the picture which is off eBayï¿½). Shorter versions were also made. Later examples had an unusual brandy finish with a crown cap bead lip or upper part (1920s and 1930s) and external screw threads (40s and 50s) (date ranges estimated based on empirical observations). Please note that the vast majority of hock wine bottles have neither body embossing nor blob seals. An interesting variation of the bottle above is another product from the same company that was most likely produced during National Prohibition (1920 to 1933). This bottle is also a shape variation of the hock wine but used for a medicinal product - see picture to the right (from eBayï¿½). The "Old Monticello Tonic" was likely a product intended to skirt the alcohol-as-beverage related regulations of Volstead Act by affirming its medicinal qualities. The label notes that the product is "A Truly Stimulative and Blood- Building Medical Preparation. Agrees with the Constitution, Containing the Nutritive Properties of Proteins and Phosphates So Combined in a Rare Old Wine of Known Tonic Value As To Make A Most Effective Remedy For Indigestion. Anemia and Neurasthenia. Dose 1 to 1 1/2 Ounces - Before or after Meals Alcohol - 18% Manufactured under Authority of Internal Revenue Department Permit No. N.Y.H. 13369. Garrett & Company, Inc. Bush Terminal No 10 Brooklyn, N.Y." This bottle is embossed on the reverse with "Garrett & Co. Inc. Monticello New York, St. Louis, Established 1835 Refilling Prohibited Reg. U.S. Pat. Off." Click on the following links to see more views of this bottle: side with embossing which also shows the crown cap seal; close-up of the label noting a high alcohol content for wine which was most likely fortified. Bottles of this shape were also used on for bay rum (men's aftershave). Typically the bay rum bottles are more slender in the body than the hock wines, though this is most apparent only when compared side to side and may not be a universal differentiation trait. Click on bay rum bottle to view an 11.5" hock style bottle which is labeled as having contained bay rum. The label notes that it was "Frenchï¿½s Bay Rum Imported by Geo. C. Goodwin & Co. 38 Hanover St. Boston." This bottle was made in a two piece mold, has a crudely applied champagne finish, and dates from about 1870 to 1880 (photo courtesy of Glass Works Auctions). Dating summary/notes: Like the two other bottles listed just above, the hock wine style has been made for a very long period of time - from at least as early as the 1830s - and continuously up to the present day. Occasional examples can be found with a different type finish (external screw threads, a brandy finish with a crown cap bead lip or upper part), though the vast majority of the bottles made up to the present have a cork accepting champagne finish and are otherwise identical in shape (IGCo. 1920). This shape of bottle can be free-blown or dip molded item (pre-1870), or turn or two-piece molded (1880 to 1920s), or machine-made (late 1910s to date). Thus, the general dating of this style of bottle must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. Click on the following link to view a webpage that describes the three major wine bottle shapes (the hock wine and the previous two shapes): http://www.cellarnotes.net/bottleshapes.html One potentially confounding factor when trying to date wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, at least up until National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Other wine shapes The three bottle style shapes noted above account for a large majority of the wine bottles produced over the past century or more. However, even with this dominance there were variations on the above themes, a couple of which are covered here. Absinthe/Pastis: Absinthe and the related Pastis were types of distilled beverages that came in bottle types that were also likely used for wine. Both beverages were (and are) composed of alcohol (40-50%) and a mixture of herbs and spices (commonly including anise), which were and are closely guarded secrets. Absinthe contained wormwood which had reputed hallucinogenic effects which caused it to be outlawed most places during the early 20th century (1915 in France where it originated), though it is made again today including in France (Reed 1966). Pastis was a similar beverage that persisted as it did not contain wormwood. It continues to be a traditional drink in portions of southern France (i.e., Provence) where it is mixed with cold water. Click on the following link to read more about Pastis: http://itotd.com/index.alt?ArticleID=248 (this site also contains a link to another website about absinthe). Apparently these products were quite popular in the United States as this shape of bottle is commonly encountered on historic sites. It is likely, however, that this style was also used for various other wine and spirits products. The bottle pictured to the left has a blob seal on shoulder with the name JULES PERNOD (and a cross) embossed within it. Jules Pernod was a large producer of pastis during the late 19th and 20th centuries and is still in business under the name Pernod-Ricard (source: the website linked above). This particular bottle was produced in a turn-mold and has an applied single part finish that is similar to the champagne finish except that it is rounded instead of flat on the outside surface. This style of bottle was also free-blown and possibly dip molded, so one needs to look closely to determine the method of manufacture (Reed 1966). Click on the following links to view more pictures of this bottle: base view showing the high push-up; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish showing the embossed blob seal. Follow the next link to a website on the legend and lore of absinthe: http://www.oxygenee.com "Chianti" style: A very distinctive wine bottle style are the uniquely shaped bottles used almost exclusively for the Italian "Chianti" wine. This style still sees some limited use today though most Chianti is bottled in the Bordeaux style bottles now. The image to the right shows a pair of these bottles with the very distinctive cylindrical bulbous body which lacks even a cursory flattened base making it impossible for them to stand up on their own. Instead, these bottles were contained inside a straw basket (known as a "fiasco" in Italian) which was woven in a fashion that included a wicker base allowing the bottle to stand up (Wikipedia 2011). (Images from eBayï¿½.) The pictured Chianti bottles (lying on their sides) are 10.5"(left) to 11.0" tall and are both machine-made likely dating from the 1920s to 1930s era given the relatively crude manufacturing (e.g., wavy, uneven bubbly glass; thick mold seams). The bases show the typical "look" of machine-made examples of this style with a large (several inches in diameter) incised circle up the body a ways (toward the finishes) from the apex of the base; click Chianti bases to see such as it is easier to see what is meant here than describe it. The manufacturing cause of these circles are unknown to the author although they were most likely caused by the interface of the body mold halves and the base plate of the machines "blow" mold. Mouth-blown examples of these bottle lack this unusual seam and have either an applied or tooled finish (empirical observations). The finishes of the illustrated bottles (click Chianti finishes to see close-ups) show typical diagnostic features of a machine bottle including the horizontal ring-mold seam just below the base of the finish and a vertical side mold seam extending to the rim of the finish. (9/2013 note: The wire wrapped around the neck of the green bottle was for hooking several of these bottles together either for decorative or functional purposes, possibly at a later time. A user of this site forwarded an image of three of the bottles tethered together by these same type wires to form the base of a lamp purchased in the 1950s!) The history of this wine type, including an image of a traditional shaped bottle in the straw basket is available at this link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chianti Even though these bottles are believed to all be of foreign manufacture, they are covered on this site as they are very commonly encountered in the U.S. and the author of this site receives a disproportionate number of questions about them (they are commonly seen at flea markets and yard/garage/patio sales - with and without the wicker). Dating summary/notes: Mouth-blown examples of both type bottles date from the mid 19th century (possibly late 19th century for the Chianti bottles) into at least the 1920s (and possibly 1930s). Machine-made examples date from the mid to late 1910s to the present day. The general dating of this style of bottle must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more information and begin the process of determining a date for a specific bottle of this type. Click on the following link to see the absinthe bottle offered by the Illinois Glass Company in 1906 which were likely imported by them: IGCo. 1906 catalog - page 132-133 (middle of the right hand page). The Chianti bottles have not been found in any of the bottle makers catalog in the authors possession; it is believed that all bottles of this style are foreign made and imported into the U. S. As noted for the bottles above, one potentially confounding factor when trying to date most wine (and champagne) bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of wine bottles were imported from Europe, at least up until National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Spirits shapes used for wine: Occasionally, shapes closely identified with containing spirits were used for wine (and likely vice versa). One example is pictured to the left which is the shape of the "Tall, Square Long-necked Spirits bottle" covered in that section of the Liquor/Spirits bottle page. This bottle is machine-made and body embossed with URBANA WINE CO. INC. and a city in New York which can not be read. (Apologies for the poor images which were off of eBayï¿½.) The base ( base view ) is embossed with the makers mark of an "H" in a triangle indicating manufacture by J. T. & A. Hamilton (Pittsburgh, PA.) who were in business from 1884 to 1943 (Toulouse 1971). However, this bottle most likely dates from around 1915 to 1919 (Prohibition) though could also have been a "medicinal" wine product produced during Prohibition, i.e., the 1920s. Another type spirits bottle used occasionally for wine were the "Patent" style cylinders which are also covered on the Liquor/Spirits bottle page. The pictured bottle (to the right) is a three-piece mold, "Patent" style (though not embossed as such) spirits bottle with an applied "mineral" finish and a sand pontil scar on the base (click base view to see such). The original label reads "PURE MOUNTAIN MALMSEY A PLEASANT SWEET WINE BOTTLED BY G. W. HOLDEN 1850." The labeled noted date of bottling fits well with the diagnostic characteristics of this bottle and is almost certainly the year (possibly 1849) when the bottle was manufactured. Malmsey was an alternative name for the varietal grape known also as Malvasia. (Information from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvasia ) This also indicates that the style of bottle was occasionally used for wine. One fascinating source of information on the types of wines (and spirits) available in the West during the early 20th century is found at a Harvard University website which contains an entire 1912 H. Jevne Company (Los Angeles, CA.) Grocers catalog. A link to this catalog follows: http://pds.harvard.edu:8080/pdx/servlet/pds?id=2845731&n=89&s=4 . On pages 6 and 7 one will find the index to the entire catalog. Pages 87 through 100 contain the listings for scores of wines and spirits types and brands that they offered (the listed link should take one to page 87 of that catalog). Return to the top of this page. Champagne bottle styles Sparkling wine or champagne was almost exclusively bottled in one specific type bottle with few changes in the basic shape over the past two centuries. Even though the term "champagne" is specific to sparkling wines produced by that region of France, the term is used here generically for this shape of bottle since it is so commonly used by archaeologists and collectors in referring to this shape. Since there is only one type bottle used commonly for champagne, lets move to that discussion... Champagne bottles Champagne style bottles are one of the more common alcoholic beverage bottles found on mid 19th to early 20th century historic sites. Apparently this style, though primarily used for champagne, was also used for other products (particular wine - see image below) since these bottles are found more commonly than one would expect for an upscale product like champagne. Possibly sparkling wine was a more common and inexpensive beverage in the past? For example, champagne bottles were a very commonly excavated item at Western Army forts where the occupants were by no means well off, though it is possible that the better paid officers were the primary consumers of the product (Wilson 1981). Champagne bottles were also apparently commonly used for beer bottling as evidenced by the late 19th century trade card pictured below which is obviously a typical olive green "champagne" bottle used for "Clausen's Champagne Lager Beer." That use may help explain the commonness of these bottles at Western forts as well as other areas? Champagne bottles are morphologically very similar to the Burgundy wine style discussed above except that champagne bottles are typically proportionally wider in the body and made with distinctly heavier glass to withstand the internal pressures of carbonation. Both types do share the following similarities: moderate height body with almost vertically parallel sides and a long sloping shoulder which merges seamlessly into the neck which is usually topped by a champagne style single part banded finish. The height of the shoulder and neck in combination is usually equal to or a bit more than the height of the body with both styles. Champagne bases usually have deep push-up's with the presence of a mamelon common though not ubiquitous, though mid to late 20th century examples often have minimal push-ups and small to non-existent mamelons (McDougall 1990). Since champagne bottles are more commonly encountered on historic sites than the Burgundy style bottles it is likely that these two slightly different types were commonly used for either product, i.e., champagne bottles used for Burgundy type wines. It appears that in more recent years (possibly after National Prohibition) the Burgundy style bottle has become more distinctly separated from the champagne bottle, though more investigation is necessary (empirical observations). The champagne/burgundy style bottle shape dates back to at least the very early 19th century in Europe with the earliest ones in the U. S. found examples likely imported from England or France. The quite typical champagne style bottle pictured to the left is known to date from 1811 as it was recovered from the British Royal Naval ship HMS St. George which sank off the North Sea coast of Denmark on Christmas Eve 1811. (Photo courtesy of K. Charles Cooper, Maritime Archaeology Program, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg.) Although all the manufacturing details are not known it appears to have been either dip-molded or fully free-blown, certainly a pontil scar of some type, a high push-up within the base, made of very heavy glass an applied narrow string type finish variations of which were one of the most common styles used on spirits and wine bottles made from the mid-17th century into the first third of the 19th century (Jones 1986; Van den Bossche 2001; Cooper 2012). The bottle is likely of French origin, but could possibly be English (Cooper 2012). The earliest mention of champagne bottles being made by an American manufacturer was is 1829 in an advertisement from the New England Glass Bottle Company (McKearin & Wilson 1978). The earliest champagne style bottles were produced free-blown or with a dip mold prior to the mid-1870s, often exhibiting pontil scars of various types on the base (Switzer 1980; McDougall 1990; Van den Bossche 2001). From the 1870s on, bottles were typically mold blown, either in a two-piece mold or even more commonly, in a turn-mold. Machine-made examples date from the mid to late 1910s and later. The large size (approx. one quart) champagne bottle pictured in the upper left portion of this section was produced in a turn-mold and appears to have a tooled champagne finish. (It is often difficult to tell with a turn-mold bottle if the finish was tooled or applied.) This particular bottle dates from around 1895 to 1910 based on the context of where it was found in Eastern Nevada. The bottle body has no evidence of side mold seams - consistent with it being a turn-mold - but also exhibits no sign of the horizontal concentric rings which are common on turn-mold produced items. This could be a function of a relatively fresh coating ("paste") on the inside of the mold prior to blowing or possibly post-molding fire polishing, which is unlikely for cheap utilitarian ware such as this (Toulouse 1969b). This bottle could be mistaken for free-blown, except that method of manufacture is inconsistent with the high level of symmetry to the body (see Bottle Body Characteristics & Mold Seams page) and the bottles known noted date range. Click on the following links for more images of this bottle: base view showing the relatively deep kick-up and mamelon; close-up of the shoulder, neck, and finish with some of the foil neck seal still in evidence. The bottle pictured to the right is the smaller (approx. pint) version of the classic champagne shape with a label for a French Pommard regional wine, i.e., pinot noir, which has been traditionally bottled in the Burgundy shape. This bottle was produced in a turn-mold, has very heavy glass, a tooled champagne finish with a beveled rim, and likely dates from the early 1900s (1900 to 1915). The bottle was almost certainly made in Europe also. For more images of this bottle click on the following links: base view showing kick-up; close-up of the finish and upper neck . Dating summary/notes: The champagne style has been made for an exceptionally long period of time - at least as early as about 1800 up to the present day. Occasional examples can be found with a different type finish though the vast majority of the bottles made up to the present have a cork accepting champagne finish and are otherwise identical in shape. A notable exceptions is that the earliest champagne bottles (1850s and before) will have have a sheared (aka straight) finish or string finish (Jones 1986; McDougall 1990). More recent (late 20th century) champagne bottle finishes will accept a cork closure (often plastic with cheap champagne) though also have a flaring collar (flaring out from top to bottom) below a crown cap accepting bead lip or upper part. The champagne style of bottle can be either free-blown or dip molded item (pre-1870), turn-molded, two-piece molded (both most common from about the mid-1870s through the 1910s and probably to a small degree even into the 1920s with imported bottles) or machine-made (mid 1910s to date). It has also been observed that earlier (generally pre-1860) pontil scarred champagne bottles will almost exclusively have a sand pontil scar if there is a distinct mamelon present, though may have a blowpipe or sand pontil scar if there is no mamelon in evidence. Champagne bottles with an iron pontil scars are not known to the author but are possible (McDougall 1990; empirical observations). Due to the wide span of production of this style dating must be done using manufacturing based diagnostic features; see the Bottle Dating pages for more dating information. As noted for the wine bottles above, one potentially confounding factor when trying to date champagne bottles is that many, or possibly even a majority, of champagne bottles were imported from Europe, at least up until National Prohibition. Since the technology of European bottle makers lagged behind North American manufacturers during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (1890 to 1920), bottles produced during this period in Europe often exhibit manufacturing based diagnostic features which would date them several decades older if they had been produced in the U.S. or Canada (Davis 1949). When attempting to date known or suspected imported items please keep this in mind. Also see the discussion of the "champagne" finish at this link: champagne style finish . It includes a short discussion on some subtle differences between two variations of the champagne finish that have dating utility. Other champagne shapes: This section is left open for suggestions about alternative champagne bottle shapes since the author of this website has not seen very much champagne offered in bottles that deviate much from the general shape discussed above. Finishes can vary somewhat but the essential shape as described above is ubiquitous. For additional images of various labeled wine & champagne bottles click the following link to view the pertinent section of the Labeled Bottles page . Again it must be stated that the category of bottles covered on this webpage (Wine/Champagne) is very large. Like all of the bottle "typing" (typology) pages connected to the main Bottle Typing/Diagnostic Shapes page, this page just scratched the surface as to the total diversity of these bottle types. It does, however, cover the primary styles that were most commonly used and encountered within an archaeological context. This page has also somewhat emphasized mouth-blown bottles since that subject is of more familiarity to the author of this website than later 20th century, machine-made items. However, though the automated bottle production era also had incredible variety, it was not likely as diverse as the mouth-blown era since shape standardization and simplification was typical of machine manufacturing. Also, bottle body embossing became much less frequent on machine-made bottles and a significant amount of the diversity of the mouth-blown production era was the different proprietary embossing on essentially the same shapes of bottles. 11/20/2016 This website created and managed by: Bill Lindsey Questions? See FAQ #21 . Copyright ï¿½ 2016 Bill Lindsey. All rights reserved. Viewers are encouraged, for personal or classroom use, to download limited copies of posted material. No material may be copied for commercial purposes. Author reserves the right to update this information as appropriate.	i don't know
Which comedian died on stage during the TV show “Live From Her Majesty’s” in April 1984?	LiveLeak.com - The Death of Tommy Cooper (Raw) The Death of Tommy Cooper (Raw) The Death Of Comedian Tommy Cooper, On The London Stage 1984 Tommy Cooper was a welsh-born, British prop comedian and magician, famous for the red fez he always wore, and the persona he crafted of a magician whose tricks always go wrong. Cooper died on April 15, 1984, as he performed live on television for a variety show entitled “Live from her Majesty’s”. During a sketch in which he was to pull numerous objects from a gown, just after his assistant helped him put the gown on, Copper collapsed and sat against the curtain while the audience and his assistant laughed, thinking it was an impromptu part of his act. He then fell backwards onto his back, creating more laughs. However, as the minutes passed, it was apparent that something had actually gone wrong, and it wasn’t part of his act. Another curtain was closed to hide where he had fallen, and other acts carried on on the fr Loading the player ...	Tommy Cooper
What is the more common name of the garden plant Calendula?	Footage of Tommy Cooper's death on stage shown on YouTube - Telegraph Footage of Tommy Cooper's death on stage shown on YouTube Footage of Tommy Cooper dying on stage can be watched on YouTube. Tens of thousands of people have watched scenes of Tommy Cooper collapsing from a heart attack during a live TV performance in 1984 Photo: PA By Chris Irvine 12:54AM BST 09 May 2009 Tens of thousands of people have watched scenes of the comedian collapsing from a heart attack during a live TV performance in 1984. Most of the audience watching the London Weekend Television variety show Live From her Majesty's, thought it was part of his act and were still laughing, until it became apparent he was seriously ill. Although YouTube has been alerted to clip, the video sharing site has not removed it. It does highlight users that it is potentially "inappropriate" content however. Philip Davies, the Tory MP who sits on the Commons culture, media and sport select committee, said: "Most people would find that tasteless," he said. "Everybody knows he died on stage. I don't think we need to see this to be reminded of that. "They ought to have some regard to his family. It does YouTube a discredit. "If they have decided that this is the sort of material that people should be free to watch then I think they should reconsider." John Beyer, from Mediawatch UK, said: "This is very poor taste. That the broadcasters have not repeated the incident show they have a respect for him and I think that ought to apply also on YouTube. "I wish YouTube and user content sites would have a bit more responsibility at the centre, rather than just expect people at the periphery to control things. "They should take it all down out of respect for Mr Cooper and his remaining family."	i don't know
Who starred in and directed the 1993 film “A Bronx Tale”?	Robert De Niro directs 'A Bronx Tale' on Broadway: Why the 1993 film was a hit - CSMonitor.com Robert De Niro directs 'A Bronx Tale' on Broadway: Why the 1993 film was a hit Latest News Robert De Niro arrives at the Hollywood Film Awards at the Beverly Hilton Hotel in 2015 in Beverly Hills, Calif. Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP/File View Caption of Actor Robert De Niro will co-direct a Broadway musical adaptation of the 1993 film “A Bronx Tale,” in which he both directed and starred in. Mr. De Niro is co-directing the musical with Jerry Zaks, who also helmed the 2011 Broadway production of “Sister Act” and the 2004 Broadway production of “La Cage aux Folles,” among other work. De Niro has starred on Broadway himself, appearing in a 1986 production of the play “Cuba and His Teddy Bear.” Recommended: Famous movie lines: How well do you know them? “Bronx” tells the story of a young boy whose father (De Niro in the film) disapproves of the activities of mobsters but who becomes involved with them after the young boy, Calogero, decides not to tell the police what he knows about a murder. Photos of the Day Photos of the Day 01/17 When the 1993 film was released, it was mostly received positively by critics. Washington Post reviewer Desson Howe wrote that the film “doesn’t have an original bone in its body,” but New York Times critic Janet Maslin called the movie “a warm, vibrant and sometimes troubling portrait of the community.... [De Niro’s] work here, as both actor and director, is impressively unobtrusive.” And Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times found the film to be “a very funny movie sometimes, and very touching at other times. It is filled with life and colorful characters and great lines of dialogue, and De Niro, in his debut as a director, finds the right notes as he moves from laughter to anger to tears.” As for the musical adaptation of “Bronx,” songs will be supplied by Glenn Slater and Alan Menken, who previously collaborated for the Broadway musical “The Little Mermaid” (Mr. Menken composed the music for the 1989 film, with lyrics for the movie by Howard Ashman, who is also credited for the Broadway musical). Next up Get the Monitor stories you care about delivered to your inbox. Daily	Robert De Niro
Which famous architect designed the unbuilt Roman Catholic Cathedral in Liverpool?	Amazon.com: Bronx Tale, A: Movies & TV Movies & TV FREE Shipping on eligible orders Only 2 left in stock - order soon. More Buying Choices Get it by Monday, Jan 23 FREE Shipping on eligible orders More Buying Choices 1 hr 7 mins Sponsored These are ads for products you'll find on Amazon.com. Clicking an ad will take you to the product's page. Learn more about Sponsored Products. Movies He'll Love: Collection Unrated FREE Shipping on eligible orders Only 1 left in stock - order soon. More Buying Choices The Best Of Robert De Niro 1978 FREE Shipping on eligible orders Only 2 left in stock - order soon. More Buying Choices Get it by Monday, Jan 23 FREE Shipping on eligible orders More Buying Choices FREE Shipping on eligible orders In stock on January 25, 2017 Get it by Monday, Jan 23 FREE Shipping on eligible orders More Buying Choices Learn more about Amazon Prime. Get fast, free shipping with Amazon Prime Prime members enjoy FREE Two-Day Shipping and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books.	i don't know
Who directed and starred in the 2008 film “Grand Torino”?	Gran Torino (2008) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC Disgruntled Korean War veteran Walt Kowalski sets out to reform his neighbor, a Hmong teenager who tried to steal Kowalski's prized possession: a 1972 Gran Torino. Director: a list of 25 titles created 27 Aug 2011 a list of 22 titles created 04 Mar 2014 a list of 34 titles created 09 May 2014 a list of 31 titles created 13 Oct 2014 a list of 22 titles created 31 Jul 2015 Search for " Gran Torino " on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 20 wins & 17 nominations. See more awards » Videos A determined woman works with a hardened boxing trainer to become a professional. Director: Clint Eastwood Violence and mayhem ensue after a hunter stumbles upon a drug deal gone wrong and more than two million dollars in cash near the Rio Grande. Directors: Ethan Coen, Joel Coen Stars: Tommy Lee Jones, Javier Bardem, Josh Brolin In Nazi-occupied France during World War II, a plan to assassinate Nazi leaders by a group of Jewish U.S. soldiers coincides with a theatre owner's vengeful plans for the same. Directors: Quentin Tarantino, Eli Roth Stars: Brad Pitt, Diane Kruger, Eli Roth In Miami in 1980, a determined Cuban immigrant takes over a drug cartel and succumbs to greed. Director: Brian De Palma In a future British tyranny, a shadowy freedom fighter, known only by the alias of "V", plots to overthrow it with the help of a young woman. Director: James McTeigue After John Nash , a brilliant but asocial mathematician, accepts secret work in cryptography, his life takes a turn for the nightmarish. Director: Ron Howard Unscrupulous boxing promoters, violent bookmakers, a Russian gangster, incompetent amateur robbers, and supposedly Jewish jewelers fight to track down a priceless stolen diamond. Director: Guy Ritchie The lives of guards on Death Row are affected by one of their charges: a black man accused of child murder and rape, yet who has a mysterious gift. Director: Frank Darabont Will Hunting, a janitor at M.I.T., has a gift for mathematics, but needs help from a psychologist to find direction in his life. Director: Gus Van Sant The Bride wakens from a four-year coma. The child she carried in her womb is gone. Now she must wreak vengeance on the team of assassins who betrayed her - a team she was once part of. Director: Quentin Tarantino Following the Normandy Landings, a group of U.S. soldiers go behind enemy lines to retrieve a paratrooper whose brothers have been killed in action. Director: Steven Spielberg With the help of a German bounty hunter, a freed slave sets out to rescue his wife from a brutal Mississippi plantation owner. Director: Quentin Tarantino Edit Storyline Walt Kowalski is a widower who holds onto his prejudices despite the changes in his Michigan neighborhood and the world around him. Kowalski is a grumpy, tough-minded, unhappy old man who can't get along with either his kids or his neighbors. He is a Korean War veteran whose prize possession is a 1972 Gran Torino he keeps in mint condition. When his neighbor Thao, a young Hmong teenager under pressure from his gang member cousin, tries to steal his Gran Torino, Kowalski sets out to reform the youth. Drawn against his will into the life of Thao's family, Kowalski is soon taking steps to protect them from the gangs that infest their neighborhood. Written by alfiehitchie Rated R for language throughout, and some violence \| See all certifications » Parents Guide: 9 January 2009 (USA) See more » Also Known As: $271,720 (USA) (12 December 2008) Gross: Did You Know? Trivia In terms of box office, Gran Torino (2008) is the most successful Clint Eastwood movie ever, both in the U.S. and the U.K, but not with inflation. Taking inflation into account, his most successful films are Every Which Way But Loose (1978) and Any Which Way You Can (1980). See more » Goofs At the medical office, the physician introduces herself as Dr. Chu. In the credits, she is Dr. Chang. See more » Quotes See more » Crazy Credits The credits scroll over a highway overlooking the lake shore, with the Warner Logo appearing in black and white. See more » Connections (somewhere out there) – See all my reviews Gran Torino - They don't make them like they used to.... Mr. Eastwood has a knack for storytelling. Instead of being preachy or having an all to obvious agenda, he lets his viewers make up their own minds. His characters don't have a message, they have a life and make no excuses for who they are. In so many subtle and intelligent ways we are allowed to make our own choices. Like with Kowalski in the movie, you are not confronted with a role model hammering home all those "life's important messages", but rather with a movie saying "Look! This is the way it worked out for me. And I think I know a few tricks that might help you, but in the end it's your own life. However, you have to trust me when I say that there are a some things you don't want to see or experience!". Some people will leave this movie entirely untouched, others will certainly be crying their guts out. Not because some people "get it" and others "don't", but because it is a brilliant piece of entertainment reaching out to every viewer in its own specific way. Eastwood's acting is top notch again, although the years have not been very kind to his voice. The rest of the cast are fine, but one can certainly spot their more amateurish backgrounds here and there which is the main reason why I could not give this one a 10/10. Apart from that there is little to criticize. It's not an action movie, not a drama movie and certainly not a comedy (even though you get a few laughs out of this one). It's simply a good story about life.....and death. 258 of 341 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes	Clint Eastwood
With which instrument do you associate jazz musician Erroll Garner?	Film Analysis-Gran Torino Essay - 1764 Words Gran Torino Film Analysis Research Paper ... Gran Torino Film Analysis Norma J Morehead Intercultural/International Communication 10 June 2012 Cultural conflict and popular culture are two experiences in life that assist in defining intercultural communication and how its influence affects our daily intercommunication. Cultural conflict is inevitable as we live out our daily lives in the identities we have selected for ourselves, the identities relating to our... 1520 Words \| 4 Pages Gran Torino Film Analysis Essay ...chronological order. In Gran Torino the difference between the story and the plot is immediately visible at the very first scene: Walt is already old and his wife passed away. As the viewer you won’t get to know everything that has happened in Walt’s life before the plot starts and you won’t get to know his wife. One of the few things Gran Torino does refer to is Walt’s past in Korea (therefore, this element is part of the plot as well... 1099 Words \| 3 Pages Gran Torino Film Review Essay ...Grand Torino was a film released in December 2008. The film was directed, produced, and starred by Clint Eastwood. "Nick Schenk's screenplay wasn't written specifically for him, but after seeing the film it's impossible to imagine it with anyone else." (Charity) Schenk became acquainted with the history and the culture of the Hmong in the 90's working in a Minnesota factory. In addition, Schenk learned how the Hmong had sided with the... 1350 Words \| 4 Pages Gran Torino Transcultural Analysis Essay ... Gran Torino starring Clint Eastwood was about a man’s struggle in adapting to the changes in his environment when confronted by unfamiliar exposure to cultural differences. The film was chosen because it told a story about one’s struggle with traditional practice, cultural diversity, gender roles, and the acceptance of others. In terms of culture, there was an abundance of traditional practices related to the Hmong community. The screenplay was... 1685 Words \| 6 Pages Gran Torino Essay ..."Gran Torino" is an American drama film directed by Clint Eastwood, and one of the most successful films in the world. It won the "Best Foreign Film", "Best Original Screenplay", "Best Actor" award at 2008 and so on. I believe a good film is made in many ways of aspect skill. At this time, I will be looking at four different aspects which are camera shot using, dialogue, main idea of the film,... 1045 Words \| 3 Pages Gran Torino Essay ...based conflicts. This movie is a film highlighting many cultural conflicts. These conflicts continuously erupt in a working class Michigan neighborhood. We will first examine a scene with religious cultural conflict. In the same scene we will see age based cultural conflict as well. Next, we will examine a racial cultural conflict between the Hmong people and an American. After examining cultural conflicts, we will show two examples of popular culture in the... 1704 Words \| 5 Pages Essay about Gran Torino Film Review ...Gran Torino Gran Torino is an American drama film, released in 2008 film directed and produced by and also starring Clint Eastwood. Set in Detroit, Michigan it was the first mainstream U.S. film to feature Hmong Americans. Gran Torino was a critical and commercial success, grossing nearly $270 million worldwide and is also said to be Clint Eastwood’s most successful... 508 Words \| 2 Pages Gran Torino Essay ...feel comfortable confessing their sins; instead they may have a bitter perspective of life. This is illustrated in Clint Eastwood’s film, Gran Torino through the characterization of Walt Kowalski. Walt Kowalski is initially portrayed as a grumpy, racist old man who transforms in to a hero who sacrifices himself to bring peace to himself and his neighbour, Tao. This film demonstrates that even though people can start off with a bitter... 1128 Words \| 3 Pages	i don't know
What is the parliamentary constituency of Caroline Lucas, former leader of the Green Party?	Caroline Lucas is first Green Party Leader Caroline Lucas is first Green Party Leader Caroline Lucas is first Green Party Leader 5 September 2008 Caroline Lucas has won the Green Party's first ever leadership election. Lucas defeated her rival for the leadership, Ashley Gunstock, by a margin of 2559 votes to 210 - 90%. Lucas, who is the party's candidate for the target constituency of Brighton Pavillion, said: "I am deeply honoured to have been elected as the first leader of the Green Party. "I am also delighted to have Adrian Ramsay elected alongside me as our party's first Deputy. His work for the past ten years in Norwich, transforming an inactive party into the largest group of Green councillors in Britain is truly inspirational."Britain needs Green leadership now. None of the other parties has the vision or the courage to tackle the real challenges we face today - the accelerating climate crisis, and Victorian levels of inequality. "We need a Green New Deal to tackle the impact of rising prices and increased unemployment.We need to invest the proceeds of a Windfall tax on massive energy company profits into making the homes of ordinary people warmer and fuel bills more affordable. "As Leader I will work tirelessly to get our positive Green message across to the public, and to see more Greens elected to deliver social and environmental justice in towns and cities across the country. "Adrian Ramsay, who supported Lucas for leader, was elected unopposed. Councillor Ramsay, who heads the Green opposition group on Norwich Council, said: "I'm honoured to be elected the first Deputy Leader of the Green Party. It's a crucial time for the Greens as we build towards winning our first seats at Westminster in the next General Election. At a time of rising fuel prices growing concern about the effects of climate change, Green polices offer real solutions for the country." Watch the announcement:	Royal Pavilion
Who created the cartoon strip “The Perishers”?	Our People Our People Elected Greens Green representation is increasing at all levels of government. At the start of 2015 the Green Party currently had the following elected members in England and Wales: one MP (Caroline Lucas in Brighton Pavilion) one member of the House of Lords (Jenny Jones) three Members of the European Parliament (Jean Lambert in London, Molly Scott Cato in the South West and Keith Taylor in the South East) two London Assembly members (Caroline Russell and Siân Berry) more than 160 principal authority councillors across England and Wales A full list of our Spokespeople can be found here . To contact our spokespeople for interview or comment please contact the Green Party press office: [email protected] Phone: 020 7549 0315 (Journalists only) National Executive The Green Party National Executive (GPEx) and the Green Party Regional Council (GPRC) are the democratically appointed groups responsible for the strategic direction of the party, as instructed by members at Conference. TAKE ACTION	i don't know
Which element, atomic number 5, has the chemical symbol B?	Chemical Elements.com - Boron (B) Commercial Site Containing Information about the Source of Boron If you know of any other links for Boron, please let me know Bentor, Yinon. Chemical Element.com - Boron. <http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/b.html>. For more information about citing online sources, please visit the MLA's Website . This page was created by Yinon Bentor. Use of this web site is restricted by this site's license agreement . Copyright © 1996-2012 Yinon Bentor. All Rights Reserved.	Boron
After whom is the international airport at Genoa named?	Boron»the essentials [WebElements Periodic Table] Image adapted with permission from Prof James Marshall 's (U. North Texas, USA) Walking Tour of the elements CD. Boron: historical information Boron was discovered by Sir Humphrey Davy, Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, L.J. Thénard in 1808 at England and France. Origin of name : from the Arabic word "buraq" and the Persian word "burah" . Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not isolated until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy, Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) and Louis Jaques Thenard (1777-1857). This was accomplished through the reaction of boric acid (H3BO3) with potassium. Boron around us Read more » Boron is probably not required in the diet of humans but it might be a necessary "ultratrace" element. Boron is required by green algae and higher plants. Boron is not found free in nature. It occurs usually as orthoboric acid in some volcanic spring waters and as borates in borax and colemanite. Ulexite is interesting as it is a natural fibre optic. Abundances for boron in a number of different environments. More abundance data » Location Second ionisation energy : 2427.1 kJ mol‑1 Isolation Isolation : it is not normally necessary to make boron in the laboratory and it would normally be purchased as it is available commercially. The most common sources of boron are tourmaline, borax [Na2B4O5(OH)4.8H2O], and kernite [Na2B4O5(OH)4.2H2O]. It is difficult to obtain pure. It can be made through the magnesium reduction of the oxide, B2O3. The oxide is made by melting boric acid, B(OH)3, which in turn is obtained from borax. B2O3 + 3Mg → 2B + 3MgO Samm amounts of high purity boron are available through the thermal decomposition of compounds such as BBr3 with hydrogen gas using a heated tantalum wire. Results are better with hot wires at tmeperatures over 1000°C. Boron isotopes Read more » Both isotopes of Boron, B-10 and B-11, are used extensively in the nuclear industry. B-10 is used in the form of boric acid as a chemical shim in pressurized water reactors while in the form of sodium pentaborate it is used for standby liquid control systems in boiling water reactors. B-11 can be used as a neutron reflector. Outside the nuclear industry both isotopes are used as food label to study boron metabolism. B-10 is also used in so-called boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Both B-10 and B-11 can be used for the production of two radioisotopes: C-11 and N-13.	i don't know
Whose statue, in Merrion Square, is known to irreverent Dubliners as “The Fag on the Crag”?	Travel... Dublin Getting There Ok, so you fancy a weekend break. You can’t afford Europe, you’re sick of London and well, the countryside just isn’t your thing. You’re looking for some culture, some history, excitement, shops, fine foods and well, yes, you want booze, and lots of it. So, where better to go than Dublin? It’s just a short trip away, over the Irish Sea, plane and ferry fares are next to nothing. Situated on the south east coast of Ireland, Dublin has a reputation for being a schizophrenic city, where poverty, wealth, grandeur and deprivation live side by side, mixed together in no particular order, each feigning ignorance of the others existence. For one small city, Dublin has an extraordinarily large personality, with such a grand history of literature, religion, politics, music and war that even the likes of London would blush in comparison. James Joyce, Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Jonathon Swift and W.B Yeats are but a few of the literary greats spawned by the city. Michael Collins, whose actions later sparked Bloody Sunday, began his political career in Dublin. And of course, what a different place the world would be with out those fine staples of the Irish diet - Guinness and whiskey? As you’d expect, much is made of Dublin’s history, with statues, monuments and museums dedicated to just about every famous Irish man there ever was. As such, it is almost impossible to turn a corner without bumping into something that has made its way into the guide books. From the statue of Oscar Wilde in Merrion Square (locally known as the fag on the crag) to the World of Guinness, every particle of Dublin’s history is made accessible and welcoming to the idle traveller. The best and most entertaining way of taking in all of Dublin’s sights is to take one of the city tour buses. Several companies operate tours, each varying in quality, so be careful which one you choose. It is said that the first thing that any visitor to Dublin will notice are it’s people, their pride of the city, pride of the struggles, pride of the history and an eagerness to share it all with you. This is certainly true of the tour buses. Leaving the bus behind, some places are more worthy of closer attention than others. If history is your bent you’ll be attracted to Trinity College, parts of which date back to 1700 and are interesting to look at as pieces of architecture alone. Looking into the Old Library, however, will give you the opportunity to see the Book of Kells, a monk’s account of the Viking invasion, which is thought to date back to around AD 800. Another important aspect of the history of Dublin, and indeed of any Irish town, is “the troubles”. The General Post Office on O’Connell Street is where the 1916 Easter Rising began and still bares the marks of gun fire in its fine outer columns. St Stephen’s Green, at the end of Grafton Street, memorial to soldiers of the Boer War, is also an area where much of the Easter Rising fighting took place. If you’ve had enough history and are in the mood for some serious shopping, then Grafton Street is the place to go. Home to the cities most exclusive (and expensive) stores, Grafton Street is a constantly flowing stream of people, so popular that you’re unlikely to find a bargain in a single shop. Be that as it may, it’s the fashionable place to be and if you’ve not been to Grafton Street, you’ve not been to Dublin. Equally exclusive and probably even more expensive, is the Powerscourt Townhouse Shopping Centre, just off Grafton Street. Full of designer clothes and posh restaurants it is the former house of the Viscount Powerscourt, dating back to the 1770’s. If your purse strings can’t quite stretch to the extravagance of the above, then O’Connell Street is worth a look, with some good shops and more affordable prices. More alternative shops can be found in the ever popular Temple Bar area. Long ago founded as an area of ill repute, Temple Bar has retained its artistic influence of the 18th century and is now home to the bohemian shops, bars and restaurants of the city. Dublin’s musical roots are evident everywhere; every pub sends strains of traditional Irish music out into the streets and the streets themselves are full of buskers. Grafton Street is a particularly good example of this, where you’re as likely to find an aspiring Boyzone as you are a traditional folk band. This adds a wonderful ambience to your shopping experience. Side by side with the musical acts you’ll find many artists and performers, a great favourite of which is the Yellow Buddha, who puts in an appearance every so often. Outside of the city, away from the hustle and bustle, you will find many beautiful areas to explore. Whether you take a tour bus or simply use public transport, it is certainly worth the effort of leaving the city behind for an afternoon. The Wicklow Mountains, just south of Dublin, are beautifully rugged, a landscape covered with streams and rivers and a sprinkling of forests. Avoca, home of BBC’s “Ballykissangel” is also an hour or so’s journey outside of the city, a picturesque village with a claim to fame, although it’s perhaps best to suspend your visit until outside of the tourist season, otherwise you’ll be sharing the views with a hundred or so other eager people. Heading back into the city, in general, Dublin offers a diverse choice in terms of eating out. For a light snack or morning coffee is Butlers chocolate café, the world famous Bewley’s and any number of pubs and café’s littering each and every street. In the evening there is the same choice available as in any other city; oriental, French, Italian, Greek, English and, of course, traditional Irish restaurants, all eager to take your custom. The nightlife in Dublin is generally confined to the Irish pubs that we hear so much about, and they are certainly worth a look. Those with live music, such as O’Donoghuse in Merrion Row, where the Dubliners formed, and Whelan’s in Wexford Street, which is famous for its great ambience and eclectic range of live acts are popular with locals and tourists alike. Moving away from the pub scene, other areas of entertainment can be found in the National Concert Hall, Abbey Theatre, the Irish Film Centre and the Comedy Cellar at the International Bar. Dublin also offers a wide range of accommodation with anything from the cheapest of the cheap B&B’s to the U2-owned Clarence Hotel which will set you back a mere £1288 per night (for the penthouse at least!). In the middle bracket there are many very nice, reasonably priced 3 and 4 star hotels. In the Smithfield Village, a five minute walk from the main shopping district, is Chief O’Neills Hotel and Bar. A very modern hotel, recently converted from an old whiskey distillery, Chief O’Neill’s is stylishly and comfortably decorated, with the rooms almost resembling a piece of modern art. The bar is also worth a visit, whether you’re staying at the hotel or not, featuring contemporary Irish music, live acts and a menu of both new and old Irish cuisine. Smithfield Village also offers a range of tourist attractions, from the Chimney viewing tower, which offers a 360º view of the city - excellent on a clear day, not so good otherwise - the Ceol Brace museum, the story of Irish music; the Duck Lane shopping centre, filled with Irish and international gifts and crafts and a range of café’s and restaurants. For a weekend break, Dublin has it all; sights, sounds, tastes and smells. Besides which, where else could you find a city whose unofficial anthem is about a prostitute? All together now: "In Dublin’s fair city, where the girls are so pretty I first set my eyes on sweet Molly Malone…" DONHEY AND NESBITT 5 Lower Baggot Street 00 353 1 676 2945 Bar favoured by politicians and hacks. EDEN Meeting House Square, Temple Bar 00 353 1 670 53 73 Overlooking Temple Bar market, Eden serves simple dishes and is a great place for people watching. JACOB'S LADDER 4-5 Nassau Street 00 353 1 6703865; www.jacobsladder.ie This consistently packed restaurant is run by chef-owner Adrian Roche and offers modern Irish cuisine and great views over Trinity College. Expect dishes such as cassoulette of mussels with salmon sausage, prawn tortellini, saffron and orange, or roast loin of wild boar with pea mousse and gnocchi. L'ECRIVAIN 109a Lower Baggot Street 00 353 1 661 1919; www.lecrivain.com Much lauded Dublin restaurant offering a mix of French and Irish cuisine overseen by chef and proprietor Derry Clarke. The menu changes regularly as dishes are made with the freshest Irish produce. The restaurant also offers an extensive wine list. Sleepover : Back to top THE WESTIN DUBLIN College Green 00 353 1 645 1000 www.westin.com/dublin This 163-room hotel comprises one 19th-century bank and half of another converted into a luxury hotel that attracts both business and leisure travellers. The location is unbeatable, next to Trinity College and close to the shops on Grafton Street and the financial centre across the river. The hotel suffers a little from corporate blandness: the décor tends to be rather generic and the bedrooms lack individuality. THE MERRION Upper Merrion Street 00 353 1 603 0600; fax: 603 0700; www.merrionhotel.com Four converted Georgian terraces furnished in period style, plus a large modern wing with bedrooms and a spa. The service is exemplary; the staff take pains to ensure that guests are comfortable. The two-Michelin-starred Restaurant Patrick Guilbaud for contemporary French cuisine; Cellar Restaurant for modern European. The x factor? The collection of Irish paintings and the richly detailed public rooms, many of which are works of art in themselves. THE MORGAN 10 Fleet Street, Temple Bar (00 353 1 679 3939; fax 679 3946; www.themorgan.com This Anouska Hempel-inspired hotel is in an enticingly hip area and boasts stylish, minimalist rooms equipped with Molton Brown toiletries. It is also within walking distance of Trinity College and Christchurch Cathedral. Getting There : Back to top AIRPORT Dublin airport is six miles north of the city centre (00 353 1 814 1111). AIRLINES FROM THE UK Aer Lingus 00 1 353 818 365000; www.aerlingus.com , British Airways 0870 850 9 850; www.ba.com , British Midland 0870 607 0555; www.flybmi.com , and Ryanair www.ryanair.com all serve Dublin.	Oscar Wilde
Which vitamin is also known as Retinol/	Dublin: city of writers \| afr.com Dublin: city of writers Share on Reddit of Toner’s is said to be the only pub in Dublin the poet W.B. Yeats ever visited and these days is the haunt of actors Gabriel Byrne and Colin Farrell. Photo: AP by Joe Aston All the foremost cities of the world have had their literary muses. Victor Hugo, Guy de Maupassant, Huysmans and Colette were heroes and villains of Paris. After the Great War, so too were a Lost Generation of American writers – Hemingway, Fitzgerald and Stein. London can boast Chaucer, Shakespeare, Dickens and Woolf. New York had Miller, Mailer and Capote. Such riches of talent are to be expected of an international metropolis. But, like for like, could the same have been expected of Dublin, Ireland? Dublin, which began the 20th century with a population of 290,000 and ended it with 490,000, numbers four natives as Nobel laureates in literature – William Butler Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney (raised in Northern Ireland but moved to the Irish capital 40 years ago). Dublin is the birthplace of Jonathan Swift, James Joyce, Oscar Wilde and Bram Stoker. Is there something in the water? If the human endeavour most attributable to the Irish is writing, then their default human instinct must surely be melancholy. “Tread softly because you tread on my dreams," Yeats wrote.“Ever tried. Ever failed," Beckett lilted. “No matter. Try Again. Fail again. Fail better." Related Quotes View all announcements Is it the weather that feeds the gloom? At high noon there’s a clear sky but at eight degrees the wan Gaelic sun hardly troubles the thermometer. Shop windows fog up long before the summer dusk fades at 10pm. All up, perfect conditions for a long, introspective traipse around town. Dublin’s proud, lettered history is easily navigable on foot. From where Joyce opened (and closed) Finnegans Wake – “from swerve of shore to bend of bay" at the mouth of the River Liffey, which runs through the capital – it’s an easy stroll south to St Stephen’s Green, a public park given to the city in 1880 by beer baron A.E. Guinness. It’s a natural starting point. On its grounds is an abstract statue of Yeats by sculptor Henry Moore, and a bust of Joyce facing south-west towards Newman House across the street – the original campus of (the Catholic) University College Dublin, where Joyce was a student between 1898 and 1902. At the north-eastern corner of the green sits the Shelbourne Hotel, where William Thackeray stayed during his visit to Ireland in the 1840s and where Michael Collins drafted the Irish Constitution in 1922. More recently, the property was fecund with sex and shotguns in Steven Soderbergh’s 2011 film Haywire and Benjamin Black (nom de plume of Booker-prize winning local John Banville) romanticised its place in 1950s Dublin in Christine Falls. “He stood on the broad pavement under the trees, smoking the last of a cigarette and looking across the road at the girl on the steps of the Shelbourne Hotel." This afternoon, the hotel’s plush No. 27 Bar is brimming with financiers, parliamentarians, local socialites and a generous smattering of Russian money. According to the late Irish author Elizabeth Bowen, it’s where “women with a past met men with no future". Poets’ watering holes I head east down Baggott Street, to find where Patrick Kavanagh drank himself to death. The late great poet’s local watering hole is James Toner’s pub. Toner’s is also said to be the only pub in Dublin Yeats ever visited. Legend has it he quaffed one sherry, turned to his publisher and declared: “I have seen a pub, now take me home!" (Yeats’s aversion to public bars, however, is exaggerated if not apocryphal; while based in London in the 1890s he regularly met his fellow poets at Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese on Fleet Street.) These days Toner’s is a regular haunt of native actors Gabriel Byrne and Colin Farrell. I order a nip of Redbreast, the whiskey of choice in these parts, the publican assures me. It’s 12 years aged in sherry barrels, redolent of a brandy and the perfect warming tipple to take into the private “snug" area, shielded away at the end of the bar behind swinging saloon doors, and set with cold, hard seating like church pews. Not 100 metres away on Merrion Street is the opulent Merrion Hotel, birthplace of the Duke of Wellington (hilariously, he described it as an “Irish stable") and on whose walls you’ll find art by Dublin portrait artist Louis le Brocquy and Jack Butler Yeats, William’s brother and Ireland’s first ever Olympic medallist – he won silver at the 1924 Paris Games not for swimming but for his painting, The Liffey Swim. Merrion Square is lined with pretty Georgian homes, now mainly offices. Yeats lived at No. 82 where he is said to have celebrated news of his 1923 Nobel Prize by frying up sausages. No. 1 is the childhood home of Oscar Wilde, facing which sits a brass sculpture of the subversive playwright referred to locally as the “quare [queer] in the square" or the “fag on the crag [rock]". His 1891 play Salome was inspired at least in part by Caravaggio’s depiction of her receiving John the Baptist’s head, which Wilde saw regularly as a boy at the neighbouring National Gallery. Home of the vampire Oscar’s father was the prominent eye surgeon, Sir William Wilde, and his mother, Lady Jane Wilde, hosted salons at their home for Dublin’s gothic writers Sheridan Le Fanu and Bram Stoker, author of Dracula. “It’s incredible the number of people – including one of his publishers – who never knew that Stoker was Irish," says Jane Alger, a former chief librarian at Dublin City Library and now director of Dublin UNESCO City of Literature – so designated in 2010. “There was a very strong Gothic tradition in 19th-century Dublin, thanks to Charles Maturin and then Le Fanu’s Carmilla, which Stoker was influenced by. So we’ve been reclaiming Stoker for Dublin." Last year was the centenary of the author’s death and there were moves to name one of the major traffic bridges across the Liffey the Bram Stoker Bridge. (The city council went for a trade union activist.) I meet Alger at Fixx Coffeehouse on Dawson Street (the site was once Gray’s confectioner’s where, in Ulysses, Leopold Bloom helped a blind man cross the road). Two doors away is St Ann’s Anglican church where, in 1878, Stoker married Oscar Wilde’s former love interest, Florence Balcombe, much to Wilde’s displeasure, before absconding with her to London. The prestigious (and Protestant) Trinity College – Wilde’s alma mater – is not 200 metres from his family home on Merrion Square and 100 metres from St Ann’s. Of his peers there, Wilde sneered that “they thought of nothing but . . . running and jumping". Joyce, who never went there, described the university as “set heavily in the city’s ignorance like a dull stone set in a cumbrous ring" in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Wilde was preceded there by Stoker and, long before him, Jonathan Swift. Beckett was at Trinity in the 1920s and perhaps even bettered Wilde’s dim view of students, describing them as “rich, thick and full of clots". That comment notwithstanding, Trinity opened the Samuel Beckett Centre – its drama school and theatre – in the 1990s. All of them (bar Joyce), my guide Mia Craig assures me, would’ve spent many hours reading in the Long Room of the Trinity College Library, among 200,000 books, including the 9th-century calfskin manuscript of the four Gospels, the Book of Kells. Today, the building is boxed in by a brutalist concrete quadrangle terrorised by squawking gulls. Literary pub crawl Duke Street is the starting point for Colm Quilligan’s must-do literary pub crawl, where Davy Byrne’s “Moral pub" in Joyce’s Ulysses remains at No. 21. This is where Mr Bloom, shortly before his chivalrous interlude with the blind man, lunched on a Gorgonzola cheese sandwich and a glass of burgundy (in Ulysses, Duke Street was called Cambridge Corner). Across the road was Burton’s, which Bloom entered, was disgusted by the clientele “wolfing gobfuls of sloppy food", and promptly left. It is now the trendy Bailey restaurant, so no risk of a repeat. A few doors down is Cathach Books, where a 1922, hand-bound first edition of the novel, published in Paris by Shakespeare & Co’s Sylvia Beach, will set you back more than €40,000 ($60,400). At The Duke pub alongside the shop, order a pint of Guinness and you may find yourself sharing a spot at the bar with John Boyne (The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas) or Anne Enright (The Gathering). Do not wander back into the bookstore after a few drinks unless your Amex remains next door in the bartender’s sheath. Around the corner on Harry Street is McDaid’s, the post-war literary pub, on the site of the old city morgue. Regular patrons included Kavanagh (when he wasn’t at Toner’s) and drinking partner Brendan Behan (when he wasn’t in prison), as well as playwright Louis MacNeice and (a then very young) poet Michael Longley. On the other side of Trinity’s grounds, by the Liffey on Fleet Street, is Palace Bar – another favourite of Kavanagh and Behan (they got around), of fellow scallywag Brian O’Nolan (aka Flann O’Brien), and where famed editor of The Irish Times, Bertie Smyllie, long held court. Not much about it has since changed. The barmen wear their neckties and the bar is subdivided by timber privacy screens. Live folk music emanates onto the street, where a Narnian lamp post stands, alongside barrel tables in summer. The Palace and McDaid’s are a 10-minute stumble from the other – indeed, after this much Guinness you can almost float. Then there’s Kennedy’s, a favourite haunt of Beckett’s – who once lived upstairs from his father’s offices on Clare Street, where he wrote his first novel More Pricks Than Kicks – and until recently, the poet Seamus Heaney, who died this year. In Ulysses, Joyce’s alter ego, Stephen Dedalus, passed the pub, then operating as Conway’s, on his way to visit “shady Mary", a lady of the night. On the same block is the old Finn’s Hotel, where Joyce’s future wife Nora Barnacle worked as a chambermaid. Joyce met her on June 16, 1894 – a date immortalised by Ulysses. Finn’s’ signage is faded but remains visible on the brick façade. Having been a life-long teetotaller, George Bernard Shaw’s name is an unlikely one to adorn a licensed establishment. But it does, and the Bernard Shaw is a decent taxi trip (or a brisk 30-minute walk) south of Trinity. This is as close to a hipster hang-out as one can expect to find in this city, and with French, Spanish, Italian and German chit chat, there’s no doubting the new indivisibility of cultural Europe. Imagine a proliferation of Doc Martens, piercings and flannelette sufficient for a remake of The Commitments set in a decrepit beer garden with a snooker table and a big blue bus being used as a pizza kitchen and diner. This week, your pizza is free if your name is Cian or Emily, but sadly for all those Cians and Emilys out there, the names rotate each week. More Redbreast is consumed by your correspondent, followed by more Guinness, before the caravan moves on. Revolutionary times On the north side of the Liffey, is the major and historic thoroughfare of O’Connell Street. The Foot Locker there today was once Graham Lemon’s confectionary shop. In Ulysses, Bloom passes schoolgirls devouring sweets and imagines the King of England sucking the life out of his colonies. Further along is the Gresham Hotel, where, in Joyce’s short story The Dead, in his collection, Dubliners, Gabriel Conroy and his wife Gretta spend a relatively normal night of marital bliss – she has an epiphany about her dead love and he decides to abscond west. The property was damaged during the Civil War, like the rest of the street, when the British Army blew out most of the windows. The Easter Rising of 1916 began when the magnificent Georgian Post Office was captured by the rebels. The poet Patrick Pearse read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic aloud. The 1916 rising is called the “Poets’ Revolution" because there were seven signatories to the proclamation and three of those were writers. A statue of Lord Nelson stood outside the GPO, but was destroyed by the IRA in 1966. A bronze statue of Joyce – known derisively by locals as “the prick with a stick" remains nearby, around which deros and junkies loiter, bumming cigarettes and whiling away the afternoon. It’s an ignominious fate for the nation’s favourite literary son, but not necessarily one Joyce would’ve been too perturbed by. After all, he left Ireland for the Continent in 1904 and, besides two brief visits, never returned. Beckett left Dublin young and spent the rest of his life in Paris. Shaw spent most of his life in England. Wilde did, too, and after his release from prison in 1898, pointedly moved to Paris, where he died two years later. “It wasn’t necessarily that they fell out with Dublin, that’s just where work and life brought them," says Alger. “Joyce did fall out with Dublin," she concedes, “but at the same time he wrote about nothing else. Maybe that’s what happens when you exile yourself? I don’t know."	i don't know
What is the more common name for the garden flower Antirrhinum?	Flower common names information from Flowers.org.uk Flowers Flower common names Every species of flower has its own particular botanic name that is received when it is first discovered. However, over the years many flower varieties have been granted more common names based on regional, cultural and historical influences. Most typically common names can be generated by: Flower appearance Most common names are created because of the way a certain flower looks, particularly its colour leaf shape and size. Examples are the Lobster Claw (heliconia) and the snapdragon (antirrhinum) which look just the way they sound. Legends and folklore Others have names from legends or folklore that have evolved around a particular plant or flower. Sweet William (dianthus barbatus) gets its common name from an old folktale regarding two young lovers separated by the sea. Country/local area Common names can be applied to the same flowers in different places. An example is the wildflower Caltha palustri which in America is called Marsh Marigold and in England is called Primrose. It’s worth to note that common names are not universal and can create confusion when identifying flowers; however they can give interesting insights on the different culture and traditions of the area where they are used. Interflora has put together a list of some recognisable common flower names that you may come across on your travels, and it’s worth noting that many species of flower have more than one. For universal names, please go to our Flowers Botanic Names section.	Antirrhinum
Which famous architect designed the Albert Memorial in London?	How to Grow and Care for Snapdragon Plants Updated January 18, 2017. Overview and Description Snapdragons have tall spikes of brightly colored flowers that bloom profusely in cooler weather. Most are intensely colored and real standouts in the spring or fall garden. Snapdragon flowers start blooming at the bottom of the stalk and work their way up, making for a long period of bloom. The Latin name, Antirrhinum, means "like a snout" and refers to the seed pod's resemblance to a calf's nose. How do such charming flowers wind up with such ungracious names? The common names all derive from the way the flowers resemble opening mouths when they are pressed on their sides. The openings of the flowers are snapped tightly shut and require more pressure to open than a honeybee can provide, so snapdragons rely on heavier bumble bees for their pollination. Leaves: The alternate, lanceolate leaves are arranged in a spiral around the stem. Flowers: The flowers come in just about every shade, except true blue. Some are vibrant bold tones, some are soft pastels and some are subtly shaded bi-colors. continue reading below our video 3 Items to Make Your Home More Modern CAUTION: All parts of snapdragon are poisonous if ingested. Latin Name Snapdragon, Dog's Mouth, Lion's Mouth, Toad's Mouth Hardiness Zones Snapdragons are tender perennials that are only hardy to about USDA Hardiness Zones 8 or 9. In most areas, they are commonly grown as annuals . Even when they do over-winter, they never seem to bloom as robustly as they did in their first year, which leads many people to think they are biennial , but they should form seed pods in their first year. If you're lucky, they may even self-sow. Exposure They will bloom most profusely in full sun to partial shade, in the spring. Once the temperature heats up, they may stop blooming altogether. Planting them in partial shade and keeping them well watered will help them make it through the summer, to begin blooming again in fall. However, they are quick to get established and it can be just as easy to replace your snapdragon plants each season. Mature Size There are tall varieties and dwarf varieties and just about everything in between. Check the label or packet of the variety you are choosing. Dwarf plants mature at a height of about 6-15 in. and from a dense, bushy plants with lots of flower stalks. Tall varieties tend to be less bushy in habit, reaching a height of 30-48 in. Some varieties bridge the two extremes, growing to a mid-sized 15-30 in. Of course, the actual size and fullness of the plants will also depend on growing conditions. Bloom Period Snapdragons are at their best in cool weather. They can repeat bloom throughout the season, but do best in the cool of spring and fall and throughout the winter, in mild climates. Deadheading can increase the amount of buds that are set, but since the flower stalks begin blooming from the bottom up, they have a fairly long bloom duration anyway. Suggested Varieties They're continually coming out with new snapdragon series. Most are sold as multi-color blends, but you can sometimes find individual colors in both seed and seedling. Some of the more popular series include: Arrow™ Formula Mix - Vivid colors on strong, branching stems. Grows 2' tall. La Bella Mix - A nice blend of colors from pale to bronze to deeply saturated. Grows 12-18" tall. Rocket Mix - a dependable multi-colored series that grows to about 2-3' tall. Design Suggestions Their spiky, bright colored flower stakes make a nice foil for the cooler shades of most spring flowers, like Brunnera and Bleeding Heart . Planted in clusters, they can help a border transition from the spring ephemerals to peak heat season. The pale yellow varieties are the easiest to blend into a mixed border and work nicely with pinks, purples, and even reds. Breeders have been playing with snapdragons for a few years now and there are trailing and creeping varieties becoming more widely available. These are great filler plants for containers, baskets and tucked into walls. Growing Tips Soil: Snapdragons like a neutral soil pH , between 6.2 and 7.0. As short-lived plants, they are not heavy feeders, but adding organic matter will help keep them healthy and blooming. Planting: Snapdragons can be winter sown , meaning you can toss the seeds out in late fall or even on top of snow, and most will germinate in the spring. However, snapdragons are most often either started indoors , 8 - 10 weeks before the last frost date, grown from cuttings or purchased as seedlings. When starting from seed, simply press the seed on the surface of the potting soil. Snapdragon seeds need light to germinate. When seedlings have developed about 6 true leaves, pinch the top of the stem off, to encourage branching and a fuller plant. You can do this with purchased seedlings too. Transplant snapdragons outdoors a couple of weeks before your last frost date. Snapdragons can handle a light frost or two. Maintenance Regular deadheading will keep your snapdragons blooming longer. They won't need much care early in spring, but mulching to keep t he soil cool and moist can help them handle summer better. Snapdragons are tender perennials and may die off in colder climates. If they do survive the winter, prune them back by about 1/3, to encourage new growth. Don't be too disappointed if they don't last long. Snapdragons tend to go downhill after their first year and it's best to start fresh every year. Many varieties will self-seed and come back on their own, although they won't always look like the original plants you planted. Some of the taller varieties will need staking. Pests and Problems Snapdragons are affected by few pests or diseases. Rust and other fungal diseases can be a problem, especially in wet seasons. If you live in a damp or humid area, look for resistant varieties. Snapdragons may also attract aphids .	i don't know
Which group, prominent in the 1990’s, featured Chris Novoselic on bass and Dave Grohl on drums/	Nirvana \| Biography & History \| AllMusic google+ Artist Biography by Stephen Thomas Erlewine Prior to Nirvana , alternative music was consigned to specialty sections of record stores, and major labels considered it to be, at the very most, a tax write-off. After the band's second album, 1991's Nevermind , nothing was ever quite the same, for better and for worse. Nirvana popularized punk, post-punk, and indie rock, unintentionally bringing them into the American mainstream like no other band to date. While their sound was equal parts Black Sabbath (as learned by fellow Washington underground rockers the Melvins ) and Cheap Trick , Nirvana 's aesthetics were strictly indie rock. They covered Vaselines songs, they revived new wave cuts by Devo , and leader Kurt Cobain relentlessly pushed his favorite bands -- whether it was the art punk of the Raincoats or the country-fried hardcore of the Meat Puppets -- as if his favorite records were always more important than his own music. While Nirvana 's ideology was indie rock and their melodies were pop, the sonic rush of their records and live shows merged post-industrial white noise with heavy metal grind. And that's what made the group an unprecedented multi-platinum sensation. Jane's Addiction and Soundgarden may have proven to the vast American heavy metal audience that alternative could rock, and the Pixies may have merged pop sensibilities with indie rock white noise, but Nirvana pulled it all together, creating a sound that was both fiery and melodic. Since Nirvana were rooted in the indie aesthetic but loved pop music, they fought their stardom while courting it, becoming some of the most notorious anti-rock stars in history. The result was a conscious attempt to shed their audience with the abrasive In Utero , which only partially fulfilled the band's goal. But by that point, the fate of the band and Kurt Cobain had been sealed. Suffering from drug addiction and manic depression, Cobain had become destructive and suicidal, though his management and label were able to hide the extent of his problems from the public until April 8, 1994, when he was found dead of a self-inflicted shotgun wound. Cobain may not have been able to weather Nirvana 's success, but the band's legacy stands as one of the most influential in rock & roll history. Kurt Cobain (vocals, guitar) met Chris Novoselic (born Krist Novoselic ) (bass) in 1985 in Aberdeen, Washington, a small logging town 100 miles away from Seattle. While Novoselic came from a relatively stable background, Cobain 's childhood had been thrown into turmoil when his parents divorced when he was eight. Following the divorce, he lived at the homes of various relatives, developing a love for the Beatles and then heavy metal in the process. Eventually, American hardcore punk worked its way into dominating his listening habits and he met the Melvins , an Olympia-based underground heavy punk band. Cobain began playing in punk bands like Fecal Matter, often with the Melvins ' bassist, Dale Crover . Through the Melvins ' leader, Buzz Osborne , Cobain met Novoselic , who also had an intense interest in punk, which meant that he, like Cobain , felt alienated from the macho, redneck population of Aberdeen. The duo decided to form a band called the Stiff Woodies, with Cobain on drums, Novoselic on bass, and a rotating cast of guitarists and vocalists. The group went through name changes as quickly as guitarists, before deciding that Cobain would play guitar and sing. Renamed Skid Row , the new trio featured drummer Aaron Burkhart, who left the band by the end of 1986 and was replaced by Chad Channing . By 1987, the band was called Nirvana . Nirvana began playing parties in Olympia, gaining a cult following. During 1987, the band made ten demos with producer Jack Endino , who played the recordings to Jonathan Poneman , one of the founders of the Seattle-based indie label Sub Pop. Poneman signed Nirvana , and in December of 1988, the band released its first single, a cover of Shocking Blue 's "Love Buzz." Sub Pop orchestrated an effective marketing scheme, which painted the band as backwoods, logging-town hicks, which irritated Cobain and Novoselic . While "Love Buzz" was fairly well-received, the band's debut album, Bleach , was what got the ball rolling. Recorded for just over $600 and released in the spring of 1989, Bleach slowly became a hit on college radio, due to the group's consistent touring. Though Jason Everman was credited as a second guitarist on the sleeve of Bleach , he didn't appear on the record; he only toured in support of the album before leaving the band at the end of the year to join Soundgarden and then Mindfunk . Bleach sold 35,000 copies and Nirvana became favorites of college radio, the British weekly music press, and Sonic Youth , Mudhoney , and Dinosaur Jr. , which was enough to attract the attention of major labels. During the summer of 1990, Nirvana released "Sliver"/"Dive," which was recorded with Mudhoney 's Dan Peters on drums and produced by Butch Vig . The band also made a six-song demo with Vig , which was shopped to major labels, who soon began competing to sign the group. In August, they hit the road with Sonic Youth 's Goo tour (including Crover on drums). By the end of the summer, Dave Grohl , formerly of the D.C.-based hardcore band Scream , had become Nirvana 's drummer and the band signed with DGC for $287,000. Nirvana recorded their second album with Vig , completing the record in June of 1991. Nevermind was released in September, supported by a quick American tour. While DGC was expecting a moderately successful release, in the neighborhood of 100,000 copies, Nevermind immediately became a smash hit, quickly selling out its initial shipment of 50,000 copies and creating a shortage across America. What helped the record become a success was "Smells Like Teen Spirit," a blistering four-chord rocker that was accompanied by a video that shot into heavy MTV rotation. By the beginning of 1992, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" had climbed into the American Top Ten and Nevermind bumped Michael Jackson 's much-touted comeback album Dangerous off the top of the album charts; it reached the British Top Ten shortly afterward. By February, the album had been certified triple platinum. Nirvana 's success took the music industry by surprise, Nirvana included. It soon become apparent that the band wasn't quite sure how to handle its success. Around the time of Nevermind 's release, the band was into baiting its audience -- Cobain appeared on MTV's Headbangers Ball in drag, the group mocked the tradition of miming on the BBC's Top of the Pops by Novoselic constantly throwing his bass into the air and Cobain singing his live vocals in the style of Ian Curtis , and their traditional live destruction of instruments was immortalized on a Saturday Night Live performance that ended with Novoselic and Grohl sharing a kiss -- but by the spring, questions had begun to arise about the band's stability. Cobain married Courtney Love , the leader of the indie rock/foxcore band Hole , in February of 1992, announcing that the couple was expecting a child in the fall. Shortly after the marriage, rumors that Cobain and Love were heavy heroin users began to circulate and the strength of the rumors only increased when Nirvana canceled several summer concerts and refused to mount a full-scale American tour during the summer. Cobain complained that he was suffering from chronic stomach troubles, which seemed to be confirmed when he was admitted to a Belfast hospital after a June concert. But heroin rumors continued to surface, especially in the form of a late-summer Vanity Fair article implying that Love was using during her pregnancy. Both Love and Cobain denied the article's allegations, and publicly harassed and threatened the article's author. Love delivered Frances Bean Cobain, a healthy baby girl, on August 18, 1992, but the couple soon battled with Los Angeles' children's services, who claimed they were unfit parents on the basis of the Vanity Fair article. The couple was granted custody of the child by the beginning of 1993. Since Cobain was going through such well-documented personal problems, Nirvana were unable to record a follow-up to Nevermind until the spring of 1993. In the meantime, DGC released the odds-and-ends compilation Incesticide late in 1992; the album reached number 39 in the U.S. and number 14 U.K. As Nirvana prepared to make their third album, they released "Oh, the Guilt" as a split single with the Jesus Lizard on Touch & Go Records. Choosing Steve Albini ( Pixies , the Breeders , Big Black , the Jesus Lizard ) as their producer, they recorded their third album, In Utero , in two weeks during the spring of 1993. Following its completion, controversy began to surround Nirvana again. Cobain suffered a heroin overdose on May 2, but the event was hidden from the press. The following month, Love called police to their Seattle home after Cobain locked himself in the bathroom, threatening suicide. Prior to debuting In Utero material during the New Music Seminar at New York's Roseland Ballroom in July, Cobain had another covered-up overdose. By that time, reports began to circulate, including an article in Newsweek, that DGC was unhappy with the forthcoming album, and making accusations that the band deliberately made an uncommercial record. Both the band and the label denied such allegations. Deciding that Albini 's production was too flat, Nirvana decided to remaster the album with R.E.M. 's producer, Scott Litt . In Utero was released in September of 1993 to positive reviews and strong initial sales, debuting at the top of the U.S. and U.K. charts. Nirvana supported it with a fall American tour, hiring former Germs member Pat Smear as an auxiliary guitarist. While the album and the tour were both successful, sales weren't quite as strong as expected, with several shows not selling out until the week of the concert. As a result, the group agreed to play MTV's acoustic Unplugged show at the end of the year, and sales of In Utero picked up after its December airing. After wrapping up the U.S. tour on January 8, 1994, with a show at Center Arena in Seattle, Nirvana embarked on a European tour in February. Following a concert in Munich on February 29, Cobain stayed in Rome to vacation with Love . On March 4, she awakened to find that Cobain had attempted suicide by overdosing on the tranquilizer Rohypnol and drinking champagne. While the attempt was initially reported as an accidental overdose, it was known within the Nirvana camp that the vocalist had left behind a suicide note. Cobain returned to Seattle within a week of his hospitalization and his mental illness began to grow. On March 18, the police had to again talk the singer out of suicide after he locked himself in a room threatening to kill himself. Love and Nirvana 's management organized an intervention program that resulted in Cobain 's admission to the Exodus Recovery Center in L.A. on March 30, but he escaped from the clinic on April 1, returning to Seattle. His mother filed a missing persons report on April 4. The following day, Cobain shot himself in the head at his Seattle home. His body wasn't discovered until April 8, when an electrician contracted to install an alarm system at the Cobain house stumbled upon the body. After his death, Kurt Cobain was quickly anointed as a spokesman for Generation X, as well as a symbol of its tortured angst. Novoselic and Grohl planned to release a double-disc live album at the end of 1994, but sorting through the tapes proved to be too painful, so MTV Unplugged in New York appeared in its place. The album debuted at the top of the British and American charts, as a home video comprised of live performances and interviews from the band's Nevermind era, titled Live! Tonight! Sold Out! , was issued at the same time (the project began prior to Cobain 's passing and was completed by surviving bandmembers). In 1996, MTV Unplugged in New York 's electric counterpart, From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah , was released, debuting at the top of the U.S. charts. Following Cobain 's death, Grohl formed the Foo Fighters (early rumors that Novoselic would also be a member of the band ultimately proved to be false), releasing their self-titled debut album in 1995, followed by The Colour and the Shape in 1997 and There Is Nothing Left to Lose in 1999. Novoselic formed the trio Sweet 75 , releasing their debut in the spring of 1997, and also appeared along with former Dead Kennedys frontman Jello Biafra and former Soundgarden guitarist Kim Thayil on the 2000 live set Live from the Battle in Seattle under the name the No W.T.O. Combo . By the late '90s, Novoselic began research for a proposed box set of previously unreleased songs from throughout Nirvana 's career. The project was supposed to surface in the fall of 2001 (to coincide with the tenth anniversary release of Nevermind ), but legal issues delayed its release. Finally, the Nirvana LLC partnership -- which included Grohl and Novoselic plus Courtney Love , who manages Cobain 's estate -- came to an agreement and the album-length compilation Nirvana was released in October of 2002. Although that release included only one unreleased song, the long-awaited box set, titled With the Lights Out, appeared in late 2004, including three discs of rare and unreleased material plus a live DVD that featured material filmed as early as 1988. The band's 1992 set at the Reading Festival was released in 2009 as Live at Reading. The same year, Sub Pop began a Nirvana studio album reissue campaign with Bleach ; special 20th-anniversary editions of Nevermind and In Utero followed in 2011 and 2013, respectively. In 2014, Nirvana was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame by R.E.M. 's Michael Stipe. Cobain 's place in the induction performance was taken by several vocalists, including Joan Jett and Kim Gordon.	Nirvana
Sage Moonblood is the child of which action film actor and director?	Nirvana Biography, Tracks and Songs Nirvana Biography: There are several artists named 'Nirvana'; 1) Nirvana was an American grunge band The band formed in Aberdeen, Washington in 1987, and it was part of the Seattle grunge scene of the late 80s, alongside bands like Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains and Soundgarden. As their popularity rose, alternative rock became a dominant genre on American and Canadian radio and music television during the early-to-mid '90s. In late 1987, Cobain and Novoselic recruited drummer Aaron Burckhard (1987–1988).The three practiced material from Cobain's Fecal Matter tape. After losing contact with Burckhard, the pair instead practised with Dale Crover of the Melvins, and Nirvana recorded its first demos in January 1988. Their first single, a cover version of "Love Buzz", a song by Dutch group 'Shocking Blue', was released in November 1988 on the Seattle independent record label Sub Pop. Their debut album, 'Bleach', was produced by Jack Endino and released in June 1989. Later that year, the band recorded the 'Blew EP' with producer Steve Fisk. At the start of the new decade, the band commenced their first recording sessions to the follow-up album with producer Butch Vig, substituted their drummer by Dave Grohl and signed to DGC Records. The result, 'Nevermind', would eventually sell over seven million copies in the United States, and over 30 million worldwide. In early 1993, Nirvana released "Puss"/"Oh, the Guilt", a split single with The Jesus Lizard, on the independent label Touch & Go. Meanwhile, the group chose Steve Albini as the producer to record its third album. 'In Utero' debuted at number one on the Billboard album chart in September the same year. As Nirvana's frontman, Cobain found himself referred to in the media as the "spokesman of a generation", with Nirvana the "flagship band" of "Generation X", their third studio album 'In Utero' was considered to be a conscious attempt to shed their audience. While Nirvana's mainstream popularity waned in the months following its release, their core audience cherished the band's dark interior, particularly after their 1993 performance on MTV Unplugged with the Meat Puppets, a band that Cobain had always idolised, performing with them the songs Oh, Me, Plateau and Lake of Fire. It was later released and topped the charts in 1994. Nirvana's brief run ended with the suicide of Cobain in 1994, but the band's popularity expanded in the years that followed. Eight years after Cobain's death, "You Know You're Right", an unfinished demo that the band recorded two months prior to Cobain's death, topped radio playlists around the world. Since their debut, the band has sold more than fifty million albums worldwide, including more than ten million copies of Nevermind in the US alone. Nirvana remains a consistent presence on radio stations worldwide. In 2004, the box set "With the Lights Out", a collection of radio sessions, home demos, studio demos and outtakes, was released. A year later, "Sliver: The Best Of The Box" was released, a compilation of selected "WTLO" tracks, but with 3 new tracks including a track from the famous "Fecal Matter" demo. Band members: Kurt Cobain - vocals, guitar (1987–1994), Krist Novoselic - bass (1987–1994) Dave Grohl - drums, vocals (1990–1994) Prior members:Aaron Burckhard - drums (1987–1988), Dale Crover - drums (1988, 1990), Dave Foster - drums (1988), Chad Channing - drums (1988–1990), Jason Everman - guitar (1989), Dan Peters - drums (1990) Touring members: Pat Smear - guitar (1993–1994), Lori Goldston - cello (1993–1994), Melora Creager - cello (1994) --- 2) Nirvana is a UK-based progressive rock band formed in 1967, primarily active in the late 1960s and early 1970s - and still sporadically active to the present day. The band was formed in the summer of 1967 in an era when melodic pop/rock music with baroque and chamber arrangements and instrumentation was highly-prized. The band, consisted of two songwriter/performers - Greek-born Alex Spyropoulos and Irish-born Patrick Campbell-Lyons who met in London. They produced a number of singles (notably "Rainbow Chaser", "Pentecost Hotel", and "Tiny Goddess") for the fledgling Island Records label. The band was signed by Island Records' founder Chris Blackwell in the era when he also signed the bands Traffic and Free. In October 1967 the band released its first album - a concept album produced by Blackwell titled The Story of Simon Simopath. The album was probably the first narrative concept album ever released - predating story-driven concept albums such as The Pretty Things' S.F. Sorrow (December 1968), The Who's Tommy (April 1969) and The Kinks' Arthur (September 1969). Musically, the group blended myriad musical styles including rock, pop, folk, jazz, Latin rhythms and classical music - primarily augmented by baroque chamber-style arrangements to create a unique entity. The next year 1968 their follow-up album, All Of Us, featured a similar broad range of musical styles. Their third album To Markos III was released on the Pye label in 1969. In 1971 the duo amicably separated for a while, with Campbell-Lyons the primary contributor to the next two Nirvana albums, Local Anaesthetic 1971, and Songs Of Love And Praise 1972. Campbell-Lyons subsequently worked as a solo artist and issued further albums: Me And My Friend 1973, Electric Plough 1981, and The Hero I Might Have Been 1983 though these did not enjoy commercial success. The band reunited in 1985, successfully touring Europe and releasing a compilation album Black Flower 1987 containing some new material. (Black Flower had been the provisional title of their third album.) In the 1990s two further albums were released. Secret Theatre 1994 compiled rare tracks and demos, while Orange And Blue 1996 contained previously unreleased material including a tongue-in-cheek cover of the song "Lithium" originally recorded by the American grunge band Nirvana who released its first album in 1989, and who the band had successfully sued over use of the name Nirvana. The undisclosed terms of the settlement has apparently allowed the original Nirvana to continue using its name and issuing new recordings. In 1999 the band released a three-disc CD anthology titled "Chemistry" including several previously-unreleased tracks and some new material. Top musicians who played on Nirvana sessions include: Lesley Duncan, Herbie Flowers, Billy Bremner (later of Rockpile/Dave Edmunds fame), Luther Grosvenor, Wynder K. Frogg, Clem Cattini and the full lineup of rock band Spooky Tooth. The group was in the school of baroque-flavored, melodic pop-rock music typified by The Beatles of "Rubber Soul" and "Revolver", The Beach Boys of Pet Sounds and God Only Knows, the Zombies of Odessey and Oracle and Time Of The Season, the Procol Harum of A Whiter Shade Of Pale, the Moody Blues of Days of Future Passed and Nights In White Satin and The Kinks of Waterloo Sunset. The majority of the tracks on Nirvana's albums fall into that broad genre of contemporary popular music - not easily categorized - but perhaps best described as the baroque or chamber strand of "progressive rock, soft rock or "orchestral pop". Their first three albums were reissued on CD by Universal in 2003 and received critical acclaim. In 2005 Universal (Japan) reissued Local Anaesthetic and Songs Of Love And Praise. As of late 2005 the founding members Alex Spyropoulos and Patrick Campbell-Lyons are still sporadically writing and recording. --- 3) Nirvana was a short-lived Finnish punk band formed in 1980, whose sole release was a 7" vinyl with tracks "Kielletyt leikit" and "Kuljen kaupungilla" with 200 pressings. --- 4) Nirvana was a Dutch pop group, formed in 1985 by producers Bernard Oattes and Rob van Schaik. The group consisted of Anthony Moendir, Frits Broekrits and Annie Alberti and have released one single, "Say When", which became a big hit. The group split up in 1987. --- 5) Nirvana is a side project of The Skaters' James Ferraro. Primitive droning drum beats and swirling synthesizers. --- 6) Nirvana was a Slovenian hard-rock band in the early seventies. They appear on several collections (YU Record Collector Dream, Boom Festival 72). Read more...	i don't know
Which British Prime Minister is buried in Spynie churchyard, Lossiemouth?	20th Century Prime Ministers 1. Arthur Balfour was the nephew of his predecessor the Marquess of Salisbury. 2. In 1924 Ramsay MacDonald was the first Labour Prime Minister. 3. In 1979 Margaret Thatcher became the first woman Prime Minister.	Ramsay MacDonald
Which British Prime Minister attended Chatham House School in Ramsgate?	British Prime Ministers BRITISH PRIME MINISTERS The British Prime Minister resides at number 10 Downing Street, London. The Prime Minister of the day is the Head of Government leader of his party in the House of Commons. He is also the elected MP for his seat in parliament. Henry Addington was born May 30, 1757 in London. He was educated at Winchester and Brasenose College, Oxford. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1784 as Member of Parliament (MP) for Devizes, and became Speaker of the House of Commons in 1789. In March, 1801, Pitt resigned from office after his failure to achieve Catholic emancipation, and Addington was chosen to succeed him as Prime Minister. Addington served as Prime Minister from 1801-1804. He was later elevated to the House of Lords as Viscount Sidmouth. Henry Addington died February 15, 1844. Addington donated to the town of Reading the four acres (16,000 m�) of land that is today the Royal Berkshire Hospital, and his name is commemorated in the town's Sidmouth Street and Addington Road. Herbert Henry Asquith was born on September 12, 1852, in Morley, Yorkshire. Educated at City of London School and Balliol College Oxford. He entered Parliament on July 9, 1886. Before his term as Prime Minister he served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1905 to 1908 and as Home Secretary from 1892 to 1895. Asquith served as Prime Minister from 1908-1916. On 6 November 1925 he was made a Freeman of Huddersfield. Herbert Henry Asquith died February 15, 1928. During his lifetime he was known as H. H. Asquith before his accession to the peerage and as Lord Oxford afterwards. Clement Richard Attlee was born on January 3, 1883, in London. He was educated at Haileybury and University College, Oxford. In 1922, Clement first entered Parliament. Attlee served as Prime Minister from 1945-1951. It was Attlee's government that decided Britain should have an independent atomic weapons programme, and work began on it in 1947. His administration presided over the successful transition from a wartime economy to peacetime, tackling problems of demobilisation, shortages of foreign currency, and adverse deficits in trade balances and government expenditure. Another change he brought about in domestic politics was the establishment of the National Health Service and post-war Welfare State. Attlee led the party in opposition until December 1955, when he retired from the Commons and was elevated to the peerage to take his seat in the House of Lords as Earl Attlee and Viscount Prestwood on 16 December 1955. He attended Churchill's funeral in January 1965 - elderly and frail by then, he had to remain seated in the freezing cold as the coffin was carried, having tired himself out by standing at the rehearsal the previous day. He lived to see his old constituency of Walthamstow West fall to the Conservatives in a by-election in September 1967. Clement Attlee died of pneumonia on 8 October 1967. Former British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin was born on August 3, 1867, in Bewdley, Worcestershire. Baldwin was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. As a young man he served very briefly as a Second Lieutenant in the Artillery Volunteers. In the 1906 general election he contested Kidderminster but lost amidst the Conservative landslide defeat after the party split on the issue of free trade. In 1908 he succeeded his father as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bewdley. During the First World War he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Conservative leader Andrew Bonar Law and in 1917 he was appointed to the junior ministerial post of Financial Secretary to the Treasury where he sought to encourage voluntary donations by the rich in order the repay the United Kingdom's war debt, notably writing to The Times under the pseudonym 'FST'. He personally donated one fifth of his quite small fortune. He served jointly with Sir Hardman Lever, who had been appointed in 1916, but after 1919 Baldwin carried out the duties largely alone. He was appointed to the Privy Council in the 1920 Birthday Honours. In 1921 he was promoted to the Cabinet as President of the Board of Trade. Baldwin served as British Prime Minister from 1923-1929 and again 1935-1937. Stanley Baldwin died on December 14, 1947. Arthur James Balfour was born July 25, 1848, in East Lothian, Scotland. Arthur was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Became the Conservative MP for Hertford in 1874. Arthur James Balfour died March 19, 1930, at Surrey. Balfour was made LL.D. of the University of Edinburgh in 1881; of the University of St Andrews in 1885; of Cambridge University in 1888; of Dublin and Glasgow Universities in 1891; Lord Rector of St Andrews University in 1886; of Glasgow University in 1890; Chancellor of Edinburgh University in 1891; member of the senate London University in 1888; and DCL of Oxford University in 1891. He was president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1904, and became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1888. He was known from early life as a cultured musician, and became an enthusiastic golf player, having been captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in 1894-1895. He was president of the Aristotelian Society from 1914 to 1915. Balfour was also a member of the Society for Psychical Research, a society dedicated to studying psychic and paranormal phenomena, and its president from 1892-1894. Henry Campbell-Bannerman was born on September 7, 1836, in Glasgow, Scotland. Campbell-Bannerman was born at Kelvinside House in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1836 as Henry Campbell. The surname Bannerman was added to his surname in 1871 as required by his maternal uncle's will. It was a condition of his inheritance of his uncle's Kent estate, Hunton Court. He was educated at Glasgow High School, Glasgow University and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1868, he entered Parliament as a Liberal. Campbell-Bannerman served as Prime Minister from 1905-1908. Henry Campbell-Bannerman died on April 22, 1908. His last words were "This is not the end of me." Campbell-Bannerman was buried in the churchyard of Meigle Parish Church, Perthshire, near his home, Belmont Castle. A relatively modest stone plaque set in the exterior wall of the church serves as a memorial. There is a blue plaque outside Campbell-Bannerman's house at 6 Grosvenor Place, London SW1. His bronze bust, sculpted by Paul Raphael Montford is in Westminster Abbey. Benjamin Disraeli was born December 21, 1804, in London. Educated at Higham Hall School in Walthamstow. He served as Prime Minister in 1868 and again in 1874-1880. Disraeli was elevated to the House of Lords in 1876 when Queen Victoria (who liked Disraeli both personally and politically) made him Earl of Beaconsfield and Viscount Hughenden. Benjamin Disraeli died April 19, 1881, in London. He was regarded as the founder of the Conservative party in Britain. Disraeli's most lasting achievement was the creation of the modern Conservative Party after the Corn Laws schism of 1846. Before and during his political career, Disraeli was well-known as a literary and social figure, although his novels are not generally regarded as a part of the Victorian literary canon. He mainly wrote romances, of which Sybil and Vivian Grey are perhaps the best-known today. Andrew Bonar Law was born on September 16, 1858, in New Brunswick, Canada. He was elected to Parliament for Glasgow Blackfriars and Hutchesontown as a Conservative in 1900. He associated himself with the Protectionist wing of the party led by Joseph Chamberlain, and after Chamberlain withdrew from politics in 1906, Law came to lead that wing of the party along with Chamberlain's son, Austen. He had a reputation for honesty and fearlessness, and was well regarded as an effective speaker. These qualities helped him to be appointed as Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade in 1902. He lost his seat to future Labour leader George Nicoll Barnes in the anti-Conservative landslide 1906 General Election, but he returned to represent Dulwich at a by-election later that year. Though hit hard by the death of his wife, he continued his political career; after leaving the House of Commons at the December 1910 election, he returned as MP for Bootle at a by-election in 1911. Bonar served as Prime Minister from 1922-1923. Law died in London on October 30, 1923. He is also the only British Prime Minister to have been born outside the British Isles. A tiny hamlet (unincorporated village) named Bonarlaw is named after the British Prime Minister. It was formerly known as "Big Springs" and then "Bellview" and is located in the municipality of Stirling-Rawdon, Ontario, Canada. Leonard James Callaghan was born on March 27, 1912, in Portsmouth, Hampshire. Callaghan was educated at a Portsmouth state school. Later, James worked for the Inland Revenue. During World War 2, Callaghan served in the Royal Navy Patrol Service. In 1945, James won a seat in the general election. He went on to have a very successful political career becoming Prime Minister at age 64 years. Callaghan is the only person to have served in all four of the Great Offices of State: Prime Minister, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary. James Callaghan died on March 26, 2005. George Canning was born April 11, 1770 in London. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church College, Oxford. While at school, Canning gained renown for his skill in writing and debate. He formed friendships with Lord Liverpool, Granville Leveson-Gower, and John Hookham Frere. Canning began practising Law after receiving his BA from Oxford in the summer of 1791. In 1793, thanks to the help of Pitt, Canning became a Member of Parliament for Newtown on the Isle of Wight, a rotten borough. In 1796, he changed seats to a different rotten borough, Wendover in Buckinghamshire. Canning served as foreign secretary from 1807-1809 and 1822-1827. He served as Prime Minister in 1827. George Canning died suddenly in office on August 8, 1827. William Cavendish was born in 1720 and was thought to have been privately educated by a tutor. William Cavendish was a reluctant Prime Minister and only took on the job at the request of George II. He resigned after only seven months. William Cavendish died on 2 October, 1764, in Germany. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil was born on February 3, 1830, in Hertfordshire. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1853, He became the MP for Stamford. When his father died in 1868, he inherited the Marquessate of Salisbury and as such, become a Member of the House of Lords. Served as Prime Minister from 1885-1892 and 1895-1902. Salisbury's expertise was in foreign affairs. For most of his time as Prime Minister he served not as First Lord of the Treasury, the traditional position held by the Prime Minister, but as Foreign Secretary. Robert Gascoyne-Cecil died on August 22, 1903. Salisbury was offered a dukedom by Queen Victoria in 1886 and 1892, but declined both offers, citing the prohibitive cost of the lifestyle dukes were expected to maintain. Join Us Free Join Paralumun Singles for FREE Arthur Neville Chamberlain was born on March 18, 1869, in Birmingham. He studied at Rugby School and Mason College (later University of Birmingham). Chamberlain followed his father and older half-brother in becoming a Member of Parliament in the 1918 general election at age 49. He declined a junior ministerial position, remaining a backbencher until he was appointed Postmaster General after the 1922 general election. He was rapidly promoted in 1923 to Minister of Health and then Chancellor of the Exchequer but presented no budget before the government fell in 1924. He returned as Minister of Health, introducing a range of reform measures from 1924 to 1929. He was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer in the coalition National Government in 1931 and spent six years reducing the war debt and the tax burden. When Stanley Baldwin retired after the abdication of Edward VIII and the coronation of George VI, Chamberlain took his place as Prime Minister in 1937. Chamberlain served as Prime Minister from 1937-1940. Chamberlain died on November 9, 1940, in Highfield Park, Hampshire. Robert Anthony Eden was born on June 12, 1897, in Bishop Auckland, Durham. He attended Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. During the First World War, Eden serving with the King's Royal Rifle Corps reached the rank of captain, received a Military Cross, and at the age of twenty-one became the youngest brigade-major in the British Army. After fighting a hopeless seat in the November 1922 General Election, Captain Eden, as he was still known, was elected Member of Parliament for Warwick and Leamington in the December 1923 General Election, as a Conservative. In that year also he married Beatrice Beckett. They had three sons, one of whom died shortly after birth, but the marriage was not a success and broke up under the strain of Eden's political career. During the 1924-9 Conservative Government Eden was first Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Home Secretary, Sir William Joynson Hicks, and then in 1926 to the Foreign Secretary Sir Austen Chamberlain. In 1931 he held his first ministerial office as Under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In 1934 he was appointed Lord Privy Seal and Minister for the League of Nations in Stanley Baldwin's Government. Robert Eden served as Prime Minister from 1955-1957. Eden died in 1977. Anthony Eden is buried in the country churchyard at Alvediston, just 3 miles upstream from 'Rose Bower' at the source of the River Ebble. He was fluent in French, German and Persian and also spoke Russian and Arabic. Augustus Henry Fitzroy was born 28 September, 1735. Educated at Westminster School and Peterhouse, Cambridge. In 1756, he entered Parliament as MP for Boroughbridge, a pocket borough; several months later, he switched constituencies to Bury St Edmunds, which was controlled by his family. However, a year later, his grandfather died and he succeeded as 3rd Duke of Grafton, which elevated him to the House of Lords. He served as Prime Minister for 1 year, 106 days. He received the Garter from the King. Augustus Henry Fitzroy died 14 March, 1811, Euston Hall, Suffolk. Grafton County, New Hampshire, in the United States, is named in his honour, as is the town of Grafton, New South Wales, Australia. David Lloyd George was born January 17, 1863, in Manchester. David was educated at Llanystumdwy Village School. In 1890, George was first elected as the Liberal MP for Caernarfon. He served as Prime Minister from 1916-1922. Was the first, and only Welsh Prime Minister that Britain has had so far and the last Liberal to hold the office. On New Years Day 1945 Lloyd George was raised to the peerage as Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor and Viscount Gwynedd, of Dwyfor in the County of Caernarvonshire. George died on March 26, 1945. A great boulder marks his grave; there is no inscription. However a grand monument designed by the late architect Sir Clough Williams-Ellis has since been erected around the grave, bearing an englyn (strict-metre stanza) engraved on slate in his memory composed by his nephew Dr William George. Across the lane stands one of the entrances to the impressive Lloyd George Museum, also designed by Williams-Ellis and opened in 1963. William Ewart Gladstone was born on December 29, 1809, in Liverpool. William was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. Gladstone served as President of the Oxford Union debating society, where he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the House of Commons. At university Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform. Elected to Parliament in 1832 as Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Newark, partly through the influence of the local patron, the Duke of Newcastle. Although Gladstone entered Lincoln's Inn in 1833, with a view to becoming a barrister, by 1839 he had requested that his name should be removed from the list because he no longer intended to be called to the Bar. In the House of Commons, Gladstone was initially a disciple of High Toryism, opposing the abolition of slavery and factory legislation. In December 1834 he was appointed as a Junior Lord of the Treasury in Robert Peel's first ministry. The following month he was appointed as Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, an office he held until the government's resignation in April 1835. Gladstone published his first book, The State in its Relations with the Church, in 1838, in which he argued that the goal of the state should be to promote and defend the interests of the Church of England. He served as Prime Minister four times from 1868-1874, 1880-1885, 1886, and 1892-1894. William Ewart Gladstone died on May 19, 1898. Gladstone, Queensland, Australia was named after him and has a statue on display in its town museum. George Grenville was born on 14 October, 1712, at Westminster, London. George Grenville was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. In Parliament he subscribed to the "Boy Patriot" party which opposed Sir Robert Walpole. In December 1744 he became a lord of the admiralty in the administration of Henry Pelham. He allied himself with his brother Richard and with William Pitt the Elder (Richard's brother-in-law) in forcing their leader to give them promotion by rebelling against his authority and obstructing business. In June 1747 Grenville became a Lord of the Treasury, and in 1754 Treasurer of the Navy and Privy Councillor. A major falling out with King George III lead to Grenville eventually being sacked by the King. He served 2 years and 85 days as Prime Minister. George Grenville died on 13 November, 1770, London. Charles Grey was born on March 13, 1764, in Northumberland. Known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807. Charles was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. Grey was elected to Parliament at the age of 22 in 1786. He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and the Prince of Wales, and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party. Grey was noted for advocating Parliamentary reform. Grey served as Prime Minister from 1830-1834. Grey died on July 17, 1845. An interesting fact is that "Earl Grey" tea is named after him. He is commemorated by Grey's Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a 41 m (135 ft) high column. The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro located directly underneath. Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne is also indebted to Lord Grey for its name. Edward Richard George Heath was born on July 9, 1916, in St. Peter's, Kent. Heath was educated at Chatham House Grammar School and Balliol College, Oxford. During World War 2, Edward served in the Royal Artillery. He attained the rank of Colonel. In 1950, Heath was elected to Parliament as a Conservative. Although he lead the party to a loss in the 1966 general election, Heath lead the party to victory in the 1970 general election. He served as Prime Minister from 1970-1974. Edward Heath died on July 17, 2005 in Salisbury, Wiltshire. He wrote three non-political books, Sailing, Music, and Travels, and an autobiography, The Course of My Life (1998). The latter took 14 years to produce. Heath was a keen yachtsman. He bought his first yacht Morning Cloud in 1969 and won the Sydney to Hobart race that year. He captained Britain's winning team for the Admiral's Cup in 1971 while Prime Minister and also captained the team in the 1979 Fastnet race. Thomas Pelham-Holles was born on 21 July 1693, London. Educated at Westminster School and Clare Hall, Cambridge. He held power with his brother, Henry Pelham (the Prime Minister of Great Britain), for about ten years; after Henry's death, the Duke would hold his late brother's position for six years (in two separate periods). While his premiership was not particularly notable, Newcastle precipitated the Seven Years War, which would cause his resignation from his high position. After his second term as Prime Minister, he served for a short while in Lord Rockingham's government, before retiring from government. He Died on 17 November, 1768. Alexander Frederick Douglas-Home was born on October 9, 1995 in Mayfair, London. Alexander was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford. Alexander became the 14th Earl of Home after inheriting his fathers seat in the House of Lords. Douglas-Home served as Prime Minister from October, 1963 to October, 1964. He died on October 9, 1995. He held a series of records: he was the last member of the House of Lords to be appointed Prime Minister; the only Prime Minister to renounce his peerage to leave the House of Lords and contest a by-election to enter the House of Commons; and the last Prime Minister to be chosen personally by the British monarch. He was also the only Prime Minister to have played first class cricket and the first British Prime Minister to have been born in the 20th century. Robert Banks Jenkinson was born June 7, 1770, in London. Robert was educated at Charterhouse and Christs Church College, Oxford. He won election to the House of Commons in 1790 for Rye, a seat he would hold until 1803, and rose quickly through the Tory ranks. Jenkinson served as Prime Minister from 1812-1827. Robert Banks Jenkinson died December 4, 1828. During his time as Prime Minister from 1812 to 1827, Liverpool became known for repressive measures introduced to maintain order, but also for steering the country through the period of radicalism and unrest that followed the Napoleonic Wars. Important events during his time as Prime Minister included the Congress of Vienna, the Corn Laws, the Peterloo Massacre and the emerging issue of Catholic Emancipation. William Lamb was born March 15, 1779, in London. A British Whig statesman who served as Home Secretary (1830-1834) and Prime Minister (1834 and 1835-1841), and was a mentor of Queen Victoria. William studied at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1805 he succeeded his elder brother as heir to his father's title and he married Lady Caroline Ponsonby. The next year he was elected to the British House of Commons as the Whig MP for Leominster. Lamb served as Prime Minister from 1834 and 1835-1841. He died November 24, 1848 at Hertfordshire. Melbourne's most visible memorial is the city of Melbourne, Australia, which was named after him in 1837. Harold Macmillan was born on February 10, 1894, in Brixton. A British Conservative politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 11 January 1957 to 18 October 1963. Nicknamed 'Supermac', he did not use his first name and was known as Harold Macmillan before elevation to the peerage. When asked what represented the greatest challenge for a statesman, Macmillan replied: Events, my dear boy, events. Harold was educated at Eton and Oxford. Macmillan served with distinction as a captain in the Grenadier Guards during the war and was wounded on three occasions. During the Battle of the Somme, he spent an entire day wounded and lying in a foxhole with a bullet in his pelvis. In 1924, Macmillan was elected to the House of Commons, he lost his seat in 1929 but regained it in 1931. Macmillan served as Prime Minister from 1957 - 1963. In 1984, Macmillan accepted an earldom. James Ramsay MacDonald was born October 12, 1866 in Lossiemouth, Morayshire. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. His second period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. James was educated at the Church of Scotland school in Drainie and also attended night classes at Birkbeck Institute. In his early years MacDonald worked as a teacher. He served as Prime Minister in 1924 and again 1929-1935. MacDonald died on November 9, 1937, while on a cruise holiday crossing the Atlantic. The Right Honourable Sir John Roy Major, was born on March 29, 1943. Major grew up in the poor area of Brixton. John attended "Rutlish Grammar School" where he left at age 16. Worked at the "Standard Chartered Bank". In 1968, Major was elected to the Lambeth borough council. In 1979, He was elected to Parliament as a Conservative. John Major became British Prime Minister on November 27, 1990. He resigned as Prime Minister on May 2, 1997. John Major was Knighted in 2005. Lord North was born 13 April, 1732, Albermarle St., Piccadilly, London. Educated at Eton and Trinity College, Oxford. Some historians have blamed Lord North for the loss of America during the War of Independence. He served as a Member of Parliament from 1754 to 1790 and first joined the government as a junior Lord of the Treasury on 2 June 1759 during the Newcastle-Pitt coalition. North was appointed Joint Paymaster of the Forces in Chatham's ministry and became a Privy Counsellor in 1766. In December 1767, he succeeded Charles Townshend as Chancellor of the Exchequer. When the Duke of Grafton resigned as Prime Minister, North formed a government on 28 January 1770 Served as Prime Minister for 12 years, 58 days. Lord North died 5 August, 1792, London. Viscount Palmerston was born October 20, 1784, in London. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh University and St. John's College, Cambridge. Palmerston served as Prime Minister from 1855-1858 and 1859-1865. Viscount Palmerston died October 18, 1865, in Hertfordshire. Sir Robert Peel was born February 5, 1788, in Bury, England. Robert was educated at Harrow and Christ Church, Oxford. The young Peel entered politics at the young age of 21 as MP for the Irish rotten borough of Cashel, Tipperary. With a scant 24 voters on the rolls, he was elected unopposed. For the next decade he occupied a series of relatively minor positions in the Tory governments: Undersecretary for War, Chief Secretary for Ireland, and chairman of the Bullion Committee (charged with stabilizing British finances after the end of the Napoleonic Wars). He also changed seats twice: first picking up another rotten borough, Chippenham, then becoming MP for Oxford University in 1817. He later served as MP for Tamworth from 1830 until his death. He served as Prime Minister from 1834-1835 and 1841-1846. Peel died on July 2, 1850. He helped create the modern concept of the police force while Home Secretary, oversaw the formation of the Conservative Party out of the shattered Tory Party, and repealed the Corn Laws. Henry Palham was born on 25 September, 1694, at Laughton, Sussex. Henry Palham was Educated at Westminster School and Hart Hall, Oxford. Through strong family influence and the recommendation of Robert Walpole he was chosen in 1721 a Lord of the Treasury. The following year he was returned for Sussex county. In 1724 he entered the ministry as Secretary at War. Pelham served Prime Minister from 1743 to 1754. Henry Pelham died on 6 March 1754. Spencer Perceval was born November 1, 1762 in London. He was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1796, he became a member of the House of Commons. Perceval served as British Prime Minister from 1809-1812. Spencer Perceval died May 11, 1812, in the Lobby of the House of Commons after being assassinated. On May 11, 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry when he was shot through the heart in the lobby of the House of Commons by a mentally unsound man called John Bellingham, who blamed his financial instability on a casual suggestion of Perceval. He died almost instantly, uttering the words "I am murdered", and Bellingham gave himself up to officers. He was found guilty and hanged a week later. In later life Perceval had became an expert on Biblical prophecy and wrote pamphlets relating prophecies which he had discovered. William Petty was born 2 May, 1737, Dublin, Ireland. He was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. After leaving the university he served in Wolfe's regiment (20th Foot) during the Seven Years' War, and so distinguished himself at Minden and Kloster-Kampen that he was raised to the rank of Colonel and appointed Aide-de-Camp to the King (1760). William Petty served as Prime Minister for 266 days. Known as The Earl of Shelburne between 1761 and 1784, by which title he is generally known to history, was a British Whig statesman who was the first Home Secretary in 1782 and then Prime Minister 1782 - 1783. Credited with securing the peace with America, Spain and France. William Petty died 7 May, 1805, London. Lord Lansdowne was twice married. William Pitt was born 15 November, 1708, Westminster, London. He was educated at Eton, Trinity College Oxford, and the University of Utrecht. William Pitt had a colourful career and is credited with the birth of the British Empire. A British Whig statesman who achieved his greatest fame as Secretary of State during the Seven Years' War. He served as Prime Minister for 2 years, 76 days. William Pitt died 11 May, 1778, Bromley, Kent. He is often known as William Pitt, the Elder to distinguish him from his son, William Pitt the Younger. He was also known as The Great Commoner. In addition to the major American city of Pittsburgh being named after him, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, the communities of Pittsburg, New Hampshire and Chatham, New Jersey, as well as Chatham University in Pennsylvania are all named in his honor. Archibald Primrose was born May 7, 1847, in London. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. In 1868, he succeeded to his grandfathers title as 5th Earl of Rosebery. Primrose served as Prime Minister from 1894-1895. Rosebery's government was largely unsuccessful. His designs in foreign policy, such as expansion of the fleet, were defeated by disagreements within the Liberal Party, while the Unionist-dominated House of Lords stopped the whole of the Liberals' domestic legislation. On June 21, 1895, Rosebery resigned after a minor defeat in the House of Commons. Archibald Primrose died May 21, 1929. Thoroughbred horse racing As a result of his marriage to Hannah de Rothschild, Rosebery acquired Mentmore Towers and Mentmore stud near Leighton Buzzard that had been built by Mayer Amschel de Rothschild. Rosbery would build another stable and stud near Mentmore Towers at Crafton, Buckinghamshire, called Crafton Stud. Rosebery's horses won at least one of each of the five English Classic Races. Among the most famous were Ladas who won the 1894 Epsom Derby, Sir Visto who did it again in 1895, and Cicero in 1905. A southern suburb of Sydney, Australia, is named Rosebery, after the Earl. Frederick John Robinson was born October 30, 1782 in London. Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon PC (November 1, 1782 - January 28, 1859), Frederick John Robinson until 1827, The Viscount Goderich 1827 - 1833, and The Earl of Ripon 1833 onwards, was a British statesman and Prime Minister (when he was known as Lord Goderich). He was educated at Harrow and St. John's College, Cambridge. Robinson entered Parliament in 1806. He was made Privy Counsellor in 1812, and served in various minor positions in the government of Lord Liverpool, including joint-Paymaster of the Forces, from which position he sponsored the Corn Laws of 1815, before entering the Cabinet in 1818 as President of the Board of Trade. In 1823 Robinson succeeded Nicholas Vansittart as Chancellor of the Exchequer. He served for a brief period as Prime Minister. Frederick John Robinson died January 28, 1859 in London. John Russell was born August 18, 1792, in London. Russell was born into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy. The Russell family had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country. John was educated at Westminster School and University of Edinburgh. Russell entered parliament as a Whig in 1813. In 1819, Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform, and led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. When the Whigs came to power in 1830 in Earl Grey's government, Russell entered the government as Paymaster of the Forces, and was soon elevated to the Cabinet. He was one of the principal leaders of the fight for the Reform Act 1832, earning the nickname Finality John from his complacently pronouncing the Act a final measure. In 1834, when the leader of the Commons, Lord Althorp, succeeded to the peerage as Earl Spencer, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons, a position he maintained for the rest of the decade, until the Whigs fell from power in 1841. He served as Prime Minister from 1846-1852 and 1865-1866. Russell died May 28, 1878 at Surrey. John Stuart was born on 25 May, 1713 at Parliament Square, London. John Stuart was educated at Eton and the University of Leiden, Netherlands. In 1737, due to the influence of his uncles, he was elected a Scottish representative peer, but he was not very active in the Lords and was not reelected in 1741. For the next several years he retired to his estates in Scotland to manage his affairs and indulge his interest in botany. The Earl of Bute only served 317 days as British Prime Minister. Died on 10 March, 1792, Grosvenor Square, London. The flowering plant genus Stuartia is named after him. Margaret Thatcher was born 13 October, 1925, in Grantham, Lincolnshire. Thatcher was educated at Kesteven and Grantham Girls School and Somerville College, Oxford. She became President of the university Conservative association. Margaret Thatcher was elected as the Conservative MP for Finchley in 1959. She was later shadow spokesperson for Education. Thatcher became Education Secretary in 1970. She became the the party leader in 1975. Then, in 1979, Margaret Thatcher lead her party to victory and became Prime Minister. Thatcher was the first woman to serve as Prime Minister. She was the Prime Minister for 11 years and 209 days. Sir Robert Walpole was born on 26 August 1676, at Houghton, Norfolk. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge. He was married to Catherine Shorter and then Maria Skerrett. Sir Robert Walpole never actually held the title of "Prime Minister", which did not excist at that time. But Sir Robert Walpole was the first to live and work in Number 10 Downing Street and in history has been regarded as the first Prime Minister. Walpole, a Whig, served during the reigns of George I and George II. His tenure is normally dated from 1721, when he obtained the post of First Lord of the Treasury; others date it from 1730, when, with the retirement of Lord Townshend, he became the sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet. The "longer" version of the tenure is generally upheld by the contemporary press, most notably that of the opposition, who focused far more attention upon Walpole than his counterpart. Walpole continued to govern until he resigned in 1742, making his administration the longest in British history. He went on to spend some 20 years as the Prime Minister. Sir Robert Walpole died in March, 1745. Arthur Wellesley was born on May 1, 1769 in Ireland. He was educated at Eton and Royal Academy of Equitation, Angers, France. He served in the army and attained the rank of Field Marshal. Widely considered one of the leading military and political figures of the nineteenth century, and one of the greatest generals of all time. Commissioned an ensign in the British Army, he rose to prominence in the Napoleonic Wars, eventually reaching the rank of field marshal, after the Battle of Vittoria in 1813. His military career culminated at Waterloo, where he defeated the French Emperor, Napoleon in a hard fought battle. Wellesley served as Prime Minister from 1769-1852. During his first seven months as Prime Minister he chose not to live in the official residence at 10 Downing Street, finding it too small. He relented and moved in only because his own home, Apsley House, required extensive renovations. Arthur Wellesley died on September 14, 1852. He was largely instrumental in the foundation of King's College London. Charles Wentworth was born: 13 May, 1730. A descendant of the 1st Earl of Strafford, Lord Rockingham was brought up at the family home of Wentworth Woodhouse near Rotherham in South Yorkshire. He was educated at the Westminster School and at St John's College, Cambridge. In 1746, he rode from Wentworth to Carlisle to join the Duke of Cumberland in pursuit of the "Young Pretender." Four years later, he was created Earl Malton in the Peerage of Ireland, then acceded to his father's marquessate shortly thereafter. He took his seat in the House of Lords the following year, and in 1751 was made a lord of the bedchamber to George II. He was made a knight of the Order of the Garter in 1761. Charles Wentworth served 1 year, 113 days as Prime Minister. His term was successful, but he was later sacked by the King. Charles Wentworth died 1 July, 1782, Wimbledon, London. He served in only two high offices during his lifetime (Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Lords), but was nonetheless very influential during his one and a half years of service. Spencer Compton was born on 1673 in Compton Wynyates, Warwickshire. He was educated at St Paul's School, Westminster and Trinity College, Oxford. Served as Speaker of the House of Commons, Paymaster General, and treasurer to the Prince of Wales. Although his family were High Tories, he turned to the Whigs after a quarrel with his brother, the 4th Earl of Northampton. In Parliament he soon stood out as prominent amongst the Whigs and began a partnership with Robert Walpole that would last for over forty years. Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, served as Prime Minister from 1742 -43. He died in 1743. James Harold Wilson was born on March 11, 1916 in Huddersfield. Harold studied at the Wirral Grammar School for Boys, the Jesus College, Oxford and youngest Oxford University. For a while Wilson lectured in economics at New College and then at University College. Wilson served served as Prime Minister from 1964-1970 and 1974-1976. He was knighted in 1976. Harold Wilson died May 24, 1995. He is buried on St Mary's, Isles of Scilly. His epitaph is Tempus Imperator Rerum (Time Commands All Things). His memorial service was held in Westminster Abbey on 13 July.	i don't know
Chastity Sun is the child of which female pop singer and actress?	Chaz Bono Through The Years Picture \| Chaz Bono: From Chastity to Chaz Through The Years - ABC News ABC News Chaz Bono: From Chastity to Chaz Through The Years + − Chaz Bono Through The Years Born Chastity Sun Bono March 4, 1969, to megastars Cher and Sonny Bono, Chaz Bono detailed his going through gender reassignment surgery and transformation from female to male in his new memoir, "Transition: The Story of How I Became a Man," which is in stores now. In this photo, a 7-month-old Bono plays with mother Cher. Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono: New Body, New Wardrobe Chaz Bono checks his text messages after doing some shopping at John Varvatos in West Hollywood, Calif., January 14, 2014. FameFlynet Chaz Bono Through The Years Chaz Bono was honored at the 2012 GLAAD Media Awards for his OWN documentary "Becoming Chaz" and with the Stephen F. Kolzak Award given by GLAAD to a gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender entertainer. His mother, Cher, surprised him by turning up in a large afro wig. "HE was adorable,Said wow mom i was so surprised i forgot what i was going 2say!" the singer later tweeted. Jason Merritt/Getty Images Chaz Bono's Proposal to Longtime Girlfriend On the premiere of OWN's 'Being Chaz,' Chaz Bono asks for the hand of his girlfriend Jennifer Elia atop Seattle's Space Needle. 'It's stunning. It's huge, " gushed Elia about her new engagement ring. The couple announced they broke up on December 19, 2011 Courtesy of OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network Chaz Bono Through The Years Born Chastity Sun Bono March 4, 1969, to megastars Cher and Sonny Bono, Chaz Bono detailed his going through gender reassignment surgery and transformation from female to male in his new memoir, "Transition: The Story of How I Became a Man," which is in stores now. In this photo, a 7-month-old Bono plays with mother Cher. Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono Through The Years Singing sensations Cher and Sonny Bono first lit up the pop charts with their 1965 hit song, "I Got You Babe." This family portrait was taken in 1971 when Chaz Bono was 2, the same year that the popular TV series, "The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour," debuted. Bono is Sonny and Cher's only child. Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono Through The Years Cher holding 2-year-old Bono. Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono Through The Years In his documentary, "Becoming Chaz," which debuted at the 2011 Sundance Festival, Bono talked about how he loathed the footage of him from the "Sonny & Cher" years. "I looked retarded on that show," he said in the film. He also talked about his childhood desire to be just like his dad, Sonny Bono. In this photo, the two are dressed in matching houndstooth suits on an episode of "Sonny & Cher" in 1972. CBS Photo Archive Chaz Bono Through The Years Bono has said publically that he always felt like a male trapped in a female shell. Here, Bono is pictured with friend Ricky in 1978. Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono Through The Years Bono's seventh-grade school picture, 1982. "My seventh- and eighth-grade year was a particularly hellacious year for me," he told "Nightline." "Puberty. And I was at a school that just wasn't appropriate for my needs. It was just very straight, strict academic school." Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono Through The Years Bono's sexuality first made headlines when he was 18, then still Chastity, and was outed by a tabloid magazine. Bono is shown here with a friend, Heidi, at the Oscars in 1987, where his mother, Cher, won her first Academy Award for Best Actress for the role of Loretta Castorini in "Moonstruck." Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono Through The Years Cher, Bono and his aunt after one of Cher's shows in 1991. In a 2010 interview with "Nightline's" Cynthia McFadden, Cher said it was difficult for her after her daughter came out as a lesbian. "She had told everybody but me," Cher said at the time, "because she was frightened to tell me...What are people going to think?" Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono Through The Years As he aged, Bono struggled with being a woman. "I just thought something was wrong with me," Bono told "Nightline." "I was really a man so I never wanted to be a woman. That's how I was failing as a lesbian." His mother, Cher, divorced Sonny Bono in 1975 and married rock star Gregg Allman of the Allman brothers. The couple had a son, Elijah Blue Allman, in 1976. This photo shows Allman and Chaz Bono, then Chastity, in Malibu in 1992. Courtesy Chaz Bono Chaz Bono: From Chastity to Chaz In a rare and candid interview at his home in West Hollywood, Calif., Bono, 42, talked to "Nightline's" Cynthia McFadden about his contentment with the decision to undergo gender reassignment surgery. "This is how I was born. I mean, there's no doubt in my mind," he said. "It has exceeded every expectation that I've had." Bono is pictured here with McFadden, right, and his partner, Jennifer Elia, left, during the May 2011 interview. Rick Rowell/ABC News Chaz Bono: From Chastity to Chaz Chaz's latest challenge is "Dancing With The Stars." The two-hour season premiere of "Dancing with the Stars," will be broadcast on Sept. 19 on the ABC Television Network. Adam Taylor/ABC News	Cher
Which group, prominent in the 1980’s, featured Johnny Marr on guitar, Andy Rourke on bass and Mike Joyce on drums?	Best Female Singers of All Time - Top Ten List - TheTopTens® Best Female Singers of All Time hayreanmarjon The Top Ten 1 Whitney Houston Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer, actress, producer, and model. In 2009, Guinness World Records cited her as the most awarded female act of all time. Houston is one of pop music's best-selling music artists of all-time, with an estimated 170–200 ... read more . By far Whitney has the most voice control ever, she has set the standards for singing that has not been matched, she is also the most influential singer in the world. Actually Mariah is the most influential. You were also exaggerating a bit I mean, if you're gonna talk about Whitney, be fair! - Lironyaron Love you whitney you just the best singer I ever heard and the most awarded. Maybe your voice isn't there anymore but I will always love you for the joy and the emotions you give me when I hear your songs. Who on earth can compare to Whitney Houston when she is on the stage? Thank God to bestow the greatest singer of all time that we all can enjoy her beautiful voice. Even though she cannot sing like she used to be in the late 1990s, her incomparable voice and all beautiful melodies will always impress in my mind. Whitney has the greatest female voice of music history - her only flaw is her poor technique, but she is self-taught - anewman V 1008 Comments 2 Mariah Carey Mariah Carey is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She won 5 Grammys, got her documentary movie "Glitter" and also one of the biggest best-selling women in the music industry. ... read more . Put simply, there is just NO other singer in the world that can make the hair on the back of your neck stand up, to the same degree as Mariah Carey. It's her range; her tonal sound; her accuracy of pitch; her 'trills' (vocal runs); and her upper power when hitting high notes that made her one of the all time greats. Sure, there are many great singers and she's perhaps not as good as what she was in the 90's, but that's more been her change in musical direction rather than a decline in ability - she's well and truly proved that with her 2010 Christmas Concert in recorded in Washington last year. PLUS, she writes all her own songs, when too many of the big names these days, unfortunately don't! Mariah's voice is just incomparable, there's nothing else I can say about it, its beautifully pure, angelic and very very unique. Just an all round perfect voice with the ability of going really being like a big bonus. Just listen to Never Too Far to get a sense of what shes capable of and then listen to Bliss which shows off her higher range (whistle notes) I LOVE HER she is very consistent with his work, although when I she was not famous anymore as it once was, but around the world who does not know the voice capability is pretty amazing. Class singer Beyonce was even I do not think it can match its octave voice is very high. You deserve No. 1 you are a really brilliant singer V 842 Comments 3 Celine Dion Definitely deserves #1. I have never heard a singer who gives me chills up and down the spine as she does. Just listen to her rendition of "Oh Holy Night". Her range is beyond incredible. Celine deserves the number 1 spot. Come on, she has recorded songs with some of the worlds greatest singers and sings very well in five different languages. She sings like an angel and has such charm about her. Stop talking about beyonces look here because we are talking about voices and by far celine is number one, mariah is number two, whitney is number three and of them all, celine has been the most consistent with her records and has passed mariah to become the worlds best selling female vocalist of all time. Celine is the most versatile singer in the world and here is why : Listen to "that's just the woman in me" and you will understand, knowing her as a crystal clear voice... And than a totally new sound, new texture in the most powerful notes of this song... It blew me away... I couldn't believe what I just listen to. And now ask MC or WH or CA or anybody out there to ( try ) to do this: they will cry and will acknowledge that only Celine can do this. She can imitate a electric garage door, a piano, a flute, trumpet. Etc... She is a chameleon with her voice, flawless, perfect control, most power voice in the high notes with stamina ( All by myself ) and the list goes on and on and on... Truly the best. Most beautiful and talented female singer ever V 844 Comments 4 Christina Aguilera Christina María Aguilera is an American singer, songwriter, and record producer, best known for songs such as "Beautiful", "Genie In A Bottle", "Fighter", "Hurt", "Dirrty", "Your Body", "Lady Marmalade", "Reflection", "I Turn To You", "Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)" "What A Girl Wants" and ... read more . She has one of the highest vocal ranges in music history, a superb 4 octave range! She is definitely one of the best and one of the highest selling artists! Christina is clearly an extremely talented singer that puts her all into her music. Her vocal ability is absolutely outstanding. She sings because it's what she loves to do. Christina Aguilera is a very inspiring singer that will never lose her amazing voice. She is the best singer of the generation, and absolutely one of the best singers of all time. She sings to express herself, and she doesn't care if that means less album sales, or less popularity. Christina, never stop singing. Christina aguilera seriously how is she not top 5 or even first she is beautiful brilliant singer always has a standing ovation and you never cease to be amazed and amazing vocal range SHE IS AMAZING THE BEST number 1 With her 4 octaves vocal range and effortless malissmatic singing and her unique and amazing timber christina should be n1! just wow the voice of our generation without any doubts V 618 Comments 5 Aretha Franklin Aretha Louise Franklin (born March 25, 1942) is an American singer–songwriter and musician. Franklin began her career singing gospel at her father, minister C. L. Are you kidding me? Arethra Franklin widely is widely accepted as the greatest singer of all time, not just the greatest female singer. And she's been placed below Miley Cyrus here... Really? Please just listen to her sing respect and THEN vote. Aretha Franklin is BY FAR one of the greatest singers of all time Rolling stone rated her #1 for the greatest singers of all time. She was even higher than a bunch of guys she should be #1 on this list - mitchiscool Nothing needs to be said just amazing singer, great vocals a lot of talent really worked with some amazing artists as well. It's obvious this poll is voted on by deaf people. Aretha is simply the best female singer of all time. And don't forget Janis Joplin, the best female rock voice of all time just like Rod Stewart is the best male Rock voice of all time. No poll could ever change that. V 207 Comments 6 Beyonce Knowles Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter, is an American singer and actress, who started out in the popular pop/r&b girl group Destiny's Child. They had multiple top 5 hits such as "No, No, No", "Say My Name", "Bills, Bills, Bills", "Survivor", "Independent Women", "Bootylicious", and "Jumpin', Jumpin" from ... read more . This woman is amazing. Her voice is just out of this world, and completely flawless! Just watch her perform. She puts all of her soul in her singing. By the way, being a devoted fan, I decided to watch The Beyoncé Experience Live. Some minutes later, I noticed I was crying like a baby. That's how Queen Bee leaves me with one of her greatest performances of all time. You guys have to check it out. Beyonce is the singer at all the time she has lots of talents than any other female singer. Beyonce she is sexy and beautiful than any other women. Beyonce is better than rihanna and lady gaga even better than any other female singer. THEIR IS ONLY ONE BEYONCE IN THE WORLD... Beyonce is my ultimate idol. She is so talented! She can sing, dance, and act! I also love her song irreplaceable for me she is the best! She can hit a lot of high notes and she can perform really well and she has accomplished more in her career than any female still making music V 611 Comments 7 Adele Adele Laurie Blue Adkins is an English singer and songwriter. Graduating from the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in 2006, Adele was given a recording contract by XL Recordings after a friend posted her demo on Myspace the same year. She is best known with her international hit singles ... read more . Are you freaking kidding me?! Adele is below Kesha, Lady Gaga, and Hillary Duff...? WHERE IS THE JUSTICE IN THIS GOD FORSAKEN LIST! Adele is definitely top 3 material. You moronic people voting for Disney channel kids and pop blunders need to get a grip on what TALENT is... This woman is unbelievable. Sure, whitney, beyonce etc are impressive singers, but only listening to adeles pure voice gives me the chills Adele has amazing talent! She is one of the greatest singers of all times! Why is she on 127th place? I don't get it.. Adele is an incredible person and singer-songwriter! Vote for her! "She is the best female singer of my time" V 656 Comments 8 Katy Perry Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (Katy Perry) was born on October 25, 1984 in Santa Barbara, California. Katy Perry is a singer, songwriter, actress and an ambassador on one of the most popular companies of now, UNICEF. ... read more . Seriously? 103? V 826 Comments 10 Taylor Swift Taylor Alison Swift (Taylor Swift) is an American singer-songwriter. She was born on December 13, 1989 in Reading, Pennsylvania. She is best known for writing break up songs and for having more than 5 Grammys . She became interested in country music when she was around 9 years old and after watching ... read more . Taylor swift is beautiful and she sings very well. she really is 1 best singer for me. I love her voice and her songs are the best songs ever. These comments -- look at the first trait you list here and then let's rethink the whole voting her as the best ever. I like Taylor Swift, I think she's clever, and she actually writes her own music. She has a very pleasant voice, but she isn't an amazing singer. she is so pretty and sings very, very good.! I love her.. she is my favourite singer ever! love her so much! she is the best! i love all the songs of her! Taylor you're the best! No one can defeat you! Especially miley cyrus, she should be at 50 Taylor swift is beautiful and best singer! I love taylor! ? Jessica Sutta ? AJ Michalka Amanda Joy "AJ" Michalka, often credited as simply AJ, is an American actress, singer-songwriter, and musician. The Contenders 11 Pink Alecia Beth Moore known professionally as P!NK, is an American singer, songwriter, dancer and actress. If this is a competition in vocal perfection, then we would need both Maria Callas, Anna Netrebko and Randy Crawford at the top of this list. But in the pop rock business, Pink is indeed recognized among her colleagues as one of the most naturally gifted and original vocal performers both alive and well today. Her voice is definitely one of the most recognizable and powerful female vocals I've heard apart from Janis Joplin and maybe Diamanda Gals. Look up her blues rocker "Free" or her cover of "Me and Bobby McGee" on YouTube, if you don't know what I'm on about. . Come on. Shania Twain, Avril LaVigne, Taylor Swift, Katy Perry, Miley Cyrus, and Britney Spears have NO BUSINESS being anywhere near the vicinity of P!NK's category. Not even Carrie Underwood or Lady Gaga has anything on P!NK. Please people, who the hell put this together? It's bull. Miley Cyrus right smack in the middle of P!NK and Janis Joplin? No way. I don't dislike Miley, but NO, un-uh. Rihanna and Kelly Clarkson are way better than all of those, but still fall under P!NK. I agree Whitney Houston belongs on top, but so does Janis Joplin. Madonna belongs very high on the list. But then comes P!NK with or above the rest of the well-knowns. Many of the names I didn't know. Just want to say that I just took my daughter to P!NK's concert in Louisville for her 1st concert experience and she blew us away, hands down best concert I've ever been too. Her singing ability, her music, her stage presence/performance, her style, and her amazing talent as an aerialist (which sets her apart ... more Genuinely hard to judge pop singers since pop is the one genre where you don't have to be talented vocally, if you are you can't show it, which is why I want to see Taylor Swift in metal, R&B, rock or soul since these are the only genre where a singer can show their range unless it is screamo metal You've got to be kidding me. the amazing Alecia Moore is worse than Britney spears? Come on people Think P!NK! Her raw voice is unbelieveable. No other female singer has the talent that this girl has. V 159 Comments 12 Madonna Madonna Louise Ciccone is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She influenced a lot of singers such as: Lady Gaga, Jennifer Lopez, Rihanna, Beyonce Knowles and Britney Spears . She is known as Queen of Pop and at modern pop culture specifically in 2012 "Madge" or MDNA . She has ... read more . Are you kidding, she's in 15?... She suppose to top 3, she's all the time singer, and successfully an "icon". - Strong voice character - Breath is technique it self, and she's ana expert breath technique (when she breath for next lyric line, its sounds like smooth sigh which bold the lyric itself). - And surely, have most great Songclip video - Sexy, in all way She is not Celine Dion.. But The way she sings it's so unique and original! Love you Queen I agree that Madonna does not have the range, the power, or even the "texture" of Celine Dion or Mariah Carey. But that doesn't mean she's a lesser singer. Her interpretation is amazing - just compare her version of "You'll See" with that of Susan Boyle, a singer with better technique and range. But the most important thing is she sings with emotion and passion - and she can convey those emotions to the listeners, which is all great singers should be doing, not showing how high a note you can hit or how deep a voice you possess. Are you kidding me madonna is just V 276 Comments 13 Lady Gaga Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta, known professionally as Lady Gaga, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She is the first female artist to ever since Cher to get nominated by the Grammys and Emmys . In 2013, during her era on Artpop, she was chosen to perform in a concert from iTunes . ... read more . Lady gaga is awesome she is comfortable warring any thing rock on girl Lady Gaga is an Avant-Garde. She is bringing music into a new heights! She is talented and full of brandishing ideas and inner vocality. She is amazing! She loves her little monsters and she's not afraid to show who she real is! SHE has the best tracks of 2009, 2010, 2011 like ¨Bad Romance¨, ¨Paparazzi¨ and the SUPER HIT ¨Poker Face¨! GO GAGA... GO MOTHER MONSTER! I feel like she should make much slower ballads every now and then, rather than always singing pop music... don't get me wrong, I love her dance tracks, but I feel like people underestimate her vocal ability, and a slower song would convey her talent better than a more fast-paced song. - anewman V 402 Comments 14 Rihanna Robyn Rihanna Fenty is a Barbadian pop singer . Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown, she first entered the music industry by recording demo tapes under the direction of record producer Evan Rogers in 2003. She ultimately signed a recording contract with Def Jam Recordings after auditioning ... read more . Miley above Rihanna laugh out loud... She has one of the most soulful voices ever... She is surely one of the greatest vocalists of all time considering how she brings out emotions in some of her hits... Still can't believe.. She is out of top 10 at the least.. She's got the best voice out of all female singers... Maybe even better than Beyonce in my opinion. She is also really hot, which of course, makes me wonder why Chris Brown even hit her in the first place. Why should rihanna be the 50th. She should be in at least the top ten. Have you ever heard of her. Or are you people just death? She has such an amazing voice. Id vote number one. She should be the top singer because she actually has a voice. And guess what? Rihanna can actually sing. Much better than those other cheesy singers. VOTE FOR RIHANNA! YEAH One of the most underrated vocalists of today - anewman V 305 Comments 16 Demi Lovato Demi is such an inspiring person, she is a role model to a lot of people from different places around the world and she'll always be my role model and hero. Demi is an amazing singer! She has got a powerful voice and she can sign really high notes. Demi lovato is one of the best singers of this generation. She got a great voice and incredible vocals. Seriously, she performs live better than any other singer of this generation. When I first heard skyscraper I thought she was amazing but doubted if she could sing live exactly like the original song. But when I saw her performing skyscraper with high vocals and very high pitch in live, I felt she got the real talent in singing unlike selena gomez who can't sing live without he support of chorus. Vote for the great voiced DEMI LOVATO.. She is an awesome singer. She is beautiful! V 378 Comments 17 Sarah Brightman She has an astonishing ability to adapt her voice to sing (brilliantly) in any musical style or genre - pop, rock, opera, etc. For sheer multi-dimensional singing talent and versatility, "Sexy Sarah" undoubtedly outshines the other female vocalists on this list - even the other great ones! She continually moves with the times and keeps coming up with new and inspired ideas - buy any (or all) of her albums "Fly", "Dive", Eden", "La Luna", "Harem", "Timeless", "Live In Vienna" and you won't be disappointed. Bear in mind however that they're all different! (And I've only recently 'discovered' her! ) Her music and performances have moved me like no other. I love her recordings, but her live performances are an experience like no other. She is out of this world, I've never felt such emotion wash over me, all the while every hair on my body standing on end. She's a modern day Muse or Siren. Sarah's voice is like no other. she has the ability to get you emotionally attached to one of her songs. not only is she an absolutely phenomenal singer, she is also, in my opinion, one of the most beautiful people in the world. I was fortunate enough to attend one of her concerts and it certainly was an amazing experience that I will never forget. also she is a very versatile singer and shows through her songs and her different albums, not one is like the other. also if you watch her in interviews she is one of the sweeties people. she always has a smile on her face and manages to laugh at everything. so if you aren't a Sarah fan, I advise you listen to a few of her songs (Angel, Fleur du Mal, Harem, Journey Home, Only and Ocean Away, One Day Like This, Deliver Me, and Dust in the Wind are some of my favorites), and you will understand why she is beloved my so many and is the most successful soprano singer in the world. Sarah's voice is a voice of an angel. If you want to hear a real true Diva's voice, sarah is the one you should listen. 18 Kelly Clarkson Common... She's amazing! She can sing all types of song! She has amazing voice! A real woman who had lived a while before she became famous. Class act Peggy L CLASS ACT! Kelly has the ability to sing high. She still my idol forever. She is the best among all singer don't give up kelly we are here to support you. We are your supporters kelly. We love you... She should be higher than Avril lavigne and demi lovato. V 139 Comments 19 Janis Joplin Janis Joplin (1943-1970) was an American singer who rose to fame as the main singer of acid band Big Brother and the Holding Company. She was known for her eccentric hippie style and psychedelic rock music. Janis by far is more talented than any of the singers before her on this list. She is the complete definition of what it truly means to be a star, granted there are pristine voices ahead in the list that are true to the note. But janis brings no B. S in anything she does and it doesn't have to be picture perfect and sculptured to an immaculate perfection to be accepted and yet it is just that. Perfection. Not to mention she is a master of communication having almost all air in her natal chart she looks as though shes lifted in air in pictures of her singing. She was groundbreaking! A national phenomenon. A star before her first hit album, or album for that matter and a legend before her death. She was also a capricorn meaning a cardinal sign. Cardinals are people who start things a pioneer persay. I am not gonna get mad at the list cause of the fact that my girl Janis is still misunderstood. Its just proving that society is going down the drain and the majority of our culture lacks an ... more Unique talent. As far from mainstream as you can get. Amazing soul and power in her voice. She truly becomes one with her songs. She's always "in the moment" as Randy Jackson use to say. Her voice is raw, rough, soft, tender and powerful, all within one song alone. Just an amazing woman. Look for "Summertime" Stockholm 1969 on Youtube. Goosebumps! Or Cry Baby Toronto 1970, my eyes tears! So emotional it almost makes an old man like me cry. I am flabbergasted by her absence in this list, where she should definitely be number 1. Janis Joplin should not be on this list because' of how bad she is V 96 Comments 20 Carrie Underwood SHE IS FREAKING AMAZING. SHE SHOULD BE AT LEAST IN THE TOP 5! SHE IS MY INSPIRATION FOR SINGING! Carrie is a great singer! She sings from her heart and soul. She is beautiful and her voice matches. It was wonderful she won Idol she deserved to be a singing sensation. You ROCK Carrie - keep writing great songs. Carrie Underwood stood on stage with one of the greatest rock singers of all time, Ann Wilson, and held her own. When Dreamboat Annie thinks that highly of Miss Underwood, her future is to be a star. She's got inspirations. Ride on Carrie Am Lilian Paul Robertson	i don't know
If you ordered Brochet in a French restaurant, which freshwater fish would you be served?	Behind the French Menu: Écrivisse - Crayfish, Crawdad, or Crawfish. The Écrivisse is the Freshwater Crayfish and may be Among the Crustaceans on Your French Menu. Crustaceans III. My recommended links Saturday, February 9, 2013 Écrivisse - Crayfish, Crawdad, or Crawfish. The Écrivisse is the Freshwater Crayfish and may be Among the Crustaceans on Your French Menu. Crustaceans III. Écrivisse (L') – The freshwater crayfish. from by Bryan Newman The freshwater crayfish is also called a crawfish or crawdad in the USA. Crayfish look like miniature lobsters, which they are not, even though they come complete with claws and antennae. These crustaceans, despite their fresh-water origins, in France and elsewhere are usually closely associated with seafood restaurants. Despite that they will, as well, be on the menu in other restaurants, or at least their tails will. Grande Plateau d'Ecrevisses - A large plate of crayfish. Photograph courtesy of Perttu Luomala. To see more of Perttu's Flickr Photostream: www.flickr.com/photos/perttu/5244223483/in/photostream With crayfish, in France, one of the most recommended wines is Chablis; the same wine often recommended for oysters.. See the post: C hablis; One of France's Finest White Wines and Chablis the Town. Despite their looks freshwater crayfish are not related to the two-clawed lobster; or at least not in the last 100 million years or so. Of more importance for the diner is the fact that all the meat in a crayfish, and the largest European ones reach only 200 grams, is in the tail. If the average crayfish weighs 100 grams, and that’s a maybe, then maybe there will be 30 grams of meat in that tail; however, that can still be a extremely tasty 30 grams. Salade d'Écrevisses - Crayfish salad. http://www.flickr.com/photos/23543100@N00/ The most famous French dish with crayfish is Poulet Marengo – Chicken Marengo. Poulet Marengo was originally and uniquely prepared for Napoleon I, though, at that time, he was still a general. The dish is named after the Battle of Marengo, Italy, where Napoléon won, for France, one of his many battles with the Austrians. The original dish was simply but tastily made with what Napoléon's personal chef was able to find locally; that was chicken, white wine and fresh-water crayfish. Photograph courtesy of z_aurelie Today Poulet Marengo and other dishes with Marengo in their names often, have very little connection to the original recipe. See the post: Napoléon Bonaparte and the FBI! Crayfish in France range in size from 10 cm to 15 cm in length, sometimes a little larger, and they will weigh between 60 to 200 grams from head to tail. Crayfish will usually be served cold when part of a seafood platter, or in a salad, or their tails alone may be served hot as an accompaniment to other cooked dishes. Getting at the little meat that they have is in the tail is not so effortless, and restaurants will usually have made cuts along the back of the tail that make extracting the meat quite simple. Photograph courtesy of Lunatic Asylum Photostudio Many of the crayfish served are imported, or even when they are locally caught in the wild they may be species that have taken over from the original local inhabitants; usually that was a result of over-fishing and the pollution of local sources. When a French menu names the crayfish being offered the best are considered to be the pattes rouges, the red- clawed or red-legged crayfish followed by the pattes blanche, the white clawed or white-legged crayfish. The least expensive crayfish is the écrevisse à pattes grêles, the slender legged crayfish, and it is only rarely noted by name; when a crayfish is on the menu unnamed it will be this one. Écrevisse à Pattes Blanches or Écrevisse à Pieds Pâles The White-Clawed Crayfish. Écrevisse à Pattes Blanches - The White-Clawed Crayfish. Photograph courtesy of Graham Canny. See Graham's Flickr Photostream: http://www.flickr.com/photos/31918792@N03/ The Écrevisse à Pattes Blanches or Écrevisse à Pieds Pâles - The white-clawed crayfish is a local crayfish, and both farmed in France and caught in the wild. In certain parts of France catching these crayfish in the wild is now forbidden as over-fishing for crayfish in certain regions has become a serious problem. (German –dohlenkrebs), (Italian - gambero dai piedi bianchi), (Spanish - cangrejos de río, cangrejo autóctono, cangrejo de patas blancas). Ris de Veau Braisé aux Écrevisses “Pattes Blanches”, Méli-mélo de Légumes Croquants – Braised veal sweetbreads served with the white clawed crayfish and crispy vegetables. Méli-mélo means matching, but contrasting tastes. Filet de Sandre aux Écrevisses à Pattes Blanches et Asperges Vertes –Filet of pike-perch, a freshwater fish, with the white-clawed crayfish and green asparagus. The slender legged crayfish. Écrevisse à Pattes Grêles, Écrevisse de Turquie – The Turkish Crayfish, the Danube Crayfish, the Galician Crayfish, and in France the slender legged crayfish. The slender legged or Turkish crayfish is the least expensive, and is the crayfish most often seen on menus and then just called an écrevisse, a crayfish. These are the smallest crayfish on French menus and rarely reach 100 grams,that means, possibly 30 grams of meat. This crayfish was introduced into local waters from Turkey in the 1960’s, and they have adapted well. These crayfish are only rarely identified by name. (German – sumpfkrebs), (Italian - gambero turco, gambero di Galizia), (Spanish - cangrejo turco), Filets de Rougets et Queues d'Écrevisses – Red mullet served with crayfish tails. Ravioles aux Écrevisses et Pointes d'Asperges – Crayfish tail ravioli served with asparagus tips. For more about asparagus on French menus see the post: French Asparagus, Green and White. Écrevisse à Pattes Grêles à la Crème de Radis Rose – The slender legged crayfish served with a creamy red radish sauce; here it is named on the menu. Écrevisse à Pattes Rouges or Écrevisse Noble The Noble Crayfish or Red clawed crayfish. Écrevisse à Pattes Rouges - The Noble Crayfish Photograph courtesy of nickpix2012 The Noble crayfish, when caught locally, will be the most expensive of the local crayfish. (German - edelkrebs), (Italian - gambero dai piedi rossi), (Spanish - cangrejo noble, cangrejo de patas rojas.), Morilles Fraîches aux Queues d'Écrevisses "Pattes Rouges" – Fresh morel mushrooms prepared with the tails of the noble crayfish. Quenelles de Brochet de la Maison aux Écrevisses 'Pattes Rouges' du Léman - Home-made fish dumplings served with the noble crayfish from Lac Leman, Lake Geneva. Écrevisse Américaine - see Écrevisse Rouge de Louisiane. Écrevisse de Turquie - see Écrevisse à Pattes Grêles.	Pike
Whose statue, near Trinity College Dublin, is referred to by locals as “The Tart with the Cart”?	Slow Travel France - Food and Menu Glossary, translations of French terms to English agneau (de lait): lamb (young-milk fed) aiglefin, ï¿½glefin: haddock aigre: sour aigrelette (sauce): a sour or tart sauce aiguillettes: thin slivers, usually of duck breast ail: garlic aile: wing of poultry or game bird aile et cuisse: white meat (aile), dark (cuisse), usually chicken aï¿½oli: garlicky blend of eggs and olive oil aligot: mashed potatoes with fresh Cantal cheese and garlic alose: shad alose ï¿½ l'oseille: shad or other fish in light hollandaise garnished with sorrel aloyau: loin area of beef alummettes: puff pastry strips, also fried matchstick potatoes amande: almond anchoiade: puree of anchovies, olive oil, vinegar anchois: anchovy andouillette: smaller chitterline (tripe) sausage aneth: dill ballotine: usually poultry, boned, stuffed, rolled banane: banana bar: fish, similar to bass Barbarie (canard de): breed of duck barbue: brill, fish related to turbot baron: hindquarters - lamb, rabbit, etc. barquette: small pastry shaped like a boat basilic: basil basquaise: Basque-style, usually with ham or tomatoes or red peppers bavaroise: cold dessert, rich custard with cream and gelatin bavette: skirt steak beatilles: dish combining various organ meats bï¿½casse: woodchuck belon: prized, flat-shelled plate oyster Bercy : fish-stock-based sauce thickened with flour, butter, shallots, white wine berrichonne: garnish of braised cabbage, glazed baby onions, chestnuts, bacon betterave: beet beurre noisette: lightly browned butter biche: female deer bifteck: steak (can be tough) bigarade: orange sauce Billy Bi, Billy By: cream of mussel soup biscuits ï¿½ la cuillï¿½re: ladyfingers blanc (de poireau): white part of leeks blanc (de volaille): usually breast of chicken blanquette: veal, lamb, chicken, or seafood stew w/rich white sauce blette: Swiss chard bleu: bloody rare, usually for steak blinis: small pancakes boeuf ï¿½ la mode: beef marinated and braised in red wine w/carrots, mushrooms, onions boeuf au gros sel: boiled beef, with vegetables and coarse salt boissons (non) comprises: drinks (not) included bombe: molded, layered ice cream dessert bonne femme: home style, meat with bacon, potatoes, mushrooms, onions bonne femme (fish): with shallots, parsley, mushrooms, potatoes bonne femme (sauce): white wine sauce with shallots, mushrooms, lemon juice bordelaise: Bordeaux-style, also brown sauce of shallots, red wine, bone marrow bouchï¿½e: tiny mouthful, bite-size boudin: technically meat sausage, any sausage-shaped mixture boudin blanc: white sausage (veal, chicken, or pork) boudin noir: pork blood sausage bouillabaisse: Mediterranean fish soup bouillon: light soup or broth boulette: meatball or fishball bourdaloue: hot poached fruit, sometimes wrapped in pastry bourguignon(ne): Burgundy-style, often with wine, onions, mushrooms, bacon bouribut: spicy red wine duck stew bourride: fish stew braiser: to braise, cook meat by browning, then simmering brandade (de morue): warm garlicky purï¿½e of salt cod, cream & sometimes mashed potatoes brebis (fromage de): sheep bretonne: in the style of Brittany, dish served with white beans bretonne (sauce): white wine sauce with carrots, leeks, celery brioche: buttery, egg-enriched yeast bread broche (ï¿½ la): spit-roasted brochet: pike brouillï¿½(e)(s): scrambled, usually eggs brulï¿½(e): literally, burned; dark caramelization brunoise: tiny diced vegetables bugnes: sweet fried doughnuts or fritters buisson: literally bush; presentation (classically, crayfish) bulot: large sea snail cabï¿½cou: small round goat cheese cabillaud: fresh cod Caen (ï¿½ la mode de): usually cooked in calvados and white wine or cider cafï¿½ (crï¿½me) (au lait): coffee (with cream) ( with hot milk) cafï¿½ Liï¿½geois: iced coffee served with whipped cream, sometimes ice cream cagouille: small snail cervelas: garlicky pork sausage, or seafood sausage cervelles: brains, of calf or lamb chair: fleshy portion of poultry or meat champï¿½tre: rustic, simple presentation champignon: mushroom (de bois) wild, (de Paris) cultivated, (sauvage) wild champignons ï¿½ la grecque: tiny mushrooms cooked with lemon, olive oil, spices chanterelle: pale, curly-capped wild mushroom chantilly: sweetened whipped cream chapon de mer: fish in the scorpion family charcuterie: cold cuts, sausages, terrines, pï¿½tï¿½s, also shop selling these chariot (de desserts): dessert cart charlotte: molded dessert with ladyfingers, custard, fruit compote; cold or hot charolais: light-colored cow that produces high-quality beef chartreuse: dish of braised partridge and cabbage; also a liqueur chasse: the hunt chasseur: sauce with white wine, shallots, mushrooms, tomatoes, herbs chï¿½taigne: chestnuts chaud-froid: cooked poultry dish served cold, usually covered with sauce, aspic chaudrï¿½e: fish stew, sometimes with potatoes chausson: filled pastry turnover, sweet or savory chemise (en): wrapped in pastry chevreuil: young deer chï¿½vre: goat cheese chicorï¿½e: curly endive chiffonnade: shredded, herbs and vegetables, usually green chinchard: type of fish choix (au): a choice, usually may choose from several offerings choron: Bï¿½arnaise sauce with tomatoes chou: cabbage chou vert: curly green savoy cabbage choucroute: sauerkraut; also dish of sauerkraut, sausages, bacon, pork, potatoes chou-fleur: cauliflower chous (pï¿½te ï¿½): creampuff (pastry) choux de Bruxelles: brussels sprouts ciboulette: chive cidre: cider, apple, or pear citron: lemon citron pressï¿½: fresh lemonade citron vert: lime citronnelle: lemon grass (oriental herb) citrouille: pumpkin, gourd civet: stew of game thickened with blood civet de liï¿½vre: jugged hare; stewed hare thickened with blood clafoutis: tart, made with crepe batter and fruit (usually black cherries) claires: oysters (sometimes put in beds and fattened up before market) clamart: garnish of peas clï¿½mentine: small tangerine, from Morocco or Spain cloute: studded with cochon (de lait): pig (suckling) cochonnaille: pork products, usually an assortment of sausages or pï¿½tï¿½s (1st course) cocotte: casserole or cooking pot coeur: heart compote: stewed fresh or dried fruit concassï¿½(e): coarsely chopped confit: duck, goose, or pork cooked & preserved in its own fat confit: also fruit or vegetables preserved in sugar, alcohol, or vinegar confiture: jam confiture de vieux garï¿½on: varied fresh fruits macerated in alcohol congeler: to freeze congre: eel or fish similar to eel contre-filet: sirloin taken above the loin, tied for roasting, braising, grilling convives (la totalitï¿½ des): all those gathered at a single table copeaux: shavings coq (au vin): mature rooster stewed in wine coque: tiny mild-flavored clam-like shellfish coque (ï¿½ la): soft cooked egg, or anything served in a shell coquelet: young, male chicken coquille St Jacques: sea scallop corail: egg sac found in scallops, spiny lobster or crayfish corbeille (de fruits): basked (of fruit) coriandre: coriander cï¿½te d'agneau: lamb chop cï¿½te de boeuf: beef blade or rib steak cï¿½te de veau: veal chop cotelette: thin chop or cutlet cotriade: Brittany-style fish stew with butter, potatoes, onions, herbs cou d'oie (de canard): neck skin of goose, stuffed like a sausage couer de filet: thickest (and best) part of beef filet (usually chï¿½teaubriand steaks) coulis: puree or raw or cooked vegetables or fruit coullibiac : hot Russian pï¿½tï¿½, usually filled with salmon and covered with brioche coupe: cup; dessert served in goblet courge: squash or gourd couronne: ring or circle, usually of bread couteau: knife crapaudine: preparation of grilled poultry or game bird, backbone removed crï¿½cy: carrot garnish, or carrot-based dish crï¿½me chantilly: sweetened whipped cream crï¿½me fouettï¿½e: whipped cream crï¿½me patissiï¿½re : custard filling for pastries and caked crï¿½me plombiï¿½res: custard filled with fresh fruit and egg whites crï¿½pinette: small sausage patty wrapped in caul fat cresson: watercress crï¿½te de coq: cock's comb creuse: elongated, crinkle-shelled oyster crevette grise: tiny soft-fleshed shrimp that remains gray when cooked crevette rose: small firm fleshed shrimp that turns red when cooked criste-marine: edible algae croque-madame: toasted ham and cheese sandwich topped with an egg croque-monsieur: toasted ham and cheese sandwich croquette: ground meet, fish, fowl or vegetables bound with eggs or sauce croquettes: usually coated in crumbs and deep fried crottin (de chavignol): firm goat cheese croustade: usually small, pastry-wrapped dish (e.g., filled with fruit) croute (en): in pastry croute de sel (en): in a salt crust cru(e): raw cruditï¿½s: raw vegetables crustaces: crustaceans cuillï¿½re (ï¿½ la): to be eaten with a spoon cuisse de poulet: chicken drumstick cuisson: cooking cuissot: haunch of veal, venison, or wild boar cuit(e): cooked cul: haunch or rear, usually of red meat cure-dent: toothpick dariole: usually a garnish in a cylindrical mold darne: a slice or steak from fish, often salmon dattes: dates daurade: dorade or sea bream, similar to porgy dï¿½cortiquï¿½(e): shelled or peeled dï¿½gustation: tasting or sampling dï¿½jeuner: lunch dï¿½lice: delight, usually used to describe a dessert demi-deuil: poached (usually chicken) with truffles inserted under skin. Also could be sweetbreads with a truffled white sauce demi-glace: concentrated beef base dï¿½sossï¿½(e): boned diable: with a peppery (often mustard based) sauce dieppoise: dieppe style, white wine, mussels, shrimp, mushrooms, cream digestif: after-dinner drink - liqueur discretion (ï¿½ la): on menu usually refers to wine without limit, at customer's discretion dodine: cold, boned stuffed duck dos: back, also refers to meatiest portion of fish dos et ventre: back and front; both sides (usually fish) douceurs: sweets or desserts duglere: white, flour-based sauce with shallots, white wine, tomatoes, and parsley duxelles: chopped mushrooms and shallots sautï¿½ed in butter, mixed with cream eau du robinet: tap water ï¿½cailler: to scale fish, also an oyster opener or seller ï¿½chalotes: shallots ï¿½chine: spare ribs ï¿½crevisse: freshwater crayfish ï¿½ffiloche: frayed, thinly sliced ï¿½glefin, aiglefin: haddock ï¿½mincï¿½: thin slice, usually of meat encornet: small squid endive: chicory or Belgian endive entrecï¿½te: beef rib steak entrecï¿½te mï¿½itre d'hotel: with herb butter entrecï¿½te marchand de vin: with sauce of red wine and shallots entrï¿½e: first course entremets: sweets ï¿½paule: shoulder of veal, lamb, mutton, pork ï¿½pi de mais: ear of sweet corn ï¿½pices: spices escabeche: sardines or marinated raw fish (vinegar or lemon juice and herbs) escalope: thinly slices meat or fish, usually cut at an angle escargot: land snail escargot ï¿½ l'alsacienne: simmered in Riesling, baked with garlic and parsley butter stuffing escargot de Bourgogne: land snail prepared with butter, garlic, and parsley escargot petit-gris: small land snail espadon: swordfish estofinado: fish stew from Auvergne w/dried cod, eggs, garlic, cream estouffade: stew of beef, pork, onions, mushrooms, orange zest, red wine estragon: tarragon ï¿½tï¿½: summer ï¿½trille: small crab ï¿½tuvï¿½: cooked in own juice, braised ï¿½ventail (en): cut into fan shape (vegetables or fish) faï¿½on (ï¿½ ma): my way (of preparing a dish) faisan(e): pheasant farandole: rolling cart, usually of desserts or cheese farci(e): stuffed feu de bois (au): cooked over a wood fire feuille de chï¿½ne: oak-leaf lettuce feuille de vigne: vine leaf feuilletage (en): (in) puff pastry feuillete au foie gras: puff pastry layered with sausage and foie gras (extravagant first course) fï¿½ves: broad beans or favas ficelle (ï¿½ la): tied with a string; also small, thin baguette figue: fig financiï¿½re: madeira sauce with truffle juice fines de claire: elongated crinkle shelled oysters (fattened up in beds) flageolets: small, pale green kidney-shaped beans flagnarde, flaugnarde: hot fruit-filled batter cake flamande (ï¿½ la): flemish style, usually with cabbage, carrots, potatoes, bacon flambe: flamed flamiche: savory tart with rich bread dough crust flamiche aux poireaux: leek and cream tart flan: sweet or savory tart or crustless custard pie flanchet (de veau): flank (of veal) fletan: halibut fraise des bois: wild strawberry framboise: raspberry frappe: drink served very cold or with ice frï¿½mis: (quivering); barely cooked (oysters) friandises: sweets, petit fours fricadelles: fried minced meat patties fricandeau: thinly sliced veal or rump roast, braised with vegetables, white wine fricassï¿½(e): ingredients braised in wine with butter and/or cream added; stewed frisï¿½e : curly, usually endive frit(es): french fries fritons: coarse pork rillettes or minced spread (includes organ meats) fritot: small organ meat fritter friture: frying; also refers to preparation of small fried fish (ex. smelts) froid(e): cold fromage blanc: smooth low-fat cheese, similar to cottage cheese fromage de tï¿½te: head cheese, usually pork fromage maigre: low-fat cheese fruit de la passion: passion fruit fruits confits: preserved fruits; generally refers to candied fruits fruits de mer: seafood gayettes: small sausage made with pork liver and bacon gelï¿½e: aspic geniï¿½vre: juniper berry genoise: sponge cake germiny : garnish of sorrel; sorrel and cream soup gï¿½sier: gizzard gibelotte: fricassï¿½e of rabbit in red or white wine gibier: game gigot: leg, usually of lamb (d'agneau) gigot de mer: a preparation; usually large pieces of monkfish (lotte), oven-roasted gigue (de): haunch (of) certain game meats gingembre: ginger girolle: delicate, pale, orange wild mushroom glace: ice cream glacï¿½(e): iced, crystallized or glazed glaï¿½ons: ice cubes gougï¿½re: cheese flavored chou pastry (puff) goujonnettes: generally describes small slices of fish, ex sole, usually fried goujons: small catfish; or any small fish; or small piece; breaded & fried gourmandises: sweetmeats gousse (d'ail): clove (of garlic) graine de moutarde: mustard seed graisse: fat graisserons: crisply fried pieces of duck or goose skin; cracklings grand veneur: usually a brown sauce for game, with red currant jelly granite: water ice gras-double: tripe baked with onions and white wine gratin: crusty-topped dish; also refers to a casserole gratin dauphinois: baked casserole of sliced potatoes w/cream and sometimes cheese gratin savoyard: baked casserole of sliced potatoes w/bouillon, cheese, butter gratinï¿½(e): having a crusty, browned top; also onion soup grattons: crisply fried pieces of pork, goose or duck skin; cracklings gratuit: free grecque (ï¿½ la): cold vegetables, usually mushrooms, marinated in oil, lemon, water grelot: small white bult onion grenade: pomegranate grenouille (cuisses de): frog legs gribiche (sauce): mayonnaise with capers, cornichons, and herbs grillade: grilled meat griotte: shiny, slightly acidic reddish black cherry grive: thrush grondin: type of ocean fish used in fish stews such as bouillabaisse gros sel: coarse sale hachis: minced or chopped meat preparation hareng: herring haricot blanc: white bean; usually dried haricot de mouton: stew of mutton and white beans haricot rouge: red kidney bean; also preparation of red beans in red wine haricot vert: green bean, usually fresh hiver: winter hochepot: thick stew, usually oxtail homard: lobster hongroise (ï¿½ la): Hungarian-style, usually with paprika and cream hors-d'oeuvre: appetizer; also can refer to a first course huile: oil huile de pï¿½pins de raisins: grape seed oil huitre: oyster hure de porc: head of a pig or boar; usually headcheese preparation hure de saumon: a salmon "headcheese", prepared with salmon meat, not the head ile flottante: classically layered cake covered w/whipped cream, w/custard sauce ile flottantes: floating island of meringue in crï¿½me anglaise imperatrice (ï¿½ l'): usually rice pudding dessert with candied fruit indienne (ï¿½ l'): East Indian style, usually with curry powder infusion: herb tea jambon: ham; also refers to thigh or shoulder of meat, usually pork jambon cru: usually salt cured or smoked ham that has been aged but not cooked jambon de Bayonne: raw, dried, salt-cured ham jambon de Paris: lightly salted, cooked ham, very pale in color jambon de York: smoked, English-style ham, usually poached jambon d'oie (canard): breast of fattened goose (duck), smoked or salted or sugar cured jambonneau: pork knuckle jambonnette: boned and stuffed knuckle of ham or poultry jardiniï¿½re: garnish of fresh cooked vegetables jarret de veau: stew of veal shin Jï¿½sus de morteau: smoked pork sausage from the Franche-Comte jeun(e): young julienne: slivered vegetables (sometimes meat) jus: juice kir: crï¿½me de cassis and white wine (usually, sometimes red) kir royal: crï¿½me de cassis and champagne kougelhopf : sweet, crown-shaped Alsatian yeast cake w/almonds and raisins lotte: monkfish or angler fish; a large firm-fleshed ocean fish, rich in flavor lou magret: breast of fattened duck loup (de mer): Mediterranean fish, also known as bar, similar to striped bass lyonnaise (ï¿½ la): in the style of Lyon, often garnished with onions macï¿½doine: diced mixed fruit or vegetables macï¿½rer: to steep, pickle or soak mï¿½che: lamb's lettuce, a tiny, dark green lettuce madeleines: small tea cakes magret de canard (d'oie): breast of fattened duck (or goose) maigre: thin, non-fattening maison (de la): of the house, or restaurant maï¿½tre d'hï¿½tel: head waiter; also compound butter maltaise: orange-flavored hollandaise sauce mange-tout: literally, eat it all; podless green bean, snow pea, type of apple mangue: mango maniï¿½re (de): in the style of maquereau: mackerel maraichï¿½re (ï¿½ la): market-garden style; dish or salad that includes various greens marbrï¿½(e): marbled marc: distilled residue of grape skins or other fruit after they've been pressed marcassin: young wild boar marchand de vin: wine merchant; also a sauce made with red wine, meat stock, shallots marchï¿½: market marï¿½e (la): literally the tide; usually used to indicate that seafood is fresh marennes: flat-shelled, green-tinged plate oysters; village where raised mareyeur: wholesale fish merchant mariniï¿½re (moules): mussels cooked in white wine with onions, shallots, butter, herbs marjolaine: marjoram; also, multilayered chocolate and nut cake marmite: small covered pot; also a dish cooked in a small casserole marquise (au chocolat): rich chocolate mousse cake marron: large chestnut matelote (d'anguilles): freshwater fish stew (or of eels) mauviette: wild meadowlark or skylark mï¿½daillon: round piece or slice mï¿½lange: mixture or blend mï¿½li-mï¿½lo: an assortment of fish and/or seafood, usually served in a salad melon de cavaillon: small cantaloupe-like melon mï¿½nagï¿½re (ï¿½ la): in the style of a housewife (simply prepared), onions, potatoes, carrots menthe: mint menthe poivrï¿½e: peppermint menu d'affairs: (businessman's) - avoid - cell phones menu de la mer: seafood menu menu dï¿½gustation: tasting menu menu du marchï¿½: fresh ingredients picked up by chef at market that day menu du terroir: regional menu menu gastronomique: extravagant or richly luxurious specialties mets: dish or preparation mets selon la saison: seasonal preparation meuniï¿½re (ï¿½ la): fish seasoned, floured, fried in butter, served with lemon and parsley meurette: in, or with, a red wine sauce; also a Burgundian fish stew meurette: red wine sauce w/mushrooms, onions, bacon, carrots miel: honey mignonette: small cubes, usually of beef; also refers to coarsely ground peppercorns mijotï¿½(e) (plat): simmered (dish or preparation) mille-feuille: refers to puff pastry mimosa: garnish of chopped hard cooked egg yolks minute (ï¿½ la): prepared at the last minute mirabeau: garnish of anchovies, pitted olives, tarragon and anchovy butter mirabelle: yellow plum mirepoix: cubes of carrots and onions, or mixed vegetables in braising for flavor miroton (de): slices (of); also stew of meats flavored with onions mitonnï¿½e: a simmered soup-like dish mode (ï¿½ la): in the style of moelle: beef bone marrow moka: refers to coffee; coffee-flavored dish montagne (de): from the mountains montmorency: garnished with cherries morceau: piece or small portion morille: wild morel mushroom morue: salted or dried and salted codfish mouclade: creamy mussel stew; sometimes flavored with curry moule: mussel moule de parques: Dutch mussels; usually fattened in beds moule d'Espagne: large mussel, often served raw as part of seafood platter moules mariniï¿½res: mussels cooked in white wine, shallots, butter, herbs moules-frites: snack of steaming bowl of mussels, French fries w/mayonnaise mousse: light, airy mixture; sweet or savory mousseline: ingredients lightened with whipped cream or egg whites (sauces) mousseron: tiny, delicate, wild mushroom moutarde (ï¿½ l'ancienne en): mustard (coarse grained) mouton: mutton mulet: mullet, a rustic-flavored ocean fish mure: blackberry museau de porc (boeuf): vinegared pork (beef) muzzle myrtille: type of blueberry nage (ï¿½ la): aromatic poaching liquid (served in) nantua: sauce of crayfish, butter cream and truffles; also garnish of crayfish nappe: covered; as with a sauce nature: refers to simple, unadorned preparations navarin: refers to lamb or mutton navet: turnip niï¿½oise: w/tomatoes, onions, anchovies, olives nid: nest nivernaise: in the style of nevers, with carrots and onions noilles: noodles noisette: also refers to small round piece (such as potato) browned in butter noix: walnut; nut; nut sized normande: refers to fish or meat cooked with apple cider or calvados; or sauce of seafood, cream, mushrooms normande: also dessert with apples, usually served with cream nouilles ï¿½ l'alsacienne: noodles, usually with butter and cream nouveau (nouvelle): new or young nouveautï¿½: a new offering noyau: stone or pit oeuf ï¿½ la coque: soft-cooked egg oeuf brouillï¿½: scrambled egg oeuf dur: hard-cooked egg oeuf en meurette: poached egg in red wine sauce oeuf mollet: egg simmered in water for 6 minutes oeuf poche: poached egg oeuf saut ï¿½ la poï¿½le: fried egg oeuf sur le plat: fried egg oeufs ï¿½ la neige: (in the snow) sweetened whipped whites poached in milk/in custard oeufs au jambon: eggs and ham offert(e): offered; free or given oie: goose omble chevalier: member of trout family with firm flaky flesh from white to deep red omelette: aux fines herbs; au fromage (cheese); au jambon (ham) onglet: cut similar to beef flank steak; biftek, and entrecote (can be tough) oreilles (de porc): ears (of pig) orties: nettles ortolan: tiny wild bird (now protected) os: bone pastis: refreshing long, cool drink; anise liqueur or flavor w/ice and water pastise: anise liqueur pï¿½te: pastry dough pï¿½te ï¿½ choux: cream puff pastry pï¿½te brisï¿½e: pie pastry pï¿½te sablï¿½e: sweeter, richer than pï¿½te sucrï¿½e pï¿½te sucrï¿½e: sweet pie pastry pï¿½tï¿½: molded, spiced, minced meat, baked and served hot or cold pï¿½tï¿½ en croute: pate baked in pastry crust pï¿½tisserie: pastry pï¿½tissier: pastry chef patte: paw, foot, or leg or bird or animal patte blanche: small crayfish paupiette: thin sice of meat, usually beef or fish, filled, rolled, then wrapped pavï¿½: thick slice of boned beef or calve's liver; also king of pastry paysan(ne) (ï¿½ la): country style; garnish of carrots, turnips, onions, celery, bacon peau: skin pï¿½che melba: poached peach with vanilla ice cream and raspberry sauce pï¿½cheur: usually refers to fish preparations pelure: peelings, such as truffles, used for flavorings perce-pierre: samphire, edible seaweed perche: perch, finely flavored fresh water fish perdreau: young partridge pï¿½rigourdine (ï¿½ la): sauce, usually with truffles and foie gras persil: parsley petit dï¿½jeuner: breakfast petit-pois: small green peas petits fours: tiny cakes and pastries petits-gris: small land snail petoncle: tiny scallop, similar to bay scallops pets de nonne: small, dainty fried pastry pibale: small eel, also called civelle piï¿½ce: portion or piece pied de mouton: meaty, cream-colored wild mushroom; also sheep's foot pied de porc: pig's foot pigeonneau: young pigeon or squab pignons: pine nuts, or pignoli pilau, pilaf: rice booked with onions and broth piment (poivre) de Jamaï¿½que: allspice piment doux: sweet pepper pince: claw; also tongs used when eating snails or seafood pintade: guinea fowl pipï¿½rade: basque dish of peppers, onions, tomatoes, and often scrambled eggs pipï¿½rade au jambon: above served on slice of ham piquant(e): sharp or spicy tasting pique: larded; studded pissaladiï¿½re: a flat open-face tart garnished with onions, olives, anchovies pissenlit: dandelion (leaves) pistil de safran: thread of saffron pistou: sauce of basil, garlic, olive oil; also a rich vegetable soup pithiviers: classic puff pastry dessert filled with almond cream plat: a dish plateau de fruits de mer: seafood platter (raw & cooked combined) plates cï¿½tes: part of beef ribs usually used in pot-au-feu pleurote: oyster mushroom plombiï¿½res: dessert of vanilla ice cream, candied fruit, kirsch, whipped cream pluches: leaves of herbs or plants, generally used for garnish pochï¿½(e): poached pochouse: freshwater fish stew prepared with white or red wine poï¿½lï¿½(e): pan-fried pointe (d'asperge): tip (of asparagus) poire: pear poireau: leek poires belle hï¿½lï¿½ne: poached pears served on vanilla ice cream with hot chocolate sauce pois: peas poitrine: breast (of meat or poultry) poitrine demi-sel: unsmoked slab bacon poitrine fumï¿½e: smoked slab bacon poivrade: peppery brown sauce of wine, vinegar, and cooked vegetables (strained) poivre: pepper poivre frais de Madagascar: green peppercorns poivre noir: black peppercorns poivron (doux): sweet bell pepper polenta: cornmeal cooked with butter and cheese pommade (en): usually refers to a thick, smooth paste pomme: apple pomme en l'air: caramelized apple slices usually served with blood sausage pommes (de terre): potatoes pommes ï¿½ la vapeur: steamed or boiled potatoes pommes ï¿½ l'anglaise: boiled potatoes pommes allumettes: very thin fries 1/4 x 2-1/2 pommes boulangï¿½re: potatoes cooked with the meat; gratin with onions, sometimes bacon pommes dauphinoise: basked dish of sliced potatoes w/milk, garlic, cheese pommes dauphine : mashed potatoes mixed with chou pastry, shaped into balls & fried pommes duchesse: mashed potatoes with butter, egg yolks, nutmeg garnish pommes en robe: potatoes cooked with skins on pommes frites: French fries pommes gratinï¿½es: baked dish of potatoes, browned, often with cheese pommes lyonnaises: potatoes sautï¿½ed with onions pommes paillï¿½s: potatoes cut into julienne strips, then fried pommes pont-neuf: classic fries, cut 1/2 x 2-1/2 pommes soufflï¿½es: small thin slices of potato fried twice (inflate like pillows) porc (carrï¿½ de): pork (loin) porc (cï¿½te de): pork (chop) porcelet: young suckling pig ramequin: small individual casserole, also small tart rapï¿½(e): grated or shredded rascasse: scorpion fish rave: root vegetables - celery, turnip, radish ravigote: thick vinaigrette sauce w/vinegar, white wine, shallots, herbs, mayo rï¿½chauffer: to reheat reine-claude: greengage plum reinette: fall and winter variety of apple rï¿½moulade: sauce of mayo, capers, mushrooms, herbs, anchovies, gherkins rillettes (d'oie): minces spread of pork (goose), or duck, fish, rabbit rillons: usually pork belly, cut up and cooked 'til crisp rince doigt: finger bowl ris de veau: veal sweetbreads riviï¿½re: river riz ï¿½ l'imperatrice: cold rice pudding with candied fruit riz complet: brown rice rognonnade: veal loin with kidneys attached rognons: kidneys service (non) compris: service (not) included serviette: napkin sirops: flavored syrup w/mineral water, seltzer, lemon soda (bar or cafe) smitane: sauce of cream, onions, white wine and lemon juice soissons: dried or fresh white beans sole normande: sole poached in cider, garnished with mussels, shrimp, cream sauce sorbet: sherbet souffle: light sweet or savory mixture, served hot or cold steack: beef steak stockfish: salted and air-dried codfish succes au pralin: meringue cake flavored w/caramelized almonds, layered w/butter cream sucre: sugar suprï¿½me: a veal- or chicken-based white sauce thickened with flour and cream suprï¿½me: a boneless breast of poultry or a fillet of fish tablier de sapeur: tripe that is marinated, breaded, and grilled tagine: spicy North African stew of veal, lamb, chicken, or pigeon with veg tanche: tench, a freshwater fish with mild, delicate flavor tapenade: blend of black olives, anchovies, capers, olive oil, lemon juice tarama: mullet roe, often made into a spread of the same name tart tatin: caramelized upside-down apple pie tartare: chopped raw beef, seasoned and garnished with raw egg, etc. tarte: tart; open-face pie or flan, usually sweet tarte au fromage: cheesecake tartine: open-face sandwich; buttered bread tasse: cup tendrons: cartilaginous meat cut from beef or veal ribs terrine: earthenware container; also mixture cooked in the container tï¿½te de veau (porc): head of veal (pork), usually used in headcheese thï¿½: tea tian: earthenware gratin dish; also vegetable mixture cooked in dish tiï¿½de: lukewarm tilleul: lime or linden blossom herb tea timbale: small mold; mixture prepared in mold topinambour: Jerusalem artichoke toulousaine: Toulouse-style; usually with truffles or sweetbreads; cock's combs, etc. tournï¿½dos: center portion of beef filet, usually grilled or sautï¿½ed tournï¿½dos rossini: sauteed tournedos garnished with foie gras and truffles tourteau: large crab with large claws full of deliciously sweet meat tourtiï¿½re: shallow cooking vessel; also pastry dish filled w/spples and/or prunes tranche: slice travers de porc: spare ribs tripes ï¿½ la mode de Caen: beef tripe, carrots, onions, leeks, spices, cooked w/cider and brandy tripoux: mutton tripe trompettes des mort: dark brown "horn of plenty" mushrooms tronï¿½on: cut of meat or fish (sliced from widest part) truffe (truffï¿½[e]): truffle (with truffles) truite: trout truite saumonï¿½e: salmon trout tuile: literally, tile; delicate almond-flavored cookie turban: usually mixture or combination of ingredients cooked in ring mold turbot(in): turbot (small turbot) considered the finest of fish (and most expensive) vacherin: dessert of baked meringue, with ice cream and cream; also a cheese vallï¿½ d'ange: region of Normandy; also garnish of cooked apples and cream vanille: vanilla vapeur (ï¿½ la): steam(ed) veau: veal velouteï¿½: veal or chicken based sauce thickened with flour venaison: venison	i don't know
In which war did the “Sack of Badajoz” takeplace?	The Peninsular War, 1811 The Peninsular War, 1811 [ Victorian Web Home —> Political History —> Social History —> The Victorian Revolution in Letter Writing ] These letters graciously have been shared with the Victorian Web by Eunice and Ron Shanahan; they have been taken from their website . The letters give an insight into the daily lives and concerns of 'ordinary' people without whom history would not exist. The letters are a wonderful example of how much history may be gleaned from such sources. Click on the image for a larger view I have two letters from officers in Wellington ’s army, in action in the Iberian Peninsular War. They are both addressed to Mrs Bowes, the wife of General Foord Bowes. The first one is from her brother, dated at Villa Vicosa (Portugal), August 14, 1811 addressed simply to Mrs. Bowes, Gibraltar. The letter has no postal markings, so it was probably carried privately. Gibraltar at this time was a Naval Garrison. It had been ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, after having been conquered in 1703/4. I wonder why Mrs Bowes was in Gibraltar: perhaps she and the General were there waiting for transport to Lisbon. The letter begins : "My Dear Maria, At length I received your long expected letter of the 3rd July by Mr Deans." Note: If this letter was also sent back by Mr Deans, perhaps this is why there were no postal markings. I had begun to despair of ever hearing from any of the Family. I have also received a letter from Julia and one of as late a date as the 7th June from Nancy, who was at Quebec, she expected my Mother would pass some part of the summer with her - who was looking very well and young. My father also strong and well and all the Family. Robert was not satisfied with his Exchange, but that is always the case when too late." Note: ‘Exchange’ in the military sense is to pass from one regiment or ship into another by exchange with another officer. "William in the same way and anxious to get home. Colonel Delancy, with whom I dined when the Army was in camp near ELVAS told me that Susan was coming home - as Robert is quite re-established in his constitution I should like very much to hear that he was employed actively somewhere. Canada is a bad place to make an officer. God knows, I have many reasons to wish to be there, but as long as my Duty in the the profession I have chosen forbids it, I will not repine." Note: Since the fall of Quebec, the British had kept a Military Garrison at Quebec which was engaged in action against the Americans in the Battle of 1812-1814. The letter then goes on to explain the movements of the Army. "The greater part of the Army broke up very suddenly from their Cantonments [lodgings assigned to troops] and crossed Tagus as taking the route through Castello Branco and Sabugal, where the Headquarters were on 7th August. The arrows show the river Tagus, which they had to cross, and Castelo Branca. Some of the names referred to in these letters are shown - but not the smaller places. The action took place round about where the arrowheads are pointing. Map adapted from the Software Toolworks World Atlas CD-Rom. Lord Wellington had some object in view when he commenced his secret and rapid March, but I have understood that it has failed and the Army is to go into Cantonments about Fundao and Belmonte, in the beginning of September, he intends besieging Rodrigo — I hope we shall see him here about the end of October, unless the French Army should form a junction in the north as they did last year under Massena, their own Corps of course, will unite with the rest of the Army, General Hill who joined us shortly after the Battle of Albuera, which has the same Corps of Observations which he had. It consists of three British Brigades of Infantry, one Division of Cavalry under Sir William Erskine, and a Portuguese Division under the General Hamilton. The 1st Battalion 28th joined on the 11th, I was happy to meet a number of my old friends. We expected the 2nd Battalion would have been drafted with the 1st, but it is not to take place at present, to the great annoyance of some, who expected to get home. Col. Abercromby is happy to remain in the Country and had they been drafted, it would not have affected me, being on the Staff, I should have remained here, at all events. I belong to the 2nd Battalion yet. I allow two years more campaigning and fighting and then I hope to get leave to see my friends and relations. I am sorry to think Lady Dundas has laid my letter before the Military Secretary, for the consideration of the Commander of the Forces - had I the least idea she would have done so, I certainly never should have troubled her Ladyship - Your earnest solicitations alone made me write the letter. I enclose you a letter I received three days ago from Col. Torrens, the usual official letter sent to all troublesome people." Note : I wonder what this ‘usual letter’ from his Colonel contained - it would be interesting to know. The letter continues : "From Julia’s letter it would appear all was not right - she complains that she does not hear of me so often from you, and her letter I think is not in her usual affectionate style — remember me to her and say I will write. I hope you will write a little oftener, remember me to the General, and believe me, ever my dear sister, your sincerely attached and most affectionate brother James S. Johnson." This letter was from Capt. James Stephen Johnson, aide-de-campe in the Peninsular War, and brother-in-law to General Foord Bowes. Johnson was one of those killed at the Battle of Badajoz, March 1812, so did not get back home to see his sister and the family. As a historical note here about the seige of Badajoz, Wellington reported he had lost the flower of his army, and that if at the earlier siege at Cuidad Rodrigo, he had put the French Garrison to the sword for not surrendering as soon as practical breaches were made in the defences, he would have saved about 5,000 lives at Badajoz, as the French also refused to surrender at Badajoz after the defences had been breached. One visitor to this page was John Hall, who provided further information about Captain Johnson's death. Mr Hall is the author of A History of the Peninsular War vol. VIII, The Biographical Dictionary of British Officers Killed and Wounded, 1808-1814 (Greenhill Books, 1998)." ISBN 1-85367-315-3. He wrote: You might be interested in the following description of Captain Johnson's death: from Robert Blakeney, A Boy in the Peninsular War (London, 1899) p. 266: 6 April 1812, Badajoz: "General Bowes ... being severely wounded, and his aide-de-camp, my old comrade and brother officer Captain Johnson, 28th Regiment, being killed, as I had no duty to perform (my regiment not being present), I attended the general as he was borne to his tent. He enquired anxiously about poor Johnson, his relative, not being aware that this gallant officer received his death — shot while he was being carried to the rear in consequence of a wound which he had received when cheering on a column to one of the breeches." Captain's commission, 28th Foot, 2 July 1807. Also, he is mentioned in the obituary of Major-General Foord Bowes in The Gentleman's Magazine, Oct. 1812, p. 403 ["At the storming of Badajoz he ... had his aide-de-camp, Capt. Johnson, killed by his side."] Follow this link to the next letter to Mrs Bowes, this time from her husband, General Foord Bowes.	Peninsular War
In which city are the headquarters of West Mercia Police?	The Peninsular War, 1811 The Peninsular War, 1811 [ Victorian Web Home —> Political History —> Social History —> The Victorian Revolution in Letter Writing ] These letters graciously have been shared with the Victorian Web by Eunice and Ron Shanahan; they have been taken from their website . The letters give an insight into the daily lives and concerns of 'ordinary' people without whom history would not exist. The letters are a wonderful example of how much history may be gleaned from such sources. Click on the image for a larger view I have two letters from officers in Wellington ’s army, in action in the Iberian Peninsular War. They are both addressed to Mrs Bowes, the wife of General Foord Bowes. The first one is from her brother, dated at Villa Vicosa (Portugal), August 14, 1811 addressed simply to Mrs. Bowes, Gibraltar. The letter has no postal markings, so it was probably carried privately. Gibraltar at this time was a Naval Garrison. It had been ceded to Britain under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, after having been conquered in 1703/4. I wonder why Mrs Bowes was in Gibraltar: perhaps she and the General were there waiting for transport to Lisbon. The letter begins : "My Dear Maria, At length I received your long expected letter of the 3rd July by Mr Deans." Note: If this letter was also sent back by Mr Deans, perhaps this is why there were no postal markings. I had begun to despair of ever hearing from any of the Family. I have also received a letter from Julia and one of as late a date as the 7th June from Nancy, who was at Quebec, she expected my Mother would pass some part of the summer with her - who was looking very well and young. My father also strong and well and all the Family. Robert was not satisfied with his Exchange, but that is always the case when too late." Note: ‘Exchange’ in the military sense is to pass from one regiment or ship into another by exchange with another officer. "William in the same way and anxious to get home. Colonel Delancy, with whom I dined when the Army was in camp near ELVAS told me that Susan was coming home - as Robert is quite re-established in his constitution I should like very much to hear that he was employed actively somewhere. Canada is a bad place to make an officer. God knows, I have many reasons to wish to be there, but as long as my Duty in the the profession I have chosen forbids it, I will not repine." Note: Since the fall of Quebec, the British had kept a Military Garrison at Quebec which was engaged in action against the Americans in the Battle of 1812-1814. The letter then goes on to explain the movements of the Army. "The greater part of the Army broke up very suddenly from their Cantonments [lodgings assigned to troops] and crossed Tagus as taking the route through Castello Branco and Sabugal, where the Headquarters were on 7th August. The arrows show the river Tagus, which they had to cross, and Castelo Branca. Some of the names referred to in these letters are shown - but not the smaller places. The action took place round about where the arrowheads are pointing. Map adapted from the Software Toolworks World Atlas CD-Rom. Lord Wellington had some object in view when he commenced his secret and rapid March, but I have understood that it has failed and the Army is to go into Cantonments about Fundao and Belmonte, in the beginning of September, he intends besieging Rodrigo — I hope we shall see him here about the end of October, unless the French Army should form a junction in the north as they did last year under Massena, their own Corps of course, will unite with the rest of the Army, General Hill who joined us shortly after the Battle of Albuera, which has the same Corps of Observations which he had. It consists of three British Brigades of Infantry, one Division of Cavalry under Sir William Erskine, and a Portuguese Division under the General Hamilton. The 1st Battalion 28th joined on the 11th, I was happy to meet a number of my old friends. We expected the 2nd Battalion would have been drafted with the 1st, but it is not to take place at present, to the great annoyance of some, who expected to get home. Col. Abercromby is happy to remain in the Country and had they been drafted, it would not have affected me, being on the Staff, I should have remained here, at all events. I belong to the 2nd Battalion yet. I allow two years more campaigning and fighting and then I hope to get leave to see my friends and relations. I am sorry to think Lady Dundas has laid my letter before the Military Secretary, for the consideration of the Commander of the Forces - had I the least idea she would have done so, I certainly never should have troubled her Ladyship - Your earnest solicitations alone made me write the letter. I enclose you a letter I received three days ago from Col. Torrens, the usual official letter sent to all troublesome people." Note : I wonder what this ‘usual letter’ from his Colonel contained - it would be interesting to know. The letter continues : "From Julia’s letter it would appear all was not right - she complains that she does not hear of me so often from you, and her letter I think is not in her usual affectionate style — remember me to her and say I will write. I hope you will write a little oftener, remember me to the General, and believe me, ever my dear sister, your sincerely attached and most affectionate brother James S. Johnson." This letter was from Capt. James Stephen Johnson, aide-de-campe in the Peninsular War, and brother-in-law to General Foord Bowes. Johnson was one of those killed at the Battle of Badajoz, March 1812, so did not get back home to see his sister and the family. As a historical note here about the seige of Badajoz, Wellington reported he had lost the flower of his army, and that if at the earlier siege at Cuidad Rodrigo, he had put the French Garrison to the sword for not surrendering as soon as practical breaches were made in the defences, he would have saved about 5,000 lives at Badajoz, as the French also refused to surrender at Badajoz after the defences had been breached. One visitor to this page was John Hall, who provided further information about Captain Johnson's death. Mr Hall is the author of A History of the Peninsular War vol. VIII, The Biographical Dictionary of British Officers Killed and Wounded, 1808-1814 (Greenhill Books, 1998)." ISBN 1-85367-315-3. He wrote: You might be interested in the following description of Captain Johnson's death: from Robert Blakeney, A Boy in the Peninsular War (London, 1899) p. 266: 6 April 1812, Badajoz: "General Bowes ... being severely wounded, and his aide-de-camp, my old comrade and brother officer Captain Johnson, 28th Regiment, being killed, as I had no duty to perform (my regiment not being present), I attended the general as he was borne to his tent. He enquired anxiously about poor Johnson, his relative, not being aware that this gallant officer received his death — shot while he was being carried to the rear in consequence of a wound which he had received when cheering on a column to one of the breeches." Captain's commission, 28th Foot, 2 July 1807. Also, he is mentioned in the obituary of Major-General Foord Bowes in The Gentleman's Magazine, Oct. 1812, p. 403 ["At the storming of Badajoz he ... had his aide-de-camp, Capt. Johnson, killed by his side."] Follow this link to the next letter to Mrs Bowes, this time from her husband, General Foord Bowes.	i don't know
What is the parliamentary constituency of Alex Salmond, leader of the Scottish Nationalist Party?	Salmond: The Man Behind The Nationalist Weather Salmond: The Man Behind The Nationalist Alex Salmond has dreamed of an independent Scotland since he first joined the Scottish National Party in the early 1970s. 12:05, UK, Thursday 21 August 2014 Image Caption: The SNP leader poses with a copy of the 1320 Declaration of Arbroath Mail Alexander Elliot Anderson Salmond was born at home in Linlithgow in 1954, on what is one of the most important days in the Scottish calendar - New Year's Eve. He was the second of four children born to Robert and Mary Salmond, both of whom were civil servants. The future Scottish National Party leader attended school locally and then went on to the University of St Andrews where he took his first step towards his lifelong passion for an independent Scotland by joining the Scottish National Party. Mr Salmond graduated in 1978 with a 2:2 MA honours degree in Economics and Medieval History. He went to work for the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries for Scotland in 1978, serving as an assistant economist. He moved to the Royal Bank of Scotland in 1980, working there as an assistant economist and then being appointed an oil economist - he later combined that role with that of a bank economist. The early 1980s were a good time personally for Mr Salmond who met and married his wife, Moira, in 1981. Image Caption: The Scottish First Minister with Deputy First Minister Nicola Sturgeon The engineer's daughter was herself a senior civil servant and had been her husband's boss during his time in what was then the Scottish Office. The couple have no children and Mrs Salmond, who gave up her job at the time of her marriage, is known to prefer to keep a low profile. Mr Salmond began his political career in 1987 when he was elected MP for Banff & Buchan. He became leader of the Scottish National Party in 1990 when he beat sole opponent Margaret Ewing by 486 votes. Image Caption: The SNP leader wants to keep the Queen if Scotland becomes independent The General Election of 1992 was a disappointment for the party and its leader when, despite increasing its share of the vote, it failed to win a large number of seats and make the breakthrough it had hoped for. Following a referendum in 1997 when the Scottish electorate backed the setting up of a Scottish Parliament, Mr Salmond was elected as an MSP in 1999. But two years later he resigned as leader after being criticised from within the party about a number of fall-outs with party members. He left the Scottish Parliament. Image Caption: Alex Salmond was opposed to the invasion of Iraq He remained deeply involved in politics, publicly protesting about the 2003 invasion of Iraq in which the UK took part. This was not a new stand; he had also opposed PM Tony Blair's bombing of Serbia in 1999 because it was not backed by a UN Security Council resolution. In 2004, despite having earlier said he would not be leadership candidate for the SNP, Mr Salmond decided to stand and won the contest with more than 75% of the vote. After becoming leader of the SNP, he was elected as an MSP for the constituency of Gordon in May 2007, making political history by becoming the first nationalist to be elected First Minister of Scotland. Image Caption: Mr Salmond addresses MSPs at the Scottish Parliament's official opening Mr Salmond lives with his wife in Strichen, Aberdeenshire, and he lists his hobbies as horse racing, football - he supports Scotland and Heart of Midlothian FC - golf and reading. Top Stories	Banff and Buchan
In which city was actor and writer Michael Palin born?	Scottish Nationalist Party leader Alex Salmond announces sudden resignation - World Socialist Web Site World Socialist Web Site Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) Scottish Nationalist Party leader Alex Salmond announces sudden resignation By Steve James 25 July 2000 After 10 years in the leadership of the Scottish National Party, Alex Salmond announced his resignation last week. Speaking at a press conference held in the Banff and Buchan constituency for which he is a Westminster MP, Salmond said that his decision, which was unexpected, was because he expected the party to do extremely well in the next Scottish elections due in 2003. Such success would require another lengthy period of political commitment, Salmond said, which for personal reasons he felt unable to make. He was therefore making way in time to enable a new leader the necessary space to find his or her feet. Salmond did however indicate that he intended to remain politically active in the SNP, perhaps seeking a European role. Despite his nonchalant reasoning, Salmond's resignation comes amidst sustained criticism of his leadership since the elections to the newly created Scottish Parliament in 1999. During the election campaign for the new body, Salmond likened NATO's on-going bombing raid against Serbia to Nazi Germany's attacks against Glasgow during World War II. The NATO action was “unpardonable folly”, he had said, calling for the imposition of United Nations sanctions against the Serbia regime instead. His statements were motivated by the SNP's orientation to Europe, where several parties had spoken against the NATO bombing because they viewed it as an attempt by the US to assert its military dominance over the continent. Salmond's breach in the all-party support in the UK for the war brought the full weight of government and media ire down on the SNP. A virtual media blackout was imposed on the SNP's election efforts, forcing the party to launch its own daily newspaper for the duration of the campaign. The Blair government went on the offensive against Scottish independence, accusing the SNP of trying to break up families and commerce with their imposition of new borders between Scotland and England. Glasgow's Govan shipyard was saved from closure only by a military order from the UK Ministry of Defence. Subsequently, the SNP kept well clear of any further statements on the war against Serbia, focussing instead on their “Scotland's penny” campaign—a last minute scheme dreamt up by Salmond to oppose a Labour Party tax cut. In the end, the SNP won a mere 35 of 129 seats—a poor result for a party that only a few months previously had been 14 percent ahead of Labour in the polls. In the aftermath, Salmond has sought to soften the party's stance on Scottish independence. This made him the target of a campaign by the party's “fundamentalist” wing. This includes Ian Blackford, the former SNP treasurer who is currently suspended from membership and is embroiled in a dispute with the party leadership over loans he made during the 1999 election campaign. Blackford, a senior manager with the Deutsche Bank, accused Salmond of “dereliction of duty” over his apparent back-pedalling on independence. Another critic who has accused Salmond of having “lost the plot” is Member of the Scottish Parliament Margo MacDonald. Her husband, ex-SNP Westminster MP turned business consultant and newspaper columnist Jim Sillars, had regularly attacked the SNP leader in the pages of Rupert Murdoch's Sun. Even prior to Salmond's resignation there were clear indications that the party was shifting towards a more aggressive assertion of Scottish independence. In a recent statement on central government funding for the Welsh and Scottish areas, Salmond himself had complained, “the need for fiscal autonomy for the Scottish Parliament becomes ever clearer.” Explaining what “fiscal autonomy” means, Glasgow Herald columnist Murray Ritchie noted, “it means Scots paying their own way by gathering their own taxes, regardless of the Treasury and Westminster and passing on an agreed sum to London for central services and costs such as defence and foreign affairs. If fiscal autonomy ever comes about it will make Scotland the most economically independent ‘region' in Europe—and probably the most prosperous—not least because full fiscal control would mean Scotland keeping oil and whisky revenues.” In an interview with the Sunday Times on July 23, Salmond admitted that his resignation was bound up with resolving the issues of political perspective within the SNP. “Confused signals” on independence during the 1999 election had lost it votes, Salmond said. The new leader would have to sharpen the party's appeal to Scotland's business community, he continued, and present “the acceptable face of the Scottish independence movement”. The leadership elections will be held in September but the contest has already begun. Alex Neil, another “fundamentalist”, has officially declared his candidacy. Other potential candidates include deputy leader John Swinney, SNP business manager Mike Russell, and justice spokesman Roseanna Cunningham.	i don't know
Which high street chain makes the “Per Una” clothing range?	New Supply Chain Strategies at Old M&S – Andrew Houghton – Medium New Supply Chain Strategies at Old M&S Operations Management About the Business M&S is a company which was formed in 1884 in Leeds, has become an international group with an annual turnover of over £8billion by 1997. M&S experienced a troubling time after 1997 in the market downturn of autumn 1998. Problems They lost a big chunk of their target market, which was women aged 35-55. What went wrong for M&S was that they only bought substantially for two seasons of the year, autumn and winter and only ‘phase bought’ for the rest of the year. Nimbler competitors exploited many more different seasons throughout the year and used this to their advantage. Pre 2000 — Supply chain was too long so long lead times, competitors had higher variety and choicer Post 2000 — Restructuring the supply chain so high costs, implementing the segmentation program Solutions What they did was that they segmented their clothing into four ranges to give women more variety: 1. The Perfect Collection — Classic, stylish merchandise for core customers, 60 lines of clothing including plain, white t-shirts. Easy machine washable and iron able, these were aimed at people with busy lifestyles (working mums for example) 2. The Classic Collection — This range was more aimed at the mature customer by being advertised as comforting, long lasting and versatile. These were high quality, smart and elegant clothes made of the most high quality fabrics 3. The Autograph Range — This was where M&S pulled out all of the stops to attract more customers, bringing in top designers like Julien Macdonald and Phillip Tracey to design clothes and accessories. The aim of this was to allow the customer to have designer quality merchandise at high-street prices. Only in selected stores though. 4. ‘per una’ Range — Launched in September 2001, this range gave customers limited clothing which were deemed very ‘exclusive’ and ‘rare’ and therefore special. The aim of the range was to “provide superb designs at very affordable prices”. The cost of the products was 10% higher than the normal M&S ranges. Made in small batches and scaled down because of the too high customer demand so only in selected stores. Give feedback sheets to customers on what they would like from M&S in the future, so they can continue their flexibility in demand Outsource work to closer places than China to make sure that lead times are reduced and customer satisfaction is high. 4 V’s of M&S Performance Objectives Quality — With their new segmentation of product ranges Cost — Good prices for good quality products Flexibility — Having more varied range of clothes to meet customer demand Dependability — Making sure that lead times are reduced to keep stock high so customers are not disappointed when they get to the store What topics does this case relate to? Operations Strategy — This is due to changing the way they do their operations (for example their supply chain) to make sure that performance objectives are met. Scheduling — With the new ranges M&S have had to schedule the times to make sure that items, are on most occasions available and in stock for customers. A good example of this would be their perfect collection as they need to make sure every day, needed items of clothing, like white t-shirts, are always in stock for customers as their target customers are working women Supply Chain Management — This is with the idea of having Business to Consumer relationships. Also they now use, especially in their per una and autograph ranges, an agile supply chain as there is high variety of products (with the designers) with short lead times. 2 21 Year Old University Student. Starting a new fitness blog called ‘Eating Clean and Living Lean’ in January 2016. Other interests: Technolgy, sport and #SoCent 2	Marks & Spencer
Which song was a top 40 hit for both Oasis and Mike Flowers Pops in 1995?	Ex Chainstore Clothing \| Wholesale suppliers UK Ex Chainstore Clothing For over 20 years Essential Clothing Company have specialised in the supply of UK Ex Chainstore Ladieswear. Buy Online Today Our Clients range from party planners and Market Traders all the way up to Multi National Companies. These goods are now available to buy online for you to take advantage of. Discount Highstreet Clothing Our products are mostly supplied directly from NEXT, Per Una, M&S, Debenhams designer brands, Oasis and other well known highstreet brands and are exclusive to us. New Lines Daily Cash & Carry Please feel free to come along and visit our showroom, and peruse at your leisure all our lines in person. We're open 5 days a week Monday to Friday 9am till 5pm. Please note: an appointment is required to visit. For more information or to make an appointment ring 0115 9442232 ask for Mark, Danny or Pete, we look forward to seeing you soon!! Essential Clothing	i don't know

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