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In which British city would you find Shawfield Greyhound Stadium?
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Shawfield Greyhound Stadium | Martyn McLaughlin
Shawfield Greyhound Stadium
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Shawfield Greyhound Stadium
‘ Catch Me If You Can ‘ from The Scotsman Magazine. While nearly all else around it has been razed to the ground courtesy of spurious regeneration initiatives, Shawfield continues to stand proudly in a corner of Glasgow. An anachronism it may be, but it makes for a hugely entertaining evening out, especially if you’re watching the people and not the dugs.
EVERY morning, he is gently stirred awake from his temperature-controlled bedroom at 7:30am, rising from his slumber to find a bountiful breakfast awaits him. Most days, it consists of sardines on toast, but his chef is no stranger to late requests at early hours, preparing soup, or even a meaty broth. Sufficiently sated, he returns beneath his fleece blanket for a nap, rousing again by mid-morning to head outside for a short canter. Another doze is followed by a beef lunch, and a spell on the treadmill, before his personal trainer offers up a pedicure and massage. Come evening, he eschews the bright lights. He is still young, in his prime. Revelry can wait. Two digestive biscuits provide his only luxury, eaten shortly before 9pm, before he returns to bed for the night.
If sheer talent alone is not enough to ensure sporting greatness, sometimes even an unflinching dedication and discipline cannot assuage the doubters. In the case of Barnfield On Air, however, there are few waiting to be converted. Even among the punters, secretive little men who normally stand stubbornly by their own combination of labyrinthine statistical analysis and inexplicable intuition, nearly everyone is in agreement: this three-year-old is predestined for glory.
“In the Byzantine world of greyhound racing, the only thing faster than Barnfield On Air is the rate that superlatives are being used to describe him”
In the Byzantine world of greyhound racing, the only thing faster than Barnfield On Air is the rate that superlatives are being used to describe him. “The Desert Orchid of Dogs?” is a headline one racing expert recently posed. Such grand sobriquets are justified by his record to date. He has “done the clock” – dogspeak for breaking the track record – at no fewer than four British venues in the past year. Capable of speeds of 40 miles per hour, last year he brought home over £42,000 in winnings. He even has his own website.
“He’s one in a million, I’ve not seen a dog like him in 30 years,” says Paul Brown, greyhound editor of the punter’s bible, the Racing Post, and a man who has judged more dogs than a Crufts official. “Top greyhounds sell for up to £40,000, but Barnfield On Air is worth at least double that. But if he was mine I’d never sell him, he’s priceless.”
This year, many fancy Barnfield, or Barney as he is known, for the Triple Crown of greyhound racing: winning the Scottish, English and Irish derbies. It is a Herculean challenge, achieved previously only by a handful of dogs. No-one in his camp is without optimism, however.
Sam Poots, a 43-year-old recruitment agency boss from Essex, has a quarter share in Barney. It was he who bought the dog as a pup in Ireland, after receiving gushing advice from a friend in Tipperary. Now, he is Barney’s trainer, and believes him capable of clinching the “Impossible Treble” and his place in the greyhound hall of fame.
“As soon as I saw him, I knew he was special. He just flew over the track. That’s where I got the ‘on Air’ name from,” says Poots.
SHAWFIELD GREYHOUND STADIUM offers a cold reception for potential world-beaters, even if they are of the canine variety. Located in a neglected pocket to the south-east of Glasgow city centre, it faces a grim 1970s housing estate, where sheet metal, rather than glass, adorns the windows. Across the other side of Rutherglen Road stands another monument to an aged sport: the West of Scotland Indoor Bowling Club. Around both buildings are signs of encroaching retail park anonymity; corrugated iron shells, home to the likes of Halfords and Tilemania.
The stadium opened in 1932, and thrived for many years. By 1985 however, it was closed due to plummeting attendances, before it came into the hands of Billy King, a Glasgow bookmaker and the uncle of Stefan King, the entrepreneur and bar owner. Mr King has consciously done little to bring the stadium up to date. He is said to be preserving something, though no-one quite knows what the something is.
On a resplendent spring evening, Shawfield’s aesthetic foibles are no easier on the eye. At its centre is a long sandy oval, the focus of attention. Dilapidated terraces frame one end of the stadium, above them, a roof forged out of rusting corrugated iron sheets, the odd panel of which has gone astray.
“A snack bar offers not so much a food service as a means of assisted suicide. It is all heady stodge, and there appears to be three choices on the menu: pies, chips, or pie and chips”
At the other end is a crude stand next to betting windows, featuring bulky televisions in wooden cases which date back to Thatcher’s first government. A snack bar offers not so much a food service as a means of assisted suicide. It is all heady stodge, and there appears to be three choices on the menu: pies, chips, or pie and chips. All around, the paint is peeling and cracking. If you were to take a colour photograph of this place, it would somehow develop in sepia.
Tonight, however, is a special occasion: the semi-finals of the Scottish Derby. Only six out of 12 dogs will progress to the final, where £25,000 awaits the winner. Barney is among the competitors, despite only coming second in the first heat a week earlier, when the track was muddy and heavy-going, courtesy of a Glasgow downpour. Inevitably, his previous form ensures he remains much fancied.
In the Bully Wee, one of four bars in Shawfield, a hunched man in his late fifties, unshaved, jowly, and wearing the expression of a recently burgled homeowner, surveys his copy of the night’s programme. For the price of a beer, he tells me his name is Harry Ha’penny, and he is careful where his money goes.
“Ah’ll bet big if I think I’ll win, aye, course I will, but I’m no’ a mug,” he says in a conspiratorial bark. “My ear’s to the ground, son. I know a guid dug fae a s***e dug. See yon, and yon?” he adds, pointing to the listings. “They’re s***e dugs.” I ask for his opinion on Barnfield On Air. He closes his eyes and nods. “Aye, guid dug, that. Back that and you’ll be happy, he’s a guid, guid, dug.”
Downstairs in the café, the inhabitants are less earthy than old Harry. I approach a well-heeled woman slipping comfortably into middle-age. It turns out she is Mary Fahy, the breeder and owner of Barney’s main competitor this evening, Tyrur Kieran.
A prim, friendly woman from Galway, she believes the dog has a good chance. Tyrur Kieran is one of four dogs she has reared running tonight in races in Britain and Ireland. “Greyhound racing is a brilliantly social occasion. You see groups of people who know nothing about dogs coming along for a night’s entertainment,” she says. “It’s a very, very busy life being involved. There’s no end to it, but it’s a wonderful life.”
The dogs are big business in her home country. Funded by the government, the stadia are bright and modern, and around one in six of Ireland’s population attend at least one meet a year. On British soil, only Primark could boast of a similarly impressive footfall.
“Places like Shawfield simply don’t compare,” she adds. “I don’t want to talk it down, because the people here are really trying, but it’s a world away from the sport in Ireland. There’s not even any televisions showing replays of the races.”
“In 1960 the dogs were a regular fixture across working-class enclaves such as mining communities, with some 64 licensed racecourses the nation over, many of them wonderful art-deco structures. Now, the number stands at 29, with Shawfield the only such track in Scotland”
Mrs Fahy’s politeness not withstanding, the decline of greyhound racing in Britain is far from a secret. Sheer numbers alone show the downturn in the sport’s fortunes since it became officially recognised 82 years ago. In 1960 the dogs were a regular fixture across working-class enclaves such as mining communities, with some 64 licensed racecourses the nation over, many of them wonderful art-deco structures. Now, the number stands at 29, with Shawfield the only such track in Scotland. Well-kent tracks at Powderhall, Blantyre, Cliftonhill, Carntyne, and Clydebank are mere memories, while plans for a premier £4 million track at Wallyford in East Lothian, first mooted a decade ago, have stalled.
Independent tracks – popular with amateur trainers, but where, to the concern of animal welfare groups, there are less stringent drugs tests and no vets – have witnessed an even harsher decline, from 87 to just 14. More than a dozen have perished in the past decade alone.
The crowds have followed suit. In the glorious post-war evenings, up to 20,000 men would gather for a punt, with 15 million attending at least one race throughout the year. Today, a race will be considered a success should 600 turn up. The gates at daytime meetings, meanwhile, do well to break beyond double figures. Off-course gambling, the opening of evening betting shops, and television coverage have seen off the flat caps. Away from showpiece events such as derbies, it remains very much a pursuit of the hobbyist. The average prize money per race is a paltry £220, with the top prize at a run-of-the-mill track only £100. The shortfall must be met with passion alone.
An independent review into the greyhound industry by Lord Donoghue, published last autumn, offers a well-disposed, but realistic account of the sport’s health. “Those familiar with the recent modernisation of the rest of the British sporting and leisure industry are struck by how, in comparison, greyhound racing appears at times to be stuck in a different time warp,” it states. “It can offer a touching reminder of earlier – and especially working-class – sports from the post-war decades before most of our leisure industry decided to modernise.
“As one of our expert assessors commented: ‘Our pubs do not now look, smell and feel like they did 30 years ago – yet many of our greyhound tracks depressingly do feel just like that.’ That feeling may be nicely nostalgic as well as depressing, but it is not necessarily a formula for future commercial success.”
At 8:11pm on the dot, after two uneventful races involving young, inexperienced dogs, the main attraction is upon Shawfield. The attendance is still poor, a flock of only a few hundred, now darting anxiously between the trackside and the bookmakers. Barney started at evens, but has drifted out to 11/8, and now, with moments to go to the race, stands at 7/4. For those unfamiliar with the betting lingo, this means that whereas before, a £20 stake would have earned you a total return of £40 had Barney won, a successful bet would now be worth £55. It is a sign the dog, for whatever reason, has fallen from favour. Undeterred, I remember Harry Ha’penny’s words and stick a fiver on him. At the betting window beside me, quantities of cash are being exchanged that are best measured in inches, not pounds.
A bell sounds, the lights dim, and a mechanical hare starts its 480-metre route round the oval. After a few seconds, the traps burst open and the dogs pound the sand. They jostle for position, their sinews and muscles stretching as they reach top speed with effortless grace. Come the first bend, Barney is in trouble, bumped sideways as he tries to turn inside. He falls back into fourth place, and never recovers. The blink of an eye later, Tyrur Kieran romps home first to scarce applause, setting a new track record in the process, 28.69 seconds.
Barney is defeated, and will not be lining up in the final, let alone taking the Triple Crown. Shawfield takes on a funereal air at the realisation. Judging by the grimaces, I count myself lucky to have lost only £5. “He’s no’ the same dog he was,” one bulb-nosed punter bemoans. I overhear another, sure of his impeccable contacts, tell a friend: “That dog was hurt last week in the mud. Injured his leg, he did. He wasn’t fit.”
I have arranged another interview with Sam Poots after the race. When I call his mobile phone, however, there is a curt answer. “It’s a pointless exercise, mate,” he says. “You seen what happened.” I try to reason with him, pointing out that Barney can still win the two remaining derbies. He does not reply, his mind focused only on the long drive back to Essex.
Three nights later, and the mood is palpably different in Shawfield. The car park is full, with a Sky satellite truck taking up much of the room. Inside, the crowd of thousands is oiling itself on OVD and Blackthorn. Cigarette smoke hangs in the air around the open stand. The flat caps are out force, like the AGM of the Chic Murray Appreciation Society, but so too groups of young women have chosen Shawfield for their Saturday entertainment. The derby final may well have lost its favourite, but its atmosphere is intact. “It’s a big night. Normally, we’ll have around 600 to 700 people, but a derby is a one-off,” says William Reid, Shawfield’s racing manager. “There’s about 2,500 here. It’s like a football cup final.”
Inside the betting enclosure, seven bookmakers, including Billy King himself, field a wild scramble of enquiries, shouting out ever-changing odds, and taking in clumps of notes. In the space of five minutes, they take in thousands, if not tens of thousands. Little wonder more than £2.5 billion was bet on greyhound racing last year.
At 9:45pm, I watch the final get underway from a corner of the Bully Wee. Tyrur Kieran, the new favourite, races out from his trap ahead of the other dogs. He is not for catching and triumphs by a metre. Mary Fahy, resplendent in a turquoise suit jacket, punches the air, and the crowd cheer enthusiastically. “Go on, Tyrur, gies the Triple Crown!” one punter roars.
A few empty glasses away, I see Harry Ha’penny, looking out on the track like a Sioux elder surveying the rolling prairies of South Dakota. “What a guid dug,” he shouts, “I told ye a’ that was a guid wee dug.”
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Glasgow
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Who was the Liberal Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1892 to 1894?
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Front of Shawfield Stadium in Glasgow, Scotland - YouTube
Front of Shawfield Stadium in Glasgow, Scotland
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Published on Feb 10, 2013
Hi! Just a video of the front of Shawfield Stadium in Glasgow, Scotland. Stadium holds greyhound racing most nights. Hope you like it!
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"From which Shakespeare play does the following line come ""All that glisters is not gold""?"
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All that glitters is not gold
All that glitters is not gold
William Shakespeare Quotes Home
"All that glitters is not gold" - A Famous Quote by William Shakespeare
This famous quote originated in the play by William Shakespeare - the actual word is 'Glisters' but over time this is commonly referred to as 'Glitters'. This section provides answers to the following questions about this famous Shakespeare quote:
Who said that?
Which play the quote come from?
What was the name of the speaker?
In which Act or Scene can the whole quote, or saying, be found?
Shakespeare Quote - "All that glitters is not gold"
Prince of Morocco:
"All that glisters is not gold."
The Merchant of Venice (Act II, Scene vii)
Famous Shakespeare Quote
Although set in different times many of the most famous quotes about life and love by William Shakespeare are still relevant today. Did you know that William Shakespeare is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary with the introduction of nearly 3,000 words into the language. It's no wonder that expressions from his works in literature, including the "All that glitters is not gold" quote, are an 'anonymous' part of the English language. Many people continue to use this "All that glitters is not gold" quote by William Shakespeare in famous quotes about life.
"All that glitters is not gold"
"All that glitters is not gold"
Who said that?
Which play did the quote come from?
What was the name of the speaker?
In which Act or Scene can the whole quote, or saying, be found?
Short Famous Quotes about life from Famous Shakespeare Quotes
All that glitters is not gold
All that glitters is not gold - Famous Shakespeare Quote - Book - Speaker - Play - Line - Lines - Quote - Qoute - William Shakespeare - Act - Scene - Soliloquy - Origin - Saying - Name - Meaning - Quotation - Phrase - Book - Speaker - Play - Line - Lines - Book - Speaker - Play - Line - Lines - Quote - Qoute - William Shakespeare - Act - Scene - Soliloquy - Origin - Saying - Name - Meaning - Quotation - Phrase - Book - Speaker - Play - Line - Lines - All that glitters is not gold - Written By Linda Alchin
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The Merchant of Venice
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Which book of the Old Testament includes the Ten Commandments?
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All That Glitters is Not Gold - Meaning and Usage
All That Glitters is Not Gold
Origin
William Shakespeare is popular for using this phrase in his play The Merchant of Venice. The original version reads, “all that glisters is not gold.“ Later in modern renditions, writers replaced “glisters” with “glitter.” In Act II, Scene VII of the play, the phrase comes from the puzzle arranged in Portia’s boxes, and it reads out: “There is a written scroll! I’ll read the writing. / All that glitters is not gold.”
Meaning
It means not every shiny and superficially attractive thing is valuable. Simply, it implies that appearances could be deceptive, and people or things that sound and look valuable could be worthless. The shiny outlooks may deceive us, and often such outward appearances look charming; however, in reality they could be deceptive, such as a hypocrite may look sincere but actually proves otherwise when the time comes. Thus, it means a vice wearing the dress of a virtue.
Usage
Today the “glitter” version of this phrase has superseded Shakespeare’s “glister” version. As it is used universally, it has become a very popular saying that implies that anything looking precious and shiny may turn out to be the opposite. We find it in literature as well as in everyday life. People apply it for other people, things, or places that look different than they actually are. Often, people use this phrase to describe hypocrites, politicians, and persons or things with outward shiny appearances, while inwardly they are opposite. Besides, many songwriters also have used this line in their songs.
Literary Source
This phrase appears in the line 69 of Act II, Scene VII of Shakespeare’s play “The Merchant of Venice” where Prince Morocco opens gold casket and reads the following inscription:
MOROCCO:
O hell! what have we here?
A carrion Death, within whose empty eye
There is a written scroll! I’ll read the writing.
All that glitters is not gold;
Often have you heard that told:
Many a man his life hath sold…
Your answer had not been inscroll’d:
Fare you well; your suit is cold.
(Act II, Scene VII, Lines 65-81)
Prince Morocco moves over every inscription and creates reasons to himself, deciding that lead casket is worthless, silver is less valuable than gold, thus, only gold is worthy enough to get Portia’s picture. However, gold gives him crossbones and skull’s picture instead.
Literary Analysis
In the play, it goes thus that Prince Morocco comes to get a chance to win the contest and marry a beautiful, smart and rich princess, Portia. Her father sets up a puzzle for all those young men, wishing to marry her. According to the deal, a suitor has to opt one casket out of three caskets: lead, silver, and gold. Prince Morrow carefully sees all boxes, and finally decides to open golden casket, but there he finds crossbones and a photo of skull with a written inscription with this popular line, which throws light on the entire play that what he has come to get is not what is in his mind. There is an equal chance of getting what is not gold. If a thing is shining, it does not mean that it always god. If the Jew is rich, it does not meant that he would distribute that wealth among all other.
Literary Devices
Metaphor: Glitter is a metaphor for things having shiny appearances, and gold for the worth or value of persons or things
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What name is given to a cap or covering topping off a wall?
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Paving Expert - AJ McCormack and Son - Hard Landscape Features - Walls and Brickwork
Introduction
This page looks at some of the basic features of the types of walls used in hard-landscaping. It covers only simple, free-standing walls, up to 1200mm in height, and retaining walls. The method used to build all sorts of walls is covered on the Brickwork Basics page, which should be read in conjunction with this page unless you are already familiar with bricklaying techniques.
Simple Wall
The diagram below illustrates the salient points of constructing a low wall of the type found in most landscaping applications. This shows a double skin wall, 225mm wide on the left and a single skin wall, 100mm wide, on the right.
A single skin wall is only suitable to a height of around 450mm; anything higher should be double-skinned for stability. Any wall higher than 1.2 metres must be designed by a structural engineer, who will take account of prevailing ground conditions, planned usage etc. and design a wall suitable to the project.
Foundations
Walls must be built on a solid foundation. Nowadays, we use a concrete strip footing which is basically a trench filled with mass concrete of strength C20 or greater, with reinforcing steel for high, heavy or load-bearing walls.
Where the strip footing will be carrying a heavy and/or structural wall, the trenches are commonly lined with a flexible sheet material that is designed to accommodate any slight movement from ground heave and so protrect the building from additional stresses. These liners, known as 'clayboard' and the like, are not essential for small garden walls but would not cause any problems if included.
Spreader courses In some parts of the country, we come across walls built directly onto solid clay with spreader courses used to distribute the weight of the wall over a larger area. These comprise a number of courses of bricks that successively decrease in width as they head upwards, the theory being that the load of the wall is 'spread' over a larger footprint. As some of the properties supported by these spreader courses have managed to remain upright for in excess of a century, ther must be some validity to the method, even though it would not be used nowadays, thanks to the advent of reliable concretes. It is permissible to build a wall on top of an existing concrete slab for small outbuildings, but again, any wall higher than 1.2m, which most walls for buildings will be, must be professionally designed.
Any footing should be at least 100mm wider on each edge than the thickness of the intended brickwork. So, for a 225mm thick wall, we will typically pour a 450mm wide footing. For load-bearing walls, the strip footing may be 600mm wide. The footing is typically 150mm thick, though this may be reduced to 100mm for smaller walls on good ground, or increased for heavier walls on bad ground.
Foundation detail The depth of the footing depends on ground conditions. Ideally, the footing should be poured on top of bedrock or solid, firm clay, but this is not always possible, and so, on bad ground, the footing may be made wider and used to distribute the weight over a larger area of sub-grade, a process sometimes known as 'rafting'. In the relatively mild climate of Britain and Ireland, the top of the footing should be at least 150mm below ground level to give 'frost cover', but in areas where the good clay or bedrock is deeper, it can be 1 metre or more below ground level.
A word about Frost Cover
Frost cover is provided to prevent the foundation being affected by frost heave; Freezing causes an expansion in volume of water which can 'swell' a sub-grade (normally a clay), lifting the foundation and the wall it carries in the process, only for the whole lot to subside once again when a thaw occurs. Repeated freeze-thaw cycles can have devastating and/or catastrophic results.
The temperate maritime climate of Britain and Ireland means we are not severely affected by this phenomenon, so 150-300mm is usually regarded as sufficient depth for frost cover, but continental Europe and North America are, and their building codes and practices reflect this with frost cover requirements of 600mm or more.
Damp Proof Course
A damp proof course (dpc) is a layer of impermeable material built into the wall to prevent upward migration of ground water. The easiest dpc to install is the polymer sheet, supplied in rolls to suit all widths of brickwork. It is always laid to a course at least 150mm above ground level and is simply rolled out on top of the preceding course. Once in position, the brick laying continues as normal, covering the dpc with a bed of mortar and then laying the first course of bricks above dpc.
dpc detail Not all freestanding walls will have a dpc, but we never build any wall without one - it costs very little and guarantees a longer life for the wall, as damp cannot rise above the dpc to saturate the facing brickwork.
In places where the dpc runs out, the next roll should start by overlapping the preceding roll by at least 400mm to ensure dpc integrity.
Engineering bricks can also be used to create a dpc in freestanding walls. Two courses of engineering bricks are laid and, because of their very low water absorption capability, they prevent the upward migration of groundwater.
For more information on Damp Proof Courses see the Dealing with DPCs page.
Copings and Pier Caps
Copings are the topping for a wall. Pier Caps are the topping for a pillar, also known as a 'pier'. Their purpose is to prevent rainwater running down the face of the brickwork, which can lead to problems with damp and colonisation by algae and other vegetation.
Just a few of the many copings available There is a vast range of items that could be used as copings; the only requirement being that the coping is at least 25mm, preferably 50mm, wider than the wall on each face. So, for a single skin 100mm wide wall, we would use a 150mm wide coping, for a 215mm wide wall, we'd choose a 300mm wide coping, and so on.
Pier Cap formed from yorkstone flag
Pier Cap and copings from concrete flagstones
Many copings and pier caps will feature a 'drip strip' or 'drip groove' on the underside, set back 25mm or so from the front face but not so far back that it would be close to the masonry face. The purpose of this groove is to prevent water running back under the coping and from there transferring to the masonry where it could discolour the facing. Water collects in the groove due to capillary forces and reaches a point where the surface tension which keeps the water in contact with the coping is overcome by gravity and a drip form, falling from the coping or pier cap before it can get to the masonry.
Typical drip strip detail
Drip strip on underside of coping
Securely bedding copings and pier caps
Both copings and pier caps are notorious for coming loose, and this is most commonly due to poor adhesion of the coping or cap to the mortar bed, and possibly poor adhesion of that mortar bed to the underlying structure.
So, it should be easy to spot that the weak link in all this is the mortar, but even using a stronger (i.e. higher cement content) mortar may not be adequate to prevent copings and caps becoming loose. Often, these 'finishing touches' have porosity problems which make them awkward to bond to almost any mortar.
However, there is a method of more-or-less ensuring that, once bedded, they stay in place, and won't come loose even if someone was to lean on them or actively try to pull them off.
Use of a Bond Bridge usually ensures better adhesion between mortar and walling, and if an SBR-enhanced mortar is used for the bed, there is little chance of the units coming loose at all. The use of an SBR-enhanced mortar *and* a Bond Bridge primer is especially useful when bedding narrow copings, such as those used on single skin walls where there is often not much mortar present to provide adequate adhesion to prevent loosening.
Copings bedded with SBR mortar A Bond Bridge between the mortar bed and the coping unit is strongly recommended as a minimum requirement. Use of an SBR mortar will give an even more resilient job, and for maximum security, an optional, secondary Bond Bridge primer between mortar bed and underlying brick- or stonework can be used.
Common Brickwork Bonds
Stretcher Bond
Header bond Stretcher Bond is the easiest bond to lay and minimises the amount of cutting required. It can be used for single skin walls quite easily. When used as a double skin wall, the two skins are locked together across the collar joint by means of wall ties. Header bond is not used as often as stretcher bond, but is equally simple. It's impractical for single skin walls, but is popular for diaper work, where patterns, usually diamonds or criss-crosses are picked out in bricks of different colours.
Stretcher Bond in Kentish Brick
Header Bond
Retaining Walls
Retainer walls are used to hold back a bank of earth or similar. They range from small walls in a garden, holding back raised beds, to massive structures, 10m or more high, retaining a motorway embankment.
Retainer walls are not as straightforward as simple walls, and any such walls greater than 1m high should be designed by a civil or structural engineer who is familiar with site and ground conditions.
For low embankments, 600mm or less, a flag on edge retainer may well be adequate, and will certainly be cheaper than a brick-built wall. Other options include gabions , timber crib structures or proprietary retaining wall systems. Contact details suppliers of these products can be found on the links page.
For other applications, pre-cast retainer structures can be the most appropriate solution and these are considered below . This diagram illustrates a basic retainer wall for heights up to about one metre. The important points to note are that the foundation is laid on a solid base of clay or stable ground, or with 300mm of cover; that the rear of the wall, in contact with the earth, should be protected with a damp-proof membrane such as PIFA 1200 or a drainage copmposite, and that there should be some method of draining the bank, either via weepholes or by means of a perforated drain .
Retainer wall It is essential that the correct bricks are used. 'House bricks' may or may not be suitable, depending on classification. Engineering bricks are fine, as are any other bricks with a FL classification (frost resistant/low salt content). Stone or suitable concrete blocks could also be used.
If in doubt, seek professional guidance.
Pre-cast retainer structures
For some projects, it's much easier, and considerably cheaper, to use a precast retainer rather than have one constructed using masonry. Pre-cast components are prepared off-site to a specific performance standard so that all that is required on-site is some means of getting the components into position, which usually means a crane of some description Precast retainer structures come in a variety of styles to suit the most popular applications, such as constructing both free-standing and bolted-down walls, creating aggregate bins, and forming dividers or all types. In fact, there is such a wide variety of precast retaining structures available that it is not possible to cover them fully in this section - they could (and actually do) fill websites devoted to nothing else!
It's important to note that whenever a retainer structure is required, bespoke, constructed on-site masonry walls are not always the answer but precast is always worth considering. It can't provide a solution every time, but as the technology advances, the number of potential applications grows each year.
Precast retainers by JP Concrete
For further information regarding pre-cast retainer structures of all types, have a look at the JP Concrete website
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Coping
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Which author wrote a series of books about the police investigator 'Thomas Linley'
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Garden Walls | Stone Garden Walling | Retaining Walls | Marshalls
Choice of natural stone or replica walling
Complementary steps, paving and edging available
Copings and caps to match
Marshalls manufacture a broad range of garden walling products so you can be sure to find one that will suit your needs whether they are traditional or contemporary.
Whether you are looking for sandstone, granite or brick you can be confident that we will have something that will meet the requirements of your project.
One of our flagship products is our Fairstone range which is an ethically sourced sandstone walling which looks fantastic in a contemporary setting. New for 2016, Wildwood Walling can add a stunning dimension to your garden project.
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i don't know
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An 'aficionado' originally referred to a fan of which sport?
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Aficionado | Define Aficionado at Dictionary.com
aficionado
[uh-fish-yuh-nah-doh; Spanish ah-fee-thyaw-nah-th aw, ah-fee-syaw-] /əˌfɪʃ yəˈnɑ doʊ; Spanish ɑˌfi θyɔˈnɑ ðɔ, ɑˌfi syɔ-/
Spell
[uh-fish-yuh-nah-dohz; Spanish ah-fee-thyaw-nah-th aws] /əˌfɪʃ yəˈnɑ doʊz; Spanish ɑˌfi θyɔˈnɑ ðɔs/ (Show IPA)
1.
an ardent devotee; fan, enthusiast.
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1835-1845
1835-45; < Spanish: literally, amateur, past participle in -ado -ate 1 of aficionar to engender affection, equivalent to afición affection 1 + -ar infinitive suffix
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Examples from the Web for aficionado
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The Best Coffee Table Books of 2014 Robert Birnbaum December 12, 2014
So she was an aficionado of classical music, for soundtracks or otherwise?
British Dictionary definitions for aficionado
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noun (pl) -dos (-dəʊz; Spanish) (-ðos)
1.
an ardent supporter or devotee: a jazz aficionado
2.
Spanish, from aficionar to arouse affection, from aficiónaffection
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Word Origin and History for aficionado
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n.
1845, from Spanish aficionado "amateur," specifically "devotee of bullfighting," literally "fond of," from afición "affection," from Latin affectionem (see affection ). "Most sources derive this word from the Spanish verb aficionar but the verb does not appear in Spanish before 1555, and the word aficionado is recorded in the 1400's" [Barnhart]. In English, originally of devotees of bullfighting; in general use by 1882.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
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Bullfighting
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In Greek mythology who was the son of Poseidon and God of the Wind?
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The using of the word "aficionado" - Learn english - italki Answers
The using of the word "aficionado"
Is it common used in colloquial speech?
For learning: English
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Jmat
September 15, 2015
I'vr never actually seen the word before in my life! I don't even know how to pronounce it. It could just be that Australia has a much weaker Spanish than the US and UK.
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In the UK, it is used in speech and writing. It's not very common but common enough to be well known. It's a little formal.
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Aficionado is a word in Spanish or Portuguese. In the both languages it means "fan",
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Yes, definitely, in U.S. English anyway. It's been fully adopted into English. And it doesn't refer just to bullfighting.
Quick check: oxforddictionaries.com accepts it as UK English, too: "A person who is very knowledgeable and enthusiastic about an activity, subject, or pastime" and gives, as an example, "a crossword aficionado."
It may have been due to Ernest Hemingway's popularizing the word in the 1930s. I see that a 1932 review of "Death in the Afternoon" put the word "aficionado" within quotation marks, indicating that at that time the reviewer considered it to be an unfamiliar Spanish term.
A quick Google News search turns up some examples:
"Antiques aficionado? Take a seat at Leeds Harewood House" (UK)
"Baker and farmers market aficionado spreads her love of cooking" (US)
"Knoxville artist and beer aficionado merges passions to create studio, brewery"
"Apps For The Autumn Aficionado" (guide to where to see autumn foliage)
"Golf course aficionado and 2016 Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump..."
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I presume that you are asking about whether we use this word in English?
If that's what you want to know, then the answer is yes, we do. Dan Smith has given you lots of examples of natural uses in English, both in the US and the UK. It's pronounced either 'a-fish-un-ado' or 'a-fishy-un-ado'.
It's also worth noting that the meaning in English is subtly different from in the original Spanish. It doesn't mean 'fan', so much a knowledgeable person.
For example, a 'wine aficionado' is someone who knows a lot about wine and is passionate about this area of knowledge. Being a fan of something is not enough to make you an aficionado in the English sense of the word. You also have to be an expert. It's similar to the use of the originally French word 'connoisseur'.
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i don't know
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Where in the human body can you find the 'Choroid'?
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Cow Eye Dissection Guide with Pictures
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A cow eye is very similar to the eye of a human. By dissecting and examining the anatomy of a preserved cow eye, you can learn how your own eye forms images of the world and sends these images to your brain. This dissection guide is complete enough for a high school lab, or the pictures can be used to just get an idea of what the eye looks like inside.
This eye dissection kit comes with everything you need for a real dissection.
Observation: External Anatomy
Click for full size pdf
Look carefully at the preserved cow eye . The most noticeable part of the eye is the large mass of gray tissue that surrounds the posterior (back) of the eye and is attached to the sclera. The second most noticeable part of the eye is the cornea, located in the anterior (front) part of the eye. Due to the fact that the eye has been preserved, the cornea is cloudy and bluish-gray in color. It may also be wrinkly and seem a bit 'deflated'. On the posterior side of the eye, nestled in the fat and muscle tissue, there is a noticeably round protuberance that feels stiffer than the surrounding tissue. This is the optic nerve, and it sends the images collected in the eye to the brain.
Dissection: Internal Anatomy
1. Place the cow eye on a dissecting tray . The eye most likely has a thick covering of fat and muscle tissue. Carefully cut away the fat and the muscle. As you get closer to the actual eyeball, you may notice muscles that are attached directly to the sclera and along the optic nerve. These are the extrinsic muscles that allow a cow to move its eye up and down and from side to side. Keep cutting close to the sclera, separating the membrane that attaches the muscle to it. After removing the excess tissue, the sclera and optic nerve should be exposed but still intact.
Click for full size pdf
2. Using a sharp scalpel , cut through the sclera around the middle of the eye so that one half will have the anterior features of the eye (the cornea, lens, iris, and ciliary body) and the other half will contain the posterior features (most noticeably where the optic nerve is attached to the eye). The inside of the eye cavity is filled with liquid. This is the vitreous humor. Depending on how the specimen was preserved, it will be either a dark liquid that will flow out easily, or a slightly gelatinous material that you can pour out to remove. (In a living eye, the vitreous humor is clear and gel-like.)
3. Flip the anterior half of the eye over so that the front of it is facing upward. Using a pair of sharp scissors , cut the cornea from the eye along the boundary where the cornea meets the sclera. When the scissors have cut in far enough, a clear fluid will start to seep out - this is the aqueous humor. While cutting out the cornea, be careful to not accidentally cut the iris or the lens. After removing the cornea, pick it up and look through it. Although it is cloudy due to the degrading of the tissue, it is still fairly transparent. Notice the toughness and strength of the cornea. It is designed this way to protect the more delicate features found inside the eye.
Click for full size pdf
4. With the front of the anterior half of the eye facing up, locate the iris. Notice how the iris is positioned so that it surrounds and overlaps the lens. This position allows the iris to open and close around the lens to allow different amounts of light into the eye. In bright light, the iris contracts to let in less light. In dim light, such as at night, the iris expands to let in more light.
5. Flip the anterior half over and examine the back half. Locate the lens and ciliary body. The ciliary body surrounds the lens, allowing it to change the shape of the lens to help the eye focus on the object it is viewing.
Click for full size pdf
6. After examining both sides of the anterior half of the eye, pull the lens out. While the cow was alive, the lens was clear and very flexible. In a preserved cow eye, the lens will most likely have yellowed and become very hard. However, it may still be possible to look through the lens and see its ability to magnify objects. Try this by placing the lens on a piece of paper with writing on it.
7. On the posterior half of the eye, there is a thin, tissue-like material that slides easily inside the sclera. This is the retina. The retina contains photoreceptor cells that collect the light entering the eye through the lens from the outside world. These images are sent to the optic disc, the spot where the optic nerve attaches to the eye. At this point, there are no photoreceptor cells; there are only nerves sending images to the brain. Because of this, this place in the eye is often referred to as the blind spot since no images can be formed here. To compensate for this blind spot, the other eye often sees the images that the first eye cannot see and vice versa. In the rare occasions where neither eye can see a particular spot, the brain 'fills in' the spot using the surrounding background information it receives from the eye. However, the 'filling in' of the blind spot is not always accurate. To see this in action, try some blind spot experiments .
Click for full size pdf
8. Most of the retina is not attached to the eye. Instead, it is held in place by fluids in the eye. The tissue of the retina gathers at the back of the eye where it forms into the optic nerve. This is the only place where the retina is attached to the eye. Use a pair of tweezers to gently lift the retina off the inside wall of the eye. The retina may tear because it is very delicate. Underneath the retina you will find a very shiny and colorful tissue. This is the choroid coat. The choroid coat is also known as the vascular tunic because it supplies the eye with blood and nutrients. In a human eye, the choroid coat is very darkly colored to minimize the reflection of light which would cause distorted images.
9. Notice that the choroid coat in the cow's eye is very colorful and shiny. This reflective material is the tapetum lucidum, and its reflective properties allow a cow to see at night by reflecting the light that is absorbed through the retina back into the retina. (While this does allow the cow to see better at night than humans can, it distorts the clarity of what the cow sees because the light is reflected so much.) The tapetum lucidum is also responsible for the 'glowing' eyes of animals, such as cats, when a small amount of light reflects off the tapetum lucidum in an otherwise dark room.
Label the Parts of the Eye
Print out these pictures and fill in the blanks to test your knowledge of cow eye anatomy.
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EYE Film Institute Netherlands
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Which colonial power ruled Tanganyika before the British?
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Retina, Sclera, and Choroid | Microanatomy Web Atlas | Gwen V. Childs, Ph.D.
Microanatomy Web Atlas
Glands of Zeis (sebaceous) in Eyelid
Glands of Zeis
Retina, Sclera, and Choroid
RETINA and the VASCULAR TUNIC
Move along the inside of the ciliary body and follow the pigmented epithelial cells along the inside of the wall of the eye. This inner layer is called the PARS CAECA of the retina. The retina begins as the PARS OPTICA at a region called the ORA SERRATA. This is illustrated below:
All along the retina, you can also see the pigmented Choroid coat underneath the neuroepithelium. It contains three layers: the outer, vessel layer, the middle, capillary layer (choriocapillary layer), and Bruch's membrane, lying just under the pigmented epithelium. The vascular layer with its large vessels can also be appreciated in the photograph below, showing an overview of the retina.
What components make up Bruch's membrane?
The photograph below shows an overview of the Retina and the supporting coats. The bottom layer is the connective tissue SCLERA. Above the sclera are the layers of the darkly staining choroid (note the large vessels in the vessel layer. A thin pigmented cell layer is seen just above the choroid ("PIGMENT EPITHELIUM). Then, the retina begins. There are a total of 10 defined layers in the retina, including the pigmented epithelium. Consult Figures in your text for a comparative view of each layer.
Sclera
The Sclera is a connective tissue sheath that supports the eyeball and also attach to tendons of eye muscles. It is easy to find in your section on slide 97, although it may be pulled away in some regions. The next two views show the sclera and choroid in relationship to the retina (next photograph).
With a higher magnification, the sclera and choroid can be seen in the photograph below.
The following photographs show views of the retinal layers. We do not have the time to learn these in detail, however each layer can be defined and described briefly. The top of the following photograph is pointed towards the anterior of the eye (front). Find a fairly intact region in the retina on slide 97 and try to identify the layers.
Layer 1 is the Pigmented Epithelium. There is some controversy about whether it belongs to the retina or the choroid (see your text).
Where is the separation point, when there is retinal detachment?
What is the function of the pigmented epithelium ?
Retina proper
Layer 2 begins the Retina proper. It is the Photoreceptor layer containing the rods and cones.
Draw and electron micrograph of a rod or a cone. What are the distinctive features of the "outer segment". What are the distinctive features of the "inner segment".
Layer 3 is called the "Outer limiting membrane". This is not a true membrane. What is it, histologically?
Layers 4 -8. These layers contain alternating groups of neurons (nuclear or ganglion) and fibers (plexiform layers) that synapse and interplay with the photoreceptors and each other. The details of these cells and their synaptic organization are beyond the scope of this course. Some of the wiring has not been worked out.
The layer just inside the neuroepithelium, facing the vitreous body and the anterior portion of the eye is the "Optic nerve layer" . These nerve fibers collect from the Ganglion cells that interconnect with other neurons in the retina. The Ganglion cells are in layer 8. They send information to the brain about the complex neural activity in the retina via axons that become a part of the optic nerve. Locate the Optic nerve layer (layer 9) in your slide 97.
An overview of the optic nerve seen as it leaves the eye is shown in the following photographs. Find this region in your slide.
Central Fovea (macula lutea)
In most places of the retina, light must pass through all of the layers, including the nerve fiber layer, before it reaches the photoreceptors. However, in one region, called the CENTRAL FOVEA, the optic nerve fibers circle above and below the fovea, leaving the lower layers exposed to the light. This is slightly lateral to the optic papilla (see above photograph of optic nerve for the papilla). The following photograph illustrates the beginning section through this region. It is characterized by a shallow depression, with the concave surface facing the vitreous body. In the photograph below, you can see the pigmented epithelium, the photoreceptors, and the fact that some of the nuclear and ganglion layers are being displaced. In the center of the fovea is the area of most distinct vision.
Which of the photoreceptors are found in the fundus of the fovea?
Compare the vascularization of the retina in the main region (where the optic nerve is running) with that in the fovea. How does this help improve vision?
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i don't know
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Founded in France in 1945 and with currently 39 international editions, which monthly women's fashion magazine published its first UK edition in 1985?
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American History Timeline
Mental Health History Time Line
American History Timeline
Between about 100,500,000 and 93,900,000 years ago: early Late (Upper) Cretaceous (Cenomanian). Deposition of the sediments began that would become the Dakota Formation. See Wikipedia and Meek and Hayden 1853 . This deposition marked a reversal from millions of years of erosion.
"What were eastern Nebraska and Kansas like 100 million years ago ? In the Central Plains, the Dakota rocks run in a band from southwestern Minnesota , southeastern South Dakota, northwestern Iowa, and eastern Nebraska (Dakota City to Lincoln and Fairbury) to central Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma and northeastern New Mexico . The sediments that became the rocks of the Dakota Group were eroded from Precambrian rocks to the north and east and from Paleozoic rocks to the south. They were deposited in the channels and on the banks of streams that flowed into the lagoons, swamps, estuaries and beaches of an ancient inland sea. This sea, at its greatest extension, reached from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean; it covered most of central to western Nebraska and Kansas during the mid-Cretaceous . This enormous version of the Gulf of Mexico was also the home of the Loch Ness monster-like sea reptiles (plesiosaurs) whose bones are the Central Plains substitute for dinosaurs ." (Bolick and Pabian 1994)
CO = Colorado. To its east, Kansas, Nebraska, South and North Dakota are stacked on top of one another to the Canadian border
Map of North America highlighting the shallow inland seaways present during the mid-Cretaceous period. By William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, United States Geological Survey. Available online .
1438 to 1533 The Inca Empire
1492 Columbus's first voyage to America . In December, he visited an island, part of which the Indians called Haiti - the place of the mountains. The Spanish colonised the island and called it Hispaniola. It was the first place occupied by Europeans in the Americas. Spain took what gold it could and the Indians died out. In 1679, the French took the western part of the island and called it Saint Dominigue. Sugar , indigo and black slaves made Saint Dominigue the richest colony in the world by 1789 .
1493 Pope Alexander 6th gave the Americas to Spain , on condition it converted the natives to Christianity.
An animal named Haut or Hauthi -
Chapter 52, D'une beste assez estrange appellée Haut about page 100 (diiferent prints)
Buffon says the native name for the three toed sloth in Brazil comes from the plaintive "a, ï" that it often repeats. Thévet represents this as Haut or Hauthi, others as hay. Buffon incorporated it into the name Bradypus ï. In the Amazon, the native name for the two toed sloth was Unau, hence Bradypus Unau
North Atlantic colonies
The thirteen European colonies that combined against the British to form the United States of America at the end of the 18th century, were mostly founded by the English and Dutch in the 17th century. The southern colonies, such as Virginia , were mainly founded by orthodox members of the English church with royalist sympathies. The northern states (New England) were founded by their puritan critics. In between were New York and New Jersey , originally settled by the Dutch, and Pennsylvania , a Quaker colony from 1682.
1607
Virginia
The first permanent English colony on mainland America was founded by the Virginia Company of London and called "Jamestown, Virginia" (External link: Wikipedia article) . See 1619: legislature and African slaves - 1749: Augusta Academy - 1773: Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds - 1774: Virginia Conventions - 1818: University - 1870: Death of Robert Edward Lee
Captain John Smith first encountered Iroquois in Chesapeake Bay
1614
New Netherlands
The Dutch West India Company explored and began to settle an area north of Virginia in 1614. Peter Minuit and other Dutch settlers settled an island which they bought from the local Indians for 60 gilders worth of goods. He named this New Amsterdam, and the Dutch holdings in the area were collectively called New Netherlands. New Amsterdam was granted self government by the Dutch in 1652. It was captured by the English in 1664, given to the king's brother (the Duke of York), and renamed New York. This name has also been given to the state of the USA in which the city stands.
30.7.1619 Virginia established the first legislative assembly in America.
First African slaves in North America brought to Jamestown, Virginia, by a Dutch ship.
New England
In 1616, Captain John Smith had published A Description of New England, describing the land that later became the north-east states of the USA . On 6.9.1620, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, England, with 102 men and women from a calvinist separatist community seeking a place in the new world to practice their religion. The "Pilgrims" landed on 6.9.1620 and founded Plymouth Colony in what became Massachusetts, the first New England colony. They remained a small group. Puritans, from the Church of England, founded a colony at Massachusetts Bay in 1629/1630 . They came in large numbers. Maine settlers came under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1652. A confederacy, formed in 1643 , of Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay was called the United Colonies of New England. It was governed by a theocracy till 1693 . Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay combined to form
Massachusetts in 1691. In 1820, Maine became an independent member state of the United States.
1627 Captain Henry Powell landed English settlers on the West Indian island of Barbados. The British colony developed a sugar , plantation economy using slaves brought in from Africa. - 1639 - 1655 - 1663 - 1671
See Adams - Park - Merton - Harvard Sociology 1931 - Skinner - 1942 - Parsons' stock take - General statement
1637 Boston trial and banishment of Ann Hutchinson at the climax of the Antinomian Controversy. Anti- nomian is against-law. Ann Hutchinson did not hold that the redeemed are above the law. She did hold that her own certainty of salvation was sufficient and that it was not subject to testing by the Massachusetts' Ministry. The spirit of God speaking directly to her soul was her authority and she questioned the suitability of all but two of the Ministers. Given that the Ministers decided who was entitled to vote by virtue of being truly saved and one of the elect, Ann's religious views were politically disruptive. [See interpretation: 1966 ]
1639 Dorothy Talbye hanged in Salem , Massachusetts for killing her three year old daughter because God told her to do so
1642 English Civil War Notice declaration (1644) of Baptists that men must be allowed to obey their own conscience and understanding, and the Quaker following of the inner light. This spirit was contrary to the New England theocracy where the church had responsibility for monitoring the beliefs and behaviour of the people. The church in New England appears to have been aware of the disruption that Quakers and Ranters had caused in England, and prepared to repel them if they arrived.
1643, Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay formed the United Colonies of New England. John Davenport, the founder of Connecticut, is quoted as saying:
"The Theocracy, that is, God's government, is to be established as the best form of government. Here the people, who choose its civil rulers, are God's people, in covenant with him, they are members of the churches; God's laws and God's servants are enquired of for counsel"
An early use of American as an ideal
1647 Nathaniel Ward, Massachusetts lawmaker, having returned to London, published The simple cobbler of Aggawam in America under the pseudonym Theodore de la Guard. It contains the phrase "an Article of our American Creed". The suggested article is that people should not leave heir own country (England in this case) but "upon extraordinary cause, and when that cause ceaseth, he is bound in conscience to return if he can"." See Un American
1650
Noteworthy events in American Psychology begins in (old) England in 1247 . It reaches America in 1650 with the following entry: 11.11.1650 "Puritan leader Roger Williams made an appeal to the town council of Providence, Rhode Island, urging the council to provide for the care of a "distracted woman," named Mrs. Weston. This was one of the earliest recorded references to the public care of people with mental illness in America."
1652 to 1684: One Peter Esprit Radisson journeyed amongst the Iroquois . His handwritten journals passed through the hands of Samuel Pepys and others and finally arrived in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries. Gideon Scull transcribed them and they were published in Boston by the Prince Society in 1885. (Publications of the Prince Society, 16) (Project Gutenberg Catalogue)
1655 Quakers Mary Fisher and Ann Austin traveled to Barbados and are said to have been the first Quakers in America. They arrived in Boston Bay, Massachusetts in 1656 .
"The island of Barbados was during the 17th century the great port of entry to the colonies in the western world. In the last half of the century it was a veritable hive of Quakerism . Quakers wishing to reach any part of the American colony sailed most frequently for Barbados, then reshipped to their definite locality. Quakers generally spent weeks or months in Barbados propagating their doctrines there and in surrounding islands before proceeding to their final destinations." (Gordon Trueblood)
1656 Efforts by Quaker missionaries to convert the people of Massachusetts were met with punitive sanctions against them and their converts. The first Quaker missionaries (Mary Fisher and Ann Austin) were stripped and searched for marks of witchcraft and their books burnt in the market place. A law of 1656 prescribed fines or whippings. A law of 1657 increased the punishments for second and subsequent offenses to removing one or both ears and tongue boring with a hot iron. A law of 1658 said Quaker disorders were punishable by banishment "on pain of death". The first executions took place in 1659. [See interpretation: 1966 ]
England hangs its last people accused of witchcraft
1692 Witch hunts in Salem , Massachusetts . 19 "witches" hanged. External chronology . The local trials were stopped by the Governor of the colony, Phips, who ordered that reliance on spectral and intangible evidence should not be allowed in trials and dissolved the local Court of Oyer and Terminer on 29.10.1692. On 25.11.1692 the General Court of the colony created the Superior Court to try the remaining witchcraft cases. There were no convictions when they came to trial in May 1693. [See interpretation: 1966 ]
1693: College of William and Mary, Virginia, Chartered by King William 3rd and Queen Mary 2nd (external link to history)
1736
Benjamin Franklin 's short "Necessary Hints to Those That Would Be Rich" which was quoted by Max Weber as examplifiying the spirit of capitalism
"New York State's first publicly supported institution for dependent people was opened in New York City in 1736 and was called "The House of Correction, Workhouse and Poorhouse". It housed the poor who refused to work, the poor who were unable to work and the poor who were willing but unable to find work" (L. Jane Tracy: The Onondaga Hill Poorhouse Story)
12.3.1736 Peter Collinson in London to John Bartram in Philadelphia (both are Quaker botanists):
"Most things were made for the use and pleasure of mankind ; others, to raise our admiration and astonishment; as, in particular, what are called fossils , being stones, found all the world over, that have either the impressions, or else the regular form of shells, leaves, fishes, fungi, teeth, sea-eggs, and many other productions. That thee may better apprehend what I mean, I have sent thee some specimens, in a packet of paper for specimens of plants for Lord Petre, with some seeds, and a pocket compass. Captain Savage has promised to take care of the parcel. In the course of thy travels, or in digging the earth, or in thy quarries, possibly some sorts of figured stones may be found, mixed or compounded with earth, sand, or stone and chalk. What use the learned make of them, is, that they are evidences of the Deluge . "
1736 Mary, a ship owned by James Brown 2 (1698-1739), sailed from Providence, Rhode Island. Brown traded in rum, molasses, slaves and other merchandise. The Mary sailed to Africa, exchanged cargos and sailed to the West Indies, exchanged cargos and returned to Providence. Considered the start of the Rhode Island (and New England) Triangular Trade. "It was apparently the first slave ship ever to sail from Providence, but did not yield much profit. No other slave ships sailed from the town until 1749 , and the Brown family remained out of the trade until 1759 ". (Rhode Island Historical Society) - See also Dictionary of American History - slavery in Rhode Island
1740
1740-1741 George Whitefield 's second voyage to America, in which he established Bethesda Orphan House and preached in New England.
Working-class Methodists in Philadelphia wanted to build a great preaching hall for the English evangelist, George Whitefield . It was also to be a charity school. The University of Pennsylvania claims this as its foundation. A deed of trust was formed, but funding fell through. In 1749, Benjamin Franklin named a board of trustees, with himself as president. The Academy opened in 1751 and was chartered in 1755. External link to Wikipedia article .
1745
1745-1748 George Whitefield 's third voyage to America. In poor health.
15.12.1745 Birth of Benjamin Rush in Byberry, Pennsylvania. Professor of Chemistry at Philadelphia in 1769 , at Pennsylvania in 1791 . Signatory of the Declaration of Independence . Surgeon General (then Physician General) of the "Continental Army" 1777-1778 . Treasurer of US Mint 1799 . Died 1813 .
1759
"The earliest of the three important images of Benjamin Franklin (1706- 1790) in the White House, this portrait is the first of countless likenesses of Franklin produced abroad. . . . ". . . Franklin commissioned [this] likeness in 1758. . . . It shows a bewigged middle-aged gentleman, slightly fleshy but vigorous, with a firm mouth and a direct gaze. Wilson conveys a strong personality through the forceful structure of the head, especially in the modeling of the nose and eyes. It is an even-tempered, alert, unpretentious, and commanding presence.
"At the left, from the depths of the . . . dark background, a great lightning bolt flashes earthward, striking a church steeple. It is safe to assume that the church steeple is protected with one of Franklin's lightning rods, whose invention and perfection between 1748 and 1752 garnered public applause enjoyed by few scientists of the 18th century." Source of Scholar's Notes: Kloss, William, et al. Art in the White House: A Nation's Pride. Washington, D.C.: The White House Historical Association, 2008.
1761
sensory deprivation:
"In 1761, the Reverend John Wiswall (1731-1821) of Falmouth, Maine suffered what we would probably now call a "nervous breakdown". He continued out of his mind for nine months, after which he was referred to Dr Daniel Howe (born 1.5.1717, died 1.11.1797), a doctor in Andover, Massachusetts, who prescribed confinement to "a dark chamber". Cure was obtained in a few weeks." (Charles Outwin)
If you know any more about this doctor or his treatments, please communicate. . It is possible that the idea of reducing sensory input was related to the associationist theories of people like David Hartley . See also 1775
1770 George Whitefield 's seventh voyage to America. He wintered in Georgia, then traveled to New England where he died
1772
Death of John Woolman (1720-1772), an American (New Jersey) Quaker whose life and writings had a profound effect (inside and outside the Quakers) in Britain, as well as America. There is an online text of his Journal at Bartleby.com John Woolman died of smallpox at York, Yorkshire, England on 7.10.1772.
1773
British passed a Tea Act, which aroused strong opposition in the American colonies.
16.12.1773 "Boston Tea Party". Colonials tip 342 chests of tea into the sea.
Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds, the first in what became the United States, opened at Williamsburg, Virginia. [External link]
1774 Benjamin Franklin in London
Memoir and letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn of the 4th regiment, ("King's own") from North America, 1774-1776. by William Glanville Evelyn; Edited by Gideon Scull , published by J. Parker, Oxford, 1879.
British closed the port of Boston in response to the tea party
Virginia Conventions began, leading to the First Continental Congress (meetings of the American colonies) which met in Philadelphia from 5.9.1774 to 14.10.1774, when it passed the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress.
1775
April 1775 to 1783: War between the British and their rebellious American colonies. The armed rebellion began at the Lexington and Concord Bridge, and spread. The rebel army was led by George Washington.
14.6.1775: The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts passed the following resolve:
"Whereas the committee are informed that Dr How of Andover is prepared to receive insane patients and is well skilled in such disorders, resolved that Daniel Adams, a lunatic now at Woburn, be carried to the town of Andover and committed to the care of Doctor How and the said Dr How be hereby desired to take proper care of the said lunatic at the expense of this colony."
17.6.1775 Major John Pitcairn, father of David Pitcairn , killed in the Battle of Bunker's Hill. 1,054 British troops and 441 rebel troops died in the battle, which the British won. (external link)
1776
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers) disowned members who persisted in owning slaves.
January 1776 Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine, published anonymously.
12.6.1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights; written by George Mason
29.6.1776 Virginia State Constitution adopted. This became a model for all the rebel colonies as they formed themselves into states.
11.7.1776 Chiefs of the Iroquois visited and addressed the Continental Congress that was discussing independence from Britain of the colonial states. external link
United Colonies become United States
4.7.1776 Declaration of Independence , drafted by Thomas Jefferson, formally adopted at the Second Continental Congress by all rebel states. In June, the Congress had adopted a resolution that:
"these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states."
1777
The Continental Congress adopted the thirteen stars and stripes as the flag of the independent states acting in combination. "Articles of Confederation" were drafted, but did not come into operation until 1781 - when Maryland agreed to ratify them.
1778: France joins war against the British
1781
Articles of Confederation came into operation, providing for the common defence of the states and some pursuit of common aims.
1783
Independence of "these United States" recognised by the Treaty of Paris
The separate states adopted distinct constitutions, allowing for more democracy than under their colonial constitutions.
The rebel 13 are only a small part of the present USA. On this Victorian map, the original thirteen are:
New Hampshire (2)
15.12.1791 First ten Amendments to the Constitution ("The Bill of Rights") adopted
Printed in London, for the author, John Long (known to be alive 1768-1791) Voyages and travels of an Indian interpreter and trader: describing the manners and customs of the North American Indians; with an account of the posts situated on the river Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, &c. to which is added, a vocabulary of the Chippeway language, names of furs and skins, in English and French, a list of words in the Iroquois , Mohegan, Shawanee, and Esquimeaux tongues, and a table, shewing the analogy between the Algonkin and Chippeway languages (See Durkheim on totemism)
Pacifying native Americans
The new United States of America extended its borders and fought to establish a monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in its territory. Native americans, who were tribal rather than territorial, resisted. They were not finally defeated until 1890.
After independence, groups of euro-americans moved west. They were protected from Indian tribes by the United States army. Little Turtle led warriors of the Miami, Shawnee, and other tribes against the US army, north of the Ohio River, in 1790 and 1791. The Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to forge a grand alliance of tribes west of the mountains, but was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed in battle in 1812. Native americans in the south were defeated at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (present-day Alabama) in 1814. In the 1820s the USA Government developed a policy of moving native american tribes away from the east to territories west of the Mississippi River .
15.5.1817 The Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason founded by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends. Claimed to be the first private mental health hospital in the United States. Built on a 52-acre farm.
The Quakers wrote out their philosophy in a mission statement for the hospital:
"To provide for the suitable accommodation of persons who are or may be deprived of the use of their reason, and the maintenance of an asylum for their reception, which is intended to furnish, besides requisite medical aid, such tender, sympathetic attention as may soothe their agitated minds, and under the Divine Blessing, facilitate their recovery."
Lewis Henry Morgan born. See 1851 1868 1871 1877 1880 1881 1882 1883
1818 Thomas Jefferson founded what became The University of Virginia. External links: Wikipedia article - Short history by Susan Tyler Hitchcock - details of her book . "Jefferson, with his friend Joseph Cabell, managed to get the Virginia Assembly to agree to fund a state university - Virginia is considered the first of all of them". (Susan Tyler Hitchcock - email)
The independence of New Granada from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 "Gran Colombia" had collapsed with the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador.
1819 An American Geological Society founded at Yale College . Ceased in 1828. (Kraus 1921 )
In 1819 New York State completed the building of Auburn State Prison, started in 1816 . External link: Auburn 1860
"In the 1820's New York and Pennsylvania began a movement that soon spread through the Northeast, and then over the next decades to many midwestern states. New York devised the Auburn or congregate system of penitentiary organisation, establishing it first at the Auburn state prison between 1819 and 1823, and then in 1825 at the Ossining institution similarly known as Sing-Sing" Rothman, D. 1971 , p.79)
The Silent System
"the Auburn system stressed congregate activities. Inmates slept in segregated cells but moved into workshops during the day and even outside the prison walls to work in tightly disciplined gangs, eating together in a common mess hall. In order to maintain order among this large company of men, the Auburn officials made liberal use of the whip and enforced a policy of absolute silence among the convicts." (Erikson, K.T. 1966 p.200)
The Separate System
"Pennsylvania officials worked out the details of a rival plan, the separate system, applying it to the penitentiary at Pittsburgh in 1826 and to the prison at Philadelphia in 1829 " Rothman, D. 1971 , p.79)
" Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia was a product of Quaker thinking and planning. Architecturally, it was a powerful fortress of stone, gloomy and massive like a medieval castle, but inside a new idea of prison discipline was being developed: each convict was locked in a separate call and confined there for the duration of his sentence, working at useful trades in the privacy of his room and exercising by himself in an isolated courtyard. The whole arrangement bore the stamp of Quaker theology, for the stated purpose of this solitary treatment was to give the inmate a chance to come to terms with his inner self and gain a more religious outlook for the future" (Erikson, K.T. 1966 p.200)
Between 1821 and 1859, the following States became part of the Union: Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Michigan (1837), Texas (1845), Florida (1845), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848), California (1850), Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859)
Indian Territory
In the 1820s, the USA government began moving what it called the "Five Civilized Tribes" of South East America (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, and Chickasaw) to lands west of the Mississippi River. The 1830 Indian Removal Act gave the President authority to designate specific lands for the Indians (native Americans). The 1834 Indian Intercourse Act called the lands Indian Territory and specified where they were: all of present-day Oklahoma North and East of the Red River, as well as Kansas and Nebraska. But, in 1854 the territory was cut down when Kansas and Nebraska territories were created. White settlers continued to invade the West and half the remaining Indian Territory (West Oklahoma) was opened to whites in 1889 . In 1907 Oklahoma became a state of the USA, and Indian Territory was no more. (external link) .
21.1.1824 Meeting of Anna Braithwaite and Ann Shipley with Elias Hicks at the house of Elias Hicks.
March 1824 Second meeting of Anna Braithwaite and Ann Shipley with Elias Hicks
\Monday 11.8.1824 Joseph John Gurney spied Anna Braitwaite through a telescope as her ship, Canada, came into the Mersey. He met her that evening. "she seems to have indeed gone forth in the needful hour, to detect the secret places of infidelity, and to proclaim the truth with boldness. I should conceive from her statements, that divine truth is gradually regaining ascendancy among our transatlantic brethren". (Memoirs p.278)
27.9.1824 Elias Hicks to Edwin A. Atlee in response to accounts by Anna Braithwaite of her interviews with him. Published as The Misrepresentations of Anna Braithwait: In Relation to the Doctrines Preached by Elias Hicks, Together with the Refutation of the Same, in a Letter from Elias Hicks, to Dr. Atlee of Philadelphia
1825
13.10.1825 Ship arrived in New York from Liverpool carrying Anna Braithwaite and Isaac Braithwaite
A Letter from Anna Braithwaite to Elias Hicks on the Nature of His Doctrines: Being a Reply to His Letter to Dr. Edwin A. Atlee; Together with Notes and Observations Anna Braithwaite 1825 - 26 pages
1826
1.4.186 The Telescope
"There is now a general commotion and overturning among the once peaceful people called Quakers. Within a short period two rival parties have arisen in the society. The division seems mostly to have originated in a difference of sentiment, maintained and strenuously enforced by two noted preachers of that order, viz.: Elias Hicks , and Anna Braithwaite . The old party adhere to the tenets of the latter, and are denominated "Orthodox," while the new party adhere to the sentiments of the former and are denominated "Reformers," or "Hicksites." The Orthodox side maintain that they themselves hold the principles of the founders of the society, and that the other party are rank Socinians, and no better than deists. On the other hand the Reformers accuse them of intolerance, bigotry, and desire "to lord it over God's heritage;" and thus a constant warfare is maintained; each trying to gain the ascendancy. "
1827
Early in 1827 there was division at the Philadephia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers) over whether Jonathan Evans or John Comly should be chosen as Clerk of the Yearly Meeting. What became the Orthodox (minority, Gurneyite , Evangelical) group favoured Jonathan Evans. He was chosen on te basis that he had the support of the weightier Quakers. The "Hicksites" wanted John Comly. They walked out and formed their own Yearly Meeting with headquarters at Fifteenth and Race Streets. The Orthodox Yearly Meeting continued to function at Fourth and Arch Streets in Philadelphia. The division spread throughout the United States and the two groups were not re-united until 1955. - Meanwhile the English Quakers had their own troubles.
5.6.1827 Ship Canada arrived in New York from England carrying Anna Braithwaite and Isaac Braithwaite, Merchant.
1834
In 1834, just a year before the Geological Survey of Great Britain was established, Congress authorized the first Federal examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the public lands by permitting the Topographical Bureau of the U.S. Army to use $5,000 of its appropriation for geological investigations and the construction of a geological map of the United States. (US Geological Survey History)
New York State commission established 1836 to build a lunatic asylum, purchased land (Utica) in 1837. The asylum opened in 1843 .
Presidency of Martin Van Buren 1837 to 1841
Ann Arbor
1838 Ohio Lunatic Asylum established at Columbus, Central Ohio.
23.9.1838 Brunel's Great Western Steamship arrived in New York on its first journey from Bristol, England. It had sailed on 8.4.1838. The return voyage left from New York on 7.5.1838 and arrived Bristol 22.5.1838. The vessel ran for nine seasons - lying up in winter. (external link)
1839
1839 The Missouri Legislature passed the Geyer Act to establish funds for a state university. This was the first public university west of west of the Mississippi River.
1839 Boston Lunatic Asylum opened at South Boston, County of Suffolk, Massachusetts , (taken over by the state in 1908)
Mount Pleasant Female Prison opened at Sing Sing (New York State) with women being transferred there from Bellevue and Auburn. In 1877, this prison closed and women were sent to county penitentiaries until the new women's prison at Auburn was opened in 1893.
New York City Asylum
Blackwell's Island Asylum on Asylum's Projects
Later renamed Welfare Island. Now Roosevelt Island
See timeline
1839 New York City Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island opened. (Architect: A.J. Davis, 1835-1839). It was designed as a copy of Hanwell . It was the largest mental hospital in the United States during its time. As New York City's pauper asylum, it was overcrowded from the start, and completely overwhelmed by the Irish famine immigration. "Foreign born" patients generally made up about 75 percent of its population. The asylum, run by the City's Almshouse Commission, was never adequately funded, and was mired in political infighting from inception. The new Ward's Island Asylum opened in 1871. Alterations were made to the Blackwell's Island Asylum by archtect Joseph M. Dunn in 1879 . The asylum was closed in 1895 . Part of the 1839 building survives and is now called the Octagon. (Information mainly from Diane Richardson ) - See 1892 New York City Asylum
12.6.1840 World Anti-Slavery Conference opened in London . British slaves having been freed in the 1830s , the emphasis of the conference was on the liberation of United States slaves. Six delegates from the United States were women .
14.10.1840 Maine State Hospital for the insane opened. Superintendent Cyrus Knapp. 30 patients by 31.12.1840.
From about 1840 Ward's Island, New York used for "everything unwanted in New York City". (Wikipedia) . In 1848 Wards Island was designated the reception area for immigrants. In 1871 a Kirkbride Plan style building was built. The immigration entry moved to Ellis Island in 1892, New York State took it over from Manhattan in 1899 and expanded it even further. At the time, it had 4,400 beds and was the largest psychiatric hospital in the world.
Presidency of William H. Harrison 1841
Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia.
Presidency of John Tyler 1841 to 1845
1841 The first asylum in Ontario "for the reception of insane and lunatic persons" opened. "After many changes evolved into the present Queen Street site of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto" (source)
"The first Provincial Lunatic Asylum opened with seventeen patients in 1841, and was originally situated i n the county gaol on Toronto Street. There was not enough space however, so branch facilities were set up in a house at the corner of Front and Bathurst Street5 and i n the east wing of the Parliament Buildings. In January, 1850, a new insane asylum located three miles west of downtown Toronto, at 999 Queen Street West, received its first patients." (Geoffrey Reaume 1997)
Saturday 2.4.1842 edition of The Albion contained an editorial and comprehensive report, with statistics about the Hanwell Pauper Lunatic Asylum ", in London. Brad Edmondson is investigating the possibility that this relates to the establishment of the New York State Asylum
1842 Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane opened
The Oregon Trail began in 1842 when, for a few years, many people left the Missouri river region [See Missouri ] in large group of horse drawn wagons heading westward, over the mountains, to Oregon, the land bordering the Pacific in the Columbia River area. They came into conflict with the British in the Hudson Bay Company, who shared this area with the United States. In 1846, this conflict was resolved by drawing a national boundary at the 49th parallel . The first wagon train arrived in the Puget Sound, the large inlet of Pacific water into what is now Washington State, in 1845. It was led by Michael Simmons and George W. Bush, a free Black. Oregon Territory (from the 42nd parallel to the 49th) was created in 1848, but divided into Oregon Territory and Washington Territory in 1853 . Oregon became a state in 1859. Washington became a state in 1889
1843
1843: Dorothea Dix's Memorial to the Massachusetts legislature , in which she argued that the 120 beds in the Worcester State Asylum were not enough for all the lunatics she found in Massachusetts poorhouses and prisons. The asylum was expanded to 320 beds.
1843 The first permanent colony in what is now British Columbia was established (in present-day Victoria) by the British in 1843
One of the slogans of the 1844 USA presidential election was "Fifty-four forty or fight", meaning the British should be made to withdraw north of the 54.40"North latitude on the Pacific coast, by force if necessary. The issue was resolved, without war, by dividing the Columbia river region between the USA and British Columbia at the 49th parallel. (map) British Columbia website
1843 The McNaughton Rules , with modifications, were adopted by most American states. In 1998, 25 states plus the District of Columbia still used versions of the McNaughten rules to test for legal insanity.
"The legal system of each state in the U.S. is initially based on the common law, and theerfore, so far as leagal insanity is concerned, on the McNaughton Rules. But many states have broken away from the McNaughten rules in two ways: (a) by takking a much more flexible view of the doctrine of precedents, i.e. by adapting the common law; and (b) by statute" Clyne, P. 1973 , p.130
Pliny Earle (1809-1892). Superintendent of the Bloomingdale Hospital, New York
Luther Bell (1806-1862). Superintendent of the McLean Asylum in Somerville, Massachusetts
Wilson Awl (1799-1876). Organiser of the Ohio State Asylum
Nehemiah Cutter (1787-1859). Organiser of a private hospital: the Peperell Asylum, Massachusetts.
Francis Stribling (1810-1874). Superintendent of the Western Lunatic Asylum of Virginia.
John Galt (1819-1862). First superintendent of the Williamsburg Asylum. (??)
Charles Stedman (1805-1866). Superintendent (after Butler) of the Boston Lunatic Asylum
22.10.1844 Jesus did not return to earth in his second coming as had been predicted by the followers of William Miller. The disappointment is now part of Seventh Day Adventist history. See The Ellen G. White Estate - The official Ellen G. White website (positive) and The Ellen White Research Project (critical). The article on Millerite Insanity is on the critical site.
Presidency of James K. Polk 1845 to 1849
Dix, D. L. and YA Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) (1845). Memorial. To the Honourable the Senate and General Assembly of the state of New Jersey. Trenton,.
Dix, D. L. (1845). Memorial soliciting a state hospital for the insane. Philadelphia, I. Ashmead printer.
Sentences him in his words,
The form is his own corporal form,
And his thought the penal worm."
See Illinois on asylums project
1847 Illinois State Hospital for the Insane, Jacksonville, opened
On the Construction, Organisation, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane, with some remarks on Insanity and its Treatment by Thomas Kirkbride .
Dix, D. L. (1847). Memorial soliciting enlarged and improved accomodations for the insane of the state of Tennessee. Nashville, B. R. M'Kennie printer.
1848
1848 Indiana Hospital for the Insane opened about three miles west of Indianapolis. It started with just five patients. Many people moved to Indiana in the next half-century and, by 1900, the hospital had an average of 1,800 patients. In the meantime, other Indiana hospitals for the insane had opened, and this one was renamed Central State Hospital for the Insane. From 1929 it was just Central State Hospital. It closed in 1994, but the Pathology Department building was preserved and now houses the Indiana Medical History Museum. (external link)
1851
1851 Lewis Henry Morgan , League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois Rochester; New York: Sage & Brother: M.H. Newman & Co.; and others. Included a folding map and a "Schedule explanatory of the Indian map," arranged in three columns giving the corresponding English and Indian names of the localities, stream, etc., with their signification.
1851 A preparatory school founded in the then territory of Minnesota that became the University of Minnesota in 1869. The school closedduring the civil war, but re-opened in 1867.
15.2.1851 Illinois' lunacy law
"AMENDATORY ACT.
Session Laws 15, 1851. Page 96.
SEC. 10. Married women and infants who, in the judgment of the Medical Superintendent, [meaning the Superintendent of the Illinois State Hospital for the insane] are evidently insane or distracted, may be entered or detained in the Hospital on the request of the husband, or the woman or guardian of the infants, without the evidence of insanity required in other cases."
1852 Second Massachusetts Hospital for the insane opened at Taunton.
20.2.1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom's Cabin (book form) - (Wikipedia entry)
1853
1853 Washington Territory was established with Isaac Stevens as its first territorial governor. The medical superintendent of a large English lunatic asylum governed as many people as Isaac Stevens in 1853, but by 1860 the territory's population had multiplied tenfold to 11,500. In 1854 the first session of the territorial legislature adapted a poor law with provision for care of insane. "Counties" were delegated this responsibility and, in 1855, King County presented a bill for $1659 for caring for Edward Moore, a "non-resident lunatic pauper". As the entire annual income of the territory was $1199, the bill was declined, and Edward Moore returned by sea to Boston, his home. (Kathleen Benoun)
1855
7.3.1855 Dakota county organised by an Act of the first territorial legislature of Kansas. "So fierce has been the mighty conflict between advancing civilisation and the wild aborigines of the West, that for many years these border lands were one vast graveyard, strewn with the bleaching bones of unburied heroes. Behold the wonderful changes wrought by the resistless arm of Time since the advent of the pioneers to Dakota county!" - "Dakota county has been visited by a number of eminent geologists, because of its peculiar geological formation, and the "Dakota Group" was so named from the fact that these stratums of different grades of sandstone were first discovered in this county along the bluffs east of Homer which was once the bed of a sea, and this group was formed by sedimentary deposits". Warners History of Dakota County, Nebraska from the days of the pioneers im first settlers to the present time, with biographical sketches, and anecdotes of ye olden times, by M. M. Warner. 1893. (Internet Archive - offline )
Government Hospital for the Insane Washington DC later St. Elizabeths Hospital for the Insane Washington DC
(external link) - (external link) -
In 1855 The Government Hospital for the Insane Washington DC began operations. It was founded in 1852 .
Charles H. Nichols (1820-1889) the first medical superintendent, collaborated with Dorothea Dix "to establish a model institution in the capital city". (source)
"During the Civil War , the property was also used to house wounded soldiers. A reluctance of the soldiers to write home stating that they were recuperating at the Government Hospital for the Insane gave rise to the use of the name St. Elizabeths, the historic name of the old royal land grant of which the campus was a part. Thereafter, the institution was informally referred to as St. Elizabeths for decades until the name was formally changed by Congress in 1916. " (source)
1857
Gold discovered in the Fraser Valley and thousands of people came in search of instant wealth. To help maintain law and order, the British government established the colony of British Columbia in 1858. The colony of Vancouver Island joined British Columbia in 1866.
1857? "Reverend Theophilus Packard came to Manteno, in Kankakee county, Illinois, seven years since" [1864], "and has remained in charge of the Preabyterian Church of that place until the past two years".
1858 Third Massachusetts Hospital for the insane opened at Northampton. - external link to Tom Riddle's website
1858 Meek and Hayden "Remarks on the Lower Cretaceous beds of Kansas and Nebraska, togethcr with descriptions of some new species of Carboniferous fossils from the valley of the Kansas River": Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1858. volume 10, pages 256-260.
15.4.1858 Emile Durkheim born.
His last lectures (1913/1914) included a comparison of his sociology with that of pragmatists, such as Dewey.
1859
In 1859, for the first time, the value of the products of U.S. industry exceeded the value of agricultural products. In that same year, gold was discovered in Colorado, silver was discovered at the Comstock lode in western Nevada to begin the era of silver mining in the West, and the first oil well in the United States was successfully drilled in northwestern Pennsylvania.
1859 Meek and Hayden "On the so-called Triassic rocks of Kansas and Nebraska" Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, v. 27, p. 31-35. F. Hawn in 1858 had supposed that Dakota strata belonged in the Triassic . Others, later, suggested they were Tertiary . Meek and Hayden persisted with allocating them to the Cretaceous , and this was shown to be correct. Meek and Hayden commented (1859) that the Dakota fossils "belong to a higher and more modern tvpe of dicotyledonous trees...".
See Chicago timeline 1859-1952
21.10.1860 Birth of Caroline E Dudley. Daughter of Eliza W. Beers (10.8.1834-10.12.1900) and George Bull Dudley. Born Buffalo, New York. Living New Haven, Connecticut in 1923. Supported Carl Beers (cousin) in hospital after George's death and by a trust fund after hers. [Note Caroline E. Dudley Fund was established to support Yale School of Architecture in 1935 ]
20.12.1860 South Carolina became first state to secede from Union
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 1861 to 1865
8.2.1861 Confederate States adopt Provisional Constitution
1861 Joseph Damase Pagé born in St. Casimir, Quebec. Graduated in medicine from Laval University in 1887. Established a practice in Waterloo, Quebec, where he remained for sixteen years. In 1904, he was appointed medical superintendent of the Immigration Hospital at the Port of Quebec. Named chief in 1905. Served with the Canadian military forces at the port of Quebec during World War I, working among returned soldiers. In 1920, with the creation of the federal Department of Health and the transfer of Immigration Medical and Quarantine Services to this department, Dr. Pagé was appointed Chief of these divisions. Due largely to his initiative the Overseas Immigration Medical Service was established, enabling the physical and mental status of prospective immigrants to be determined prior to embarking. Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier said that: "Dr. Pagé has the scientific spirit of a searcher after truth, association with unusual perseverance, intelligent direction of his energy, and the highest moral qualities." Dr. J.D. Pagé was awarded CPHA's Honorary Life Membership in 1934." (Canadian Public Health Journal, Vol. 25, 1934). Retired 1932. Died Iberville, Quebec 30.11.1938.
1861 Meek and Hayden "Descriptions of new Lower Silurian (Primordial), Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary fossils collected in Nebraska Territorv. by the exploring expedition under the command of Capt. Wm F.Reynolds, U.S. Top. Engineers, with some remarks on the rocks from which they were obtained": Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia volume 13, pages 417-432. Available at Hathi trust
1.3.1861 Iowa State Hospital for the Insane at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, finished.
12.4.1861 United States Civil War begins
During the Civil War, Jacob Mendez Da Costa (1833-1900) was a doctor at the Military Hospital in Philadelphia, where he made may of the observations on which he based a paper on "irritable heart" (sometimes called soldier's heart) in 1871. This disorder was brought on by extreme fear. Arthur Bowen Richards Myers (1838-1921) was the first to describe it (in 1870) in On the etiology and prevalence of diseases of the heart among soldiers, published in London by J. Churchill. The syndrome was later named Da Costa's syndrome. (External links: who named it and War Syndromes and Their Evaluation... by Kenneth C. Hyams, Stephen Wignall and Robert Roswell)
1862
October 1862 St. John's Lunatic Asylum in Vancouver, Washington opened by the Sisters of Charity. It was the first asylum in Washington Territory . The Sisters contracted with the territory to care for patients at $8 a week, and a total of 17 patients were admitted between 1862 and 1865.
13.8.1863 William Isaac Thomas born. See 1892 - 1904 - 1918 - 1939 -
19.11.1863 The Gettysburg Address of Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal .
Now we are engaged in a great civil war , testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Packard versus Packard
"She spoke of the condition of the North and the South. She illustrated her difficulties with Mr. Packard, by the difficulties between the North and the South. She said the South was wrong, and was waging war for two wicked purposes : first, to overthrow a good government, and second, to establish a despotism on the inhuman principle of human slavery. But that the North, having right on their side, would prevail. So Mr. Packard was opposing her, to overthrow free thought in woman ; that the despotism of man may prevail over the wife ; but that she had right and truth on her side, and that she would prevail. During this conversation I did not fully conclude that she was insane" (Dr J.W. Brown)
13.1.1864 Start of Packard v. Packard. 18.1.1864 jury "We, the undersigned, Jurors in the case of Mrs Elizabeth P.W. Packard , alleged to be insane, having heard the evidence... are satisfied that [she] is sane." Judge Charles Starr ordered that she "be relieved of all restraints incompatible with her condition as a sane woman". However, during the trial the Reverend Packard had sold their house in Illinois and left for Massachusetts with her money, notes, wardrobe and young children.
1865
The American Social Science Association founded "to aid the development of Social Science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of promoting the Amendments of Laws, the Advancement of Education, the Prevention and Repression of Crimes, the Reformation of Criminals, and the Progress of Public Morality, the Adoption of Sanitary Regulations and the Diffusion of Sound Principles on the Questions of Economy, Trade and Finance."
13.2.1865 Nebraska passed an Act for arrangments with Iowa to send insane patients to the Iowa asylum at Mount Pleasant. The arrangement continued until July 1870, when Nebraska had to move six of its incurable patients into the Pawnee county jail until the asylum at Lincoln was completed
14.4.1865 Lincoln shot by Boothe, died next day
Presidency of Andrew Johnson 1865 to 1869
British North American Act created the Dominion of Canada
USA bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars
Elizabeth Packard "in the winter of 1867, I came alone, and at my own expense, from Massachusetts to Illinois ... trying to induce the Legislature to ... pass ... a Bill for the Protection of Personal Liberty
5.3.1867 By Elizabeth Pacckard's Personal Liberty Act
"no superintendent, medical director, agent or other person, having the management, supervision or control of the Insane Hospital at Jacksonville, or of any hospital or asylum for insane and distracted persons in this State, shall receive, detain or keep in custody at such asylum or hospital any person who has not been declared insane or distracted by a verdict of a jury and the order of a court"
Mary Lincoln was committed under this Act
20.5.1867 cornerstone laid in Middletown for the General Hospital for Insane of the State of Connecticut - 1874: name changed to Connecticut Hospital for the Insane - By 1879, referred to as Connecticut State Hospital. See Clifford Beers 8.11.1902
The pictureis of the main building, from 1878 annual report. (source)
Judi Chamberlin says
"The ex-patients movement began approximately in 1970 , but we can trace its history back to many earlier former patients, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who wrote stories of their mental hospital experiences and who attempted to change laws and public policies concerning the "insane." Thus, in 1868 , Mrs Elizabeth Packard published the first of several books and pamphlets in which she detailed her forced commitment by her husband in the Jacksonville (Illinois) insane Asylum. She also founded the Anti-Insane Asylum Society, which apparently never became a viable organization (Dain, 1989). Similarly, in Massachusetts at about the same time, Elizabeth Stone, also committed her husband, tried to rally public opinion to the cause of stopping the unjust incarceration of the "insane."" (Chamberlin, J. 1990 )
At the conclusion of The Prisoner's Hidden Life, Elizabeth Packard proposed that influential readers might circulate the following and send names to her:
CONSTITUTION OF AN ANTI-INSANE ASYLUM SOCIETY.
Since it has become self-evident from the facts before the public, authenticated by the Illinois Legislative Committee, that our present system of treating the Insane, is a gross violation of the principles of Christianity, and of mental pathology, and therefore, can not receive the sanction of the enlightened and conscientious ; and knowing that it takes a long time to revolutionize such popular institutions, sustained by State's power; we can not submit to pass off the stage of action, without leaving our protest against them.
Therefore, while the present system exists, we, the undersigned, do hereby pledge ourselves,
1st. That we will never consent to be entered into such Institutions as patients.
2nd. We will never consent to have any relative or friend of ours, entered as a patient.
3rd. If we, or our relatives or friends, should become insane, they shall be taken care of by their friends, in their own homes.
4th. This Society pledge .themselves that such shall be kindly and appropriately cared for.
5th. That if. the relatives of the unfortunate one are not able to provide for, and bestow suitable treatment upon them, this Society shall furnish them with the means for doing so.
6th. This fund for the protection of the unfortunate, shall be bestowed by a committee of this Society, as their judgment shall dictate, after having thoroughly investigated the whole case.
MRS. E. P. W. PACKARD.
Chicago, Illinois.
I (Andrew) would note both that it is not an association of ex-patients that was being proposed and that an informal association of women patients had already formed to create the book.
Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 1869 to 1877
Under Elizabeth Packard's influence, Iowa passed a similar bill to Illinois . Other states followed suite.
3.4.1872 Boston Daily Advertiser (Supplement) "The law school affords ... lectures ... on what the French call 'criminology' , or the science of penal legislation".
1873
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, founded. Wikipedia
Birth of Abraham Arden Brill (died 1948), the first major translator of the works of Sigmund Freud from German into English. The New York Psychonalytic Society was founded under his chairmanship in 1911. In 1920 he was "PH.B., M.D. Clinical assistant, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University ; Assistant in Mental Diseases, Bellevue Hospital; Assistant Visiting Physician, Hospital for Nervous Diseases"
Birth of Charles Christopher Adams (1873-1955). "Arriving from Harvard at the University of Chicago in 1899, Adams studied under Charles B. Davenport, Henry C. Cowles , and Charles Otis Whitman. He worked as a curator at the University of Michigan's Natural History Museum while completing his Ph.D., awarded in 1908. From 1908 to 1914, he served as a professor in animal ecology at the University of Illinois". 1913 Animal Ecology "In December 1914, he participated in the initial organizational meeting of the Ecological Society of America"
16.9.1874 Frederic Edward Clements born, (died 26.7.1945) See 1905 - 1916 - 1917 - 1925 - [Wikipedia] . Clements argued that plant communities develop thorough stages to a climax community.
9.11.1874 Missouri State Lunatic Asylum Number 2 at St Joseph's. In 1968 George Glore, a worker at the hospital, created models to illustrate the history of psychiatric treatment in the USA. From this developed a museum now known as the Glore Psychiatric Museum. Now in its own modern building, the museum has outlived its hospital and is a major tourist attraction. Curator, Scott Clark. - Museum link - Roadside America link
Christmas 1874 The Lambs New York formed. A gentleman's club for actors. It was the twin of the London Lambs Club .
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, founded in 1874, claims to be "the world's oldest independent scientific monthly in the field of human behaviour". It started (1874) as the Chicago Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (first two years). The first years of the journal balanced neurology and psychiatry. - See History of Chicago Neurology
1875
The first sociology course in the United States was taught by William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) at Yale College in 1875. He used Herbert Spencer's Sociology as his text. [I am not clear which book this refers to]
See external link: Darwin's Impact: Social Evolution in America, 1880-1920 (archive) and History of Economic Thought Web , which describes Sumner as a "Social Darwinist, American counterpart of the British evolutionary theorist, Herbert Spencer. Defended radical laissez- faire as being justified by laws of evolution".
14.12.1875: New England Psychological Society formed at Worcester, Massachusetts. Pliny Earle, superintendent of the Northampton Lunatic Hospital, elected president. The name was changed to the New England Society of Psychiatry on 26.3.1907. (see words )
The first Columbia PhD was awarded in 1875
1876 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland , opened. "the first university in the Western Hemisphere founded on the model of the European research institution, where research and the advancement of knowledge were integrally linked to teaching". (external link) [What did the others do? - Does this mean that John Hopkins was the first USA institution that a European would have recognised as a university? See Yale ]
"Although colleges devoted to the instruction of future clergymen, other professionals, and members of the upper strata have flourished in America since the colonial period, the first full-fledged American university, Johns Hopkins, opened its doors only in 1876. Four years later Columbia College began to develop into a national university. The universities of Michigan and Pennsylvania followed soon after. In 1891 large endowments from private benefactors led to the creation of two new major universities, Stanford and the University of Chicago . Others soon followed." (Lewis Coser) - archive
Johns Hopkins University: See 1883 (Psychology laboratory) - Dewey1884 (John Dewey) - 1889 (Hospital) - 1890 (women) - 1910 (Adolf Meyer) - 1913 (John B. Watson) - 1920 (Rosalie Rayner - Phyllis Greenacre - Curt Richter) - 1926 (Gillespie) - 1995 (Germany)
30.3.1876 Birth of Clifford Whittingham Beers in New Haven, Connecticut. His parents were Ida Cooke and Robert Beers . They lived at 30 Trumbull Street, New Haven, Connecticut. The Beer brothers were Robert H. (died in infancy) George Merwin (suicide June 1932) - Samuel Ruggles (early death 4.7.1900 ) - William Cooke (suicide in a mental hospital in 1930) - Clifford (died in a mental hospital 9.7.1943) - Carl (died in a mental hospital November 1935 - p.283) - See 1880 Census
Richard L. Dugdale, 1877, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity, New York, G.P. Putnam. offline book
Webster's 1913 Dictionary included the following entry:
"Jukes, The: A pseudonym used to designate the descendants of two sisters, the Jukes sisters, whose husbands were sons of a backwoodsman of Dutch descent. They lived in the State of New York, and their history was investigated by R. L. Dugdale as an example of the inheritance of criminal and immoral tendencies, disease, and pauperism. Sixty per cent of those traced showed, degeneracy, and they are estimated to have cost society $1,308,000 in 75 years."
1878
"Although there were many pathology and bacteriology laboratories in Europe prior to 1875, none existed in the United States. Why no laboratories were established in the United States before 1875 is difficult to understand because biologists and teachers in the universities and medical schools were familiar with the researches of Pasteur , Koch and Lister.
In 1878, William Welch established the first pathology laboratory in the United States at Bellevue Hospital in New York and shortly after T. Michell Prudden started one at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Although these laboratories were designated as pathology laboratories, bacteriologic research and teaching were part of the program." (W. L. Mallmann 1974) - (archive)
1879
Bureau of Ethnology established by an Act of Congress. Later re-named Bureau of American Ethnology. (Wikipedia)
February 1879 The Anthropological Society of Washington founded, "government-sponsored anthropology centered in Washington - in the earlier days largely at the Smithsonian Institution" (External source: pdf of Records, including history - html )
1880
American Journal of Philology founded
Under the provisions of the act approved March 3, 1879, amended by the act approved April 20, 1880, a census of the population, wealth, and industry of the United States is to be taken on, or of the date, June 1, 1880. The period of enumeration is by law limited to the month of June, and in cities having 10,000 inhabitants and over, according to the census of 1870, is still further limited to the first two weeks of June.
New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Household of Robert A. Beers aged 52, born New York: Wife Ida Beers aged 37, born Georgia - Sons Geo. M. Beers aged 14 and Samuel R. Beers aged 11, born Georgia - Sons William C. Beers aged 7 - Clifford Beers aged 4 and Carl E. Beers, aged 0, born Connecticut. Household also included Sister-in-laws Mary L. Cooke aged 27 and Clifford H. Cooke (Female) aged 24 and Brother-in-law Nathaniel M. Cooke aged 15, born Georgia and "Other" Hannah Scott aged 48 born New Jersey.
Founded in the second half of 1880, Science became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900 . 2001: Human Genome . 2003: Open access challenge
25.10.1880 Oregon State Legislature authorised the construction of the first state lunatic asylum. The State Insane Asylum at Salem, Oregon was opened in 1883 with 320 patients. Before that, Oregonian lunatics were cared for in a private asylum in Portland at state expense. (Rootsweb, which has pictures)
From 1880 to 1920 the number of insane patients of institutions in the USA increased from 40,942 to 232,680
25.11.1880 New York Times "New Doctrines on Insanity. Scope and aims of the American Association for the Protection of the Insane - Reforms in Treatment and Jusisprudence proposed" (offline)
Lewis Henry Morgan , A Study of the Houses of the American Aborigines; with suggestions for the exploration of the Ruins in New Mexico, Arizona, the valley of the San Juan, and in Yucatan and Central America.
Presidency of James A. Garfield (Republican) 1881
Presidency of Chester A. Arthur (Republican) 1881 to 1885
1881
Lewis Henry Morgan , Houses and house-life of the American aborigines This was part of the original manuscript of Ancient Society It was published as volume four of Contributions to North American ethnology Department of the Interior. U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.
The life and works of Lewis H. Morgan. An address at his funeral by Joshua Hall Macilvaine. [Rochester, N.Y.]
22.5.1882 Edwin Maria Katzenellenbogen born in Stanislau. He died after 1950.
The first laboratory of psychology in America is established at Johns Hopkins University
Memoir of Lewis H. Morgan of Rochester, N.Y. etc. by Charles Henry Hart. Philadelphia
Robert Henry Lowie born, Vienna, 1883. Died 1957. (Wikipedia)
1884
The superintendent of St Elizabeth's Hospital for the Insane , W.W. Godding, appointed Isaac W. Blackburn as head of the first pathology laboratory established in a lunatic asylum in the USA.
In 1884, John Dewey published "Kant and Philosophic Method" (April), was awarded his Ph.D by Johns Hopkins University (June) and was appointed instructor in philosophy at University of Michigan (July). One of his students at Michigan was Robert E. Park . [see autobiographical note] Dewey taught at Michigan from 1884 to 1888 and again from 1889 to 1894 . Robert Park worked as a journalist from 1887 to 1898 [see autobiographical note]
1884 George Herbert Mead wrote to a friend
"I have no doubt that now the most reasonable system of the universe can be formed to myself without a God." (See Aboulafia 2008 )
Some of Mead's later work in social psychology expresses in secular (naturalistic) theories ideas previously expressed in theological terms. See, for example soul in Mind, Self and Society
Presidency of Grover Cleveland (Democrat) 1885 to 1889
1888
27.1.1888 National Geographic Society founded in Washington DC . The National Geographic Magazine started in September/October 1888. [external link to website] . The Royal Geographical Society in Great Britain was founded in 1830.
New York investigative reporter Nellie Bly disguised herself as a mental patient, then wrote Ten days in a Mad House
In Washington State there is a lake so full of salts that it is known as "Medical Lake". The lake was exploited commercially by an English immigrant, Stanley Hallett (1851- ) who owned much of the land. Hallett persuaded the legislature, of what was then Washington Territory, to construct the second State Lunatic Asylum there in 1888. It is now Eastern State Hospital (Washington) (Kathleen Benoun's timeline says it opened in 1891) external link
"The original Kirkbride building at Medical Lake is long gone, but the building that replaced it has an approximation of a Kirkbride floor plan, with male and female wings extending from a larger center wing. Originally just a mental hospital, the complex now houses mental health patients, chimpanzees, juvenile criminal offenders, and bats, as the mental hospital has downsized and different uses have been found." (Rootsweb, which has pictures)
Autumn? 1888 George Herbert Mead went to Leipzig, Germany to study with Wilhelm Wundt , from whom he learned the concept of "the gesture," Mead "studied in Germany from 1888-1891, taking a course from Wilhelm Dilthey and immersing himself in Wilhelm Wundt's research." Aboulafia 2008
Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (Republican) 1889 to 1893
1889
Foundation of Hull House, Chicago: (visit the museum) - It was at Addam's Hull House that the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy flowered. The principles of active occupation and adaptation promoted by Dewey and adopted by Hirsch, Lathrop and Addams were taught there to its students Eleanor Clarke Slagle and Mary Potter Brooks [later] Meyer. It was at Hull House that the Faville School of Occupational Therapy was established, and Slagle later taught, a school founded and supported by the Chicago Mental Hygiene Society" (source)
11.11.1889 Washington Territory became Washington State, the 42nd state of the USA
1889 Boas secured his first academic appointment which was at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.
1889 Johns Hopkins Hospital opened
1889 The creation of a [New York] State Commission in Lunacy
University of Chicago founded: external link to brief history . See John Dewey - 1874 - Hull House 1889 - Department of Sociology 1892 - Dewey and Mead 1894 - American Journal of Sociology 1895 -
A Womens Fund Committee was started to raise funds on condition that women were admitted to the medical school at Johns Hopkins University Between 1890 and 1907 the whole University gradually became co-educational (staff and students). It has been suggested (Broadhurst, P.L. 1967) that concern for the moral welfare of students made it particularly sensitive to sexual scandal. About 1908, James Mark Baldwin, its leading Professor of Philosophy and Psychology, was arrested in a brothel and subsequently dismissed, creating the opportunity for his junior, John B. Watson , to take his position as editor of the Psychological Review . In 1920 Watson himself was dismissed when his affair with his female colleague resulted in divorce.
Columbia University "When Seth Low became Columbia's president in 1890, he vigorously promoted the university ideal for the College" - "For nearly forty years after Columbia University's re-founding as a research university in the 1890s, Franklin Giddings was Professor of Sociology" (source)
1890 New York State Care Act. The state assumed responsibility for all the insane in the state with the exception of those in Monroe, Kings and New York counties (which could opt in to state provision). Other legislation formally changed the names of all state "lunatic asylums" to "state hospitals." See 1896
8.2.1890 Birth of Samuel Brody in Lithuania. Emigrated to Canada in 1906. In the seminar of Agnes Fay Morgan (1884-1968), Berkley, California in 1916. - Chemical Warfare Service in World War 1 - Bloor and Brody - In 1920 he married Sophie Edith Dubosky. Died 6.8.1956 Eccles Hall, Columbia University
6.10.1890 Sophie Edith Dubosky born in California. [See 1940 ] She graduated from Berkley, California. Married Samuel Brody in 1920 . Gave birth to Eugene Bloor Brody on 17.6.1921 and to Arnold Jason Brody in 1923 . "Dr [Eugene] Brody's landmark book, which has remained in publication since being published in 1952 Psychotherapy With Schizophrenics [See 6.12.1950] was motivated by his mother's personal struggle with mental illness. She was psychotic, which began in his childhood and continued until her death at age 96. He wrote that life with his mother conflicted with much of what he was taught about mental illness in medical school. "With patience and love, as well as increasing knowledge, it was possible to learn her language and teach her mine," he wrote. "I learned that no one is unreachable or incomprehensible 24 hours a day, or 60 minutes an hour." The experience left an indelible mark on him because, as he wrote, when it came time to treat his first psychotic patient, he "knew how to talk to such a person."" Died April 1987
28.10.1890 Arthur Chester Ragsdale born in Aurora, Missouri. B.S. University of Missouri in 1912. M.S. University of Wisconsin 1925. Taught at New Jersey College of Agriculture and the University of West Virginia. Joined the University of Missouri faculty in 1916. Professor and chairman of the Department of Dairy Husbandry from 1919 to 1961. [Papers] . See Bloor and Brody - Died 22.7.1969
Autumn 1891 George Herbert Mead employed by the University of Michigan , where he met Charles H. Cooley and John Dewey ,
"In my earliest days of contact with him, as he returned from his studies in Berlin forty years ago, his mind was full of the problem which has always occupied him, the problem of individual mind and consciousness in relation to world and society.... When I first knew him he was reading and absorbing biological literature in its connection with mind and the self" (John Dewey 1931)
16.12.1891 Birth of Joseph Ward Swain (died 1971), translator of Durkheim and an American historian. Born at Yankton, South Dakota, the eldest son of Henry Huntington and Myra (Olmstead) Swain. Paris (with Durkheim and Mauss) 1913 - 1915 .
July 1892 The American Psychological Association (APA) founded. (external link to archives )
- The American Sociological Society was founded in 1905
Chicago University department of Sociology started in 1892. Much of Lewis Coser's American Trends chapter is about the history of this department. Coser says that for "roughly twenty years, from the first world war to the mid-1930s, the history of sociology in America can largely be written as the history of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago". He identifies W.I. Thomas , followed by Robert Park as the key figures.
11.10.1892: For the four hundredth anniversary of Christopher Columbus crossing the Atlantic, children throughout the United States took part in a ceremony which included reciting together "I pledge allegiance to my Flag, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, With Liberty and Justice for all". After the celebrations it became a popular national custom in schools. In 1942 it became official .
1892 Adolf Meyer emigrated from Switzerland to the United States.
"In 1892 the [New York] City Asylum consisted of four divisions or departments, one each on Blackwell's , Ward's and Hart's islands, and one at Central Islip, L. I. , 40 miles distant from New York City, having a total population of 7478 patients. In 1886 Dr. MacDonald, the general superintendent, was appointed by the commissioners executive and administrative officer and each institution was placed in immediate charge of a local medical superintendent, subordinate to the general superintendent: Dr. E. C. Dent, the superintendent of the female division, Ward's Island; Dr. William A. Macy at the male division, Ward's Island; Dr. H. C. Evarts at the Central Islip division, and Dr. G. A. Smith at the Hart's Island division." See 1894
Autumn 1892? William Beers began the Electrical Engineering Course in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University. He was a "member Berzelius and Triennial Committee". Graduated 1895.
Presidency of Grover Cleveland (Democrat) 1893 to 1897
1893
1893 Adolf Meyer appointed Honorary Fellow and Docent in Neurology at the University of Chicago and Pathologist at the Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kankakee, Illinois
1.5.1893 to 31.10.1893 "World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago" or "Chicago World's Fair". [Celebrating 400 years since Columbus arrved in 1492]
Franz Boas constructed life group displays (now commonly called "dioramas") to bring the cultures of Native Americans to the general pubic at the Chicago World's Fair. He also "as part of his argument that racial distinctions among humans are not valid"... "exhibited skulls of various peoples to demonstrate the irrelevance of brain size". (external source)
Congresses held at the same time as the exhibition included te World's Parliament of Religions (the largest) and ones dealing with anthropology, labour, medicine, temperance, commerce and finance, literature, history, art, philosophy, and science.
John Dewey and George Herbert Mead start at Chicago University in 1894
Department of Philosophy founded with John Dewey as its first chairman from 1894 to 1904. Succeded by James H. Tufts, and subsequently George Herbert Mead . The "Chicago School of Thought" sought to furnish a reformulation of the basic commitments of pragmatism on a strict logical basis. (source)
April, 1894 New York City: 2000 patients were brought to Ward' s Island from Blackwell's Island, which was abandoned as unfit for habitation, and in 1896 Hart's Island, with its so-called pavilions of hemlock boards, built for the sheltering of soldiers, was abolished and its 1555 patients transferred to Ward's Island.
1895 Adolf Meyer appointed Pathologist, at Worcester State Hospital for the Insane , Worcester, Massachusetts and Docent in Psychiatry at Clark University.
1895 Mary Potter Brooks , a social worker, introduced a systematic type of activity into the wards of a state institution in Worcester, Massachusetts. She was also the first social worker to provide a systematic program to help patients, their families, and the physician. (source)
In 1895, the president of the New York State Commission in Lunacy, Carlos F. McDonald, proposed the establishment of a central pathology laboratory to process and coordinate the pathology work of the state hospitals. In 1896, Ira Van Gieson was appointed as the first director of the "Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospitals for the Insane". the original Pathological Institute rented offices on Madison Avenue in New York City. Van Gieson's vision was an institute for "the study of the causes and conditions that underlie mental disease." He was dismissed in 1901 after apparently claiming the discovery of a "germ of insanity" would make asylums superfluous. Adolf Meyer , who was consulted about the issue in 1901, succeded van Gierson in 1902 .
1895-1898 William Beers was "Draftsman for Black Manufacturing Company of Erie, pennsylvania, manufacturers of Tribune bicycle, and traveling salesman for the company in the United States and Canada". He "spent the winter of 1898-1899 in selling bicycles in Europe".
The Female Offender by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero, with an introduction by W. Douglas Morrison, Her Majesty's Prison, Wandsworth. Illustrated. New York. D. Appleton and Company. 1895
1896
Beginning of Springfield, Maryland , on the cottage plan. See external link and another Maryland weblink - Maryland weblink (or try one of these) - . In England, the London County Council's Asylums Committee had appointed a working party to study asylum design in Scotland, continental Europe, Canada and the USA. The group reported in 1902, favouring the design of the Maryland State Asylum "where autonomous 200 bed ward blocks were positioned to look inwards on to large rectangular gardens. The units were connected by walkways, covered only overhead". [See colony or villa system]
1896 John Dewey: Evolution and Ethics. In 1896, John Dewey and his wife, Alice Chipman Dewey, founded the Chicago Laboratory School (external link)
Louis Viereck (1851-1921) and his family emigrated to the United States in 1896 The son of Berlin actress, Edwina Viereck, and possibly the illegitimate son of Wilhelm 1 of Prussia, he became a friend of Karl Marx. His wedding, in 1881, was attended by Frederick Engels. His son (George) Sylvester Viereck was born in Munich on 31.12.1884. See Sylvester Viereck - 1934 - Peter Viereck
"In 1896, Boas moved to New York and was appointed Assistant Curator of Ethnology and Somatology at the American Museum of Natural History, and Lecturer at Columbia University . Three years later, Boas became the first Professor of Anthropology at Columbia." (source) - "Boas began to teach classes at Columbia University in 1896, where three years later he was appointed Professor of Anthropology. For the next 37 years, Boas ruled the anthropological roost at Columbia ..." Columbia)
1896 Adolf Meyer took a five-month leave of absence for a visit to Switzerland and Germany. He spent six weeks with Emil Kraepelin at his small hospital in Heidelberg .
20.2.1896 Through legislation, the New York City Asylum for the Insane became the Manhattan State Hospital for the Insane. In 1900 each of the three departments was made a distinct hospital. The hospital for men became Manhattan State Hospital East, under Dr. A. E. MacDonald; that for women, Manhattan State Hospital West, under Dr. E. C. Dent; and that at Central Islip, the Central Islip State Hospital, under Dr. George A. Smith. In 1904 Dr. A. E. MacDonald resigned to retire to private life.
1896: Several significant institutions were absorbed by the state: Brooklyn State Hospital, Manhattan State Hospital, Central Islip State Hospital, Kings Park State Hospital. Gowanda State Hospital opened in 1898, bringing the number of state hospitals to 13.
Presidency of William McKinley (Republican) 1897 to 1901
1898
In a lecture on "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results", William James talked about a new philosophy of pragmatism which he said had been developed by Charles Sanders Peirce
Robert Park studied Psychology and Philosophy for an MA at Harvard 1898- 1899 . William James was one of his tutors. autobiographical note
Henry Chandler Cowles' (1869-1939) PhD Thesis: The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan (Chicago University) - See ecological succession - (external source) - (external source) . The idea of a natural climax to the succesion of vegetation was developed by Frederic Clements
William Edward Du Bois The Philadelphia Negro Philadelphia University Press Wikipedia
1899 Thorstein Veblen 's The Theory of the Leisure Class.
In 1899 Robert Park travelled to Germany where he studied at the University of Berlin with Georg Simmel . He spent a semester studying at the University of Strasbourg, followed by a few years spent at the University of Heidelberg studying philosophy and psychology. He took his Ph.D at Heidelberg and returned to the United States in 1903 - autobiographical note
4.7.1899 Emerson Peter Schmidt born Tavistock, Ontario, Canada. A Canadian citizen, Schmidt taught economics in United States universities at Marquette (Jesuit, Wisconsin), Wisconsin, Oregon, and Minnesota . At Minnesota (1937) he edited Man and Society: A Substantive Introduction to the Social Sciences. From 1943 to 1976 he was director of economic research for the United States Chamber of Commerce. He died 8.4.1976.
1899 Having failed to establish automobiles, William Beers was representative for the Winchester Repeating Arms Company of New Haven in seven states from October 1899 to 1903. He organised the Tribune Trap and Target Company in Erie in 1903 and served asits secretary, treasurer, and general manager until 1906;
Henry Noble, M.D. was superintendent of Connecticut Hospital for the Insane from 1901 to 1915. He had been acting superintendent in 1897/1898 - See Clifford Beers
The Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity; A Study of the Origin, Development, and Classification of Plant Societies by Henry Chandler Cowles - [See ecology]
1901 In 1901, Watson married Mary Ickes, whom he had met at the University of Chicago. They had two children together, Mary and John. Watson graduated in 1903 with a Ph.D. in psychology, but stayed at the University of Chicago for several years doing research on the relationship between sensory input and learning and bird behavior.
6.4.1901 Clarence Hincks sixteen. In his sixteen year he had the first attack of sudden indifference to life, lasting about two weeks. Such attacks recurred almost annually until 1957 , the year he retired.
1.5.1901 New York Times "Institute's Faculty Resigns - As a result of action by the Legislature removing Director Ira Van Gieson of the Pathological Institute, depriving the institute of quarters and in other ways curtailing it work, the entire Faculty have tendered their resignation to take effect today, when Mr Van Gieson goes out of office. Dr Van Gieson stated yesterday that he had instructed hi lawyer, John Lineham, to apply to the Supreme Court for an injunction restraining the State Commission in Lunacy from interfering with specimens and other property of the institute." (original)
17.5.1901 Adolf Meyer was "at present abroad working in Switzerland and Germany". He would represent Clark University at the 450th anniversary celebration of the University of Glasgow from 12.6.1901 to 15.6.1901. Science 17.5.1901
1902 Harold (Dwight) Lasswell born. See 1936 - 1948 - Died 1978
1.5.1902 Adolf Meyer began duties as Director of the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospitals. In December 1902 Meyer moved the institute to a building near the Manhattan State Hospital on Ward's Island . "Dr. Meyer also perceived the need for academic affiliation, which led to the formation of an advisory board whose members represented the medical schools of Columbia, Cornell, and Bellevue". (source)
17.6.1902 "An Act Appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands".
Professor W.I. Thomas (University of Chicago) made written criticism of Patrick Geddes' theoretical approach to the sociology of the city.
"From the standpoint of its applicability to new countries like America, Professor Geddes' programme is inadequate because of its failure to recognise that a city under these conditions is formed by a rapid and contemporaneous movement of population, and not by the lapse of time. p. 136 The first permanent white settler came to Chicago precisely one hundred years ago, and the city has a population at present of about two and a quarter millions. It is here not a question of slow historic development but of the rapid drifting towards a certain point, of a population from all quarters of the globe, and the ethnological standpoint therefore becomes of more importance than the historical."
1905
1905 American Sociological Society (later Association) founded. The association's website has a substantial history section including A History of the ASA: 1905-1980 by Lawrence J. Rhoades [Offline 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 ]
"Together with the Institut International de Sociologie , and the Sociological Society of London , the American Sociological Society bears witness that a few men and women, in full possession of their senses, are convinced that something is lacking in methods of interpreting human experience, and that the most effective means of supplying the lack must be sought without rather than within the older sciences of society."
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1905 and chartered in 1906 by an act of the United States Congress. See 1911 .
1905 Henry Phipps endowed the Phipps Tuberculosis Dispensary at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, under the direction of William Osier (1849- 1919).
Frederic Edward Clements Research Methods in Ecology, which became a standard textbook for ecologists. Clements was Professor of botany at the University of Nebraska from 1905 to 1907 . Arthur Tansley's textbook was published in 1923
11,9.1905 Ceremony to mark the start of building the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (Wikipedia) which, when completed, ran from coast to coast across Canada - approximately 3,600 miles. Sometime before winter 1908/1909, Bertram A. Miller emigrated from London, England to Canada. He began work on the railway in April 1909, writing a two page account of his experiences in Incentive June 1963. In the summer of 1917, Bertram A. Miller "was discharged from the Mile End Military Hospital after a spell of fourteen week's treatment for a shell wound". He was married on the same day. About 1956 , Bertram was admitted to the Ingrebourne Centre , Hornchurch, Essex, England.
1906
April 1906 William Beers worked for the Cadillac Motor Car Company of Detroit until the autumn, when he returned to New Haven and enrolled at Yale Law School.
In the picture a "Runabout" ($750) demonstrates how strong it is by repeatedly leaping the gap without damage.
30.6.1906: Federal Meat Inspection Act effective.
30.6.1906: Pure Food and Drugs Act effective: An Act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.
Indiana passed the first USA sterilisation law - See Wikipedia USA sterilisation
Oregon State Institution for the Feeble-Minded founded for feeble-minded, idiotic, and epileptic people. (Became Fairview Hospital and Training Centre in 1933 and Fairview Training Centre in 1979. The State Board of Eugenics was created in 1917. This examined "institutionalised individuals who could produce offspring inheriting inferior or antisocial traits" and made orders directing the superintendent of the institution to perform sterilisation. It became the State Board of Social Protection in 1967 (with restrictions on its powers) and was transferred to the Health Division in 1971. It was not abolished until 1983.
1908 Birth of George Simpson, translator of Durkheim, according to Library of Congress catalogue. See 1933 - 1953 - 1954 - 1950
1908 "The Role of Mental Factors in Psychiatry" by Adolf Meyer . American Journal of Insanity 65. pp 39-56. [Possibly from this that Henderson and Gillespie (1927 p.186) take the quotation "we must consider mental illness, not in terms of clean-cut groups, but of reaction types"]
From 1908 to 1911, David Kennedy Henderson worked with Meyer at Ward's Island. He met Margaret Mabon whilst he was there. In 1911 he went to Munich to study with Kraepelin and Alzheimer and then to London to study with Mott, but returned to work with Meyer in 1912. source
March 1908 Clifford Beers published the first edition of his autobiography A Mind that Found Itself . See Survivors timeline .
Wednesday 6.5.1908 Clifford Beers founded the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene, which Time magazine in 1923 described as "the first organization of its kind" and said "similar bodies have since been initiated in more than 20 states". See 1909
May 1908: "Henry Phipps, a Philadelphia steel magnate and one-time partner of Andrew Carnegie, had been a major benefactor to Hopkins , establishing the Phipps Tuberculosis Dispensary in 1905 . On a May 1908 visit to the Hospital to see how his TB clinic was operating, Phipps asked William Welch (Dean of the School of Medicine) if any other projects needed funding. Welch promptly handed him a copy of A Mind That Found Itself. He pointed out that it had been published with the help of Adolf Meyer, a Swiss-born and -trained pathologist who then was a professor of psychiatry at Cornell, as well as the worlds' first psychobiologist, intent on determining whether biological factors and mental problems were inseparable. Welch liked Meyer's thinking and told Phipps that Hopkins needed to become a leader in this new field of psychiatry, too. Within a month, Phipps agreed to donate $1.5 million to fund a psychiatric department and clinic." (source)
Sunday 31.5.1908 New York Times report on applicants for admission to the "Acute Hospital for the treatment of persons who fear they may become Insane" due to open in July/August in the grounds of the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane. " Observation hospitals similar to this one have been tried with beneficial results in Germany. There is one in this country at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and one of the general hospitals at Albany has established a ward for the same purpose. Institutions similar to the one at Poughkeepeie will be opened soon at Binghamton, Middle-town, and Utica"
Thursday 4.6.1908 or Saturday 6.6.1908 The Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene 's objects were "(a) to protect the mental health of the public at large; (b) to improve conditions among those actually insane and confined; (c) to encourage and aid the study of nervous and mental disorder in all their forms and relations and to disseminate knowledge concerning their causes, treatment and prevention" (Minutes of second meeting quoted Dain, N. 1980 , p. 117 and endnote 5, p.354 have different dates).
Sunday 14.6.1908 New York Times Clinic for study of cure of mental diseases: BALTIMORE, Md., June 14. -- William H. Welsh of the Johns Hopkins announced to-night that Henry Phipps of Pittsburg and New York, just prior to sailing for Europe yesterday, arranged for a large gift to the Johns Hopkins Hospital and University for the founding of a Psychiatric Clinic on the lines of well-known similar institutions in Europe [Heidelberg Clinic? - Munich?] ......
Autumn 1908 Carl Beers taken seriously ill. After residence on a farm and then in a physician's establishment, he was sent to a private sanitarium in New Haven and in 1910 to the Hartford Retreat . Transferred to Bloomingdale Hospital a year and a half later where he was diagnosed with "dementia catatonia" ( Dain, N. 1980 p.136)
Presidency of William H. Taft (Republican) 1909 to 1913
1909
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People founded by W. E. B. DuBois
Thursday 11.2.1909 Clifford Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene - became the National Association of Mental Health in 1950 and the National Mental Health Association in 1979 - Chamberlin 1990
June 1909 William Beers a bond salesman for Halsey and Company in New York for a year 1909-1910.
twentieth anniversary of Clark College, Worcester, Massachusetts,
September 1909 Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung lectured on psychoanalysis at Clark [College] University, Worcester, Massachusetts. The lectures were given in German, but, the following year, they were printed in English as The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis .
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) also invited Adolf Meyer - Who met Freud and Jung there.
Smith Ely Jelliffe (1866-1945) started the Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series in 1909. The list of monographs in 1920 was: 1. Outlines of Psychiatry (7th Edition.) by Dr. William A. White. 2. Studies in Paranoia by Drs. N. Gierlich and M. Friedman. 3. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox by Dr. C.G. Jung. 4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses (3d Edition.) by Professor Sigmund Freud. 5. The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry by Dr Felix Plaut. 6. Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. 7. Three Contributions to Sexual Theory (3rd Edition) by Professor Sigmund Freud. 8. Mental Mechanisms by Dr William A. White. 9. Studies in Psychiatry New York Psychiatrical Society. 10. Handbook of Mental Examination Methods by Shepherd Ivory Franz. 11. The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism by Professor E. Bleuler. 12. Cerebellar Functions by Dr André-Thomas. 13. History of Prison Psychoses by Drs P. Nitsche and K. Wilmanns. 14. General Paresis by Professor E. Kraepelin. 15. Dreams and Myths by Dr Karl Abraham 16. Poliomyelitis by Dr I. Wickmann. 17. Freud's Theories of the Neuroses by Dr E. Hitschmann. 18. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero by Dr Otto Rank. 19. The Theory of Psychoanalysis by Dr. C.G. Jung. 20. Vagotonia (3rd Edition) by Drs Eppinger and Hess. 21. Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales by Dr Ricklin. 22. The Dream Problem by Dr. A.E. Maeder. 23. The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences By Drs O. Rank and D.H. Sachs. 24. Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation by Dr Alfred Adler. 25. The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement by Professor S. Freud. 26. Technique of Psychoanalysis by Dr Smith Ely Jelliffe. 27. Vegetative Neurology by Dr H. Higier. 28. The Autonomic Functions and the Personality by Dr Edward J. Kemp. 29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child by Dr H. Von Hug-Hellmuth. 30. Internal Secretions and the Nervous System by Dr M. Laignel Lavastine. 31. Sleep Walking and Moon Walking by Dr J. Sadger.
1910
USA Congress Chapter Chapter 395 - "An Act to further regulate interstate commerce and foreign commerce by prohibiting the transportation therein for immoral purposes of women and girls, and for other purposes". Otherwise known as "The White Slave Traffic Act" or the "Mann Act". External link to full text - Wikipedia - See, below, 1918
First edition of Abnormal Psychology by Isador H. Coriat published New York: Moffat, Yard, 1910. Published in London by William Rider in 1911. 329 pages. [Dictionary abnormal]
28.12.1910 Adolf Meyer 's resignation from the National Committee for Mental Hygiene "became final" ( Dain, N. 1980 p.151)
"The nature and conception of dementia praecox" by Adolf Meyer, The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol 5(5), December- January 1910-1911, pp 274-285.
1910 William Beers "returned to New Haven and organized United States Aeronautic Company, of which he was president and treasurer; spent the year 1910-1911 abroad studying the progress of aeronautics"
June 1910 Wiliam Beers was at the Quindecennial. The book's preface was signed August 1911. "as president am 'flying' some now and have great faith in this new and fascinating industry. I have just returned from a two months' trip through England, Germany and France, where I made a careful study of the progress being made in aeronautics. We will soon be able to deliver 1912 models to '95 Sheff, and members wishing a ride may correspond with, yours truly."
the Model B was the Wright brothers' most successful aircraft. It was produced from late 1910 to 1914, and during 1911 and 1912, the Wright Company was shipping four Model Bs a month out the factory door.
1911
Heredity and eugenics : a course of lectures summarizing recent advances in knowledge in variation, heredity, and evolution and its relation to plant, animal and human improvement and welfare by William Ernest Castle, John Merle Coulter , Charles Benedict Davenport, Edward Murray East, William Lawrence Tower Given at the University of Chicago during the summer of 1911. Published 1912 by The University of Chicago Press,
1912
Walter Elmore Fernald, (1859-1924), superintendent to about 1906 of Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded: article on "The burden of feeble-minded" in the Journal of Psycho-Asthenics
"The feebleminded are a parasitic, predatory class never capable of self-support or managing their own affairs. The great majority ultimately become public charges in some form. They cause unutterable sorrow at home and are a menace to the community. Feebleminded women are invariably immoral... Every feebleminded person, especially the high-grade imbecile, is a potential criminal needing only the proper environment and opportunity for development and expression of his criminal tendencies." [Quotation taken from Segal 1967: p.43 - Hopefully correctly matched with original source]
26.6.1912 Clifford Beers and Clara Louise Jepson married in New Haven.
"One crucial issue on which Clifford and Clara Beers agreed was not to have children... Clifford felt strongly that, because of the mental illness in his family, all the Beers brothers must remain childless... As of 1912 Sam had died of a neurological ailment and two others, Clifford and Carl had had serious breakdowns from which Carl showed little sign of recovering" (Dain, N. 1980 , p.164)
September 1912 The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness by Henry Herbert Goddard, Director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School at Vineland, New Jersey , for Feeble-minded Girls and Boys. (External link to copy on Christopher Green's site) - offline book
SUMMARIES OF LAWS RELATING TO THE COMMITMENT AND CARE OF THE INSANE IN THE UNITED STATES Prepared by JOHN KOREN FOR THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR MENTAL HYGIENE
Published by: THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, 50 Union Square, New York, 1912, Publication No. 3
Price: One Dollar, Postpaid [Copy on the internet was a complimentary copy apparently sent to the University of Toronto "PLEASE KEEP US ON YOUR MAILING LIST FOR EXCHANGE OF REPORTS. REPRINTS. ETC."]
President: DR. LEWELLYS F. BARKER
Treasurer: OTTO T. BANNARD
Vice-Presidents: DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH - DR. CHARLES P. BANCROFT
Secretary: MR. CUFFORD W. BEERS
DR. GEORGE BLUMER. Chairman. Executive Committee
PROF. RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN, Chairman, Finance Committee
DR. WILLIAM L. RUSSELL, Chairman, Committee on the Survey and Improvement of Conditions among the Insane
DR. THOMAS W. SALMON, In charge of Special Studies
MEMBERS
Mrs. Milo M. Acker, Hornell. N. Y.
Jane Addams, Chicago
Edwin A. Alderman, Charlottesville, Va.
James B. Angell, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Dr. Pearce Bailey, New York
Dr. Charles P. Bancroft, Concord, N. H.
Otto T. Bannard, New York.
Dr. Lewellys F. Barker, Baltimore
Dr. Albert M. Barrett, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Dr. Frank Billings, Chicago
Surg. Gen. Rupert Blue, Washington
Dr. George Blumer, New Haven
Dr. G. Alder Blumer, Providence
Russell H. Chittenden, New Haven
Dr. William B. Coley, New York
Dr. Owen Copp, Philadelphia
Dr. Charles L. Dana, New York
Dr. Charles P. Emerson, Indianapolis
W. H. P. Faunce, Providence
Dr. Henry B. Favill, Chicago
Katherine S. Felton, San Francisco
Irving Fisher, New Haven
Matthew C. Fleming, New York
Horace Fletcher, New York
Dr. Frederick Peterson, New York
Henry Phipps, New York
Florence M. Rhett, New York
Jacob A. Riis, New York
Dr. Wm. L. Russell, White Plains, N. Y.
Jacob Gould Schurman, Ithaca
Dr. M. Allen Starr, New York
Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., New Haven
Melville E. Stone, New York
Sherman D. Thacher, Nordhoff, Cal.
Henry van Dyke, D.D., Princeton
Dr. Henry P. Walcott, Cambridge
Dr. William H. Welch, Baltimore
Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Berkeley, Cal.
Dr. Henry Smith Williams, New York
Robert A. Woods, Boston
The Chief Objects of The National Committee for Mental Hygiene are: To work for the protection of the mental health of the public; to help raise the standard of care for those threatened with mental disorder or actually ill; to promote the study of mental disorders in all their forms and relations and to disseminate knowledge concern- ing their causes, treatment and prevention; to obtain from every source reliable data regarding conditions and methods of dealing with mental disorders; to enlist the aid of the Federal Government so far as may seem desirable; to coordinate existing agencies and help organize in each State in the Union an allied, but independent Society for Mental Hygiene, similar to the existing Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene,
Inquiries regarding the work and requests for publications issued or distributed by the organization should be addressed to Clifford W. Beers, Secretary, The National Committee for Mental Hygiene, Room 1914, No. 50 Union Square, New York City, or to Dr. Thomas W. Salmon at the same address.
Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) 1913 to 1921
(See Dewey )
1913-1914 George Merwin Beers shown as Clerk in the Treasurer's Office of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University
Hand Book of the Mental Hygiene Movement and Exhibit
Published by the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 50 Union Square, New York City - 1913 - Illustrated - Publication No. 5. Price at Exhibits - 15 Cents or Postpaid - 20 Cents
The first three items of the mental hygiene programme are "eugenics" in the forms of educating people for responsible parenthood and "legislation denying the privilege of parenthood to the manifestly unfit" - "education" including the "development of good mental habits" and a "frank attitude toward sexual matters" - and "social service" providing "assistance in securing adjustment of social and family difficulties".
John B. Watson of Johns Hopkins University published Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it calling for mentalistic concepts of consciousness to be excluded from psychology in favour of external observations of an organism's responses to controlled stimuli.
"Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and content of behavior. I feel that behaviorism is the only consistent and logical functionalism." (Watson, J.B. 1913)
July 1913 to September 1913 International Phytogeographic Excursion in America led by Henry C. Cowles . Arthur George Tansley was a member of the expedition. [ External source]
Phytogeographic: dealing with the geographical distribution of plants. See ecology .
25.8.1913 to 30.8.1913 Fourth International Congress of School Hygiene held in Buffalo. Clifford Beers and Clarence Hincks both attended. 26.8.1913 Toronto Star news report from Buffalo, written by Hincks, praised Clifford Beers and A Mind that Found Itself
Autumn? 1913 Joseph Ward Swain left for Europe, where he remained until 1915. In the winters of 1913/1915 he studied in the "Section des Sciences Religieuses" at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, where Marcel Mauss was chair in the 'history of religion and uncivilized peoples'. As well as preparing a translation into English of Emile Durkheim 's (1912) Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse: le système totémique en Australie , Swain prepared his own dissertation on "Hebrew and Early Christian Asceticism" .
The Woman Rebel a periodical edited in New York by Margaret Sanger, had a heading The Birth Control League, which may have been the earliest use of this term for contraception. [See External link to an article by Miriam Reed which explains why Margaret Sanger was opposed to compulsory sterilisation ]
New term in United States vocabulary traced back to 1914: assembly line: Engineering: "labour costs may be... reduced... by the use of sliding assembly lines" (20th century words). See 1926
The Mental Health of the School Child: the psycho-educational clinic in relation to child welfare, contributions to a new science of orthophrenics and orthosomatics. Main author: J.E. Wallace Wallin. Published: New Haven : Yale University Press, 1914.
February 1914 Opening of the Saskatchewan Hospital, North Battleford, (Canada). Saskatchewan's first mental hospital. The second was opened in 1921 . (external link)
June 1914 to April 1916 William Beers "acted as representative in Western Pennsylvania (at Erie) of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company of Springfield"
22.9.1914 "Died: Beers - Entered into rest at New Haven, Conn., Sept. 22 1914, Ida Cooke , wife of Roberts A. Beers, aged 71 years 2 months. Funeral services will be private. It is requested that no flowers be sent". New York Times 25.9.1914 . "now William was displaying signs of a breakdown. According to friends this was to much for their mother, Ida Beers , who 'lost initiative and gave up her worries" about her four troubled sons. She died in 1914 at the age of seventy-one. Ninety-year-old Robert Beers followed his wife to the grave two years later" (Dain, N. 1980 , p.171)
Robert Park was at the University of Chicago from 1914 to his retirement in 1933 . He was lecturer in sociology until 1923 and then a professor.
January/February 1915 Release of three hour silent film The Birth of a Nation, which had originally been called The Clansman after the novel of Thomas Dixon on which it was based. See Erin Blakemore on JSTOR Daily 4.2.2015
18.2.1915 William Beers married Julia May, daughter of John William and Julia Maria (Snell) Green, in Danbury. They had no children
Reconstructions of Java Man (Pithecanthropus), Piltdown Man , Neanderthal Man , and Cro-Magnon Man were created in 1914 by Columbia University physical anthropologist James Howard McGregor (1872-1954) for the American Museum of Natural History. Photographs of these appeared in Henry Fairfield Osborn's Men of the Old Stone Age in 1915. (Internet Archive offline )
The four models were key display items in the museum's "Hall of the Age of Man", a project of Osborn's that was opened in 1921, having been in preparation since 1915. See also Pictorial Encyclopedia of 1952.
1917
United States ended its neutrality and entered the First World War on the side of France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Russia etc. The USA had been providing supplies for the anti-German/Austrian forces which caused Germany to attack USA ships with U-Boats, eventually provoking the USA entry in the war on 6.4.1917 until the war's end on 11.11.1918 .
Frederic Edward Clements was a researcher at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Tucson from 1917 to 1925
"Jazz is based on the savage musician's wonderful gift for progressive retarding and acceleration guided by his sense of 'swing'" Sun (New York)
1917 "Carl' s condition, diagnosed as manic-depressive by experts whom Clifford consulted, seemed to be hopeless: he did not even have lucid intervals. As for William , by 1917 he was in Bloomingdale Hospital , where Clifford visited him and was impressed with his progress, but a year later he still had not recovered" (Dain, N. 1980 , p.188)
26.2.1918 Clifford Beers spoke in Toronto
27.2.1918 Toronto Globe report that the "Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene" was launched.
26.4.1918
Canadian Medical Association Journal June 1918 ; 8(6): pages 551-554.
... there was organized in Ottawa, on April 26th, a Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene. Dr. C. K. Clarke, the Medical Director of the Committee, stated the aims of the new organisation, which will deal with the vexed problems of crime, prostitution, pauperism, and un-employment; problems in which mental factors are of primary importance. It is hoped also that this organisation will be able through its influence to be of assistance to the country in solving some of the difficult problems connected with the return to civil life of the mentally abnormal soldiers, as well as those raised by immigration....
... the secretary, Dr Clarence M. Hincks of Toronto University whose perception of the national necessity, and indefatigable efforts have done so much to coordinate the efforts of others ...
Major Pagé, respected and beloved by French and English alike in Quebec, has long been dissatisfied with the inadequate medical examination of immigrants. On the public platform he has time and again deplored the fact that through loose methods at our ports we have been allowing thousands of insane and feeble-minded aliens to enter the Dominion....
[J. D. Pagé , M.D., MAJOR, C.A.M.C. was Chief Medical Officer, Port of Quebec. - Director of Immigation Port of Quebec.
We need additional hospitals for the insane, farm colonies for the feeble- minded and psychiatric departments attached to our, general hospitals. Canada would do well to build and equip several institutions similar to the Phipps Institute at Baltimore where research in connexion with mental diseases could be carried on. Our knowledge concerning many of the psychoses is indeed meagre, and if we would prevent mental breakdowns, if we would check early cases of dementia priecox for example, then more time and thought must be given by the medical profession to psychiatry, and the interest of intelligent men and women must be directed to the conservation of the mental health of the race by developing the qualities of foresight and judgement.
13.4.1918 New York Times "Couple Arrested in Hotel - University of Chicago Professor Found with Army Man's Wife" - "CHICAGO, April 12. - Hinton G. Clabaugh, Chief of the local bureau of the Department of Justice, today announced that his agents last night took into custody Dr. William Isaac Thomas of the Faculty of the University of Chicago, know as an authority on sociology, and a woman said to be the wife of a Texas man, now in France with General Pershing."
The arrest of William Thomas under the 1910 Act prohibiting taking women across state borders for immoral purposes had an adverse effect on his academic standing, even though he was acquitted. (See Wikipedia)
28.6.1918 The United States Chemical Warfare Service (later the Chemical Corps) officially formed, encompassing Gas Service and Chemical Service Sections. (Wikipedia) . Samuel Brody , who had joined the USA Air Force where he served in both the aviation and chemical warfare service until the end of the war.
In 1918 Thorburn Brailsford Robertson (1884-1930) moved from Berkeley to the University of Toronto, Canada. At Berkley, he was succeded by Walter R. Bloor , who moved to the University of Rochester in 1922. Samuel Brody was an assistant biochemist in the University of California Medical School. In 1920 he was nominated by Walter Bloor for a position on the staff of the Department of Dairy Husbandry at the University of Missouri . The appointment was made by Professor Arthur Ragsdale , who remained as administrator and colleague to Brody for the 36 years that Brody spent on the Missouri campus.
1919
The Little Town, especially in its rural relationships by H. Paul Douglass (1871-1953) The Macmillan Company, New York. (External link to copy) - See McKenzie 1925
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American Poetry; An Introduction New York, Harcourt, Bruce and Howe, 1919. xviii introductory and 170 main pages. - Copy at Bartleby
Thursday 16.1.1919 Ratification of the 18th amendment to the United States constitution, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, with the amendment taking effect on 17.1.1920 . (Repealed by the 21st amendment in 1933)
January 1919 "The Right to Marry. What can a democratic civilisation do about heredity and child welfare?" by Adolf Meyer. Mental Hygiene January 1919. Reprinted in the Canadian Journal of Mental Hygiene Volume 1, No. 2 in July 1919
"If I felt that I had to conceal the fact that my own mother had two attacks of melancholia from which she recovered, I should thereby tacitly corroborate the false efforts at concealment of many others who could not conceal the fact of mental diseases in their family if they tried.
"Why am I able to speak freely to my own progeny about it? Because I have a conviction based on experience and on facts that many a mental disorder is much less ignominious than more than fifty per cent, of the other diseases for which people have to get treatment; that many a nervous or mental disorder is the result of struggling honestly but unwis. ely; that many a former patient becomes a wiser element of the community when restored than the luckier, possibly thoughtless, fellow."
Sunday 9.3.1919 Birth of Douglas Merritte to Arvilla Merritte. Douglas was probably "Little Albert"
April 1919 Canadian Journal of Mental Hygiene (offline)
August 1919 John Edgar Hoover , previously head of the Alien Enemy Bureau, became head of the Bureau of Investigation's new General Intelligence Division established by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. The Intelligence Division compiled files on more than 60,000 known or suspected radicals which were the basis of the "Palmer Raids" on 7.11.1919 and in January 1920. After the November raid, 249 aliens were deported to Russia. The January (and subsequent) raids resulted in the arrest of several thousand communists and suspected communists. (Mandelbaum 1964 p.97)
History of Education website stresses the international stature of John Dewey during the 1920s
1920 Talcott Parsons went to Amherst College, Massachusetts with an interest in biology and medicine. However, he became interested in economics and, like Max Weber, sought to study this in its full social context. From 1924, he studied in Europe . In 1926 he returned to Amherst College to teach economics
February 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner of Johns Hopkins University published Conditioned Emotional Reactions in which they reported their pioneer behaviour modification experiments making baby Albert B terrified of a tame rat, other animals, and cuddly toys by banging a steel bar behind him. (Journal of Experimental Psychology Volume 3. issue 1 February 1920, pages 1-14)
"Abstract: If the theory advanced by Watson and Morgan (in 'Emotional Reactions and Psychological Experimentation,' American Journal of Psychology, April, 1917, Vol. 28, pp. 163-174) to the effect that in infancy the original emotional reaction patterns are few, consisting so far as observed of fear, rage and love, then there must be some simple method by means of which the range of stimuli which can call out these emotions and their compounds is greatly increased. Otherwise, complexity in adult response could not be accounted for. These authors without adequate experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was increased by means of conditioned reflex factors. It was suggested there that the early home life of the child furnishes a laboratory situation for establishing conditioned emotional responses. The present authors present their experimental findings of conditioned fear responses in a male infant beginning at 11 months of age."
Mary Ickes Watson discovered her husband was sexually involved with Rosalie (who he later married) and divorced him. The divorce ended Watson's academic career and he subsequently wrote his psychology in a more popular style. "The immense popularity of behaviourism among the general public in America in the 1920s and 1930s may in part be attributable to the appeal of Watson's popular writings" (Broadhurst, P.L. 1967) - Curt Richter succeded Watson and the Psychology Laboratory was renamed the Psychobiology laboratory. [Curt Richter had married Phyllis Greenacre in the spring of 1920]
April 1920 Mr and Mrs Watson separate as a result of his affair with Rosalie Rayner . October 1920 Watson asked to resign. 24.12.1920 The Watsons' divorce finalised. 31.12.1920 Rosalie marries John.
1921
Introduction to the Science of Sociology , by Robert Ezra Park and Ernest W. Burgess - Howard Odum says that "Park and Burgess" became the "best known pair of American sociologists in the textbook world". It became the "Bible of Sociology" for Chicago graduates - See dictionary ecology
Warder Clyde Allee became assistant professor of zoology at the University of Chicago in 1921. From 1925 to 1927 he was dean in the colleges and from 1928 to 1950: professor of zoology. Keith Benson (2002) links his name to that of Robert Park (above), arguing that, under Allee
"the Chicago school of ecology... began to emphasize studies of community structure ... adopting a sociological spin... sociologist, Thomas [Robert] Park, brought to ecology his own bias for studying the role of community structure. The influence of Park was noticeable and immediate, especially in Allee's early animal aggregation work, published in 1927 and 1931 (Allee, 1927, Allee, 1931). Missing was the traditional emphasis on physical factors, now replaced by the interactions of the organisms making up the community. Then Thorsten Gislen published his influential work in what he called "marine sociology" , noting the plant-animal communities characteristic of marine community structure (Gislen, 1930 , 1931). Gislen first characterized the nature of the physical environment he was investigating, then provided the ��associations�� that inhabited that specific environment."
Herbert Hoover's 's research groups
Herbert Hoover was United States Secretary of Commerce from 5.3.1921 to 21.8.1928. Then President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 .
Believing in the power of scientific data and data-gathering, he promoted research into business and industrial topics.
1921 Hoover appointed a committee of the President 's Conference on Unemployment which, in 1923 produced a study of business cycles and unemployment. The aim was to stabilize the economy and help prevent a recurrence of the post- World War one business slump of 1920-1921.
1929 Publication of Recent Economic Changes in the United States
As President , he initiated the sister study, Recent Social Trends in the United States. This was not published until 1933 .
"the most comprehensive mirror that the 1920s held up to itself" (source)
1929 President Hoover instituted a Research Commission on Urban Problems. One of the participants was Roderick McKenzie - (source: Italian Wikipedia)
William Fielding Ogburn was research director of President Herbert Hoover's Committee on Social Trends from 1930 to 1933.
1921 American Medico-Psychological Association became the American Psychiatric Association
17.6.1921 Sophie Brody gave birth to Eugene Bloor Brody . Shown in the 1940 Census as born in Missouri. "Dr Brody was born and raised in an academic environment in Columbia, Missouri". He obtained a master's degree in experimental psychology in 1941 from the University of Missouri - He met Marian Holen - marriage - army - January 1948 - 1957: Maryland Medical School - In 1950s and 1960s on boards of Maryland and National Mental Health Associations - 1967 to death: Editor-in-Chief Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease - 22.11.1980 - 1981 : President World Federation for Mental Health - 1981 : Edith Morgan - Judi Chamberlin - Kerstin Nilsson - 1983WFMH - From 1983 : voluntary Secretary General World Federation for Mental Health - Died Saturday 13.3.2010
See Walter Bloor - Ragsdale AC, and Samuel Brody's "The effect of temperature on the percentage of fat in milk. A first report." was published in the Journal of Dairy Science in 1922
This picture is without a dust cover. Another bookseller describes a copy as "pale gray paper covered boards, dull green cloth backstrap, with decorative green and blind-stamping design to front cover, in a dull gray paper dustwrapper printed in green". The price asked for that copy was $425 (£218..23) June 1921? Charlotte Mew's Saturday Market published by Macmillan in the United States. Click on the cover to go to a bookseller's web page that says: "First edition. Sara Teasdale's copy with her signature, dated June 1921, on the front flyleaf. She signs using her married name, Sara Teasdale Filsinger. Teasdale married Ernst B. Filsinger in 1914, and moved with him to New York in 1916. They divorced in 1929. Tragically, both Teasdale and English poet, Charlotte Mew, committed suicide. Mew, a Bloomsbury native with a family history of mental illness, went into a severe depression following the death of her sister. She took her life in 1928 by drinking disinfectant. After suffering from a severe case of pneumonia which left her an invalid, Teasdale overdosed on barbiturates in 1933"
Restricted to just 250 sets of imported sheets of the UK (Poetry Bookshop) edition - Consequently now expensive
Introductory blurb:
In Saturday Market there's eggs a plenty
And dead alive ducks with their legs tied down,
Grey old gaffers and boys of twenty -
Girls and the women of the town -
Pitchers and sugar-sticks, ribbons and laces,
Posies and whips and dicky-bird's seed,
Silver pieces and smiling faces,
In Saturday Market they've all they need.
But there is more than this in Saturday Market; there is tragedy, just as in the great market of the world. The poems of this young Englishwoman are Saturday market poems: there are farmers, there are forest roads, quiet country houses and country children, and through the beauty and dancing rhyme of their simple stories runs one and another tragedy which cuts through with a hint of drama.
23.7.1921 Louis Untermeyer's review of Saturday Market in The New York Evening Post. The article was expanded to become an introductory essay to Charlotte Mew's poems in the 1925 edition of Modern British Poetry [Falkenberg 2005 p.36]
(in alphabetical order) anatomy, anthropology, anthropometry, archaeology, biography, biology, economics, ethnology, education, genealogy, genetics, geography, geology, history, law, medicine, mental testing, physiology, politics, psychiatry, psychology, religion, sociology, statistics, surgery,
Exhibit depicting the states with compulsory sterilisation legislation in the United States in 1921.
December 1921 Opening of the Saskatchewan Hospital, North Battleford, (Weyburn). Saskatchewan's second mental hospital. The first was opened in 1914 .
Two anthologies with poems by Charlotte Mew
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American and British Poetry Published New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company [copyright 1922] xxv introductory, 371 pages. - See Charlotte Mew - See 1923 . There was a revised and enlarged edition in 1928 (496 pages) In 1944 a "Modern American and British poetry ... by Louis Untermeyer" was brought out as two volumes (American and British) for the American Armed Forces. It was a "combined edition of the sixth revision of Modern American poetry and fifth revision of Modern British poetry"
The Bookman Anthology of Verse 1922, edited by John Chipman Farrar (1896- ), New York, George H. Doran company. The preface is dated September 1922. The Library of Congress Catalogue says there is a series, copyright 1922 onwards, finishing 1927. "1922-1927 Bound volumes: Inventory in progress"
See Charlotte Mew
About 1922 Marian Elizabeth Holen born Illinois. See 1940 census - She earned an undergraduate degree in psychology from the University of Missouri, where she met her future husband, Dr. Eugene B. Brody , who was to become chairman of psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
She moved east to be closer to her fiance and became an instructor for a Navy program at Brown University in Providence, R.I., where she also received a master's degree in experimental psychology. - marriage - January 1948 - Died March 2008
11.12.1922 "International Mental Hygiene" revised verbatim report of the informal talks at the luncheon-meeting of the Organising Committee of the International Committee for Mental Hygiene (in process of formation), New York City. Attendance included Auguste Ley from Belgium as well as representatives of the USA, Canada and Brazil. Auguste Ley said that if Clifford Beers could
"come to Europe as General Secretary of the Organizing Committee to speak to various people it would be very important for the preparation of the Congress and also increase interest in the International Committee's plan"
1923 (George) Sylvester Viereck interviewed Sigmund Freud. He also interviewed Adolph Hitler "a widely read. thoughtful and self-made man" who, "if he lived, would make history"
The neighborhood : a study of local life in the city of Columbus, Ohio by Roderick Duncan McKenzie published by the University of Chicago Press. [Published also as his Ph.D. thesis by the University of Chicago in 1921 "Reprinted from the American Journal of Sociology , volume 27, September, 1921; November, 1921; January, 1922; March, 1922; and May, 1922."
Lynn Thorndike, (1882-1965) A History of Magic and Experimental Science Volumes 1 and 2, The first thirteen centuries of our era [See Park, R.E. 1925/7
1923: Advertisers find a media to work in: In Advertising and Selling, by 150 advertising and sales executives edited by Noble T. Praigg (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and company for the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World. 483 pages) S. M. Fechheimer provided an article "Class appeal in mass-media" and wrote about "The several million readers of a big mass medium". G. Snow in the same book (page 240) said "Mass media represents the most economical way of getting the story over the new and wider market in the least time."
17.6.1923 Sophie Brody gave birth to Arnold Jason Brody. Her two sons were Eugene and Arnold. Sophie's psychosis began in their childhood. She was at home in the 1940 Census .
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American and British Poetry. With suggestions for study by Olive Ely Hart Published New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company [copyright 1923] xxv introductory pages, 403 main pages, Bibliography: p.399.
2.5.1923 to July 1923 Clifford and Clara Beers tour of Europe: Gheel in Belgium - Paris - London. See International Committee for Mental Hygiene
Monday 19.11.1923 Time magazine article about Clifford Beers
Mental Hygiene
Fifteen years ago there was no organized effort in any nation to combat mental disease and defect. Conditions in institutions for the insane and feeble-minded had advanced little since the time when "Bedlam" was first contracted from "St. Mary's of Bethlehem," an English asylum. The idea of forestalling and preventing the development of mental disorders was a novelty.
About 1900 a young man not long out of the university had an attack of amnesia (loss of memory occurring in some forms of insanity) and wandered about the country" [appears to be a Time magazine fantasy.] suffering harrowing vicissitudes for three years. In time he recovered and returned to his family and to normal life. But he retained a vivid memory of his experiences, set them down in a manuscript, resolved to turn them to account for human welfare. William James and a few other far-sighted gentlemen encouraged him.
The young man was Clifford Whittingham Beers; the book, his graphic autobiography, A Mind That Found Itself. In 1908 Mr Beers founded the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene, the first organization of its kind. Similar bodies have since been initiated in more than 20 states. Mr. Beers has devoted his life and resources to the movement, has raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. In 1909 he founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, of which he has been Secretary ever since. He was instrumental in starting a correlative agency in Canada. Other countries followed suit. Four years ago, Mr. Beers took the first step toward world-wide cooperation in mental hygiene. In 1925 in Manhattan will be held the First International Congress on Mental Hygiene. The participation of the great European countries has been promised and Mr Beers has secured the personal approval of King Albert of Belgium, Cardinal Mercier, Georges Clemenceau (once a physician in a Paris insane hospital), David Lloyd George, Sir Eric Geddes, Sir Maurice Craig (of Guy's Hospital, London) and other leaders.
Dr. William H. Welch , Dean of the School of Hygiene and Public Health of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, was elected President of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene at its annual meeting last week, succeeding Dr. Walter B. James, professor of clinical medicine at Columbia. Dr. Welch is the most distinguished pathologist and bacteriologist in the United States. Now 73 years old, he has been since his interne years at old Bellevue one of the most versatile and influential figures in the American and world public health movements. Among other officers of the Mental Hygiene Committee are Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard, and Dr. Bernard Sachs, of New York, Vice Presidents, and Otto T. Bannard (Manhattan banker), Treasurer. The Medical Director is Dr. Frankwood E. Williams, successor to Dr. Thomas W. Salmon, who is now Medical Adviser.
The Committee's chief accomplishments :
1) Collection and standardization of statistics from state institutions throughout the U. S.
2) Publication of a high-class Journal, Mental Hygiene.
3) Establishment, in cooperation with the Commonwealth Fund and other agencies, of a "Joint Committee on Prevention of Delinquency," which conducts child clinics and demonstrations in Dallas, St. Louis, St. Paul, Minneapolis and other cities, as well as in foreign countries.
[REST OF ARTICLE NOT AVAILABLE]
mental health history
Institution Statistics According to Official Figures
On January 1, 1923, patients in public institutions of the United States numbered: insane hospitals, 290,457; psychopathic wards of general hospitals, 1,842; institutions for feeble minded, 46,722; institutions for epileptics, 9,153. In addition there were confined in federal penitentiaries, 2,010; in state prisons, reformatories, etc., 19,518; in county and city jails, workhouses, etc., 147,489; in institutions for juvenile delinquents, 29,385.
Rather disconcerting figures have been assembled by H. M. Pollock, statistician to the New York State Hospital Commission. From 1880 to 1920 the number of insane patients of institutions in the whole country has increased from 40,942 to 232,680 and the ratio of patients in institutions to 100,000 of populations from 81.6 to 220.1. This, of course, does not mean a proportionate increase in insanity as a much larger percentage of insane patients now is confined in institutions...
One important principle is that the rate of mental disease is greater among inferior stocks than among superior stocks. This is difficult to demonstrate by census statistics which take no account of the quality of family stock. The general birth rate in late years has markedly declined and it is generally believed that the decline has been greatest among superior stocks. If this trend continues, the people of the future will become more and more susceptible to mental disease...
The rates of dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis are both increasing, and if nothing is discovered to curb these diseases, while new discoveries continue to be made in the realm of bodily disease, then mental disease will supersede physical disease as the paramount social problem in the not distant future.
10.5.1924 John Edgar Hoover promoted to Director of the Bureau of Investigation in succession to William J. Burns.
1925
An Act prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities, Normals and all other public schools of Tennessee, which are supported in whole or in part by the public school funds of the State, and to provide penalties for the violations thereof. (external link)
13.6.1928 Birth of John Forbes Nash, Junior. See 1998 - 2001 -
24.5.1928 The American Foundation for Mental Hygiene was incorporated in Delaware. Its function was to receive and disburse funds for projects of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. The first major project was the International Congress on Mental Hygiene, planned for April 1929. The congress actually was delayed until May 1930.
18.4.1928 Howard Becker : "I was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 18, 1928. (I will just mention that this is the date of the Great Earthquake and Fire in San Francisco in 1906. Make what you will of that.)" (Howie's page) . See 1966 "Whose Side are We On?" - 1996? Howie's Home Page - publications
"I wanna be loved by you
just you and nobody else but you
I wanna be loved by you - alone.
"'Capitalism' in Recent German Literature: Sombert and Weber" by Talcott Parsons published in The Journal of Political Economy in December 1928 and January 1929
Presidency of Herbert Hoover (Republican) 1929 to 1933
Letter from Barry C. Smith (New York) Director of the Commonwealth Fund published in the Journal of the American Medical Association
"In THE JOURNAL, February 16, in the London letter, is a statement with the subheading "Psychoanalysis for Children" which refers to a child guidance clinic about to be established in London which the Commonwealth Fund is supporting. This statement is a duplicate of an article which appeared in an English newspaper and is entirely erroneous in its statement that children are to be psychoanalyzed in this clinic.
The child guidance clinic in London will be conducted along precisely the same lines as similar activities financed by the Commonwealth Fund in this country. Psychoanalysis will have no part in it. . . .
5.5.1930 to 10.5.1930: First International Congress on Mental Hygiene , Washington DC . [See Lord. J.R. American Psychiatry] - The second congress was held in Paris in 1937
27.8.1930 William Cooke Beers took his own life at Bloomingdale Hospital where he had been a patient for over two years. Buried in Wooster Cemetry. Survived by (second) wife, son by first wife , and three brothers George, Carl and Clifford. (Yale obituary)
8.9.1930 First Blondie Boopadoop comic strip by Murat Bernard "Chic" Young (1901-1973). One of his flighty flappers she dated playboy Dagwood Bumstead, son of the millionaire, J. Bolling Bumstead, a railroad magnate, along with several other boyfriends. (Sara W. Duke - Library of Congress) - Blondie reveals her urge to seduce her boyfriends' fathers
Blondie married and took up mental health counselling in 1950
1930 George Herbert Mead 's course in Social Psychology on which students based Mind, Self and Society
December 1930 Over three days, George Herbert Mead gave the Carus Lectures at a meeting of the American Philosophical Association in Berkeley
External link Dewey criticises the practices of progressive educators
Torsten Gislen, 1930. Epibiosis of the Gullman fjord. 1. A Study in Marine Sociology
"A trout rising to a fly gets hooked on a line and finds himself unable to swim about freely, he begins a fight which results in struggles and splashes and sometimes an escape. Often, of course, the situation is too tough for him."
"In the same way the human being struggles with his environment and with the hooks that catch him. Sometimes he masters his difficulties; sometimes they are too much for him. His struggles are all that the world sees and it usually misunderstands them. It is hard for a free fish to understand what is happening to a hooked one."
[Opening lines of?] The Human Mind by Karl A. Menninger , M.D. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1930 - See the Fish pamphlet 1973
1931
James Truslow Adams in The Epic of America coined the term "the American Dream" for
""that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement"
1932
3.2.1932 Stuart Hall born, Kingston, Jamaica . His father was a business executive with the United Fruit Company . His mother (previously Hopwood) "was brought up in a beautiful house on the hill, above a small estate". Her relatives included a doctor and a lawyer trained in England. Her uncle was "local white" (almost white) and that side of the family were fairer and of a higher class than his father's side. His grandfather on his father's side kept a drugstore in a poor village. His family was "ethnically very mixed- African, East Indian, Portuguese, Jewish". Stuart was a student at Jamaica College . Stuart moved to England in 1951 on a Rhodes Scholarship .
23.6.1932 George Beers body found in the Housatonic River, near Stockbridge, Massachusetts. He had killed himself. [George had been supporting Carl , financially, in hospital. After his death, their cousin Caroline took over the support]
Motion Pictures and Youth. The Payne Fund Studies included Movies and Conduct by Herbert Blumer and Movies, Delinquency, and Crime by Blumer and Philip Hauser.
The Metropolitan Community by Roderick McKenzie published
9.5.1933 New York Times "Dr H.A. Cotton , Psychiatrist, Dead - Internationally Known for Pioneer Methods in the Treatment of Insane - FOUND A PHYSICAL BASIS - Traced Many Mental Disorders to Teeth While Head of New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton" (article reproduced Honigfeld 2009 page 171).
3.9.1933 Birth of Loren Richard Mosher (died 10.7.2004). See Wikipedia - England 1996 - England 1999
November 1933 George Simpson 's preface (New York City) to his translation of Emile Durkheim's Division of Labour in Society . The second major work by Durkheim to be translated into English. The translator almost suggests it was the first:
"This volume I hope marks the beginning of interest in this country in Durkheim's work... my friend and former teacher, Mr George E. G. Catlin , is now supervising a translation of Les Règles de la méthode sociologique ... Dr Talcott Parsons ... is writing an essay on Durkheim.."
Catlin's Rules was published in 1938 . Simpson does not mention The Elementary Forms of Religious Life , translated in 1915 , but does say
"The reputation of Durkheim in this country has suffered from the criticism of anthropologists, but that is because he was not an anthropologist; he made great contributions to anthropology, but it was not his métier" (p.xi)
George Simpson was an undergraduate at Cornell University, where he was taught by George Edward Gordon Catlin. Simpson began his translation of the Division of Labour in Society whilst still an undergraduate. He taught at Columbia University. The translation of Durkheim into English was carried out in the United States, but some of those involved were British, or born in Britain.
August 1934 Alcatraz became a civilian prison.
13.6.1934 By an amendment to the Code to Govern the Making of Talking, Synchronized and Silent Motion Pictures the Production Code Administration was established and all films released on or after 1.7.1934 were required to obtain a certificate of approval before being released.
12.11.1934 Charles Manson born. See psychiatrists - Sharon Tate murder - Manson sanity - verdict - 1974 book - mentally ill?
"Born in Kentucky in 1934, Charles Manson is the man responsible for the serial killings of Sharon Tate and her friends. In 1967, after spending most of his adult life in prison, Manson moved to the San Francisco area in California and gathered a group of followers, which he referred to as "the family." Inspired by the Beatles song "Helter Skelter" -- a song actually about an amusement park ride -- he became convinced of an impending race war and nuclear assault. It was August 9, 1969 when four Family members, Tex Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel, Susan Atkins, and Linda Kasabian, entered the house at 10050 Cielo Drive in Beverly Hills, California and killed Sharon Tate, pregnant wife of Roman Polanski, along with four friends, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring, Voytek Frykowski and Steven Parent. Manson himself wasn't present for the killings. Manson was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder on January 15, 1971." Original Wikipedia entry 3.3.2002
30.6.1935 Bureau of Investigation renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation
November 1935 Death of Carl Beers in the Connecticut State Hospital at Middletown, where he had been for twenty-three years.
1936
William LLoyd Warner "American Class and Caste " American Journal of Sociology 42 - Wikipedia - Argued that immigrants were absorbed into citizenship through the melting pot of assimilation into USA society. This did not happen with the former slave populations of black African-Americans because of the persistence of attitudes from the slave period. Black African-Americans are in a caste situation rather than a class situation.
1936 George Eaton Simpson The Negro in the Philadelphia Press. [Philadelphia], "An analysis of Negro material published in the Philadelphia record, Public ledger, Evening bulletin and Philadelphia inquirer during 1908-1932."
1936 Harold Lasswell Politics; who gets what, when, how?
Franz Neumann, legal adviser to the German SDP, was arrested in April 1933 , escaped in May and then worked at the London School of Economics. In 1936 he came to the United States and joined the Institute of Social Research, then affiliated with Columbia University . Herbert Marcuse published Reason and Revolution - Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory in 1941 . Neumann published Behemoth in 1942 . After the war, Neumann joined the faculty of Columbia University (Department of Government). He died in a car accident in Switzerland on 2.9.1954
"There is a growing body of evidence, though none of it is clearly conclusive, to the effect that our class structure is becoming rigidified and that vertical mobility is declining."
Included the first appearance of Merton's famous table of possible adaptations to cultural strain.
1938 Durkheim's The Rules of Sociological Method (Eighth edition) translated by Sarah A. Solovay and John H. Mueller, and edited (with an introduction) by George Edward Gordon Catlin . Published Chicago, 1938, University of Chicago Sociological Series. Republished in 1950 by the Free Press . This was the third translation of Durkheim's major works into English.
1939
1939 Neanderthal in a hat might pass for normal in New York.
Picture by Carleton Coon . Coon argued artists' impressions depend very much on superficial things like dress and haircut.
(See Southampton and anonymous lecture notes )
Robert Merton taught at Tulane University in New Orleans from 1939 to 1941.
"Before I went to Chicago as a graduate student in 1939, I had been directed to the writings of Dewey , Thomas and Park by Floyd House, who had been a student of Park in the early twenties. House never mentioned Mead that I can recollect. But within a week of my arrival at Chicago, I was studying Mead's Mind, Self and Society , directed to it by Herbert Blumer , who as a young instructor had taught Mead's class after Mead's unexpected death" (Anslam Strauss 1956)
23.1.1939 Birth of Edward Verne Roberts. See 1980 - 1983 - Died 14.3.1995 - Wikipedia
May/June 1939 Clifford Beers resigned from his duties on the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. 8.6.1939 Clifford Beers signed voluntary admission papers to the Butler Hospital , Providence, Rhode Island.
June 1939 The ship St Louis refused permission to land Jewish refugees from Germany in Cuba. She sailed for Florida. The refugees were refused entry to the USA and Canada. Germany used the ship as a propaganda exercise to demonstrate the international undesirability of Jews. Heroically, the ship's German Captain, Gustav Schroeder, stalled on the voyage back, refusing to return to Germany until he had found a safe haven for his Jewish passengers in European countries. (Jewish Virtual Library - Wikipedia - Righteous among the nations - Holocaust Memorial Museum - Katherine Baxter Local Preacher Girl )
1940 USA Census: Sophie Brody . Age at Time of Census: 50
Estimated Birth Year: 1890 Birth Location: California
Residence: Ward 3, Columbia, Columbia Township, Boone, MO
Relationship to Head of Household: Wife
Samuel Brody Samuel Brody 50 yrs, Male
Daughter Marian Holen 18
Daughter Dorothy Holen 16
Tuesday 5.3.1940 The Bend Bulletin , Bend, Oregon, Tuesday afternoon. "Washington. Government chemists have developed and proved a new drug, known as phenothiazine, which will kill insects without injury to warm-blooded animals, including man"
Phenothiazine
Pheno thiazine is a synthesised (man-made) compound.
The phenothiazine formula is C12H9NS. The molecule consists of two benzene rings joined by a sulphur atom and a nitrogen atom.
It was forst prepared in 1883 by the German chemist, [Heinrich] August Bernthsen (29.8.1855 - 26.11.1931). Bernthsen was engaged in structural studies on Lauth's violet and methylene blue, and phenothiazine became the parent compound of the thiazine dyes. (source)
The newspaper cutting says it was discovered in 1894 . This could refer to the word entering English in M'Gowan's Bernthsen of 1894. In 1893 (England and France) and 1894 (USA) Bernthsen and Paul Julius patented "a new blue dye which fixes itself on cotton goods and the like from a boiling neutral or alkaline bath without the aid of a mordant".
Phenothiazine was discovered to have insecticidal properties in 1934 - See 1937 .
1941
1941 The search for a way to produce penicillin in quantities that could be used for medicine moved from Oxford, England, to Peoria, Illinois in the United States. The search was on for moulds. A local woman, Mary Hunt, brought in a mouldy cantaloupe from a fruit market. This doubled the yield. By 1943 penicillin was being used succesfully on war wounds.
George Peter Murdock 1941 in Sociometry 4 p.146 "The nuclear or individual family, consisting of father, mother, and children, is universal; no exceptions were found in our 220 societies". - See 1949
1941 Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton appointed to Columbia University . (Merton appointed professor 1947). Appointments "made in part to resolve differences between MacIver and Lynd over the Department's future direction. Lazarsfeld and Merton were expected to sustain Lynd's and MacIver's respective emphases on empirical and theoretical styles of sociology. Instead, they found common ground in research inspired by "middle-range theory" - testable propositions, derived from fundamental theory, addressing observable phenomena. Their collaboration modernized Giddings ' founding vision and pervasively influenced the discipline all over the world." (source)
"The Columbia department of the 40s and 50s (the great days of that department) looked quite monolithic, the "tradition" they espoused a combination of Merton's theorizing and Lazarsfeld's hustling of survey contracts out of which sociological silk purses could be made. But there were other people there then, who get left out when the story is told. And other kinds of work done too." (Becker, H. 1999)
17.2.1941 Henry Luce Life magazine editorial calling for the creation of the first great American Century:
"Throughout the 17th century and the 18th century and the 19th century , this continent teemed with manifold projects and magnificent purposes. Above them all and weaving them all together into the most exciting flag of all the world and of all history was the triumphal purpose of freedom.
It is in this spirit that all of us are called, each to his own measure of capacity, and each in the widest horizon of his vision, to create the first great American Century."
1942 Susan Estelle (Su) Budd born
"In February 1942, Major General James C. Magee, The Surgeon General, following the example of the previous wartime Surgeon General, established a separate Neuropsychiatry Branch. Colonel Madigan was appointed chief of the new branch. This branch, however, unlike the independent division of World War 1, was one of several branches under the Professional Service Division". (source)
22.6.1942 The Pledge of Allegiance became official: "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, With Liberty and Justice for all". However, in 1943. the United States Supreme Court ruled that school children could not be forced to recite the Pledge as part of their daily routine.
American Dream 1931 - Two nations 1944 - Merton on American culture 1949 - McCarthy and The Lonely Crowd 1950 - The peril from within - The peril from communism and the peril of God's judgement 1952 - McCarthy's investigations and Totalitarianism 1953 - "one nation under God, indivisible" 1954 - "In God We Trust" 1955 and 1956 - "I changed Gods" 1968
1943
Music based christian evangelism to "youth" started in the United States - where the war was abroad - and was reflected in Britain when the bombs had stopped. In the United States, live radio was used as part of mass gatherings.
1944
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy by Gunnar Myrdal, with the assistance of Richard Sterner and Arnold Rose. Published New York and London, by Harper and Brothers in two volumes, paged continuously with 1483 pages. . Volume one: "The Negro in a White Nation". Volume two: "The Negro Social Structure" - Wikipedia - See 1938 - 2004 -
1944 The first official meeting of WANA (We Are Not Alone) is held at the Third Street YMCA in Manhattan. The meeting grew from a self-help group that started at Rockland State Hospital . It was organised by Michael Obolensky , a former patient, and Elizabeth Schermerhorn, a former volunteer. Ten members and Ms. Schermerhorn were present. (source) - "The origins of Fountain House lie in the idea which inspired a small group of people back in the early 1940s - the belief that people with mental illness are capable of helping each other. In a little more than sixty years, that vision has yielded a supportive community that annually helps some 1300 people in New York City and is the inspiration for 55,000 people in Fountain House model programs around the world."
September 1944 Eugene Brody received his MD from Harvard. The following day he marrried Marian Holen . The following day she returned to Brown University to complete her Masters degree and he began psychiatric training at Yale. New Haven, Connecticut. Marian Brody enrolled as a doctoral student at Yale. She worked simultaneously as a psychologist in a clinic in New Haven for servicemen returning from World War Two combat. Eugene is quoted as saying (obituary) "She spoke of the trouble the servicemen experienced after the obliteration of civilised rules for living they experienced in combat. She was impressed by the residual damage done to these young men in World War Two." Her work was interrupted in 1946 when her husband was assigned to interview Nazi prisoners of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Germany. She asked to join him, but was told that that it might take a year for the Army to arrange transportation. She booked passage from New York to France on one of the first ships to be converted to passenger use after the war. She arrived at Le Havre, France, in November 1946 during one of the coldest winters on record. "She recognized me from the tender ferrying her to the dock by the light of fires burning in oil drums to furnish some heat," her husband recalled, adding that he had spent the night in a room above a bar waiting for her. Once in Nuremberg, she applied for a job at the prison. She was told that no women were allowed to work there for fear that they might be taken hostage by imprisoned Nazis, her husband recalled. The Brodys returned to New Haven, where they were affiliated with Yale until moving to Baltimore in 1957. As a volunteer for 25 years in Baltimore, Mrs. Brody was a mainstay of WICS, Women in Community Service, interviewing disadvantaged post- adolescent girls applying for their programs and managing the data processing operations, her husband said.
Ernest Watson Burgess and Harvey J. Locke, 1945/1950: The Family from Institution to Companionship .
"The modern democratic family has the following characteristics: 1) freedom of choice of a mate on the basis of romance, companionship, compatibility, and common interests; 2) independence from their parents of the young people after marriage; 3) the assumption of equality of husband and wife; 4) decisions reached by discussion between husband and wife in which children participate increasingly with advancing age; and 5) the maximum of freedom for its members consistent with the achieving of family objectives." (pages 21-22)
"The basic thesis of this book is that the family has been in historical times in transition from an institution with family behaviour controlled by the mores public opinion, and law to a companionship with family behaviour arising from the mutual affection and consensus of its members" (pages 26-27)
History of family types developed from Die Familie (1912). Large patriarchal type most closely approximates institutional family. Burgess and Locke say "The Industrial Revolution paved the way for the breakdown of the small patriarchal family (p.21). They quote (p.29) Spencer (1876) in relation to the transition.
"The modern American family residing in the apartment house areas of the city approximates most nearly the ideal type of companionship family" page 27)
23.1.1945 Edward Celler said in a speech "The Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities is now a standing investigatory committee with power to initiate legislation".
[See Records of the U.S. House of Representatives - Record Group 233 - Records of the House Un-American Activities Committee, 1945-1969 (renamed the) House Internal Security Committee, 1969-1976 - Prepared by Charles E. Schamel, Center for Legislative Archives National Archives and Records Administration July 1995
April 1945 Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, "Some Principles of Social Stratification", American Sociological Review volume 10 pages 242-249. First page - (External summary) . "Social inequality is...an unconsciously evolved device by which societies ensure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons".
1945 Postwar Order
Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991) by Fredric Jameson Late capitalism
Mandel suggests that the basic new technological prerequisites third stage (long wave) of capitalism (late capitalism) were available by the end of World War Two , which also had the effect of reorganising international relations , decolonising the colonies, and laying the groundwork for the emergence of a new economic world system.
The economic preparation of postmodernism or late capitalism began in the 1950s , after the wartime shortages of consumer goods and spare parts had been made up, and new products and new technologies (not least those of the media ) could be pioneered.
Culturally , however, the precondition is to be found in the enormous social and psychological transformations of the 1960s , which swept so much of tradition away on the level of mentalités.
The psychic habitus of the new age demands the absolute break, strengthened by a generational rupture, achieved more properly in the 1960s
The Americanocentrism of my own particular account is justified only to the degree that it was the brief "American century" (1945-1973) that constituted the hothouse, or forcing ground, of the new system, while the development of the cultural forms of Postmodernism may be said to be the first specifically North American global style.
Both levels, infrastructure and superstructures - the economic system and the cultural "structure of feeling" - somehow crystallised in the great shock of the crises of 1973 (the oil crisis, the end of the international gold standard, for all intents and purposes the end of the great wave of "wars of national -xxliberation" and the beginning of the end of traditional communism), which, now that the dust clouds have rolled away, disclose the existence, already in place, of a strange new landscape.
9.9.1945 Janet Foner born. "a psychiatric survivor with a master's degree, M.P.S.SC., in community psychology". From 1978 on Janet helped develop the movement of psychiatric survivors within the International Re-evaluation Counselling Communities. Co-drafted the Mental Health System Survivors policy statement. Co-founded and co-coordinated Support Coalition from 1990 to 2000. Co-wrote the policy booklet, "What's Wrong with the Mental Health System and What Can Be Done About It". In 1992 became the International Liberation Reference Person for Mental Health System Survivors . "Currently International Liberation Reference Person for Mental Health Liberation."
1.11.1945 First edition of Ebony. See Newseum
Coretta Scott King at the funeral of Martin Luther King. Photograph by Ebony photographer Moneta Sleet
1946 Benjamin Spock's The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care . This edition had 58 printings and was the best selling new title issued in the USA since best-seller lists began in 1895
permissive
1946 American Journal of Psychology 1 416/2: "The counselor creates a warm and permissive atmosphere in which the individual is free to bring out any attitudes and feelings which he may have." - See 1956 - 2.11.1960 - 1968 - 1971 - 1971
USA National Mental Health Act passed
1946 Eugene Brody 's work at Yale was interrupted in 1946, when he became a captain in the Army Medical Corps, serving as chief of the neuropsychiatric service in hospitals of the European command. He was also the psychiatric consultant to the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg .
January 1947 to 17.5.1947 Simone De Beauvoir 's first visit to the United States.
Second Red Scare (1947-1957) (Wikipedia) .
anticommunist political repression of the early Cold War
"Red Scare" used in book titles 1955 (about an earlier one) and 1964
March 1947 President Truman signed Executive Order 9835, creating the "Federal Employees Loyalty Program" which set up political-loyalty review boards to determine the "Americanism" of Federal Government employees.
Joe McCarthy elected senator for Wisconsin in 1946 , serving as senator from 1.3.1947. See 1950 (when he became famous) - 1953 - 1954 - Died in office as senator 2.5.1957 .
11.9.1947 to 14.9.1947 Simone De Beauvoir's second visit: To Chicago to see Nelson Algren
20.10.1947 Un-American Activities Committee opened hearings into alleged communist infiltration of the motion picture industry.
1948
Movie Snake Pit with Olivia de Havilland premiered. Film had such impact that 26 states passed new legislation regarding state mental hospitals. (Kathleen Benoun)
1948 Skinner's behaviourist fantasy utopia Walden Two. Although named, patriotically, after Thoreau's Walden , this is an account of collective "cultural engineering" of a community of 1,000 people using experimental scientific methods in a way reminiscent of Robert Owen , Whilst Owen constructed his first communities and then fantasised about them, Skinner fantasised about his communities first. Others have tried to put them into practice.
"The all absorbing concern of the outside world... is what happens to the family in Walden Two,,, The significant history of our times..is the story of the growing weakness of the family. The decline of the home as a medium for perpetuating a culture , the struggle for equality for women , including the right to select professions other than housewife or nursemaid, the extraordinary consequences of birth control and the practical separation of sex and parenthood , the social recognition of divorce , the critical issue of blood relationship or race - all these are parts of the same field". (end of chapter 16, start of chapter 17)
1948 Harold Lasswell "The structure and function of communication in society" may contain the phrase "Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect"
1948 Robert Merton wrote "Manifest and Latent Functions" (chapter one Social Theory and Social Structure ) as "an effort to systematise the principle assumptions and conceptions of the slowly evolving theory of functional analysis in sociology" (Biographical postscript 1957, p. 82) The chapter included a comparison of "The ideological orientations" of "Dialectical Materialism" (Marx and Engels) and "Functional Analysis".
1948 Norbert Wiener published Cybernetics, or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
"We have decided to call the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or in the animal, by the name Cybernetics , which we form from the Greek [word for] steersman . we also wish to refer to the fact that the steering engines of a ship are indeed one of the earliest and best developed forms of feed-back mechanisms."
" It has long been clear to me that the modern ultra-rapid computing machine was in principle an ideal central nervous system to an apparatus for automatic control; and that its input and output need not be in the form of numbers or diagrams but might very well be, respectively, the readings of artificial sense organs, such as photoelectric cells or thermometers, and the performance of motors or solenoids. With the aid of strain gauges or similar agencies to read the performance of these motor organs and to report, to "feed back," to the central control system as an artificial kinesthetic sense, we are already in a position to construct artificial machines of almost any degree of elaborateness of performance. Long before Nagasaki and the public awareness of the atomic bomb, it had occurred to me that we were here in the presence of another social potentiality of unheard-of importance for good and for evil. The automatic factory and the assembly line without human agents are only so far ahead of us as is limited by our willingness to put such a degree of effort into their engineering as was spent, for example, in the development of the technique of radar in the Second World War .
I have said that this new development has unbounded possibilities for good and for evil. For one thing, it makes the metaphorical dominance of the machines, as imagined by Samuel Butler, a most immediate and non- metaphorical problem. It gives the human race a new and most effective collection of mechanical slaves to perform its labor. Such mechanical labor has most of the economic properties of slave labor, although, unlike slave labor, it does not involve the direct demoralizing effects of human cruelty. However, any labor that accepts the conditions of competition with slave labor accepts the conditions of slave labor, and is essentially slave labor. The key word of this statement is competition. It may very well be a good thing for humanity to have the machine remove from it the need of menial and disagreeable tasks, or it may not. I do not know. It cannot be good for these new potentialities to be assessed in the terms of the market, of the money they save; and it is precisely the terms of the open market, the "fifth freedom," that have become the shibboleth of the sector of American opinion represented by the National Association of Manufacturers and the Saturday Evening Post. I say American opinion, for as an American, I know it best, but the hucksters recognize no national boundary.
Perhaps I may clarify the historical background of the present if I say that the first industrial revolution , the revolution of the "dark satanic mills," was the devaluation of the human arm by the competition of machinery. There is no rate of pay at which a United States pick-and-shovel laborer can live which is low enough to compete with the work of a steam shovel as an excavator. The modern industrial revolution is similarly bound to devalue the human brain , at least in its simpler and more routine decisions. Of course, just as the skilled carpenter, the skilled mechanic, the skilled dressmaker have in some degree survived the first industrial revolution, so the skilled scientist and the skilled administrator may survive the second. However, taking the second revolution as accomplished, the average human being of mediocre attainments or less has nothing to sell that it is worth anyone's money to buy.
The answer, of course, is to have a society based on human values other than buying or selling. To arrive at this society, we need a good deal of planning and a good deal of struggle, which, if the best comes to the best, may be on the plane of ideas, and otherwise - who knows? I thus felt it my duty to pass on my information and understanding of the position to those who have an active interest in the conditions and the future of labor, that is, to the labor unions. I did manage to make contact with one or two persons high up in the CIO, and from them I received a very intelligent and sympathetic hearing. Further than these individuals, neither I nor any of them was able to go. It was their opinion, as it had been my previous observation and information, both in the United States and in England, that the labor unions and the labor movement are in the hands of a highly limited personnel, thoroughly well trained in the specialized problems of shop stewardship and disputes concerning wages and conditions of work, and totally unprepared to enter into the larger political, technical, sociological, and economic questions which concern the very existence of labor. The reasons for this are easy enough to see: the labor union official generally comes from the exacting life of a workman into the exacting life of an administrator without any opportunity for a broader training; and for those who have this training, a union career is not generally inviting; nor, quite naturally, are the unions receptive to such people.
Those of us who have contributed to the new science of cybernetics thus stand in a moral position which is, to say the least, not very comfortable, We have contributed to the initiation of a new science which, as I have said, embraces, technical developments with great possibilities for good and for evil. We can only hand it over into the world that exists about us, and this is the world of Belsen and Hiroshima . We do not even have the choice of suppressing these new technical developments. They belong to the age, and the most any of us can do by suppression is to put the development of the subject into the hands of the most irresponsible and most venal of our engineers. The best we can do is to see that a large public understands the trend and the bearing of the present work, and to confine our personal efforts to those fields, such as physiology and psychology, most remote from war and exploitation, As we have seen, there are those who hope that the good of a better understanding of man and society which is offered by this new field of work may anticipate and outweigh the incidental contribution we are making to the concentration of power (which is always concentrated, by its very conditions of existence, in the hands of the most unscrupulous). I write in 1947, and I am compelled to say that it is a very slight hope. "
Pages 26-29 in the 1948/1961 edition
1949
Newfoundland ceased being a British Colonial Protectorate
structural-functional analysis: 1949 Robert King Merton 's Social Theory and Social Structure. Towards the codification of theory and research . Sought a functional analysis in sociolgy ...the description of the participants (and on-lookers) is in structural terms, that is, in terms of locating these people in their inter- connected social statuses.
1949 The first edition of Ruth Nanda Anshen's The Family: Its Function and Destiny includes articles by Ralph Linton - Maurice Hindus - Ruth Benedict - Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton . Maurice Hindus's article on The Russsian Family was replaced in the second edition (1959) by one written by a writer less sympathetic to the USSR.
Robert Merton's description of American culture on the model of an "American Dream" appears to have been written in 1949, although the concepts date back to 1938 . See Merton
1949 Samuel Stouffer Studies in Social Psychology in World War Two: The American Soldier Princeton University Press.
20.1.1949 President Truman 's inaugural address (second term) setting out the United States opposition to the "false philosophy" of "communism". The negative cold war theme was set against a positive message about the USA "program for peace and freedom". He uses the concept of "development" as progressive ideal, saying the "United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques" and continuing "we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life".
29.3.1949 University of California President Sproul proposes that University of California employees, including faculty, be required to swear to a new Oath stating that they are not members of the Communist party. The University of California Board of Regents approved Sproul's proposal. (timeline and documents)
14.4.1949 National Institute for Mental Health formally established "Research is conducted at a central campus in Bethesda, Maryland, as well as being funded throughout the United States" (Wikipedia)
September 1949 to January 1950 Groups meeting at Harvard on the theoretical stock-take .
At some time, Talcott Parsons - Edward A. Shils - Gordon W. Allport - Clyde Kluckman - Henry A. Murray, junior - Robert R. Sears - Richard C. Sheldon - Samuel A. Stouffer - and Edward C. Tolman reached agreement on "Some Fundamental Categories of the Theory of Action: A General Statement", which was published as chapter one of Towards a General Theory of Action - Theoretical Foundations for the Social Sciences in 1951
George Peter Murdock : Social Structure New York: Macmillan. 1949
"The family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults."
"The nuclear family is a universal human social grouping. Either as the sole prevailing form of the family or as the basic unit from which more complex forms compounded, it exists as a distinct and strongly functional group in every society."
January 1950 First issue of the A.P.A. Mental Hospital Service Bulletin (which later became Psychiatric Services. The ninth issue , in September 1950, contained an article "Comics used for mental health education" - See Blondie 1950
Joe McCarthy gives his name to McCarthyism
29.3.1950 Herbert Block (Herblock) cartoon on the Washington Post in which Republican senators, Kenneth S. Wherry, Robert A. Taft, and Styles Bridges and Republican National Chairman Guy Gabrielson push a reluctant Republican elephant to mount an unstable and unpleasant platform. The elephant says "You mean I'm supposed to stand on that?" This was the first use of the word "McCarthyism." - See Library of Congress exhibit .
Ellen Schrecker says "We all know that it is technically incorrect to call the anticommunist political repression of the early Cold War McCarthyism."
Dianetics - scientology
Ron Hubbard's publications on "dianetics" (through the mind) in 1950 led in 1954 to establishing the Church of Scientology .
The 1950 publications do not use the word scientology although a page in the Astounding Science Fiction article shows pictorially the idea of progress to scientific thought originally meant by the term when coined by Stephen Pearl Andrews in 1871.
Hubbard is quoted as writing "Dianetics is a science; as such, it has no opinion about religion, for sciences are based on natural laws, not on opinions" (Dianetics Auditor's Bulletin Vol. 1 No. 4, October 1950). According to Hugh Urban (2011 chapter 2) "Dianetics was a surprisingly successful and widely popular form of personal therapy - indeed, arguably the first of the many popular self-help manuals that followed in the next five decades."
Dianetics 1950 publicatins
"Terra Incognita: The Mind" by Hubbard in The Explorers Journal, Volume 28, No. 1, New York, winter-spring 1949/1950 (offline)
"Dianetics is of interest to medicine in that it apparently conquers and cures all psycho-somatic ills ... it is of interest to institutions where it has a salutary effect upon the insane".
May 1950 "Dianetics" by Hubbard in Astounding Science Fiction (offline)
Modern psychiatry holds that predisposition to insanity is heritable and that there is no cure for several forms of insanity - they can only be treated by surgically excising a portion of the brain in a prefrontal lobotomy , or ... the operation known as a transorbital leukotomy - by electro-shocking a patient unconscious and running an ice-pick like instrument into the brain by thrusting it through the eyesocket back of the eyeball, and slashing the brain with it. Dianetics denies this thesis. Insanity is not due to heritable factors - but it is contagious. And any insanity not based on actual organic. destruction of the brain can be cured, to regain a more-than-normal mental stability and clarity! Dianetics offers hope where psychiatry can only be gloomy. (]oseph A. Winter, M.D in his introduction)
The engineer controls the brain - "Basic personality could compute like a well greased Univac"
Time 24.7.1950 "A new cult is smouldering through the U.S. underbrush. Its name: dianetics. Last week its bible, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, was steadily climbing the U.S. bestseller lists."
Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health by L. Ron Hubbard, Hermitage House (4 dollars). [See review]
Passages from Dianetics selected by the Anderson Report (Chapter 22) to illustrate its statement that Hubbard's "special targets are psychiatrists and psychologists, whose realm is the mind. Concerning psycho-surgery and ECT , which have their proper use in the successful treatment of the mentally ill, Hubbard makes a number of completely untrue and unjustifiable statements."
"According to a modern writer, the single advance of psycho-therapy was clean quarters for the madman. In terms of brutality in treatment of the insane, the methods of the shaman or Bedlam have been exceeded by the 'civilized' techniques of destroying nerve tissue with the violence of shock and surgery, treatments which were not warranted by the results obtained and which would not have been tolerated in the meanest primitive society, since they reduce the victim to mere zombyism, destroying most of his personality and ambition and leaving him nothing more than a manageable animal. Far from an indictment of the practices of the 'neuro-surgeon' and the ice-pick which he thrusts and twists into insane minds, they are brought forth only to demonstrate the depths of desperation man can reach when confronted with the seemingly unsolvable problem of deranged minds."
"The auditor should be extremely cautious, at least for the next twenty years, about any case which has been institutionalised, for he may be getting a case with iatrogenic psychosis - caused by doctors - in addition to the patient's other engrams. Dianetics may help a mind a little in which the brain had been 'ice-picked' or 'apple-cored', but it cannot cure such insanity until some clever biologist finds a way to grow a new brain. Electric shock cases are equivocal: they may or may not respond to treatment, for brain tissue may have been burned away to a point where the brain cannot function normally."
"The 'tests' and 'experiments' with human brain vivisection in institutions are not, unfortunately, valid, For all the pain and trouble and destruction caused by these 'experiments,' they were done without a proper knowledge of aberration and mental derangement."
"Then one day, since this is one engram among many, the mental hospital gets our patient and the doctors there decide that all he needs is a good solid series of electric shocks to tear his brain up, and if that doesn't work, a nice ice-pick into each eyeball after and during electric shock, the ice-pick sweeping a wide arc to tear the analytical mind to pieces. The wife agrees. Our patient can't defend himself: he's insane and the insane have no rights, you know."
13.9.1950 National Association of Mental Health formed by merging the National Committee for Mental Hygiene - the National Mental Health Foundation - and the Psychiatric Foundation.
Before November 1950 The New York State Department of Mental Hygiene presents Chic Young's Blondie State of New York Department of Mental Hygiene and King Features Syndicate. Chic Young and Joseph W Musial [See Comics 1950]
Inside front cover "Blondie" a one page comic story in which Blondie and her husband, Dagwood, talk about their happy family. This was followed by comic stories and a text end piece by Newton Bigelow
Love Conquers All 5 pages - Dagwood, Alexandder and Cookie learn that they need to not take Blondie for granted.
Let's Face It! 5 pages - Dagwood teaches the kids to help out when asked.
The Bumsteads 3 pages - Dagwood learns that while it's fun to spend time with the family, having alone time is good also.
Your Mental Health 1 page (text article) by Newton Bigelow
1951 Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language first published. [Unrelated to the Webster's dictionaries published by the Merriam-Webster Company]. The first College edition was published in 1953. The revision I use is 1960.]
1951 Peak of the use of term un-American in American English. The definitions given in Websters New World Dictionary are "not American; regarded as not characteristically or properly American; especially, regarded as opposed or dangerous to the United States, its institutions, etc."
American Sociology: the story of sociology in the United States through 1950 by Howard W. Odum (1884-1954) published in New York and London.
1951 The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. A novel of teenage identity retold by the teenager from a mental hospital.
Psychiatrists saw Manson as "a very emotionally upset youth," "slick" but "extremely sensitive" (1951), "dangerous" with "homosexual and assaultive tendencies" (1952), having "an unstable personality" but being potentially able "to straighten himself out" (1955), being "unable to control himself" with "a tendency to cut up" (1956), having "work habits that range from good to poor" (1957), being "erratic and moody" and "a classic text book case of a correctional institution inmate" (1958), as an "energetic person" who hides "his loneliness, resentment and hostility behind a facade of superficial ingratiation" (1961), being "emotionally insecure" and tending to "involve himself in various fanatical interests" (1963), and, finally, as "in need of a great deal of help in the transition from institution to the free world" (1966). (source)
1951 Article 31B of the Public General Laws of Maryland enacted. Known as the "Maryland Defective Delinquent Statute" provided for indefinite detention in the Patuxent Institution.
January 1951 Scientific American Isaac Isidor Rabi reviwed Dianetics: The modern science of mental health
This volume probably contains more promises and less evidence per page than has any publication since the invention of printing. Briefly, its thesis is that man is intrinsically good, has a perfect memory for every event of his life, and is a good deal more intelligent than he appears to be.
However, something called the engram prevents these characteristics from being realized in man's behavior. During moments of unconsciousness and pain and at any time from conception onward, the "reactive mind" can still record experience, but experiences so recorded -engrams- are a major source of man's misery, his psychosomatic ills, his neuroses and psychoses, his poor memory, and his generally inefficient functioning. By a process called dianetic reverie, which resembles hypnosis and which may apparently be practiced by anyone trained in dianetics, these engrams may be recalled.
Once thoroughly recalled, they are "refiled," and the patient becomes a "clear," who is not handicapped by encumbering engrams and who can thenceforth function at a level of intellect, efficiency and goodness seldom if ever realized before in the history of man. The system is presented without qualification and without evidence. It has borrowed from psychoanalysis , Pavlovian conditioning , hypnosis and folk beliefs , but, except for the last, these debts are fulsomely denied.
The huge sale of the book to date is distressing evidence of the frustrated ambitions, hopes, ideals, anxieties and worries of the many persons who through it have sought succor.
May 1951 Goffman in Paris for a year.
15.10.1951 - 29.1.1951. Last visit of Simone de Beauvoir to her lover, Nelson Algren, in Chicago. His friend Art Shay took photographs of her through the open bathroom door. He says she called him a "naughty boy". This photograph was published on the Nouvel Observateur magazine cover in Paris on 3.1.2008 . The others illustrated the inside stories of De Beauvoir's adventurous sexual life.
"The only book of this famous "Madame" that he [Algren] had read, and the only one published in English at the time, was "The Ethics of Ambiguity"", but De Beauvoir showed him notes about "The Second Sex" . (Art Shey 2008)
1953 Science as Morality: An Essay Towards Unity by George Simpson : American Humanist Association Pamphlet 1, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Simpson (1954) described it as Lundberg and Simpson presenting opposite views.
Maryln Monroe performing "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.
See death and Andy Warhol tribute
See Fredric Jameson 1991
January 1953: Senator Joe McCarthy became chair of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations where he arraigned a large number of citizens and officials "often with full television publicity". (Chambers Biographical Dictionary)
23.2.1953 Simone de Beauvoir 's The Second Sex published in America
March 1953 Conference held at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Its Proceedings were published by Harvard University Press in 1954 under the title Totalitarianism, edited with an introduction by Carl J. Friedrich.
1954
Skinner's article The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching laid the foundations for programmed learning.
1954 George Simpson Man in Society; Preface to sociology and the social sciences Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Available online . 90 pages
Homo Rhodenis - Rhodesian man . A plastolene reconstruction by Carleton S. Coon .
Plate one in The History of Man (1954). Coon writes that in his reconstructions "skulls and jaws were restored, and then the missing portions were filled in by imagination. Then the muscles were laid on, and finally the skin and hair were conjured up. The forms of the soft parts, including lips, nose tips, ears and hair, are wholly conjectural"
18.2.1954 The Church of Scientology of California incorporated in Los Angeles. The Oxford Dictionary says that Hubbard had published a Handbook for Preclears: Scientology in 1951. The Library of Congress lists a number of scientology items in 1952, including a periodical.
17.5.1954 Supreme Court ruling on the case of Oliver Brown et al. v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution - See Wikipedia
14.6.1954 The 1942 Pledge of Allegiance was amended in 1954 to include the words "under God;". Legislation to add the motto "In God We Trust" to all coins and currency was passed in 1955; and the national motto "E Pluribus Unum" [out of many, one] was changed to "In God We Trust" in 1956.
September 1954 Cover of Captain America.
After a five year absence, Captain America comics were revived in December 1953. Captain America was no longer an anti-Nazi hero, but was now known as "Captain America Commie Smasher" . The last edition was in of this incarnation was September 1954 (source)
27.9.1954 Time Magazine cover "Social Scientist David Riesman : What is the American character?"
2.12.1954 Senator Joe McCarthy was formally condemned for financial irregularities and bringing the House into disrepute by the Senate (now controlled by Democrats). See On this day When he attacked Eisenhower he lost most of his remaining public support.
1955 Daedalus founded as the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In the year 1903 when young Clifford Beers had just emerged from a mental hospital with a driving urge to tell his story, he found a sympathetic listener in Miss Clara Louise Jepson , friend of his childhood and youth, "I have so much to tell. I must write a book," he said to Miss Jepson "Will you help me?" As he described it later, after his famous book A Mind that Found Itself had swept the country: "That supposedly platonic collaboration lured us on and on, until a few months after my book was published, we discovered that our hearts had found themselves. In this way my wife became the royalty on my book, a reward as great as it was unexpected.
But the marriage of these young people had to be postponed still longer, until Clifford Beers could clear away the debts he had incurred in organizing the new National Committee for Mental Hygiene. He was always generous in the credit he gave to Clara Jepson in those early difficult days. "During the past four years given to organizing the National Committee for Mental Hygiene,"; he wrote to Mrs William James on the day before his wedding, sound advice in the many crises which arose was, I think, the determining factor in the successful accomplishment of my purposes. Miss Jepson's unwavering belief in me during the difficult years of my work,"; he wrote to other friends, "gave me the courage to challenge Destiny.... "
And so they were married at last, in 1912, the beginning of 31 years of harmonious life together. Mrs Beers, companion and hostess, took on the additional role of French interpreter during their eventful trips to Europe, when in recognition of his remarkable work, her husband was received by scientists, statesmen, and royalty.
Today Mrs Clifford Beers lives quietly in the house she and her husband shared together, on a tree-lined street in Englewood, New Jersey, the mental health movement still the dominant interest in her life.
28.8.1955 The murder of Emmett Till from Chicago, Illinois, whilst visiting his relatives in Money, Mississippi.
October 1955 Sample of USA Newspapers used for content analysis on mental health.
"Seeking material directly related to mental-health problems (as we defined them) in the mass media is like looking for a needle in a haystack. If you search every inch of space in three different daily newspapers, the odds are that you will find only one item which is relevant. To find one relevant item it would be necessary to read, on the average, the entire content of two magazines. If you listened to one entire dat of broadcatsing of a radio station, you would, on e the average, find about 2-3 programmes with information or partrayals rleevant to metal healh problems. An almost identical number of relevant programmes would be expected in the entire daily teelcating of one station - 2.4 programmes which in some way relate to mental-health problems. Ths we can conclude that: Information concerning mental illness appears relatively infrequenstly in mass media presentations" (Jum C. Nunnally 1961 in Cohen and Young 1973 p.139)
1956 C. Wright Mills' The Power Elite
1956 Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy
March 1956 Harold Garfinkel "Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies"
"Acknowledgment is gratefully made to Erving Goffman , National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and to Sheldon Messinger, Social Science Research Council pre- doctoral fellow, University of California, Los Angeles, for criticisms and editorial suggestions"
Garfinkel argued that successful degradation ceremonies are an essential part of all societies. The degradation of the "perpetrator" reveals not only the perpetrator's essential characteristics as undesirable, but unites the witnesses in affirming the values that bind them together.
"The features of the mad-dog murderer reverse the features of the peaceful citizen. The confessions of the Red can be read to each [teach?] the meanings of patriotism" (p.423)
15.4.1957 to 17.4.1957 Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry held in Washington DC . Goffman gave his paper on "The characteristics of total institutions"
July 1957 "Declaration of Sitges" in Colombia lead to the establishment of a National front (1958-1974) in which the Liberal and Conservative parties governed jointly. La Violencia ended and far-reaching social and economic reforms were attempted.
Nelsy was seven in 1957 and twenty-four in 1974. She became a a school teacher when whe was eighteen (1968) and worked for twenty years in state schools.
October 1957 Talcott Parsons' in "The Distribution of Power in American Society," (a review of C. Wright Mills' The Power Elite in World Politics Volume 10, Number 1 wrote:
".. to Mills power is not a facility for the performance of function in and on behalf of the society as a system, but is interpreted exclusively as a facility for getting what one group, the holders of power, wants by preventing another group, the 'outs,' from getting what it wants" "
January 1958 Theoretical Criminology by George Vold
2.9.1958 USA National Defense Education Act (NDEA), signed into law
1959
"In Denmark and in North Carolina , where eugenical sterilisation is legally carried out, a large number of cases so dealt with are women who have already given birth to several children and might not have had any more..." (Penrose 1959 , p. 102)
1959 C. Wright Mills ' The Sociological Imagination - "ordinary men .. do not .. grasp the interplay .. of biography and history (p.10) ... The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and external career of a variety of individuals (p.11)... social science as the study of biography, of history, and of the problems of their intersection within social structure ." (p.149)
Erving Goffman in The Moral Career of the Mental Patient said that "far the more numerous" mental patients in America were "those who enter unwillingly". See UK
1959 William Kornhauser : The Politics of Mass Society
13.5.1960 Committee on Un-American Activities hearings in San Francisco City Hall outside which city police officers fire-hosed protesting students
8.10.1960 First Presidential TV debate in USA: John F.Kennedy versus Richard Nixon.
During the campaign Dr Benjamin Spock appeared on television with Jacqueline Kennedy, who said "Dr Spock is for my husband, and my husband is for Dr Spock!"
1960 The End of Ideology: On the exhaustion of political ideas in the fifties by Daniel Bell - See also Francis Fukuyama 's The End of History. Amy Gdala argues that
"Ideology - and hence History itself - consists entirely of sets of contrasted tales about struggles between antagonistic forces. The forces are both material and metaphorical, or, rather, 'cultural' as we tend to say nowadays. The reason people like Fukuyama and Bell bob up every couple of decades to insist that the struggles are over is, of course, because they think their side has won already." Gdala, A. 2003 , p.94)
First edition of Seymour Martin Lipset's Political Man. The Social Bases of Politics
Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Democrat) 1961 to 1963
1961
17.1.1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower introduced the "military-industrial complex" in his farewell speech - Wikipedia . Terms based on this include the Prison- Industrial Complex - Surveillance-Industrial Coplex - Organic-Industrial Complex - Baby-Industrial Complex - Academic-Industrial Complex - Celebrity-Industrial Complex - Agro-Industrial Complex - Lobbying-Industrial Complex.... (bored? if not, use a search-engine!)
1962
20.2.1962 Mercury-Atlas 6 put USA astronaut John Glenn into outer space , where he performed three orbits of the Earth. [Following in the star steps of Yuri Gagarin .
"Countdown" (innovative modern jazz) was recorded by the Dave Brubeck Quartet on 12.2.1962 and published on Countdown-Time in Outer Space later in the year with a dedication to John Glenn.
5.8.1962 Marilyn Monroe died of an overdose.
Andy Warhol 's tribute to her appears to me deeply emotional, but not to Fredric Jameson
14.10.1962 Soviet nuclear missiles photographed on Cuba
24.10.1962 USA blockade of Cuba
28.10.1962 missiles removed from Cuba
December 1962 "The psychological basis for using pre-school enrichment as an antidote for cultural deprivation". A talk by Joseph McVicker Hunt at Arden House, Columbia University.
1962 C. Wright Mills' The Marxists
1962 Ken Kesey, One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest: a novel by Ken Kesey. New York: Viking Press
1962 Daniel Boorstin' The Image: A Guide to Pseudo Events in America identifies a shift from reality to illusion: a move away from actual events to "pseudo-events" which are contrived happenings meant for public consumption. The public expectation is shaped by a "Graphic Revolution" defined as "Man's (increasing) ability to make, preserve, transmit and disseminate precise images." The effect on fame is to create celebrities. A celebrity is not known for real achievements but is "a person who is known for his well-knowness". (Based on Celebrity Culture 2001 )
17.2.1963 Publication of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
"When a Frenchwoman named Simone de Beauvoir wrote a book called The Second Sex , an American critic commented that she obviously "didn't know what life was all about," and besides, she was talking about French women. The "woman problem" in America no longer existed....
"We can no longer ignore that voice within women that says: "I want something more than my husband and my children and my home."
The problem that has no name-which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities - is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease. If we continue to produce millions of young mothers who stop their growth and education short of identity, without a strong core of human values to pass on to their children, we are committing, quite simply, genocide, starting with the mass burial of American women and ending with the progressive dehumanization of their sons and daughters. These problems cannot be solved by medicine or even by psychotherapy."
From an extract on the website of the American Astronomical Society.
20.6.1963 Telephone "hotline" set up between leaders of the USSR and USA
28.8.1963 Martin Luther King "I Have A Dream" speech, Washington DC
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
26.6.1963 President Kennedy visited Berlin
25.7.1963 Nuclear test ban treaty
Federal Community Mental Health Center Construction Act signed by President Kennedy three weeks before his assassination.
1963 William Bruce Cameron Informal Sociology: A casual introduction to sociological thinking. Random House studies in sociology: New York: 170 pages.
"It would be nice if all of the data which sociologists require could be enumerated because then we could run them through IBM machines and draw charts as the economists do. However, not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted." (page 13)
Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) 1963 to 1969
1964
1964 The Social Setting of Intolerance: The Know-Nothings, the Red scare , and McCarthyism by Seymour J. Mandelbaum. Scott Foresman problems in American history. Chicago : Scott, Foresman 176 pages. The series provided history teachers with selections from source documents along with analysis of problems for use in class discussion.
"This book explores three moments of fear in American history, moments when the genial mask of tolerance was cast aside ... The first deals with intolerance during the 1850s , when members of the secret Know Nothing society charged that foreigners were corrupting America. Their attacks were directed especially against Irish Catholic immigrants ... Unit Two considers the Red Scare of 1919-1920 and Unit Three deals with the period after World War Two, when the term 'McCarthyism' was coined to define an intense search for disloyal citizens and government officials. In presenting each of the three units, this book analyzes the social setting of intolerance--that is, the conditions that led to the fear that America was in danger of subversion from within." Author's introduction
Janury 1964 BioScience the new name for the Bulletin of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. In 1984 it introduced a new word: biodiversity .
8.1.1964 Lyndon B. Johnson' State of the Union Address included:
"Let this session of Congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined" - many Americans live on the outskirts of hope - some because of their poverty, and some because of their colour, and all too many because of both. Our task is to help replace their despair with opportunity. This administration today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America." (text of speech) .
See Wikipedia draft by Zweifel .
"Making poverty a national concern set in motion a series of bills and acts, creating programs such as Head Start , food stamps, work study, Medicare and Medicaid, which still exist today." (Robert Siegal on NPR)
16.3.1964 Lyndon B. Johnson's Special Message to Congress: "Because it is right, because it is wise, and because, for the first time in our history, it is possible to conquer poverty, I submit, for the consideration of the Congress and the country, the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964" (external link to text)
1.2.1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" by Liverpool (UK) group The Beatles topped the United States charts. The Beatles flew to the United States on Friday 7.2.1964. An estimated 4,000 fans saw them off from Heathrow and a similar number welcomed them at the (newly re-named) John F. Kennedy Airport. (Wikipedia)
3.2.1964 Neurotics Anonymous created in Washington DC by Grover Boydston, on the model of Alcoholics Anonymous - (external link)
1964 Librarian Clara Cooley published manuscript History of Western State Hospital, 1871-1950 (Kathleen Benoun)
1964 A poll of American sociologists showed that 80% (of about 3,400) thought "functional analysis and theory" still retain great value for contemporary sociology . (Gouldner, A. 1970 p.168) . The poll was conducted by Timothy Sprehe and Alvin Gouldner.
1964 Aaron V. Cicourel, 1964 Method and Measurement in Sociology. New York: Free Press. Cicourel, A.V. (1964). Jan Nespor (external link) says that in "Theory and method in field research" in this book "Cicourel argues for qualitative methods through a knowledgable critique of survey and quantatively oriented research approaches". He describes it as "an influential book by a key figure in the ethnomethodology movement".
1965
1965 Project Head Start. (Wikipedia)
"During the early 1960s an increasing number of psychologists and educators began to study the effects of early experiences on human development. Much research suggested that preschool compensatory education might be an important step for disrupting the cycle of poverty experienced by large numbers of Americans. Combined with powerful social and political factors, this notion led to the authorization of Project Head Start in 1965" (Joan S. Bissell 1972)
"the educational remedy to the war on poverty was politically popular"
(Sigel and Cocking 1977)
p. 190)
"I a series of studies beginning in 1965, we discovered that a large proportion of black children from impoverished backgrounds were less competent than their more privileged counterparts when dealing with representational material " ( Sigel, Secrist and Forman 1973 p.28)
"The Early Childhood Education Project is an experiment in educational intervention begun with two-year old, first-born children from impoverished black families in the inner city of Buffalo" (New York State) ( Sigel, Secrist and Forman 1973 p.28. Included "a brief evaluation of the first year's work")
UK mental patients 1965
"I got married at twenty... this was 1965. No women's liberation, or even the recognition of the need for it" (Judi Chamberlin)
Howard Geld was a 13 year old patient in a psychiatric hospital. Often he could not sleep, and a night attendant taught him to play the harmonica. "When you cry out loud in a mental hospital you get medicated" - "When I was sad, I could cry through the harmonica." He was given the name Howie the Harp on the streets of Greenwich Village, New York. See 1970
1965-1966 David Reville (aged about 22) a psychiatric inmate in Ontario, Canada, for much of the time in what he calls Rockwood Asylum
1966
USA Medicare Act passed to provide financial support for citizens of 65 and older otherwise unable to meet their medical needs.
Kai T. Erikson (Yale University) published Wayward Puritans. A Study in the Sociology of Deviance He used Emile Durkheim 's concept that crime can solidify a society to analyse three "crime waves" in the 17th century puritan theocracy of New England . Erikson's "crime waves" might be considered deviance rather than crime in the normal sense. They are the Antinomian theological disputes , the invasion and persecution of Quakers and the outbreak of witch hunting in Salem . Other sociologists have called them moral panics.
1966 Unobtrusive Measures , by Eugene Webb and others, contained this early reference to the triangulation of research methods
"Once a proposition has been confirmed by two or more independent measurement processes, the uncertainty of its interpretation is greatly reduced. The most persuasive evidence comes through a triangulation of measurement processes" (Webb, E. J. and others, 1966 p.3)
16.6.1966, in a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi after the shooting of James Meredith during the March Against Fear, Stokely Carmichael said:
"This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!"
See Britain 1951 - 1967 - London UK - murder of Martin Luther King - 1968 Olympics - 1984 Rainbow Coalition - 1984 UK Black sections
30.6.1966 National Organisation for Women founded. Wikipedia
7.8.1966 Carlos Alberto Lleras Restrepo became President of Colombia , serving to 7.8.1970. Gobierno de la transformación nacional (government of national transformation). Created the national savings fund, Colombian Institute for family wellbeing; the institute to protect non renewable resources; the agency to promote exports; the nacional agency for the construction of schools; and the national institution to promote and finance superior education.
Nelsy was sixteen in 1966. She became a school teacher when she was eighteen (1968) and worked for twenty years in state schools.
October 1966 Johns Hopkins International Colloquium on The Language of Criticism and the Sciences of Man. Jacques Derrida read his paper "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences"
21.11.1966 "The term 'gender identity' was used in a press release, November 21, 1966, to announce the new clinic for transsexuals at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. It was disseminated in the media worldwide, and soon entered the vernacular. ... gender identity is your own sense or conviction of maleness or femaleness." (John Money quoted Wikipedia)
External link: The Summer of Love (1967) and Woodstock (1969) archive
Black Power : The politics of liberation in America by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton. This argued that the term negro implied black inferiority. Black publications like Ebony switched from Negro to black at the end of the 1960s. (source)
See average person
1967 Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss . "We argue in our book for grounding theory in social research itself - for generating it from the data" (p.viii). "We believe that the discovery of theory from data - which we call grounded theory - is a major task confronting sociology today, for, as we shall try to show, such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and layman alike. Most important, it works-provides us with relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations and applications" (p.1).
Examples: Interview and focus group data gathered by Carolina Seibel Chassot (interviews 2012) and Angela Sweeney (2015) was analysed in terms of grounded theory
14.1.1967 The Human Be-In takes place in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco; the event sets the stage for the Summer of Love.
27.1.1967 The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty.
26.3.1967 10,000 gather for the Central Park Be-In.
4.4.1967 Martin Luther King denounces the Vietnam War during a religious service in New York City.
28.4.1967 Muhammad Ali refuses military service.
2.5.1967 Armed members of the Black Panther Party enter the California state capital to protest a bill that restricted the carrying of arms in public.
6.5.1967 Four hundred students seize the administration building at Cheney State College, Pennsylvania, the oldest institute for higher education for African Americans.
11.6.1967 Race riot in Tampa, Florida after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while allegedly robbing a camera store. The unrest lasted several days.
12.6.1967 Loving v. Virginia: The United States Supreme Court declares all U.S. state laws prohibiting interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
13.6.1967 Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall is nominated as the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court.
26.6.1967 The Buffalo Race Riot begins, lasting until July 1
12.7.1967 After the arrest of an African-American cab driver for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the road, race riots break out in Newark, New Jersey, and these riots last for six days. 14.7.1967 Near Newark, New Jersey, the Plainfield riots also occur.
16.7.1967 A prison riot in Jay, Florida leaves 37 dead.
23.7.1967 12th Street Riot/Detroit Race Riots: In Detroit, Michigan, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city: 43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.
30.7.1967 The 1967 Milwaukee race riots begin, lasting through August 2 and leading to a ten-day shutdown of the city from August 1.
1.8.1967 Race riots in the United States spread to Washington DC
1968 Second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . See 1973
1968 Joseph Licklieder and Robert Taylor "The Computer as a Communication Device" Science and Technology 76, pages 21-23. See Wikipedia on Licklieder
1968 The Social Club of New Haven, Connecticut: Sue Budd "helped start a social club on a psychiatric ward. The club was very anti-psychiatry in tone. There was some help from professionals at first, but basically Sue ran the club. Sue's husband, Dennis, tells it this way: [The social club] was loosely supervised by a social worker, who saw Sue and me every week. and Sue ran the club. It was most successful. It had a membership of ten to twelve. We shunned the help from the mental health association that was offered to us. A lot of people who were sent to our club were dismissed as hopeless by the staff. A lot of them improved while they were with us." Mel Starkman
Spring 1968 U.S. Information Agency launched quarterly periodical Dialogue [USAI Dialogue (1968-1990) containing articles covering a wide range of topics, The first issue contained an article by Clark Kerr "The New Involvement in Society" that said "For the first time in the history of the United States, university students have been a source of interest for all the nation; a source of concern for much of the nation; and even a source of fear for some of the nation" (Dialogue volume one, issue 1, p. 34, quoted Kidd, H. 1969 p. 34)
10.3.1968 Martha Weinman Lear , "The Second Feminist Wave - What Do These Women Want?: " New York Times Magazine See About.com article by Linda Napikoski. The article included material from an interview with Betty Friedan , author of The Feminine Mystique and founder of the National Organisation for Women, and concluded with the quotation
"What I do know is this: If you agree that women are human beings who should be realising their potential, then no girl child born today should responsibly be brought up to be a housewife. Too much has been made of defining human personality and destiny in terms of the sex organs. After all, we share the human brain."
4.4.1968 Martin Luther King murdered in Memphis
31.5.1968 Winnnipeg Free Press "The New Left seeks to create an alternative society, one whose institutions would promote non- materialistic values". (See Alternative Projects )
20.7.1968 Over 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities from the United States and Canada took part in the one-day event at Soldier Field in Chicago known as both the "Chicago Special Olympics " and the "First International Special Olympics Games." They competed in track and field, floor hockey and swimming.
"The Chicago Special Olympics prove a very fundamental fact. That exceptional children - children with mental retardation - can be exceptional athletes, the fact that through sports they can realize their potential for growth." (Eunice Kennedy Shriver in her Opening Ceremonies address)
Special Olympics are held every two years. Since 1973 they have alternated between summer and winter Olympics. 1986 was International Year of Special Olympics. Until 1993 they were all held in the United States.
12.10.1968 to 27.10.1968 First Olympics games in Latin America held in Mexico City
Vera Caslavska quietly protested the invasion of Czechoslovakia by turning her head away during the singing of the Soviet national anthem and Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave a black gloved salute on the podium on 16.10.1968
Caucuses formed within the American Sociological Association in 1968 and 1969 included the Caucus of Black Sociologists, Radical Caucus and Caucus of Women Sociologists (Rhodes, L.J. 1981 , pages 60-61)
1969
Presidency of Richard M. Nixon 1969 to 1974
1969 Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency - Social bond theory - "Delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken" (p.16)
Symbolic Interactionism: perspective and method by Herbert Blumer
February? 1969 The Citizens Commission on Human Rights was co-founded by the Church of Scientology and Thomas Szasz . (Current website) . In the same year , the Scientologists attempted a takeover of the National Association for Mental Health in the UK
The picture of Szasz is taken from a CCHR website about its Board of Advisors. See 1994 . The commission and Szasz were jointly involved in 1969 in securing the release of Victor Gyory,
Victor Gyory a hungarian refugee with no relatives in the USA spoke little English. On 23.4.1969 police took him toe Bryn Mawr Hospital with lacerations of the wrist, apparently from a suicide attempt. He was moved the next day to Haverford State Mental Hospital. He received a series of electric shocka and, in early June, asked a psychiatric aide what he could do to have them stopped. Three aides (one a scientologist) were suspended for seeking legal aid for him. Support was secured from the American Civil Liberties Union and Citizens Commission on Human Rights. Szasz examined Gyory on behalf of the Commission and Gyory's release was obtained after court proceedings on Tuesday 2.9.1969.
March 1969 Date on an essay by Carol Hanisch called "The Personal is Political" in the Redstockings collection Feminist Revolution The essay defends consciousness-raising against the charge that it is "therapy." Hanisch states
"One of the first things we discover in these groups is that personal problems are political problems. There are no personal solutions at this time."
July 1969 Sherry Arnstein's "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," published.
Citizen control, delegated power and partnesrhip involve degrees of citizen power.
Placation, consultation and informaing involve degrees of tokenism.
Therapy and manipulation are nonparticipation
See participation
Countdown to the moon
3.6.1969 "Three astronauts..were doing a simulated countdown for the first manned Apollo flight." (The Times London
16.7.1969 13:32:00 UTC The countdown for Apollo 11 from the Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida was watched by millions of people world wide on television
20.7.1969 Men on the moon . See Wikipedia
24.7.1969 16:50:35 UTC Splashdown in the North Pacific Ocean
Alvin Gouldner's The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology . Unlike either Sorokin in 1928, or Parsons in 1937, Gouldner's focus is on American sociology . In particular, criticism of Parsons dominates the book.
"Like many new developments in the United States, mental patients' liberation groups began primarily on the east and west coasts and then spread inland" (Judi Chamberlin).
24.2.1970 National Public Radio founded
Wikipedia link
Friday, March 13th, 1970 Charles Manson 's new court-appointed attorney said he was "distressed and disturbed" by Manson's "erratic, bizzare and uncommunicative" behaviour in their first court appearance together yesterday (12.3.1970). He said he may plead his client not guilty to the Sharon Tate murders by reason of insanity. "Frankly I think it was a little bit of put-on, but I don't know if it was all an act on his part or whether he is mentally troubled," Hollopeter said in an interview. "I'm seriously considering asking the court to appoint a psychiatrist to examine him. And I will probably talk with him about the possibility of an Insanity plea." (archived news)
19.3.1970 Charles Manson dismissed Charles Hollopeter as his lawyer mainly because of his motions that Manson be allowed to undergo psychiatric examination
David Rothman's The Discovery of the Asylum. Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic Little, Brown and Company. Boston - Toronto
N. N. Kittrie's The Right to be Different
Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, edited and translated by Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith, was published in London and New York in 1971. See above on Fordism. But by this time, the economy was preparing to become a "post-industrial" or "post-fordist" , more flexible economy.
1971 Howard and Helen Geld moved back to New York City, where they started the Mental Patients' Liberation Project. He was Coordinator of the Storefront Project of MPLP, a storefront crisis center for present and former mental patients. See Chamberlin 1990
The first edition of Madness Network News were published in 1972 (Chamberlin 1990) . Volume 2 no.1 is dated 1973 and Volume 2 no.2 is dated February 1974. See 1973 - 1974 - 1975 - 1976 - 1978 - 1981 - 1982 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - See Chamberlin 1990
In 1972, Dr. Thomas Hertzberg of Northville State Hospital in Detroit, Michigan went to a radical caucus of the American Psychological Association, where psychologists were talking about why it was that psychologists could hold national conferences to talk about Consumer/Survivors yet Consumer/Survivors were not going to national conferences to talk about psychiatric professionals. That radical caucus knew that there were many abuses in the mental health system to be talked about. They also had heard that there were a few Consumer/Survivor groups organizing on the local level.
So, Tom set about to find these groups and to invite them to a planning meeting to be held in Detroit to develop a national Consumer/Survivor conference. Tom located me [Su Budd] , Howard Geld Howie the Harp of New York, New York, Dr. Louis Frydman of Lawrence, Kansas, and others. We had a meeting in Detroit at a very nice hotel to plan what was to become the first Conference on Human Rights and Psychiatric Oppression. That conference was held a year later in Detroit.
Tom was fired for bringing us together. It was a long time before he could get another job in his field. In the interim, he sold gliders for a living. Psychiatric oppression was alive and well, even for the professionals who believed in us - especially for the professionals who believed in us.
The conference that Tom Hertzberg started evolved into the Conference on Human Rights and Psychiatric Oppression and was held yearly for 13 years between 1972 and 1985. During that time, it went through four name changes ending as the International Conference for Human Rights and Against Psychiatric Oppression. This conference attracted people from Canada, the Netherlands, and Britain. Throughout its history, this conference held yearly demonstrations at hospitals. Some of these demonstrations held vigils for our friends and neighbors who died in such places.
(Budd, S. 17.12.2009) - See Chamberlin 1990
Benjamin Spock addressed the National Women's Political Caucus. Gloria Steinmem told him: "I hope you realise you have been a major oppressor of women in the same category as Sigmund Freud".
Citizen advocacy for the handicapped, impaired, and disadvantaged: an overview Washington. 59 pages, illustrated. First use I have traced of the term citizen advocacy
"Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison", report of an experiment with humans at Stamford University, California, by Craig Haney, Curtis Banks and Philip Zimbardo, International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 1973, pp 69-97
and, on a more positive note:
"I went into Central Park and I saw 20,000 New Yorkers matched one to one with 20,000 mentally handicapped people" (Nigel Evans The Times 12.6.198, which says "The public response, or sympathy and indignation left an indelible impression".)
Retirement of Talcott Parsons from Harvard University
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism by Daniel Bell
1973 homosexuality per se was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and replaced by the category Sexual Orientation Disturbance. "This represented a compromise between the view that preferential homosexuality is invariably a mental disorder and the view that it is merely a normal sexual variant" (source)
19.1.1973 Science published "On Being Sane in Insane Places" by David Rosenhan. The abstract says:
It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily be misunderstood. The consequences to patients hospitalized in such an environment-the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self- labeling-seem undoubtedly countertherapeutic.
I do not, even now, understand this problem well enough to perceive solutions. But two matters seem to have some promise. The first concerns the proliferation of community mental health facilities, of crisis intervention centers, of the human potential movement, and of behavior therapies that, for all of their own problems, tend to avoid psychiatric labels, to focus on specific problems and behaviors, and to retain the individual in a relatively non-pejorative environment. Clearly, to the extent that we refrain from sending the distressed to insane places, our impressions of them are less likely to be distorted. (The risk of distorted perceptions, it seems to me, is always present, since we are much more sensitive to an individual's behaviors and verbalizations than we are to the subtle contextual stimuli that often promote them. At issue here is a matter of magnitude. And, as I have shown, the magnitude of distortion is exceedingly high in the extreme context that is a psychiatric hospital.)
The second matter that might prove promising speaks to the need to increase the sensitivity of mental health workers and researchers to the Catch 22 position of psychiatric patients. Simply reading materials in this area will be of help to some such workers and researchers. For others, directly experiencing the impact of psychiatric hospitalization will be of enormous use. Clearly, further research into the social psychology of such total institutions will both facilitate treatment and deepen understanding.
I and the other pseudopatients in the psychiatric setting had distinctly negative reactions. We do not pretend to describe the subjective experiences of true patients. Theirs may be different from ours, particularly with the passage of time and the necessary process of adaptation to one's environment. But we can and do speak to the relatively more objective indices of treatment within the hospital. It could be a mistake, and a very unfortunate one, to consider that what happened to us derived from malice or stupidity on the part of the staff. Quite the contrary, our overwhelming impression of them was of people who really cared, who were committed and who were uncommonly intelligent. Where they failed, as they sometimes did painfully, it would be more accurate to attribute those failures to the environment in which they, too, found themselves than to personal callousness. Their perceptions and behavior were controlled by the situation, rather than being motivated by a malicious disposition. In a more benign environment, one that was less attached to global diagnosis, their behaviors and judgments might have been more benign and effective.
Wednesday, 6.6.1973 The Times (London UK)
Church of Scientology to pay libel damages to former Minister
Robinson v Church of Scientology of California and Others
Before Mr Justice Ackner
Mr Kenneth Robinson , former Minister of Health, is to receive a substantial sum from the Church of Scientology of California as damages for libel in respect of statements published in various of its broadsheets. He sued the church; Mr Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, its founder; and Mr Peter Ginever, editor of the broadsheets.
Mr F. P. Neill, QC. and Mr Michael Curwen for Mr Robinson; Mr James Comyn, QC, and Mr Alan Newman for the defendants.
Mr Neill, announcing the settlement, said that Mr Robinson was a member of Parliament from 1949 to 1970 and Minister of Health in the Labour Government from 1964 to 1968. He had directed a great deal of his energies to mental health. When his party was in opposition he was spokesman on health matters and a leading supporter of the Mental Health Act, 1959. Before he became a minister he had been a vice-president of the National Association of Mental Health.
The Church of Scientology of California published and circulated in this country what might be called broadsheets styled variously as Freedom Scientology, Freedom and Scientology, Freedom. Some of the broadsheets had international editions. Mr Ginever was the editor of the broadsheets. Mr Hubbard, the founder of the Church of Scientology claimed the copyright in what was published in the broadsheets.
About the autumn of 1968 the defendants commenced a campaign against Mr Robinson through their broadsheets. The reason for the campaign was that the defendants very strongly objected to political decisions in which Mr Robinson as a Minister of the Crown had been involved and which led to a ban being placed on the admission to this country of people coming from abroad to study Scientology.
In the campaign extravagant allegations were made against Mr Robinson which were of a gravely defamatory nature. Put shortly, it was alleged that Mr Robinson had instigated or approved of the creation of what were called "death camps", likened to Belsen and Auschwitz, to which persons (including mental patients) could be forcibly abducted and there killed or maimed with impunity. It was further alleged that Mr Robinson had abused his position as a minister in relation to government grants made to the National Association of Mental Health.
The broadsheets containing these grave allegations were each distributed to about 100,000 persons, including people in public life (such as MPs) and editors of newspapers and journals. Although the allegations were extravagant, Mr Robinson felt that, in view of the virulence and extent of the campaign against him, he could not allow their publication to pass without taking action.
Accordingly he launched the present libel proceedings. Counsel was glad to be able to say that the defendants had now redeemed themselves to the extent that they now acknowledged that there was no truth in what they said about Mr Robinson and they greatly regretted that they ever made such allegations.
They had agreed to pay Mr Robinson a substantial sum to mark the gravity of the libels and to indemnify him against his costs. They had further undertaken not to repeat the same or any similar libel.
In an otherwise distasteful affair it was a matter for some pleasure that the defendants appeared in court by their counsel to confirm what he had told his Lordship and to offer their apologies to Mr Robinson.
Mr Comyn said that he confirmed everything which Mr Neill had said, and on behalf of the defendants he offered their sincere apologies to Mr Robinson for the wrong which they bad done him.
The record was, by leave, withdrawn.
Solicitors: Goodman, Derrick & Co; Mr Stephen M. Bird, East Grinstead.
Madness Network News Vol.2 no.4 September 1974
October 1974: First People First convention held at Otter Crest, Oregon , USA. Organised by supported mentally handicapped people who had been discharged from Fairview Hospital and Training Centre and others who were living there. The name was voted on at a planning session. The proposer said:
"We are tired of being seen first as handicapped or retarded or disabled. We want to be seen as people first". Williams and Shoultz 1982 page 54)
Madness Network News Vol.2 no.5 December 1974 Special Issue: Prison Psychiatry.
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism by Daniel Bell
Film: One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (External link: Review)
In 1975, Howard Geld helped found "Project Release" in New York City. This developed a client-run community "drop-in" center and client run residence. As with Robin Farquharson House , in London, these were completely patient ex/patient controlled. In the USA this was called "separatist". [See On Our Own ]. California 1981
Madness Network News Vol.3 no.6 1975 [That is what it says]
1978
Technical Assistance for Self-Advocacy a federally funded project based at the University of Kansas ran from 1978 to 1981. This is the earliest use of the term "self advocacy" I have traced (so far). The earliest book with it in its title is Williams and Shoultz 1982 (which is the source of my information), listed in UK library catalogues, but not listed in the Library of Congress Catalogue (online). The only three American titles with the term in the Library of Congress catalogue are 1993 Self advocacy for adults with learning difficulties: contexts and debates by Jeannie Sutcliffe and Ken Simon. about 1994 The self-advocacy movement by people with developmental disabilities: a demographic study and directory of self-advocacy groups in the United States by Nancy Anne Longhurst. about 1997 Self-advocacy for students who are deaf or hard of hearing by Kristina M. English.
7.8.1978 Julio César Turbay Ayala became President of Colombia , serving to 7.8.1982. A state of siege and a National Security Statute instituted in 1978 substantially to counteract drug trafficking also enhanced the government's ability to act against guerrillas. It was also used to suppress popular unrest Turbay lifted the state of siege and nullified the security statute in June 1982, shortly before leaving office.
Nelsy was twenty eight in 1978 and had been a school teacher for ten years.
On Our Own. Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System by Judi Chamberlin
Madness Network News Vol.5 No.1 Late Summer 1978 "To Hell with Their Profits. Stop Forced Drugging of Psychiatric Inmates"
The History of Shock Treatment Edited by Leonard Roy Frank. San Francisco. 19.10.1978: Copy signed and sent to Joan Martin
1983
In 1983 two prison officers were murdered by inmates at prison in Marion, Illinois, USA. The prison governor put the prison into what he called "permanent lockdown." Laura Sullivan says that this was the first prison in the United States to adopt 23-hour-a-day cell isolation with no communal yard time for all inmates. Prisoners were no longer allowed to work, attend educational programs, or eat in a cafeteria. Within a few years, several other states also adopted permanent lockdown at existing facilities.
Second edition of Andrew Scull 's Decarceration. Community Treatment and the Deviant - A Radical View.
1983 Ed Roberts , Joan Leon, and Judy Heumann founded the World Institute on Disability - web
David John Hill's (born 1952) Ph.D. thesis, Schizophrenia: The Medicalization of Social Control University of Cincinnati, 1983. 586 pages. Published in 1983 [1984?] as The Politics of Schizophrenia: Psychiatric oppression in the United States by David Hill. Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 12 introductory pages plus 577 pages. ISBN 081913614X [published February 1984?] and 0819136158 (paperback) [published January 1984?]. - See David Hill in the UK
Peter Breggin 's Psychiatric drugs, hazards to the brain New York: Springer, 1983.
1983 Howard Geld a founding member of the Alameda County Network of Mental Health Clients (Berkeley, California)
1983 Kathryn Church obtained her Masters in Psychology from the University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. "Psychiatric survivors ... politicised me as I encountered them, their stories, and their activism while I was employed as an organizer in the mid-80s". She obtained her PhD in Sociology from OISE/University of Toronto in 1993. Followed by a decade a freelance researcher working for and with psychiatric survivor organizations. Forbidden Narratives: Critical Autobiography as Social Science 1995 - "Then, in 2002 I was drawn into Ryerson by the challenge of building a research program for the School of Disability Studies that would resonate with issues and debates in this emergent field."
Madness Network News Vol.7 No.1 Spring 1983
May 1983 (Stockholm?) Kerstin Nilsson, Director of Fountain House in Stockholm arranged "an international... meeting bringing together mental health workers from 17 countries to examine the applicability of the social club model for chronic mental patients in a variety of cultural settings" Meeting co-sponsored with the World Federation for Mental Health
5.5.1983 "Interview by Alan Markman with Leonard Roy Frank and Anne Boldt . Boldt and Frank refer to themselves as "ex-psychiatric inmates" and are members of an organisation/ movement called "Psychiatric Inmates Liberation Movement." The organisation's members offer each other support and they believe they will gain strength by gathering together in numbers. At the time of the interview, Frank and Boldt had been part of a demonstration to protest electroshock treatment for psychiatric inmates at Grace Square Hospital. Frank was himself the recipient of shock therapy and believes it is "brutal and dehumanizing" which results in brain damage. The interview includes discussion about other demonstrations and goals for the future". - Broadcast May 5, 1983 on WBAI (Broadcasting around New York) - See Pacific Radio archives PRA Archive #: IZ0373
March 1984 Dr Caligari's Psychiatric Drugs. ( Joan Hughes' collection )
24.7.1984 to 27.7.1984 People First of Washington State organised the first ever international self-advocacy conference for people with mental handicaps and supporters. [International Self-Advocacy Leadership Conference, Tacoma, Washington]. People came from twenty-five states of the USA, from Canada, New Zealand, Australia and England. The conference planned its next gathering, for 1988, in England.
1984 Judith Butler received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University. Her thesis was on the French reception of Hegel. A revised version was published in 1987 as Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France
Jesse Jackson stood as a potential Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party in 1984 and 1988. During the campaign Jackson began speaking of a "Rainbow Coalition"
30.11.1984 North American release of Madonna's Material Girl.
"the boy with the cold hard cash Is always Mister Right, 'cause we are Living in a material world And I am a material girl"
The European cover was more sexual, putting much more emphasis on Madonna's body and much less on wealth than the USA cover shown here.
Madness Network News Vol.7 No.6 Summer 1985
Madness Network News Vol.8 No.1 Fall 1985 "Fight Co-Option in the Anti-Psychiatry Movement"
December 1985 Report of the Electro-Convulsive Therapy Review Committee to the Minister of Health, Toronto, Ontario. ( Joan Hughes' collection )
1986
James Clifford and George E. Marcus (editors). Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography . Berkeley: University of California. External link: an unsympathetic critique .
George E. Marcus and Michael M. J. Fischer Anthropology as cultural critique: An experimental moment in the human sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Charles L. Briggs Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of the role of the interview in social science research. Cambridge University Press. Publisher: "interviewing techniques depend upon fundamental misapprehensions about the nature of the interview as a communicative event as well as the nature of the data that it produces". External link: cv pdf
Madness Network News Vol.8 No.3 Summer 1986
"The project that became MindFreedom International began in 1986 as a newsletter called Dendron funded by the Levinson Foundation." 22.12.1986 "Incorporation of originating nonprofit project with start-up funding from Levinson Foundation. The goal is to publish a newsletter, Dendron, and provide a 'Clearinghouse on Human Rights and Psychiatry', to help network mental health consumers, psychiatric survivors, and supporters." [Dendron started 1987 according to the Winter 1998/1999 edition - See 1990
1986 Howard Geld was a founding member of the Oakland Independent Support Center (580 - 18th Street, Oakland, California 94612). He told a friend that this was the culmination of his dream to create a client-run, multi-purpose center that would serve both the mentally disabled and homeless. [Described in 2006 as "a self-help, client run organization for the mentally disabled homeless to assist themselves and support each other in the pursuit of autonomy and independence."]
15.7.1986 Robert Mapplethorpe's Black Book published
Stuart Hall wrote in 1988 : "The continuous circling around Mapplethorpe's work is not exhausted by being able to place him as the white fetishistic, gay photographer... because it is also marked by the surreptitious return of desire ... questions of race and ethnicity [have] been predicated on the assumption that the categories of gender and sexuality would stay the same ... What the new politics of representation does is to put that into question, crossing the questions of racism irrevocably with questions of sexuality."
1988 Date given that Mary Ellen Copeland began her studies to find acceptable answers to her own mental health issues. Based in Vermont. See 1985 - 1992 - 1997 - 1999 website - 2000 Colchester, UK - 2001 Birmingham England and Limerick Ireland - Manchester UK
1988: Shrink resistant: the struggle against psychiatry in Canada, edited by Bonnie Burstow and Don Weitz, published: Vancouver: New Star Books.
1988 Nelsy was thirty eight in 1988. She graduated from University in Colombia and emigrated to London , England. In England she was amazed at how passive people were "Public transport is very expensive, prices rise automatically at the beginning of the year and no-one rises up and riots.
In Colombia a rise in the cost of petrol or public transport immediately triggers street disturbances, stone-throwing, wounded people and arrested people, and yet, new costs prevail".
Presidency of George H. W. Bush 1989 to 1993
1989: "Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics", by Kimberlé Crenshaw . University of Chicago Legal Forum
1989: Washington State Centenary celebrations . At Western State Hospital , a Pictorial History of Western State Hospital was published by the hospital's Historic Committee and a psychiatric museum established for the year long celebration. This included a timeline created by Sidney H. Acuff, the hospital's Rehabilitation Services Director. (Kathleen Benoun)
First edition of Peter Breggin 's Toxic psychiatry : why therapy, empathy, and love must replace the drugs, electroshock, and biochemical theories of the "new psychiatry" New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. 464 pages
2.6.1991 At the Tony Awards, co-presenter Jeremy Irons wore a red ribbon for AIDS awareness.
1992
1992 The End of History and the Last Man by Francis Fukuyama.
"Before there was The End of History there was The End of Ideology . Essentially they were the same thing. Fukuyima was only reiterating the position first set out by Daniel Bell." (Gdala, A. 2003 p.94)
1992 Howard Geld developing a client-run tenant support team at a single room occupancy hotel for mentally disabled people in Oakland.
August 1993 Last patients left Northampton State Hospital , Massachusetts.
Click on the Shelley Lawrence photograph to read the article that Maureen Tayor wrote in the Valley Advocate in 1999
August 1993 "Sex, Lies & Co-Counseling" by Matthew Lyons published in the Activist Men's Journal. Argues that Re-evaluation Counselling is not a cult, but that the organisation headed by Carl Harvey Jackins is authoritarian and that Jackins is guilty of the systematic sexual abuse of women he counsels.
1993 Howard Geld returned to New York City, where he worked as Director of Advocacy at Community Access, an agency providing housing and supportive services to people with psychiatric disabilities. He started New York City Recipients Coalition, a coalition of 24 different client run organizations throughout New York City.
1993 W.A. Anthony, "Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s" Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal. Describes recovery as "a deeply personal, unique process of changing one's attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills and/or roles. It is a way of living a satisfying, hopeful, and contributing life even with limitations caused by the illness. Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness."
20.3.1993 to 27.3.1993 The first Special Olympics to be held outside the United States was the 5th winter olympics held in Austria Salzburg and Schladming, Austria. The 9th summer olympics in July 1995 was in New Haven, United States. The 6th winter olympics in February 1997 was in Collingwood and Toronto, Canada. The 10th summer olympics in June 1999 was in Chapel Hill, Durham and Raleigh in the United States. The 7th winter olympics in March 2001 was in Anchorage, United States. The summer olympics did not leave the United States until 2003 (Dublin, Ireland)
February 1994 The 25th anniversary celebration of the Citizens Commissionon Human Rights was addressed by Thomas Szasz , who said of the Commission:
"They were then the only organization, and they still are the only organization, who were active in trying to free mental patients who were incarcerated in mental hospitals with whom there was nothing wrong, who had committed no crimes, who wanted to get out of the hospital. And that to me was a very worthwhile cause; it's still a very worthwhile cause. We should honor CCHR because it is really the organization that for the first time in human history has organized a politically, socially, internationally significant voice to combat psychiatry. This has never happened in human history before."
April 1994
8.4.1994 - Coalition is incorporated on its own as two nonprofits: Support Coalition Northwest (based in Oregon) and Support Coalition International, later merged .
In 1993 General Atomics was awarded the "Information Services" portion of the National Science Foundation 's contract for InterNIC (Network Information Cente) functions and publishes Internet Scout Report.
See World Wide Web
24.4.1994 Scout Report: Week ending April 29, 1994 appears to be the first. 145 American universities had web pages from at least one department. Susan Calcari created and developed the Scout Report newsletter in May 1994, The first internet archive (for which earlier archives can be retrieved) is 3.5.1997 "Surf smarter, not longer. The Internet Scout Project is sponsored by the National Science Foundation to provide timely information to the education community about valuable Internet resources. Daily and weekly updates are offered for K-12 and higher education faculty, staff, and students, as well as interested members of the general public. "
See Working Like Crazy
1997 Judi Chamberlin's "Confessions of a non-compliant patient" in the National Empowerment Center Newsletter (Lawrence, Massachusetts) - The web archive of the National Empowerment Center begins 7.12.1998
"The Mission of the National Empowerment Center is to carry a message of recovery , empowerment , hope and healing to people who have been diagnosed with mental illness. We carry that message with authority because we are a consumer-run organization and each of us is living a personal journey of recovery and empowerment. We are convinced that recovery and empowerment are not the privilege of a few exceptional leaders, but rather are possible for each person who has been diagnosed with mental illness. Whether on the back ward of a state mental institution or working as an executive in a corporation, we want people who are mental health consumers to know there is a place to turn to in order to receive the information they might need in order to regain control over their lives and the resources that affect their lives. That place is the National Empowerment Center."
1998 A Beautiful Mind: A biography of John Forbes Nash , Jr., winner of the Nobel Prize in economics, 1994 by Sylvia Nasar published.
Concordia University in Montreal was host to a conference on Sex at the Edge . Panel discussions included "Marketing Porn" and comments include "In some ways, Queer Studies have become central to the higher learning experience"
1998 Judith Butler won first prize in the fourth Bad Writing Contest, sponsored by the scholarly journal Philosophy and Literature. See Press Release
Her first-prize sentence appeared in "Further Reflections on the Conversations of Our Time," in the scholarly journal Diacritics in 1997:
"The move from a structuralist account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence, and rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure, and marked a shift from a form of Althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power."
2.2.1998 First Internet Archive of Support Coalition International website - See index
Swanton, O. 14.4.1998 "Trouble in Paradise? As a top US university develops a cyber campus Oliver Swanton explores its aims." The Guardian Higher Education Supplement p.vi cols 1-5. "E-Campus is UCLA's cyber campus". Web archive of http://www.ucla.edu
December 1998 American Psychiatric Association president, Rodrigo Munoz, summed up the association's position: "There is no scientific evidence that reparative or conversion therapy is effective in changing a person's sexual orientation. There is, however, evidence that this type of therapy can be destructive." See Psychiatric News 15.1.1999 - also David Myers 1999 - and NARTH .
Winter 1998/1999 Dendron issue 41/42 - Collection of Joan Hughes
1999
Picture of Susan Ashby, a courier. She has her own series of cook books.
Spring 1999 Release of Working Like Crazy, a National Film Board of Canada co-production with, SkyWorks and in association with TV Ontario. One-hour documentary film by Gwynne Basen and Laura Sky,
American sociologists viewed through their FBI files: Du Bois - Burgess - Ogburn - Robert and Helen Lynd - Frazier - Sorokin - Parsons - Blumer - Stouffer - Mills - Edwin Sutherland
2000
Geoffrey Reaume published "Remembrance of patients past : patient life at the Toronto Hospital for the Insane , 1870-1940"
Geoffrey Reaume chronicles the daily life of patients at 999 Queen Street West from 1870 to 1940, examining such aspects as diagnosis and admission, daily routine and relationships, leisure, patients' labour, family and community responses, and discharge and death.
Presidency of George W. Bush (junior) 2001 - 2009
11.9.2001 "9.11" Terrorist attack on symbolic buildings in the United States. See Wikipedia
20.9.2001 President Bush: "Our 'war on terror' begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated."
Autumn 2001 annotated, on-line bibliography of writings that reflect on the culture of celebrity constructed by students at The College of New Jersey, hoping to "promote critical discussion on an important and emergent field of inquiry". See 1962 - 1985
21.12.2001 Film A Beautiful Mind loosely based on the life of John Forbes Nash : "The story begins in the early years (1947) of a young prodigy named John Nash who attends Princeton University. Early in the film, Nash begins developing paranoid schizophrenia and endures delusional episodes where he believes he works for the Government/War. It shows his life struggle through it and how he relapses. The big twist is that you believe his storyline at first until it begins to show otherwise. Its truly an amazing film to watch". (Moumina Krich February 2012)
2001 or early 2002 Congress allocated $4 million to the U.S. Department of Justice to set up a pilot mental health courts program
2002
At the 1,000 bed Laguna Honda Hospital and Rehabilitation Center in San Francisco, work is being re-introduced in a new light, seeking help people recognize and realize their highest level of vocational potential, which will vary greatly. Some people will remain life-long residents, others are recuperating from major illnesses. Others are in rehabilitation following an illness or accident. Many had been homeless. Many have no family involvement. Many have substance abuse issues. Many have never worked. The programme seeks to instil the idea in people that they have something to offer, to identify what that is and to create opportunities for people to succeed. Vivian Imperiale, the Vocational Rehabilitation Coordinator, would welcome email exchanges ([email protected]) from people providing vocational rehabilitation services to diverse populations in or out of a hospital setting.
9.10.2002 First internet archive of "Witchpaper '97 - On the Existence of Mental Illness and/or Witches in Need of a Burning" , which includes extracts from David Hill and Judi Chamberlin
end of 2002 AltaVista relaunch includes extra functions including Babel Fish "the web's first Internet machine translation service that can translate words, phrases or entire Web sites to and from English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian and Russian", as well as image and multimedia search options. (source)
2003
The first summer Special Olympics to be held outside the United States was the 11th held in June 2003 in Dublin, Ireland. the summer olympics returned to the United States in 2015
October 2003 launch of PLOS Biology as the first journal of the Public Library of Science. An Open Access journal aiming to "rival existing elite journals such as Science and Nature " (about PLOS) . "Recognizing the need for prestigious publications to , PLOS entered the publishing arena in October 2003 with the launch of PLOS Biology, followed in October 2004 by PLOS Medicine.
2004
January 2004 First episode of The Apprentice, starring Donald Trump.
May 2004: The Importance of Being Famous: Behind the Scenes of the Celebrity-Industrial Complex by Maureen Orth. "What I think we have constructed in this country is a celebrity industrial complex, which means 24/7 cable , a wired world on the Internet , so much more time to fill. It's so much easier to do it with celebrity than investigate news" (Publisher's weblink - CBS "story" 4.5.2004 ).
Humayun Saqib Muazzam Khan. Captain US Army. Born 9.9.1976 died 8.6.2004
In blocking a suicide bomber's vehicle "he succeeded in saving countless colleagues". He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star.
Autumn 2004 "The Lasting Legacy of An American Dilemma by Shari Cohen published in Carnegie Results
In 2004 the Faculty of Arts at Ryerson University agreed to offer A History of Madness. But Geoffrey Reaume moved to York University.
Autumn 2004 David Reville recruited by Kathryn Church to take over the Mad Peoples History course (DST 504) at Ryerson University , Toronto, and to continue develoment of A History of Madness (DST 500). In 2011 began to create a space for mad studies
November 2004 William S Lind's Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology , Free Congress Foundation.
"Political Correctness is in fact cultural Marxism - Marxism translated from economic into cultural terms. The effort to translate Marxism from economics into culture did not begin with the student rebellion of the 1960s. It goes back at least to the 1920s and the writings of the Italian Communist Antonio Gramsci. In 1923, in Germany, a group of Marxists founded an institute devoted to making the translation, the Institute of Social Research (later known as the Frankfurt School) ... The Frankfurt School gained profound influence in American universities after many of its leading lights fled to the United States in the 1930s to escape National Socialism in Germany."
MindFreedom Journal Winter 2004/2005
Table of contents: United Nations, World Health Organisation and Psychiatry - India and Psychiatry Globalization - USA Wants to Screen You! - Hunger Strike Results - MindFreedom Action - Mad Pride and Bastille Day - Mad Market Sampler - Poetic Justice - Remembering Leaders - Sponsor Group News - Announcements - Join MindFreedom Today
2005
January 2005 Mad Mary Lamb: Lunacy and Murder in Literary London by Susan Tyler Hitchcock published in the United States. Written by a Virginian, this is a biographical companion to the writings of an English madhouse patient who, having murdered her mother, was released to the community and became story teller and poet to generations of children throughout the world.
2008 Recovery and re-emergence no.6
14.2.2008 Northern Illinois University shooting. See Wikipedia
9.4.2008 at 4.19 Mike ("Treybien"), a student journalist in Portland, Oregon wrote in Wikipedia that Charles Manson "became an emblem of insanity, violence, and the macabre". It was just a simplification of "an emblem of transgression, rebellion, evil, ghoulishness, bloody violence, homicidal psychosis, and the macabre", itself an elaboration of "an emblem of evil". Mike's version was still current on 5.5.2012.
Presidency of Barack Obama 2009 -
Barack Obama takes the oath of office with Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia.
2009 Robert Greene's fourth book, The 50th Law, "an elaboration of his ideas on power in context of the life of the rapper 50 Cent." Wikipedia -
"According to Greene, 50 is an example of what Machiavelli called a New Prince, a leader who emerges in a time of chaos or turmoil and rewrites the rules. According to 50, Greene's books describe the laws and strategies used by hustlers on the street, even if they might not know the "technical terms" for what they were doing" Wikipedia
Mad People's History Heads for Cyberspace
In the winter of 2008/2009, it was suggested to David Reville that Mad People's History become an online course. This may have started in the autumn of 2010. David says "I'm into my fourth online semester. I'm getting the hang of it"
24.3.2009 The open access logo of an unlocked padlock preserved in the internet archive of the http://www.openaccessweek.org
Open Access Week - October 19-23, 2009
"To broaden awareness and understanding of Open Access". "Open Access is a growing international movement that uses the Internet to throw open the locked doors that once hid knowledge. It encourages the unrestricted sharing of research results with everyone, everywhere, for the advancement and enjoyment of science and society." References made to the Budapest Open Access Initiative
Thursday, 20.8.2009 Metcalf Ballroom, George Sherman Union, Boston University 775 Commonwealth Avenue - Judi Chamberlin and Marty Federman invite all their friends to celebrate Judi's life
2011
Mad People's History in Cyberspace
12.1.2011 News and Events from Ryerson said its School of Disability Studies at had joined the G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education to deliver a course "which looks at the history of madness from the point of view of people who were or are deemed mad". As well as being taught at the University, this would now be "available online to provide access to working professionals, people with disabilities and those outside of Toronto."
David Reville was still the main tutor, but A History of Madness is now "team-taught by three mad-identified instructors" and there is an on-line course, presented by David.
In an online video, David Revile says that "Mad People's History is a collection of stories - and many of the stories are told by mad paople themselves". Margery Kempe , for example, told her story to a priest. Whereas the history of psychiatry is about doctors like Charcot , mad people's history is about Blanche Wittmann , the patient who acted as his prop.
Mad Studies born
What is mad studies?
David Reville said that "We're on the brink of seeing the birth of a new discipline - mad studies - and Ryerson is at the forefront." In April 2011 David vsited the United Kindom and, at Preston , asked to speak on academia, saying he was eight years into "a project aimed at creating a space for mad studies" [A History of Madness]. Mad Matters in 2013 put Mad Studies firmly on the international map. The Nederland Mad Studies blog started in August 2013. In the meantime, students from Edinburgh were studying David's course in Toronto and started a Mad People's History and Identity module at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh in March 2014. A Mad Studies Stream began flowing at Lancaster (England) and a Mad Studies module started in Northumbria in the autumn of 2014. Mad Studies North East held a conference "Making Sense of Mad Studies" in 2015.
Mad People's History, Toronto is a Survivors History Network member
7.6.2011 Only archive of "Movement History of the Consumer/ Client/ Survivor/ Ex-patient/ Ex-Inmate/ User Community (Timeline)" Contributors: Peter Ashenden, George Badillo, Su Budd, Maggie Bennington-Davis, Gayle Bluebird, Celia Brown, Jacob Bucher, Angela Cerio, Oryx Cohen, Richard Cohen, Ted Chabasinski, Amy Coleante, Eva Dech, Mark Davis, Deb Damone, Doug DeVoe, Gloria Gervais, George Ebert, Mike Halligan, Daniel Hazen, Kevin Huckshorn, Vanessa Jackson, Daniel Fisher, Leonard Roy Frank, Larry Fricks, Ben Hansen, Daniel Hazen, Ellen Healion, Karen Henninger, Marry Maddock, John McCarthy, Richard McDonald, Traci Murry, David Oaks, Stephanie Orlando, Darby Penney, Pat Risser, Joseph Rogers, Susan Rogers, Ruth Ruth, Dally Sanchez, Judene Shelley, Y Z Smith, Lauren Spiro, Peggy Swarbrick, Lauren Tenney, Can Truong, Carlton Whitmore, Debbie Whittle, Sally Zinman, and You - (fill out the form above with a tidbit of knowledge!). Major Works Utilized: (footnotes to be added) Gail Hornstein's First Person Accounts of Madness, Third Edition; Judi Chamberlin's works; Vanessa Jacksons' works; Pat Risser 's time line [This one] ; www.mindfreedom.org ; http://www.aglp.org/gap/timeline.htm ; http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/mentalhealthtimeline.html http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/history/history_article2.shtml ; wikipedia; and the world wide web; http://www.theopalproject.org/ourstory.html
20.9.2011 "Putting the Caped Crusader on the Couch" by H. Eric Bender, Praveen R. Kambam and Vasilis K. Pozios New York Times
2012
2012 Original Raging Spoon building sold to a developer. They found a vacant space at 1658 Queen Street West, in the heart of Parkdale. Their catering operations were operating there by August 2012 and they hoped to open the cafe in the autumn. Working for Change 's office is just down the street at 1499 Queen Street West. It also operates The Out of This World Cafe at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Parkdale Green Thumb and Voices from the Street, a speakers bureau comprised of individuals who have had direct experience with homelessness, poverty and/or mental health issues.
17.1.2012
"The American dream is still alive and kicking," "There is no other industry in the world where you can take an investment that's less than the cost of a Ford Focus, give it to some college students and create a $1bn business." (Alexis Ohanian of Reddit, speaking of the internet industry)"
18.1.2012
"Imagine a World Without Free Knowledge For over a decade, we have spent millions of hours building the largest encyclopedia in human history. Right now, the U.S. Congress is considering legislation that could fatally damage the free and open Internet. For 24 hours, to raise awareness, we are blacking out Wikipedia ."
""The kids are pretty savvy about getting their information from a variety of Internet sites," Kelli Cauffman, media teacher. New York Times
19.5.2012 Ryerson hosts international conference on Mad Studies - Event, possibly the first of its kind, will gather people who "work at the intersection of mental health, formal education and social movements." (Toronto Star - archive ) - agenda
Quaker apology
17.11.2013 We the New York Yearly Meeting (NYYM) of the Religious Society of Friends apologize to Afro-Descendants* everywhere for Quaker participation in the terrible acts of enslaving your ancestors and for the destructive effects that those acts have had on succeeding generations.
Slavery is an abomination. We regret that Friends participated in or benefited from slavery. This included trafficking of human beings from Africa, capitalizing on the products of their labor and suffering, and being enriched by an economy based on chattel slavery. We apologize that NYYM allowed its members to hold Africans and their descendants in bondage up until 1777, when Friends were directed by the Yearly Meeting to manumit the people they held in slavery.
We abhor the decades of terror and legalized racial segregation that followed the abolition of slavery declared in the 13th amendment, which was ratified in 1865. The amendment reads: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." This exception gave rise to a justice system that disproportionately targeted and incarcerated Afro-Descendants, a practice which continues today.
We acknowledge in sorrow that those of us who enjoy a high standard of living today are still benefiting from the unpaid and underpaid labor of enslaved peoples and their descendants. We deeply regret that even after emancipation, despite the Quaker testimony of equality, Friends schools denied admission to Afro-Descendants and many Friends meetings enforced segregated seating. We regret the effects that those policies had and continue to have on all of us.
Over the centuries, some individual Quakers and Quaker groups have joined efforts to end slavery and eradicate racism and have supported African Americans in their struggle for civil and human rights. We honor the work of these Quakers and are moved to follow their example. Thus we re-commit ourselves to the testimony of equality as regards Afro-Descendants. This work will include challenging existing racist assumptions, and educating ourselves about the direct relationships between the past enslavement of Afro-Descendants and current conditions in the United States.
We recognize that this apology is a step towards healing and trust, and that more openings will follow as we strive with DIVINE assistance to discern what we as Quakers are called to do to bring about justice and reconciliation in our beloved community.
* Afro-Descendants is a term now officially in use by the United Nations to identify the more than 250 million descendants of enslaved Africans dwelling in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Slavery Diaspora.
MAD PEOPLE OF COLOUR - A MANIFESTO
Rachel Gorman, annu saini, Louise Tam, Onyinyechukwu Udegbe and Onar Usar
We are a group of queer, mad people of colour who experience the 'psy complex' in different ways - sometimes as survivors, patients, ex-patients, or inmates of the racist, sexist, and oppressive psychiatric system, and sometimes through racist, sexist, and oppressive interventions by doctors, teachers, social workers, community members, or police.
We write this manifesto because we know that racism, sexism and oppression circulating in the system are also circulating in the mad movement. Over the years we, and other mad people of color, have been in mad movement spaces - sometimes as organizers, and sometimes as participants. We have been present, vocal, and visible - bringing forward our concerns about racism, about our precarious legal status, about the experiences of working class immigrants, and about the violent and subtle ways that people of color are psychiatrized.
Yet each time we speak or write these truths, our perspectives are dismissed or deflected by people who want the mad movement to be white and middle-class. We have been accused of attacking white people when we express our views. We have been called 'sanist' for talking about racism in the mad movement. How can it be that we are sanist when we criticize white people for being racist, but white people are not sanist when they call us angry and irrational? Tell us, is sanism something that only happens to white people?
We don't believe in an oppression that only white people experience.
Audre Lorde taught us that when white people don't confront their own racism, they blame people of color for 'being angry'. We know why we are angry. Racism, sexism, and class oppression make us angry. We know why people attack us for being angry. Guilt, entitlement, and a refusal to work with us fuel your attacks. White mad activists tell us that we are responsible for our own inclusion. We don't want to be 'included' in a white movement: we want you to take responsibility for keeping your movement white. The mad movement presents a mad identity based on white people's experiences and white people's theories. Tell us, is madness something that only white people experience?
We know that:
We are the experts of our own stories and experiences. We talk to each other. We read African theorists and theorists of color. We listen to each other's experiences of being trans-national. We talk about surviving in more than one cultural context.
We cannot separate our experiences of racialization, madness, and other oppressions.
White people's experiences of psychiatry are not 'like colonialism'. Colonialism is like colonialism.
Race and disability have suddenly become an academic fad for white people.
We Demand:
Stop asking us to educate you about racism, and then ignoring or contradicting us when we do.
Stop basing your ideas about a collective mad identity on the dominant culture.
Stop presenting the white mad movement as a culture to be celebrated as part of Canada's multiculturalism.
Stop saying things like "even people in prisons have it better than we do". Some of us experience both.
Make anti-racism and anti-oppression training a priority, especially for consumer/survivor organizations. If you want us to educate you, pay us.
Acknowledge your racism and take action to end it.
Ask yourself whether your goal as a mad activist is to regain the white middle-class privilege you lost when you were psychiatrized.
Ask sincere questions, and then listen to the answers. If you are wondering if psychiatry is like colonization, ask someone who has experienced both! If you want to know if the hospital is worse than prison, ask someone who has experienced both!
Stop pretending you've never heard these criticisms before. Stop pretending our work doesn't matter. Stop pretending you've never heard of us. Stop pretending we don't exist.
Stop appropriating anti-racist struggles.
2016
Tuesday 9.8.2016 "Hillary wants to abolish, essentially abolish the Second Amendment . By the way, and if she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks. But the Second Amendment people, maybe there is, I don't know." Did Donald Trump Just Suggest His Supporters Shoot Hillary Clinton?
November 2016: "I am writing this just before the Clinton v. Trump showdown" (Presidential Election Tuesday 8.11.2016 "It has been the most unedifying of contests. It has shamed America". Hillary Clinton "simply struggled to campaign with any humanity ... against a demagogue called Donald Trump". (Derek Wyatt. KCW Today Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster local paper, page 3 "United States").
Click coloured words to go where you want
Andrew Roberts likes to hear from users:
To contact him, please use the Communication Form
Sources:
Kathleen Benoun works at the Patients Library of the Western State Hospital at Fort Steilacoom, Washington State. She is a member of a group planning a hospital museum. In May 2003 she completed a Timeline of Highlights in the History of Western State Hospital that sets it in its general psychiatric history. She has allowed me to draw on this. The museum is now (Spring 2004) open, and Western State Hospital Historical Society has its own website
Jeptha Greer is researching the history of Robert E. Lee
Gilbert Honigfeld is a New Jersey writer whose (as yet unpublished) manuscript of the mental health history of Europe and the USA skilfully blends fact and fiction in an imaginary transatlantic correspondence. The idea for this web page developed out of Andrew Roberts' attempts to relate Gilbert's manuscript to its historical base. See also 2009
Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net) put online an American timeline that I have used heavily. There is a copy at this link .
Charles Outwin is a member of the Maine Historical Society, Portland, Maine and a Ph.D. candidate in American history at the University of Maine, Orono. His dissertation-in-progress is The Merchant City: a history of Falmouth in Casco Bay, Maine, 1760 - 1775.
Diane E. Richardson is special collections librarian Oskar Diethelm Library , Institute for the History of Psychiatry at Cornell University's Medical School. She is currently preparing an online catalogue of the collection.
Andrew Roberts lives in Hackney, London, England, where he collects information for this timeline from people who write to him!
Warren Street's chronological work on the history of American Psychology has a web presence at Today in the History of Psychology and the chronology of added events
Gordon Trueblood is researching the history of the Truebloods. He was born near where John and Agnes Trueblood settled in North Carolina, but now lives in Canada.
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Elle (magazine)
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Which one word can mean the following: a winning margin in a race, a part of a bottle or other container near the mouth, or a slang term to kiss and caress amorously?
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American History Timeline
Mental Health History Time Line
American History Timeline
Between about 100,500,000 and 93,900,000 years ago: early Late (Upper) Cretaceous (Cenomanian). Deposition of the sediments began that would become the Dakota Formation. See Wikipedia and Meek and Hayden 1853 . This deposition marked a reversal from millions of years of erosion.
"What were eastern Nebraska and Kansas like 100 million years ago ? In the Central Plains, the Dakota rocks run in a band from southwestern Minnesota , southeastern South Dakota, northwestern Iowa, and eastern Nebraska (Dakota City to Lincoln and Fairbury) to central Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma and northeastern New Mexico . The sediments that became the rocks of the Dakota Group were eroded from Precambrian rocks to the north and east and from Paleozoic rocks to the south. They were deposited in the channels and on the banks of streams that flowed into the lagoons, swamps, estuaries and beaches of an ancient inland sea. This sea, at its greatest extension, reached from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean; it covered most of central to western Nebraska and Kansas during the mid-Cretaceous . This enormous version of the Gulf of Mexico was also the home of the Loch Ness monster-like sea reptiles (plesiosaurs) whose bones are the Central Plains substitute for dinosaurs ." (Bolick and Pabian 1994)
CO = Colorado. To its east, Kansas, Nebraska, South and North Dakota are stacked on top of one another to the Canadian border
Map of North America highlighting the shallow inland seaways present during the mid-Cretaceous period. By William A. Cobban and Kevin C. McKinney, United States Geological Survey. Available online .
1438 to 1533 The Inca Empire
1492 Columbus's first voyage to America . In December, he visited an island, part of which the Indians called Haiti - the place of the mountains. The Spanish colonised the island and called it Hispaniola. It was the first place occupied by Europeans in the Americas. Spain took what gold it could and the Indians died out. In 1679, the French took the western part of the island and called it Saint Dominigue. Sugar , indigo and black slaves made Saint Dominigue the richest colony in the world by 1789 .
1493 Pope Alexander 6th gave the Americas to Spain , on condition it converted the natives to Christianity.
An animal named Haut or Hauthi -
Chapter 52, D'une beste assez estrange appellée Haut about page 100 (diiferent prints)
Buffon says the native name for the three toed sloth in Brazil comes from the plaintive "a, ï" that it often repeats. Thévet represents this as Haut or Hauthi, others as hay. Buffon incorporated it into the name Bradypus ï. In the Amazon, the native name for the two toed sloth was Unau, hence Bradypus Unau
North Atlantic colonies
The thirteen European colonies that combined against the British to form the United States of America at the end of the 18th century, were mostly founded by the English and Dutch in the 17th century. The southern colonies, such as Virginia , were mainly founded by orthodox members of the English church with royalist sympathies. The northern states (New England) were founded by their puritan critics. In between were New York and New Jersey , originally settled by the Dutch, and Pennsylvania , a Quaker colony from 1682.
1607
Virginia
The first permanent English colony on mainland America was founded by the Virginia Company of London and called "Jamestown, Virginia" (External link: Wikipedia article) . See 1619: legislature and African slaves - 1749: Augusta Academy - 1773: Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds - 1774: Virginia Conventions - 1818: University - 1870: Death of Robert Edward Lee
Captain John Smith first encountered Iroquois in Chesapeake Bay
1614
New Netherlands
The Dutch West India Company explored and began to settle an area north of Virginia in 1614. Peter Minuit and other Dutch settlers settled an island which they bought from the local Indians for 60 gilders worth of goods. He named this New Amsterdam, and the Dutch holdings in the area were collectively called New Netherlands. New Amsterdam was granted self government by the Dutch in 1652. It was captured by the English in 1664, given to the king's brother (the Duke of York), and renamed New York. This name has also been given to the state of the USA in which the city stands.
30.7.1619 Virginia established the first legislative assembly in America.
First African slaves in North America brought to Jamestown, Virginia, by a Dutch ship.
New England
In 1616, Captain John Smith had published A Description of New England, describing the land that later became the north-east states of the USA . On 6.9.1620, the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth, England, with 102 men and women from a calvinist separatist community seeking a place in the new world to practice their religion. The "Pilgrims" landed on 6.9.1620 and founded Plymouth Colony in what became Massachusetts, the first New England colony. They remained a small group. Puritans, from the Church of England, founded a colony at Massachusetts Bay in 1629/1630 . They came in large numbers. Maine settlers came under the jurisdiction of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1652. A confederacy, formed in 1643 , of Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay was called the United Colonies of New England. It was governed by a theocracy till 1693 . Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay combined to form
Massachusetts in 1691. In 1820, Maine became an independent member state of the United States.
1627 Captain Henry Powell landed English settlers on the West Indian island of Barbados. The British colony developed a sugar , plantation economy using slaves brought in from Africa. - 1639 - 1655 - 1663 - 1671
See Adams - Park - Merton - Harvard Sociology 1931 - Skinner - 1942 - Parsons' stock take - General statement
1637 Boston trial and banishment of Ann Hutchinson at the climax of the Antinomian Controversy. Anti- nomian is against-law. Ann Hutchinson did not hold that the redeemed are above the law. She did hold that her own certainty of salvation was sufficient and that it was not subject to testing by the Massachusetts' Ministry. The spirit of God speaking directly to her soul was her authority and she questioned the suitability of all but two of the Ministers. Given that the Ministers decided who was entitled to vote by virtue of being truly saved and one of the elect, Ann's religious views were politically disruptive. [See interpretation: 1966 ]
1639 Dorothy Talbye hanged in Salem , Massachusetts for killing her three year old daughter because God told her to do so
1642 English Civil War Notice declaration (1644) of Baptists that men must be allowed to obey their own conscience and understanding, and the Quaker following of the inner light. This spirit was contrary to the New England theocracy where the church had responsibility for monitoring the beliefs and behaviour of the people. The church in New England appears to have been aware of the disruption that Quakers and Ranters had caused in England, and prepared to repel them if they arrived.
1643, Connecticut, New Haven, Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay formed the United Colonies of New England. John Davenport, the founder of Connecticut, is quoted as saying:
"The Theocracy, that is, God's government, is to be established as the best form of government. Here the people, who choose its civil rulers, are God's people, in covenant with him, they are members of the churches; God's laws and God's servants are enquired of for counsel"
An early use of American as an ideal
1647 Nathaniel Ward, Massachusetts lawmaker, having returned to London, published The simple cobbler of Aggawam in America under the pseudonym Theodore de la Guard. It contains the phrase "an Article of our American Creed". The suggested article is that people should not leave heir own country (England in this case) but "upon extraordinary cause, and when that cause ceaseth, he is bound in conscience to return if he can"." See Un American
1650
Noteworthy events in American Psychology begins in (old) England in 1247 . It reaches America in 1650 with the following entry: 11.11.1650 "Puritan leader Roger Williams made an appeal to the town council of Providence, Rhode Island, urging the council to provide for the care of a "distracted woman," named Mrs. Weston. This was one of the earliest recorded references to the public care of people with mental illness in America."
1652 to 1684: One Peter Esprit Radisson journeyed amongst the Iroquois . His handwritten journals passed through the hands of Samuel Pepys and others and finally arrived in the British Museum and Bodleian Libraries. Gideon Scull transcribed them and they were published in Boston by the Prince Society in 1885. (Publications of the Prince Society, 16) (Project Gutenberg Catalogue)
1655 Quakers Mary Fisher and Ann Austin traveled to Barbados and are said to have been the first Quakers in America. They arrived in Boston Bay, Massachusetts in 1656 .
"The island of Barbados was during the 17th century the great port of entry to the colonies in the western world. In the last half of the century it was a veritable hive of Quakerism . Quakers wishing to reach any part of the American colony sailed most frequently for Barbados, then reshipped to their definite locality. Quakers generally spent weeks or months in Barbados propagating their doctrines there and in surrounding islands before proceeding to their final destinations." (Gordon Trueblood)
1656 Efforts by Quaker missionaries to convert the people of Massachusetts were met with punitive sanctions against them and their converts. The first Quaker missionaries (Mary Fisher and Ann Austin) were stripped and searched for marks of witchcraft and their books burnt in the market place. A law of 1656 prescribed fines or whippings. A law of 1657 increased the punishments for second and subsequent offenses to removing one or both ears and tongue boring with a hot iron. A law of 1658 said Quaker disorders were punishable by banishment "on pain of death". The first executions took place in 1659. [See interpretation: 1966 ]
England hangs its last people accused of witchcraft
1692 Witch hunts in Salem , Massachusetts . 19 "witches" hanged. External chronology . The local trials were stopped by the Governor of the colony, Phips, who ordered that reliance on spectral and intangible evidence should not be allowed in trials and dissolved the local Court of Oyer and Terminer on 29.10.1692. On 25.11.1692 the General Court of the colony created the Superior Court to try the remaining witchcraft cases. There were no convictions when they came to trial in May 1693. [See interpretation: 1966 ]
1693: College of William and Mary, Virginia, Chartered by King William 3rd and Queen Mary 2nd (external link to history)
1736
Benjamin Franklin 's short "Necessary Hints to Those That Would Be Rich" which was quoted by Max Weber as examplifiying the spirit of capitalism
"New York State's first publicly supported institution for dependent people was opened in New York City in 1736 and was called "The House of Correction, Workhouse and Poorhouse". It housed the poor who refused to work, the poor who were unable to work and the poor who were willing but unable to find work" (L. Jane Tracy: The Onondaga Hill Poorhouse Story)
12.3.1736 Peter Collinson in London to John Bartram in Philadelphia (both are Quaker botanists):
"Most things were made for the use and pleasure of mankind ; others, to raise our admiration and astonishment; as, in particular, what are called fossils , being stones, found all the world over, that have either the impressions, or else the regular form of shells, leaves, fishes, fungi, teeth, sea-eggs, and many other productions. That thee may better apprehend what I mean, I have sent thee some specimens, in a packet of paper for specimens of plants for Lord Petre, with some seeds, and a pocket compass. Captain Savage has promised to take care of the parcel. In the course of thy travels, or in digging the earth, or in thy quarries, possibly some sorts of figured stones may be found, mixed or compounded with earth, sand, or stone and chalk. What use the learned make of them, is, that they are evidences of the Deluge . "
1736 Mary, a ship owned by James Brown 2 (1698-1739), sailed from Providence, Rhode Island. Brown traded in rum, molasses, slaves and other merchandise. The Mary sailed to Africa, exchanged cargos and sailed to the West Indies, exchanged cargos and returned to Providence. Considered the start of the Rhode Island (and New England) Triangular Trade. "It was apparently the first slave ship ever to sail from Providence, but did not yield much profit. No other slave ships sailed from the town until 1749 , and the Brown family remained out of the trade until 1759 ". (Rhode Island Historical Society) - See also Dictionary of American History - slavery in Rhode Island
1740
1740-1741 George Whitefield 's second voyage to America, in which he established Bethesda Orphan House and preached in New England.
Working-class Methodists in Philadelphia wanted to build a great preaching hall for the English evangelist, George Whitefield . It was also to be a charity school. The University of Pennsylvania claims this as its foundation. A deed of trust was formed, but funding fell through. In 1749, Benjamin Franklin named a board of trustees, with himself as president. The Academy opened in 1751 and was chartered in 1755. External link to Wikipedia article .
1745
1745-1748 George Whitefield 's third voyage to America. In poor health.
15.12.1745 Birth of Benjamin Rush in Byberry, Pennsylvania. Professor of Chemistry at Philadelphia in 1769 , at Pennsylvania in 1791 . Signatory of the Declaration of Independence . Surgeon General (then Physician General) of the "Continental Army" 1777-1778 . Treasurer of US Mint 1799 . Died 1813 .
1759
"The earliest of the three important images of Benjamin Franklin (1706- 1790) in the White House, this portrait is the first of countless likenesses of Franklin produced abroad. . . . ". . . Franklin commissioned [this] likeness in 1758. . . . It shows a bewigged middle-aged gentleman, slightly fleshy but vigorous, with a firm mouth and a direct gaze. Wilson conveys a strong personality through the forceful structure of the head, especially in the modeling of the nose and eyes. It is an even-tempered, alert, unpretentious, and commanding presence.
"At the left, from the depths of the . . . dark background, a great lightning bolt flashes earthward, striking a church steeple. It is safe to assume that the church steeple is protected with one of Franklin's lightning rods, whose invention and perfection between 1748 and 1752 garnered public applause enjoyed by few scientists of the 18th century." Source of Scholar's Notes: Kloss, William, et al. Art in the White House: A Nation's Pride. Washington, D.C.: The White House Historical Association, 2008.
1761
sensory deprivation:
"In 1761, the Reverend John Wiswall (1731-1821) of Falmouth, Maine suffered what we would probably now call a "nervous breakdown". He continued out of his mind for nine months, after which he was referred to Dr Daniel Howe (born 1.5.1717, died 1.11.1797), a doctor in Andover, Massachusetts, who prescribed confinement to "a dark chamber". Cure was obtained in a few weeks." (Charles Outwin)
If you know any more about this doctor or his treatments, please communicate. . It is possible that the idea of reducing sensory input was related to the associationist theories of people like David Hartley . See also 1775
1770 George Whitefield 's seventh voyage to America. He wintered in Georgia, then traveled to New England where he died
1772
Death of John Woolman (1720-1772), an American (New Jersey) Quaker whose life and writings had a profound effect (inside and outside the Quakers) in Britain, as well as America. There is an online text of his Journal at Bartleby.com John Woolman died of smallpox at York, Yorkshire, England on 7.10.1772.
1773
British passed a Tea Act, which aroused strong opposition in the American colonies.
16.12.1773 "Boston Tea Party". Colonials tip 342 chests of tea into the sea.
Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds, the first in what became the United States, opened at Williamsburg, Virginia. [External link]
1774 Benjamin Franklin in London
Memoir and letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn of the 4th regiment, ("King's own") from North America, 1774-1776. by William Glanville Evelyn; Edited by Gideon Scull , published by J. Parker, Oxford, 1879.
British closed the port of Boston in response to the tea party
Virginia Conventions began, leading to the First Continental Congress (meetings of the American colonies) which met in Philadelphia from 5.9.1774 to 14.10.1774, when it passed the Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress.
1775
April 1775 to 1783: War between the British and their rebellious American colonies. The armed rebellion began at the Lexington and Concord Bridge, and spread. The rebel army was led by George Washington.
14.6.1775: The Provincial Congress of Massachusetts passed the following resolve:
"Whereas the committee are informed that Dr How of Andover is prepared to receive insane patients and is well skilled in such disorders, resolved that Daniel Adams, a lunatic now at Woburn, be carried to the town of Andover and committed to the care of Doctor How and the said Dr How be hereby desired to take proper care of the said lunatic at the expense of this colony."
17.6.1775 Major John Pitcairn, father of David Pitcairn , killed in the Battle of Bunker's Hill. 1,054 British troops and 441 rebel troops died in the battle, which the British won. (external link)
1776
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers) disowned members who persisted in owning slaves.
January 1776 Common Sense, written by Thomas Paine, published anonymously.
12.6.1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights; written by George Mason
29.6.1776 Virginia State Constitution adopted. This became a model for all the rebel colonies as they formed themselves into states.
11.7.1776 Chiefs of the Iroquois visited and addressed the Continental Congress that was discussing independence from Britain of the colonial states. external link
United Colonies become United States
4.7.1776 Declaration of Independence , drafted by Thomas Jefferson, formally adopted at the Second Continental Congress by all rebel states. In June, the Congress had adopted a resolution that:
"these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states."
1777
The Continental Congress adopted the thirteen stars and stripes as the flag of the independent states acting in combination. "Articles of Confederation" were drafted, but did not come into operation until 1781 - when Maryland agreed to ratify them.
1778: France joins war against the British
1781
Articles of Confederation came into operation, providing for the common defence of the states and some pursuit of common aims.
1783
Independence of "these United States" recognised by the Treaty of Paris
The separate states adopted distinct constitutions, allowing for more democracy than under their colonial constitutions.
The rebel 13 are only a small part of the present USA. On this Victorian map, the original thirteen are:
New Hampshire (2)
15.12.1791 First ten Amendments to the Constitution ("The Bill of Rights") adopted
Printed in London, for the author, John Long (known to be alive 1768-1791) Voyages and travels of an Indian interpreter and trader: describing the manners and customs of the North American Indians; with an account of the posts situated on the river Saint Laurence, Lake Ontario, &c. to which is added, a vocabulary of the Chippeway language, names of furs and skins, in English and French, a list of words in the Iroquois , Mohegan, Shawanee, and Esquimeaux tongues, and a table, shewing the analogy between the Algonkin and Chippeway languages (See Durkheim on totemism)
Pacifying native Americans
The new United States of America extended its borders and fought to establish a monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force in its territory. Native americans, who were tribal rather than territorial, resisted. They were not finally defeated until 1890.
After independence, groups of euro-americans moved west. They were protected from Indian tribes by the United States army. Little Turtle led warriors of the Miami, Shawnee, and other tribes against the US army, north of the Ohio River, in 1790 and 1791. The Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to forge a grand alliance of tribes west of the mountains, but was defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. He was killed in battle in 1812. Native americans in the south were defeated at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (present-day Alabama) in 1814. In the 1820s the USA Government developed a policy of moving native american tribes away from the east to territories west of the Mississippi River .
15.5.1817 The Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of the Use of Their Reason founded by Philadelphia Yearly Meeting of Friends. Claimed to be the first private mental health hospital in the United States. Built on a 52-acre farm.
The Quakers wrote out their philosophy in a mission statement for the hospital:
"To provide for the suitable accommodation of persons who are or may be deprived of the use of their reason, and the maintenance of an asylum for their reception, which is intended to furnish, besides requisite medical aid, such tender, sympathetic attention as may soothe their agitated minds, and under the Divine Blessing, facilitate their recovery."
Lewis Henry Morgan born. See 1851 1868 1871 1877 1880 1881 1882 1883
1818 Thomas Jefferson founded what became The University of Virginia. External links: Wikipedia article - Short history by Susan Tyler Hitchcock - details of her book . "Jefferson, with his friend Joseph Cabell, managed to get the Virginia Assembly to agree to fund a state university - Virginia is considered the first of all of them". (Susan Tyler Hitchcock - email)
The independence of New Granada from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 "Gran Colombia" had collapsed with the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador.
1819 An American Geological Society founded at Yale College . Ceased in 1828. (Kraus 1921 )
In 1819 New York State completed the building of Auburn State Prison, started in 1816 . External link: Auburn 1860
"In the 1820's New York and Pennsylvania began a movement that soon spread through the Northeast, and then over the next decades to many midwestern states. New York devised the Auburn or congregate system of penitentiary organisation, establishing it first at the Auburn state prison between 1819 and 1823, and then in 1825 at the Ossining institution similarly known as Sing-Sing" Rothman, D. 1971 , p.79)
The Silent System
"the Auburn system stressed congregate activities. Inmates slept in segregated cells but moved into workshops during the day and even outside the prison walls to work in tightly disciplined gangs, eating together in a common mess hall. In order to maintain order among this large company of men, the Auburn officials made liberal use of the whip and enforced a policy of absolute silence among the convicts." (Erikson, K.T. 1966 p.200)
The Separate System
"Pennsylvania officials worked out the details of a rival plan, the separate system, applying it to the penitentiary at Pittsburgh in 1826 and to the prison at Philadelphia in 1829 " Rothman, D. 1971 , p.79)
" Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia was a product of Quaker thinking and planning. Architecturally, it was a powerful fortress of stone, gloomy and massive like a medieval castle, but inside a new idea of prison discipline was being developed: each convict was locked in a separate call and confined there for the duration of his sentence, working at useful trades in the privacy of his room and exercising by himself in an isolated courtyard. The whole arrangement bore the stamp of Quaker theology, for the stated purpose of this solitary treatment was to give the inmate a chance to come to terms with his inner self and gain a more religious outlook for the future" (Erikson, K.T. 1966 p.200)
Between 1821 and 1859, the following States became part of the Union: Missouri (1821), Arkansas (1836), Michigan (1837), Texas (1845), Florida (1845), Iowa (1846), Wisconsin (1848), California (1850), Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859)
Indian Territory
In the 1820s, the USA government began moving what it called the "Five Civilized Tribes" of South East America (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, and Chickasaw) to lands west of the Mississippi River. The 1830 Indian Removal Act gave the President authority to designate specific lands for the Indians (native Americans). The 1834 Indian Intercourse Act called the lands Indian Territory and specified where they were: all of present-day Oklahoma North and East of the Red River, as well as Kansas and Nebraska. But, in 1854 the territory was cut down when Kansas and Nebraska territories were created. White settlers continued to invade the West and half the remaining Indian Territory (West Oklahoma) was opened to whites in 1889 . In 1907 Oklahoma became a state of the USA, and Indian Territory was no more. (external link) .
21.1.1824 Meeting of Anna Braithwaite and Ann Shipley with Elias Hicks at the house of Elias Hicks.
March 1824 Second meeting of Anna Braithwaite and Ann Shipley with Elias Hicks
\Monday 11.8.1824 Joseph John Gurney spied Anna Braitwaite through a telescope as her ship, Canada, came into the Mersey. He met her that evening. "she seems to have indeed gone forth in the needful hour, to detect the secret places of infidelity, and to proclaim the truth with boldness. I should conceive from her statements, that divine truth is gradually regaining ascendancy among our transatlantic brethren". (Memoirs p.278)
27.9.1824 Elias Hicks to Edwin A. Atlee in response to accounts by Anna Braithwaite of her interviews with him. Published as The Misrepresentations of Anna Braithwait: In Relation to the Doctrines Preached by Elias Hicks, Together with the Refutation of the Same, in a Letter from Elias Hicks, to Dr. Atlee of Philadelphia
1825
13.10.1825 Ship arrived in New York from Liverpool carrying Anna Braithwaite and Isaac Braithwaite
A Letter from Anna Braithwaite to Elias Hicks on the Nature of His Doctrines: Being a Reply to His Letter to Dr. Edwin A. Atlee; Together with Notes and Observations Anna Braithwaite 1825 - 26 pages
1826
1.4.186 The Telescope
"There is now a general commotion and overturning among the once peaceful people called Quakers. Within a short period two rival parties have arisen in the society. The division seems mostly to have originated in a difference of sentiment, maintained and strenuously enforced by two noted preachers of that order, viz.: Elias Hicks , and Anna Braithwaite . The old party adhere to the tenets of the latter, and are denominated "Orthodox," while the new party adhere to the sentiments of the former and are denominated "Reformers," or "Hicksites." The Orthodox side maintain that they themselves hold the principles of the founders of the society, and that the other party are rank Socinians, and no better than deists. On the other hand the Reformers accuse them of intolerance, bigotry, and desire "to lord it over God's heritage;" and thus a constant warfare is maintained; each trying to gain the ascendancy. "
1827
Early in 1827 there was division at the Philadephia Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends (Quakers) over whether Jonathan Evans or John Comly should be chosen as Clerk of the Yearly Meeting. What became the Orthodox (minority, Gurneyite , Evangelical) group favoured Jonathan Evans. He was chosen on te basis that he had the support of the weightier Quakers. The "Hicksites" wanted John Comly. They walked out and formed their own Yearly Meeting with headquarters at Fifteenth and Race Streets. The Orthodox Yearly Meeting continued to function at Fourth and Arch Streets in Philadelphia. The division spread throughout the United States and the two groups were not re-united until 1955. - Meanwhile the English Quakers had their own troubles.
5.6.1827 Ship Canada arrived in New York from England carrying Anna Braithwaite and Isaac Braithwaite, Merchant.
1834
In 1834, just a year before the Geological Survey of Great Britain was established, Congress authorized the first Federal examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the public lands by permitting the Topographical Bureau of the U.S. Army to use $5,000 of its appropriation for geological investigations and the construction of a geological map of the United States. (US Geological Survey History)
New York State commission established 1836 to build a lunatic asylum, purchased land (Utica) in 1837. The asylum opened in 1843 .
Presidency of Martin Van Buren 1837 to 1841
Ann Arbor
1838 Ohio Lunatic Asylum established at Columbus, Central Ohio.
23.9.1838 Brunel's Great Western Steamship arrived in New York on its first journey from Bristol, England. It had sailed on 8.4.1838. The return voyage left from New York on 7.5.1838 and arrived Bristol 22.5.1838. The vessel ran for nine seasons - lying up in winter. (external link)
1839
1839 The Missouri Legislature passed the Geyer Act to establish funds for a state university. This was the first public university west of west of the Mississippi River.
1839 Boston Lunatic Asylum opened at South Boston, County of Suffolk, Massachusetts , (taken over by the state in 1908)
Mount Pleasant Female Prison opened at Sing Sing (New York State) with women being transferred there from Bellevue and Auburn. In 1877, this prison closed and women were sent to county penitentiaries until the new women's prison at Auburn was opened in 1893.
New York City Asylum
Blackwell's Island Asylum on Asylum's Projects
Later renamed Welfare Island. Now Roosevelt Island
See timeline
1839 New York City Lunatic Asylum on Blackwell's Island opened. (Architect: A.J. Davis, 1835-1839). It was designed as a copy of Hanwell . It was the largest mental hospital in the United States during its time. As New York City's pauper asylum, it was overcrowded from the start, and completely overwhelmed by the Irish famine immigration. "Foreign born" patients generally made up about 75 percent of its population. The asylum, run by the City's Almshouse Commission, was never adequately funded, and was mired in political infighting from inception. The new Ward's Island Asylum opened in 1871. Alterations were made to the Blackwell's Island Asylum by archtect Joseph M. Dunn in 1879 . The asylum was closed in 1895 . Part of the 1839 building survives and is now called the Octagon. (Information mainly from Diane Richardson ) - See 1892 New York City Asylum
12.6.1840 World Anti-Slavery Conference opened in London . British slaves having been freed in the 1830s , the emphasis of the conference was on the liberation of United States slaves. Six delegates from the United States were women .
14.10.1840 Maine State Hospital for the insane opened. Superintendent Cyrus Knapp. 30 patients by 31.12.1840.
From about 1840 Ward's Island, New York used for "everything unwanted in New York City". (Wikipedia) . In 1848 Wards Island was designated the reception area for immigrants. In 1871 a Kirkbride Plan style building was built. The immigration entry moved to Ellis Island in 1892, New York State took it over from Manhattan in 1899 and expanded it even further. At the time, it had 4,400 beds and was the largest psychiatric hospital in the world.
Presidency of William H. Harrison 1841
Harrison died on his 32nd day in office of complications from pneumonia.
Presidency of John Tyler 1841 to 1845
1841 The first asylum in Ontario "for the reception of insane and lunatic persons" opened. "After many changes evolved into the present Queen Street site of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto" (source)
"The first Provincial Lunatic Asylum opened with seventeen patients in 1841, and was originally situated i n the county gaol on Toronto Street. There was not enough space however, so branch facilities were set up in a house at the corner of Front and Bathurst Street5 and i n the east wing of the Parliament Buildings. In January, 1850, a new insane asylum located three miles west of downtown Toronto, at 999 Queen Street West, received its first patients." (Geoffrey Reaume 1997)
Saturday 2.4.1842 edition of The Albion contained an editorial and comprehensive report, with statistics about the Hanwell Pauper Lunatic Asylum ", in London. Brad Edmondson is investigating the possibility that this relates to the establishment of the New York State Asylum
1842 Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane opened
The Oregon Trail began in 1842 when, for a few years, many people left the Missouri river region [See Missouri ] in large group of horse drawn wagons heading westward, over the mountains, to Oregon, the land bordering the Pacific in the Columbia River area. They came into conflict with the British in the Hudson Bay Company, who shared this area with the United States. In 1846, this conflict was resolved by drawing a national boundary at the 49th parallel . The first wagon train arrived in the Puget Sound, the large inlet of Pacific water into what is now Washington State, in 1845. It was led by Michael Simmons and George W. Bush, a free Black. Oregon Territory (from the 42nd parallel to the 49th) was created in 1848, but divided into Oregon Territory and Washington Territory in 1853 . Oregon became a state in 1859. Washington became a state in 1889
1843
1843: Dorothea Dix's Memorial to the Massachusetts legislature , in which she argued that the 120 beds in the Worcester State Asylum were not enough for all the lunatics she found in Massachusetts poorhouses and prisons. The asylum was expanded to 320 beds.
1843 The first permanent colony in what is now British Columbia was established (in present-day Victoria) by the British in 1843
One of the slogans of the 1844 USA presidential election was "Fifty-four forty or fight", meaning the British should be made to withdraw north of the 54.40"North latitude on the Pacific coast, by force if necessary. The issue was resolved, without war, by dividing the Columbia river region between the USA and British Columbia at the 49th parallel. (map) British Columbia website
1843 The McNaughton Rules , with modifications, were adopted by most American states. In 1998, 25 states plus the District of Columbia still used versions of the McNaughten rules to test for legal insanity.
"The legal system of each state in the U.S. is initially based on the common law, and theerfore, so far as leagal insanity is concerned, on the McNaughton Rules. But many states have broken away from the McNaughten rules in two ways: (a) by takking a much more flexible view of the doctrine of precedents, i.e. by adapting the common law; and (b) by statute" Clyne, P. 1973 , p.130
Pliny Earle (1809-1892). Superintendent of the Bloomingdale Hospital, New York
Luther Bell (1806-1862). Superintendent of the McLean Asylum in Somerville, Massachusetts
Wilson Awl (1799-1876). Organiser of the Ohio State Asylum
Nehemiah Cutter (1787-1859). Organiser of a private hospital: the Peperell Asylum, Massachusetts.
Francis Stribling (1810-1874). Superintendent of the Western Lunatic Asylum of Virginia.
John Galt (1819-1862). First superintendent of the Williamsburg Asylum. (??)
Charles Stedman (1805-1866). Superintendent (after Butler) of the Boston Lunatic Asylum
22.10.1844 Jesus did not return to earth in his second coming as had been predicted by the followers of William Miller. The disappointment is now part of Seventh Day Adventist history. See The Ellen G. White Estate - The official Ellen G. White website (positive) and The Ellen White Research Project (critical). The article on Millerite Insanity is on the critical site.
Presidency of James K. Polk 1845 to 1849
Dix, D. L. and YA Pamphlet Collection (Library of Congress) (1845). Memorial. To the Honourable the Senate and General Assembly of the state of New Jersey. Trenton,.
Dix, D. L. (1845). Memorial soliciting a state hospital for the insane. Philadelphia, I. Ashmead printer.
Sentences him in his words,
The form is his own corporal form,
And his thought the penal worm."
See Illinois on asylums project
1847 Illinois State Hospital for the Insane, Jacksonville, opened
On the Construction, Organisation, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane, with some remarks on Insanity and its Treatment by Thomas Kirkbride .
Dix, D. L. (1847). Memorial soliciting enlarged and improved accomodations for the insane of the state of Tennessee. Nashville, B. R. M'Kennie printer.
1848
1848 Indiana Hospital for the Insane opened about three miles west of Indianapolis. It started with just five patients. Many people moved to Indiana in the next half-century and, by 1900, the hospital had an average of 1,800 patients. In the meantime, other Indiana hospitals for the insane had opened, and this one was renamed Central State Hospital for the Insane. From 1929 it was just Central State Hospital. It closed in 1994, but the Pathology Department building was preserved and now houses the Indiana Medical History Museum. (external link)
1851
1851 Lewis Henry Morgan , League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois Rochester; New York: Sage & Brother: M.H. Newman & Co.; and others. Included a folding map and a "Schedule explanatory of the Indian map," arranged in three columns giving the corresponding English and Indian names of the localities, stream, etc., with their signification.
1851 A preparatory school founded in the then territory of Minnesota that became the University of Minnesota in 1869. The school closedduring the civil war, but re-opened in 1867.
15.2.1851 Illinois' lunacy law
"AMENDATORY ACT.
Session Laws 15, 1851. Page 96.
SEC. 10. Married women and infants who, in the judgment of the Medical Superintendent, [meaning the Superintendent of the Illinois State Hospital for the insane] are evidently insane or distracted, may be entered or detained in the Hospital on the request of the husband, or the woman or guardian of the infants, without the evidence of insanity required in other cases."
1852 Second Massachusetts Hospital for the insane opened at Taunton.
20.2.1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom's Cabin (book form) - (Wikipedia entry)
1853
1853 Washington Territory was established with Isaac Stevens as its first territorial governor. The medical superintendent of a large English lunatic asylum governed as many people as Isaac Stevens in 1853, but by 1860 the territory's population had multiplied tenfold to 11,500. In 1854 the first session of the territorial legislature adapted a poor law with provision for care of insane. "Counties" were delegated this responsibility and, in 1855, King County presented a bill for $1659 for caring for Edward Moore, a "non-resident lunatic pauper". As the entire annual income of the territory was $1199, the bill was declined, and Edward Moore returned by sea to Boston, his home. (Kathleen Benoun)
1855
7.3.1855 Dakota county organised by an Act of the first territorial legislature of Kansas. "So fierce has been the mighty conflict between advancing civilisation and the wild aborigines of the West, that for many years these border lands were one vast graveyard, strewn with the bleaching bones of unburied heroes. Behold the wonderful changes wrought by the resistless arm of Time since the advent of the pioneers to Dakota county!" - "Dakota county has been visited by a number of eminent geologists, because of its peculiar geological formation, and the "Dakota Group" was so named from the fact that these stratums of different grades of sandstone were first discovered in this county along the bluffs east of Homer which was once the bed of a sea, and this group was formed by sedimentary deposits". Warners History of Dakota County, Nebraska from the days of the pioneers im first settlers to the present time, with biographical sketches, and anecdotes of ye olden times, by M. M. Warner. 1893. (Internet Archive - offline )
Government Hospital for the Insane Washington DC later St. Elizabeths Hospital for the Insane Washington DC
(external link) - (external link) -
In 1855 The Government Hospital for the Insane Washington DC began operations. It was founded in 1852 .
Charles H. Nichols (1820-1889) the first medical superintendent, collaborated with Dorothea Dix "to establish a model institution in the capital city". (source)
"During the Civil War , the property was also used to house wounded soldiers. A reluctance of the soldiers to write home stating that they were recuperating at the Government Hospital for the Insane gave rise to the use of the name St. Elizabeths, the historic name of the old royal land grant of which the campus was a part. Thereafter, the institution was informally referred to as St. Elizabeths for decades until the name was formally changed by Congress in 1916. " (source)
1857
Gold discovered in the Fraser Valley and thousands of people came in search of instant wealth. To help maintain law and order, the British government established the colony of British Columbia in 1858. The colony of Vancouver Island joined British Columbia in 1866.
1857? "Reverend Theophilus Packard came to Manteno, in Kankakee county, Illinois, seven years since" [1864], "and has remained in charge of the Preabyterian Church of that place until the past two years".
1858 Third Massachusetts Hospital for the insane opened at Northampton. - external link to Tom Riddle's website
1858 Meek and Hayden "Remarks on the Lower Cretaceous beds of Kansas and Nebraska, togethcr with descriptions of some new species of Carboniferous fossils from the valley of the Kansas River": Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1858. volume 10, pages 256-260.
15.4.1858 Emile Durkheim born.
His last lectures (1913/1914) included a comparison of his sociology with that of pragmatists, such as Dewey.
1859
In 1859, for the first time, the value of the products of U.S. industry exceeded the value of agricultural products. In that same year, gold was discovered in Colorado, silver was discovered at the Comstock lode in western Nevada to begin the era of silver mining in the West, and the first oil well in the United States was successfully drilled in northwestern Pennsylvania.
1859 Meek and Hayden "On the so-called Triassic rocks of Kansas and Nebraska" Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, v. 27, p. 31-35. F. Hawn in 1858 had supposed that Dakota strata belonged in the Triassic . Others, later, suggested they were Tertiary . Meek and Hayden persisted with allocating them to the Cretaceous , and this was shown to be correct. Meek and Hayden commented (1859) that the Dakota fossils "belong to a higher and more modern tvpe of dicotyledonous trees...".
See Chicago timeline 1859-1952
21.10.1860 Birth of Caroline E Dudley. Daughter of Eliza W. Beers (10.8.1834-10.12.1900) and George Bull Dudley. Born Buffalo, New York. Living New Haven, Connecticut in 1923. Supported Carl Beers (cousin) in hospital after George's death and by a trust fund after hers. [Note Caroline E. Dudley Fund was established to support Yale School of Architecture in 1935 ]
20.12.1860 South Carolina became first state to secede from Union
Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 1861 to 1865
8.2.1861 Confederate States adopt Provisional Constitution
1861 Joseph Damase Pagé born in St. Casimir, Quebec. Graduated in medicine from Laval University in 1887. Established a practice in Waterloo, Quebec, where he remained for sixteen years. In 1904, he was appointed medical superintendent of the Immigration Hospital at the Port of Quebec. Named chief in 1905. Served with the Canadian military forces at the port of Quebec during World War I, working among returned soldiers. In 1920, with the creation of the federal Department of Health and the transfer of Immigration Medical and Quarantine Services to this department, Dr. Pagé was appointed Chief of these divisions. Due largely to his initiative the Overseas Immigration Medical Service was established, enabling the physical and mental status of prospective immigrants to be determined prior to embarking. Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier said that: "Dr. Pagé has the scientific spirit of a searcher after truth, association with unusual perseverance, intelligent direction of his energy, and the highest moral qualities." Dr. J.D. Pagé was awarded CPHA's Honorary Life Membership in 1934." (Canadian Public Health Journal, Vol. 25, 1934). Retired 1932. Died Iberville, Quebec 30.11.1938.
1861 Meek and Hayden "Descriptions of new Lower Silurian (Primordial), Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary fossils collected in Nebraska Territorv. by the exploring expedition under the command of Capt. Wm F.Reynolds, U.S. Top. Engineers, with some remarks on the rocks from which they were obtained": Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia volume 13, pages 417-432. Available at Hathi trust
1.3.1861 Iowa State Hospital for the Insane at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, finished.
12.4.1861 United States Civil War begins
During the Civil War, Jacob Mendez Da Costa (1833-1900) was a doctor at the Military Hospital in Philadelphia, where he made may of the observations on which he based a paper on "irritable heart" (sometimes called soldier's heart) in 1871. This disorder was brought on by extreme fear. Arthur Bowen Richards Myers (1838-1921) was the first to describe it (in 1870) in On the etiology and prevalence of diseases of the heart among soldiers, published in London by J. Churchill. The syndrome was later named Da Costa's syndrome. (External links: who named it and War Syndromes and Their Evaluation... by Kenneth C. Hyams, Stephen Wignall and Robert Roswell)
1862
October 1862 St. John's Lunatic Asylum in Vancouver, Washington opened by the Sisters of Charity. It was the first asylum in Washington Territory . The Sisters contracted with the territory to care for patients at $8 a week, and a total of 17 patients were admitted between 1862 and 1865.
13.8.1863 William Isaac Thomas born. See 1892 - 1904 - 1918 - 1939 -
19.11.1863 The Gettysburg Address of Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal .
Now we are engaged in a great civil war , testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us-that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion-that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain-that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
Packard versus Packard
"She spoke of the condition of the North and the South. She illustrated her difficulties with Mr. Packard, by the difficulties between the North and the South. She said the South was wrong, and was waging war for two wicked purposes : first, to overthrow a good government, and second, to establish a despotism on the inhuman principle of human slavery. But that the North, having right on their side, would prevail. So Mr. Packard was opposing her, to overthrow free thought in woman ; that the despotism of man may prevail over the wife ; but that she had right and truth on her side, and that she would prevail. During this conversation I did not fully conclude that she was insane" (Dr J.W. Brown)
13.1.1864 Start of Packard v. Packard. 18.1.1864 jury "We, the undersigned, Jurors in the case of Mrs Elizabeth P.W. Packard , alleged to be insane, having heard the evidence... are satisfied that [she] is sane." Judge Charles Starr ordered that she "be relieved of all restraints incompatible with her condition as a sane woman". However, during the trial the Reverend Packard had sold their house in Illinois and left for Massachusetts with her money, notes, wardrobe and young children.
1865
The American Social Science Association founded "to aid the development of Social Science, and to guide the public mind to the best practical means of promoting the Amendments of Laws, the Advancement of Education, the Prevention and Repression of Crimes, the Reformation of Criminals, and the Progress of Public Morality, the Adoption of Sanitary Regulations and the Diffusion of Sound Principles on the Questions of Economy, Trade and Finance."
13.2.1865 Nebraska passed an Act for arrangments with Iowa to send insane patients to the Iowa asylum at Mount Pleasant. The arrangement continued until July 1870, when Nebraska had to move six of its incurable patients into the Pawnee county jail until the asylum at Lincoln was completed
14.4.1865 Lincoln shot by Boothe, died next day
Presidency of Andrew Johnson 1865 to 1869
British North American Act created the Dominion of Canada
USA bought Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars
Elizabeth Packard "in the winter of 1867, I came alone, and at my own expense, from Massachusetts to Illinois ... trying to induce the Legislature to ... pass ... a Bill for the Protection of Personal Liberty
5.3.1867 By Elizabeth Pacckard's Personal Liberty Act
"no superintendent, medical director, agent or other person, having the management, supervision or control of the Insane Hospital at Jacksonville, or of any hospital or asylum for insane and distracted persons in this State, shall receive, detain or keep in custody at such asylum or hospital any person who has not been declared insane or distracted by a verdict of a jury and the order of a court"
Mary Lincoln was committed under this Act
20.5.1867 cornerstone laid in Middletown for the General Hospital for Insane of the State of Connecticut - 1874: name changed to Connecticut Hospital for the Insane - By 1879, referred to as Connecticut State Hospital. See Clifford Beers 8.11.1902
The pictureis of the main building, from 1878 annual report. (source)
Judi Chamberlin says
"The ex-patients movement began approximately in 1970 , but we can trace its history back to many earlier former patients, in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who wrote stories of their mental hospital experiences and who attempted to change laws and public policies concerning the "insane." Thus, in 1868 , Mrs Elizabeth Packard published the first of several books and pamphlets in which she detailed her forced commitment by her husband in the Jacksonville (Illinois) insane Asylum. She also founded the Anti-Insane Asylum Society, which apparently never became a viable organization (Dain, 1989). Similarly, in Massachusetts at about the same time, Elizabeth Stone, also committed her husband, tried to rally public opinion to the cause of stopping the unjust incarceration of the "insane."" (Chamberlin, J. 1990 )
At the conclusion of The Prisoner's Hidden Life, Elizabeth Packard proposed that influential readers might circulate the following and send names to her:
CONSTITUTION OF AN ANTI-INSANE ASYLUM SOCIETY.
Since it has become self-evident from the facts before the public, authenticated by the Illinois Legislative Committee, that our present system of treating the Insane, is a gross violation of the principles of Christianity, and of mental pathology, and therefore, can not receive the sanction of the enlightened and conscientious ; and knowing that it takes a long time to revolutionize such popular institutions, sustained by State's power; we can not submit to pass off the stage of action, without leaving our protest against them.
Therefore, while the present system exists, we, the undersigned, do hereby pledge ourselves,
1st. That we will never consent to be entered into such Institutions as patients.
2nd. We will never consent to have any relative or friend of ours, entered as a patient.
3rd. If we, or our relatives or friends, should become insane, they shall be taken care of by their friends, in their own homes.
4th. This Society pledge .themselves that such shall be kindly and appropriately cared for.
5th. That if. the relatives of the unfortunate one are not able to provide for, and bestow suitable treatment upon them, this Society shall furnish them with the means for doing so.
6th. This fund for the protection of the unfortunate, shall be bestowed by a committee of this Society, as their judgment shall dictate, after having thoroughly investigated the whole case.
MRS. E. P. W. PACKARD.
Chicago, Illinois.
I (Andrew) would note both that it is not an association of ex-patients that was being proposed and that an informal association of women patients had already formed to create the book.
Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 1869 to 1877
Under Elizabeth Packard's influence, Iowa passed a similar bill to Illinois . Other states followed suite.
3.4.1872 Boston Daily Advertiser (Supplement) "The law school affords ... lectures ... on what the French call 'criminology' , or the science of penal legislation".
1873
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, founded. Wikipedia
Birth of Abraham Arden Brill (died 1948), the first major translator of the works of Sigmund Freud from German into English. The New York Psychonalytic Society was founded under his chairmanship in 1911. In 1920 he was "PH.B., M.D. Clinical assistant, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University ; Assistant in Mental Diseases, Bellevue Hospital; Assistant Visiting Physician, Hospital for Nervous Diseases"
Birth of Charles Christopher Adams (1873-1955). "Arriving from Harvard at the University of Chicago in 1899, Adams studied under Charles B. Davenport, Henry C. Cowles , and Charles Otis Whitman. He worked as a curator at the University of Michigan's Natural History Museum while completing his Ph.D., awarded in 1908. From 1908 to 1914, he served as a professor in animal ecology at the University of Illinois". 1913 Animal Ecology "In December 1914, he participated in the initial organizational meeting of the Ecological Society of America"
16.9.1874 Frederic Edward Clements born, (died 26.7.1945) See 1905 - 1916 - 1917 - 1925 - [Wikipedia] . Clements argued that plant communities develop thorough stages to a climax community.
9.11.1874 Missouri State Lunatic Asylum Number 2 at St Joseph's. In 1968 George Glore, a worker at the hospital, created models to illustrate the history of psychiatric treatment in the USA. From this developed a museum now known as the Glore Psychiatric Museum. Now in its own modern building, the museum has outlived its hospital and is a major tourist attraction. Curator, Scott Clark. - Museum link - Roadside America link
Christmas 1874 The Lambs New York formed. A gentleman's club for actors. It was the twin of the London Lambs Club .
The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, founded in 1874, claims to be "the world's oldest independent scientific monthly in the field of human behaviour". It started (1874) as the Chicago Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (first two years). The first years of the journal balanced neurology and psychiatry. - See History of Chicago Neurology
1875
The first sociology course in the United States was taught by William Graham Sumner (1840-1910) at Yale College in 1875. He used Herbert Spencer's Sociology as his text. [I am not clear which book this refers to]
See external link: Darwin's Impact: Social Evolution in America, 1880-1920 (archive) and History of Economic Thought Web , which describes Sumner as a "Social Darwinist, American counterpart of the British evolutionary theorist, Herbert Spencer. Defended radical laissez- faire as being justified by laws of evolution".
14.12.1875: New England Psychological Society formed at Worcester, Massachusetts. Pliny Earle, superintendent of the Northampton Lunatic Hospital, elected president. The name was changed to the New England Society of Psychiatry on 26.3.1907. (see words )
The first Columbia PhD was awarded in 1875
1876 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland , opened. "the first university in the Western Hemisphere founded on the model of the European research institution, where research and the advancement of knowledge were integrally linked to teaching". (external link) [What did the others do? - Does this mean that John Hopkins was the first USA institution that a European would have recognised as a university? See Yale ]
"Although colleges devoted to the instruction of future clergymen, other professionals, and members of the upper strata have flourished in America since the colonial period, the first full-fledged American university, Johns Hopkins, opened its doors only in 1876. Four years later Columbia College began to develop into a national university. The universities of Michigan and Pennsylvania followed soon after. In 1891 large endowments from private benefactors led to the creation of two new major universities, Stanford and the University of Chicago . Others soon followed." (Lewis Coser) - archive
Johns Hopkins University: See 1883 (Psychology laboratory) - Dewey1884 (John Dewey) - 1889 (Hospital) - 1890 (women) - 1910 (Adolf Meyer) - 1913 (John B. Watson) - 1920 (Rosalie Rayner - Phyllis Greenacre - Curt Richter) - 1926 (Gillespie) - 1995 (Germany)
30.3.1876 Birth of Clifford Whittingham Beers in New Haven, Connecticut. His parents were Ida Cooke and Robert Beers . They lived at 30 Trumbull Street, New Haven, Connecticut. The Beer brothers were Robert H. (died in infancy) George Merwin (suicide June 1932) - Samuel Ruggles (early death 4.7.1900 ) - William Cooke (suicide in a mental hospital in 1930) - Clifford (died in a mental hospital 9.7.1943) - Carl (died in a mental hospital November 1935 - p.283) - See 1880 Census
Richard L. Dugdale, 1877, The Jukes: A Study in Crime, Pauperism, Disease and Heredity, New York, G.P. Putnam. offline book
Webster's 1913 Dictionary included the following entry:
"Jukes, The: A pseudonym used to designate the descendants of two sisters, the Jukes sisters, whose husbands were sons of a backwoodsman of Dutch descent. They lived in the State of New York, and their history was investigated by R. L. Dugdale as an example of the inheritance of criminal and immoral tendencies, disease, and pauperism. Sixty per cent of those traced showed, degeneracy, and they are estimated to have cost society $1,308,000 in 75 years."
1878
"Although there were many pathology and bacteriology laboratories in Europe prior to 1875, none existed in the United States. Why no laboratories were established in the United States before 1875 is difficult to understand because biologists and teachers in the universities and medical schools were familiar with the researches of Pasteur , Koch and Lister.
In 1878, William Welch established the first pathology laboratory in the United States at Bellevue Hospital in New York and shortly after T. Michell Prudden started one at the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Although these laboratories were designated as pathology laboratories, bacteriologic research and teaching were part of the program." (W. L. Mallmann 1974) - (archive)
1879
Bureau of Ethnology established by an Act of Congress. Later re-named Bureau of American Ethnology. (Wikipedia)
February 1879 The Anthropological Society of Washington founded, "government-sponsored anthropology centered in Washington - in the earlier days largely at the Smithsonian Institution" (External source: pdf of Records, including history - html )
1880
American Journal of Philology founded
Under the provisions of the act approved March 3, 1879, amended by the act approved April 20, 1880, a census of the population, wealth, and industry of the United States is to be taken on, or of the date, June 1, 1880. The period of enumeration is by law limited to the month of June, and in cities having 10,000 inhabitants and over, according to the census of 1870, is still further limited to the first two weeks of June.
New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
Household of Robert A. Beers aged 52, born New York: Wife Ida Beers aged 37, born Georgia - Sons Geo. M. Beers aged 14 and Samuel R. Beers aged 11, born Georgia - Sons William C. Beers aged 7 - Clifford Beers aged 4 and Carl E. Beers, aged 0, born Connecticut. Household also included Sister-in-laws Mary L. Cooke aged 27 and Clifford H. Cooke (Female) aged 24 and Brother-in-law Nathaniel M. Cooke aged 15, born Georgia and "Other" Hannah Scott aged 48 born New Jersey.
Founded in the second half of 1880, Science became the journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1900 . 2001: Human Genome . 2003: Open access challenge
25.10.1880 Oregon State Legislature authorised the construction of the first state lunatic asylum. The State Insane Asylum at Salem, Oregon was opened in 1883 with 320 patients. Before that, Oregonian lunatics were cared for in a private asylum in Portland at state expense. (Rootsweb, which has pictures)
From 1880 to 1920 the number of insane patients of institutions in the USA increased from 40,942 to 232,680
25.11.1880 New York Times "New Doctrines on Insanity. Scope and aims of the American Association for the Protection of the Insane - Reforms in Treatment and Jusisprudence proposed" (offline)
Lewis Henry Morgan , A Study of the Houses of the American Aborigines; with suggestions for the exploration of the Ruins in New Mexico, Arizona, the valley of the San Juan, and in Yucatan and Central America.
Presidency of James A. Garfield (Republican) 1881
Presidency of Chester A. Arthur (Republican) 1881 to 1885
1881
Lewis Henry Morgan , Houses and house-life of the American aborigines This was part of the original manuscript of Ancient Society It was published as volume four of Contributions to North American ethnology Department of the Interior. U. S. Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region.
The life and works of Lewis H. Morgan. An address at his funeral by Joshua Hall Macilvaine. [Rochester, N.Y.]
22.5.1882 Edwin Maria Katzenellenbogen born in Stanislau. He died after 1950.
The first laboratory of psychology in America is established at Johns Hopkins University
Memoir of Lewis H. Morgan of Rochester, N.Y. etc. by Charles Henry Hart. Philadelphia
Robert Henry Lowie born, Vienna, 1883. Died 1957. (Wikipedia)
1884
The superintendent of St Elizabeth's Hospital for the Insane , W.W. Godding, appointed Isaac W. Blackburn as head of the first pathology laboratory established in a lunatic asylum in the USA.
In 1884, John Dewey published "Kant and Philosophic Method" (April), was awarded his Ph.D by Johns Hopkins University (June) and was appointed instructor in philosophy at University of Michigan (July). One of his students at Michigan was Robert E. Park . [see autobiographical note] Dewey taught at Michigan from 1884 to 1888 and again from 1889 to 1894 . Robert Park worked as a journalist from 1887 to 1898 [see autobiographical note]
1884 George Herbert Mead wrote to a friend
"I have no doubt that now the most reasonable system of the universe can be formed to myself without a God." (See Aboulafia 2008 )
Some of Mead's later work in social psychology expresses in secular (naturalistic) theories ideas previously expressed in theological terms. See, for example soul in Mind, Self and Society
Presidency of Grover Cleveland (Democrat) 1885 to 1889
1888
27.1.1888 National Geographic Society founded in Washington DC . The National Geographic Magazine started in September/October 1888. [external link to website] . The Royal Geographical Society in Great Britain was founded in 1830.
New York investigative reporter Nellie Bly disguised herself as a mental patient, then wrote Ten days in a Mad House
In Washington State there is a lake so full of salts that it is known as "Medical Lake". The lake was exploited commercially by an English immigrant, Stanley Hallett (1851- ) who owned much of the land. Hallett persuaded the legislature, of what was then Washington Territory, to construct the second State Lunatic Asylum there in 1888. It is now Eastern State Hospital (Washington) (Kathleen Benoun's timeline says it opened in 1891) external link
"The original Kirkbride building at Medical Lake is long gone, but the building that replaced it has an approximation of a Kirkbride floor plan, with male and female wings extending from a larger center wing. Originally just a mental hospital, the complex now houses mental health patients, chimpanzees, juvenile criminal offenders, and bats, as the mental hospital has downsized and different uses have been found." (Rootsweb, which has pictures)
Autumn? 1888 George Herbert Mead went to Leipzig, Germany to study with Wilhelm Wundt , from whom he learned the concept of "the gesture," Mead "studied in Germany from 1888-1891, taking a course from Wilhelm Dilthey and immersing himself in Wilhelm Wundt's research." Aboulafia 2008
Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (Republican) 1889 to 1893
1889
Foundation of Hull House, Chicago: (visit the museum) - It was at Addam's Hull House that the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy flowered. The principles of active occupation and adaptation promoted by Dewey and adopted by Hirsch, Lathrop and Addams were taught there to its students Eleanor Clarke Slagle and Mary Potter Brooks [later] Meyer. It was at Hull House that the Faville School of Occupational Therapy was established, and Slagle later taught, a school founded and supported by the Chicago Mental Hygiene Society" (source)
11.11.1889 Washington Territory became Washington State, the 42nd state of the USA
1889 Boas secured his first academic appointment which was at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.
1889 Johns Hopkins Hospital opened
1889 The creation of a [New York] State Commission in Lunacy
University of Chicago founded: external link to brief history . See John Dewey - 1874 - Hull House 1889 - Department of Sociology 1892 - Dewey and Mead 1894 - American Journal of Sociology 1895 -
A Womens Fund Committee was started to raise funds on condition that women were admitted to the medical school at Johns Hopkins University Between 1890 and 1907 the whole University gradually became co-educational (staff and students). It has been suggested (Broadhurst, P.L. 1967) that concern for the moral welfare of students made it particularly sensitive to sexual scandal. About 1908, James Mark Baldwin, its leading Professor of Philosophy and Psychology, was arrested in a brothel and subsequently dismissed, creating the opportunity for his junior, John B. Watson , to take his position as editor of the Psychological Review . In 1920 Watson himself was dismissed when his affair with his female colleague resulted in divorce.
Columbia University "When Seth Low became Columbia's president in 1890, he vigorously promoted the university ideal for the College" - "For nearly forty years after Columbia University's re-founding as a research university in the 1890s, Franklin Giddings was Professor of Sociology" (source)
1890 New York State Care Act. The state assumed responsibility for all the insane in the state with the exception of those in Monroe, Kings and New York counties (which could opt in to state provision). Other legislation formally changed the names of all state "lunatic asylums" to "state hospitals." See 1896
8.2.1890 Birth of Samuel Brody in Lithuania. Emigrated to Canada in 1906. In the seminar of Agnes Fay Morgan (1884-1968), Berkley, California in 1916. - Chemical Warfare Service in World War 1 - Bloor and Brody - In 1920 he married Sophie Edith Dubosky. Died 6.8.1956 Eccles Hall, Columbia University
6.10.1890 Sophie Edith Dubosky born in California. [See 1940 ] She graduated from Berkley, California. Married Samuel Brody in 1920 . Gave birth to Eugene Bloor Brody on 17.6.1921 and to Arnold Jason Brody in 1923 . "Dr [Eugene] Brody's landmark book, which has remained in publication since being published in 1952 Psychotherapy With Schizophrenics [See 6.12.1950] was motivated by his mother's personal struggle with mental illness. She was psychotic, which began in his childhood and continued until her death at age 96. He wrote that life with his mother conflicted with much of what he was taught about mental illness in medical school. "With patience and love, as well as increasing knowledge, it was possible to learn her language and teach her mine," he wrote. "I learned that no one is unreachable or incomprehensible 24 hours a day, or 60 minutes an hour." The experience left an indelible mark on him because, as he wrote, when it came time to treat his first psychotic patient, he "knew how to talk to such a person."" Died April 1987
28.10.1890 Arthur Chester Ragsdale born in Aurora, Missouri. B.S. University of Missouri in 1912. M.S. University of Wisconsin 1925. Taught at New Jersey College of Agriculture and the University of West Virginia. Joined the University of Missouri faculty in 1916. Professor and chairman of the Department of Dairy Husbandry from 1919 to 1961. [Papers] . See Bloor and Brody - Died 22.7.1969
Autumn 1891 George Herbert Mead employed by the University of Michigan , where he met Charles H. Cooley and John Dewey ,
"In my earliest days of contact with him, as he returned from his studies in Berlin forty years ago, his mind was full of the problem which has always occupied him, the problem of individual mind and consciousness in relation to world and society.... When I first knew him he was reading and absorbing biological literature in its connection with mind and the self" (John Dewey 1931)
16.12.1891 Birth of Joseph Ward Swain (died 1971), translator of Durkheim and an American historian. Born at Yankton, South Dakota, the eldest son of Henry Huntington and Myra (Olmstead) Swain. Paris (with Durkheim and Mauss) 1913 - 1915 .
July 1892 The American Psychological Association (APA) founded. (external link to archives )
- The American Sociological Society was founded in 1905
Chicago University department of Sociology started in 1892. Much of Lewis Coser's American Trends chapter is about the history of this department. Coser says that for "roughly twenty years, from the first world war to the mid-1930s, the history of sociology in America can largely be written as the history of the Department of Sociology of the University of Chicago". He identifies W.I. Thomas , followed by Robert Park as the key figures.
11.10.1892: For the four hundredth anniversary of Christopher Columbus crossing the Atlantic, children throughout the United States took part in a ceremony which included reciting together "I pledge allegiance to my Flag, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, With Liberty and Justice for all". After the celebrations it became a popular national custom in schools. In 1942 it became official .
1892 Adolf Meyer emigrated from Switzerland to the United States.
"In 1892 the [New York] City Asylum consisted of four divisions or departments, one each on Blackwell's , Ward's and Hart's islands, and one at Central Islip, L. I. , 40 miles distant from New York City, having a total population of 7478 patients. In 1886 Dr. MacDonald, the general superintendent, was appointed by the commissioners executive and administrative officer and each institution was placed in immediate charge of a local medical superintendent, subordinate to the general superintendent: Dr. E. C. Dent, the superintendent of the female division, Ward's Island; Dr. William A. Macy at the male division, Ward's Island; Dr. H. C. Evarts at the Central Islip division, and Dr. G. A. Smith at the Hart's Island division." See 1894
Autumn 1892? William Beers began the Electrical Engineering Course in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University. He was a "member Berzelius and Triennial Committee". Graduated 1895.
Presidency of Grover Cleveland (Democrat) 1893 to 1897
1893
1893 Adolf Meyer appointed Honorary Fellow and Docent in Neurology at the University of Chicago and Pathologist at the Eastern Hospital for the Insane, Kankakee, Illinois
1.5.1893 to 31.10.1893 "World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago" or "Chicago World's Fair". [Celebrating 400 years since Columbus arrved in 1492]
Franz Boas constructed life group displays (now commonly called "dioramas") to bring the cultures of Native Americans to the general pubic at the Chicago World's Fair. He also "as part of his argument that racial distinctions among humans are not valid"... "exhibited skulls of various peoples to demonstrate the irrelevance of brain size". (external source)
Congresses held at the same time as the exhibition included te World's Parliament of Religions (the largest) and ones dealing with anthropology, labour, medicine, temperance, commerce and finance, literature, history, art, philosophy, and science.
John Dewey and George Herbert Mead start at Chicago University in 1894
Department of Philosophy founded with John Dewey as its first chairman from 1894 to 1904. Succeded by James H. Tufts, and subsequently George Herbert Mead . The "Chicago School of Thought" sought to furnish a reformulation of the basic commitments of pragmatism on a strict logical basis. (source)
April, 1894 New York City: 2000 patients were brought to Ward' s Island from Blackwell's Island, which was abandoned as unfit for habitation, and in 1896 Hart's Island, with its so-called pavilions of hemlock boards, built for the sheltering of soldiers, was abolished and its 1555 patients transferred to Ward's Island.
1895 Adolf Meyer appointed Pathologist, at Worcester State Hospital for the Insane , Worcester, Massachusetts and Docent in Psychiatry at Clark University.
1895 Mary Potter Brooks , a social worker, introduced a systematic type of activity into the wards of a state institution in Worcester, Massachusetts. She was also the first social worker to provide a systematic program to help patients, their families, and the physician. (source)
In 1895, the president of the New York State Commission in Lunacy, Carlos F. McDonald, proposed the establishment of a central pathology laboratory to process and coordinate the pathology work of the state hospitals. In 1896, Ira Van Gieson was appointed as the first director of the "Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospitals for the Insane". the original Pathological Institute rented offices on Madison Avenue in New York City. Van Gieson's vision was an institute for "the study of the causes and conditions that underlie mental disease." He was dismissed in 1901 after apparently claiming the discovery of a "germ of insanity" would make asylums superfluous. Adolf Meyer , who was consulted about the issue in 1901, succeded van Gierson in 1902 .
1895-1898 William Beers was "Draftsman for Black Manufacturing Company of Erie, pennsylvania, manufacturers of Tribune bicycle, and traveling salesman for the company in the United States and Canada". He "spent the winter of 1898-1899 in selling bicycles in Europe".
The Female Offender by Cesare Lombroso and Guglielmo Ferrero, with an introduction by W. Douglas Morrison, Her Majesty's Prison, Wandsworth. Illustrated. New York. D. Appleton and Company. 1895
1896
Beginning of Springfield, Maryland , on the cottage plan. See external link and another Maryland weblink - Maryland weblink (or try one of these) - . In England, the London County Council's Asylums Committee had appointed a working party to study asylum design in Scotland, continental Europe, Canada and the USA. The group reported in 1902, favouring the design of the Maryland State Asylum "where autonomous 200 bed ward blocks were positioned to look inwards on to large rectangular gardens. The units were connected by walkways, covered only overhead". [See colony or villa system]
1896 John Dewey: Evolution and Ethics. In 1896, John Dewey and his wife, Alice Chipman Dewey, founded the Chicago Laboratory School (external link)
Louis Viereck (1851-1921) and his family emigrated to the United States in 1896 The son of Berlin actress, Edwina Viereck, and possibly the illegitimate son of Wilhelm 1 of Prussia, he became a friend of Karl Marx. His wedding, in 1881, was attended by Frederick Engels. His son (George) Sylvester Viereck was born in Munich on 31.12.1884. See Sylvester Viereck - 1934 - Peter Viereck
"In 1896, Boas moved to New York and was appointed Assistant Curator of Ethnology and Somatology at the American Museum of Natural History, and Lecturer at Columbia University . Three years later, Boas became the first Professor of Anthropology at Columbia." (source) - "Boas began to teach classes at Columbia University in 1896, where three years later he was appointed Professor of Anthropology. For the next 37 years, Boas ruled the anthropological roost at Columbia ..." Columbia)
1896 Adolf Meyer took a five-month leave of absence for a visit to Switzerland and Germany. He spent six weeks with Emil Kraepelin at his small hospital in Heidelberg .
20.2.1896 Through legislation, the New York City Asylum for the Insane became the Manhattan State Hospital for the Insane. In 1900 each of the three departments was made a distinct hospital. The hospital for men became Manhattan State Hospital East, under Dr. A. E. MacDonald; that for women, Manhattan State Hospital West, under Dr. E. C. Dent; and that at Central Islip, the Central Islip State Hospital, under Dr. George A. Smith. In 1904 Dr. A. E. MacDonald resigned to retire to private life.
1896: Several significant institutions were absorbed by the state: Brooklyn State Hospital, Manhattan State Hospital, Central Islip State Hospital, Kings Park State Hospital. Gowanda State Hospital opened in 1898, bringing the number of state hospitals to 13.
Presidency of William McKinley (Republican) 1897 to 1901
1898
In a lecture on "Philosophical Conceptions and Practical Results", William James talked about a new philosophy of pragmatism which he said had been developed by Charles Sanders Peirce
Robert Park studied Psychology and Philosophy for an MA at Harvard 1898- 1899 . William James was one of his tutors. autobiographical note
Henry Chandler Cowles' (1869-1939) PhD Thesis: The Ecological Relations of the Vegetation on the Sand Dunes of Lake Michigan (Chicago University) - See ecological succession - (external source) - (external source) . The idea of a natural climax to the succesion of vegetation was developed by Frederic Clements
William Edward Du Bois The Philadelphia Negro Philadelphia University Press Wikipedia
1899 Thorstein Veblen 's The Theory of the Leisure Class.
In 1899 Robert Park travelled to Germany where he studied at the University of Berlin with Georg Simmel . He spent a semester studying at the University of Strasbourg, followed by a few years spent at the University of Heidelberg studying philosophy and psychology. He took his Ph.D at Heidelberg and returned to the United States in 1903 - autobiographical note
4.7.1899 Emerson Peter Schmidt born Tavistock, Ontario, Canada. A Canadian citizen, Schmidt taught economics in United States universities at Marquette (Jesuit, Wisconsin), Wisconsin, Oregon, and Minnesota . At Minnesota (1937) he edited Man and Society: A Substantive Introduction to the Social Sciences. From 1943 to 1976 he was director of economic research for the United States Chamber of Commerce. He died 8.4.1976.
1899 Having failed to establish automobiles, William Beers was representative for the Winchester Repeating Arms Company of New Haven in seven states from October 1899 to 1903. He organised the Tribune Trap and Target Company in Erie in 1903 and served asits secretary, treasurer, and general manager until 1906;
Henry Noble, M.D. was superintendent of Connecticut Hospital for the Insane from 1901 to 1915. He had been acting superintendent in 1897/1898 - See Clifford Beers
The Physiographic Ecology of Chicago and Vicinity; A Study of the Origin, Development, and Classification of Plant Societies by Henry Chandler Cowles - [See ecology]
1901 In 1901, Watson married Mary Ickes, whom he had met at the University of Chicago. They had two children together, Mary and John. Watson graduated in 1903 with a Ph.D. in psychology, but stayed at the University of Chicago for several years doing research on the relationship between sensory input and learning and bird behavior.
6.4.1901 Clarence Hincks sixteen. In his sixteen year he had the first attack of sudden indifference to life, lasting about two weeks. Such attacks recurred almost annually until 1957 , the year he retired.
1.5.1901 New York Times "Institute's Faculty Resigns - As a result of action by the Legislature removing Director Ira Van Gieson of the Pathological Institute, depriving the institute of quarters and in other ways curtailing it work, the entire Faculty have tendered their resignation to take effect today, when Mr Van Gieson goes out of office. Dr Van Gieson stated yesterday that he had instructed hi lawyer, John Lineham, to apply to the Supreme Court for an injunction restraining the State Commission in Lunacy from interfering with specimens and other property of the institute." (original)
17.5.1901 Adolf Meyer was "at present abroad working in Switzerland and Germany". He would represent Clark University at the 450th anniversary celebration of the University of Glasgow from 12.6.1901 to 15.6.1901. Science 17.5.1901
1902 Harold (Dwight) Lasswell born. See 1936 - 1948 - Died 1978
1.5.1902 Adolf Meyer began duties as Director of the Pathological Institute of the New York State Hospitals. In December 1902 Meyer moved the institute to a building near the Manhattan State Hospital on Ward's Island . "Dr. Meyer also perceived the need for academic affiliation, which led to the formation of an advisory board whose members represented the medical schools of Columbia, Cornell, and Bellevue". (source)
17.6.1902 "An Act Appropriating the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands".
Professor W.I. Thomas (University of Chicago) made written criticism of Patrick Geddes' theoretical approach to the sociology of the city.
"From the standpoint of its applicability to new countries like America, Professor Geddes' programme is inadequate because of its failure to recognise that a city under these conditions is formed by a rapid and contemporaneous movement of population, and not by the lapse of time. p. 136 The first permanent white settler came to Chicago precisely one hundred years ago, and the city has a population at present of about two and a quarter millions. It is here not a question of slow historic development but of the rapid drifting towards a certain point, of a population from all quarters of the globe, and the ethnological standpoint therefore becomes of more importance than the historical."
1905
1905 American Sociological Society (later Association) founded. The association's website has a substantial history section including A History of the ASA: 1905-1980 by Lawrence J. Rhoades [Offline 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 ]
"Together with the Institut International de Sociologie , and the Sociological Society of London , the American Sociological Society bears witness that a few men and women, in full possession of their senses, are convinced that something is lacking in methods of interpreting human experience, and that the most effective means of supplying the lack must be sought without rather than within the older sciences of society."
The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching was founded by Andrew Carnegie in 1905 and chartered in 1906 by an act of the United States Congress. See 1911 .
1905 Henry Phipps endowed the Phipps Tuberculosis Dispensary at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, under the direction of William Osier (1849- 1919).
Frederic Edward Clements Research Methods in Ecology, which became a standard textbook for ecologists. Clements was Professor of botany at the University of Nebraska from 1905 to 1907 . Arthur Tansley's textbook was published in 1923
11,9.1905 Ceremony to mark the start of building the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (Wikipedia) which, when completed, ran from coast to coast across Canada - approximately 3,600 miles. Sometime before winter 1908/1909, Bertram A. Miller emigrated from London, England to Canada. He began work on the railway in April 1909, writing a two page account of his experiences in Incentive June 1963. In the summer of 1917, Bertram A. Miller "was discharged from the Mile End Military Hospital after a spell of fourteen week's treatment for a shell wound". He was married on the same day. About 1956 , Bertram was admitted to the Ingrebourne Centre , Hornchurch, Essex, England.
1906
April 1906 William Beers worked for the Cadillac Motor Car Company of Detroit until the autumn, when he returned to New Haven and enrolled at Yale Law School.
In the picture a "Runabout" ($750) demonstrates how strong it is by repeatedly leaping the gap without damage.
30.6.1906: Federal Meat Inspection Act effective.
30.6.1906: Pure Food and Drugs Act effective: An Act for preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.
Indiana passed the first USA sterilisation law - See Wikipedia USA sterilisation
Oregon State Institution for the Feeble-Minded founded for feeble-minded, idiotic, and epileptic people. (Became Fairview Hospital and Training Centre in 1933 and Fairview Training Centre in 1979. The State Board of Eugenics was created in 1917. This examined "institutionalised individuals who could produce offspring inheriting inferior or antisocial traits" and made orders directing the superintendent of the institution to perform sterilisation. It became the State Board of Social Protection in 1967 (with restrictions on its powers) and was transferred to the Health Division in 1971. It was not abolished until 1983.
1908 Birth of George Simpson, translator of Durkheim, according to Library of Congress catalogue. See 1933 - 1953 - 1954 - 1950
1908 "The Role of Mental Factors in Psychiatry" by Adolf Meyer . American Journal of Insanity 65. pp 39-56. [Possibly from this that Henderson and Gillespie (1927 p.186) take the quotation "we must consider mental illness, not in terms of clean-cut groups, but of reaction types"]
From 1908 to 1911, David Kennedy Henderson worked with Meyer at Ward's Island. He met Margaret Mabon whilst he was there. In 1911 he went to Munich to study with Kraepelin and Alzheimer and then to London to study with Mott, but returned to work with Meyer in 1912. source
March 1908 Clifford Beers published the first edition of his autobiography A Mind that Found Itself . See Survivors timeline .
Wednesday 6.5.1908 Clifford Beers founded the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene, which Time magazine in 1923 described as "the first organization of its kind" and said "similar bodies have since been initiated in more than 20 states". See 1909
May 1908: "Henry Phipps, a Philadelphia steel magnate and one-time partner of Andrew Carnegie, had been a major benefactor to Hopkins , establishing the Phipps Tuberculosis Dispensary in 1905 . On a May 1908 visit to the Hospital to see how his TB clinic was operating, Phipps asked William Welch (Dean of the School of Medicine) if any other projects needed funding. Welch promptly handed him a copy of A Mind That Found Itself. He pointed out that it had been published with the help of Adolf Meyer, a Swiss-born and -trained pathologist who then was a professor of psychiatry at Cornell, as well as the worlds' first psychobiologist, intent on determining whether biological factors and mental problems were inseparable. Welch liked Meyer's thinking and told Phipps that Hopkins needed to become a leader in this new field of psychiatry, too. Within a month, Phipps agreed to donate $1.5 million to fund a psychiatric department and clinic." (source)
Sunday 31.5.1908 New York Times report on applicants for admission to the "Acute Hospital for the treatment of persons who fear they may become Insane" due to open in July/August in the grounds of the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane. " Observation hospitals similar to this one have been tried with beneficial results in Germany. There is one in this country at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and one of the general hospitals at Albany has established a ward for the same purpose. Institutions similar to the one at Poughkeepeie will be opened soon at Binghamton, Middle-town, and Utica"
Thursday 4.6.1908 or Saturday 6.6.1908 The Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene 's objects were "(a) to protect the mental health of the public at large; (b) to improve conditions among those actually insane and confined; (c) to encourage and aid the study of nervous and mental disorder in all their forms and relations and to disseminate knowledge concerning their causes, treatment and prevention" (Minutes of second meeting quoted Dain, N. 1980 , p. 117 and endnote 5, p.354 have different dates).
Sunday 14.6.1908 New York Times Clinic for study of cure of mental diseases: BALTIMORE, Md., June 14. -- William H. Welsh of the Johns Hopkins announced to-night that Henry Phipps of Pittsburg and New York, just prior to sailing for Europe yesterday, arranged for a large gift to the Johns Hopkins Hospital and University for the founding of a Psychiatric Clinic on the lines of well-known similar institutions in Europe [Heidelberg Clinic? - Munich?] ......
Autumn 1908 Carl Beers taken seriously ill. After residence on a farm and then in a physician's establishment, he was sent to a private sanitarium in New Haven and in 1910 to the Hartford Retreat . Transferred to Bloomingdale Hospital a year and a half later where he was diagnosed with "dementia catatonia" ( Dain, N. 1980 p.136)
Presidency of William H. Taft (Republican) 1909 to 1913
1909
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People founded by W. E. B. DuBois
Thursday 11.2.1909 Clifford Beers founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene - became the National Association of Mental Health in 1950 and the National Mental Health Association in 1979 - Chamberlin 1990
June 1909 William Beers a bond salesman for Halsey and Company in New York for a year 1909-1910.
twentieth anniversary of Clark College, Worcester, Massachusetts,
September 1909 Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung lectured on psychoanalysis at Clark [College] University, Worcester, Massachusetts. The lectures were given in German, but, the following year, they were printed in English as The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis .
G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) also invited Adolf Meyer - Who met Freud and Jung there.
Smith Ely Jelliffe (1866-1945) started the Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph Series in 1909. The list of monographs in 1920 was: 1. Outlines of Psychiatry (7th Edition.) by Dr. William A. White. 2. Studies in Paranoia by Drs. N. Gierlich and M. Friedman. 3. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox by Dr. C.G. Jung. 4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses (3d Edition.) by Professor Sigmund Freud. 5. The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry by Dr Felix Plaut. 6. Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. 7. Three Contributions to Sexual Theory (3rd Edition) by Professor Sigmund Freud. 8. Mental Mechanisms by Dr William A. White. 9. Studies in Psychiatry New York Psychiatrical Society. 10. Handbook of Mental Examination Methods by Shepherd Ivory Franz. 11. The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism by Professor E. Bleuler. 12. Cerebellar Functions by Dr André-Thomas. 13. History of Prison Psychoses by Drs P. Nitsche and K. Wilmanns. 14. General Paresis by Professor E. Kraepelin. 15. Dreams and Myths by Dr Karl Abraham 16. Poliomyelitis by Dr I. Wickmann. 17. Freud's Theories of the Neuroses by Dr E. Hitschmann. 18. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero by Dr Otto Rank. 19. The Theory of Psychoanalysis by Dr. C.G. Jung. 20. Vagotonia (3rd Edition) by Drs Eppinger and Hess. 21. Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales by Dr Ricklin. 22. The Dream Problem by Dr. A.E. Maeder. 23. The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences By Drs O. Rank and D.H. Sachs. 24. Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation by Dr Alfred Adler. 25. The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement by Professor S. Freud. 26. Technique of Psychoanalysis by Dr Smith Ely Jelliffe. 27. Vegetative Neurology by Dr H. Higier. 28. The Autonomic Functions and the Personality by Dr Edward J. Kemp. 29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child by Dr H. Von Hug-Hellmuth. 30. Internal Secretions and the Nervous System by Dr M. Laignel Lavastine. 31. Sleep Walking and Moon Walking by Dr J. Sadger.
1910
USA Congress Chapter Chapter 395 - "An Act to further regulate interstate commerce and foreign commerce by prohibiting the transportation therein for immoral purposes of women and girls, and for other purposes". Otherwise known as "The White Slave Traffic Act" or the "Mann Act". External link to full text - Wikipedia - See, below, 1918
First edition of Abnormal Psychology by Isador H. Coriat published New York: Moffat, Yard, 1910. Published in London by William Rider in 1911. 329 pages. [Dictionary abnormal]
28.12.1910 Adolf Meyer 's resignation from the National Committee for Mental Hygiene "became final" ( Dain, N. 1980 p.151)
"The nature and conception of dementia praecox" by Adolf Meyer, The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol 5(5), December- January 1910-1911, pp 274-285.
1910 William Beers "returned to New Haven and organized United States Aeronautic Company, of which he was president and treasurer; spent the year 1910-1911 abroad studying the progress of aeronautics"
June 1910 Wiliam Beers was at the Quindecennial. The book's preface was signed August 1911. "as president am 'flying' some now and have great faith in this new and fascinating industry. I have just returned from a two months' trip through England, Germany and France, where I made a careful study of the progress being made in aeronautics. We will soon be able to deliver 1912 models to '95 Sheff, and members wishing a ride may correspond with, yours truly."
the Model B was the Wright brothers' most successful aircraft. It was produced from late 1910 to 1914, and during 1911 and 1912, the Wright Company was shipping four Model Bs a month out the factory door.
1911
Heredity and eugenics : a course of lectures summarizing recent advances in knowledge in variation, heredity, and evolution and its relation to plant, animal and human improvement and welfare by William Ernest Castle, John Merle Coulter , Charles Benedict Davenport, Edward Murray East, William Lawrence Tower Given at the University of Chicago during the summer of 1911. Published 1912 by The University of Chicago Press,
1912
Walter Elmore Fernald, (1859-1924), superintendent to about 1906 of Massachusetts School for the Feeble-Minded: article on "The burden of feeble-minded" in the Journal of Psycho-Asthenics
"The feebleminded are a parasitic, predatory class never capable of self-support or managing their own affairs. The great majority ultimately become public charges in some form. They cause unutterable sorrow at home and are a menace to the community. Feebleminded women are invariably immoral... Every feebleminded person, especially the high-grade imbecile, is a potential criminal needing only the proper environment and opportunity for development and expression of his criminal tendencies." [Quotation taken from Segal 1967: p.43 - Hopefully correctly matched with original source]
26.6.1912 Clifford Beers and Clara Louise Jepson married in New Haven.
"One crucial issue on which Clifford and Clara Beers agreed was not to have children... Clifford felt strongly that, because of the mental illness in his family, all the Beers brothers must remain childless... As of 1912 Sam had died of a neurological ailment and two others, Clifford and Carl had had serious breakdowns from which Carl showed little sign of recovering" (Dain, N. 1980 , p.164)
September 1912 The Kallikak Family: A Study in the Heredity of Feeble-Mindedness by Henry Herbert Goddard, Director of the Research Laboratory of the Training School at Vineland, New Jersey , for Feeble-minded Girls and Boys. (External link to copy on Christopher Green's site) - offline book
SUMMARIES OF LAWS RELATING TO THE COMMITMENT AND CARE OF THE INSANE IN THE UNITED STATES Prepared by JOHN KOREN FOR THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR MENTAL HYGIENE
Published by: THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, 50 Union Square, New York, 1912, Publication No. 3
Price: One Dollar, Postpaid [Copy on the internet was a complimentary copy apparently sent to the University of Toronto "PLEASE KEEP US ON YOUR MAILING LIST FOR EXCHANGE OF REPORTS. REPRINTS. ETC."]
President: DR. LEWELLYS F. BARKER
Treasurer: OTTO T. BANNARD
Vice-Presidents: DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH - DR. CHARLES P. BANCROFT
Secretary: MR. CUFFORD W. BEERS
DR. GEORGE BLUMER. Chairman. Executive Committee
PROF. RUSSELL H. CHITTENDEN, Chairman, Finance Committee
DR. WILLIAM L. RUSSELL, Chairman, Committee on the Survey and Improvement of Conditions among the Insane
DR. THOMAS W. SALMON, In charge of Special Studies
MEMBERS
Mrs. Milo M. Acker, Hornell. N. Y.
Jane Addams, Chicago
Edwin A. Alderman, Charlottesville, Va.
James B. Angell, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Dr. Pearce Bailey, New York
Dr. Charles P. Bancroft, Concord, N. H.
Otto T. Bannard, New York.
Dr. Lewellys F. Barker, Baltimore
Dr. Albert M. Barrett, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Dr. Frank Billings, Chicago
Surg. Gen. Rupert Blue, Washington
Dr. George Blumer, New Haven
Dr. G. Alder Blumer, Providence
Russell H. Chittenden, New Haven
Dr. William B. Coley, New York
Dr. Owen Copp, Philadelphia
Dr. Charles L. Dana, New York
Dr. Charles P. Emerson, Indianapolis
W. H. P. Faunce, Providence
Dr. Henry B. Favill, Chicago
Katherine S. Felton, San Francisco
Irving Fisher, New Haven
Matthew C. Fleming, New York
Horace Fletcher, New York
Dr. Frederick Peterson, New York
Henry Phipps, New York
Florence M. Rhett, New York
Jacob A. Riis, New York
Dr. Wm. L. Russell, White Plains, N. Y.
Jacob Gould Schurman, Ithaca
Dr. M. Allen Starr, New York
Anson Phelps Stokes, Jr., New Haven
Melville E. Stone, New York
Sherman D. Thacher, Nordhoff, Cal.
Henry van Dyke, D.D., Princeton
Dr. Henry P. Walcott, Cambridge
Dr. William H. Welch, Baltimore
Benjamin Ide Wheeler, Berkeley, Cal.
Dr. Henry Smith Williams, New York
Robert A. Woods, Boston
The Chief Objects of The National Committee for Mental Hygiene are: To work for the protection of the mental health of the public; to help raise the standard of care for those threatened with mental disorder or actually ill; to promote the study of mental disorders in all their forms and relations and to disseminate knowledge concern- ing their causes, treatment and prevention; to obtain from every source reliable data regarding conditions and methods of dealing with mental disorders; to enlist the aid of the Federal Government so far as may seem desirable; to coordinate existing agencies and help organize in each State in the Union an allied, but independent Society for Mental Hygiene, similar to the existing Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene,
Inquiries regarding the work and requests for publications issued or distributed by the organization should be addressed to Clifford W. Beers, Secretary, The National Committee for Mental Hygiene, Room 1914, No. 50 Union Square, New York City, or to Dr. Thomas W. Salmon at the same address.
Presidency of Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) 1913 to 1921
(See Dewey )
1913-1914 George Merwin Beers shown as Clerk in the Treasurer's Office of the Sheffield Scientific School, Yale University
Hand Book of the Mental Hygiene Movement and Exhibit
Published by the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 50 Union Square, New York City - 1913 - Illustrated - Publication No. 5. Price at Exhibits - 15 Cents or Postpaid - 20 Cents
The first three items of the mental hygiene programme are "eugenics" in the forms of educating people for responsible parenthood and "legislation denying the privilege of parenthood to the manifestly unfit" - "education" including the "development of good mental habits" and a "frank attitude toward sexual matters" - and "social service" providing "assistance in securing adjustment of social and family difficulties".
John B. Watson of Johns Hopkins University published Psychology as a Behaviorist Views it calling for mentalistic concepts of consciousness to be excluded from psychology in favour of external observations of an organism's responses to controlled stimuli.
"Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and content of behavior. I feel that behaviorism is the only consistent and logical functionalism." (Watson, J.B. 1913)
July 1913 to September 1913 International Phytogeographic Excursion in America led by Henry C. Cowles . Arthur George Tansley was a member of the expedition. [ External source]
Phytogeographic: dealing with the geographical distribution of plants. See ecology .
25.8.1913 to 30.8.1913 Fourth International Congress of School Hygiene held in Buffalo. Clifford Beers and Clarence Hincks both attended. 26.8.1913 Toronto Star news report from Buffalo, written by Hincks, praised Clifford Beers and A Mind that Found Itself
Autumn? 1913 Joseph Ward Swain left for Europe, where he remained until 1915. In the winters of 1913/1915 he studied in the "Section des Sciences Religieuses" at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, where Marcel Mauss was chair in the 'history of religion and uncivilized peoples'. As well as preparing a translation into English of Emile Durkheim 's (1912) Les Formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse: le système totémique en Australie , Swain prepared his own dissertation on "Hebrew and Early Christian Asceticism" .
The Woman Rebel a periodical edited in New York by Margaret Sanger, had a heading The Birth Control League, which may have been the earliest use of this term for contraception. [See External link to an article by Miriam Reed which explains why Margaret Sanger was opposed to compulsory sterilisation ]
New term in United States vocabulary traced back to 1914: assembly line: Engineering: "labour costs may be... reduced... by the use of sliding assembly lines" (20th century words). See 1926
The Mental Health of the School Child: the psycho-educational clinic in relation to child welfare, contributions to a new science of orthophrenics and orthosomatics. Main author: J.E. Wallace Wallin. Published: New Haven : Yale University Press, 1914.
February 1914 Opening of the Saskatchewan Hospital, North Battleford, (Canada). Saskatchewan's first mental hospital. The second was opened in 1921 . (external link)
June 1914 to April 1916 William Beers "acted as representative in Western Pennsylvania (at Erie) of Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company of Springfield"
22.9.1914 "Died: Beers - Entered into rest at New Haven, Conn., Sept. 22 1914, Ida Cooke , wife of Roberts A. Beers, aged 71 years 2 months. Funeral services will be private. It is requested that no flowers be sent". New York Times 25.9.1914 . "now William was displaying signs of a breakdown. According to friends this was to much for their mother, Ida Beers , who 'lost initiative and gave up her worries" about her four troubled sons. She died in 1914 at the age of seventy-one. Ninety-year-old Robert Beers followed his wife to the grave two years later" (Dain, N. 1980 , p.171)
Robert Park was at the University of Chicago from 1914 to his retirement in 1933 . He was lecturer in sociology until 1923 and then a professor.
January/February 1915 Release of three hour silent film The Birth of a Nation, which had originally been called The Clansman after the novel of Thomas Dixon on which it was based. See Erin Blakemore on JSTOR Daily 4.2.2015
18.2.1915 William Beers married Julia May, daughter of John William and Julia Maria (Snell) Green, in Danbury. They had no children
Reconstructions of Java Man (Pithecanthropus), Piltdown Man , Neanderthal Man , and Cro-Magnon Man were created in 1914 by Columbia University physical anthropologist James Howard McGregor (1872-1954) for the American Museum of Natural History. Photographs of these appeared in Henry Fairfield Osborn's Men of the Old Stone Age in 1915. (Internet Archive offline )
The four models were key display items in the museum's "Hall of the Age of Man", a project of Osborn's that was opened in 1921, having been in preparation since 1915. See also Pictorial Encyclopedia of 1952.
1917
United States ended its neutrality and entered the First World War on the side of France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Russia etc. The USA had been providing supplies for the anti-German/Austrian forces which caused Germany to attack USA ships with U-Boats, eventually provoking the USA entry in the war on 6.4.1917 until the war's end on 11.11.1918 .
Frederic Edward Clements was a researcher at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, Tucson from 1917 to 1925
"Jazz is based on the savage musician's wonderful gift for progressive retarding and acceleration guided by his sense of 'swing'" Sun (New York)
1917 "Carl' s condition, diagnosed as manic-depressive by experts whom Clifford consulted, seemed to be hopeless: he did not even have lucid intervals. As for William , by 1917 he was in Bloomingdale Hospital , where Clifford visited him and was impressed with his progress, but a year later he still had not recovered" (Dain, N. 1980 , p.188)
26.2.1918 Clifford Beers spoke in Toronto
27.2.1918 Toronto Globe report that the "Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene" was launched.
26.4.1918
Canadian Medical Association Journal June 1918 ; 8(6): pages 551-554.
... there was organized in Ottawa, on April 26th, a Canadian National Committee for Mental Hygiene. Dr. C. K. Clarke, the Medical Director of the Committee, stated the aims of the new organisation, which will deal with the vexed problems of crime, prostitution, pauperism, and un-employment; problems in which mental factors are of primary importance. It is hoped also that this organisation will be able through its influence to be of assistance to the country in solving some of the difficult problems connected with the return to civil life of the mentally abnormal soldiers, as well as those raised by immigration....
... the secretary, Dr Clarence M. Hincks of Toronto University whose perception of the national necessity, and indefatigable efforts have done so much to coordinate the efforts of others ...
Major Pagé, respected and beloved by French and English alike in Quebec, has long been dissatisfied with the inadequate medical examination of immigrants. On the public platform he has time and again deplored the fact that through loose methods at our ports we have been allowing thousands of insane and feeble-minded aliens to enter the Dominion....
[J. D. Pagé , M.D., MAJOR, C.A.M.C. was Chief Medical Officer, Port of Quebec. - Director of Immigation Port of Quebec.
We need additional hospitals for the insane, farm colonies for the feeble- minded and psychiatric departments attached to our, general hospitals. Canada would do well to build and equip several institutions similar to the Phipps Institute at Baltimore where research in connexion with mental diseases could be carried on. Our knowledge concerning many of the psychoses is indeed meagre, and if we would prevent mental breakdowns, if we would check early cases of dementia priecox for example, then more time and thought must be given by the medical profession to psychiatry, and the interest of intelligent men and women must be directed to the conservation of the mental health of the race by developing the qualities of foresight and judgement.
13.4.1918 New York Times "Couple Arrested in Hotel - University of Chicago Professor Found with Army Man's Wife" - "CHICAGO, April 12. - Hinton G. Clabaugh, Chief of the local bureau of the Department of Justice, today announced that his agents last night took into custody Dr. William Isaac Thomas of the Faculty of the University of Chicago, know as an authority on sociology, and a woman said to be the wife of a Texas man, now in France with General Pershing."
The arrest of William Thomas under the 1910 Act prohibiting taking women across state borders for immoral purposes had an adverse effect on his academic standing, even though he was acquitted. (See Wikipedia)
28.6.1918 The United States Chemical Warfare Service (later the Chemical Corps) officially formed, encompassing Gas Service and Chemical Service Sections. (Wikipedia) . Samuel Brody , who had joined the USA Air Force where he served in both the aviation and chemical warfare service until the end of the war.
In 1918 Thorburn Brailsford Robertson (1884-1930) moved from Berkeley to the University of Toronto, Canada. At Berkley, he was succeded by Walter R. Bloor , who moved to the University of Rochester in 1922. Samuel Brody was an assistant biochemist in the University of California Medical School. In 1920 he was nominated by Walter Bloor for a position on the staff of the Department of Dairy Husbandry at the University of Missouri . The appointment was made by Professor Arthur Ragsdale , who remained as administrator and colleague to Brody for the 36 years that Brody spent on the Missouri campus.
1919
The Little Town, especially in its rural relationships by H. Paul Douglass (1871-1953) The Macmillan Company, New York. (External link to copy) - See McKenzie 1925
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American Poetry; An Introduction New York, Harcourt, Bruce and Howe, 1919. xviii introductory and 170 main pages. - Copy at Bartleby
Thursday 16.1.1919 Ratification of the 18th amendment to the United States constitution, prohibiting the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors, with the amendment taking effect on 17.1.1920 . (Repealed by the 21st amendment in 1933)
January 1919 "The Right to Marry. What can a democratic civilisation do about heredity and child welfare?" by Adolf Meyer. Mental Hygiene January 1919. Reprinted in the Canadian Journal of Mental Hygiene Volume 1, No. 2 in July 1919
"If I felt that I had to conceal the fact that my own mother had two attacks of melancholia from which she recovered, I should thereby tacitly corroborate the false efforts at concealment of many others who could not conceal the fact of mental diseases in their family if they tried.
"Why am I able to speak freely to my own progeny about it? Because I have a conviction based on experience and on facts that many a mental disorder is much less ignominious than more than fifty per cent, of the other diseases for which people have to get treatment; that many a nervous or mental disorder is the result of struggling honestly but unwis. ely; that many a former patient becomes a wiser element of the community when restored than the luckier, possibly thoughtless, fellow."
Sunday 9.3.1919 Birth of Douglas Merritte to Arvilla Merritte. Douglas was probably "Little Albert"
April 1919 Canadian Journal of Mental Hygiene (offline)
August 1919 John Edgar Hoover , previously head of the Alien Enemy Bureau, became head of the Bureau of Investigation's new General Intelligence Division established by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. The Intelligence Division compiled files on more than 60,000 known or suspected radicals which were the basis of the "Palmer Raids" on 7.11.1919 and in January 1920. After the November raid, 249 aliens were deported to Russia. The January (and subsequent) raids resulted in the arrest of several thousand communists and suspected communists. (Mandelbaum 1964 p.97)
History of Education website stresses the international stature of John Dewey during the 1920s
1920 Talcott Parsons went to Amherst College, Massachusetts with an interest in biology and medicine. However, he became interested in economics and, like Max Weber, sought to study this in its full social context. From 1924, he studied in Europe . In 1926 he returned to Amherst College to teach economics
February 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner of Johns Hopkins University published Conditioned Emotional Reactions in which they reported their pioneer behaviour modification experiments making baby Albert B terrified of a tame rat, other animals, and cuddly toys by banging a steel bar behind him. (Journal of Experimental Psychology Volume 3. issue 1 February 1920, pages 1-14)
"Abstract: If the theory advanced by Watson and Morgan (in 'Emotional Reactions and Psychological Experimentation,' American Journal of Psychology, April, 1917, Vol. 28, pp. 163-174) to the effect that in infancy the original emotional reaction patterns are few, consisting so far as observed of fear, rage and love, then there must be some simple method by means of which the range of stimuli which can call out these emotions and their compounds is greatly increased. Otherwise, complexity in adult response could not be accounted for. These authors without adequate experimental evidence advanced the view that this range was increased by means of conditioned reflex factors. It was suggested there that the early home life of the child furnishes a laboratory situation for establishing conditioned emotional responses. The present authors present their experimental findings of conditioned fear responses in a male infant beginning at 11 months of age."
Mary Ickes Watson discovered her husband was sexually involved with Rosalie (who he later married) and divorced him. The divorce ended Watson's academic career and he subsequently wrote his psychology in a more popular style. "The immense popularity of behaviourism among the general public in America in the 1920s and 1930s may in part be attributable to the appeal of Watson's popular writings" (Broadhurst, P.L. 1967) - Curt Richter succeded Watson and the Psychology Laboratory was renamed the Psychobiology laboratory. [Curt Richter had married Phyllis Greenacre in the spring of 1920]
April 1920 Mr and Mrs Watson separate as a result of his affair with Rosalie Rayner . October 1920 Watson asked to resign. 24.12.1920 The Watsons' divorce finalised. 31.12.1920 Rosalie marries John.
1921
Introduction to the Science of Sociology , by Robert Ezra Park and Ernest W. Burgess - Howard Odum says that "Park and Burgess" became the "best known pair of American sociologists in the textbook world". It became the "Bible of Sociology" for Chicago graduates - See dictionary ecology
Warder Clyde Allee became assistant professor of zoology at the University of Chicago in 1921. From 1925 to 1927 he was dean in the colleges and from 1928 to 1950: professor of zoology. Keith Benson (2002) links his name to that of Robert Park (above), arguing that, under Allee
"the Chicago school of ecology... began to emphasize studies of community structure ... adopting a sociological spin... sociologist, Thomas [Robert] Park, brought to ecology his own bias for studying the role of community structure. The influence of Park was noticeable and immediate, especially in Allee's early animal aggregation work, published in 1927 and 1931 (Allee, 1927, Allee, 1931). Missing was the traditional emphasis on physical factors, now replaced by the interactions of the organisms making up the community. Then Thorsten Gislen published his influential work in what he called "marine sociology" , noting the plant-animal communities characteristic of marine community structure (Gislen, 1930 , 1931). Gislen first characterized the nature of the physical environment he was investigating, then provided the ��associations�� that inhabited that specific environment."
Herbert Hoover's 's research groups
Herbert Hoover was United States Secretary of Commerce from 5.3.1921 to 21.8.1928. Then President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 .
Believing in the power of scientific data and data-gathering, he promoted research into business and industrial topics.
1921 Hoover appointed a committee of the President 's Conference on Unemployment which, in 1923 produced a study of business cycles and unemployment. The aim was to stabilize the economy and help prevent a recurrence of the post- World War one business slump of 1920-1921.
1929 Publication of Recent Economic Changes in the United States
As President , he initiated the sister study, Recent Social Trends in the United States. This was not published until 1933 .
"the most comprehensive mirror that the 1920s held up to itself" (source)
1929 President Hoover instituted a Research Commission on Urban Problems. One of the participants was Roderick McKenzie - (source: Italian Wikipedia)
William Fielding Ogburn was research director of President Herbert Hoover's Committee on Social Trends from 1930 to 1933.
1921 American Medico-Psychological Association became the American Psychiatric Association
17.6.1921 Sophie Brody gave birth to Eugene Bloor Brody . Shown in the 1940 Census as born in Missouri. "Dr Brody was born and raised in an academic environment in Columbia, Missouri". He obtained a master's degree in experimental psychology in 1941 from the University of Missouri - He met Marian Holen - marriage - army - January 1948 - 1957: Maryland Medical School - In 1950s and 1960s on boards of Maryland and National Mental Health Associations - 1967 to death: Editor-in-Chief Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease - 22.11.1980 - 1981 : President World Federation for Mental Health - 1981 : Edith Morgan - Judi Chamberlin - Kerstin Nilsson - 1983WFMH - From 1983 : voluntary Secretary General World Federation for Mental Health - Died Saturday 13.3.2010
See Walter Bloor - Ragsdale AC, and Samuel Brody's "The effect of temperature on the percentage of fat in milk. A first report." was published in the Journal of Dairy Science in 1922
This picture is without a dust cover. Another bookseller describes a copy as "pale gray paper covered boards, dull green cloth backstrap, with decorative green and blind-stamping design to front cover, in a dull gray paper dustwrapper printed in green". The price asked for that copy was $425 (£218..23) June 1921? Charlotte Mew's Saturday Market published by Macmillan in the United States. Click on the cover to go to a bookseller's web page that says: "First edition. Sara Teasdale's copy with her signature, dated June 1921, on the front flyleaf. She signs using her married name, Sara Teasdale Filsinger. Teasdale married Ernst B. Filsinger in 1914, and moved with him to New York in 1916. They divorced in 1929. Tragically, both Teasdale and English poet, Charlotte Mew, committed suicide. Mew, a Bloomsbury native with a family history of mental illness, went into a severe depression following the death of her sister. She took her life in 1928 by drinking disinfectant. After suffering from a severe case of pneumonia which left her an invalid, Teasdale overdosed on barbiturates in 1933"
Restricted to just 250 sets of imported sheets of the UK (Poetry Bookshop) edition - Consequently now expensive
Introductory blurb:
In Saturday Market there's eggs a plenty
And dead alive ducks with their legs tied down,
Grey old gaffers and boys of twenty -
Girls and the women of the town -
Pitchers and sugar-sticks, ribbons and laces,
Posies and whips and dicky-bird's seed,
Silver pieces and smiling faces,
In Saturday Market they've all they need.
But there is more than this in Saturday Market; there is tragedy, just as in the great market of the world. The poems of this young Englishwoman are Saturday market poems: there are farmers, there are forest roads, quiet country houses and country children, and through the beauty and dancing rhyme of their simple stories runs one and another tragedy which cuts through with a hint of drama.
23.7.1921 Louis Untermeyer's review of Saturday Market in The New York Evening Post. The article was expanded to become an introductory essay to Charlotte Mew's poems in the 1925 edition of Modern British Poetry [Falkenberg 2005 p.36]
(in alphabetical order) anatomy, anthropology, anthropometry, archaeology, biography, biology, economics, ethnology, education, genealogy, genetics, geography, geology, history, law, medicine, mental testing, physiology, politics, psychiatry, psychology, religion, sociology, statistics, surgery,
Exhibit depicting the states with compulsory sterilisation legislation in the United States in 1921.
December 1921 Opening of the Saskatchewan Hospital, North Battleford, (Weyburn). Saskatchewan's second mental hospital. The first was opened in 1914 .
Two anthologies with poems by Charlotte Mew
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American and British Poetry Published New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company [copyright 1922] xxv introductory, 371 pages. - See Charlotte Mew - See 1923 . There was a revised and enlarged edition in 1928 (496 pages) In 1944 a "Modern American and British poetry ... by Louis Untermeyer" was brought out as two volumes (American and British) for the American Armed Forces. It was a "combined edition of the sixth revision of Modern American poetry and fifth revision of Modern British poetry"
The Bookman Anthology of Verse 1922, edited by John Chipman Farrar (1896- ), New York, George H. Doran company. The preface is dated September 1922. The Library of Congress Catalogue says there is a series, copyright 1922 onwards, finishing 1927. "1922-1927 Bound volumes: Inventory in progress"
See Charlotte Mew
About 1922 Marian Elizabeth Holen born Illinois. See 1940 census - She earned an undergraduate degree in psychology from the University of Missouri, where she met her future husband, Dr. Eugene B. Brody , who was to become chairman of psychiatry at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.
She moved east to be closer to her fiance and became an instructor for a Navy program at Brown University in Providence, R.I., where she also received a master's degree in experimental psychology. - marriage - January 1948 - Died March 2008
11.12.1922 "International Mental Hygiene" revised verbatim report of the informal talks at the luncheon-meeting of the Organising Committee of the International Committee for Mental Hygiene (in process of formation), New York City. Attendance included Auguste Ley from Belgium as well as representatives of the USA, Canada and Brazil. Auguste Ley said that if Clifford Beers could
"come to Europe as General Secretary of the Organizing Committee to speak to various people it would be very important for the preparation of the Congress and also increase interest in the International Committee's plan"
1923 (George) Sylvester Viereck interviewed Sigmund Freud. He also interviewed Adolph Hitler "a widely read. thoughtful and self-made man" who, "if he lived, would make history"
The neighborhood : a study of local life in the city of Columbus, Ohio by Roderick Duncan McKenzie published by the University of Chicago Press. [Published also as his Ph.D. thesis by the University of Chicago in 1921 "Reprinted from the American Journal of Sociology , volume 27, September, 1921; November, 1921; January, 1922; March, 1922; and May, 1922."
Lynn Thorndike, (1882-1965) A History of Magic and Experimental Science Volumes 1 and 2, The first thirteen centuries of our era [See Park, R.E. 1925/7
1923: Advertisers find a media to work in: In Advertising and Selling, by 150 advertising and sales executives edited by Noble T. Praigg (Garden City, New York: Doubleday, Page and company for the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World. 483 pages) S. M. Fechheimer provided an article "Class appeal in mass-media" and wrote about "The several million readers of a big mass medium". G. Snow in the same book (page 240) said "Mass media represents the most economical way of getting the story over the new and wider market in the least time."
17.6.1923 Sophie Brody gave birth to Arnold Jason Brody. Her two sons were Eugene and Arnold. Sophie's psychosis began in their childhood. She was at home in the 1940 Census .
Louis Untermeyer editor: Modern American and British Poetry. With suggestions for study by Olive Ely Hart Published New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company [copyright 1923] xxv introductory pages, 403 main pages, Bibliography: p.399.
2.5.1923 to July 1923 Clifford and Clara Beers tour of Europe: Gheel in Belgium - Paris - London. See International Committee for Mental Hygiene
Monday 19.11.1923 Time magazine article about Clifford Beers
Mental Hygiene
Fifteen years ago there was no organized effort in any nation to combat mental disease and defect. Conditions in institutions for the insane and feeble-minded had advanced little since the time when "Bedlam" was first contracted from "St. Mary's of Bethlehem," an English asylum. The idea of forestalling and preventing the development of mental disorders was a novelty.
About 1900 a young man not long out of the university had an attack of amnesia (loss of memory occurring in some forms of insanity) and wandered about the country" [appears to be a Time magazine fantasy.] suffering harrowing vicissitudes for three years. In time he recovered and returned to his family and to normal life. But he retained a vivid memory of his experiences, set them down in a manuscript, resolved to turn them to account for human welfare. William James and a few other far-sighted gentlemen encouraged him.
The young man was Clifford Whittingham Beers; the book, his graphic autobiography, A Mind That Found Itself. In 1908 Mr Beers founded the Connecticut Society for Mental Hygiene, the first organization of its kind. Similar bodies have since been initiated in more than 20 states. Mr. Beers has devoted his life and resources to the movement, has raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. In 1909 he founded the National Committee for Mental Hygiene, of which he has been Secretary ever since. He was instrumental in starting a correlative agency in Canada. Other countries followed suit. Four years ago, Mr. Beers took the first step toward world-wide cooperation in mental hygiene. In 1925 in Manhattan will be held the First International Congress on Mental Hygiene. The participation of the great European countries has been promised and Mr Beers has secured the personal approval of King Albert of Belgium, Cardinal Mercier, Georges Clemenceau (once a physician in a Paris insane hospital), David Lloyd George, Sir Eric Geddes, Sir Maurice Craig (of Guy's Hospital, London) and other leaders.
Dr. William H. Welch , Dean of the School of Hygiene and Public Health of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, was elected President of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene at its annual meeting last week, succeeding Dr. Walter B. James, professor of clinical medicine at Columbia. Dr. Welch is the most distinguished pathologist and bacteriologist in the United States. Now 73 years old, he has been since his interne years at old Bellevue one of the most versatile and influential figures in the American and world public health movements. Among other officers of the Mental Hygiene Committee are Dr. Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard, and Dr. Bernard Sachs, of New York, Vice Presidents, and Otto T. Bannard (Manhattan banker), Treasurer. The Medical Director is Dr. Frankwood E. Williams, successor to Dr. Thomas W. Salmon, who is now Medical Adviser.
The Committee's chief accomplishments :
1) Collection and standardization of statistics from state institutions throughout the U. S.
2) Publication of a high-class Journal, Mental Hygiene.
3) Establishment, in cooperation with the Commonwealth Fund and other agencies, of a "Joint Committee on Prevention of Delinquency," which conducts child clinics and demonstrations in Dallas, St. Louis, St. Paul, Minneapolis and other cities, as well as in foreign countries.
[REST OF ARTICLE NOT AVAILABLE]
mental health history
Institution Statistics According to Official Figures
On January 1, 1923, patients in public institutions of the United States numbered: insane hospitals, 290,457; psychopathic wards of general hospitals, 1,842; institutions for feeble minded, 46,722; institutions for epileptics, 9,153. In addition there were confined in federal penitentiaries, 2,010; in state prisons, reformatories, etc., 19,518; in county and city jails, workhouses, etc., 147,489; in institutions for juvenile delinquents, 29,385.
Rather disconcerting figures have been assembled by H. M. Pollock, statistician to the New York State Hospital Commission. From 1880 to 1920 the number of insane patients of institutions in the whole country has increased from 40,942 to 232,680 and the ratio of patients in institutions to 100,000 of populations from 81.6 to 220.1. This, of course, does not mean a proportionate increase in insanity as a much larger percentage of insane patients now is confined in institutions...
One important principle is that the rate of mental disease is greater among inferior stocks than among superior stocks. This is difficult to demonstrate by census statistics which take no account of the quality of family stock. The general birth rate in late years has markedly declined and it is generally believed that the decline has been greatest among superior stocks. If this trend continues, the people of the future will become more and more susceptible to mental disease...
The rates of dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis are both increasing, and if nothing is discovered to curb these diseases, while new discoveries continue to be made in the realm of bodily disease, then mental disease will supersede physical disease as the paramount social problem in the not distant future.
10.5.1924 John Edgar Hoover promoted to Director of the Bureau of Investigation in succession to William J. Burns.
1925
An Act prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities, Normals and all other public schools of Tennessee, which are supported in whole or in part by the public school funds of the State, and to provide penalties for the violations thereof. (external link)
13.6.1928 Birth of John Forbes Nash, Junior. See 1998 - 2001 -
24.5.1928 The American Foundation for Mental Hygiene was incorporated in Delaware. Its function was to receive and disburse funds for projects of the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. The first major project was the International Congress on Mental Hygiene, planned for April 1929. The congress actually was delayed until May 1930.
18.4.1928 Howard Becker : "I was born in Chicago, Illinois on April 18, 1928. (I will just mention that this is the date of the Great Earthquake and Fire in San Francisco in 1906. Make what you will of that.)" (Howie's page) . See 1966 "Whose Side are We On?" - 1996? Howie's Home Page - publications
"I wanna be loved by you
just you and nobody else but you
I wanna be loved by you - alone.
"'Capitalism' in Recent German Literature: Sombert and Weber" by Talcott Parsons published in The Journal of Political Economy in December 1928 and January 1929
Presidency of Herbert Hoover (Republican) 1929 to 1933
Letter from Barry C. Smith (New York) Director of the Commonwealth Fund published in the Journal of the American Medical Association
"In THE JOURNAL, February 16, in the London letter, is a statement with the subheading "Psychoanalysis for Children" which refers to a child guidance clinic about to be established in London which the Commonwealth Fund is supporting. This statement is a duplicate of an article which appeared in an English newspaper and is entirely erroneous in its statement that children are to be psychoanalyzed in this clinic.
The child guidance clinic in London will be conducted along precisely the same lines as similar activities financed by the Commonwealth Fund in this country. Psychoanalysis will have no part in it. . . .
5.5.1930 to 10.5.1930: First International Congress on Mental Hygiene , Washington DC . [See Lord. J.R. American Psychiatry] - The second congress was held in Paris in 1937
27.8.1930 William Cooke Beers took his own life at Bloomingdale Hospital where he had been a patient for over two years. Buried in Wooster Cemetry. Survived by (second) wife, son by first wife , and three brothers George, Carl and Clifford. (Yale obituary)
8.9.1930 First Blondie Boopadoop comic strip by Murat Bernard "Chic" Young (1901-1973). One of his flighty flappers she dated playboy Dagwood Bumstead, son of the millionaire, J. Bolling Bumstead, a railroad magnate, along with several other boyfriends. (Sara W. Duke - Library of Congress) - Blondie reveals her urge to seduce her boyfriends' fathers
Blondie married and took up mental health counselling in 1950
1930 George Herbert Mead 's course in Social Psychology on which students based Mind, Self and Society
December 1930 Over three days, George Herbert Mead gave the Carus Lectures at a meeting of the American Philosophical Association in Berkeley
External link Dewey criticises the practices of progressive educators
Torsten Gislen, 1930. Epibiosis of the Gullman fjord. 1. A Study in Marine Sociology
"A trout rising to a fly gets hooked on a line and finds himself unable to swim about freely, he begins a fight which results in struggles and splashes and sometimes an escape. Often, of course, the situation is too tough for him."
"In the same way the human being struggles with his environment and with the hooks that catch him. Sometimes he masters his difficulties; sometimes they are too much for him. His struggles are all that the world sees and it usually misunderstands them. It is hard for a free fish to understand what is happening to a hooked one."
[Opening lines of?] The Human Mind by Karl A. Menninger , M.D. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1930 - See the Fish pamphlet 1973
1931
James Truslow Adams in The Epic of America coined the term "the American Dream" for
""that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement"
1932
3.2.1932 Stuart Hall born, Kingston, Jamaica . His father was a business executive with the United Fruit Company . His mother (previously Hopwood) "was brought up in a beautiful house on the hill, above a small estate". Her relatives included a doctor and a lawyer trained in England. Her uncle was "local white" (almost white) and that side of the family were fairer and of a higher class than his father's side. His grandfather on his father's side kept a drugstore in a poor village. His family was "ethnically very mixed- African, East Indian, Portuguese, Jewish". Stuart was a student at Jamaica College . Stuart moved to England in 1951 on a Rhodes Scholarship .
23.6.1932 George Beers body found in the Housatonic River, near Stockbridge, Massachusetts. He had killed himself. [George had been supporting Carl , financially, in hospital. After his death, their cousin Caroline took over the support]
Motion Pictures and Youth. The Payne Fund Studies included Movies and Conduct by Herbert Blumer and Movies, Delinquency, and Crime by Blumer and Philip Hauser.
The Metropolitan Community by Roderick McKenzie published
9.5.1933 New York Times "Dr H.A. Cotton , Psychiatrist, Dead - Internationally Known for Pioneer Methods in the Treatment of Insane - FOUND A PHYSICAL BASIS - Traced Many Mental Disorders to Teeth While Head of New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton" (article reproduced Honigfeld 2009 page 171).
3.9.1933 Birth of Loren Richard Mosher (died 10.7.2004). See Wikipedia - England 1996 - England 1999
November 1933 George Simpson 's preface (New York City) to his translation of Emile Durkheim's Division of Labour in Society . The second major work by Durkheim to be translated into English. The translator almost suggests it was the first:
"This volume I hope marks the beginning of interest in this country in Durkheim's work... my friend and former teacher, Mr George E. G. Catlin , is now supervising a translation of Les Règles de la méthode sociologique ... Dr Talcott Parsons ... is writing an essay on Durkheim.."
Catlin's Rules was published in 1938 . Simpson does not mention The Elementary Forms of Religious Life , translated in 1915 , but does say
"The reputation of Durkheim in this country has suffered from the criticism of anthropologists, but that is because he was not an anthropologist; he made great contributions to anthropology, but it was not his métier" (p.xi)
George Simpson was an undergraduate at Cornell University, where he was taught by George Edward Gordon Catlin. Simpson began his translation of the Division of Labour in Society whilst still an undergraduate. He taught at Columbia University. The translation of Durkheim into English was carried out in the United States, but some of those involved were British, or born in Britain.
August 1934 Alcatraz became a civilian prison.
13.6.1934 By an amendment to the Code to Govern the Making of Talking, Synchronized and Silent Motion Pictures the Production Code Administration was established and all films released on or after 1.7.1934 were required to obtain a certificate of approval before being released.
12.11.1934 Charles Manson born. See psychiatrists - Sharon Tate murder - Manson sanity - verdict - 1974 book - mentally ill?
"Born in Kentucky in 1934, Charles Manson is the man responsible for the serial killings of Sharon Tate and her friends. In 1967, after spending most of his adult life in prison, Manson moved to the San Francisco area in California and gathered a group of followers, which he referred to as "the family." Inspired by the Beatles song "Helter Skelter" -- a song actually about an amusement park ride -- he became convinced of an impending race war and nuclear assault. It was August 9, 1969 when four Family members, Tex Watson, Patricia Krenwinkel, Susan Atkins, and Linda Kasabian, entered the house at 10050 Cielo Drive in Beverly Hills, California and killed Sharon Tate, pregnant wife of Roman Polanski, along with four friends, Abigail Folger, Jay Sebring, Voytek Frykowski and Steven Parent. Manson himself wasn't present for the killings. Manson was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder on January 15, 1971." Original Wikipedia entry 3.3.2002
30.6.1935 Bureau of Investigation renamed the Federal Bureau of Investigation
November 1935 Death of Carl Beers in the Connecticut State Hospital at Middletown, where he had been for twenty-three years.
1936
William LLoyd Warner "American Class and Caste " American Journal of Sociology 42 - Wikipedia - Argued that immigrants were absorbed into citizenship through the melting pot of assimilation into USA society. This did not happen with the former slave populations of black African-Americans because of the persistence of attitudes from the slave period. Black African-Americans are in a caste situation rather than a class situation.
1936 George Eaton Simpson The Negro in the Philadelphia Press. [Philadelphia], "An analysis of Negro material published in the Philadelphia record, Public ledger, Evening bulletin and Philadelphia inquirer during 1908-1932."
1936 Harold Lasswell Politics; who gets what, when, how?
Franz Neumann, legal adviser to the German SDP, was arrested in April 1933 , escaped in May and then worked at the London School of Economics. In 1936 he came to the United States and joined the Institute of Social Research, then affiliated with Columbia University . Herbert Marcuse published Reason and Revolution - Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory in 1941 . Neumann published Behemoth in 1942 . After the war, Neumann joined the faculty of Columbia University (Department of Government). He died in a car accident in Switzerland on 2.9.1954
"There is a growing body of evidence, though none of it is clearly conclusive, to the effect that our class structure is becoming rigidified and that vertical mobility is declining."
Included the first appearance of Merton's famous table of possible adaptations to cultural strain.
1938 Durkheim's The Rules of Sociological Method (Eighth edition) translated by Sarah A. Solovay and John H. Mueller, and edited (with an introduction) by George Edward Gordon Catlin . Published Chicago, 1938, University of Chicago Sociological Series. Republished in 1950 by the Free Press . This was the third translation of Durkheim's major works into English.
1939
1939 Neanderthal in a hat might pass for normal in New York.
Picture by Carleton Coon . Coon argued artists' impressions depend very much on superficial things like dress and haircut.
(See Southampton and anonymous lecture notes )
Robert Merton taught at Tulane University in New Orleans from 1939 to 1941.
"Before I went to Chicago as a graduate student in 1939, I had been directed to the writings of Dewey , Thomas and Park by Floyd House, who had been a student of Park in the early twenties. House never mentioned Mead that I can recollect. But within a week of my arrival at Chicago, I was studying Mead's Mind, Self and Society , directed to it by Herbert Blumer , who as a young instructor had taught Mead's class after Mead's unexpected death" (Anslam Strauss 1956)
23.1.1939 Birth of Edward Verne Roberts. See 1980 - 1983 - Died 14.3.1995 - Wikipedia
May/June 1939 Clifford Beers resigned from his duties on the National Committee for Mental Hygiene. 8.6.1939 Clifford Beers signed voluntary admission papers to the Butler Hospital , Providence, Rhode Island.
June 1939 The ship St Louis refused permission to land Jewish refugees from Germany in Cuba. She sailed for Florida. The refugees were refused entry to the USA and Canada. Germany used the ship as a propaganda exercise to demonstrate the international undesirability of Jews. Heroically, the ship's German Captain, Gustav Schroeder, stalled on the voyage back, refusing to return to Germany until he had found a safe haven for his Jewish passengers in European countries. (Jewish Virtual Library - Wikipedia - Righteous among the nations - Holocaust Memorial Museum - Katherine Baxter Local Preacher Girl )
1940 USA Census: Sophie Brody . Age at Time of Census: 50
Estimated Birth Year: 1890 Birth Location: California
Residence: Ward 3, Columbia, Columbia Township, Boone, MO
Relationship to Head of Household: Wife
Samuel Brody Samuel Brody 50 yrs, Male
Daughter Marian Holen 18
Daughter Dorothy Holen 16
Tuesday 5.3.1940 The Bend Bulletin , Bend, Oregon, Tuesday afternoon. "Washington. Government chemists have developed and proved a new drug, known as phenothiazine, which will kill insects without injury to warm-blooded animals, including man"
Phenothiazine
Pheno thiazine is a synthesised (man-made) compound.
The phenothiazine formula is C12H9NS. The molecule consists of two benzene rings joined by a sulphur atom and a nitrogen atom.
It was forst prepared in 1883 by the German chemist, [Heinrich] August Bernthsen (29.8.1855 - 26.11.1931). Bernthsen was engaged in structural studies on Lauth's violet and methylene blue, and phenothiazine became the parent compound of the thiazine dyes. (source)
The newspaper cutting says it was discovered in 1894 . This could refer to the word entering English in M'Gowan's Bernthsen of 1894. In 1893 (England and France) and 1894 (USA) Bernthsen and Paul Julius patented "a new blue dye which fixes itself on cotton goods and the like from a boiling neutral or alkaline bath without the aid of a mordant".
Phenothiazine was discovered to have insecticidal properties in 1934 - See 1937 .
1941
1941 The search for a way to produce penicillin in quantities that could be used for medicine moved from Oxford, England, to Peoria, Illinois in the United States. The search was on for moulds. A local woman, Mary Hunt, brought in a mouldy cantaloupe from a fruit market. This doubled the yield. By 1943 penicillin was being used succesfully on war wounds.
George Peter Murdock 1941 in Sociometry 4 p.146 "The nuclear or individual family, consisting of father, mother, and children, is universal; no exceptions were found in our 220 societies". - See 1949
1941 Paul Lazarsfeld and Robert Merton appointed to Columbia University . (Merton appointed professor 1947). Appointments "made in part to resolve differences between MacIver and Lynd over the Department's future direction. Lazarsfeld and Merton were expected to sustain Lynd's and MacIver's respective emphases on empirical and theoretical styles of sociology. Instead, they found common ground in research inspired by "middle-range theory" - testable propositions, derived from fundamental theory, addressing observable phenomena. Their collaboration modernized Giddings ' founding vision and pervasively influenced the discipline all over the world." (source)
"The Columbia department of the 40s and 50s (the great days of that department) looked quite monolithic, the "tradition" they espoused a combination of Merton's theorizing and Lazarsfeld's hustling of survey contracts out of which sociological silk purses could be made. But there were other people there then, who get left out when the story is told. And other kinds of work done too." (Becker, H. 1999)
17.2.1941 Henry Luce Life magazine editorial calling for the creation of the first great American Century:
"Throughout the 17th century and the 18th century and the 19th century , this continent teemed with manifold projects and magnificent purposes. Above them all and weaving them all together into the most exciting flag of all the world and of all history was the triumphal purpose of freedom.
It is in this spirit that all of us are called, each to his own measure of capacity, and each in the widest horizon of his vision, to create the first great American Century."
1942 Susan Estelle (Su) Budd born
"In February 1942, Major General James C. Magee, The Surgeon General, following the example of the previous wartime Surgeon General, established a separate Neuropsychiatry Branch. Colonel Madigan was appointed chief of the new branch. This branch, however, unlike the independent division of World War 1, was one of several branches under the Professional Service Division". (source)
22.6.1942 The Pledge of Allegiance became official: "I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, With Liberty and Justice for all". However, in 1943. the United States Supreme Court ruled that school children could not be forced to recite the Pledge as part of their daily routine.
American Dream 1931 - Two nations 1944 - Merton on American culture 1949 - McCarthy and The Lonely Crowd 1950 - The peril from within - The peril from communism and the peril of God's judgement 1952 - McCarthy's investigations and Totalitarianism 1953 - "one nation under God, indivisible" 1954 - "In God We Trust" 1955 and 1956 - "I changed Gods" 1968
1943
Music based christian evangelism to "youth" started in the United States - where the war was abroad - and was reflected in Britain when the bombs had stopped. In the United States, live radio was used as part of mass gatherings.
1944
An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy by Gunnar Myrdal, with the assistance of Richard Sterner and Arnold Rose. Published New York and London, by Harper and Brothers in two volumes, paged continuously with 1483 pages. . Volume one: "The Negro in a White Nation". Volume two: "The Negro Social Structure" - Wikipedia - See 1938 - 2004 -
1944 The first official meeting of WANA (We Are Not Alone) is held at the Third Street YMCA in Manhattan. The meeting grew from a self-help group that started at Rockland State Hospital . It was organised by Michael Obolensky , a former patient, and Elizabeth Schermerhorn, a former volunteer. Ten members and Ms. Schermerhorn were present. (source) - "The origins of Fountain House lie in the idea which inspired a small group of people back in the early 1940s - the belief that people with mental illness are capable of helping each other. In a little more than sixty years, that vision has yielded a supportive community that annually helps some 1300 people in New York City and is the inspiration for 55,000 people in Fountain House model programs around the world."
September 1944 Eugene Brody received his MD from Harvard. The following day he marrried Marian Holen . The following day she returned to Brown University to complete her Masters degree and he began psychiatric training at Yale. New Haven, Connecticut. Marian Brody enrolled as a doctoral student at Yale. She worked simultaneously as a psychologist in a clinic in New Haven for servicemen returning from World War Two combat. Eugene is quoted as saying (obituary) "She spoke of the trouble the servicemen experienced after the obliteration of civilised rules for living they experienced in combat. She was impressed by the residual damage done to these young men in World War Two." Her work was interrupted in 1946 when her husband was assigned to interview Nazi prisoners of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, Germany. She asked to join him, but was told that that it might take a year for the Army to arrange transportation. She booked passage from New York to France on one of the first ships to be converted to passenger use after the war. She arrived at Le Havre, France, in November 1946 during one of the coldest winters on record. "She recognized me from the tender ferrying her to the dock by the light of fires burning in oil drums to furnish some heat," her husband recalled, adding that he had spent the night in a room above a bar waiting for her. Once in Nuremberg, she applied for a job at the prison. She was told that no women were allowed to work there for fear that they might be taken hostage by imprisoned Nazis, her husband recalled. The Brodys returned to New Haven, where they were affiliated with Yale until moving to Baltimore in 1957. As a volunteer for 25 years in Baltimore, Mrs. Brody was a mainstay of WICS, Women in Community Service, interviewing disadvantaged post- adolescent girls applying for their programs and managing the data processing operations, her husband said.
Ernest Watson Burgess and Harvey J. Locke, 1945/1950: The Family from Institution to Companionship .
"The modern democratic family has the following characteristics: 1) freedom of choice of a mate on the basis of romance, companionship, compatibility, and common interests; 2) independence from their parents of the young people after marriage; 3) the assumption of equality of husband and wife; 4) decisions reached by discussion between husband and wife in which children participate increasingly with advancing age; and 5) the maximum of freedom for its members consistent with the achieving of family objectives." (pages 21-22)
"The basic thesis of this book is that the family has been in historical times in transition from an institution with family behaviour controlled by the mores public opinion, and law to a companionship with family behaviour arising from the mutual affection and consensus of its members" (pages 26-27)
History of family types developed from Die Familie (1912). Large patriarchal type most closely approximates institutional family. Burgess and Locke say "The Industrial Revolution paved the way for the breakdown of the small patriarchal family (p.21). They quote (p.29) Spencer (1876) in relation to the transition.
"The modern American family residing in the apartment house areas of the city approximates most nearly the ideal type of companionship family" page 27)
23.1.1945 Edward Celler said in a speech "The Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities is now a standing investigatory committee with power to initiate legislation".
[See Records of the U.S. House of Representatives - Record Group 233 - Records of the House Un-American Activities Committee, 1945-1969 (renamed the) House Internal Security Committee, 1969-1976 - Prepared by Charles E. Schamel, Center for Legislative Archives National Archives and Records Administration July 1995
April 1945 Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore, "Some Principles of Social Stratification", American Sociological Review volume 10 pages 242-249. First page - (External summary) . "Social inequality is...an unconsciously evolved device by which societies ensure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons".
1945 Postwar Order
Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991) by Fredric Jameson Late capitalism
Mandel suggests that the basic new technological prerequisites third stage (long wave) of capitalism (late capitalism) were available by the end of World War Two , which also had the effect of reorganising international relations , decolonising the colonies, and laying the groundwork for the emergence of a new economic world system.
The economic preparation of postmodernism or late capitalism began in the 1950s , after the wartime shortages of consumer goods and spare parts had been made up, and new products and new technologies (not least those of the media ) could be pioneered.
Culturally , however, the precondition is to be found in the enormous social and psychological transformations of the 1960s , which swept so much of tradition away on the level of mentalités.
The psychic habitus of the new age demands the absolute break, strengthened by a generational rupture, achieved more properly in the 1960s
The Americanocentrism of my own particular account is justified only to the degree that it was the brief "American century" (1945-1973) that constituted the hothouse, or forcing ground, of the new system, while the development of the cultural forms of Postmodernism may be said to be the first specifically North American global style.
Both levels, infrastructure and superstructures - the economic system and the cultural "structure of feeling" - somehow crystallised in the great shock of the crises of 1973 (the oil crisis, the end of the international gold standard, for all intents and purposes the end of the great wave of "wars of national -xxliberation" and the beginning of the end of traditional communism), which, now that the dust clouds have rolled away, disclose the existence, already in place, of a strange new landscape.
9.9.1945 Janet Foner born. "a psychiatric survivor with a master's degree, M.P.S.SC., in community psychology". From 1978 on Janet helped develop the movement of psychiatric survivors within the International Re-evaluation Counselling Communities. Co-drafted the Mental Health System Survivors policy statement. Co-founded and co-coordinated Support Coalition from 1990 to 2000. Co-wrote the policy booklet, "What's Wrong with the Mental Health System and What Can Be Done About It". In 1992 became the International Liberation Reference Person for Mental Health System Survivors . "Currently International Liberation Reference Person for Mental Health Liberation."
1.11.1945 First edition of Ebony. See Newseum
Coretta Scott King at the funeral of Martin Luther King. Photograph by Ebony photographer Moneta Sleet
1946 Benjamin Spock's The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care . This edition had 58 printings and was the best selling new title issued in the USA since best-seller lists began in 1895
permissive
1946 American Journal of Psychology 1 416/2: "The counselor creates a warm and permissive atmosphere in which the individual is free to bring out any attitudes and feelings which he may have." - See 1956 - 2.11.1960 - 1968 - 1971 - 1971
USA National Mental Health Act passed
1946 Eugene Brody 's work at Yale was interrupted in 1946, when he became a captain in the Army Medical Corps, serving as chief of the neuropsychiatric service in hospitals of the European command. He was also the psychiatric consultant to the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg .
January 1947 to 17.5.1947 Simone De Beauvoir 's first visit to the United States.
Second Red Scare (1947-1957) (Wikipedia) .
anticommunist political repression of the early Cold War
"Red Scare" used in book titles 1955 (about an earlier one) and 1964
March 1947 President Truman signed Executive Order 9835, creating the "Federal Employees Loyalty Program" which set up political-loyalty review boards to determine the "Americanism" of Federal Government employees.
Joe McCarthy elected senator for Wisconsin in 1946 , serving as senator from 1.3.1947. See 1950 (when he became famous) - 1953 - 1954 - Died in office as senator 2.5.1957 .
11.9.1947 to 14.9.1947 Simone De Beauvoir's second visit: To Chicago to see Nelson Algren
20.10.1947 Un-American Activities Committee opened hearings into alleged communist infiltration of the motion picture industry.
1948
Movie Snake Pit with Olivia de Havilland premiered. Film had such impact that 26 states passed new legislation regarding state mental hospitals. (Kathleen Benoun)
1948 Skinner's behaviourist fantasy utopia Walden Two. Although named, patriotically, after Thoreau's Walden , this is an account of collective "cultural engineering" of a community of 1,000 people using experimental scientific methods in a way reminiscent of Robert Owen , Whilst Owen constructed his first communities and then fantasised about them, Skinner fantasised about his communities first. Others have tried to put them into practice.
"The all absorbing concern of the outside world... is what happens to the family in Walden Two,,, The significant history of our times..is the story of the growing weakness of the family. The decline of the home as a medium for perpetuating a culture , the struggle for equality for women , including the right to select professions other than housewife or nursemaid, the extraordinary consequences of birth control and the practical separation of sex and parenthood , the social recognition of divorce , the critical issue of blood relationship or race - all these are parts of the same field". (end of chapter 16, start of chapter 17)
1948 Harold Lasswell "The structure and function of communication in society" may contain the phrase "Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect"
1948 Robert Merton wrote "Manifest and Latent Functions" (chapter one Social Theory and Social Structure ) as "an effort to systematise the principle assumptions and conceptions of the slowly evolving theory of functional analysis in sociology" (Biographical postscript 1957, p. 82) The chapter included a comparison of "The ideological orientations" of "Dialectical Materialism" (Marx and Engels) and "Functional Analysis".
1948 Norbert Wiener published Cybernetics, or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine
"We have decided to call the entire field of control and communication theory, whether in the machine or in the animal, by the name Cybernetics , which we form from the Greek [word for] steersman . we also wish to refer to the fact that the steering engines of a ship are indeed one of the earliest and best developed forms of feed-back mechanisms."
" It has long been clear to me that the modern ultra-rapid computing machine was in principle an ideal central nervous system to an apparatus for automatic control; and that its input and output need not be in the form of numbers or diagrams but might very well be, respectively, the readings of artificial sense organs, such as photoelectric cells or thermometers, and the performance of motors or solenoids. With the aid of strain gauges or similar agencies to read the performance of these motor organs and to report, to "feed back," to the central control system as an artificial kinesthetic sense, we are already in a position to construct artificial machines of almost any degree of elaborateness of performance. Long before Nagasaki and the public awareness of the atomic bomb, it had occurred to me that we were here in the presence of another social potentiality of unheard-of importance for good and for evil. The automatic factory and the assembly line without human agents are only so far ahead of us as is limited by our willingness to put such a degree of effort into their engineering as was spent, for example, in the development of the technique of radar in the Second World War .
I have said that this new development has unbounded possibilities for good and for evil. For one thing, it makes the metaphorical dominance of the machines, as imagined by Samuel Butler, a most immediate and non- metaphorical problem. It gives the human race a new and most effective collection of mechanical slaves to perform its labor. Such mechanical labor has most of the economic properties of slave labor, although, unlike slave labor, it does not involve the direct demoralizing effects of human cruelty. However, any labor that accepts the conditions of competition with slave labor accepts the conditions of slave labor, and is essentially slave labor. The key word of this statement is competition. It may very well be a good thing for humanity to have the machine remove from it the need of menial and disagreeable tasks, or it may not. I do not know. It cannot be good for these new potentialities to be assessed in the terms of the market, of the money they save; and it is precisely the terms of the open market, the "fifth freedom," that have become the shibboleth of the sector of American opinion represented by the National Association of Manufacturers and the Saturday Evening Post. I say American opinion, for as an American, I know it best, but the hucksters recognize no national boundary.
Perhaps I may clarify the historical background of the present if I say that the first industrial revolution , the revolution of the "dark satanic mills," was the devaluation of the human arm by the competition of machinery. There is no rate of pay at which a United States pick-and-shovel laborer can live which is low enough to compete with the work of a steam shovel as an excavator. The modern industrial revolution is similarly bound to devalue the human brain , at least in its simpler and more routine decisions. Of course, just as the skilled carpenter, the skilled mechanic, the skilled dressmaker have in some degree survived the first industrial revolution, so the skilled scientist and the skilled administrator may survive the second. However, taking the second revolution as accomplished, the average human being of mediocre attainments or less has nothing to sell that it is worth anyone's money to buy.
The answer, of course, is to have a society based on human values other than buying or selling. To arrive at this society, we need a good deal of planning and a good deal of struggle, which, if the best comes to the best, may be on the plane of ideas, and otherwise - who knows? I thus felt it my duty to pass on my information and understanding of the position to those who have an active interest in the conditions and the future of labor, that is, to the labor unions. I did manage to make contact with one or two persons high up in the CIO, and from them I received a very intelligent and sympathetic hearing. Further than these individuals, neither I nor any of them was able to go. It was their opinion, as it had been my previous observation and information, both in the United States and in England, that the labor unions and the labor movement are in the hands of a highly limited personnel, thoroughly well trained in the specialized problems of shop stewardship and disputes concerning wages and conditions of work, and totally unprepared to enter into the larger political, technical, sociological, and economic questions which concern the very existence of labor. The reasons for this are easy enough to see: the labor union official generally comes from the exacting life of a workman into the exacting life of an administrator without any opportunity for a broader training; and for those who have this training, a union career is not generally inviting; nor, quite naturally, are the unions receptive to such people.
Those of us who have contributed to the new science of cybernetics thus stand in a moral position which is, to say the least, not very comfortable, We have contributed to the initiation of a new science which, as I have said, embraces, technical developments with great possibilities for good and for evil. We can only hand it over into the world that exists about us, and this is the world of Belsen and Hiroshima . We do not even have the choice of suppressing these new technical developments. They belong to the age, and the most any of us can do by suppression is to put the development of the subject into the hands of the most irresponsible and most venal of our engineers. The best we can do is to see that a large public understands the trend and the bearing of the present work, and to confine our personal efforts to those fields, such as physiology and psychology, most remote from war and exploitation, As we have seen, there are those who hope that the good of a better understanding of man and society which is offered by this new field of work may anticipate and outweigh the incidental contribution we are making to the concentration of power (which is always concentrated, by its very conditions of existence, in the hands of the most unscrupulous). I write in 1947, and I am compelled to say that it is a very slight hope. "
Pages 26-29 in the 1948/1961 edition
1949
Newfoundland ceased being a British Colonial Protectorate
structural-functional analysis: 1949 Robert King Merton 's Social Theory and Social Structure. Towards the codification of theory and research . Sought a functional analysis in sociolgy ...the description of the participants (and on-lookers) is in structural terms, that is, in terms of locating these people in their inter- connected social statuses.
1949 The first edition of Ruth Nanda Anshen's The Family: Its Function and Destiny includes articles by Ralph Linton - Maurice Hindus - Ruth Benedict - Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton . Maurice Hindus's article on The Russsian Family was replaced in the second edition (1959) by one written by a writer less sympathetic to the USSR.
Robert Merton's description of American culture on the model of an "American Dream" appears to have been written in 1949, although the concepts date back to 1938 . See Merton
1949 Samuel Stouffer Studies in Social Psychology in World War Two: The American Soldier Princeton University Press.
20.1.1949 President Truman 's inaugural address (second term) setting out the United States opposition to the "false philosophy" of "communism". The negative cold war theme was set against a positive message about the USA "program for peace and freedom". He uses the concept of "development" as progressive ideal, saying the "United States is pre-eminent among nations in the development of industrial and scientific techniques" and continuing "we should make available to peace-loving peoples the benefits of our store of technical knowledge in order to help them realize their aspirations for a better life".
29.3.1949 University of California President Sproul proposes that University of California employees, including faculty, be required to swear to a new Oath stating that they are not members of the Communist party. The University of California Board of Regents approved Sproul's proposal. (timeline and documents)
14.4.1949 National Institute for Mental Health formally established "Research is conducted at a central campus in Bethesda, Maryland, as well as being funded throughout the United States" (Wikipedia)
September 1949 to January 1950 Groups meeting at Harvard on the theoretical stock-take .
At some time, Talcott Parsons - Edward A. Shils - Gordon W. Allport - Clyde Kluckman - Henry A. Murray, junior - Robert R. Sears - Richard C. Sheldon - Samuel A. Stouffer - and Edward C. Tolman reached agreement on "Some Fundamental Categories of the Theory of Action: A General Statement", which was published as chapter one of Towards a General Theory of Action - Theoretical Foundations for the Social Sciences in 1951
George Peter Murdock : Social Structure New York: Macmillan. 1949
"The family is a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. It includes adults of both sexes, at least two of whom maintain a socially approved sexual relationship and one or more children, own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults."
"The nuclear family is a universal human social grouping. Either as the sole prevailing form of the family or as the basic unit from which more complex forms compounded, it exists as a distinct and strongly functional group in every society."
January 1950 First issue of the A.P.A. Mental Hospital Service Bulletin (which later became Psychiatric Services. The ninth issue , in September 1950, contained an article "Comics used for mental health education" - See Blondie 1950
Joe McCarthy gives his name to McCarthyism
29.3.1950 Herbert Block (Herblock) cartoon on the Washington Post in which Republican senators, Kenneth S. Wherry, Robert A. Taft, and Styles Bridges and Republican National Chairman Guy Gabrielson push a reluctant Republican elephant to mount an unstable and unpleasant platform. The elephant says "You mean I'm supposed to stand on that?" This was the first use of the word "McCarthyism." - See Library of Congress exhibit .
Ellen Schrecker says "We all know that it is technically incorrect to call the anticommunist political repression of the early Cold War McCarthyism."
Dianetics - scientology
Ron Hubbard's publications on "dianetics" (through the mind) in 1950 led in 1954 to establishing the Church of Scientology .
The 1950 publications do not use the word scientology although a page in the Astounding Science Fiction article shows pictorially the idea of progress to scientific thought originally meant by the term when coined by Stephen Pearl Andrews in 1871.
Hubbard is quoted as writing "Dianetics is a science; as such, it has no opinion about religion, for sciences are based on natural laws, not on opinions" (Dianetics Auditor's Bulletin Vol. 1 No. 4, October 1950). According to Hugh Urban (2011 chapter 2) "Dianetics was a surprisingly successful and widely popular form of personal therapy - indeed, arguably the first of the many popular self-help manuals that followed in the next five decades."
Dianetics 1950 publicatins
"Terra Incognita: The Mind" by Hubbard in The Explorers Journal, Volume 28, No. 1, New York, winter-spring 1949/1950 (offline)
"Dianetics is of interest to medicine in that it apparently conquers and cures all psycho-somatic ills ... it is of interest to institutions where it has a salutary effect upon the insane".
May 1950 "Dianetics" by Hubbard in Astounding Science Fiction (offline)
Modern psychiatry holds that predisposition to insanity is heritable and that there is no cure for several forms of insanity - they can only be treated by surgically excising a portion of the brain in a prefrontal lobotomy , or ... the operation known as a transorbital leukotomy - by electro-shocking a patient unconscious and running an ice-pick like instrument into the brain by thrusting it through the eyesocket back of the eyeball, and slashing the brain with it. Dianetics denies this thesis. Insanity is not due to heritable factors - but it is contagious. And any insanity not based on actual organic. destruction of the brain can be cured, to regain a more-than-normal mental stability and clarity! Dianetics offers hope where psychiatry can only be gloomy. (]oseph A. Winter, M.D in his introduction)
The engineer controls the brain - "Basic personality could compute like a well greased Univac"
Time 24.7.1950 "A new cult is smouldering through the U.S. underbrush. Its name: dianetics. Last week its bible, Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health, was steadily climbing the U.S. bestseller lists."
Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health by L. Ron Hubbard, Hermitage House (4 dollars). [See review]
Passages from Dianetics selected by the Anderson Report (Chapter 22) to illustrate its statement that Hubbard's "special targets are psychiatrists and psychologists, whose realm is the mind. Concerning psycho-surgery and ECT , which have their proper use in the successful treatment of the mentally ill, Hubbard makes a number of completely untrue and unjustifiable statements."
"According to a modern writer, the single advance of psycho-therapy was clean quarters for the madman. In terms of brutality in treatment of the insane, the methods of the shaman or Bedlam have been exceeded by the 'civilized' techniques of destroying nerve tissue with the violence of shock and surgery, treatments which were not warranted by the results obtained and which would not have been tolerated in the meanest primitive society, since they reduce the victim to mere zombyism, destroying most of his personality and ambition and leaving him nothing more than a manageable animal. Far from an indictment of the practices of the 'neuro-surgeon' and the ice-pick which he thrusts and twists into insane minds, they are brought forth only to demonstrate the depths of desperation man can reach when confronted with the seemingly unsolvable problem of deranged minds."
"The auditor should be extremely cautious, at least for the next twenty years, about any case which has been institutionalised, for he may be getting a case with iatrogenic psychosis - caused by doctors - in addition to the patient's other engrams. Dianetics may help a mind a little in which the brain had been 'ice-picked' or 'apple-cored', but it cannot cure such insanity until some clever biologist finds a way to grow a new brain. Electric shock cases are equivocal: they may or may not respond to treatment, for brain tissue may have been burned away to a point where the brain cannot function normally."
"The 'tests' and 'experiments' with human brain vivisection in institutions are not, unfortunately, valid, For all the pain and trouble and destruction caused by these 'experiments,' they were done without a proper knowledge of aberration and mental derangement."
"Then one day, since this is one engram among many, the mental hospital gets our patient and the doctors there decide that all he needs is a good solid series of electric shocks to tear his brain up, and if that doesn't work, a nice ice-pick into each eyeball after and during electric shock, the ice-pick sweeping a wide arc to tear the analytical mind to pieces. The wife agrees. Our patient can't defend himself: he's insane and the insane have no rights, you know."
13.9.1950 National Association of Mental Health formed by merging the National Committee for Mental Hygiene - the National Mental Health Foundation - and the Psychiatric Foundation.
Before November 1950 The New York State Department of Mental Hygiene presents Chic Young's Blondie State of New York Department of Mental Hygiene and King Features Syndicate. Chic Young and Joseph W Musial [See Comics 1950]
Inside front cover "Blondie" a one page comic story in which Blondie and her husband, Dagwood, talk about their happy family. This was followed by comic stories and a text end piece by Newton Bigelow
Love Conquers All 5 pages - Dagwood, Alexandder and Cookie learn that they need to not take Blondie for granted.
Let's Face It! 5 pages - Dagwood teaches the kids to help out when asked.
The Bumsteads 3 pages - Dagwood learns that while it's fun to spend time with the family, having alone time is good also.
Your Mental Health 1 page (text article) by Newton Bigelow
1951 Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language first published. [Unrelated to the Webster's dictionaries published by the Merriam-Webster Company]. The first College edition was published in 1953. The revision I use is 1960.]
1951 Peak of the use of term un-American in American English. The definitions given in Websters New World Dictionary are "not American; regarded as not characteristically or properly American; especially, regarded as opposed or dangerous to the United States, its institutions, etc."
American Sociology: the story of sociology in the United States through 1950 by Howard W. Odum (1884-1954) published in New York and London.
1951 The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger. A novel of teenage identity retold by the teenager from a mental hospital.
Psychiatrists saw Manson as "a very emotionally upset youth," "slick" but "extremely sensitive" (1951), "dangerous" with "homosexual and assaultive tendencies" (1952), having "an unstable personality" but being potentially able "to straighten himself out" (1955), being "unable to control himself" with "a tendency to cut up" (1956), having "work habits that range from good to poor" (1957), being "erratic and moody" and "a classic text book case of a correctional institution inmate" (1958), as an "energetic person" who hides "his loneliness, resentment and hostility behind a facade of superficial ingratiation" (1961), being "emotionally insecure" and tending to "involve himself in various fanatical interests" (1963), and, finally, as "in need of a great deal of help in the transition from institution to the free world" (1966). (source)
1951 Article 31B of the Public General Laws of Maryland enacted. Known as the "Maryland Defective Delinquent Statute" provided for indefinite detention in the Patuxent Institution.
January 1951 Scientific American Isaac Isidor Rabi reviwed Dianetics: The modern science of mental health
This volume probably contains more promises and less evidence per page than has any publication since the invention of printing. Briefly, its thesis is that man is intrinsically good, has a perfect memory for every event of his life, and is a good deal more intelligent than he appears to be.
However, something called the engram prevents these characteristics from being realized in man's behavior. During moments of unconsciousness and pain and at any time from conception onward, the "reactive mind" can still record experience, but experiences so recorded -engrams- are a major source of man's misery, his psychosomatic ills, his neuroses and psychoses, his poor memory, and his generally inefficient functioning. By a process called dianetic reverie, which resembles hypnosis and which may apparently be practiced by anyone trained in dianetics, these engrams may be recalled.
Once thoroughly recalled, they are "refiled," and the patient becomes a "clear," who is not handicapped by encumbering engrams and who can thenceforth function at a level of intellect, efficiency and goodness seldom if ever realized before in the history of man. The system is presented without qualification and without evidence. It has borrowed from psychoanalysis , Pavlovian conditioning , hypnosis and folk beliefs , but, except for the last, these debts are fulsomely denied.
The huge sale of the book to date is distressing evidence of the frustrated ambitions, hopes, ideals, anxieties and worries of the many persons who through it have sought succor.
May 1951 Goffman in Paris for a year.
15.10.1951 - 29.1.1951. Last visit of Simone de Beauvoir to her lover, Nelson Algren, in Chicago. His friend Art Shay took photographs of her through the open bathroom door. He says she called him a "naughty boy". This photograph was published on the Nouvel Observateur magazine cover in Paris on 3.1.2008 . The others illustrated the inside stories of De Beauvoir's adventurous sexual life.
"The only book of this famous "Madame" that he [Algren] had read, and the only one published in English at the time, was "The Ethics of Ambiguity"", but De Beauvoir showed him notes about "The Second Sex" . (Art Shey 2008)
1953 Science as Morality: An Essay Towards Unity by George Simpson : American Humanist Association Pamphlet 1, Yellow Springs, Ohio. Simpson (1954) described it as Lundberg and Simpson presenting opposite views.
Maryln Monroe performing "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend" in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.
See death and Andy Warhol tribute
See Fredric Jameson 1991
January 1953: Senator Joe McCarthy became chair of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations where he arraigned a large number of citizens and officials "often with full television publicity". (Chambers Biographical Dictionary)
23.2.1953 Simone de Beauvoir 's The Second Sex published in America
March 1953 Conference held at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Its Proceedings were published by Harvard University Press in 1954 under the title Totalitarianism, edited with an introduction by Carl J. Friedrich.
1954
Skinner's article The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching laid the foundations for programmed learning.
1954 George Simpson Man in Society; Preface to sociology and the social sciences Garden City, New York, Doubleday, Available online . 90 pages
Homo Rhodenis - Rhodesian man . A plastolene reconstruction by Carleton S. Coon .
Plate one in The History of Man (1954). Coon writes that in his reconstructions "skulls and jaws were restored, and then the missing portions were filled in by imagination. Then the muscles were laid on, and finally the skin and hair were conjured up. The forms of the soft parts, including lips, nose tips, ears and hair, are wholly conjectural"
18.2.1954 The Church of Scientology of California incorporated in Los Angeles. The Oxford Dictionary says that Hubbard had published a Handbook for Preclears: Scientology in 1951. The Library of Congress lists a number of scientology items in 1952, including a periodical.
17.5.1954 Supreme Court ruling on the case of Oliver Brown et al. v. The Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas ruled that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." Racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution - See Wikipedia
14.6.1954 The 1942 Pledge of Allegiance was amended in 1954 to include the words "under God;". Legislation to add the motto "In God We Trust" to all coins and currency was passed in 1955; and the national motto "E Pluribus Unum" [out of many, one] was changed to "In God We Trust" in 1956.
September 1954 Cover of Captain America.
After a five year absence, Captain America comics were revived in December 1953. Captain America was no longer an anti-Nazi hero, but was now known as "Captain America Commie Smasher" . The last edition was in of this incarnation was September 1954 (source)
27.9.1954 Time Magazine cover "Social Scientist David Riesman : What is the American character?"
2.12.1954 Senator Joe McCarthy was formally condemned for financial irregularities and bringing the House into disrepute by the Senate (now controlled by Democrats). See On this day When he attacked Eisenhower he lost most of his remaining public support.
1955 Daedalus founded as the Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In the year 1903 when young Clifford Beers had just emerged from a mental hospital with a driving urge to tell his story, he found a sympathetic listener in Miss Clara Louise Jepson , friend of his childhood and youth, "I have so much to tell. I must write a book," he said to Miss Jepson "Will you help me?" As he described it later, after his famous book A Mind that Found Itself had swept the country: "That supposedly platonic collaboration lured us on and on, until a few months after my book was published, we discovered that our hearts had found themselves. In this way my wife became the royalty on my book, a reward as great as it was unexpected.
But the marriage of these young people had to be postponed still longer, until Clifford Beers could clear away the debts he had incurred in organizing the new National Committee for Mental Hygiene. He was always generous in the credit he gave to Clara Jepson in those early difficult days. "During the past four years given to organizing the National Committee for Mental Hygiene,"; he wrote to Mrs William James on the day before his wedding, sound advice in the many crises which arose was, I think, the determining factor in the successful accomplishment of my purposes. Miss Jepson's unwavering belief in me during the difficult years of my work,"; he wrote to other friends, "gave me the courage to challenge Destiny.... "
And so they were married at last, in 1912, the beginning of 31 years of harmonious life together. Mrs Beers, companion and hostess, took on the additional role of French interpreter during their eventful trips to Europe, when in recognition of his remarkable work, her husband was received by scientists, statesmen, and royalty.
Today Mrs Clifford Beers lives quietly in the house she and her husband shared together, on a tree-lined street in Englewood, New Jersey, the mental health movement still the dominant interest in her life.
28.8.1955 The murder of Emmett Till from Chicago, Illinois, whilst visiting his relatives in Money, Mississippi.
October 1955 Sample of USA Newspapers used for content analysis on mental health.
"Seeking material directly related to mental-health problems (as we defined them) in the mass media is like looking for a needle in a haystack. If you search every inch of space in three different daily newspapers, the odds are that you will find only one item which is relevant. To find one relevant item it would be necessary to read, on the average, the entire content of two magazines. If you listened to one entire dat of broadcatsing of a radio station, you would, on e the average, find about 2-3 programmes with information or partrayals rleevant to metal healh problems. An almost identical number of relevant programmes would be expected in the entire daily teelcating of one station - 2.4 programmes which in some way relate to mental-health problems. Ths we can conclude that: Information concerning mental illness appears relatively infrequenstly in mass media presentations" (Jum C. Nunnally 1961 in Cohen and Young 1973 p.139)
1956 C. Wright Mills' The Power Elite
1956 Carl J. Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy
March 1956 Harold Garfinkel "Conditions of successful degradation ceremonies"
"Acknowledgment is gratefully made to Erving Goffman , National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, and to Sheldon Messinger, Social Science Research Council pre- doctoral fellow, University of California, Los Angeles, for criticisms and editorial suggestions"
Garfinkel argued that successful degradation ceremonies are an essential part of all societies. The degradation of the "perpetrator" reveals not only the perpetrator's essential characteristics as undesirable, but unites the witnesses in affirming the values that bind them together.
"The features of the mad-dog murderer reverse the features of the peaceful citizen. The confessions of the Red can be read to each [teach?] the meanings of patriotism" (p.423)
15.4.1957 to 17.4.1957 Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry held in Washington DC . Goffman gave his paper on "The characteristics of total institutions"
July 1957 "Declaration of Sitges" in Colombia lead to the establishment of a National front (1958-1974) in which the Liberal and Conservative parties governed jointly. La Violencia ended and far-reaching social and economic reforms were attempted.
Nelsy was seven in 1957 and twenty-four in 1974. She became a a school teacher when whe was eighteen (1968) and worked for twenty years in state schools.
October 1957 Talcott Parsons' in "The Distribution of Power in American Society," (a review of C. Wright Mills' The Power Elite in World Politics Volume 10, Number 1 wrote:
".. to Mills power is not a facility for the performance of function in and on behalf of the society as a system, but is interpreted exclusively as a facility for getting what one group, the holders of power, wants by preventing another group, the 'outs,' from getting what it wants" "
January 1958 Theoretical Criminology by George Vold
2.9.1958 USA National Defense Education Act (NDEA), signed into law
1959
"In Denmark and in North Carolina , where eugenical sterilisation is legally carried out, a large number of cases so dealt with are women who have already given birth to several children and might not have had any more..." (Penrose 1959 , p. 102)
1959 C. Wright Mills ' The Sociological Imagination - "ordinary men .. do not .. grasp the interplay .. of biography and history (p.10) ... The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and external career of a variety of individuals (p.11)... social science as the study of biography, of history, and of the problems of their intersection within social structure ." (p.149)
Erving Goffman in The Moral Career of the Mental Patient said that "far the more numerous" mental patients in America were "those who enter unwillingly". See UK
1959 William Kornhauser : The Politics of Mass Society
13.5.1960 Committee on Un-American Activities hearings in San Francisco City Hall outside which city police officers fire-hosed protesting students
8.10.1960 First Presidential TV debate in USA: John F.Kennedy versus Richard Nixon.
During the campaign Dr Benjamin Spock appeared on television with Jacqueline Kennedy, who said "Dr Spock is for my husband, and my husband is for Dr Spock!"
1960 The End of Ideology: On the exhaustion of political ideas in the fifties by Daniel Bell - See also Francis Fukuyama 's The End of History. Amy Gdala argues that
"Ideology - and hence History itself - consists entirely of sets of contrasted tales about struggles between antagonistic forces. The forces are both material and metaphorical, or, rather, 'cultural' as we tend to say nowadays. The reason people like Fukuyama and Bell bob up every couple of decades to insist that the struggles are over is, of course, because they think their side has won already." Gdala, A. 2003 , p.94)
First edition of Seymour Martin Lipset's Political Man. The Social Bases of Politics
Presidency of John F. Kennedy (Democrat) 1961 to 1963
1961
17.1.1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower introduced the "military-industrial complex" in his farewell speech - Wikipedia . Terms based on this include the Prison- Industrial Complex - Surveillance-Industrial Coplex - Organic-Industrial Complex - Baby-Industrial Complex - Academic-Industrial Complex - Celebrity-Industrial Complex - Agro-Industrial Complex - Lobbying-Industrial Complex.... (bored? if not, use a search-engine!)
1962
20.2.1962 Mercury-Atlas 6 put USA astronaut John Glenn into outer space , where he performed three orbits of the Earth. [Following in the star steps of Yuri Gagarin .
"Countdown" (innovative modern jazz) was recorded by the Dave Brubeck Quartet on 12.2.1962 and published on Countdown-Time in Outer Space later in the year with a dedication to John Glenn.
5.8.1962 Marilyn Monroe died of an overdose.
Andy Warhol 's tribute to her appears to me deeply emotional, but not to Fredric Jameson
14.10.1962 Soviet nuclear missiles photographed on Cuba
24.10.1962 USA blockade of Cuba
28.10.1962 missiles removed from Cuba
December 1962 "The psychological basis for using pre-school enrichment as an antidote for cultural deprivation". A talk by Joseph McVicker Hunt at Arden House, Columbia University.
1962 C. Wright Mills' The Marxists
1962 Ken Kesey, One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest: a novel by Ken Kesey. New York: Viking Press
1962 Daniel Boorstin' The Image: A Guide to Pseudo Events in America identifies a shift from reality to illusion: a move away from actual events to "pseudo-events" which are contrived happenings meant for public consumption. The public expectation is shaped by a "Graphic Revolution" defined as "Man's (increasing) ability to make, preserve, transmit and disseminate precise images." The effect on fame is to create celebrities. A celebrity is not known for real achievements but is "a person who is known for his well-knowness". (Based on Celebrity Culture 2001 )
17.2.1963 Publication of The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan
"When a Frenchwoman named Simone de Beauvoir wrote a book called The Second Sex , an American critic commented that she obviously "didn't know what life was all about," and besides, she was talking about French women. The "woman problem" in America no longer existed....
"We can no longer ignore that voice within women that says: "I want something more than my husband and my children and my home."
The problem that has no name-which is simply the fact that American women are kept from growing to their full human capacities - is taking a far greater toll on the physical and mental health of our country than any known disease. If we continue to produce millions of young mothers who stop their growth and education short of identity, without a strong core of human values to pass on to their children, we are committing, quite simply, genocide, starting with the mass burial of American women and ending with the progressive dehumanization of their sons and daughters. These problems cannot be solved by medicine or even by psychotherapy."
From an extract on the website of the American Astronomical Society.
20.6.1963 Telephone "hotline" set up between leaders of the USSR and USA
28.8.1963 Martin Luther King "I Have A Dream" speech, Washington DC
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their character.
26.6.1963 President Kennedy visited Berlin
25.7.1963 Nuclear test ban treaty
Federal Community Mental Health Center Construction Act signed by President Kennedy three weeks before his assassination.
1963 William Bruce Cameron Informal Sociology: A casual introduction to sociological thinking. Random House studies in sociology: New York: 170 pages.
"It would be nice if all of the data which sociologists require could be enumerated because then we could run them through IBM machines and draw charts as the economists do. However, not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted." (page 13)
Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson (Democrat) 1963 to 1969
1964
1964 The Social Setting of Intolerance: The Know-Nothings, the Red scare , and McCarthyism by Seymour J. Mandelbaum. Scott Foresman problems in American history. Chicago : Scott, Foresman 176 pages. The series provided history teachers with selections from source documents along with analysis of problems for use in class discussion.
"This book explores three moments of fear in American history, moments when the genial mask of tolerance was cast aside ... The first deals with intolerance during the 1850s , when members of the secret Know Nothing society charged that foreigners were corrupting America. Their attacks were directed especially against Irish Catholic immigrants ... Unit Two considers the Red Scare of 1919-1920 and Unit Three deals with the period after World War Two, when the term 'McCarthyism' was coined to define an intense search for disloyal citizens and government officials. In presenting each of the three units, this book analyzes the social setting of intolerance--that is, the conditions that led to the fear that America was in danger of subversion from within." Author's introduction
Janury 1964 BioScience the new name for the Bulletin of the American Institute of Biological Sciences. In 1984 it introduced a new word: biodiversity .
8.1.1964 Lyndon B. Johnson' State of the Union Address included:
"Let this session of Congress be known as the session which did more for civil rights than the last hundred sessions combined" - many Americans live on the outskirts of hope - some because of their poverty, and some because of their colour, and all too many because of both. Our task is to help replace their despair with opportunity. This administration today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America." (text of speech) .
See Wikipedia draft by Zweifel .
"Making poverty a national concern set in motion a series of bills and acts, creating programs such as Head Start , food stamps, work study, Medicare and Medicaid, which still exist today." (Robert Siegal on NPR)
16.3.1964 Lyndon B. Johnson's Special Message to Congress: "Because it is right, because it is wise, and because, for the first time in our history, it is possible to conquer poverty, I submit, for the consideration of the Congress and the country, the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964" (external link to text)
1.2.1964: "I Want to Hold Your Hand" by Liverpool (UK) group The Beatles topped the United States charts. The Beatles flew to the United States on Friday 7.2.1964. An estimated 4,000 fans saw them off from Heathrow and a similar number welcomed them at the (newly re-named) John F. Kennedy Airport. (Wikipedia)
3.2.1964 Neurotics Anonymous created in Washington DC by Grover Boydston, on the model of Alcoholics Anonymous - (external link)
1964 Librarian Clara Cooley published manuscript History of Western State Hospital, 1871-1950 (Kathleen Benoun)
1964 A poll of American sociologists showed that 80% (of about 3,400) thought "functional analysis and theory" still retain great value for contemporary sociology . (Gouldner, A. 1970 p.168) . The poll was conducted by Timothy Sprehe and Alvin Gouldner.
1964 Aaron V. Cicourel, 1964 Method and Measurement in Sociology. New York: Free Press. Cicourel, A.V. (1964). Jan Nespor (external link) says that in "Theory and method in field research" in this book "Cicourel argues for qualitative methods through a knowledgable critique of survey and quantatively oriented research approaches". He describes it as "an influential book by a key figure in the ethnomethodology movement".
1965
1965 Project Head Start. (Wikipedia)
"During the early 1960s an increasing number of psychologists and educators began to study the effects of early experiences on human development. Much research suggested that preschool compensatory education might be an important step for disrupting the cycle of poverty experienced by large numbers of Americans. Combined with powerful social and political factors, this notion led to the authorization of Project Head Start in 1965" (Joan S. Bissell 1972)
"the educational remedy to the war on poverty was politically popular"
(Sigel and Cocking 1977)
p. 190)
"I a series of studies beginning in 1965, we discovered that a large proportion of black children from impoverished backgrounds were less competent than their more privileged counterparts when dealing with representational material " ( Sigel, Secrist and Forman 1973 p.28)
"The Early Childhood Education Project is an experiment in educational intervention begun with two-year old, first-born children from impoverished black families in the inner city of Buffalo" (New York State) ( Sigel, Secrist and Forman 1973 p.28. Included "a brief evaluation of the first year's work")
UK mental patients 1965
"I got married at twenty... this was 1965. No women's liberation, or even the recognition of the need for it" (Judi Chamberlin)
Howard Geld was a 13 year old patient in a psychiatric hospital. Often he could not sleep, and a night attendant taught him to play the harmonica. "When you cry out loud in a mental hospital you get medicated" - "When I was sad, I could cry through the harmonica." He was given the name Howie the Harp on the streets of Greenwich Village, New York. See 1970
1965-1966 David Reville (aged about 22) a psychiatric inmate in Ontario, Canada, for much of the time in what he calls Rockwood Asylum
1966
USA Medicare Act passed to provide financial support for citizens of 65 and older otherwise unable to meet their medical needs.
Kai T. Erikson (Yale University) published Wayward Puritans. A Study in the Sociology of Deviance He used Emile Durkheim 's concept that crime can solidify a society to analyse three "crime waves" in the 17th century puritan theocracy of New England . Erikson's "crime waves" might be considered deviance rather than crime in the normal sense. They are the Antinomian theological disputes , the invasion and persecution of Quakers and the outbreak of witch hunting in Salem . Other sociologists have called them moral panics.
1966 Unobtrusive Measures , by Eugene Webb and others, contained this early reference to the triangulation of research methods
"Once a proposition has been confirmed by two or more independent measurement processes, the uncertainty of its interpretation is greatly reduced. The most persuasive evidence comes through a triangulation of measurement processes" (Webb, E. J. and others, 1966 p.3)
16.6.1966, in a speech in Greenwood, Mississippi after the shooting of James Meredith during the March Against Fear, Stokely Carmichael said:
"This is the twenty-seventh time I have been arrested and I ain't going to jail no more! The only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin' us is to take over. What we gonna start sayin' now is Black Power!"
See Britain 1951 - 1967 - London UK - murder of Martin Luther King - 1968 Olympics - 1984 Rainbow Coalition - 1984 UK Black sections
30.6.1966 National Organisation for Women founded. Wikipedia
7.8.1966 Carlos Alberto Lleras Restrepo became President of Colombia , serving to 7.8.1970. Gobierno de la transformación nacional (government of national transformation). Created the national savings fund, Colombian Institute for family wellbeing; the institute to protect non renewable resources; the agency to promote exports; the nacional agency for the construction of schools; and the national institution to promote and finance superior education.
Nelsy was sixteen in 1966. She became a school teacher when she was eighteen (1968) and worked for twenty years in state schools.
October 1966 Johns Hopkins International Colloquium on The Language of Criticism and the Sciences of Man. Jacques Derrida read his paper "Structure, Sign, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences"
21.11.1966 "The term 'gender identity' was used in a press release, November 21, 1966, to announce the new clinic for transsexuals at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. It was disseminated in the media worldwide, and soon entered the vernacular. ... gender identity is your own sense or conviction of maleness or femaleness." (John Money quoted Wikipedia)
External link: The Summer of Love (1967) and Woodstock (1969) archive
Black Power : The politics of liberation in America by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton. This argued that the term negro implied black inferiority. Black publications like Ebony switched from Negro to black at the end of the 1960s. (source)
See average person
1967 Discovery of Grounded Theory. Strategies for Qualitative Research by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss . "We argue in our book for grounding theory in social research itself - for generating it from the data" (p.viii). "We believe that the discovery of theory from data - which we call grounded theory - is a major task confronting sociology today, for, as we shall try to show, such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and layman alike. Most important, it works-provides us with relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations and applications" (p.1).
Examples: Interview and focus group data gathered by Carolina Seibel Chassot (interviews 2012) and Angela Sweeney (2015) was analysed in terms of grounded theory
14.1.1967 The Human Be-In takes place in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco; the event sets the stage for the Summer of Love.
27.1.1967 The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty.
26.3.1967 10,000 gather for the Central Park Be-In.
4.4.1967 Martin Luther King denounces the Vietnam War during a religious service in New York City.
28.4.1967 Muhammad Ali refuses military service.
2.5.1967 Armed members of the Black Panther Party enter the California state capital to protest a bill that restricted the carrying of arms in public.
6.5.1967 Four hundred students seize the administration building at Cheney State College, Pennsylvania, the oldest institute for higher education for African Americans.
11.6.1967 Race riot in Tampa, Florida after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while allegedly robbing a camera store. The unrest lasted several days.
12.6.1967 Loving v. Virginia: The United States Supreme Court declares all U.S. state laws prohibiting interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.
13.6.1967 Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall is nominated as the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court.
26.6.1967 The Buffalo Race Riot begins, lasting until July 1
12.7.1967 After the arrest of an African-American cab driver for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the road, race riots break out in Newark, New Jersey, and these riots last for six days. 14.7.1967 Near Newark, New Jersey, the Plainfield riots also occur.
16.7.1967 A prison riot in Jay, Florida leaves 37 dead.
23.7.1967 12th Street Riot/Detroit Race Riots: In Detroit, Michigan, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city: 43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.
30.7.1967 The 1967 Milwaukee race riots begin, lasting through August 2 and leading to a ten-day shutdown of the city from August 1.
1.8.1967 Race riots in the United States spread to Washington DC
1968 Second edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . See 1973
1968 Joseph Licklieder and Robert Taylor "The Computer as a Communication Device" Science and Technology 76, pages 21-23. See Wikipedia on Licklieder
1968 The Social Club of New Haven, Connecticut: Sue Budd "helped start a social club on a psychiatric ward. The club was very anti-psychiatry in tone. There was some help from professionals at first, but basically Sue ran the club. Sue's husband, Dennis, tells it this way: [The social club] was loosely supervised by a social worker, who saw Sue and me every week. and Sue ran the club. It was most successful. It had a membership of ten to twelve. We shunned the help from the mental health association that was offered to us. A lot of people who were sent to our club were dismissed as hopeless by the staff. A lot of them improved while they were with us." Mel Starkman
Spring 1968 U.S. Information Agency launched quarterly periodical Dialogue [USAI Dialogue (1968-1990) containing articles covering a wide range of topics, The first issue contained an article by Clark Kerr "The New Involvement in Society" that said "For the first time in the history of the United States, university students have been a source of interest for all the nation; a source of concern for much of the nation; and even a source of fear for some of the nation" (Dialogue volume one, issue 1, p. 34, quoted Kidd, H. 1969 p. 34)
10.3.1968 Martha Weinman Lear , "The Second Feminist Wave - What Do These Women Want?: " New York Times Magazine See About.com article by Linda Napikoski. The article included material from an interview with Betty Friedan , author of The Feminine Mystique and founder of the National Organisation for Women, and concluded with the quotation
"What I do know is this: If you agree that women are human beings who should be realising their potential, then no girl child born today should responsibly be brought up to be a housewife. Too much has been made of defining human personality and destiny in terms of the sex organs. After all, we share the human brain."
4.4.1968 Martin Luther King murdered in Memphis
31.5.1968 Winnnipeg Free Press "The New Left seeks to create an alternative society, one whose institutions would promote non- materialistic values". (See Alternative Projects )
20.7.1968 Over 1,000 athletes with intellectual disabilities from the United States and Canada took part in the one-day event at Soldier Field in Chicago known as both the "Chicago Special Olympics " and the "First International Special Olympics Games." They competed in track and field, floor hockey and swimming.
"The Chicago Special Olympics prove a very fundamental fact. That exceptional children - children with mental retardation - can be exceptional athletes, the fact that through sports they can realize their potential for growth." (Eunice Kennedy Shriver in her Opening Ceremonies address)
Special Olympics are held every two years. Since 1973 they have alternated between summer and winter Olympics. 1986 was International Year of Special Olympics. Until 1993 they were all held in the United States.
12.10.1968 to 27.10.1968 First Olympics games in Latin America held in Mexico City
Vera Caslavska quietly protested the invasion of Czechoslovakia by turning her head away during the singing of the Soviet national anthem and Tommie Smith and John Carlos gave a black gloved salute on the podium on 16.10.1968
Caucuses formed within the American Sociological Association in 1968 and 1969 included the Caucus of Black Sociologists, Radical Caucus and Caucus of Women Sociologists (Rhodes, L.J. 1981 , pages 60-61)
1969
Presidency of Richard M. Nixon 1969 to 1974
1969 Travis Hirschi's Causes of Delinquency - Social bond theory - "Delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken" (p.16)
Symbolic Interactionism: perspective and method by Herbert Blumer
February? 1969 The Citizens Commission on Human Rights was co-founded by the Church of Scientology and Thomas Szasz . (Current website) . In the same year , the Scientologists attempted a takeover of the National Association for Mental Health in the UK
The picture of Szasz is taken from a CCHR website about its Board of Advisors. See 1994 . The commission and Szasz were jointly involved in 1969 in securing the release of Victor Gyory,
Victor Gyory a hungarian refugee with no relatives in the USA spoke little English. On 23.4.1969 police took him toe Bryn Mawr Hospital with lacerations of the wrist, apparently from a suicide attempt. He was moved the next day to Haverford State Mental Hospital. He received a series of electric shocka and, in early June, asked a psychiatric aide what he could do to have them stopped. Three aides (one a scientologist) were suspended for seeking legal aid for him. Support was secured from the American Civil Liberties Union and Citizens Commission on Human Rights. Szasz examined Gyory on behalf of the Commission and Gyory's release was obtained after court proceedings on Tuesday 2.9.1969.
March 1969 Date on an essay by Carol Hanisch called "The Personal is Political" in the Redstockings collection Feminist Revolution The essay defends consciousness-raising against the charge that it is "therapy." Hanisch states
"One of the first things we discover in these groups is that personal problems are political problems. There are no personal solutions at this time."
July 1969 Sherry Arnstein's "A Ladder of Citizen Participation," published.
Citizen control, delegated power and partnesrhip involve degrees of citizen power.
Placation, consultation and informaing involve degrees of tokenism.
Therapy and manipulation are nonparticipation
See participation
Countdown to the moon
3.6.1969 "Three astronauts..were doing a simulated countdown for the first manned Apollo flight." (The Times London
16.7.1969 13:32:00 UTC The countdown for Apollo 11 from the Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida was watched by millions of people world wide on television
20.7.1969 Men on the moon . See Wikipedia
24.7.1969 16:50:35 UTC Splashdown in the North Pacific Ocean
Alvin Gouldner's The Coming Crisis of Western Sociology . Unlike either Sorokin in 1928, or Parsons in 1937, Gouldner's focus is on American sociology . In particular, criticism of Parsons dominates the book.
"Like many new developments in the United States, mental patients' liberation groups began primarily on the east and west coasts and then spread inland" (Judi Chamberlin).
24.2.1970 National Public Radio founded
Wikipedia link
Friday, March 13th, 1970 Charles Manson 's new court-appointed attorney said he was "distressed and disturbed" by Manson's "erratic, bizzare and uncommunicative" behaviour in their first court appearance together yesterday (12.3.1970). He said he may plead his client not guilty to the Sharon Tate murders by reason of insanity. "Frankly I think it was a little bit of put-on, but I don't know if it was all an act on his part or whether he is mentally troubled," Hollopeter said in an interview. "I'm seriously considering asking the court to appoint a psychiatrist to examine him. And I will probably talk with him about the possibility of an Insanity plea." (archived news)
19.3.1970 Charles Manson dismissed Charles Hollopeter as his lawyer mainly because of his motions that Manson be allowed to undergo psychiatric examination
David Rothman's The Discovery of the Asylum. Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic Little, Brown and Company. Boston - Toronto
N. N. Kittrie's The Right to be Different
Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, edited and translated by Q. Hoare and G. Nowell-Smith, was published in London and New York in 1971. See above on Fordism. But by this time, the economy was preparing to become a "post-industrial" or "post-fordist" , more flexible economy.
1971 Howard and Helen Geld moved back to New York City, where they started the Mental Patients' Liberation Project. He was Coordinator of the Storefront Project of MPLP, a storefront crisis center for present and former mental patients. See Chamberlin 1990
The first edition of Madness Network News were published in 1972 (Chamberlin 1990) . Volume 2 no.1 is dated 1973 and Volume 2 no.2 is dated February 1974. See 1973 - 1974 - 1975 - 1976 - 1978 - 1981 - 1982 - 1983 - 1984 - 1985 - 1986 - See Chamberlin 1990
In 1972, Dr. Thomas Hertzberg of Northville State Hospital in Detroit, Michigan went to a radical caucus of the American Psychological Association, where psychologists were talking about why it was that psychologists could hold national conferences to talk about Consumer/Survivors yet Consumer/Survivors were not going to national conferences to talk about psychiatric professionals. That radical caucus knew that there were many abuses in the mental health system to be talked about. They also had heard that there were a few Consumer/Survivor groups organizing on the local level.
So, Tom set about to find these groups and to invite them to a planning meeting to be held in Detroit to develop a national Consumer/Survivor conference. Tom located me [Su Budd] , Howard Geld Howie the Harp of New York, New York, Dr. Louis Frydman of Lawrence, Kansas, and others. We had a meeting in Detroit at a very nice hotel to plan what was to become the first Conference on Human Rights and Psychiatric Oppression. That conference was held a year later in Detroit.
Tom was fired for bringing us together. It was a long time before he could get another job in his field. In the interim, he sold gliders for a living. Psychiatric oppression was alive and well, even for the professionals who believed in us - especially for the professionals who believed in us.
The conference that Tom Hertzberg started evolved into the Conference on Human Rights and Psychiatric Oppression and was held yearly for 13 years between 1972 and 1985. During that time, it went through four name changes ending as the International Conference for Human Rights and Against Psychiatric Oppression. This conference attracted people from Canada, the Netherlands, and Britain. Throughout its history, this conference held yearly demonstrations at hospitals. Some of these demonstrations held vigils for our friends and neighbors who died in such places.
(Budd, S. 17.12.2009) - See Chamberlin 1990
Benjamin Spock addressed the National Women's Political Caucus. Gloria Steinmem told him: "I hope you realise you have been a major oppressor of women in the same category as Sigmund Freud".
Citizen advocacy for the handicapped, impaired, and disadvantaged: an overview Washington. 59 pages, illustrated. First use I have traced of the term citizen advocacy
"Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison", report of an experiment with humans at Stamford University, California, by Craig Haney, Curtis Banks and Philip Zimbardo, International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 1973, pp 69-97
and, on a more positive note:
"I went into Central Park and I saw 20,000 New Yorkers matched one to one with 20,000 mentally handicapped people" (Nigel Evans The Times 12.6.198, which says "The public response, or sympathy and indignation left an indelible impression".)
Retirement of Talcott Parsons from Harvard University
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism by Daniel Bell
1973 homosexuality per se was removed from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and replaced by the category Sexual Orientation Disturbance. "This represented a compromise between the view that preferential homosexuality is invariably a mental disorder and the view that it is merely a normal sexual variant" (source)
19.1.1973 Science published "On Being Sane in Insane Places" by David Rosenhan. The abstract says:
It is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals. The hospital itself imposes a special environment in which the meanings of behavior can easily be misunderstood. The consequences to patients hospitalized in such an environment-the powerlessness, depersonalization, segregation, mortification, and self- labeling-seem undoubtedly countertherapeutic.
I do not, even now, understand this problem well enough to perceive solutions. But two matters seem to have some promise. The first concerns the proliferation of community mental health facilities, of crisis intervention centers, of the human potential movement, and of behavior therapies that, for all of their own problems, tend to avoid psychiatric labels, to focus on specific problems and behaviors, and to retain the individual in a relatively non-pejorative environment. Clearly, to the extent that we refrain from sending the distressed to insane places, our impressions of them are less likely to be distorted. (The risk of distorted perceptions, it seems to me, is always present, since we are much more sensitive to an individual's behaviors and verbalizations than we are to the subtle contextual stimuli that often promote them. At issue here is a matter of magnitude. And, as I have shown, the magnitude of distortion is exceedingly high in the extreme context that is a psychiatric hospital.)
The second matter that might prove promising speaks to the need to increase the sensitivity of mental health workers and researchers to the Catch 22 position of psychiatric patients. Simply reading materials in this area will be of help to some such workers and researchers. For others, directly experiencing the impact of psychiatric hospitalization will be of enormous use. Clearly, further research into the social psychology of such total institutions will both facilitate treatment and deepen understanding.
I and the other pseudopatients in the psychiatric setting had distinctly negative reactions. We do not pretend to describe the subjective experiences of true patients. Theirs may be different from ours, particularly with the passage of time and the necessary process of adaptation to one's environment. But we can and do speak to the relatively more objective indices of treatment within the hospital. It could be a mistake, and a very unfortunate one, to consider that what happened to us derived from malice or stupidity on the part of the staff. Quite the contrary, our overwhelming impression of them was of people who really cared, who were committed and who were uncommonly intelligent. Where they failed, as they sometimes did painfully, it would be more accurate to attribute those failures to the environment in which they, too, found themselves than to personal callousness. Their perceptions and behavior were controlled by the situation, rather than being motivated by a malicious disposition. In a more benign environment, one that was less attached to global diagnosis, their behaviors and judgments might have been more benign and effective.
Wednesday, 6.6.1973 The Times (London UK)
Church of Scientology to pay libel damages to former Minister
Robinson v Church of Scientology of California and Others
Before Mr Justice Ackner
Mr Kenneth Robinson , former Minister of Health, is to receive a substantial sum from the Church of Scientology of California as damages for libel in respect of statements published in various of its broadsheets. He sued the church; Mr Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, its founder; and Mr Peter Ginever, editor of the broadsheets.
Mr F. P. Neill, QC. and Mr Michael Curwen for Mr Robinson; Mr James Comyn, QC, and Mr Alan Newman for the defendants.
Mr Neill, announcing the settlement, said that Mr Robinson was a member of Parliament from 1949 to 1970 and Minister of Health in the Labour Government from 1964 to 1968. He had directed a great deal of his energies to mental health. When his party was in opposition he was spokesman on health matters and a leading supporter of the Mental Health Act, 1959. Before he became a minister he had been a vice-president of the National Association of Mental Health.
The Church of Scientology of California published and circulated in this country what might be called broadsheets styled variously as Freedom Scientology, Freedom and Scientology, Freedom. Some of the broadsheets had international editions. Mr Ginever was the editor of the broadsheets. Mr Hubbard, the founder of the Church of Scientology claimed the copyright in what was published in the broadsheets.
About the autumn of 1968 the defendants commenced a campaign against Mr Robinson through their broadsheets. The reason for the campaign was that the defendants very strongly objected to political decisions in which Mr Robinson as a Minister of the Crown had been involved and which led to a ban being placed on the admission to this country of people coming from abroad to study Scientology.
In the campaign extravagant allegations were made against Mr Robinson which were of a gravely defamatory nature. Put shortly, it was alleged that Mr Robinson had instigated or approved of the creation of what were called "death camps", likened to Belsen and Auschwitz, to which persons (including mental patients) could be forcibly abducted and there killed or maimed with impunity. It was further alleged that Mr Robinson had abused his position as a minister in relation to government grants made to the National Association of Mental Health.
The broadsheets containing these grave allegations were each distributed to about 100,000 persons, including people in public life (such as MPs) and editors of newspapers and journals. Although the allegations were extravagant, Mr Robinson felt that, in view of the virulence and extent of the campaign against him, he could not allow their publication to pass without taking action.
Accordingly he launched the present libel proceedings. Counsel was glad to be able to say that the defendants had now redeemed themselves to the extent that they now acknowledged that there was no truth in what they said about Mr Robinson and they greatly regretted that they ever made such allegations.
They had agreed to pay Mr Robinson a substantial sum to mark the gravity of the libels and to indemnify him against his costs. They had further undertaken not to repeat the same or any similar libel.
In an otherwise distasteful affair it was a matter for some pleasure that the defendants appeared in court by their counsel to confirm what he had told his Lordship and to offer their apologies to Mr Robinson.
Mr Comyn said that he confirmed everything which Mr Neill had said, and on behalf of the defendants he offered their sincere apologies to Mr Robinson for the wrong which they bad done him.
The record was, by leave, withdrawn.
Solicitors: Goodman, Derrick & Co; Mr Stephen M. Bird, East Grinstead.
Madness Network News Vol.2 no.4 September 1974
October 1974: First People First convention held at Otter Crest, Oregon , USA. Organised by supported mentally handicapped people who had been discharged from Fairview Hospital and Training Centre and others who were living there. The name was voted on at a planning session. The proposer said:
"We are tired of being seen first as handicapped or retarded or disabled. We want to be seen as people first". Williams and Shoultz 1982 page 54)
Madness Network News Vol.2 no.5 December 1974 Special Issue: Prison Psychiatry.
The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism by Daniel Bell
Film: One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest (External link: Review)
In 1975, Howard Geld helped found "Project Release" in New York City. This developed a client-run community "drop-in" center and client run residence. As with Robin Farquharson House , in London, these were completely patient ex/patient controlled. In the USA this was called "separatist". [See On Our Own ]. California 1981
Madness Network News Vol.3 no.6 1975 [That is what it says]
1978
Technical Assistance for Self-Advocacy a federally funded project based at the University of Kansas ran from 1978 to 1981. This is the earliest use of the term "self advocacy" I have traced (so far). The earliest book with it in its title is Williams and Shoultz 1982 (which is the source of my information), listed in UK library catalogues, but not listed in the Library of Congress Catalogue (online). The only three American titles with the term in the Library of Congress catalogue are 1993 Self advocacy for adults with learning difficulties: contexts and debates by Jeannie Sutcliffe and Ken Simon. about 1994 The self-advocacy movement by people with developmental disabilities: a demographic study and directory of self-advocacy groups in the United States by Nancy Anne Longhurst. about 1997 Self-advocacy for students who are deaf or hard of hearing by Kristina M. English.
7.8.1978 Julio César Turbay Ayala became President of Colombia , serving to 7.8.1982. A state of siege and a National Security Statute instituted in 1978 substantially to counteract drug trafficking also enhanced the government's ability to act against guerrillas. It was also used to suppress popular unrest Turbay lifted the state of siege and nullified the security statute in June 1982, shortly before leaving office.
Nelsy was twenty eight in 1978 and had been a school teacher for ten years.
On Our Own. Patient-Controlled Alternatives to the Mental Health System by Judi Chamberlin
Madness Network News Vol.5 No.1 Late Summer 1978 "To Hell with Their Profits. Stop Forced Drugging of Psychiatric Inmates"
The History of Shock Treatment Edited by Leonard Roy Frank. San Francisco. 19.10.1978: Copy signed and sent to Joan Martin
1983
In 1983 two prison officers were murdered by inmates at prison in Marion, Illinois, USA. The prison governor put the prison into what he called "permanent lockdown." Laura Sullivan says that this was the first prison in the United States to adopt 23-hour-a-day cell isolation with no communal yard time for all inmates. Prisoners were no longer allowed to work, attend educational programs, or eat in a cafeteria. Within a few years, several other states also adopted permanent lockdown at existing facilities.
Second edition of Andrew Scull 's Decarceration. Community Treatment and the Deviant - A Radical View.
1983 Ed Roberts , Joan Leon, and Judy Heumann founded the World Institute on Disability - web
David John Hill's (born 1952) Ph.D. thesis, Schizophrenia: The Medicalization of Social Control University of Cincinnati, 1983. 586 pages. Published in 1983 [1984?] as The Politics of Schizophrenia: Psychiatric oppression in the United States by David Hill. Lanham, MD, University Press of America, 12 introductory pages plus 577 pages. ISBN 081913614X [published February 1984?] and 0819136158 (paperback) [published January 1984?]. - See David Hill in the UK
Peter Breggin 's Psychiatric drugs, hazards to the brain New York: Springer, 1983.
1983 Howard Geld a founding member of the Alameda County Network of Mental Health Clients (Berkeley, California)
1983 Kathryn Church obtained her Masters in Psychology from the University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. "Psychiatric survivors ... politicised me as I encountered them, their stories, and their activism while I was employed as an organizer in the mid-80s". She obtained her PhD in Sociology from OISE/University of Toronto in 1993. Followed by a decade a freelance researcher working for and with psychiatric survivor organizations. Forbidden Narratives: Critical Autobiography as Social Science 1995 - "Then, in 2002 I was drawn into Ryerson by the challenge of building a research program for the School of Disability Studies that would resonate with issues and debates in this emergent field."
Madness Network News Vol.7 No.1 Spring 1983
May 1983 (Stockholm?) Kerstin Nilsson, Director of Fountain House in Stockholm arranged "an international... meeting bringing together mental health workers from 17 countries to examine the applicability of the social club model for chronic mental patients in a variety of cultural settings" Meeting co-sponsored with the World Federation for Mental Health
5.5.1983 "Interview by Alan Markman with Leonard Roy Frank and Anne Boldt . Boldt and Frank refer to themselves as "ex-psychiatric inmates" and are members of an organisation/ movement called "Psychiatric Inmates Liberation Movement." The organisation's members offer each other support and they believe they will gain strength by gathering together in numbers. At the time of the interview, Frank and Boldt had been part of a demonstration to protest electroshock treatment for psychiatric inmates at Grace Square Hospital. Frank was himself the recipient of shock therapy and believes it is "brutal and dehumanizing" which results in brain damage. The interview includes discussion about other demonstrations and goals for the future". - Broadcast May 5, 1983 on WBAI (Broadcasting around New York) - See Pacific Radio archives PRA Archive #: IZ0373
March 1984 Dr Caligari's Psychiatric Drugs. ( Joan Hughes' collection )
24.7.1984 to 27.7.1984 People First of Washington State organised the first ever international self-advocacy conference for people with mental handicaps and supporters. [International Self-Advocacy Leadership Conference, Tacoma, Washington]. People came from twenty-five states of the USA, from Canada, New Zealand, Australia and England. The conference planned its next gathering, for 1988, in England.
1984 Judith Butler received her Ph.D. in philosophy from Yale University. Her thesis was on the French reception of Hegel. A revised version was published in 1987 as Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France
Jesse Jackson stood as a potential Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party in 1984 and 1988. During the campaign Jackson began speaking of a "Rainbow Coalition"
30.11.1984 North American release of Madonna's Material Girl.
"the boy with the cold hard cash Is always Mister Right, 'cause we are Living in a material world And I am a material girl"
The European cover was more sexual, putting much more emphasis on Madonna's body and much less on wealth than the USA cover shown here.
Madness Network News Vol.7 No.6 Summer 1985
Madness Network News Vol.8 No.1 Fall 1985 "Fight Co-Option in the Anti-Psychiatry Movement"
December 1985 Report of the Electro-Convulsive Therapy Review Committee to the Minister of Health, Toronto, Ontario. ( Joan Hughes' collection )
1986
James Clifford and George E. Marcus (editors). Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography . Berkeley: University of California. External link: an unsympathetic critique .
George E. Marcus and Michael M. J. Fischer Anthropology as cultural critique: An experimental moment in the human sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Charles L. Briggs Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of the role of the interview in social science research. Cambridge University Press. Publisher: "interviewing techniques depend upon fundamental misapprehensions about the nature of the interview as a communicative event as well as the nature of the data that it produces". External link: cv pdf
Madness Network News Vol.8 No.3 Summer 1986
"The project that became MindFreedom International began in 1986 as a newsletter called Dendron funded by the Levinson Foundation." 22.12.1986 "Incorporation of originating nonprofit project with start-up funding from Levinson Foundation. The goal is to publish a newsletter, Dendron, and provide a 'Clearinghouse on Human Rights and Psychiatry', to help network mental health consumers, psychiatric survivors, and supporters." [Dendron started 1987 according to the Winter 1998/1999 edition - See 1990
1986 Howard Geld was a founding member of the Oakland Independent Support Center (580 - 18th Street, Oakland, California 94612). He told a friend that this was the culmination of his dream to create a client-run, multi-purpose center that would serve both the mentally disabled and homeless. [Described in 2006 as "a self-help, client run organization for the mentally disabled homeless to assist themselves and support each other in the pursuit of autonomy and independence."]
15.7.1986 Robert Mapplethorpe's Black Book published
Stuart Hall wrote in 1988 : "The continuous circling around Mapplethorpe's work is not exhausted by being able to place him as the white fetishistic, gay photographer... because it is also marked by the surreptitious return of desire ... questions of race and ethnicity [have] been predicated on the assumption that the categories of gender and sexuality would stay the same ... What the new politics of representation does is to put that into question, crossing the questions of racism irrevocably with questions of sexuality."
1988 Date given that Mary Ellen Copeland began her studies to find acceptable answers to her own mental health issues. Based in Vermont. See 1985 - 1992 - 1997 - 1999 website - 2000 Colchester, UK - 2001 Birmingham England and Limerick Ireland - Manchester UK
1988: Shrink resistant: the struggle against psychiatry in Canada, edited by Bonnie Burstow and Don Weitz, published: Vancouver: New Star Books.
1988 Nelsy was thirty eight in 1988. She graduated from University in Colombia and emigrated to London , England. In England she was amazed at how passive people were "Public transport is very expensive, prices rise automatically at the beginning of the year and no-one rises up and riots.
In Colombia a rise in the cost of petrol or public transport immediately triggers street disturbances, stone-throwing, wounded people and arrested people, and yet, new costs prevail".
Presidency of George H. W. Bush 1989 to 1993
1989: "Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics", by Kimberlé Crenshaw . University of Chicago Legal Forum
1989: Washington State Centenary celebrations . At Western State Hospital , a Pictorial History of Western State Hospital was published by the hospital's Historic Committee and a psychiatric museum established for the year long celebration. This included a timeline created by Sidney H. Acuff, the hospital's Rehabilitation Services Director. (Kathleen Benoun)
First edition of Peter Breggin 's Toxic psychiatry : why therapy, empathy, and love must replace the drugs, electroshock, and biochemical theories of the "new psychiatry" New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. 464 pages
2.6.1991 At the Tony Awards, co-presenter Jeremy Irons wore a red ribbon for AIDS awareness.
1992
1992 The End of History and the Last Man by Francis Fukuyama.
"Before there was The End of History there was The End of Ideology . Essentially they were the same thing. Fukuyima was only reiterating the position first set out by Daniel Bell." (Gdala, A. 2003 p.94)
1992 Howard Geld developing a client-run tenant support team at a single room occupancy hotel for mentally disabled people in Oakland.
August 1993 Last patients left Northampton State Hospital , Massachusetts.
Click on the Shelley Lawrence photograph to read the article that Maureen Tayor wrote in the Valley Advocate in 1999
August 1993 "Sex, Lies & Co-Counseling" by Matthew Lyons published in the Activist Men's Journal. Argues that Re-evaluation Counselling is not a cult, but that the organisation headed by Carl Harvey Jackins is authoritarian and that Jackins is guilty of the systematic sexual abuse of women he counsels.
1993 Howard Geld returned to New York City, where he worked as Director of Advocacy at Community Access, an agency providing housing and supportive services to people with psychiatric disabilities. He started New York City Recipients Coalition, a coalition of 24 different client run organizations throughout New York City.
1993 W.A. Anthony, "Recovery from mental illness: the guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s" Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal. Describes recovery as "a deeply personal, unique process of changing one's attitudes, values, feelings, goals, skills and/or roles. It is a way of living a satisfying, hopeful, and contributing life even with limitations caused by the illness. Recovery involves the development of new meaning and purpose in one's life as one grows beyond the catastrophic effects of mental illness."
20.3.1993 to 27.3.1993 The first Special Olympics to be held outside the United States was the 5th winter olympics held in Austria Salzburg and Schladming, Austria. The 9th summer olympics in July 1995 was in New Haven, United States. The 6th winter olympics in February 1997 was in Collingwood and Toronto, Canada. The 10th summer olympics in June 1999 was in Chapel Hill, Durham and Raleigh in the United States. The 7th winter olympics in March 2001 was in Anchorage, United States. The summer olympics did not leave the United States until 2003 (Dublin, Ireland)
February 1994 The 25th anniversary celebration of the Citizens Commissionon Human Rights was addressed by Thomas Szasz , who said of the Commission:
"They were then the only organization, and they still are the only organization, who were active in trying to free mental patients who were incarcerated in mental hospitals with whom there was nothing wrong, who had committed no crimes, who wanted to get out of the hospital. And that to me was a very worthwhile cause; it's still a very worthwhile cause. We should honor CCHR because it is really the organization that for the first time in human history has organized a politically, socially, internationally significant voice to combat psychiatry. This has never happened in human history before."
April 1994
8.4.1994 - Coalition is incorporated on its own as two nonprofits: Support Coalition Northwest (based in Oregon) and Support Coalition International, later merged .
In 1993 General Atomics was awarded the "Information Services" portion of the National Science Foundation 's contract for InterNIC (Network Information Cente) functions and publishes Internet Scout Report.
See World Wide Web
24.4.1994 Scout Report: Week ending April 29, 1994 appears to be the first. 145 American universities had web pages from at least one department. Susan Calcari created and developed the Scout Report newsletter in May 1994, The first internet archive (for which earlier archives can be retrieved) is 3.5.1997 "Surf smarter, not longer. The Internet Scout Project is sponsored by the National Science Foundation to provide timely information to the education community about valuable Internet resources. Daily and weekly updates are offered for K-12 and higher education faculty, staff, and students, as well as interested members of the general public. "
See Working Like Crazy
1997 Judi Chamberlin's "Confessions of a non-compliant patient" in the National Empowerment Center Newsletter (Lawrence, Massachusetts) - The web archive of the National Empowerment Center begins 7.12.1998
"The Mission of the National Empowerment Center is to carry a message of recovery , empowerment , hope and healing to people who have been diagnosed with mental illness. We carry that message with authority because we are a consumer-run organization and each of us is living a personal journey of recovery and empowerment. We are convinced that recovery and empowerment are not the privilege of a few exceptional leaders, but rather are possible for each person who has been diagnosed with mental illness. Whether on the back ward of a state mental institution or working as an executive in a corporation, we want people who are mental health consumers to know there is a place to turn to in order to receive the information they might need in order to regain control over their lives and the resources that affect their lives. That place is the National Empowerment Center."
1998 A Beautiful Mind: A biography of John Forbes Nash , Jr., winner of the Nobel Prize in economics, 1994 by Sylvia Nasar published.
Concordia University in Montreal was host to a conference on Sex at the Edge . Panel discussions included "Marketing Porn" and comments include "In some ways, Queer Studies have become central to the higher learning experience"
1998 Judith Butler won first prize in the fourth Bad Writing Contest, sponsored by the scholarly journal Philosophy and Literature. See Press Release
Her first-prize sentence appeared in "Further Reflections on the Conversations of Our Time," in the scholarly journal Diacritics in 1997:
"The move from a structuralist account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous ways to a view of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, convergence, and rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure, and marked a shift from a form of Althusserian theory that takes structural totalities as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power."
2.2.1998 First Internet Archive of Support Coalition International website - See index
Swanton, O. 14.4.1998 "Trouble in Paradise? As a top US university develops a cyber campus Oliver Swanton explores its aims." The Guardian Higher Education Supplement p.vi cols 1-5. "E-Campus is UCLA's cyber campus". Web archive of http://www.ucla.edu
December 1998 American Psychiatric Association president, Rodrigo Munoz, summed up the association's position: "There is no scientific evidence that reparative or conversion therapy is effective in changing a person's sexual orientation. There is, however, evidence that this type of therapy can be destructive." See Psychiatric News 15.1.1999 - also David Myers 1999 - and NARTH .
Winter 1998/1999 Dendron issue 41/42 - Collection of Joan Hughes
1999
Picture of Susan Ashby, a courier. She has her own series of cook books.
Spring 1999 Release of Working Like Crazy, a National Film Board of Canada co-production with, SkyWorks and in association with TV Ontario. One-hour documentary film by Gwynne Basen and Laura Sky,
American sociologists viewed through their FBI files: Du Bois - Burgess - Ogburn - Robert and Helen Lynd - Frazier - Sorokin - Parsons - Blumer - Stouffer - Mills - Edwin Sutherland
2000
Geoffrey Reaume published "Remembrance of patients past : patient life at the Toronto Hospital for the Insane , 1870-1940"
Geoffrey Reaume chronicles the daily life of patients at 999 Queen Street West from 1870 to 1940, examining such aspects as diagnosis and admission, daily routine and relationships, leisure, patients' labour, family and community responses, and discharge and death.
Presidency of George W. Bush (junior) 2001 - 2009
11.9.2001 "9.11" Terrorist attack on symbolic buildings in the United States. See Wikipedia
20.9.2001 President Bush: "Our 'war on terror' begins with al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of global reach has been found, stopped and defeated."
Autumn 2001 annotated, on-line bibliography of writings that reflect on the culture of celebrity constructed by students at The College of New Jersey, hoping to "promote critical discussion on an important and emergent field of inquiry". See 1962 - 1985
21.12.2001 Film A Beautiful Mind loosely based on the life of John Forbes Nash : "The story begins in the early years (1947) of a young prodigy named John Nash who attends Princeton University. Early in the film, Nash begins developing paranoid schizophrenia and endures delusional episodes where he believes he works for the Government/War. It shows his life struggle through it and how he relapses. The big twist is that you believe his storyline at first until it begins to show otherwise. Its truly an amazing film to watch". (Moumina Krich February 2012)
2001 or early 2002 Congress allocated $4 million to the U.S. Department of Justice to set up a pilot mental health courts program
2002
At the 1,000 bed Laguna Honda Hospital and Rehabilitation Center in San Francisco, work is being re-introduced in a new light, seeking help people recognize and realize their highest level of vocational potential, which will vary greatly. Some people will remain life-long residents, others are recuperating from major illnesses. Others are in rehabilitation following an illness or accident. Many had been homeless. Many have no family involvement. Many have substance abuse issues. Many have never worked. The programme seeks to instil the idea in people that they have something to offer, to identify what that is and to create opportunities for people to succeed. Vivian Imperiale, the Vocational Rehabilitation Coordinator, would welcome email exchanges ([email protected]) from people providing vocational rehabilitation services to diverse populations in or out of a hospital setting.
9.10.2002 First internet archive of "Witchpaper '97 - On the Existence of Mental Illness and/or Witches in Need of a Burning" , which includes extracts from David Hill and Judi Chamberlin
end of 2002 AltaVista relaunch includes extra functions including Babel Fish "the web's first Internet machine translation service that can translate words, phrases or entire Web sites to and from English, Spanish, French, German, Portuguese, Italian and Russian", as well as image and multimedia search options. (source)
2003
The first summer Special Olympics to be held outside the United States was the 11th held in June 2003 in Dublin, Ireland. the summer olympics returned to the United States in 2015
October 2003 launch of PLOS Biology as the first journal of the Public Library of Science. An Open Access journal aiming to "rival existing elite journals such as Science and Nature " (about PLOS) . "Recognizing the need for prestigious publications to , PLOS entered the publishing arena in October 2003 with the launch of PLOS Biology, followed in October 2004 by PLOS Medicine.
2004
January 2004 First episode of The Apprentice, starring Donald Trump.
May 2004: The Importance of Being Famous: Behind the Scenes of the Celebrity-Industrial Complex by Maureen Orth. "What I think we have constructed in this country is a celebrity industrial complex, which means 24/7 cable , a wired world on the Internet , so much more time to fill. It's so much easier to do it with celebrity than investigate news" (Publisher's weblink - CBS "story" 4.5.2004 ).
Humayun Saqib Muazzam Khan. Captain US Army. Born 9.9.1976 died 8.6.2004
In blocking a suicide bomber's vehicle "he succeeded in saving countless colleagues". He was posthumously awarded the Purple Heart and the Bronze Star.
Autumn 2004 "The Lasting Legacy of An American Dilemma by Shari Cohen published in Carnegie Results
In 2004 the Faculty of Arts at Ryerson University agreed to offer A History of Madness. But Geoffrey Reaume moved to York University.
Autumn 2004 David Reville recruited by Kathryn Church to take over the Mad Peoples History course (DST 504) at Ryerson University , Toronto, and to continue develoment of A History of Madness (DST 500). In 2011 began to create a space for mad studies
November 2004 William S Lind's Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology , Free Congress Foundation.
"Political Correctness is in fact cultural Marxism - Marxism translated from economic into cultural terms. The effort to translate Marxism from economics into culture did not begin with the student rebellion of the 1960s. It goes back at least to the 1920s and the writings of the Italian Communist Antonio Gramsci. In 1923, in Germany, a group of Marxists founded an institute devoted to making the translation, the Institute of Social Research (later known as the Frankfurt School) ... The Frankfurt School gained profound influence in American universities after many of its leading lights fled to the United States in the 1930s to escape National Socialism in Germany."
MindFreedom Journal Winter 2004/2005
Table of contents: United Nations, World Health Organisation and Psychiatry - India and Psychiatry Globalization - USA Wants to Screen You! - Hunger Strike Results - MindFreedom Action - Mad Pride and Bastille Day - Mad Market Sampler - Poetic Justice - Remembering Leaders - Sponsor Group News - Announcements - Join MindFreedom Today
2005
January 2005 Mad Mary Lamb: Lunacy and Murder in Literary London by Susan Tyler Hitchcock published in the United States. Written by a Virginian, this is a biographical companion to the writings of an English madhouse patient who, having murdered her mother, was released to the community and became story teller and poet to generations of children throughout the world.
2008 Recovery and re-emergence no.6
14.2.2008 Northern Illinois University shooting. See Wikipedia
9.4.2008 at 4.19 Mike ("Treybien"), a student journalist in Portland, Oregon wrote in Wikipedia that Charles Manson "became an emblem of insanity, violence, and the macabre". It was just a simplification of "an emblem of transgression, rebellion, evil, ghoulishness, bloody violence, homicidal psychosis, and the macabre", itself an elaboration of "an emblem of evil". Mike's version was still current on 5.5.2012.
Presidency of Barack Obama 2009 -
Barack Obama takes the oath of office with Michelle and daughters Sasha and Malia.
2009 Robert Greene's fourth book, The 50th Law, "an elaboration of his ideas on power in context of the life of the rapper 50 Cent." Wikipedia -
"According to Greene, 50 is an example of what Machiavelli called a New Prince, a leader who emerges in a time of chaos or turmoil and rewrites the rules. According to 50, Greene's books describe the laws and strategies used by hustlers on the street, even if they might not know the "technical terms" for what they were doing" Wikipedia
Mad People's History Heads for Cyberspace
In the winter of 2008/2009, it was suggested to David Reville that Mad People's History become an online course. This may have started in the autumn of 2010. David says "I'm into my fourth online semester. I'm getting the hang of it"
24.3.2009 The open access logo of an unlocked padlock preserved in the internet archive of the http://www.openaccessweek.org
Open Access Week - October 19-23, 2009
"To broaden awareness and understanding of Open Access". "Open Access is a growing international movement that uses the Internet to throw open the locked doors that once hid knowledge. It encourages the unrestricted sharing of research results with everyone, everywhere, for the advancement and enjoyment of science and society." References made to the Budapest Open Access Initiative
Thursday, 20.8.2009 Metcalf Ballroom, George Sherman Union, Boston University 775 Commonwealth Avenue - Judi Chamberlin and Marty Federman invite all their friends to celebrate Judi's life
2011
Mad People's History in Cyberspace
12.1.2011 News and Events from Ryerson said its School of Disability Studies at had joined the G. Raymond Chang School of Continuing Education to deliver a course "which looks at the history of madness from the point of view of people who were or are deemed mad". As well as being taught at the University, this would now be "available online to provide access to working professionals, people with disabilities and those outside of Toronto."
David Reville was still the main tutor, but A History of Madness is now "team-taught by three mad-identified instructors" and there is an on-line course, presented by David.
In an online video, David Revile says that "Mad People's History is a collection of stories - and many of the stories are told by mad paople themselves". Margery Kempe , for example, told her story to a priest. Whereas the history of psychiatry is about doctors like Charcot , mad people's history is about Blanche Wittmann , the patient who acted as his prop.
Mad Studies born
What is mad studies?
David Reville said that "We're on the brink of seeing the birth of a new discipline - mad studies - and Ryerson is at the forefront." In April 2011 David vsited the United Kindom and, at Preston , asked to speak on academia, saying he was eight years into "a project aimed at creating a space for mad studies" [A History of Madness]. Mad Matters in 2013 put Mad Studies firmly on the international map. The Nederland Mad Studies blog started in August 2013. In the meantime, students from Edinburgh were studying David's course in Toronto and started a Mad People's History and Identity module at Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh in March 2014. A Mad Studies Stream began flowing at Lancaster (England) and a Mad Studies module started in Northumbria in the autumn of 2014. Mad Studies North East held a conference "Making Sense of Mad Studies" in 2015.
Mad People's History, Toronto is a Survivors History Network member
7.6.2011 Only archive of "Movement History of the Consumer/ Client/ Survivor/ Ex-patient/ Ex-Inmate/ User Community (Timeline)" Contributors: Peter Ashenden, George Badillo, Su Budd, Maggie Bennington-Davis, Gayle Bluebird, Celia Brown, Jacob Bucher, Angela Cerio, Oryx Cohen, Richard Cohen, Ted Chabasinski, Amy Coleante, Eva Dech, Mark Davis, Deb Damone, Doug DeVoe, Gloria Gervais, George Ebert, Mike Halligan, Daniel Hazen, Kevin Huckshorn, Vanessa Jackson, Daniel Fisher, Leonard Roy Frank, Larry Fricks, Ben Hansen, Daniel Hazen, Ellen Healion, Karen Henninger, Marry Maddock, John McCarthy, Richard McDonald, Traci Murry, David Oaks, Stephanie Orlando, Darby Penney, Pat Risser, Joseph Rogers, Susan Rogers, Ruth Ruth, Dally Sanchez, Judene Shelley, Y Z Smith, Lauren Spiro, Peggy Swarbrick, Lauren Tenney, Can Truong, Carlton Whitmore, Debbie Whittle, Sally Zinman, and You - (fill out the form above with a tidbit of knowledge!). Major Works Utilized: (footnotes to be added) Gail Hornstein's First Person Accounts of Madness, Third Edition; Judi Chamberlin's works; Vanessa Jacksons' works; Pat Risser 's time line [This one] ; www.mindfreedom.org ; http://www.aglp.org/gap/timeline.htm ; http://www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/mentalhealthtimeline.html http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/history/history_article2.shtml ; wikipedia; and the world wide web; http://www.theopalproject.org/ourstory.html
20.9.2011 "Putting the Caped Crusader on the Couch" by H. Eric Bender, Praveen R. Kambam and Vasilis K. Pozios New York Times
2012
2012 Original Raging Spoon building sold to a developer. They found a vacant space at 1658 Queen Street West, in the heart of Parkdale. Their catering operations were operating there by August 2012 and they hoped to open the cafe in the autumn. Working for Change 's office is just down the street at 1499 Queen Street West. It also operates The Out of This World Cafe at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Parkdale Green Thumb and Voices from the Street, a speakers bureau comprised of individuals who have had direct experience with homelessness, poverty and/or mental health issues.
17.1.2012
"The American dream is still alive and kicking," "There is no other industry in the world where you can take an investment that's less than the cost of a Ford Focus, give it to some college students and create a $1bn business." (Alexis Ohanian of Reddit, speaking of the internet industry)"
18.1.2012
"Imagine a World Without Free Knowledge For over a decade, we have spent millions of hours building the largest encyclopedia in human history. Right now, the U.S. Congress is considering legislation that could fatally damage the free and open Internet. For 24 hours, to raise awareness, we are blacking out Wikipedia ."
""The kids are pretty savvy about getting their information from a variety of Internet sites," Kelli Cauffman, media teacher. New York Times
19.5.2012 Ryerson hosts international conference on Mad Studies - Event, possibly the first of its kind, will gather people who "work at the intersection of mental health, formal education and social movements." (Toronto Star - archive ) - agenda
Quaker apology
17.11.2013 We the New York Yearly Meeting (NYYM) of the Religious Society of Friends apologize to Afro-Descendants* everywhere for Quaker participation in the terrible acts of enslaving your ancestors and for the destructive effects that those acts have had on succeeding generations.
Slavery is an abomination. We regret that Friends participated in or benefited from slavery. This included trafficking of human beings from Africa, capitalizing on the products of their labor and suffering, and being enriched by an economy based on chattel slavery. We apologize that NYYM allowed its members to hold Africans and their descendants in bondage up until 1777, when Friends were directed by the Yearly Meeting to manumit the people they held in slavery.
We abhor the decades of terror and legalized racial segregation that followed the abolition of slavery declared in the 13th amendment, which was ratified in 1865. The amendment reads: "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." This exception gave rise to a justice system that disproportionately targeted and incarcerated Afro-Descendants, a practice which continues today.
We acknowledge in sorrow that those of us who enjoy a high standard of living today are still benefiting from the unpaid and underpaid labor of enslaved peoples and their descendants. We deeply regret that even after emancipation, despite the Quaker testimony of equality, Friends schools denied admission to Afro-Descendants and many Friends meetings enforced segregated seating. We regret the effects that those policies had and continue to have on all of us.
Over the centuries, some individual Quakers and Quaker groups have joined efforts to end slavery and eradicate racism and have supported African Americans in their struggle for civil and human rights. We honor the work of these Quakers and are moved to follow their example. Thus we re-commit ourselves to the testimony of equality as regards Afro-Descendants. This work will include challenging existing racist assumptions, and educating ourselves about the direct relationships between the past enslavement of Afro-Descendants and current conditions in the United States.
We recognize that this apology is a step towards healing and trust, and that more openings will follow as we strive with DIVINE assistance to discern what we as Quakers are called to do to bring about justice and reconciliation in our beloved community.
* Afro-Descendants is a term now officially in use by the United Nations to identify the more than 250 million descendants of enslaved Africans dwelling in North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Slavery Diaspora.
MAD PEOPLE OF COLOUR - A MANIFESTO
Rachel Gorman, annu saini, Louise Tam, Onyinyechukwu Udegbe and Onar Usar
We are a group of queer, mad people of colour who experience the 'psy complex' in different ways - sometimes as survivors, patients, ex-patients, or inmates of the racist, sexist, and oppressive psychiatric system, and sometimes through racist, sexist, and oppressive interventions by doctors, teachers, social workers, community members, or police.
We write this manifesto because we know that racism, sexism and oppression circulating in the system are also circulating in the mad movement. Over the years we, and other mad people of color, have been in mad movement spaces - sometimes as organizers, and sometimes as participants. We have been present, vocal, and visible - bringing forward our concerns about racism, about our precarious legal status, about the experiences of working class immigrants, and about the violent and subtle ways that people of color are psychiatrized.
Yet each time we speak or write these truths, our perspectives are dismissed or deflected by people who want the mad movement to be white and middle-class. We have been accused of attacking white people when we express our views. We have been called 'sanist' for talking about racism in the mad movement. How can it be that we are sanist when we criticize white people for being racist, but white people are not sanist when they call us angry and irrational? Tell us, is sanism something that only happens to white people?
We don't believe in an oppression that only white people experience.
Audre Lorde taught us that when white people don't confront their own racism, they blame people of color for 'being angry'. We know why we are angry. Racism, sexism, and class oppression make us angry. We know why people attack us for being angry. Guilt, entitlement, and a refusal to work with us fuel your attacks. White mad activists tell us that we are responsible for our own inclusion. We don't want to be 'included' in a white movement: we want you to take responsibility for keeping your movement white. The mad movement presents a mad identity based on white people's experiences and white people's theories. Tell us, is madness something that only white people experience?
We know that:
We are the experts of our own stories and experiences. We talk to each other. We read African theorists and theorists of color. We listen to each other's experiences of being trans-national. We talk about surviving in more than one cultural context.
We cannot separate our experiences of racialization, madness, and other oppressions.
White people's experiences of psychiatry are not 'like colonialism'. Colonialism is like colonialism.
Race and disability have suddenly become an academic fad for white people.
We Demand:
Stop asking us to educate you about racism, and then ignoring or contradicting us when we do.
Stop basing your ideas about a collective mad identity on the dominant culture.
Stop presenting the white mad movement as a culture to be celebrated as part of Canada's multiculturalism.
Stop saying things like "even people in prisons have it better than we do". Some of us experience both.
Make anti-racism and anti-oppression training a priority, especially for consumer/survivor organizations. If you want us to educate you, pay us.
Acknowledge your racism and take action to end it.
Ask yourself whether your goal as a mad activist is to regain the white middle-class privilege you lost when you were psychiatrized.
Ask sincere questions, and then listen to the answers. If you are wondering if psychiatry is like colonization, ask someone who has experienced both! If you want to know if the hospital is worse than prison, ask someone who has experienced both!
Stop pretending you've never heard these criticisms before. Stop pretending our work doesn't matter. Stop pretending you've never heard of us. Stop pretending we don't exist.
Stop appropriating anti-racist struggles.
2016
Tuesday 9.8.2016 "Hillary wants to abolish, essentially abolish the Second Amendment . By the way, and if she gets to pick her judges, nothing you can do, folks. But the Second Amendment people, maybe there is, I don't know." Did Donald Trump Just Suggest His Supporters Shoot Hillary Clinton?
November 2016: "I am writing this just before the Clinton v. Trump showdown" (Presidential Election Tuesday 8.11.2016 "It has been the most unedifying of contests. It has shamed America". Hillary Clinton "simply struggled to campaign with any humanity ... against a demagogue called Donald Trump". (Derek Wyatt. KCW Today Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster local paper, page 3 "United States").
Click coloured words to go where you want
Andrew Roberts likes to hear from users:
To contact him, please use the Communication Form
Sources:
Kathleen Benoun works at the Patients Library of the Western State Hospital at Fort Steilacoom, Washington State. She is a member of a group planning a hospital museum. In May 2003 she completed a Timeline of Highlights in the History of Western State Hospital that sets it in its general psychiatric history. She has allowed me to draw on this. The museum is now (Spring 2004) open, and Western State Hospital Historical Society has its own website
Jeptha Greer is researching the history of Robert E. Lee
Gilbert Honigfeld is a New Jersey writer whose (as yet unpublished) manuscript of the mental health history of Europe and the USA skilfully blends fact and fiction in an imaginary transatlantic correspondence. The idea for this web page developed out of Andrew Roberts' attempts to relate Gilbert's manuscript to its historical base. See also 2009
Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free-Net) put online an American timeline that I have used heavily. There is a copy at this link .
Charles Outwin is a member of the Maine Historical Society, Portland, Maine and a Ph.D. candidate in American history at the University of Maine, Orono. His dissertation-in-progress is The Merchant City: a history of Falmouth in Casco Bay, Maine, 1760 - 1775.
Diane E. Richardson is special collections librarian Oskar Diethelm Library , Institute for the History of Psychiatry at Cornell University's Medical School. She is currently preparing an online catalogue of the collection.
Andrew Roberts lives in Hackney, London, England, where he collects information for this timeline from people who write to him!
Warren Street's chronological work on the history of American Psychology has a web presence at Today in the History of Psychology and the chronology of added events
Gordon Trueblood is researching the history of the Truebloods. He was born near where John and Agnes Trueblood settled in North Carolina, but now lives in Canada.
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i don't know
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In the 2001 General Election, which celebrity stood in the Stretford and Urmston constituency as an independent candidate attracting 713 votes?
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Al Murray and other celebrities who have decided to run for parliament - BBC News
BBC News
Al Murray and other celebrities who have decided to run for parliament
By Leala Padmanabhan BBC News
16 January 2015
Read more about sharing.
Close share panel
Comedian Al Murray plans to take on Nigel Farage at the general election in his character of the Pub Landlord.
Mr Murray will stand for the Free United Kingdom Party (FUKP) pledging that the UK will leave the solar system by 2025 and that Greece will be sold to Kent County Council.
The TV star is joining a list of famous figures who've decided to throw their hats into the ring as parliamentary candidates.
Here are some of the more memorable ones - including some no-hopers and some notable successes.
Willie Rushton
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Willie Rushton challenged Sir Alec Douglas-Home in 1963 under the slogan "Death to the Tories"
"Death to the Tories" was actor, cartoonist and satirist Willie Rushton's campaign slogan when he ran against Conservative Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home in 1963.
Rushton, who died in 1996, was angry at the machinations in which the patrician Douglas-Home, a hereditary peer, became PM despite not being an MP and had to stand in a by-election to win a Commons seat.
Rushton, who contested the Kinross and West Perthshire seat on behalf of Private Eye magazine, polled just 45 votes, having urged voters to support the Liberal candidate at the last minute.
Douglas-Home won.
Auberon Waugh
Image caption Auberon Waugh: who stood up for dog lovers at the 1979 election
Journalist Auberon Waugh ran for the "Dog Lovers' Party" in 1979, challenging the former Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe in his North Devon constituency.
Why was Waugh standing up for dog lovers? He was of course referring to Rinka - the dog shot on Exmoor in the scandal involving Thorpe, his alleged homosexual lover Norman Scott and a hitman. Waugh had helped expose the scandal.
Waugh lost his deposit but had the gratification of seeing Thorpe lose his seat.
Katie Price
Image caption "I know it will take a big swing but there's no bigger swinger than me" said Katie Price in 2001
Surgically enhanced former glamour model Katie Price - aka Jordan - pledged free plastic surgery for all, more nudist beaches and a ban on parking tickets in her campaign as an Independent candidate in the Manchester seat of Stretford and Urmston in 2001.
Despite promising "a bigger, betta (sic) future" Ms Price won just 713 votes, losing her deposit.
Howard Marks
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Howard Marks failed to win over voters in four constituencies in the 1997 general election
Author and former drug smuggler Howard Marks appeared on ballot papers four times in the 1997 general election: Norwich South, Norwich North, Neath and Southampton Test.
He was unsuccessful in all four seats.
No prizes for guessing the single issue in his campaign - the legalisation of cannabis.
Esther Rantzen
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption The TV presenter and charity campaigner on the trail in Luton South
"If the voters think it's worthwhile and they want me, here I am," said Esther Rantzen as she launched her campaign as an Independent candidate in the 2010 general election.
Mrs Rantzen, who was made a Dame in the New Year Honours for her charity work, stood on an anti-fraud ticket after the former Labour MP for Luton South, Margaret Moran, was embroiled in the parliamentary expenses scandal.
The voters didn't choose Mrs Rantzen, who came fourth with 1,872 votes, narrowly losing her deposit.
David Icke
Image caption David Icke joined 25 other candidates in the 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election
Former footballer and sports presenter David Icke was one of the 26 hopefuls contesting the Yorkshire seat of Haltemprice and Howden in 2008, after the surprise decision of Tory MP David Davis to resign and trigger a by-election focused on civil liberties.
Mr Icke, an author of books on New Age spiritualism and conspiracy theories, appeared on the ballot paper with no label after refusing to declare a party affiliation or even to sign up as an Independent.
His prediction that he didn't have "any chance of winning" was proved right. He won 110 votes - and David Davis was returned to parliament.
Garry Bushell
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Mr Bushell told reporters he "didn't have a hope in hell of winning"
Straight-talking newspaper columnist Garry Bushell contested two parliamentary seats in 2005 on behalf of the English Democrats Party, which promotes the establishment of an English Parliament.
Bushell won 1,216 votes (a 3.4% share) in the Greenwich and Woolwich constituency, beating the UK Independence Party, but losing out to Labour's Nick Raynsford.
The successes
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Glenda Jackson gained a reputation as an outspoken left-winger and Blair critic
The Labour MP for Hampstead and Highgate is so well known for her political career, some may have forgotten what went before.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Glenda Jackson in 1971 with her Best Actress Oscar for Women in Love
Prior to entering parliament in 1992, Ms Jackson enjoyed nearly 40 years as a stage and screen actress, winning two Oscars and many other awards in films including Cleopatra and Women in Love.
The 79-year-old firebrand, who became a prominent critic of Tony Blair, is retiring from the Commons this year.
Sir Menzies Campbell
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Olympian Menzies Campbell with long jumper Mary Bignal Rand in 1964
Now known for his gravitas, the former Lib Dem leader Sir Menzies Campbell was once extremely light on his feet.
A former sprinter, and British 100m record holder, he ran for the GB team at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, becoming captain of the UK Athletics Team in 1965.
He became a leading barrister when he retired from competing, entering parliament in 1987, where he has served ever since, though he is standing down at this year's general election.
Sebastian Coe
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Sebastian Coe in the 1,500m heats at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles
Another high-profile athlete turned politician is Sebastian Coe, a former middle-distance runner who won two Olympic gold medals and set three world records in the space of 41 days.
A Tory MP from 1992 to 1997, he became a peer in 2000 and ran London's successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics.
Gyles Brandreth
Image caption Polymath Gyles Brandreth represented Chester for the Conservatives
Broadcaster, panellist, diarist, comedian, scrabble player and collector of jumpers, Gyles Brandreth was also between 1992 and 1997 the Conservative MP for Chester.
"I joined the chamber of the House of Commons because I like the sound of my own voice," he once reportedly said.
While an MP he was responsible for the legislation which led to marriages ceremonies being allowed in premises other than churches or register offices.
He claims as an ancestor Jeremiah Brandreth - the last man in England to be beheaded for treason.
Martin Bell
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Former war reporter and Independent MP Martin Bell in his trademark white suit
In 1997, former BBC foreign correspondent Martin Bell stood on an anti-sleaze ticket against Neil Hamilton who, as Tory MP for Tatton, had become embroiled in the "cash-for-questions" scandal.
Mr Bell memorably confronted Mr Hamilton during the campaign in the so-called "Battle of Knutsford Heath".
Bell was elected with a majority of 11,077 votes - overturning a Conservative majority of over 22,000, becoming the first successful independent parliamentary candidate since 1951.
Since standing down from parliament in 2001 he has made several unsuccessful bids to re-enter politics.
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katie price aka jordan
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Trevor Eve played 'Eddie Shoestring' on TV, which British actor a former TV soldier played the boss of the radio station he worked for?
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Al Murray and other celebrities who have decided to run for parliament - BBC News
BBC News
Al Murray and other celebrities who have decided to run for parliament
By Leala Padmanabhan BBC News
16 January 2015
Read more about sharing.
Close share panel
Comedian Al Murray plans to take on Nigel Farage at the general election in his character of the Pub Landlord.
Mr Murray will stand for the Free United Kingdom Party (FUKP) pledging that the UK will leave the solar system by 2025 and that Greece will be sold to Kent County Council.
The TV star is joining a list of famous figures who've decided to throw their hats into the ring as parliamentary candidates.
Here are some of the more memorable ones - including some no-hopers and some notable successes.
Willie Rushton
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Willie Rushton challenged Sir Alec Douglas-Home in 1963 under the slogan "Death to the Tories"
"Death to the Tories" was actor, cartoonist and satirist Willie Rushton's campaign slogan when he ran against Conservative Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home in 1963.
Rushton, who died in 1996, was angry at the machinations in which the patrician Douglas-Home, a hereditary peer, became PM despite not being an MP and had to stand in a by-election to win a Commons seat.
Rushton, who contested the Kinross and West Perthshire seat on behalf of Private Eye magazine, polled just 45 votes, having urged voters to support the Liberal candidate at the last minute.
Douglas-Home won.
Auberon Waugh
Image caption Auberon Waugh: who stood up for dog lovers at the 1979 election
Journalist Auberon Waugh ran for the "Dog Lovers' Party" in 1979, challenging the former Liberal leader Jeremy Thorpe in his North Devon constituency.
Why was Waugh standing up for dog lovers? He was of course referring to Rinka - the dog shot on Exmoor in the scandal involving Thorpe, his alleged homosexual lover Norman Scott and a hitman. Waugh had helped expose the scandal.
Waugh lost his deposit but had the gratification of seeing Thorpe lose his seat.
Katie Price
Image caption "I know it will take a big swing but there's no bigger swinger than me" said Katie Price in 2001
Surgically enhanced former glamour model Katie Price - aka Jordan - pledged free plastic surgery for all, more nudist beaches and a ban on parking tickets in her campaign as an Independent candidate in the Manchester seat of Stretford and Urmston in 2001.
Despite promising "a bigger, betta (sic) future" Ms Price won just 713 votes, losing her deposit.
Howard Marks
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Howard Marks failed to win over voters in four constituencies in the 1997 general election
Author and former drug smuggler Howard Marks appeared on ballot papers four times in the 1997 general election: Norwich South, Norwich North, Neath and Southampton Test.
He was unsuccessful in all four seats.
No prizes for guessing the single issue in his campaign - the legalisation of cannabis.
Esther Rantzen
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption The TV presenter and charity campaigner on the trail in Luton South
"If the voters think it's worthwhile and they want me, here I am," said Esther Rantzen as she launched her campaign as an Independent candidate in the 2010 general election.
Mrs Rantzen, who was made a Dame in the New Year Honours for her charity work, stood on an anti-fraud ticket after the former Labour MP for Luton South, Margaret Moran, was embroiled in the parliamentary expenses scandal.
The voters didn't choose Mrs Rantzen, who came fourth with 1,872 votes, narrowly losing her deposit.
David Icke
Image caption David Icke joined 25 other candidates in the 2008 Haltemprice and Howden by-election
Former footballer and sports presenter David Icke was one of the 26 hopefuls contesting the Yorkshire seat of Haltemprice and Howden in 2008, after the surprise decision of Tory MP David Davis to resign and trigger a by-election focused on civil liberties.
Mr Icke, an author of books on New Age spiritualism and conspiracy theories, appeared on the ballot paper with no label after refusing to declare a party affiliation or even to sign up as an Independent.
His prediction that he didn't have "any chance of winning" was proved right. He won 110 votes - and David Davis was returned to parliament.
Garry Bushell
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Mr Bushell told reporters he "didn't have a hope in hell of winning"
Straight-talking newspaper columnist Garry Bushell contested two parliamentary seats in 2005 on behalf of the English Democrats Party, which promotes the establishment of an English Parliament.
Bushell won 1,216 votes (a 3.4% share) in the Greenwich and Woolwich constituency, beating the UK Independence Party, but losing out to Labour's Nick Raynsford.
The successes
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Glenda Jackson gained a reputation as an outspoken left-winger and Blair critic
The Labour MP for Hampstead and Highgate is so well known for her political career, some may have forgotten what went before.
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Glenda Jackson in 1971 with her Best Actress Oscar for Women in Love
Prior to entering parliament in 1992, Ms Jackson enjoyed nearly 40 years as a stage and screen actress, winning two Oscars and many other awards in films including Cleopatra and Women in Love.
The 79-year-old firebrand, who became a prominent critic of Tony Blair, is retiring from the Commons this year.
Sir Menzies Campbell
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Olympian Menzies Campbell with long jumper Mary Bignal Rand in 1964
Now known for his gravitas, the former Lib Dem leader Sir Menzies Campbell was once extremely light on his feet.
A former sprinter, and British 100m record holder, he ran for the GB team at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, becoming captain of the UK Athletics Team in 1965.
He became a leading barrister when he retired from competing, entering parliament in 1987, where he has served ever since, though he is standing down at this year's general election.
Sebastian Coe
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Sebastian Coe in the 1,500m heats at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles
Another high-profile athlete turned politician is Sebastian Coe, a former middle-distance runner who won two Olympic gold medals and set three world records in the space of 41 days.
A Tory MP from 1992 to 1997, he became a peer in 2000 and ran London's successful bid to host the 2012 Olympics.
Gyles Brandreth
Image caption Polymath Gyles Brandreth represented Chester for the Conservatives
Broadcaster, panellist, diarist, comedian, scrabble player and collector of jumpers, Gyles Brandreth was also between 1992 and 1997 the Conservative MP for Chester.
"I joined the chamber of the House of Commons because I like the sound of my own voice," he once reportedly said.
While an MP he was responsible for the legislation which led to marriages ceremonies being allowed in premises other than churches or register offices.
He claims as an ancestor Jeremiah Brandreth - the last man in England to be beheaded for treason.
Martin Bell
Image copyright Getty Images
Image caption Former war reporter and Independent MP Martin Bell in his trademark white suit
In 1997, former BBC foreign correspondent Martin Bell stood on an anti-sleaze ticket against Neil Hamilton who, as Tory MP for Tatton, had become embroiled in the "cash-for-questions" scandal.
Mr Bell memorably confronted Mr Hamilton during the campaign in the so-called "Battle of Knutsford Heath".
Bell was elected with a majority of 11,077 votes - overturning a Conservative majority of over 22,000, becoming the first successful independent parliamentary candidate since 1951.
Since standing down from parliament in 2001 he has made several unsuccessful bids to re-enter politics.
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i don't know
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What is the architectural name for the head or top of a column?
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Column | Article about column by The Free Dictionary
Column | Article about column by The Free Dictionary
http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/column
Related to column: column chromatography , beam
column,
vertical architectural support, circular or polygonal in plan. A column is generally at least four or five times as high as its diameter or width; stubbier freestanding masses of masonry are usually called piers or pillars, particularly those with a rectangular plan. In fully developed Egyptian architecture the columns were of gigantic size, spaced very closely together, and were reserved for inner courtyards and halls. In the Aegean area, in pre-Hellenic times, the column type known to have been used is one with a cushionlike cap and with its shaft tapering downward. Subsequent types were the archaic forms of Doric, developed by the Dorians after their coming (before 1000 B.C.) into the region. By the 7th cent. B.C. this Greek Doric had been established in its design. The columns of classical architecture represent the attempt to design proportionings and details that would create maximum structural harmony. It is in the Greek temples of the Periclean Age (5th cent. B.C.), notably in the Parthenon, that the ideal was obtained. In Greek, Roman, and Renaissance architecture the various column types, taken together with the entablatures that they support, form the classical orders of architecture orders of architecture.
In classical tyles of architecture the various columnar types fall, in general, into the five so-called classical orders, which are named Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite.
..... Click the link for more information. . The classical column has the three fundamental elements of base, shaft, and capital. The shaft has a gradual upward tapering (entasis), and the capital that crowns it provides a decorative and structural transition between the circular column and the rectangular entablature. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian column types advanced toward perfect proportions and details and formed the basis for the columnar architecture of the Romans. Although Greek columns always had vertical channels or flutes cut in their shafts, those of the Romans were often without them. In Greek buildings the columns were usually structurally indispensable, but the Romans and later the Renaissance and modern architects used them often also as a decorative feature, mostly following fixed rules of proportions. The columns of Romanesque, Byzantine, and Gothic buildings were usually structural elements and were without canons of proportioning. The capitals of the Romanesque and Gothic were often variously decorated with plant and animal forms. The columns of Chinese and Japanese architecture are circular or polygonal wood posts, with bases but without capitals, having instead an ornamented projecting bracket. In Indian architecture columns exhibit great variety of detail: shafts, bases, and capitals are often intricately ornamented. In modern construction most columns are of either steel or reinforced concrete. See Doric order Doric order,
earliest of the orders of architecture developed by the Greeks and the one that they employed for most buildings. It is generally believed that the column and its capital derive from an earlier architecture in wood.
..... Click the link for more information. ; Ionic order Ionic order
, one of the early orders of architecture. The spreading scroll-shaped capital is the distinctive feature of the Ionic order; it was primarily a product of Asia Minor, where early embryonic forms of this capital have been found.
..... Click the link for more information. ; Corinthian order Corinthian order,
most ornate of the classic orders of architecture. It was also the latest, not arriving at full development until the middle of the 4th cent. B.C. The oldest known example, however, is found in the temple of Apollo at Bassae (c.420 B.C.).
..... Click the link for more information. ; capital capital,
in architecture, the crowning member of a column, pilaster, or pier. It acts as the bearing member beneath the lintel or arch supported by the shaft and has a spreading contour appropriate to its function.
..... Click the link for more information. .
Column
A vertical structural compression member or shaft supporting a load, which acts in the direction of its vertical axis and has both a base and a capital, designed to support both an entablature or balcony.
angle column
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Capital
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In which 2009 TV series did actors Larry Lamb and Alison Steadman appear?
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Exterior Columns, Architectural Columns, Structural Columns, Decorative Columns
Design #100 - Tuscan Order - Authentic Replication Wood Column - Plain, Tapered Shaft - Tuscan Capital & Base Molding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #100. Plain Authentic Replication shaft with classic taper/entasis. Made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Polyurethane Tuscan capital, base molding and plinth. Made to your exact overall height.
Design #100B - Tuscan Order - Authentic Replication Wood Belley Column - Plain, Tapered Shaft - Tuscan Capital & Base Molding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #100B. Plain, tapered, Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Belley w/ Tuscan capital and base molding and plinth.
Design #104 Doric Order (Roman) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Roman Doric Capital & Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #104. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, hand-sanded. Roman Doric capital, base molding and plinth (polyurethane).
Design #104S - Doric Order (Roman) - Wood Column - Plain, Square, Non-Tapered Shaft - Roman Doric Capital & Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #104S. Plain, square, non-tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal wood, hand-sanded. Roman Doric capital, base molding and plinth made also from wood.
Design #105S - Doric Order (Roman) - Wood Column - Fluted, Square, Non-Tapered Shaft - Roman Doric Capital & Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #105S. Fluted, square, non-tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal wood, hand-sanded. Roman Doric capital, base molding and plinth made also from wood.
Design #105 Doric Order (Roman) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Roman Doric Capital & Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #105. Fluted (24 Ionic flutes), tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, hand-sanded. Roman Doric capital, base molding and plinth (polyurethane).
Design #108 - Doric Order (Roman) - Octagonal Authentic Wood Column - Plain, Tapered - Roman Doric Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Molding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #108. Plain, tapered octagonal Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Roman Doric capital, Attic base molding and plinth (poplar).
Design #108 Doric Order (Roman) Authentic Replication Wood Column Plain, Tapered Roman Doric Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Molding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #108. Plain, Tapered, Round Authentic Replication wood column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Roman Doric capital, Attic base molding and plinth (poplar).
Design #109CBL Doric Order (Roman) Wood Column Fluted (Cabled), Tapered Shaft Roman Doric Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #109CBL. Fluted (24 Ionic flutes) with custom 'cabling' on the bottom 1/3 of shaft, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, hand-sanded. Roman Doric capital, base molding and plinth.
Design #109 Doric Order (Roman) Authentic Replication Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Roman Doric Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Molding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #109. Fluted, Tapered, Round Authentic Replication wood column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Roman Doric capital, Attic base molding and plinth (poplar).
Design #112 - Doric Order (Greek) - Authentic Replication Wood Column - Plain, Tapered Shaft - Greek Doric Capital & No Base Molding or Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #112. Plain, Tapered Authentic Replication Greek Doric column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Greek Doric capital (wood). No base or plinth.
Design #113 Doric Order (Greek) Authentic Replication Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Greek Doric Capital & No Base Moulding or Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #113. Fluted (20 Doric flutes), tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Greek Doric capital (wood). No base molding or plinth.
Design #114 Tuscan Order Authentic Replication Wood Column Fluted (Reeded), Tapered Shaft Tuscan Capital & No Base Moulding or Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #114. Plain, tapered, Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Reeded Custom Design w/ Tuscan capital molding
Design #116 Corinthian Order (Greek) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Tower of Winds Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #116. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Corinthian (Temple of Winds) capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #117 Corinthian Order (Greek) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Tower of Winds Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #117. Fluted (24 Ionic flutes), tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Corinthian (Temple of Winds) capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #120 Corinthian Order (Roman) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Roman Corinthian Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #120. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Roman Corinthian capital, Attic base molding and plinth (polyurethane).
Design #121 Corinthian Order (Roman) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Roman Corinthian Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #121. Fluted (24 Ionic flutes), tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Roman Corinthian capital, Attic base molding and plinth (polyurethane).
Design #124 Composite Order (Modern) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Composite Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #124. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication shaft made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar. Resin Modern Composite capital. Polyurethane Attic/Ionic base molding and plinth.
Design #125 Composite Order (Modern) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Composite Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #125. Fluted, tapered Authentic Replication shaft made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar. Resin Modern Composite capital. Polyurethane Attic/Ionic base molding and plinth.
Design #128 Ionic Order (Roman) Authentic Replication Wood Column Plain, Tapered Roman Ionic Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #128. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Roman Ionic capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #129 Ionic Order (Roman) Authentic Replication Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Roman Ionic Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #129. Fluted (24 Ionic flutes), tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Roman Ionic capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #130 Ionic Order (Roman) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Roman Ionic w/ Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #130. Plain, Tapered Authentic Replication Wood column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Roman Ionic with Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #131 Ionic Order (Roman) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Roman Ionic w/ Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #131. Fluted (24 Ionic flutes), tapered Premier Wood column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Roman Ionic with Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #132 Ionic Order (Scamozzi) Authentic Replication Wood Column Plain, Tapered Scamozzi Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #132. plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Sacamozzi Ionic capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #133 Ionic Order (Scamozzi) Authentic Replication Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Scamozzi Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #133. fluted, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Sacamozzi Ionic capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #136 Ionic Order (Empire) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Empire Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #136. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Empire with Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #137 Ionic Order (Empire) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Empire Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #137. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Empire capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #138 Ionic Order (Empire) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Empire w/Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #138. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Empire with Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #139 Ionic Order (Empire) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Empire w/Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #139. Fluted (24 Ionic flutes), tapered Premier Wood Column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Empire with Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #140 Ionic Order (Greek Angular) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Greek Angular Ionic Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #140. Plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Greek Angular Ionic capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #141 Ionic Order (Greek Angular) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Greek Angular Ionic Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #141. Fluted, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Greek Angular Ionic capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #143 Ionic Order (Greek) Wood Column 1/3 Fluted, Tapered Shaft Greek Erechtheum Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #143. 1/3 fluted, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Erechtheum capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #144 Ionic Order (Greek) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Greek Erechtheum Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #144. plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Erechtheum capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #145 Ionic Order (Greek) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Greek Erechtheum Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #145. fluted, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Erechtheum capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #146 Ionic Order (Greek) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Greek Erechtheum w/ Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #146. plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Erechtheum w/ Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #147 Ionic Order (Greek) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Greek Erechtheum w/ Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
PRICE: Request a Quote
Chadsworth's Design #147. Fluted, Tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Erechtheum w/ Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #148 Ionic Order (Greek) Wood Column Plain, Tapered Shaft Greek Erechtheum w/ Ornate Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #148. plain, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Erechtheum w/ Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
Design #149 Ionic Order (Greek) Wood Column Fluted, Tapered Shaft Greek Erechtheum w/ Ornate Necking Capital & Ionic (Attic) Base Moulding/Plinth
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Chadsworth's Design #149. Fluted, tapered Authentic Replication column made of paint-grade, finger-jointed poplar or equal, sanded and primed. Resin Greek Erechtheum w/ Decorative Necking capital, Attic base molding and plinth.
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i don't know
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What kind of creature is a 'Redback'?
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Redback Spider (Latrodectus hasselti)
Redback Spider (Latrodectus hasselti)
Redback Spider on house brick.
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. Used with permission.
Female Redback Spider with Egg Sacs. Photographed under house eaves. Luckily the spider stays put in its web most of the time, making photography fairly easy.
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. Used with permission.
Baby Redback spiders are white with darker spots on back
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. Used with permission.
She sometimes catches small skinks in the web. These are sucked dry and remains are cut from web and dropped to ground.
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. Used with permission.
Female Redback Spider showing distinctive red stripe. These are very common around the house often found under eaves, under patio chairs, around garage doors or any similar dry sheltered place. Sometimes they come into the house where they usually end up euthanased with a fatal dose of insecticide, or squashed with a heavy object.
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. Used with permission.
Female Redback
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. Used with permission.
Female showing red hourglass shape on underside. She has remains of huntsman spider in web.
Photograph copyright: ozwildlife - all rights reserved. Used with permission.
REDBACK SPIDER FACTS
Description
The Redback Spider is a black spider with round body. The female is black with red stripe on back. The newly-hatched, baby spiders are creamy white with darker spots on their back. As the young grow they get darken, and develop red or orange hourglass shaped marking on underside, red or orange stripe on back. The head and legs may be brown rather than black, and the body can have white or cream markings coming from the red or orange stripe. Male Redback Spiders are much smaller than the female and are rarely seen. The Redback Spider belongs to the same genus as the American Black Widow Spider.
Size
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Spider (pulp fiction)
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"From which Shakespeare play does the following line come, ""All the world's a stage and all the men and women merely players""?"
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The Find-a-spider Guide - Spider Info
Spider venoms
Spider Venoms
This page provides information about the kinds of toxins found in spider venoms and the relative risk to humans posed by the venoms of some common Australian spider species.
Although the members of the Uloboridae, Scytodidae (spitting spiders) and a couple of very rare families lack venom glands, the great majority of spider species have them and couldn't survive without them. It was initially thought these glands were modified digestive glands but it is now clear this cannot be correct since a spider's digestive glands are mesodermal in origin whereas the venom glands are actually invaginations of the outer tissue layer, the ectoderm. Spiders generally use their venom conservatively as a defence against aggressors and to immobilize prey and keep them in good condition to be eaten at a later date. On the other hand, they produce and use much larger quantities of digestive fluids.
On this page we will examine the chemical and toxicological nature of the main substances found in spider venoms, their actions in the tissues of victims of spider bites, their potential uses as insecticides, and the medical procedures that are presently in use to help people who are suffering serious envenomation. It has been enstimated that overall there could be as many as ten million individual toxins in the world's spiders, an 'average' spider possessing about 100 of them, mostly working synergistically. Exactly which combination of toxins a particular spider uses varies with its habitat, its usual prey and mode of catching them, and the inevitable changes in venom composition that occur as spiders evolve into new families, genera and species.
The anatomy and physiology of spider venom glands
In mygalomorph species the venom glands are located within the large chelicerae these spiders possess. There are probably muscle fibres in the walls of these glands and the ejection of venom may also be encouraged by the many muscle fibres that fill the chelicerae, these muscles also facilitating penetration of the fangs as the spider bites. Venom secretion is under the control of the nervous system but can be induced in a spider that has been anaesthetized by a brief exposure to an atmosphere of carbon dioxide gas. All that is needed is to stimulate the venom glands with electrical impulses from a pair of small electrodes placed on each side of the chelicerae. Venom collected in this way often looks turbid because the stimulation has caused regurgitation of gut contents but clear, uncontaminated venom may sometimes be obtained by fitting thin plastic tubes to the fangs, assuming the fangs are large enough for this technique to be feasable.
Many of the components of spider venoms are highly toxic to arthropods, which is to be expected because the main prey of a typical spider are insects and other spiders. The reader may therefore wonder why a spider doesn't poison itself before it has even put its venom to use. The answer to this question is not a simple one because of the variety of toxins in a single venom sample and their chemical and functional diversity. However, it is probably correct to say that most of them are stored in the venom glands in inactive precursor form. They presumably only become active as they are being released from the venom glands but there is not much information available as yet as to the actual activation process. Most probably, the toxin is stored as part of a larger molecule and pieces of this precursor molecule are enzymically cleaved as the venom is being injected into the victim.
What toxic substances are found in spider venoms?
There are several important classes of chemical agents that serve as toxins in spider venoms and while most of them are used by the members of more than one spider family it does appear that individual families vary in their preferred toxin type. An overview of these differences is presented in the next graphic. Why spiders need so many different venom toxins is at least partly explained by the fact that they use their venom both for defence against predators and as a means of immobilizing their prey, either to prevent its escape or before it does major damage to the spider's web (if any). A few venom components also seem to assist spiders in the extracorporeal (outside the spider) digestion of their prey. These multiple roles of spider toxins provide an explanation for the curious fact that some individual toxins are relatively target-specific. For example, the necrotoxins which make Loxosceles (the American recluse or fiddle-back spider) venom so dangerous for humans, rabbits and guinea pigs are claimed to have comparatively little effect on rats and mice, possibly indicating the latter animals have developed some kind of blocking factors in their circulating blood. This certainly is the case for the Australian funnel-web toxin that is lethal for man and other primates but almost harmless to virually all other kinds of vertebrate animals, these having naturally occurring antibodies in their blood to neutralize the funnel-web toxin before it can cause significant adverse effects.
In the following paragraphs each of the seven toxin categories listed in the above table will will be discussed in more detail. The reader needs to understand that so many different spider toxins have now been described that what is presented below can only be an overview. A comprehensive description of the known toxins would be exceptionally lengthy and would also overwhelm anyone who is not a highly trained biological chemist. At the end of this page are a few excellent reference articles that will provide a more complete description for those who would like it. Since many of the types of toxin molecules used by spiders act on the synapses (nerve endings) that link the victim's nervous system to its muscles, glands, and peripheral nerves it is appropriate to first offer a basic explanation of the functioning of a 'typical' synapse and how it can be disrupted by the presence of a toxic agent of some kind.
The outer membrane of a neuron (nerve cell) is electrically charged because it contains a sodium-potassium pump system that causes the inside of the neuron to accumulate many more potassium ions than sodium ions and vice versa for the fluid around the neuron. These positively charged ions try to correct their imbalances across the membrane which is therefore given a potential difference (electrical charge). But electrical or chemical stimulation of the neuron can temporarily disrupt this system, allowing some sodium ions to flow into the neuron through specific gated ion channels and causing the membrane to depolarize (i.e. to become stimulated). A wave of depolarization then flows along the neuron until it reaches its specialized ending which we call the synapse.
A small gap (the synaptic cleft) separates the presynaptic end of the neuron from the surface (the postsynaptic membrane) of the nerve, muscle or gland cell the neuron is attempting to stimulate or inhibit. The synaptic cleft is almost never crossed by direct electrical contact between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. Instead, the usual way the former acts on the latter is by releasing tiny droplets of a chemical called a neurotransmitter. Molecules of this substance then diffuse across the the cleft and bind very briefly to specific receptor structures on the postsynaptic membrane, which therefore becomes stimulated. This release of neurotransmitter droplets is believed to involve the opening of calcium ion pores in the presynaptic membrane when it depolarizes. All of the above processes are normally of very short duration. The sodium-potassium pump quickly repolarizes the neuron and the released neurotransmitter is either broken down enzymically or reabsorbed back into the presynapse.
The neurotransmitter used in each synapse varies with the kind of animal involved and the target cell the neuron is trying to influence. In man and all other vertebrate animals acetylcholine and the catecholamine noradrenaline are the transmitters that are used at synapses outside the brain and spinal cord but some other substances, including dopamine, serotonin, GABA and glutamate, are employed at certain sites within the central nervous system. All of these neurotransmitters are found to some extent in various spider venoms and this is one reason why some spiders are potentially harmful to humans. On the other hand, while acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter we use to drive our skeletal muscles, insects use glutamate as their general excitatory transmitter. This is a major reason why many spider venoms are highly toxic to insects and other arthropods but almost harmless to us.
So how do each of the major spider toxin classes act?
Although the reality is that the venom of most spiders contains a combination of several kinds of toxins, some of which act synergistically, it is also valid to say that the members of each spider family depend particularly on just one or two of the venom component types listed in the table above. Furthermore, the modes or action of the toxin classes are sufficiently different that it is obvious that the one(s) that has been adopted is the one that will best serve the purposes for which the spider needs a venom. This concept will now be further expalined by examining each of the toxin classes in more detail.
(1) Acylpolyamines. A simplified diagram of the typical acylpolyamine structure is shown below. As the name suggests, these are composed of a string of amino (-NH) groups attached via an amino acid linkage to an aromatic ring structure. There may also be an aryl side chain added, the purpose of which is variable and often uncertain. There are also a number of less well known and probably less significant polyamines in the venoms of many spiders but in order to avoid making this page excessively confusing these will not be discussed further.
In both insects and spiders the peripheral nerve synapses involved in locomotion have glutamate as the excitatory neurotransmitter rather than the acetylcholine of vertebrates. The acylpolyamines of spider venoms do not act on these postsynaptic glutamate receptors but if the receptors have already been activated by glutamate (and some spider venoms contain this transmitter to ensure the receptors are activated) then the acylpolyamine molecules prevent recovery of the synapse so the muscle system becomes paralysed. This effect helps spiders such as the Araneidae to stop insects caught in their webs from escaping. The paralysis is long-lasting but does not kill insects as quickly as paralysis does a a human because insects don't have breathing muscles like the vertebrate ones that must be used constantly. It is for this reason that when humans are bitten by either an araneid or a nephilid spider the adverse effects produced are normally minor and not life-threatening. It is a fact that humans do use glutamate as a neurotransmitter within the brain, though not at any peripheral synapses, but polyamine toxins are unlikely to reach these brain synapses because the central nervous system is protected from most circulating toxins by a highly selective blood-brain barrier.
(2) Peptides with cystine bridge knot structures. This is easily the largest category of known spider toxins, one review article suggesting about 90% of toxins prsent in spider venoms belong in this category. At least 500 different examples have been isolated so far, these collectively being found in 20 spider families, but there are undoubtedly many more waiting to be discovered. Among the mygalomorph families they definitely are present in significant quantities in the Hexathelidae, Actinopodidae and Theraphosidae and are probably present in all of the other families as well. Of the more successful araneomorph families the Ctenidae, Sparassidae, Lycosidae, Oxyopidae and Miturgidae certainly possess them but in the Araneidae and several other major families they seem be minimal significance. With a molecular size of less than 10,000 Daltons these peptides are much smaller than a typical protein toxin, the normal size of which is more than 1,000,000 Daltons. Another distinguishing characteristic of the peptide toxin molecule is that it contains cysteine at several places along its amino acid strand and the sulfur atoms of pairs of cysteine residues link to form disulfide (-S-S-) bridges which twist the amino acid chain into a knot-like configuration.
All of these cystine bridge peptides are toxic because they disturb synapses within a victim's nervous system. The amino acid sequence in the peptide of each spider species that has this kind of toxin is unique to that species. The actual mode of action of these toxins at synapses also varies and it is for this reason researchers have now given each one a Greek letter prefix to indicate how it works. Thus omega-peptides block the presynaptic calcium ion channels in a synapse, beta-peptides cause excessive and prolonged activation of sodium ion channels, delta-peptides delay inactivation of sodium ion channels, mu-peptides inhibit the functioning of activated sodium ion channels, and kappa-peptides disturb potassium ion channels. On this basis the adverse effects the peptide toxin has on the victim may be excessive stimulation (including spasticity) or flaccid paralysis depending on which of these possible modes of action the toxin has. As a further complication it is clear that many of these toxins are highly poisonous in certain kinds of target animals and almost harmless in others. This is one of the reasons why the majority of spiders that sometimes bite people usually produce only mild and localized adverse effects in them.
In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in using spider venom toxins as bioinsecticides. The cystine bridge peptides have been of particular interest because an advantage of the -S-S- cross-linking within the amino acid strand is that it becomes more resistant to breakdown by peptidases in any creature that ingests it. A major problem with the earlier generations of purely synthetic insecticides such as DDT and the organophosphates has been their toxicity for people and domesticated animals and even for insects such as bees which are considered to be beneficial as pollinators of crops. Hence, the discovery that many spider toxins, and especially some of those in the cystine-bridge peptide class, have powerful and often quite specific toxic actions on desired target insects but almost no adverse effects on humans and higher animals has led to the creation of extensive libraries of toxin structures with potential for use as bioinsecticides.
Spiders produce only very small quantities of venom so the idea of spraying whole venom onto crops that need protecting is ridiculous. We could never hope to acquire the quantities we need just by raising and milking spiders. Fortunately, we now know how to determine the amino acid sequence of each peptide molecule and to synthesize it in the laboratory. But once again, this is not an economically feasable way of manufacturing the relatively enormous amounts of insecticide that are needed for agricultural and domestic purposes. In addition, problems associated with the spraying of simple solutions of spider peptides include instability of the peptides when used in this way, the inability of water-soluble peptides to pass through the impervious cuticle of insects, and the almost inevitable collateral environmental damage the peptides would cause.
Researchers have therefore come up with at least two better ways of selectively delivering cystine-bridge peptides to insect pests. Both employ the techniques of genetic engineering, the details of which are much too complex to be described in detail on this page. However, the basis of this technology is to take the toxin-producing genes from a spider's venom and incorporate them into a piece of DNA called a plasmid which can then incorporate itself into the genetic make-up of some other kind of cell. The first method to become widely used was to insert the genes for an insecticidal toxin found in the soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis, into the cells of cotton plants. This makes the plants toxic to any insect (and especially the cotton moth, Heliothis/Helicoverpa) that ate them. Putting the genes for a toxin into an agricultural crop reduces the extent of the damage done to it by insect pests and also eliminates the problem of getting a dissolved toxin across an insect's cuticle. Unfortunately, it also makes the plants potentially toxic to other non-pest creatures that might happen to eat them and the gene insertion process would have to be repeated for every crop that needs protection against insect pests.
For these reasons a second way of delivering cystine-bridge toxins to insect pests has now received a great deal of attention. This alternative technique involves the insertion of a spider's toxin genes into a microorganism such as a baculovirus and then spraying a suspension of this onto the crop to be protected. The advantages of this method are that baculoviruses tend to be highly target-specific and easily taken up by the target insect and there will only be a high toxin concentration present once baculovirus has proliferated within the body of the insect. Clearly, this last characteristic is desirable in that it greatly reduces the risk of collateral damage to other creatures that are also present in a field that is to be sprayed. It also has the advantage that people who are opposed to the production of genetically modified (GM) crops will probably be less concerned about the introduction of this kind of insecticide into agricultural practices.
(3) Neurotoxic proteins. These are only known to be present in the venoms of some of the larger members of the Family Theridiidae. Why they apparently are not used by other spider families remains to be discovered. The theridiid toxins that have received the greatest amount of attention from researchers are two large protein molecules: alpha-latrotoxin and a latroinsectotoxin. Both of these work in essentially the same way but alpha-latrotoxin is toxic to man and other vertebrates whereas the insectotoxin only exerts strong effects on small arthropods like insects. The fundamental action (though apparently not the only action) of alpha-latrotoxin is to cause strong presynaptic influx of calcium ions which then induces excessive release of acetylcholine and other neurotransmitters. Some glands are also stimulated to secrete inappropriately. In a severely envenomated human the consequences of this excessive stimulation include muscular spasm or tremors in many parts of the body, tachycardia, hypertension, and intense pain plus excessive salivation, sweating and secretion of tears. In insects the main effect of overstimulation by a latroinsectotoxin is paralysis, which is obviously helpful while the spider is using its spinnerets and tarsal combs to securely wrap up prey it has just caught.
(4) Linear Cytolytic peptides. There are many of these among the world's spiders and they vary greatly in structure. The 'typical' linear peptide molecule is 18-48 amino acids in length and is more or less extended when in solution. The cell membrane (outer wall) of most animal and microbial cells is a phospholipid double layer, the fatty acid parts of the phospholipid molecules in each layer occupying the centre of the bilayer and the more polar (water -soluble) phosphate 'head' of each molecule comprising the outer and inner portions of the membrane. When in the vicinity of such a cell membrane a linear cytolytic peptide molecule tends to transform into a helical (spiral) configuration such that its positively charged amino acid residues are mainly on one side of the molecule. This side, being somewhat hydrophobic/lipophilic, is attracted to the lipid-rich centre of the membrane bilayer while the other side of the molecule has a greater affinity for the cell's phosphate residues and the aqueous environment in which the cell is living. The result of this toxin binding is that the integrity of the cell wall is compromised and the cell eventually breaks open and immediately dies. The following diagram is a greatly simplified illustration of this phenomenon, which is many respects is similar to the way detergents remove insoluble soluble fatty residues from dishes in the kitchen sink.
Any venom that contains large quantities of potent cytotoxic peptides has the potential to cause widespread cell lysis throughout a victim's body. This is likely to lead to the victim's death. For example, if the victim is human the cytolysis of large numbers of tissue cells may release enough potassium ions into the blood plasma to disturb the electrical properties of the heart muscles, thus causing dysrhythmias or even complete cessation of the heart beat. But is this a common occurrence? Almost certainly not. The highest levels of cytotoxic peptides found so far in spider venoms have been in some members of the Families Lycosidae and Zodariidae but there are no confirmed reports of a human or large animal suffering death or near-lethal harm following a bite by any Australian lycosid or zodariid spider. Curiously, at least one research paper states that the venom of Loxosceles reclusa (Family Sicariidae) can cause fatal systemic haemolysis. Presumably, as explained further in the next section of this page, this involves a mode of action quite unlike the one described above for the linear cytolytic peptides.
It is possible that cytolytic peptides may play a secondary role in a spider's extracorporeal digestion of its prey but it is now widely believed that these peptides mainly have a useful antimicrobial role when present in a spider's venom. The suggested mode of action of these peptides on cell bembranes described above applies not only to the eukayrotic cells of animals but also to the prokaryotic cell walls of bacteria. On this basis it is proposed that these peptides have an antiseptic role during the digestion of prey but also help keep the fangs and mouth parts free of pathogenic microorganisms.
(5) Histolytic enzymes. At the time of writing of this page the only spiders proven to have venom with the ability to induce long-lasting skin lesions in humans are Loxosceles species (Family Sicariidae, the recluse or fiddle-back spiders). Loxoxceles venom contains phospholipases and hyaluronidase but also sphingomyelinase D and this last enzyme is considered to be the primary reason why some victims of fiddle-back spider bite develop necrotic skin lesions that normally take months to heal and often expand to a life-threatening extent. Sphingomyelin is a type of phospholipid found in animal cell membranes but especially in those of the myelin sheaths around nerve fibres and in the walls of red blood cells. Loxosceles species are almost non-existent in Australia yet there are still quite frequent reports of skin ulceration that seems likely to be secondary to a spider bite and the species that is usually blamed by the popular media is Lampona cylindrata (Family Lamponidae).
But in fact there is now compelling evidence that L. cylindrata venom does not cause significant skin necrosis in human victims and neither does the venom of other popular candidates such as the black house spider ( Badumna insignis , Family Desidae) and the wolf spider ( Lycosa godeffroyi , Family Lycosidae). And yet skin lesions that somewhat resemble those caused by Loxosceles do occur in this country so how are they actually induced? There probably is no single cause. Some people have 'fragile' skin because of other medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus or an immune/autoimmune response and others may have a secondary microbial infection at the bite site, the spider's only role being to create a breach of the skin that allows entry of some kind of 'flesh-eating' bacteria or similar pathogen.
(6) Digestive enzymes. There have been a number of published reports suggesting that venoms from at least 14 spider families have been found to contain digestive enzymes, notably collagenase and the so-called 'spreading factor' hyaluronidase, but many other researchers have concluded that most of the apparent instances of digestive enzymes in spider venom samples are there only because of contamination of the venom by spider gut secretions during collection of the venom. It is quite likely that some kinds of spiders do release venom and digestive secretions almost simultaneously into their prey and any digestive enzymes present may then facilitate the actions of the venom toxins. The author of this page personally tested the 'crude' (electrically stimulated) venoms of Nephila edulis (Araneidae), Eriophora transmarina (Araneidae), Lycosa godeffroyi (Lycosidae), and Holconia immanis (Sparassidae) on both mouse and human skin and found that an extensive 'ungluing' of the skin cells was present after six hours. However, in no case was this same skin cell dissociation induced when venom gland extracts were used and neither was there any cell disruption of skin exposed to venom collected cleanly by capillary tubes from the mygalomorphs Hadronyche infensa (Hexathelidae), Euoplos species (Idiopidae), and Namea salanitri (Nemesiidae).
(7) Small acids and amines. In addition to the major toxins already mention above, spider venoms contain a variety of small substances that mostly seem to serve as inflammatory mediators and agents that potentiate the actions of the more potent toxins. In at least a few venoms the concentration of potassium ions is high enough to disturb the functioning of excitable membranes in insects and other small animals. Citric acid is another venom component that lowers the venom pH to 5.3-6.1 and thus functions as a pain producer and as an inhibitor of bacterial growth. Simple amino acids like glutamate and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), as well as amino acid derivatives such as histamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline are also common venom components, their functions being to cause pain and in some cases to inappropriately stimulate parts of a victim's nervous system.
About 40 years ago nicotine was sprayed onto crops as an insecticide because many of an insect's nerve synapses use nicotinic cholinergic receptors. This practice ceased because of the toxicity of nicotine in farmers who were spraying it but the effectiveness of nicotine as an insecticide showed that acetylcholine, the normal neurotransmitter at nicotinic synapses, is present in insect nervous systems and hence can be expected to occur occasionally in spider venoms as well. And finally, mention must be made of some nucleotides and nucleosides and also a few simple polyamines such as spermine, spermidine and putrescine that occasionally are detected in spider venoms. The actions of these as venom toxins are uncertain but probably varied in different species. Some modify gated ion channels in nerve pathways and others influence tissue cell survival but in general their overall effect seems to be to potentiate the actions of the major peptide toxins in a spider's venom.
What Australian spider neurotoxins are known to be dangerous to humans?
While the venoms of most Australian spiders are yet to be tested for toxicity to humans there is no reason to think they will be much different from the ones that have already been examined and some equivalent overseas species. While many people are unjustifiably afraid of spiders the reality is that there are very few species that are known to be capable of causing anything worse than mild and temporary pain and inflammation at the bite site. The majority of species have fangs that are too small to penetrate human skin deeply and their natural instinct is to run away rather than bite. In addition, large animals are not their normal prey so their venom toxins are mostly designed to act on insects rather than vertebrates.
It probably is not a good idea to handle any of the larger Australian spiders such as the huntsmen, wolf spiders and some of the orb weavers, but most of them can be left in peace unless they have built their webs in inconvenient places or have ventured a bit too far into our personal space. A few others, possibly including the males of one or two theraphosid species (true tarantulas) and the male of the barychelid, Idiommata iridescens, may indeed have venom capable of causing significant illness in a human victim but these so rarely come in contact with people that the chances of a biting are too small to worry about.
So what seriously dangerous spiders do Australians have to be wary of? The list appears to be remarkably short:
males (especially) of all Atrax and Hadronyche species of funnel-web spiders;
females of the redback spider, Latrodectus hasselti, and perhaps some Steatoda species; and
males of the actinopodid species Missulena bradleyi.
It is important to realize that while the venoms of these spiders are highly toxic to humans we are not their normal prey so they are only biting as a defensive measure and many of their bites will be 'dry' ones. This means their fangs penetrate the skin but little or no venom is injected, a very common occurrence in the case our most dangerous spiders, the Australian funnel-webs. But what are the adverse effects of a bite that does indeed involve the injection of a substantial amount of venom? Severe envenomation by a funnel-web spider can lead to symptoms in less than 30 minutes and because the human body has no natural antibodies against this toxin the victim's condition will continue to deteriorate for many hours. Fortunately, the prompt wrapping of a compression bandage over the bite site can greatly impede the speed with which the venom reaches any vital internal organs. Prior to the development of the funnel-web antivenom by the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories people who were severely envenomated often died within a few days despite the best efforts of hospital emergency staff.
This lethal funnel-web toxin causes a generalized stimulation at synapses all over the body so the victim develops severe muscle twitching and cramping, rapid and irregular beating of the heart (and eventually cardiac arrest), hypertension, nausea, excessive secretion by the salivary, tear and sweat glands, severe pulmonary oedema, pain, and eventually coma leading to death. At present it seems that the main toxin in the venom of Missulena bradleyi (and perhaps some other mygalomorphs) has most of the same effects in the human body though to a lesser extent. The alpha-latrotoxin of redback spider venom also overstimulates the human nervous system but because it is a much larger molecule than the funnel-web one it is slower to move away from the bite site and its most noteworthy effect is to cause intense and long-lasting pain.
What can now be done in instances of severe envenomation by one of these dangerous Australian spiders?
At the time of writing of this page the only antivenoms available for treatment of spider bite victims in Australia are those specific for bites by the redback and funnel-web species. However, there is some evidence that the funnel-web antivenom is effective against the venom of a male Missulena bradleyi spider and the redback antivenom also benefits victims of brown widow and Steatoda spider bites. The following graphic attempts to show the fundamental steps used in the production of the funnel-web antivenom. Development of the redback antivenom preceded that of the funnel-web one and involved the use of horses rather than rabbits as the antibody producer and a slightly different antibody purification method. Another noteworthy difference between the management of cases of funnel-web and redback envenomation is that in the latter case a compression bandage should not be used because it tends to make the pain generated by the venom unbearably intense.
Why has no antivenom been developed for any Australian spider apart from the redback and the funnel-web? Well, one reason for this is that an examination of clinical records shows that no Australian spider other than the ones just mentioned has a history of making a human victim severely ill. Also, the cost of production of antivenoms for which the demand will be extremely small is likely to be prohibitively high. And finally, antivenom therapy usually carries a significant risk of inducing anaphylactic shock and therefore is rarely performed (assuming an appropriate antivenom even exists) unless failure to administer it places the envenomated person at a high risk of death despite the use of available alternative treatments. Curiously, although the CSL redback antivenom has been used widely for several decades one researcher reported in February 2015 that there is now clinical evidence that this antivenom does not significantly improve either the chances of survival or the speed of recovery after redback envenomation.
Unfortunately, Australians do get bitten by spiders from time to time and they often don't even know the identity of the offending spider. So what, if anything, should they do to minimize the chances of a bad outcome? Well, knowing the following facts may help:
1. Adult female redbacks are totally black apart from a distinctive red stripe and red mark on the upper and lower abdomen
2. Male funnel-web spiders are glossy black (not matt and not furry) apart from the abdomen, which may have a purple hue
3. Adult male mouse spiders look like funnel-webs but are shorter and wider and have a pale blue abdominal patch
4. If the spider clearly is not a redback, funnel-web or mouse spider then it probably cannot inflict a lethal bite
5. No Australian spider has a proven ability to cause severe skin ulceration except by causing a secondary complication
6. It is a good idea to try to capture the spider that inflicted the bite so an expert can verify its identity
7. Where the spider was found (on a web, inside a building, etc.) often indicates what kind it could/could not be
8. If a biting does occur on an arm or leg a compression bandage (but not for redbck bites) will delay symptom development
9. No medical assistance is needed for most spider bites but a doctor should be consulted if strong adverse effects develop
What should Australians know if concerned about living in places where contact with spiders is inevitable?
The following facts should be helpful for such people:
1. Male funnel-webs are our greatest spider threat but most localities in Australia will not have them because funnel-webs only thrive in moist forest habitats. Furthermore, the females remain in burrows in the ground so they will only present a risk if accidentally excavated and even this risk is small because their venom is much less potent than that of the males. Adult male funnel-webs do wander above ground and into dwellings but only during their breeding season and usually on cool, rainy evenings. Anyone who is concerned that they may have funnel-webs in their backyard should look for the characteristic burrow entrance this species builds. If there is no sign of these burrows the probability that funnel-webs will be there is very low, though it is always possible some individuals might wander in from a neighbouring property. Funnel-web spiders take a long time to create their burrows so they are rarely present in garden beds or farm land where frequent cultivation occurs. Males are attracted to sources of water (swimming pools, leaking taps, etc.) and they take several days to drown if they fall into a swimming pool.
2. Checking for the presence of redback spiders in a domestic backyard is a little harder than for funnel-webs. They normally hide in a tangled web in low shrubs or under ledges (including the rims of plant pots) but the presence of their distinctive spherical, off-white egg sacs makes their nests easier to locate. Like funnel-webs they do not normally move far into a domestic dwelling but whereas funnel-webs take a long time to return after being eradicated from a property redbacks will often be back in just a few months.
3. Mouse spider burrows are comparatively rare in most parts of Australia, although they have been found in quite high numbers in a few localities. Their burrows have a door on top and are therefore very difficult to find. Their overall behaviour is otherwise quite similar to that of funnel-webs.
4. If you discover a large dark brown spider behaving as though it might be a funnel-web the chances are it is actually a member of the trapdoor family (Idiopidae) or a 'false' funnel-web (Nemesiidae and Dipluridae) since both of these are much more common in suburban and rural backyards than true funnel-webs and mouse spiders. They are usually brown to dark chocolate in colour but never a glossy pitch-black and while they may behave as aggressively as a male funnel-web they have not been shown to have venom that is seriously toxic to humans.
5. Australia has no above-ground garden spiders that are capable of inflicting a life-threatening bite apart from the redback spider. Many of the orb weavers (Araneidae) are large spiders and tend to construct their webs in places that are inconvenient for humans but all of them prefer to run away rather than attack someone who gets close to them. Only the Salticidae and Oxyopidae can jump in a horizontal direction but many other kinds of spiders may appear to jump when they drop out of their web in an attempt to escape. Some garden spiders, and notably the Salticidae, will bite if trapped against the skin but the result of such a bite is normally only temporary local pain and inflammation at the bite site.
6. Spiders that often venture into houses, sheds and even mail boxes are often a cause for concern to the people who find them. Huntsman spiders (Sparassidae) are large and very good at running up internal walls and hiding behind doors. They very often pay the supreme penalty for invading someone's personal space but the reality is they are virtually harmless and can often be captured in a large jar and released unharmed at a remote site. A few theridiid spiders such as Parasteatoda tepidariorum , Steatoda grossa , and Nesticodes rufipes and also the daddy-long-legs spider ( Pholcus phalangioides ) have a tendency to take up residence in and around houses and probably do need to be eradicated from time to time but the reason for this is more the fact that they build untidy webs than that they are dangerous to humans. And finally, many people occasionally discover a 'plague' of white-tailed spiders ( Lampona species ) in their house and are alarmed because they still believe the media reports (now discredited) about the skin ulceration this kind of spider can cause. In most cases, white-tailed spider infestations resolve themselves spontaneously but sometimes the intervention of a pest control man is justified.
Some related sources of information
The pages on spider food and hazards faced by spiders contain some information relevant to what is covered in the above paragraphs. In addition, the following are worth reading:
Vassilevski A.A., Kozlov S.A. and Grishin E.V. (2009) "Molecular Diversity of Spider Venom" Biochemistry (Moscow), 74, 1505-1534.
Kuhn-Nentwig L., Stocklin R. and Nentwig W. (2011) "Venom Composition and Strategies in Spiders: Is Everything Possible?" in Advances in Insect Physiology, 60, Editor J. Casas, Elsevier Ltd. (ISBN: 978-0-12-387668-3)
Windley M.J., Herzig V. and Nicholson G.M. (2012) "Spider-Venom Peptides as Bioinsecticides" Toxins (Basel), 4, 191-227.
Isbister G.K. and Gray M.R. (2003) "White-tail spider bite: a prospective study of 130 definite bites by Lampona species," Med. J. Aust., 179, 199-202.
Isbister G.K. & Whyte I.M. (2004) "Suspected white-tailed spider bite and necrotic ulcers", Internal Medicine Journal, 34, 38-44
Email Ron Atkinson for more information. Last updated 13 May 2016.
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i don't know
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Who painted the 'Marriage Of The Virgin' found in the Pinacoteca di Brera of Milan?
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The Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael – Facts about the Painting
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The Marriage of the Virgin is part of an altarpiece created for a church at Citta di Castello, Italy and shows the marriage of the Virgin Mary and St. Joseph. The painting, an oil on panel, was completed in 1504 and is an example of Raphael’s increasing maturity and confidence as an artist. His colors here are vibrant, and the faces of his characters are specific and full of calm.
Renaissance Mastery
In this painting, Raphael shows off his mastery of perspective, for the painting is dominated by a distinctly Italian Renaissance (as opposed to Roman occupied Palestinian) round temple in the background, in the frieze of which the painter has cleverly painted his name and, below it, the date. The front and back doors of this temple are open, and through it the viewer can see a bit of the hazy, sfumato painted background of hills and sky. The temple sits on a cascade of steps that lead down to a plaza with walkways that are picked out in a reddish stone. People in Renaissance garb gather in small groups, seemingly oblivious to the rather momentous marriage that’s happening in the foreground.
A Bit of Foreshadowing
In the foreground a richly attired high priest clasps the hand of both Mary and Joseph as Joseph prepares to place the ring on Mary’s finger. Behind her stand a group of soft-eye women, her kinswomen perhaps, whose attire is only a little less sumptuous than the priest’s.
At the extreme left, the girl in red looks out at us, wistfully. Behind Joseph stands a crowd of disappointed suitors. Indeed, the one standing next to Joseph breaks his wand over his knee in what seems like resignation while another, sad-looking chap also bends his. As the viewer can see, the rod that Joseph holds has burst into flower, and the rods of the other suitors haven’t.
Mary, dressed in traditional red gown and blue cloak with her hair held by gauzy veils, looks, well, virginal. Joseph, dressed in something like a priest’s cassock with his saffron colored cloak draped elaborately around him, looks a bit careworn and older than his bride — some legends claim he was a widower. Presaging the man who will become his foster son, he’s the only one of the suitors to wear a beard. He’s also the only person in the picture who is barefoot.
Raphael’s Marriage of the Virgin is now in the Pinacoteca di Brera, an art gallery in Milan, Italy.
3 responses to “The Marriage of the Virgin”
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Raphael
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In which game would you use the terms 'pung', 'kong' and 'chow'?
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The Pinacoteca di Brera | Blog | Walks of Italy
By Gina Mussio Art & culture , Milan
July 27, 2015
Home » All Articles » Art & culture » The Pinacoteca di Brera is the best art museum that you’ve never heard of
The Pinacoteca di Brera is the best art museum that you’ve never heard of
In Milan, the financial and fashion capital of the north of Italy, there’s a small museum housing masterpieces from some of the biggest Italian artists. While most think of the Vatican Museums or Uffizi Gallery as Italy’s best art museums, the lesser-known Pinacoteca di Brera is one of the best art museums in the world.
The main entrance to the Palazzo Brera, the 13th-century building that houses the Pinacoteca. Photo by François Philipp
What is it?
The Pinacoteca di Brera, or Brera Art Gallery, is one of the most important museums in Milan, if not Europe. It houses more than 400 works from the 14th to the 20th century by master painters such as Piero della Francesca, Raphael, and Caravaggio.
Located in the beautiful Palazzo Brera, it was created along with the Accademia di Belle Arti , or Academy of Fine Arts, in 1776 to serve as a font of information for the students studying at the University.
The Palazzo itself is a work of art. The Jesuits built the Baroque palace at the end of the 17th century as a convent. After they were moved out, Palazzo Brera was remodeled in the neoclassical style.
The Art Gallery was filled with works from across the territory, thanks to Napoleon taking control of Italy and declaring Milan the capital of the country. It is one of the few museums in Italy that wasn’t formed from private collections, but by the hand of the Italian state.
What is there to see?
The Kiss by Francesco Hayez is regarded as a symbol of Italian Romanticism, a nostalgic look back at the Middle Ages and a portrayal of the spirit of the Italian Unification.
The artworks are displayed chronologically across six centuries. Expect to see mostly Italian painters, especially those from Lombardy and the Veneto region, though under Napoleon’s rule there was an exchange with the Louvre in Paris that brought some Flemish paintings to Brera, including works by Rubens and Van Dyck.
Must-see masterpieces include the “Discovery of the Body of St. Mark” by Tintoretto, Caravaggio’s “Supper at Emmaus”, ‘Virgin and Saints’ by Piero della Francesca and the “Marriage of the Virgin” by Raphael, who used an entirely new perspective at the time it was painted. Another important piece is the incredibly sexy Il Bacio, or The Kiss, by Francesco Hayez. It depicts a couple in a passionate kiss. Though it’s actually rather political, supposedly portraying the patriotic spirit of Italy’s unification and freedom from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, it’s still considered one of the most romantic paintings in Italian history.
Be sure to also see the incredible “Lamentation Of Christ” by Andrea Mantegna, a Renaissance painter native to Lombardia. The painting shows a realistic and tragic theme enhanced by Mantegna’s mastery of perspective: The painting shows a foreshortened figure of Christ from the viewpoint of his feet.
Where is it and how do I get there?
The Pinacoteca di Brera is located in the hip, arty Brera neighborhood in Milan at via Brera, 28. Call or email with questions at (+39) 02 722 631 and [email protected] .
Of, if you want an expert to guide you through one of the best art museums in the world, check out the Walks of Italy Tour.
Closed on Mondays, the gallery is open Tuesday through Friday, as well as Sunday, from 8:30 a.m. – 7:15 p.m. On Saturdays it’s open 8:30 a.m. until 11 p.m. There’s free access the first Sunday of every month.
You can get there by taking the Piccolo Teatro – Brera metro stop on the green line. From there it’s a short walk in a pleasant neighborhood filled with aperitivo bars and restaurants. Tickets cost 10 euro.
Once run by the Jesuits, The Botanical Gardens were used to grow herbs and medicinal plants to teach to the medical students of Brera. Photo by Gina Mussio
What else do I need to know?
When the Palazzo Brera was taken over from the Jesuits by Queen Maria Teresa of Austria it was meant to become the home of the most advanced institutes of culture in the city. Today is still lives up to that status. Besides the Academy and the beautiful Art Gallery, the Palazzo holds the Lombard Institute of Science and Literature, the Braidense National Library , the Astronomical Observatory and a Botanical Garden still maintained from the 1700s.
The Orto Botanico behind the Pinacoteca di Brera is open Apr-June 9 a.m.–noon and 3–5 p.m. Mon-Fri and July–Mar 9 a.m.–noon. This tiny corner of the hectic city has aromatic herbs, wildflowers and a small vegetable garden for research.
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i don't know
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Which pop star called one of his children Peaches- Honey-Blossom?
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Peaches Geldof: The wild child who found joy as a mother - Telegraph
Celebrity news
Peaches Geldof: The wild child who found joy as a mother
The death of Peaches Geldof has refocused attention on the tragic events – a bitter divorce and her mother’s overdose – that have haunted her loving family
Michael Hutchence and Paula Yates in 1994 Photo: ALPHA
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Sometimes an event will occur that makes everyone want to bury their heads in their hands and say: “God, no, enough.” The death of the young, bright, beautiful, endearingly eccentric Peaches Geldof, who finally seemed to have found meaning in her short life, is one of those occasions. It is not often that one can talk about the public mood with any confidence, but that mood in this case is all shock, sorrow and incredulity.
One felt as if one knew Peaches, and what one knew one liked. We were on her side, rooting for her to put the troubles of her too painful, too public youth behind her. The wayward teenager, with her tattoos and penchant for attention-seeking, had finally grown up.
In doing so she had blossomed into a resilient woman who appeared to have resolved her motherless state in her own motherhood. She too now leaves motherless children: two young sons, babies, one just short of his first birthday. The word “tragedy” is overused, but in Peaches’s case it is apt.
It is no less apt for the narrative she was born into: the Geldof / Yates / Hutchence drama played out on the public stage. Bob Geldof, the rabble-rousing hero who tried to save the world; Paula Yates, his punk princess, as vulnerable as she was charismatic; and Michael Hutchence, the priapic pop star who caused their parting and whose death apparently derived from a sex act.
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07 Apr 2014
Theirs was not merely a private drama, but a public and acrimonious spectacle, in which sex, death and newspaper headlines coincided; a story of passion, infatuation and addiction – and lives cut savagely short.
At first, there was only romance of the most youthful and tender sort. In 1976, 17-year-old Yates, clad in crinoline and heels, raced through Paris in a snowstorm to claim her Boomtown Rat, then in his mid-twenties. She had declared herself in love, having seen him on television. “It was glamorous in a weird way,” he recalled, “like playing in Paris in a sweaty club, and she’s in a ball gown, and after the gig we go driving around Versailles in the snow.” She was surer than he, boasting of her “Rottweiler” determination to secure her man. Both were soon deeply in love.
Together they became Eighties icons. She was the modishly insouciant, peroxide-blonde presenter of The Tube on the newly minted Channel 4; he, the dishevelled campaigning hero behind Band Aid in 1984, Live Aid a year later, creating a First World conscience regarding its Third World responsibilities. The Queen rendered him “Sir Bob” for it, the world judging him sainted despite his foul mouth.
In the wake of this triumph, they married, surrounded by rock royalty, at their idyllic Faversham priory, their first daughter, Fifi Trixibelle, already a toddler. The groom looked uncharacteristically dashing in his top hat and tails. His bride was swathed in flowing scarlet, clutching a bouquet of roses and ivy in front of her 17-inch waist. Their apotheosis as golden couple seemed complete.
Two more whimsically named daughters followed, Peaches in 1989 and Pixie in 1990. There were discreet affairs, but both strove to create a family life that they had missed out on. Paula, in particular, appeared intent on some sort of parody of a Fifties home journal, describing her mothering philosophy in several books and a Good Housekeeping column.
Her own upbringing had been nothing if not unsettled. She was born in Colwyn Bay to a showgirl mother who penned erotic novels. The man she believed to be her father was Jess Yates, the ostensibly saintly, electric organ-playing host of the ITV religious series Stars on Sunday, beloved of the blue-rinse brigade.
Sixteen years older than his wife, Yates was a philanderer, sacked because of a private life deemed too exotic for the godly. Late in life, and mourning Hutchence, Paula discovered that her biological father had, in fact, been that other light entertainment stalwart Hughie Green, a man she had been brought up to despise.
Her husband’s childhood had been beset by more quotidian miseries. A much-loved little boy from a staunchly stable, middle-class County Dublin home, his mother effectively disappeared overnight when she died from a brain haemorrhage. He has said that this sudden vanishing was never properly explained. From the age of seven, Bob was brought up by two adoring older sisters and a strict father, whose work meant he was only present at weekends. Young Bob took care of himself: fetching coal, warming soup, reading, listening to the wireless and rebelling into punk rock. He has since described himself as terrified of loneliness.
They were, in many respects, an odd couple. He, mouthy, cerebral, astute, obstreperous in the face of authority, difficult, intense, hypersensitive, yet unafraid of being deemed obnoxious. She the flighty, flirtatious, self-publicising child-woman, unabashed regarding her more trivial obsessions, casually rather than determinedly articulate, with scatterbrained wit and charm. He declared that a state of permanent passion becomes “terribly boring”. She seemed to crave sexual excitement as proof that she was alive. Still, if there was one thing that united them, it was the desire to be good parents.
And then the world watched their 18‑year relationship implode. That we saw this on live television, when Yates interviewed Australian rock star Michael Hutchence while writhing suggestively on a bed, added a ghastly voyeuristic element. Their affair had started before, this merely being its public outing.
Hutchence, lead singer with the band INXS, prided himself on his bad-boy image; Yates, who described him as “God’s gift to women”, prided herself on being chief groupie. He had notoriously “sexed up” former lover Kylie Minogue, transforming her from sudsy soap princess into “Sex Kylie”. After a very public cuckolding, Yates left Geldof for this libidinous icon.
When their separation was announced early in 1995, both parents faxed the press with a pledge that they would “see and speak and eat with each other daily, occasionally go out together and continue to love one another”. It was not to be. The pair divorced in May 1996. The settlement battle churned through the courts for two years, spiralling into animosity and brutal recrimination. Hutchence labelled Saint Bob “Satan”. Geldof detested his former rival, not least as Paula had never used drugs or alcohol until she took up with the INXS frontman. Both addictions soon appeared out of control. The police raided Yates’s home and found opium in a tube of Smarties under a bed.
There was a protracted battle over property and custody of their three daughters, Fifi, Peaches and Pixie: then 13, six and four. Yates announced that she felt akin to the victim of an 18th-century witch-hunt and downed Valium with a bottle of Irish Cream. She spoke of taking her children – including her 18-month-old daughter by Hutchence, Heavenly Hiraani Tiger Lily – for a four-month stay in Australia. Geldof refused permission.
Shortly after she conveyed this to Hutchence, the singer filled himself with drink and anti-depressants in a Sydney hotel room and hanged himself with a leather belt in a sordid suicide-cum-sex act. His funeral was notable for its gaggle of vampishly clad female mourners. A devastated Yates blamed her ex-husband for her lover’s demise.
Yates’s behaviour became ever more erratic. In June 1998, Geldof won full custody of their daughters after Yates attempted suicide. Hutchence’s father launched proceedings to acquire custody of his granddaughter. On September 17, 2000, Pixie’s 10th birthday, Yates, now 41, was found dead of a heroin overdose.
Geldof howled like an animal on being informed. A man feted for his public compassion, he achieved a feat as monumental in his personal life in taking custody of Yates and Hutchence’s orphaned daughter, ensuring she was brought up with her sisters.
Still, the children suffered immeasurably. “The very worst thing that happened to me started with my parents’ divorce,” Peaches stated in an interview with Elle magazine in 2012. “My mother… turned into this heartbroken shell of a woman who was just medicating to get through the day. On top of that, there was my father who was very embittered and depressed about it and for us children, an environment that was impossible, veering between a week with my mother that was complete chaos, and then with my father, which was almost Dickensian – homework, dinner, bed – because he was trying in his own way to combat what was going on at my mother’s.”
With shades of his own childhood, Geldof sent the children to school the day after Yates’s death in an effort at normality. Peaches said she did not begin grieving until she was 16. Of her own parenting, she remarked, with a poignancy now monstrous: “Even if it’s an archaic idea, I want [eldest son, Astala] to have a mummy and daddy together forever. It’s a commitment. I want to be a good wife, a good mother, a good person.”
It was a love she found redemptive, observing that in parenthood she had found a way “to correct the multiple mistakes of my own traumatic childhood”, something “beyond healing”. She had been a rebel, like her father, a wild child, like her mother, but in having children she seemed to have found a way of combining the best of both parents.
She still had her issues – her reported obsession with matters occult, not least – but she seemed to be getting there against all the odds. In an interview for Mother & Baby magazine, published the day her body was found, she described her life as “bliss”.
Much has been made of the final image Peaches tweeted, the day before she died, of herself as a child with her mother. However, there was another, earlier picture, posted on Saturday, of her and her dog in which this beautiful young woman looked weary, haunted and hollow-eyed. Over the next few days we will find out the physical reasons why she died, but it will not answer our wider collective questioning of why this valiant life should be cut short, yet more children left motherless.
On Monday evening, her father evidenced his articulateness at its most lacerating: “Peaches has died. We are beyond pain. She was the wildest, funniest, cleverest, wittiest and the most bonkers of all of us. Writing 'was’ destroys me afresh. What a beautiful child. How is this possible that we will not see her again? How is that bearable? We loved her and will cherish her forever.” How sad that sentence is. Tom and her sons Astala and Phaedra will always belong in our family, fractured so often, but never broken. Bob, Jeanne, Fifi, Pixie and Tiger Geldof.”
No one can fail to wish him love.
PEACHES GELDOF: A LIFE IN QUOTES
On life
“I hate being called spoilt. My life is ordinary.”
On being called Peaches
“My weird name has haunted me all my life.”
On body image
“I can’t bear people who don’t eat. I think it is horrible that Victoria Beckham is a role model. She is vile. Girls should have curves.”
On speaking her mind
“It comes of being by yourself when you are growing up, because you’re reading and you’re forming an opinion, and there’s no one to argue with you, so you become dogmatic. There’s no one to temper your opinion, so you think you’re right.”
On her 'wild child’ reputation
“I did experiment with drugs, I did get drunk and go to parties, but I was never that wild. I could have been, I could have let myself spiral, but all the time I remembered what happened to my mum.”
On her mother
“[She] was amazing, wrote books on parenting, gave us this idyllic childhood in Kent; and then turned into this heartbroken shell of a woman who was just medicating to get through the day.”
On her father
“My dad is literally the biggest tight–––. He’s a miser, an Irish potato famine miser.”
On her mother’s death
“I didn’t grieve. I didn’t cry at her funeral. I couldn’t express anything because I was just numb to it all. I didn’t start grieving for my mother properly until I was about 16.”
On celebrity journalism
“Our need to knock celebrities is twisted: it’s deep in the mid-brain, below the survival instinct. That lust to see a downfall, it’s animalistic.”
On motherhood
“Becoming a mother was like becoming me, finally. After years of struggling to know myself, feeling lost at sea, rudderless and troubled, having babies through which to correct the multiple mistakes of my own traumatic childhood was beyond healing.”
On her children
“There was nothing stopping me from having constant fun. But it was becoming boring. I wanted an anchor. And when I had two wailing, smiling, joyful little blobs of waddling pink flesh, they became my entire existence and saved me from one of pure apathy.”
On finding happiness
“Now with a newfound group of mummy mates, both locally and online – all with the exact same struggles and issues, and who don’t question if my child flings food at their hair or care if there’s a screaming fit in the middle of the street – I’m happier than ever. I’ve achieved a sort of perfect balance. Right now life is good. And being a mum is the best part of it.”
Compiled by Alice Audley
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Bob Geldof
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Which novelist wrote 'The Bostonians'?
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10 Celebrities Who Named Their Children When They Were High - PopCrunch
10 Celebrities Who Named Their Children When They Were High
by Julian March 17, 2010
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Maybe they really were high at the time, or maybe they simply held too high an opinion of themselves: the sort of arrogance that leads people to believe they’re above messing up the lives of their children – that the little celebrity mini-me’s couldn’t possibly have their school years ruined by an unrelenting barrage of insults and bullying. And all because of a name. A stupid, goddamn name. Mom? Dad? I don’t care how many lousy films you made or embarrassing albums you recorded. How could you have done this to me?
10. Apple born of Gwyneth Paltrow and Chris Martin
No, this name didn’t come to fruition due to a love affair – or marketing deal – with iphones or Macs. Apparently, Gwyneth Paltrow and shoe gazing lead singer of Coldplay, Chris Martin named their daughter Apple purely by chance or because apples are whole, sweet and crisp. Yeah, when they’re not bad, rotten to the core, basically well past their sell-by-date. A bit like daddy’s albums.
Fifi Trixibelle born of Bob Geldof and Paula Yates
Any couple that names their other kids Peaches Honeyblossom and Little Pixie are unlikely to have blessed their firstborn with a less freakish moniker. Fifi Trixibelle is said to have been named after celebrity activist onetime pop star dad Bob Geldof’s beloved aunt Fifi, with the Trixibelle bit coming about due to mom Paula Yates’ fascination with southern belles. That’s no excuse though. It still comes out sounding like the podium call at a dog show. They should have tried Fido Snoopy Lassie. Pedigree naming.
Moon Unit born of Frank Zappa
Frank Zappa was a legend, no doubt about it, but those same liberally consumed substances that one would assume oiled the wheels of his experimental musical output may have also helped him dream up some damn strange names for his kids. The father of Dweezil and Diva Thin Muffin Pigeen first procreated a girl he named Moon Unit. Yep, barely visible through the herbal haze of the 70s, Zappa was the daddy of the crazy celebrity naming brigade, and Moon Unit set the tone for doped out generations to come.
Monsanto Lobbyist Dr. Patrick Moore Says Weed Killer Is Safe To Drink; Refuses A Glass
Jermajesty born of Jermaine Jackson
This is our personal favorite. Whatever white powder it is that feeds the ego and takes it to new and unheard of levels of self-glorifying idiocy, Jermaine Jackson and partner Alejandra Genevieve Oaziaza (previously married to Jermaine’s brother Randy) must’ve been on it in copious quantities. Seriously, though, the ex-Jackson Five star is a guy who has said he ‘sees people’ from the 1800s if he sleeps with the lights off, so he’s obviously one sandwich short of a picnic. Yes Jermajesty. Hilarious.
Memphis Eve born of Bono
Perhaps it’s small wonder that a self-absorbed rock star who named himself after a hearing aid retailer, Bono Vox, should give his daughter a similarly stupid name like Memphis Eve. As if in competition with his band mate The Edge – who named his own progeny Blue Angel – Bono went all weird with the naming of his own child. Was the baby conceived of an evening in Memphis? We hope so, otherwise someone should tell the U2 front man there’s no such thing as Memphis Day.
Prince Michael II born of Michael Jackson
We know it’s not really the done thing to speak ill of the dead, but someone – even a dead someone – who names their miraculously conceived offspring after themselves while adding the cheesiest of royal titles must have been a bit nuts in the head. Oh wait, that’s exactly what the King of Pop was. Freaking nuts. Prince Michael II was also given the nickname Blanket, a word that in this context somehow seems a little too cuddly.
Rocket born of Robert Rodriguez
Father to children who go by the names of Racer, Rebel, Rogue and, best of all, Rocket, Robert Rodriguez is evidently a film maker keen to preserve the really quite relentlessly repetitious alliterative qualities of his own name in his bloodline. And to do so while conjuring a host of boyishly action-packed images – much like the Sin City director’s films.
Superbowl Hotties: Arizona vs. Pittsburgh
Sage Moonblood born of Sylvester Stallone
This here’s a classic from Sylvester ‘don’t push me’ Stallone and his first wife Sasha Czack from the Rambo star’s pre-puffed up plastic surgery face days in the 80s. Also parent to one Seargeoh, Sly, who went on to write the script for Rocky, appears to have named his second son (an actor who appeared with his father in Rocky V and Daylight) after one of his early pen names, Q. Moonblood. Who knows where the Sage part came from? More herbal influence of a kind though.
Kal-El Coppola born of Nicholas Cage
Receding Hollywood actor Nicholas Cage showed himself to be the ultimate comic book geek when he named his son Kal-El, which is Superman’s original birth name. We’re not sure whether the other kids in kindergarten would see the cool side of this before giving young Kal-El a few punches in the stomach, just to see if he could retaliate with his legendary superpowers. ‘He’ll be OK as long as they don’t break out the kryptonite,’ Cage is reported to have said. Yeah thanks dad.
Bluebell Madonna born of Geri Halliwell
Last but by no means least (certainly in voluptuousness stakes), Geri Halliwell, formerly known as Ginger Spice, who decided to name her own bouncing baby Bluebell Madonna. We’re presuming the second part of the name is an ode to our Madge, a real Queen of Pop. Who knows where Bluebell blossomed from? Frankly, who cares? It’s a dumb name. That’s all you need to know.
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i don't know
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In which modern-day African country was the author William Boyd born?
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William Boyd | Biography, Books and Facts
[Cite This]
William Boyd
William Boyd is a renowned British popular fiction writer. His major contributions to contemporary English literature include A Good Man in Africa and An Ice-Cream War.
Born on March 7, 1952, in Accra, Ghana, Boyd grew up in Ghana and Nigeria. He received his early education from Gordonstoun School and studied for a Diploma course of French Studies at the University of Nice, France. Later, he earned a Masters degree in English and Philosophy from the University of Glasgow. Finally, he attended Jesus College, Oxford and was awarded a PhD in English Literature. Upon completion of his higher studies, Boyd was offered a lectureship at St Hilda’s College, Oxford in the English department, where he taught from 1980-83.
While teaching he began working on his first novel A Good Man in Africa, which was published in 1981. It is a black comedy set in the fictional West African country of Kinjanja. The central character, Morgan Leafy, is a disaster-prone British Diplomat with a questionable record. This dark comedy also touches upon the dynamics of British political influences in relation to Western African. Boyd’s reprehensible and morally deplorable character, Morgan Leafy, serves as a representative of British politician and their deplorable behavior. In fact, Leafy makes appearance in Boyd’s another two short stories. According to the author, there is an autobiographical element to his novel and the character of Dr. Murray serves as a portrait of his father.
A Good Man in Africa received positive response from most of the critics and became an instant success. Boyd was honored with Whitbread Book Award and Somerset Maugham Award for his contribution. On the success of his novel, he published a short story collection, On the Yankee Station and Other Stories, the very same year. Subsequently, he wrote another novel, titled An Ice-Cream War, in 1982. It is set in colonial East Africa and focuses on the World War I campaigns. The novel is a dark satire that highlights the tragedy of a war waged between the Great Britain and Germany on East African soil. The darkly comic treatment of WWI had the book shortlisted for a Booker Prize and won John Llewellyn Rhys Prize.
Another one of his key works is considered to be Any Human Heart (2002) in which he fictionalized and incorporated the creator of James Bond phenomenon, Ian Fleming . It is written in the journal entry form and charts the life of a fictitious 20th century writer, Logan Mountstuart. In addition to novel writing, Boyd also served in the Hollywood as a screenwriter. He adapted Evelyn Waugh’s novel Scoop in a feature film Stars and Bars (1988). His own novel’s movie adaptation, A Good Man in Africa, was released in 1994. For television he is credited for screenwriting dramas, including Armadillo (2001), Any Human Heart (2010) and Restless (2012).
William Boyd’s is known for his satiric and comic narratives, which he took a little too far with his publication of a fake biography of Nat Tate. Nat Tate: An American Artist 1928-1960 sketches the life eponymous abstract expressionist painter. The author withheld the status of the book being fictional till its launch party. A number of prominent guests claimed to have known the fictional painter oblivious to the nature of the book. It created quite a buzz at the revelation of the truth. Moreover, Boyd has adapted a literary work of Anton Chekhov for theater as well. His recently published book is a James Bond novel, titled Solo (2013).
Buy Books by William Boyd
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Ghana
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Which author wrote a series of books about the private investigator 'Jemima Shore'?
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A Good Man in Africa: Amazon.it: William Boyd: Libri in altre lingue
Libri in altre lingue
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A Good Man in Africa (Inglese) Copertina flessibile – 25 mar 1982
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Copertina flessibile, 25 mar 1982
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Descrizione prodotto
Recensione
"This is a wildly funny novel, rich in witty prose and raucous incidents . . . without qualification, a delight." -The Washington Post
"Entertaining and successful . . . a champion storyteller. His prose style is intelligent, vigorous and pleasant." -The New York Times Book Review
"Comic realism echoing Evelyn Waugh . . . nimbly plotted, gracefully written . . . Boyd had endowed British fiction with a welcome depth and liveliness." -New York Newsday
"A gutsy writer . . . William Boyd is good company to keep." -Time
L'autore
William Boyd was born in Ghana in 1952. He was brought up there and in Nigeria. He was educated at the universities of Nice, Glasgow and Oxford. He is the author of a number of acclaimed and hugely popular novels and three volumes of short stories, and the recipient of many prizes, including the Whitbread First Novel Award, the John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize, the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and the Sunday Express Book of the Year Award. He is married and lives in London
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Dettagli prodotto
Editore: Penguin; 1st Penguin Edition edizione (25 marzo 1982)
Lingua: Inglese
n.541970 in Libri in altre lingue > Per lingua > Inglese
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5 stelle
5.0 su 5 stelle Brillliant Mr. Boyd 31 maggio 2014
Di Annie - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina flessibile Acquisto verificato
Such a wonderful portrayal of the British colonists in West Africa. I think this book should be listed as a classic and be on the recommended lists for schools. This is the second book I have read by Boyd and I have to say I think he is quite brilliant. His characters are so vivid they bounce off the pages.
The mark of a great writer ,in my humble opinion, is to be able to tell a story of relatively ordinary day to day happenings and turn it into a "can't wait to get back to it" event.
This book will not appeal to those who like paced action as indicated by some of the reviews, but if you enjoy (and understand) subtle British humour, wonderful characters and top class writing I urge you to buy this delightful book.
It is very funny in parts and I DID laugh out loud many times. Goodness.....poor old Morgan Leafy; he can't take a trick 'as the saying goes.'A very amusing book that I WILL recommend to anyone who enjoys fine literature.
1 di 1 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione
5.0 su 5 stelle A Good Book About a Good (But Flawed) Man in Africa 28 marzo 2014
Di pencilpoints - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Formato Kindle Acquisto verificato
I served as a Peace Corps Volunteer in West Africa at the same time this novel was published, and this novel captures the feel, language (Pidgin English) and that always odd interface between the hosts country and the expatriate community. That Boyd achieves this while making me laugh out loud in an empty room was all the more enjoyable. Poor Morgan Leafy! He has a lot on his plate, and none of it palatable! The book opens with Leafy mired in problems and then, in the second part, retraces how that came to be. The book flows well and I found several of the scenes, such as Santa in the bath tub, wonderfully humorous.
I've only read one other Boyd novel, but plan to read as many of his works as I can in the coming year.
1 di 1 persone hanno trovato utile la seguente recensione
4.0 su 5 stelle i enjoyed the book very much and ordered an other one ... 6 dicembre 2014
Di george goanna - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Formato Kindle Acquisto verificato
having lived in colonial time as well as post colonial time in africa i appreciate the truthfull social aspect of the novel. the humoristic way of the teller made me smile many times. i enjoyed the book very much and ordered an other one from boyd
5.0 su 5 stelle (THIS FINE BOOK), TO ARRIVE ON 16 novembre 2014
Di EE - Pubblicato su Amazon.com
Formato: Copertina rigida Acquisto verificato
MY total APPRECiATION FOR 1. READING MY REQUEST TO RUSH THIS BOOK FOR MY SON'S BIRTHDAY, AND. 2. SENDING IT, (THIS FINE BOOK), TO ARRIVE ON!!!! HIS BIRTHDAY WAS A REAL COUP AND DESERVE UTTER, TOTAL, AND STILL MORE THANKS FROM ME.
GRATEFULLY WITH BEST REGARDS FROM
Eleanor Earle ([email protected])
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i don't know
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What was built in Berlin in 1778, after a victory of the Prussian Army?
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Brandenburg Gate: A Brief History - History in the Headlines
Brandenburg Gate: A Brief History
June 19, 2013 By Barbara Maranzani
Credit: Thomas Wolf/Wikimedia Commons
Brandenburg Gate: A Brief History
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Brandenburg Gate: A Brief History
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On Wednesday, Barack Obama became the fourth U.S. president to deliver a speech near Berlin’s famed Brandenburg Gate, following in the steps of John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton. The Brandenburg Gate, an 18th century triumphal arch that has become one of the most recognizable landmarks in Europe, has played witness to some of the most significant moments in modern history. From political speeches set against the backdrop of a divided city, to its role in the emotional reunification of a nation, here’s a look back at some key moments in the history of the Brandenburg Gate.
October 1806: Napoleon steals a statue
Built between 1788 and 1791 by Prussian King Frederick William II as a key entry point to the city of Berlin, Brandenburg Gate was topped off with a statue known as the “Quadriga,” which depicted a statue of the goddess of victory driving a chariot pulled by four horses. The statue remained in place for just over a decade, before falling into the clutches of Napoleon Bonaparte and his Grand Army. After occupying Berlin that fall and triumphantly marching beneath the arches of the Gate, Napoleon ordered the Quadriga dismantled and shipped back to Paris. The horse and goddess were hastily packed up in a series of crates and moved across the continent. Napoleon, perhaps preoccupied with the crumbling of his recently established empire, appears to have forgotten about the statue, and it languished in storage until 1814, when Paris itself was captured by Prussian soldiers following Napoleon’s defeat. The Quadriga was returned to Berlin and once again installed atop the Brandenburg Gate, this time with one change: As a symbol of Prussia’s military victory over France, an iron cross was added to the statue. The cross was later removed during the Communist era, and only permanently restored in 1990 during the unification of Germany.
January 1933: Hitler comes to power
After a meteoric rise to power at the head of his Nazi Party and a power struggle with German President Paul von Hindenburg, Adolf Hitler was appointed to the position of chancellor on January 30, 1933. That evening, the new chancellor was treated to a torchlight procession through Berlin, as thousands of brown shirted stormtroopers and SS members passed under the Brandenburg Gate to the presidential palace, where Hitler and high-ranking members of the Nazi Party were cheered. It was the first of many large-scale propaganda events held by the Nazis as they tightened their control over Germany in the years leading up to World War II. The end of the war destroyed much of Berlin, but the Brandenburg Gate survived, albeit with heavy damage. In one of the last cooperative measures before the erection of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the East and West Berlin authorities worked together on its restoration. Once the wall went up, however, access to the Gate, located in what was now East Berlin, was cut off.
June 1963: “I am a Berliner”
Almost two years after the Berlin Wall was erected, John F. Kennedy delivered one of the most famous addresses of his presidency to a crowd of more than 120,000 gathered outside West Berlin’s city hall, just steps from the Brandenburg Gate. Like Ronald Reagan after him, Kennedy’s speech has been largely remembered for one particular phrase. In Kennedy’s case, it was in German—poorly spoken German, some believed. Kennedy had tried out a variation of the “I am a Berliner” line in an earlier speech, and worked on the German passages with his speechwriters and State Department translators to ensure the correct pronunciation, going so far as to spell the possibly tricky phrases phonetically. In the 50 years since Kennedy’s speech, German linguists have chimed in on the debate, insisting that the president’s grammar was essentially correct and that contrary to popular belief, he did not try to turn a Cold War moment into a culinary one by erroneously announcing to the crowd, “I am a jelly doughnut.”
June 1987: The line that almost didn’t happen
Ronald Reagan had visited Berlin once before in his presidency, in June 1982, when he addressed West German dignitaries and a crowd outside the city’s Charlottenburg Palace, affirming America’s support for the city of Berlin and its people. Five years (and three Soviet leaders later), Reagan prepared to return to West Berlin to celebrate the city’s 750th anniversary. The preceding years had seen an escalation in rhetoric on both sides (with Reagan famously referring to the USSR as an “Evil Empire”), but also the first noticeable “thaws” in the Cold War in nearly a decade, including the Reykjavik Summit in Iceland the year before and ongoing negotiations that would result in an arms treaty in late 1987. Although authorship of the 1987 Berlin speech’s most famous line remains in dispute, there is little doubt that Reagan’s advisors were almost as deeply divided about whether he should use the potentially inflammatory words, as the city of Berlin was itself. Some feared antagonizing Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, with whom Reagan had built a successful working relationship. Others on Reagan’s team, fearful of charges that the administration had gone “soft,” argued that the time had come for a full-throated challenge to the Communists. The back and forth over the text continued for almost a year, but in the end Reagan made the final decision to keep the line in, and on June 12, 1987, he addressed not just the crowd of more than 20,000 gathered at the Brandenburg Gate itself, but millions of listeners in the Unites States, the Soviet Union and around the world, thunderously calling for Gorbachev to “tear down this wall.”
December 1989: Lenny takes Berlin
One of the most emotionally charged moments in the history of the Brandenburg Gate involved musicians, not politicians. Just weeks after the November 1989 opening of the Berlin Wall, American conductor Leonard Bernstein held a series of concerts in music halls on both sides of the famous divide. Leading an international orchestra comprised of musicians from the four countries that had occupied Berlin following the end of World War II (France, England, the United States and the Soviet Union, which would itself collapse just two years later), both concerts featured performances of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. Bernstein, however, eager to honor the momentous historical change afoot, made a crucial change to the work’s famed final movement, known as the “Ode to Joy.” Tweaking the original 18th century text by poet Friedrich Schiller, Bernstein substituted the German word Freiheit for the word Freude, and led a group of singers from two leading East and West German choirs in an emotional rendition of what was now the “Ode to Freedom.” The first of the two concerts, held in West Berlin, ended at midnight on December 23, the same moment that the Berlin Wall became permanently and fully open; the second was held two days later, on Christmas morning, in East Berlin. Both concerts were broadcast to tens of thousands of spectators gathered at the Brandenburg Gate and throughout the two Berlins, and it was the first television events transmitted to both East and West Germany in more than 30 years.
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Brandenburg Gate
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Which of Christ's 'Twelve Apostles' is buried in Spain?
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Prussian Army : Napoleonic Wars : History : Organization : Preu�ische Armee
The defeat of the Prussian army by Napoleon
shocked the Prussian establishment, which had
felt invincible after the victories of Frederick the Great.
Scharnhorst, Gneisenau, Grolman, and Boyen, began
to reform the army.
The reformers were dismayed by the populace's indifferent
reaction to the 1806 defeats. When Napoleon rode into Berlin
he was greeted by crowds which, were as enthusiastic as
those that had welcomed him in Paris.
The Prussians had surrendered and Frederick the Great's
sword and sash were sent to Paris as trophies.
France occupied Prussia, and Napoleon treated
Prussia and her King worse than he had treated
any conquered country before. The French occupation
angered many Prussians.
In comparison to 1806, the Prussian populace in 1813
was supportive of the war, and thousands of volunteers
joined the army. Prussian troops won several battles
and proved vital at the Battles of Leipzig and Waterloo.
After Napoleon's defeat and abdication,
Prussia and Russia proposed to partition France,
while Austria and Great Britain strove for
and pushed through a lenient treatment of France.
Picture: The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin.
Atop the gate is the Quadriga, with Viktoria,
the goddess of victory driving the Quadriga.
After the 1806 Prussian defeat at Jena-Auerstedt,
Napoleon took the Quadriga to Paris.
After Napoleon's defeat in 1814 and the
Prussian Parisian occupation,
the Quadriga was restored to Berlin.
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Introduction: Brief History of Prussia.
"During the 18th century, Prussia ascended to the position
of third European great power..." - wikipedia.org
Prussia began as a small territory in what was later called West and East Prussia, which is now Warmia-Masuria of northern Poland, the Kaliningrad exclave of Russia, and the Klaipeda Region of Lithuania. The region was largely populated by Old Prussians, a Baltic people related to the Lithuanians and Latvians.
In 1226 Polish Duke, Konrad I, invited the Teutonic Knights, a German military order of crusading knights headquartered in Acre, to conquer the Baltic tribes on his borders. However, during 60 years of struggles against the Old Prussians, the Teutonic Knights created an independent state which came to control Prussia. The Knights were eventually defeated by Polish troops at Grunwald (1410) and were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of the Polish king Casimir IV Jagiellon in the Peace of Thorn in 1466, losing western Prussia to Poland in the process.
In 1525 Grand Master Albert I Hohenzollern became a Lutheran Protestant and secularized the Order's remaining Prussian territories into the Duchy of Prussia. For the first time, these lands, the area east of the mouth of the Vistula river were in the hands of a branch of the Hohenzollern family. Furthermore, with the dissolution of the Order, Albert could now marry and produce offspring.
The unification of Brandenberg and Prussia came two generations later.
Frederick William went to Warsaw in 1641 to render homage to King Wladyslaw IV Vasa of Poland for the Duchy of Prussia, which was still held in fief from the Polish crown.
Taking advantage of the difficult position of Poland vis-�-vis Sweden in the Northern Wars, and his friendly relations with Russia during a series of Russo-Polish wars, Frederick William later managed to obtain a discharge from his obligations as a vassal to the Polish king; he was finally given independent control of Prussia in 1657. It was one of the turning points in the history of Prussia.
In 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, upgraded Prussia from a duchy to a kingdom, and crowned himself King Frederick I. To avoid offending Leopold I, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire where most of his lands lay, Frederick was only allowed to title himself "King in Prussia", not "King of Prussia". However, Brandenburg was treated in practice as part of the Prussian kingdom rather than a separate state. ( - wikipedia.org 2008)
"The aggrandizement of Prussia continued under Frederick's grandson, Frederick II, the 'Great' who enlarged his domain with territories plundered from the ancient Kingdom of Poland. This trend continued unabated until 1795, when Poland literally disappeared off the map: gobbled up by her three powerful neighbours, Prussia, Russia, and Austria.
For her part Prussia took Posen (Poznan today), and Danzig (Gdansk today), adding them to Pomerania to form 'West Prussia'; plus the province of Mazovia, including the capital of Warsaw, which was added to Silesia (acquired in the 1740s) to form 'South Prussia.' Meanwhile, the original Baltic duchy of Prussia was renamed 'East Prussia'. ... " (Summerville - "Napoleon's Polish Gamble" p 4)
PS.
Despite its overwhelmingly German character, Prussia's annexations of Polish territory in the Partitions of Poland brought a large Polish population that resisted the German government and in several areas constituted the majority of the population (i.e. Province of Posen: 62% Polish, 38% German). Silesia was a Polish stronghold. It first belonged to Poland and then to Bohemia. In the 17th century it fell under Austrian political influence, only to be conquered by Prussia in the 1740s. The greater part of these lands have been germanized by sales and grants of public domains to Prussian colonists and by measures against the Polish inhabitants.
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Glory Years of the Prussian Army.
In 1740s Prussia had the 4th largest army in Europe,
even though her lands stood at 10th in order of size
and only 13th in population !
Frederick the Great imposed so spartan discipline
that 400 officers "are said to have asked to resign".
In 1740s Prussia owned 85.000 troops which gave her the 4th largest army in Europe, even though her lands stood at 10th in order of size and only 13th in population !
It means that it was possible for an agricultural state of few millions of inhabitants, on a small territory, without a fleet or direct maritime commerce, and with comparatively little manufacturing industry, to maintain, in some respects, the position of a great European power. Truly amazing.
The army was magnificent. Frederick had devised Europe's first-ever battle-scale maneuvers in 1743, which gave his generals invaluable peacetime experience in directing large scale bodies of troops." (Duffy - "Instrument of War" Vol I p 117)
The Prussian, as well as the German in general, makes capital stuff for a soldier. They are, withal, among the most pugnacious people in the world, enjoying war for its own sake, and often enough going to look for it abroad, when they cannot have it at home.
From the Landsknechte of the middle age to the present foreign legions of France and England, the Germans have always furnished the great mass of those mercenaries who fight for the sake of fighting.
"If the French excel them in agility and vivacity of onslaught, if the English are their superiors in toughness of resistance, the Germans certainly excel all other European nations in that general fitness for military duty which makes them good soldiers under all circumstances." (Source: "The Armies of Europe" in Putnam's Monthly, No. XXXII, publ. in 1855)
Foreign generals and observers admired the Prussian military machine of 18th Century. Austrian commander, Prince Eugene of Savoy, reported that "the Prussian troops are the best of the German forces. The rest are pretty well useless." The Prussian army enjoyed reputation as one of the best trained, the most disciplined and one of the best led (Frederick the Great, Zieten, Seydlitz and other generals).
The Prussians wore simpler dress than the French army with its many lackeys, cooks, courtesans, actors and chaplains, friseurs and valets, chests full of perfumes, hair nets, sun shades and parrots.
Frederick the Great imposed so spartan discipline that 400 officers "are said to have asked to resign". Frederick's troops fought with great success against the Russians, French, Germans, Swedes and Austrians.
The Prussians could march off to the battlefield in perfect order in a holy silence. The state of affairs which prevailed in the French army was somehow different, there was a near riot when even the small troop had to turn out. So this is not surprising that France had suffered a certain loss of prestige through her shocking defeats in the war against Frederick's army.
The Prussian infantry was magnificent, marching in calm and silent lines under a withering fire. They moved doggedly forward until the enemy began to mass in terrified flocks around their colors. When the drums were playing "Ich bin ja Herr in deiner Macht !" it made a massive impression on everyone. One eyewitness wrote "I have never been able to hear that melody without the deepest emotion."
The best part of the army however was the cavalry. One dragoon regiment routed 20 battalions and captured 66 colors ! In 1745 at Soor 26 Prussian squadrons routed 45 enemy squadrons deployed on a hilltop. Only the engineers and artillery were the weak link of Frederick's army.
King Frederick the Great, used the army to enter upon a period of conquest. His victory at Mollwitz made a great sensation in Europe. It had never been supposed that the untried Prussian troops could resist the veterans of Austria. King of France, Louis XV, when he heard of Frederick's invasion of Silesia, said: "The man is mad." Frederick's camp was sought by envoys from almost every court of Europe, and amongst them, on the part of France, came Marshal Belleisle.
1757 Battle of Leuthen: it was a decisive victory for Frederick the Great that ensured his control over Silesia. This is important battle from military point of view as Frederick used Oblique Order. This is a tactic where an attacking army refocuses its forces to attack enemy flank. The commander would intentionally weaken one portion of the line to concentrate their troops elsewhere. They would then create an angled or oblique formation, refuse the weakened flank and attack the strongest flank of the enemy with a concentration of force. First recorded use of the tactic similar to oblique order was at the Battle of Leuctra, when the Thebans defeated the Spartans (ext.link). This tactics required disciplined and well trained troops able to execute complex maneuvers.
1757 Battle of Rossbach. The French commander, Marshal Prince de Soubise (54,000 men), was not over-anxious to measure his strength with Frederick the Great, but his generals were eager for battle and confident of success. Their only doubt was whether they could win any glory by destroying so small Prussian force (22,000 men); their only fear lest he should retreat and escape them.
In early afternoon the order was given and in 30 minutes tents were struck and the Prussian army was in marching order. The movement of Frederick's forces was masked by low hills, so the French could see that the Prussians were doing something, without being able to tell what it was. Fancying them to be in flight, and fearing lest the prey should escape, they rushed forward in disorderly haste. Soon the French were mounting the lower slopes of the Janusberg, when suddenly Prussian cavalry appeared and swept down on them. The charge was utterly unexpected. In 30 minutes the French were flying in wild disorder.
About 3,500 Prussian horsemen had defeated an entire army of two combined superpowers. Frederick was heard to say "I won the battle of Rossbach with most of my infantry having their muskets shouldered." This battle is considered one of his greatest masterpieces due to destroying a combined French and German army twice its size with negligible casualties: 550 Prussians and 5,000 French and Germans.
The importance of the Seven Years' War was an epoch in the history of Europe lies chiefly in its bearing on the question of German unity. The war resulted in placing the young Prussian kingdom on a footing of equality with the world powers (France, Russia, Britain, Austria) and so raising up within Germany a rival and counterpoise to Austria. It thus laid the foundations of the unification of Germany, which could never have been effected as long as the Austrian supremacy remained unbroken. For though Austria, before the time of Frederick the Great, was undisputably the greatest of German powers, she was after all more foreign than German. Her external interests in Hungary, Italy, and elsewhere were too extensive for her to care much for the union of Germany.
Map of Europe in 1756. Prussia's allies were: Britain, Brunswick, Hannover, and Hesse-Kassel.
The war involved all of the major European powers, causing 900,000 to 1,400,000 deaths. It enveloped both European and colonial theatres.
Frederick the Great was succeeded by Frederick Wilhelm II. Under his rule Prussia became even larger by the partitions of Poland of 1793 and 1795 but also underwent a period of eclipse. The failure to reform and the lack of preparedness after the death of Frederick the Great in 1786, and the real efficiency in the field was sacrificed to precision on the parade-ground led to the decline of the army.
Frederick William III of Prussia succeeded the throne in 1796. He married Louise of Mecklenburg, a princess noted for her beauty. Napoleon dealt with Prussia very harshly, despite the pregnant Queen's personal interview with the French emperor. Prussia lost all its Polish territories, as well as all territory west of the Elbe River, and had to pay for French troops to occupy key strong points within the Kingdom. Too distrustful to delegate his responsibility to his ministers, Frederick William was too infirm of will to strike out and follow a consistent course for himself. In the following years the reformers encouraged Friedrich Wilhelm's interest in designing the new uniforms to keep him from interfering with their more radical measures.
Defeated by the French Revolutionary army, Prussia withdrew from the coalition and remained neutral until 1806.
~
Decline of the Army: defeats at Jena and Auerstadt
[by 1806] The Prussian Army, however, remained rooted in the past:
a fossil preserved in Baltic amber."- Charles Summerville
In 1806 Napoleon was very interested in the Prussian army. Officer Chlapowski of Napoleon's Guard Lancers writes: "... the Emperor asked me about very many things. He fired questions at me as if I was sitting an exam. He already knew from our conversations ... that I had served in the Prussian amry, so he asked about my studies there, about my military instructors, about the organization of the artillery and of the whole Prussian army, and finally he asked how many Poles were likely to be in the corps which was still in East Prussia beyond the Vistula under General Lestoq. I could not answer this question but pointed out that most of his corps must be Lithuanians, as it had been mainly recruited in Lithuania. At that time, since the last partition [of Poland] the whole district of Augustow belonged to Prussia.
I also explained that in Lithuania only the gentry were Polish, and the people Lithuanians. He did not know anything about Lithuania ... The Emperor listened patiently and carefully to all these details. ... [he] asked me about the [Prussian] military academies. How far did they go in the study of mathematics ? He was surprised at the elementary level at which they stopped. Didn't they teach applied geometry ? I myself had not learned this, but only later studied it in Paris." (Chlapowski/Simmons - "Memoirs of a Polish Lancer" p 12-13)
In 1806 the Prussian army consisted of 200,000 men: 133,000 infantrymen, 39,600 cavalrymen and 10,000 artillerymen and few thousands of engineers, garrisons, reserves etc.
Infantry
. . . . . . . . . 2 Guard infantry regiments (2 battalions each)
. . . . . . . . . 58 infantry regiments (2 battalions each)
. . . . . . . . . 1 jager regiment (3 battalions)
. . . . . . . . . 27 grenadier battalions
. . . . . . . . . 13 cuirassier regiments (5 squadrons each)
. . . . . . . . . 14 dragoon regiments (10 x 5 squadrons and 2 x 10 squadrons)
. . . . . . . . . 9 hussar regiments (10 squadrons each)
. . . . . . . . . 1 'Towarzysze' regiment (10 + 5 squadrons)
Artillery
. . . . . . . . . 4 foot artillery regiments (36 12pdr batteries of 8 guns)
. . . . . . . . . 1 horse artillery regiment (20 6pdr batteries of 8 guns)
. . . . . . . . . reserve (2 10pdr mortar batteries, 1 light mortar battery, 4 7pdr howitzer batteries
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6pdr batteries)
Napoleon was not impressed with the king of Prussia: "When I went to see the king of Prussia Friedrich Wilhelm III, instead of a library I found he had a large room, like an arsenal, furnished with shelves and pegs, in which were placed fifty or sixty jackets of various cuts ... He attached more importance to the cut of a dragoon or a hussar uniform than would have been necessary for the salvation of a kingdom. At Jena, his [Prussian] army performed the finest and most spectacular maneuvers, but I soon put a stop to this tomfoolery and taught them that to fight and to execute dazzling maneuvers and wear splendid uniforms were very different matters. If the French army had been commanded by a tailor, the king of Prussia would certainly have gained the day."
Napoleon's efforts to get Prussia to close its ports to British goods in 1806 had revealed a problem. When Prussia agreed, the British navy retaliated by seizing 700 Prussian merchant ships in port or at sea and blocking their access to the North Sea. Facing economic collapse, the Prussian king then turned his anger on Napoleon, rescinding their agreements and ordering the French out. That in turn led to war.
"When in August 1806, Prussia mobilized her army for a war against France, she did with all the confidence that was due to the inheritors of the traditions of Frederick the Great. There was never a moment of doubt that Prussian arms would triumph, and it was with this attitude, that her soldiers met the French in the twin battles of Jena and Auerstadt on October 14."
Up to that time, the Prussian Army had proudly reflected the image of Frederick's glory, but it was this in itself which was one of the principal defects in the military system. A cult of reverence, in regard to anything that was connected with Frederick, dominated military thought. Any measure which had sufficed under the Great Soldier-King, was considered good enough for his heirs, irrespective of the forward movement of military science and the revolutionary principles of warfare, which had been demonstrated in Europe since 1792.
Tradition was clung to as if it were a means to glory and success. The fact that the 1780 pattern of musket was one of the worst in Europe, or that the Commander-in-Chief, the Duke of Brunswick, and the Senior Royal Advisor, von Mollendorf, were not the men they had been, was little considered. The state of the Prussian Army at that time was well summed up by Clausewitz when he remarked that '... for Prussia, the cost of anachronism was to be high." ( - David Nash - "The Prussian Army 1808-15" p 5)
Prussian order of battle: Jena 1806 (Saxons excluded)
Commander: GL von Ruchel
- - - - - 9th Infantry Regiment [1 battalion]
- - - - - 23rd Infantry Regiment [1 battalion]
- - - - - X Grenadier Battalion
- - - - - 29th Infantry Regiment [1 battalion]
- - - - - 43rd Infantry Regiment [1 battalion]
- - - - - IX Grenadier Battalion
- - - - - 10th Infantry Regiment [2 battalions]
- - - - - 37th Infantry Regiment [2 battalions]
- - - - - XVIII Fusilier Battalion
- - - - - 5th Cuirassier Regiment [5 squadrons]
- - - - - 4th Dragoon Regiment [5 squadrons]
- - - - - half of 7th Hussar Regiment [5 squadrons]
Artillery
- - - - - half of XIX 6pdr Foot Battery
- - - - - half of 6pdr Foot Battery
- - - - - half of XI 6pdr Horse Battery
The French army, honed to a fine edge by the brilliantly conducted previous campaign in Bavaria and Austria, secured the total annihilation of the Prussian army and state in precisely one month, from October 6 to November 6. It was a remarkable demonstration of what the French military system could accomplish under Napoleon's guidance. Prussia was broken and dismembered by the war. Her army was ruined, she had no money, and she had lost half of her former possessions.
Napoleon's plan of this campaign was beautiful. To base himself on the Rhine River and Upper Danube and simply advance north - eastwards on Berlin would, perhaps, be the easiest for Napoleon, but it would offer no strategical advantages; for if he met and defeated the Prussians on this west-east line, he would simply drive them backwards on their supports, and then on Russians, whose advance from Poland was expected.
To turn the Thuringian Forest Mountains by an advance from his right, was a less safe movement; but, it offered great advantages.
First of all Napoleon would threaten the Prussian supply lines, line of retreat, and line of communications with Berlin.
Secondly, Napoleon would separate the Prussians and the advancing strong Russian Army. The danger with this maneuver was this that the Prussians by a rapid advance through the Thuringian Forest Mountains against his communication line, might sever him from France !
In the last days of September the Prussian army was spread over a front of 190 miles. The Saxons had not yet completed their mobilisation. Within few days the Prussians shortened their front to 85 miles in a direct line. At the same time Napoleon had huge army already assembled on a front of 38 miles. At last Napoleon's real plan had dawned on the Prussian headquarters. Advance guards were sent in the direction of the Thuringian Forest. The Prussians also detached small corps from Ruchel's force against Napoleon's supply lines. By doing this they weakened their own main army.
Heavy fighting began when elements of Napoleon's main force encountered Prussian troops near Jena. The Battle of Jena cost Napoleon approx. 5,000 men, but the Prussians had a staggering 25,000 casualties.
At Auerstadt Marshal Davout's also crushed the enemy. Napoleon initially did not believe that Davout's single corps had defeated the Prussian main body unaided, and responded to the first report by saying "Tell your Marshal he is seeing double". As matters became clearer, however, the Emperor was unstinting in his praise.
"The whole campaign was epitomised by the surrender of Hohenlohe's army at Prenzla, where Murat was able to bluff a vastly superior force into laying down its arms. Twenty-nine thousand men under L'Estocq managed to link up with the Russian army in East Prussia, but by the end of November 1806, the majority of the Prussian Army had surrendered and Frederick the Great's sword and sash were on their way to Les Invalides as trophies. The basic material of the old army, the private soldier, was sound, but internal weaknesses had meant that the Prussian army was out-thought as well as outfought." (Robert Mantle - "Prussian Reserve Infantry: 1813-15")
Peter Hofschroer gives three main reasons for why Prussia was defeated in 1806.
Not joining Austria and Russia in 1805 in the Third Coalition. This combination would most likely have led to Napoleon's defeat.
Going to war against France in 1806 without the direct support of another great power. The Prussian army should have adopted a defensive strategy until the arrival of the Russians.
Dividing the army into three in the face of the enemy. Nobody was really in charge and King Frederick William III lacked the authority to impose his will.
"... just after the victories of Jena and Auerstadt, in which Napoleon destroyed the Prussian army and shook the Prussian state to its core, was to be something of a turning point. The Prussians were shocked and insulted by the French victories, but they also saw them as proof of the superiority of France and her political culture.
When Napoleon rode into Berlin he was greeted by crowds which, according to one French officer, were as enthusiastic as those that had welcomed him in Paris on his triumphant return from Austerlitz the previous year. 'An undefinable feeling, a mixture of pain, admiration and curiosity agitated the crowds which pressed forward as he passed,' in the words of one eyewitness ...
Napoleon treated Prussia and her King worse than he had treated any conquered country before.
At Tilsit he publicly humiliated Frederick by refusing to negotiate with him, and by treatening Queen Louise, who had come in person to plead her country's cause, with insulting gallantry. He did not bother to negotiate, merely summoning the Prussian Minister Goltz to let him know his intentions. He told the Minister that he had thought of giving the throne of Prussia to his own brother Jerome, but out of regard for Tzar Alexander, who had begged him to spare Frederick, he had graciously decided to leave him in possession of it. But he diminished his realm by taking away most of the territory seized by Prussia from Poland ... " (Zamoyski - "Moscow 1812" p 43)
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Reforms of 1807-1812.
Corps System and People's Army.
"After the disaster of 1806, there was a widespread sense of outrage at the way in which the Prussian Army had been humiliated. Public and political pressures caused the King, Frederick William III, to make some move towards setting up a board of enquiry to determine the causes of defeat and with the wider object of reforming the army. The first steps towards these objectives were taken on July 15, 1807, when the King requested Graf Lottum and Major-General v.Scharnhorst to head the newly established Military Reorganization Commission. Under their influence, the places within the Commission were soon filled with a mixture of reactionaries and visionaries including Konen, von Massenbuch, von Borstell, von Bronikowski, and, more significantly, Boyen, Gneisenau and a young captain of artillery named Clausewitz." ( Nash - "The Prussian Army 1808-15" p 5)
The Convention of Paris in 1808 restricted the Prussian army to 36.000 men (many sources give 42.000 men.) However it seems that the army had been never actually reduced to less than 45,000 men.
It was the third humiliation Prussia suffered (first was defeat at Jena and Auerstadt, and the second was reduction of her territory after the Tilsit Treaty). In this situation the reformers modified their organization tables to produce 6 brigades:
- East Prussia Brigade
- Upper Silesia Brigade
- Pommerania brigade
A new system of officer selection and promotions was introduced. The Military Schools of Artillery and Engineers were founded. Traditional punishments such as flogging and running the gauntlet were abolished. In the end of 1808 the Prussian Ministry of War was founded. In January 1812 new official training regulations were issued.
"The most important series of measures taken by the reformers sought to increase Prussian military power in contravention of the Treaty of Paris. On June 6, 1809, a small commission ... set to work on the question of conscription. Their work culminated in a report appealing for universal service which was rejected by the King on February 5 1810, but which was ultimately destined to be the framework of the famous Boyen conscription laws of Sept 1814.
The original idea of the 'Krumper' seems to have been provided by Scharnhorst who, on July 31 1807, suggested that each company and squadron should discharge 20 trained men and should take in equal number of new recruits. This led to a Cabinet Order requiring each of these units to send 5 men on furlough each month and to replace this wastage with untrained recruits. Although this measure was put into practice, it was not done consistently throughout the years. ...
It has been suggested that the Krumper' system allowed the army to triple its size in 1813, but this is not true. The scheme met with opposition at many points - commanding officers were often reluctant to part with good men and therefore continually discharged the worst, or none at all. By March 1812, the army, together with its trained reserves, still only numbered 65,675 all ranks, which nonetheless, was a sizeable increase over the 42,000 permitted." (Nash - "The Prussian Army" p 8)
Digby-Smith writes: "By dint of much creative thinking, however, Scharnhorst and other members of the Prussian General Staff had invented the Krumper System by which each regiment called up a certain number of recruits, gave them basic military training, and then discharged them again in order to call up and train another batch, so that the 42,000 ceiling imposed by Napoleon was never exceeded." (Digby-Smith, - p 35)
In 1812 the Prussian army was small:
Infantry
. . . . . 12 infantry regiments (the 8th was Guard).
. . . . . 6 grenadier battalions
. . . . . 1 (Guard) j�ger battalion
. . . . . 1 (East-Prussian) j�ger battalion
. . . . . 1 (Silesian) sch�tzen battalion
Cavalry
. . . . . 4 cuirassier regiments (the 3rd was Guard)
. . . . . 6 dragoon regiments
. . . . . 6 hussar regiments
. . . . . 3 uhlan regiments (and squadron of Garde-Uhlanen)
In 1812 was issued 'Exerzir-Reglement fur die Artillerie der Koniglich Preussischen Armee'. It had one section on the use of the combined arms within brigades. The brigade consisted of all arms - infantry, cavalry, artillery, engineers and staff.
In 1812 Prussia "... as an 'ally' of France, has been ordered to provide the French Grand Army with a 30.000-man contingent to protect its left wing, in the same way as the Austrians are to protect its right. This had caused the Berlin court to put out secret feelers to Vienna - feelers which, after three no less ruinous defeats, have fallen on deaf ears. Even so, just to make sure there are no misunderstandings, Marshal Oudinot is ordered to occupy Berlin with his 30,000-strong II Corps, while Narbonne at the same time is sent there to exercise his old-style diplomacy on a traumatized Prussian court." (Britten Austin - "1812: The March on Moscow" p 27)
"The regiments mobilised for this campaign weere all (except the Leib-Regiment) 'composite' units, each consisting of infantry battalions and cavalry squadrons drawn from two parent regiments. In this way the invaluable training experience of service in the field was imparted to twice as many regiments as actually participated in the campaign. " (Digby-Smith, - p 35)
"Prussia's contribution to the French invasion of Russia was 20,842 men, grouped into 'combined regiments' drawn from all six brigades. They were commanded by Yorck, who had vociferously opposed many army reforms, with another conservative, Kleist as his second-in-command. This Corps was assigned to the left wing of the invasion, under the command of Marshal Macdonald, operating along the Baltic coast with St Petersburg as the objective. The advance bogged down around Riga, while the central army group, under Napoleon's command, disintegrated; Macdonald had to pull back before overwhelming Russian forces.
During this retreat, Yorck's force became detached from the main body and surrounded. Clausewitz and Baron Stein, a former minister who had been expelled from Prussia on Napoleon's orders, open negotiations with Yorck, who finally signed the Covention of Tauroggen on December 30 1812, joining forces with the Russians and advancing with them into East Prussia." (- Robert Mantle)
~
"That the morale of the majority of the Prussian army
withstood the rigours of the field and the shock of
Ligny was due to the high quality of leadership
at all levels." - Mark Adkin
Prussian Army in 1813-1815.
Katzbach - Leipzig - Laon - Ligny - Waterloo
Under the noses of French spies Prussia developed a reserve army capable of taking the field.
On March 1st 1813 were established so-called Reserve Battalions. They were considered as part of their parent regiments and were made of reservists and raw recruits. The officers and NCOs were supplied by the parent regiments. The 39 Reserve Battalions formed twelve Reserve Regiments. In March 1814 these units were assigned numbers in line.
Scharnhorst also persuaded King Friedrich Wilhelm III to institute a national militia called Landwehr. The Landwehr accepted men aged 25 to 40, too old and weak for the army. They were equipped not by the central goverment and ministry of war but by provinces.
The Prussian troops in 1813-1814 were of four types:
regular
volunteers
Landwehr
The regiments were formed in brigades. Each brigade had infantry, cavalry and artillery. When in 1813 the brigades were strenghtened with newly raised troops, and although still designated 'brigades', they were in fact 'divisions'. The regiments and brigades were well trained but iIt was apparent that the army needed more experience on multi-brigade level.
In 1813 at Dennewitz the Prussian 3rd and 4th Brigade became completely mixed up before their officers were able to put order.
In 1813 at Weinberg Defile the Prussian 2nd and 7th Brigade became entangled while executing a deployment into battle formation.
Despite its shorcomings the Prussian army distinguished itself at Katzbach, Dennewitz, Leipzig, and Laon. All the battles were victories. At Waterloo the Prussian army was instrumental in the ultimate defeat of Napoleon.
The landwehr in Prussia was first formed by a royal edict of 17 March 1813, which called up all men capable of bearing arms between the ages of 18 and 45, and not serving in the regular army, for the defence of the country.
Loraine Petre writes: "A decree of the king established the landwehr, based on the model of that of Austria of 1809. ... As the impoverished state of Prussian finances precluded much assistance from the State, the expense of equipment had to fall on the men themselves, or their villages. ... At first, the front rank was often armed with pikes or scythes, and it was only as French muskets were taken from the battlefields that the men were armed with yet another pattern of firearm. There was a great dearth of officers, as most of the half-pay officers still fit for service were required for the reserve battalions. All sorts of officials, many of them very unsuitable as military officers, joined, and it was only later on that men of some experience were got from the 'volunteer-jagers, etc. Naturally, the landwehr, as a whole, was at first of no great military value, though their initial worth was in some corps (Yorck's and Bulow's especially) enhanced by long marches and still more by early successes." (Petre - "Napoleon at War" p 114)
Prussian Landwehr in 1813
7 Regiments [28 squadrons]
10 Regiments [40 squadrons]
Prussia had numerous units made of volunteers. They were well equipped since they were from wealthier families, and one of the conditions of service was that they provided the weapons, shakos and green uniforms. The weapon was frequently the family's hunting rifle.
The volunteer-jagers were formed into small detachments (100-150 men each) that were allotted to infantry and cavalry units. The purpose of this was to give foundation for a military education that would enable these men to fulfil the duties of NCOs or officers, at a later date. In September 1813 the following regular units had a detachment of volunteer-jagers (freiwilligen-jagers) as part of their established strength:
- 1st and 2nd Foot Guard Regiment
- Guard Jager Battalion
- 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th Infantry Regiment
- 7th, 8th, 9th, 11th, and 12th Infantry Regiment
- 1st and 5th Reserve Infantry Regiment
- Lutzow's Free Corps
- Garde du Corps (Garde zu Pferde)
- Guard Light Cavalry Regiment
- 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Cuirassier Regiment
- 1st and 2nd Uhlan Regiment
- 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th Dragoon Regiment
- 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th Hussar Regiment
- 3rd West Prussia Landwehr Cavalry Regiment
There were also so-called free corps. These troops are evidence of the intense patriotism that existed at that time in Prussia. The most famous of these units was the Lutzow's Freikorps. The L�tzow Free Corps (L�tzowsches Freikorps) was a voluntary force formed in February 1813 and named after its commander Ludwig von Lutzow. L�tzow had fought in 1806 at Auerstadt and in 1807 at Kolberg with Schill making raids upon the French beseigers. In 1808, he had taken part in Schill's raid.
In February 1813, only few days after King Frederick Wilhelm's call for volunteers, L�tzow presented his king with a petition, begging that he might raise an independent corps. He laid stress that some of these men would also come from other German states eager to serve the Prussian cause. Though Napoleon chose to brand them as brigands, there is ample evidence to prove that they were part of the Prussian army, and subject to military law as it pertained to regular combattants." ( - Gary Shively)
L�tzow Free Corps consisted mostly of students, writers and academics from all over Germany, who had volunteered to fight against the French. The volunteers had to equip and supply themselves by their own means. The volunteers adopted black as the color of their units. Lutzow's Free Corps consisted of 2900 infantry, 600 cavalry, and 120 artillery. The volunteers fought in several battles, operating first independently in the rear of the French troops, later as a regular unit in the allied armies. After the peace of 1814 the corps was dissolved, the infantry becoming the 25th Regiment, the cavalry the 6th Uhlans.
Left: Lutzow's Free Corps in 1813-15. Picture by Knotel.
From left to right:
570 men [7 pioneer comp.]
740 men [7 fortress pioneer cop.]
According to Peter Hofschroer the army of 1813-14 was drawn almost entirely from the core provinces of the Kingdom of Prussia - whereas the army of 1815, consisted only in part of "old" Prussians. The Rhinelanders and to an extent the Westphalians were "new" Prussians of questionable loyalty. Also in 1815 a number of foreign, i.e. non-Prussian, formations had been amalgamated into the line and were, on paper at least, now considered regular formations, although it was really only after the Waterloo.
The Rhinelanders' support for the Napoleonic code opened them up to accusations by later German nationalist historians like Treitschke of somehow being Francophile, and disloyal to the German nation. Michael Rowe writes: "The positive reception given to the codes does seem convincing evidence of Rhenish acceptance of French rule: surely it justifies locating the regiom securely within the inner empire.
Yet, there is an alternative explanation. Firstly, we need to consider what Rhinelanders liked about the Napoleonic legal system. This is not difficult, thanks to a thorough investigation conducted by the Prussian authorities after 1815. ... This revealed that the French system was popular not so much because of the contents of the civil code or penal code, but rather because of the procedures of the French courts: the oral, public proceedings in front of juries, the principle of equality before the law, and the independence of the judiciary from political interference."
In 1815, the Prussian army consisted of:
. . . . . 279 infantry battalions
. . . . . . . . . 6pfund. Garde Fussbatterie No. 1. - von Lehmann,
. . . . . . . . . 12pfund. Garde Fussbatterie No. 1. - Kpt. von Witt
. . . . . . . . . reitende Garde-Batterie No. 1. - Major von Willmann
. . . . . . . . . reitende Garde-Batterie No. 2. - Kpt. von Neuendorf
. . . . . . . . . Park-Kolonne No. 37.
At Waterloo the Prussians had 38,000 infantry in 62 battalions, 7,000 cavalrymen in 61 squadrons, and 134 guns. Total of 50,000 men arriving in different times on the battlefield. The troops were led by seasoned officers and generals. "That the morale of the majority of the Prussian army withstood the rigours of the field and the shock of Ligny was due to the high quality of leadership at all levels. " (Adkin - "The Waterloo Companion" p 208)
According to Alessandro Barbero "At Waterloo, almost all the Prussian officers from the rank of captain up began their military service before 1806, yet the average age of the corps and divisional commanders - 45 - was the same as in Napoleon's and Wellington's... On the eve of battle, the Prussian army was affliceted by what we call a crisis of growth.
The Congress of Vienna in 1814 had elevated the Kingdom of Prussia to the rank of a great European power, thus considerably expanding its borders and the recruitment pool at the service of its military. The human resources in the new territories, however, were thought to be less reliable than those in the old provinces of the kingdom... " (Barbero - "The Battle" p 30)
Charles Esdaile writes "At Jena and Auerstadt the Prussian army had fought adequately, but its performance had hardly been heroic. At Leipzig and Waterloo, by contrast, it is claimed that a very different vision was on show."
Gunther Rothenberg writes: "In 1806 the typical Prussian soldier had been a mercenary or a reluctant conscript; now he was animated both by patriotism and by a deep and even savage hatred of the French. The first expressed itself, as it had in the days of Frederick, by religion. As the Prussian infantry saw the French retreating the evening of Waterloo, the fusiliers began to sign the old Lutheran hymn, 'A mighty fortress is our God' ... Hatred of the French expressed itself in bitter fighting and in the ability to rally after initial defeat."
After Napoleonic Wars, at the Vienna Congress, Prussia was widely perceived as under Russian influence. Prussia and Russia proposed to partition France, while Austria and Great Britain strove for and pushed through a lenient treatment of France.
~
Prussian General Staff of the Napoleonic Wars.
Quartermaster-Generall - GL August Graf von Gneisenau
Chef des Generallstabs - GM von Grolman
Picture: Chief-of-Staff of the Prussian Army (Napoleonic Wars), General von Gneisenau, on white horse, and a staff officer. By Christa Hook.
Despite small population (see diagram below) Prussia had one of the largest armies in the world. Such army required an efficient staff. The origins of what would become the German General Staff of the 19th and 20th Centuries - probably the most professional military machine in the world - can be traced to the Prussian Army of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
POPULATION.
Prussia - 9,7 millions (in 1806 reduced to 4,9 millions)
Spain - 11 millions
Great Britain - 18,5 millions (England, Ireland, Scotland)
Austria - 21 millions (with Hungary)
France - 30 millions
Russia - 40 (with annexed territories)
The chief-of-staff was on army, corps and brigade level. Each of the had a goup of staff officers. In 1809 a corps of permanent staff officers was established and specific uniforms were introduced for them.
Chief-of-staff of Army
The supreme command was naturally the responsibility of the army's commanding general, with the role of his chief-of-staff [of the army] being to turn the commanding general's intentions into practical plans. "The Prussian General Staff operated under a chief-of-staff system. In this instance Lieutenant-General von Gneisenau filled the post officially known as Quartermaster-General. He was the second-in-command to Bl�cher, as well as being responsible for co-ordinating all staff functions. He was also the officer representing the Minister of War with the army, and had juridiction (under the commander who took overall credit or blame for the army's activities) over both operational and administrative matters. In the field Gneisenau wielded his authority in the name of the commander-in-chief in virtually all military spheres - movement, tactics, deployment, intelligence and logistics (food, clothing, ammunition and accommodation). Bl�cher made the major decisions after consultation with Gneisenau and others, such as Major-General von Grolmann who headed the staff at the headquarters."
(Adkin - "The Waterloo Companion" p 111)
Chief-of-staff of Corps
"The chief-of-staff of a corps was responsible for its organisation and leadership, acting as an advisor to the corps commander...
Chief-of-staff of (Division) Brigade
These [brigade staff officers] dealt with matters such as the reconnaissance of terrain and any resulting changes in the direction of the marching columns ... with reconnoitring the enemy and the countryside, particularly with regard to the supply and quartering of the troops; with the receipt and implementation of orders regarding combat, deployment and marching. Finally, the brigade staff officer was required to deal with every matter drawn to his attention by the brigade commander."
(Hofschroer - "Prussian Staff..." p 11)
PS.
After Napoleon's defeat in 1815 at Waterloo by Prussian and the German-British-Netherland army, Europe entered a long period of peace. Armies were cut back and interest in military science waned in most nations. Only in Prussia did military men study the crises of command that emerged during the last stages of the Napoleonic Wars, when mass armies took to the battlefields.
If Napoleon Bonaparte was the last Great Captain of history, then von Moltke (ext.link) was the first Great Manager of the modern military era. He built up a new system based on the principle of using highly trained and interchangeable staff officers. Noting von Moltke's success over the French army, all major European nations copied his methods.
Sources and Links.
Oiver Schmidt - "Prussian Regular Infantryman 1808-1815" 2003
Hofschroer - "1815: The Waterloo Campaign. The German Victory."
Hofschroer - "Prussian Light Infantry 1792-1815" 1984
Hofschroer - "Prussian Staff and Specialist Troops 1791-1815"
Craig - "The Germans" 1991
Duffy - "Frederick the Great" 1985
Digby-Smith - "1813: Leipzig"
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i don't know
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Which cruise liner caught fire and burned out in Gladstone Dock, Liverpool in 1953?
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Fire On 'empress Of Canada' - British Pathé
British Pathé
This video has no sound
Description
Unissued / Unused material. 1950's.
Liverpool, Merseyside.
Various shots of the liner ship 'Empress of Canada' lying on side smoking. Shots of fire tugs playing water on hull. Firemen standing on hull using hoses. Crumpled funnels against quayside. Various shots of dock workers surveying the damage.
(Orig. Neg.) Some lengths of spacing between shots - MD.
Tags
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Empress of Canada
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Who left BBC TV to become ITV's chief political editor, replacing Michael Brunson?
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British Armed Forces & National Service
In role as Hospital Ship - Prior to being sold to Japan after WW1
HMT. Asturias (2)
HMT. Asturias (2)
Built: 1926 by Harland & Wolff, Belfast - When she was launched she was the largest motor ship in the world and also the first Royal Mail passenger ship which had a cruiser stern, her forward funnel was a dummy. She made her maiden voyage on the South American service with Commodore E.W.E. Morrison in command, at the time it was reported that not only was the ship slow but that she suffered from severe vibration as well. Due to the aforementioned irresolvable problems she was re-engined with two Parsons Single Reduction Geared Turbines, her bow was reshaped and she was fitted with new propellers. This increased her horsepower to 20, 000 SHP and for aesthetic purposes as well as soot the height of her funnels was increased. She was Royal Mail's representative at the Silver Jubilee Spithead Review in 1935 for George V and Queen Mary.
At the outbreak of hostilities she was converted to an Armed Merchant Cruiser for use on the South Atlantic patrols, her fore funnel and mainmast were removed to improve the capabilities of her anti-aircraft guns. In July of 1943 she was torpedoed in the South Atlantic but was successfully towed to Freetown some five hundred miles by Zwarte Zee. With her Engine Room flooded she lay there for two years and was finally abandoned by Royal Mail. In 1945 she went undertow again by Zwarte Zee with an escort of seven Corvettes she made her way to Gibraltar for temporary repairs before being towed to Belfast for an extensive refit. She became a Government Emigrant ship and in 1953 repatriated British troops from Korea. She underwent further refurbishment in 1954 and emerged in full trooping colours. In 1957 she was sold for breaking but before she sailed on her final voyage played the part of Titanic in the film 'A Night to Remember' at Faslane.
At the outbreak of WW2 she was converted to an Armed Merchant Cruiser for use on the South Atlantic patrols, her fore funnel and mainmast were removed to improve the capabilities of her anti-aircraft guns. In July of 1943 she was torpedoed in the South Atlantic but was successfully towed to Freetown some five hundred miles by the tug Zwarte Zee. With her Engine Room flooded she lay there for two years and was finally abandoned by Royal Mail.
In 1945 again under tow by Zwarte Zee with an escort of seven Corvettes she made her way to Gibraltar for temporary repairs before being towed to Belfast for an extensive refit.
She then became a Government Emigrant ship and departed Southampton 12-10-1946 for Sydney on her first run for the Australian Migrant Service.
She continued on this Service without a break until arrival at Southampton 30-10-1952 after her final return from Sydney.
On these homeward journeys she carried Australian troops who disembarked for duty at Malta or other ports en route.
In 1952 she was commissioned as a British troopship and on her first voyage departed Southampton on 20 Nov 1952 - carrying Australian Naval Personnel. A number of these passengers are visible on the forward open deck in the
photo taken (by Terry Fitzpatrick) as HMT Asturias arrived at Singapore 11 Dec 1952.
Following this first run to Hong Kong the ship continued trooping from UK to the Far East (including repatriation of British troops from Korea and Japan) until her last return to Southampton 27 Aug 1957. She was released from Sea Transport service 12 Sept 1957 and played the part of Titanic in 'A Night to Remember' filmed at Faslane before being sold for scrapping.
SS. Almanzora
Andes (1) - RMSP Atlantis - Andes (1) (1913-1929 - 15,620gt)
Atlantis (1929-1952)
1913 1915-1919 Armed Merchant Cruiser, 1929 renamed Atlantis cruise ship,
1939-1946 Hospital Ship, 1948-1952 Australia / NZ emigrant ship, 1952 scrapped. 15,620 tons
RMSP Atlantis, built by Harland & Wolff for the Royal Mail Line in 1913 and served as an hospital ship in WW1
Converted to a hospital ship in 1939, she was initially based at Alexandria, used in the Norwegian evacuation in 1940 and then sent to the Indian Ocean for the next two years.
She took part in the Madagascar campaign in 1942 and in 1943 repatriated Italian prisoners of war to Lisbon and Germans to Gothenburg. She continued hospital and repatriation duties until 1946, was reconditioned to carry
900-3rd class passengers and used to carry emigrants from the UK to Australia and New Zealand.
Laid up in 1952, she was scrapped the same year. [Merchant Fleets by Duncan Haws, vol.5, Royal Mail Line]
Cheshire (F 18) - Type: Armed merchant cruiser - Tonnage: 10.552 tons
Completed: 1927 - Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering Co Ltd, Glasgow
Owner: The Admiralty , Homeport: Liverpool , Date of attack: 18 Aug, 1942 Nationality: British
History: On 29 Aug, 1939, the motor passenger ship Cheshire from Bibby Brothers & Co, Liverpool was requisitioned by the Royal Navy as armed merchant cruiser and became HMS Cheshire (F 18)
At 21.28 hours on 14 Oct, 1940, the HMS Cheshire (F 18) was struck by one torpedo from U-137 (Wohlfarth) northwest of Ireland (Grid AM 4561). She reached Liverpool but had to be laid up for repairs for six months.
On 9 Jun, 1943 the ship was returned to the owner and then used by the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) as troop transport. Used as repatriation ship in 1945 and on 5 Oct, 1948 finally returned to the owner.
Derwent
Last Name: KUALA LUMPUR Port of Registry: Hong Kong Propulsion: 2 x Diesel
Launched: Thursday, 17 October 1935
Built: 1936 Ship Type: TroopShip
Tonnage: 12598 grt | 7512 nrt | 3435 dwt Length: 517 feet Breadth: 65 feet Draught: 25 feet
Owner History: British India Steam Nav Co - China Nav Co Hong Kong
Status: Arrived for Scrapping - 01/12/1971
Dominio Monarch
SS. Dominion Monarch in 1939
One of Shaw Savill Line's principal ships for many years was Dominion Monarch, which lived up to her regal status by having only first- class accommodation for 523 passengers.Built by Swan Hunters in the late 1930s, the 26,500-ton liner was designed for a new service from Southampton to South Africa, New Zealand and Australia.Dominion Monarch had the distinction of being the last really big British motor liner. A quadruple-screw vessel 650ft long, with an 85ft beam, she set a new fashion by having a single mast set well forward, while her two funnels were aft of midships.The ship had only just begun her career when the Second World War broke out and she was taken over for troopship duties. When peace returned Dominion Monarch was welcomed back to Southampton when she brought in valuable food from New Zealand.By the 1960s Shaw Savill, worried about rising fuel costs, decided to have her broken up.The last commercial voyage started from Southampton on December 30, 1961, returning the following April when all the ships in port saluted her on their whistles.
Dorsetshire
TSMV Dorsetshire
Built Belfast Harland and Wolff 1920 450 feet long, 57.0 feet wide, 34.4 draft, 2-6 cyl 4SC SA
Burmeinster and Wain diesel engine, 7,450 tons, but 9,345 tons as trooper. Cargo liner from 1920 -1927, Trooper from 1927. Hospital ship WWII Trooper post war,. Migrant service. 1952 hostel, Little Aden Oil refinery. BROKEN UP 1954
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I have just seen your web site and saw a picture of the old HMT Dorsetshire, in which I sailed to Egypt in in April 1938. I have a postcard of her with some specifics about her which might be of interest to you.
Printed below the photo (picture) are the following ponts: 9,647 tons Length 466ft. Breadth 57ft Speed 12 knots
I recall vividly my surprise to find the `Bay' very smooth, however a few hours after dropping a few members at Gibraltar, we ran into a very bad storm and we seemed to have lost the use of a `Screw' so had to return to Gib. in order to correct the situation. That storm resulted in more than 95% being Seasick. A far from pleasant experience, especially on a Troopship. However I also recall acting as a steward in our (RCofS) Sgt's. Mess and having to collect and hang the Hammocks for them before collecting my own. But what a wonderful experience awaited me when actually sleeping in a Hammock.
Strange how memories are recalled after so long and now at the age of 88 I am completing my memoires as far as possible and at the end I have a picture gallery including the picture of the old Dorsetshire..
Now a Canadian Citizen and belonging to several `Old Comrades Groups' I still wear uniform at special functions. - Ernie Huntley
Dunera
Dunera in 1937
The 12,615-ton Dunera made her maiden voyage from Southampton to China in September 1937.She was closely associated with the port, first as a troopship for 24 years and then as a pioneering educational cruise liner for seven years.
The ship was ordered by the British India Steam Navigation Company from the Barclay Curle shipyard in Glasgow and when completed was chartered by the government to carry troops.She and her sister ship, Dilwara, represented considerable advance on the older troopships. During the Second World War the ships took part in the evacuation from Singapore and landings at Madagascar, Sicily and southern France.
Modernisation and refit work in 1950 at Glasgow cost nearly £1m and Dunera continued in service until trooping by sea finished. She still had plenty of life left in her and British India embarked on a bold experiment.The company decided she should continue in service as Britain's first permanent schools cruise liner. During the first year in her new role, she carried more than 10,000 youngsters.
Her achievements paved the way for the introduction of other retired troopships into cruising operations.Sadly, Dunera was finally broken up for scrap in Spain in 1967.
MEMORIES "SNIPPETS" OF A RAMC MEDICAL ORDERLY, HMT DUNERA 1958
The send off from Southampton was always a nostalgic occasion with military bands, flag waiving with lots of tears from wive's and girl friends. Sailing down Southampton Water for the first time I wondered if I would ever see England again. little did I know than in 39 years I would be doing this again on the liner Oriana.
Very few of the young men on board had been abroad before, like me, for most overseas was crossing the Menia bridge to Anglesey or the ferry to the Isle Of White. The bay of Biscay was always rough; we gave out sick pills but I don't think they were any good.
When ever we past another troop ship (it would be announced on the ships tannoy) there was always lots of waving and if the other ship was homeward bound shouting of "You lucky Bas-----ds", (not that they could hear.")
Everyone knew about the sinking of the Windrush so life hboat drill was actually taken seriously, Gibraltar was always the first port of call (or the last), outward bound no shore leave was permitted to prevent troops going AWOL and disappearing across the border into Spain.
The weekly FFI (free from infection) inspections were an undignified procedure with personnel lined up in four rows in PT shorts, the shorts would be dropped while we inspected hair and pubic hair, the penis and other areas. If anything abnormal was found or suspected the poor initial would be refered to the MO, officers were examined by the MO and women QA.'s.
The MOD issue French letters (now called condoms) were the thickness of bicycle innertubes and inverably thrown away"
Dunnottar Castle
Dunnottar Castle
15,000tons - Princesa Victoria was built in 1936 by Harland & Wolff, Belfast, for Union-Castle Line as the Dunnottar Castle. She was used on the London (Tilbury) - round Africa service until the outbreak of WW2, when she was converted to an armed merchant cruiser, and then later used a troop transport. In 1949 she resumed her London - round Africa service.
In 1958, Dunnottar Castle was sold to Incres SS Co, who renamed her as Victoria and substantially rebuilt her in Rotterdam. Victoria entered service in 1960 on New York-West Indies cruises. In 1964, Victoria was sold to Victoria SS Co, a subsidiary of the Swedish company Clipper A/B, but retained her name, service and Incres Line as her agents.
Victoria was bought by Chandris in 1975, resuming sailings as The Victoria in June 1976. She cruised in Europe and the Caribbean until 1993, when she was sold to Louis Cruise Lines who used her on cruises from Cyprus as Princesa Victoria. She was then the oldest large cruise ship (over 10000grt) then still in passenger service. She was sold for breaking up in 2004.
Dunnottar Castle
Another view, it is from a postcard mailed in March 1958 at which time it had reverted to commercial service to East Africa. (Supplied by Ian White.)
Durban Castle
Empire Clyde/Cameronia
TSS. Cameronia - later renamed SS. Empire Clyde - 7515tons built 1925 Passenger ship.
The first large British passenger liner laid down after the 1914-18 war was Anchor Line's CAMERONIA. She was one of a large group of very similar looking vessels laid down at about the same time which included, fir instance, Donaldson's LETITIA and Cunard's TYRRHENIA. Beardmore and Company of Glasgow launched her on December 23rd, 1919 after a construction period of only nine and a half months and she was completed in March 1921.
As built, the ship grossed 16,280 tons, was 678' long overall, and had a beam of 70.2'. Steam turbines and twin screws gave her a service speed of 17 knots and her initial capacity was for 265 passengers in first class, 370 in second, and 1150 in third with a crew of 320. She began her maiden voyage on May 11th, 1921 and continued in the Liverpool to New York service until she was laid up in the Clyde in December 1934 as a result of the Depression. The only events of great note in her career to this date were her collision with the small Norwegian steamer HANK in the Clyde in 1925 and her Beardmore refit of 1928-29. Some rebuilding forward was part of this refit and was designed to counteract the ship's inclination to pitch heavily. By May 1929vthe work was completed and her passenger capacity had been altered to 290 Cabin Class, 431 Tourist Class, and 698 Third.
In 1935 CAMEROMIA was taken over by the British government for a few trooping voyages to the Middle and Far East after which she was refitted and placed in the Glasgow-New York service starting on July 10th 1936. The Coronation Fleet Review of 1937 provided another short spell of government employment when CAMERONIA was hired by the Admiralty as a VIP grandstand.
The ship continued in unescorted commercial service to New York for a short while after the start of World War Two. She was, in fact, the first British vessel to enter New York after the war had been declared. She left New York on what was to be the last Anchor Line Atlantic passenger voyage on November 4th, 1940 and was taken over for conversion to a troopship on arrival at Glasgow. Her conversion was rapid and she was ready for trooping service in January 1941. During her war service CAMERONIA was damaged by air attack in the Mediterranean. She had to return to the Clyde for repairs after having been disabled by aerial torpedo off Bongie on December 22nd, 1942. She was the largest troopship to take part in the allied landings in Normandy and was on the scene the day after the initial assaults. In August 1944 she was present also at the landings in Southern France.
At the end of the war CAMERONIA was laid up until she was needed again by the government in the spring of 1947. This time she was needed for trooping to Palestine which occupied her until she was taken in hand by Barclay Curle and Company for conversion into an emigrant ship in the Australian trade. Her gross tonnage was increased to 16,584 tons and she was given accommodation for 1,266 passengers in one class. She made her first voyage as an emigrant carrier between Glasgow and Sydney, leaving the UK on November 1st, 1948. She continued in this trade until being bought by the Ministry of Transport in 1953 for conversion to a permanent troopship, possibly as a result of increased trooping demand in connection with the Korean War. Renamed EMPIRE CLYDE, she became a regular on the Far Eastern trooping run. Her career as a peacetime trooper, however, was not long, for as the need for such vessels declined she was sold eventually for scrap, arriving at Newport, Monmouthshire in early October 1957 for breaking by John Cashmore Ltd.
Memory by Derek Lovemore
My own experience was on the Empire Clyde in February 1954 outbound from Liverpool to Bermuda carrying the 1st Battalion Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry. The Irish Sea was at its most turbulent for many years and the decks were literally awash with vomit for many days, until the ship sailed well out into the North Atlantic. How sweet the smell and scents of Bermuda after 8 days.
Memory by L/Cpl K Phillips Royal Signalss
I was in a Royal Signals draft to the Middle East in August 1947. We went to Greenock and boarded the Camoronia,with some ceremony, a band playing amongst other numbers,Goodbye Dolly Grey. We were due to sail at 1200 hours but made no move.Sailing was now 1800hours .No move, sailing now 0600on the following day. Still no sailing.This continued until an hour or so after 1200 when the ship moved about 100yards from the dock.I think the the crew decided it was enough as we returned to the dock and after two more days aboard we returned to our depots.In late August I eventually sailed for the ME on troopship Cheshire from Liverpool. Both of these troopers were old style ships with hammocks slung over mess tables.There were about 650 troops on each troopdeck.
Empire Dynasty
Operating life: 1935 - 1976
Tonnage: 17,528 - Passengers: 286 - Constructed: Blohm & Voss, Hamburg
Empire Fowey was originally called the Potsdam and was seized by the Allies in Flensburg in 1945. She sailed for one year as the Empire Jewel before taking the name of Empire Fowey in 1946 under the management of P&O. In 1960 she was sold to Pakistan and became the Safina-e-Hujjaj. She was scrapped in Karachi in 1976.
Empire Halladale
HMT. Empire Halladale - Operating life: 1922 - 1956
Tonnage: 13,589 - Passengers: 1,886 - Constructed: Vulcan, Hamburg The Empire Halladale was formerly known as the Antonio Delfino. She was built for the Hamburg South American Line and sailed on the Hamburg to River Plate route until 1932. During the war she performed various duties and was captured together with Pretoria in Copenhagen in May 1945. She trooped under the management of the Anchor Line until her break-up in 1956.
Empire Helford
Belge-Maritime du Congo, Antwerp. 8176 tons.
1947 EMPIRE TEST, MOWT managed by Lamport & Holt Line - troopship.
Scrapped Faslane in 1953
EMPIRE TEST / THYSVILLE 1922 - picture supplied by Ron Flood - The Empire Test at Trieste Docks Italy, in 1952 with The South Lancashire Regiment aboard who were heading for the Middle East.
8,300 gross tons, length 459ft x beam 57ft, one funnel, two masts, twin screw, speed 14 knots. Accommodation for 178-1st and 136-2nd class passengers. Built by John Cockerill, Hoboken for Cie Belge Maritime du Congo, she was launched as the THYSVILLE and commenced her maiden voyage from Antwerp to the Belgian Congo on 2nd Oct.1922. In 1930 the company was merged into Cie Maritime Belge (Lloyd Royal) and in 1940 on the invasion of Belgium by the Germans, she was operated by the Belgian Government on charter to the Allies. Acquired by the Ministry of Defence in 1947 for relief trooping, she was renamed EMPIRE TEST, and was painted white with a blue band round her hull, yellow funnel and cream masts. There was capacity for 800 passengers/troops. Her final trooping voyage was in Oct.1952 and arrived at Faslane on 19th June 1953 for scrapping.
I sailed on this troopship from Trieste to Port Sudan in October 1951 with the 1st Bn The South Lancashire Regiment.The photograph showing it in Trieste was taken in 1951 not 1952. It was, of course coal burning and I remember that once it arrived in Port Sudan a lighter came alongside laden with coal. It was then unloaded into the bunkers by hand with native labour (Fuzzy-Wuzzys) running up a series of planks carrying baskets of coal. This process went on for nearly three days until the lighter was empty.
Cheers
Another view of Empire Test - courtesy of www.photoship.co.uk
Empire Trooper
HMT. Empire Trooper
The EMPIRE TROOPER, ex CAPE NORTE ex SIERRA SALVADORE, was an ex German 13,942 gross ton passenger steamer built in 1922, by Stettiner Maschinbau AG Vulcan of Hamburg. When built there was capacity for 2,886 passengers. On the 3rd of September 1939, while attempting to return to Germany, and in a position just off Peenambuco, Iceland, the vessel was captured by H.M.S Belfast. During the capture the German crew managed to sabotage the ships engines. Scrapped in 1955
Empire Wansbeck
SS. Empire Wansbeck
Built 1943 ex- Linz, (North German Lloyd), war prize, 1946 renamed Empire Wansbeck, Harwich-Hook of Holland, 1961 sold to Greece, renamed Esperos. 3,508tons
MEMORIES "SNIPPETS" OF A RAMC MEDICAL ORDERLY - Graham Hibbert.
There are two troop ships that you hear very little about, they were Empire Parkston and the Wansbeck, these were known as ST's (sick tubs).
They operated a a night crossing several times a week from Harwich to the Hook of Holland (for onward rail transport to Germany) and return.
Medical staff consisted of two RAMC lance-corporals only, provided by Netley on secondment to movement control Parkston Quay Harwich, I spent several winter months on these ships; we had a small medical room and were always busy. For serious incidents we were totally reliant on any doctors and QA's in transit and radio advice.
Unfortunately I do not have any photos, at the time these ships did not have the since of adventure and excitement as deep sea trooping. - Graham Hibbert.
Empress Australia
Built as TIRPITZ for Hamburg-Amerika Line by Vulcanwerke, A.G at Stettin, Germany
21,861 GRT - 615 x 75 feet - Twin screw, turbines - 17 knots
370 First class, 190 Second Class, 415 Third Class, 1,000 Steerage
In 1938 she went to Harland & Wolff at Southampton for an overhaul returning for the 1939 season, but after only three cruisesshe was selected to act as the Royal Yacht to take King George VI and the Queen to Canada. She sailed from Portsmouth May 6, 1939and arrived two days late in Quebec due to dense fog. She continued on the Quebec run until the outbreak of War whereupon she became a troopship.It was in this role that she would remain for the next 13 years. EMPRESS OF AUSTRALIA worked world wide in trooping in every theatre of war. In 1946 while anchoring off Liverpool her anchor tangled with that of a cargo liner DEBRETT, the two ships collided and seven tugs were needed to separate them. In December of 1946 she was altered for peace-time trooping, offering better accommodations, however she was never repainted from the wartime grey. She continiued to carry troops up to another overhaul in Liverpool in 1951. The following year after her 70th trooping voyage she was sold. Bought for scrap, she sailed from the Mersey to Inverkeithing, May 8, 1952.
Empress Britain
Empress of Britain
On the 25th Sept 1939, she was officially requisitioned to be used as a troop transport. Once she had been converted into such, she made two trooping crossings from Halifax to Clyde, each time escorted by destroyers.
In March 1940, the Empress was sent to Australia and New Zealand to transport troops to Europe. On May 12th she left Freemantle in a troop convoy
The Empress of Britain burning after having been attacked by German aircraft.
together with the Empress of Canada, Queen Mary, Aquitania, Mauretania and Royal Mail’s Andes.
In the autumn of 1940, the Empress of Britain was on trooping mission between England and Suez via the Cape. On her way back, she called at Cape Town. Leaving with 643 people on board, no one knew that this was to be her last voyage. On October 26th, when the Empress of Britain was off the West Coast of Ireland, she was suddenly attacked by a German long-range Focke-Wulf Condor aircraft. The ship was set on fire in the attack, and it did not take long before the crew had lost control of the raging blaze. The Captain ordered abandon ship, but a skeleton crew remained in an effort to save the ship.
The Polish destroyer Burza and the two tugs Marauder and Thames managed to take the burning vessel in tow, and headed for safe waters. But the German aircraft had reported the ship’s position via radio, and soon the German U-boat U-32 was on the Empress’ tails. The U-boat stalked its prey for almost 24 hours before, on October 28th, she was able to fire three torpedoes against the Empress of Britain. One of the torpedoes detonated prematurely, but the other two found its target, and mortally wounded her. The Empress of Britain went down, the casualties being counted to 49, most of whom had been killed in the air attack. Two days later, the U-32 was sunk by the destroyer Harvester.
Five years later, when the bloody conflict of World War II came to an end, no larger liner than the Empress of Britain had been sunk. She was the greatest loss for the Allied forces during the entire war.
ETTRICK
ETTRICK - P. & O. Steam Navigation Co Ltd, London
Ettrick MV was a British Passenger Motor Vessel of 11,279 tons built in 1938 by Barclay Curle & Company, Glasgow, Yard No 669 for the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company. She was powered by two five cylinder Doxford~type opposed piston 2SCSA oil engines, diesels, twin screw, giving 20 knots. Engines by the shipbuilders. The vessel was on charter to the Admiralty as a Troopship. On the 15th November 1942 she was torpedoed by German submarine U-155 at 0315, 150 miles W of Gibraltar.
She sank at 0836. She was on a voyage from Gibraltar to the Clyde in ballast, with a crew of 204, 66 naval ratings, and 41 gunners. 18 naval ratings and 5 Asian crew were lost; another Asian seaman died of his injuries. Survivors were taken to Gibraltar by the Norwegian destroyer HMS GLAISDALE (L44) and returned to the UK in P&O´s MOOLTAN the following day.
(The large luxury troopship the 'Ettrick' at Southampton dock. L/S's and M/S's of the 2nd battalion Shropshire light infantry boarding the ship. Good footage of the soldiers waving from the deck of the ship as she embarks for the West Indies on her maiden voyage.
SS. Euripides - Aberdeen Line
EURIPIDES / AKAROA 1914
The EURIPIDES was a 14,947 gross ton ship built in 1914 by Harland & Wolff, Belfast for the Aberdeen and Commonwealth Line. Her details were - length 550.7ft x beam 67.4ft (167,85m x 54,00m), one funnel, two masts, refrigerated cargo space, triple screw and a speed of 15 knots. There was accommodation for 140-1st, 334-2nd and 750-3rd class passengers. Launched on 29th Jan.1914, she was the company's largest ship and made a "shake down" cruise in June with guests. Her maiden voyage from London to Brisbane started on 1st July and she arrived on 24th August.
On 26th Aug.1914 she was taken over at Brisbane for Australian trooping duties, but reverted to UK government control in 1915 and continued London - Australia voyages, her third class accommodation being used mainly for troops. In Feb.1919 she commenced repatriating Australian troops, and during this and her war service steamed 208,307 miles and carried 38,439 troops.
After overhaul at Belfast she resumed the Aberdeen Line's London - Australia service in Nov.1920. In March 1923 she made the company's last inbound call at Plymouth and subsequently sailed direct to Southampton. She was laid up in the Clyde for five months in 1927 and then went into the Liverpool - Australia joint service of the Blue Funnel and White Star-Aberdeen Line.
In 1929 she was transferred to White Star's Oceanic Steam Navigation Co managemant and in July 1932 was taken over by Shaw Savill & Albion. Rebuilt to 15,128 gross tons by Hawthorn Leslie & Co, and with accommodation for 200-cabin class passengers she was fitted with a swimming pool, her 3rd class accommodation converted to cargo space, her engines converted from coal to oil burning and she was renamed AKAROA. She entered Shaw Savill & Albion's Southampton - Panama - Wellington service on 28th Feb.1933 and in November made her fastest passage to New Zealand in 37 days.
Between 1939-45 she remained in commercial service under the Ministry of War Transport and was reconditioned on the Tyne in 1945 to 15,320 gross tons and with accommodation for 190-cabin class passengers. Her final sailing to Wellington started on 2nd Jan.1954 and in May of that year she went to shipbreakers at Antwerp.[Merchant Fleets by Duncan Haws, vol.17, Aberdeen and Aberdeen & Commonwealth Lines]
Franconia
Built 1923 by John Brown Clydebank, - Yard No 492 - Engines by Shipbuilder
Port of Registry: Liverpool - Propulsion: Steam turbine, twin screws, 13500shp
Launched: Saturday, 21/10/1922 - Ship Type: Passenger Vessel
Ship's Role: N.Atlantic and cruising
Tonnage: 20155 grt - Length: 624 feet - Breadth: 73 feet
Owner History:
1934 Cunard-White Star Ltd., Liverpool
1950 Cunard Steam-Ship Co., Liverpool
Status: Arrived for Scrapping - 18/12/1956
Georgic
Highland Monarch
Highland Monarch - 14,139tons - Built at Harland & Wolff, Belfast - 1932-1960 - Steel Screw motorship
Highland Monarch was built for Nelson Line in 1928. She passed to Royal Mail in 1932, with the take over of Nelson Line. Highland Monarch was scrapped in 1960.
Highland Princess
Highland Princess 14,100 Harland & Wolff, Belfast 1932-1959 Steel Screw motorship
Highland Princess was built for Nelson Line in 1929. She passed to Royal Mail in 1932, with the take over of Nelson Line. In 1959 Highland Princess was sold to John Latsis, Piraeus, and renamed Marianna
Highland Chieftain
Highland Chieftain
(Royal Mail: 1932-1958 - 14,131gt)
Highland Chieftain was built by Harland and Wolf of Belfast for Nelson Line in 1928, the first of the five "Highland" Class. Sister ships were Highland Brigade, Highland Monarch and Highland Princess. Her maiden voyage on the London to River Plate service, on the 21st of February and later transferred to Royal Mail in 1932. She commenced wartime trooping duties in 1939, but was damaged on the 11th of October, 1940, during a bombing raid on Liverpool.She ran aground in 1946. In 1959 Highland Chieftain was sold to Calpe Shipping Co, Gibraltar, and renamed Calpean Star.
The Fate of this Ship.
As you come up the River Plate to Montevideo you can see the mast of the Highland Chieftain sticking out of the water from miles away. The un-initiated on the ship thought that this was the remains of the Graff Spee. No such luck as she lies broken up underwater some 3 miles away. After the war she did not resume her commercial operations until 1948 on the River Plate service, and was sold out of the fleet in January of 1959 to the Calpe Shipping Company of Gibraltar and converted for use in the whaling industry,and renamed Calpean Star.
In March of 1960 she suffered rudder damage when off Montevideo, and after leaving under tow she suffered a boiler room explosion which resulted in her being abandoned.The wreck wasn't cut up for scrap until 1965.
She took webmasters brother Charles Petvin (RAF) to North Africa in 1943
With thanks to Andrew Faulkner
Imperator
SS. Imperator - Launched 05-23-1912, Vulcan Shipyards, Hamburg
Gross Tonnage - 52,226, Dimensions - 269.09 x 29.96m ,Number of funnels - 3Number of masts - 2, Builder - A.G.Vulcan, Hamburg, Commisioned 05-24-1913Size: 52.117 gross tons (European); 15,000 tons., Length over all: 277.06 m (269.07 registered), Width: 29.87 m, Depth: 19.20 m, Machines: 4 turbines AEG-Vulcan, Speed: 23 knots normal, 24 knots maximum, Capacity: 714+194 first class, 401+205 second class, 962+1772 third class passengers, 1180 crew. 1938 sold for scrap
As the cost of renovation would be so high it was decided to withdraw the Berengaria from service altogether, on 23 March 1938. For the next few months she lay idle in Southampton dock until 19 October when it was decided to dispose of her. Sir John Jarvis MP bought the ship for demolition on the Tyne at Jarrow for £108,000. The ship sailed from Southampton on December. The furniture and fittings were auctioned in January 1939 and over 200 Jarrow men were employed in breaking up the old ship. The outbreak of war, however, meant that the men were required elsewhere so it was not until 1946 that the remains of the hull were towed to Rosyth for the final process of dismantling. By this time few people were interested in the remains of an old liner that had been built in the Imperial Germany of 1913.
Ile De France
Ile De France
The ship was involved in extensive trooping during World War II. Returned to the French Line in 1947, she underwent a massive two-year reconstruction which modified her profile with the removal of one funnel, giving her a more modern appearance. She was also given some of the furnishings of the Normandie, which had been destroyed by fire in 1942.
Laconia
HMT. Lancashire (2)
Built 1914 for Bibby Line, in 1930 converted to permanent troopship, scrapped at Barrow in 1956. Length 502 ft. Breadth 57 ft. Depth 35 ft. 10 ins. Tonnage 9,543 tons, H.P. 6,000.
Lancashire took my father to Malta in April 1934. They appeared to have arrived at Malta on 22/04/1934. He was posted to RAF Flying Boat base at Calafrna, attached to 202(FB) Squadron. Lancashire seems to have taken service personnel as far as India and was out in the far east at the fall of Singapore. I also have heard it was still in far east service (pos.
Hong Kong) as late as 1956. (Roy Haskett)
Another view of HMT. Lancashire - supplied by B J Jayne.
I sailed on the last voyage of the Lancashire, Embarking with the HQ Ist guards Brigade at Port Said at the end of March 1956 arriving in Liverpool approx 14 days later, she suffered a minor engine problem resulting in a short stay in Grand harbour Malta, She left Liverpool to go to the Breakers Yard.
Regards B J Jayne Welsh Guards (ret)
Laurentic
SS Laurentic was a British ocean liner of the White Star Line.
Career - Name: SS Laurentic
Owner: White Star Line Ordered: 1907
Builder: Harland and Wolff - Yard number: 394
Launched: 1908 - Maiden voyage: 29 April 1909
Fate: Struck two mines and sank, 25 January 1917
General characteristics - Tonnage: 14,892 Gross Register Tonnage
Length: 565 ft (172 m) Beam: 67 ft 3 in (20.5 m)
Decks: 3
Installed power: Triple-expansion steam engines driving outboard propellers, with low-pressure turbine driving the centre propeller. Total 11,000 indicated horsepower.
Propulsion: Triple screws - Speed: 16 kn (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Capacity: 1st Class: 230; 2nd Class: 430; 3rd Class; 1,000
Laurentic was launched in 1908 and entered service between Liverpool and Montréal on 29 April 1909. She only ever served on the Liverpool-Canada route, and gained notoriety in the capture of murderer Hawley Harvey Crippen, in which Chief Inspector Walter Dew of the Metropolitan Police used the Laurentic's speed to arrive in Canada before the fleeing suspect on the SS Montrose.
Being in Montréal when the Great War began, Laurentic was immediately commissioned as a troop transport for the Canadian Expeditionary Force. After conversion to armed merchant cruiser service in 1915, she struck two mines off Lough Swilly in the north of Ireland on 25 January 1917 and sank within an hour. Only 121 of the 475 aboard survived.
In addition to her passengers and crew, the ship was carrying about 35 tons of gold ingots stowed in its second class baggage room. At the time the gold was valued at £5 million, approximately £250 million in 2007. Royal Navy divers made over 5,000 dives to the wreck between 1917 and 1924 and recovered all but about 1% of the ingots. Still to this day 22 bars of gold remain on the sea bed, perhaps under parts of the hull, the last of the gold recovered by the Royal Navy was some 10 metres (33.8 feet) under the sea bed, thus the remaining gold would be difficult to reach.
Empire Clyde
LEONARDO DA VINCI (Empire Clyde 1)
1925 LEONARDO DA VINCI, Transatlantica Italiana Soc.di Nav, Genoa.
1937 Lloyd Triestino, Trieste.
14.2.41 Captured by R.N at Kismayu, Italian Somaliland.
1941 MOWT managed by Ellerman Lines.
1943 EMPIRE CLYDE (1), managed by Ellerman City Line - Hospital Ship.
1948 MAINE, The Admiralty. Hospital Ship.
1954 Scrapped Hong Kong.
Completed 1929 - Harland & Wolff Ltd, Govan, Glasgow
Owner Union-Castle Mail SS Co Ltd, London
Homeport London
Llangibby Castle (12053 tons) was torpedoed by U-402 (Lt at 46.04N, 19.06W - Grid BE 5716) while part of convoy WS15.
At 11.15 hours on 16 Jan, 1942, the Llangibby Castle (Master Bayer) was torpedoed by U-402 north of the Azores. One torpedo hit the stern and blew away the after gun and the rudder, but the propellers remained intact. The ship limped to Horta in the Azores at 9 knots, fighting off attacks by German Fw200 aircraft on the way. The neutral Portugal allowed only 14 days for repairs and on 2 February, the ship had to leave with the troops still on board and set course to Gibraltar, assisted by an Admiralty tug and escorted by three British destroyers.
On 3 February, the small convoy was followed by several U-boats, but none managed to hit the ship, while the HMS Westcott (D 47) sank U-581 (Pfeifer). On 8 February, the troopship arrived at Gibraltar in tow of the tug and disembarked the troops.
On 6 April, the Llangibby Castle left Gibraltar under escort after temporary repairs, but still without rudder, for the UK, arriving on 13 April. Altogether she sailed 3400 miles without a rudder and with a badly damaged stern, only using her engines for steering, a feat for which her master was awarded the OBE.
I was searching through the list of troopships (WW) looking for for a ship which I think was called Llangliby Castle. I sailed aboard her, with other Royal Navy personnel, from Greenock Sept.13th 1943. She was designated MHT G3. Finshed the journey Durban. Is there any info. about this transport available?
Sid Browne. 113 Thirteenth Street, MILDURA. Vic. Australia.3500.
Her Service Career
Three years later the last of the “LLANS ” appeared, the LLANGIBBY CASTLE of 12 000 tons. She was really just an enlarged sister to the original pair but was a motorship, the first to appear in the intermediate fleet of the Union-Castle Line, and the first in the “Round Africa” service. Built by Harland and Wolff of Belfast, but in their shipyard at Govan, Glasgow, she was, as Marischal Murray points out in his book “Ships and South Africa”, built for an English firm by an Irish Company in Scotland and with a Welsh name! She was the finest of the “LLANS”, perhaps not in looks but certainly in the luxury of her cabins, wide deck space and speed. In appearance she resembled the mailship CARNARVON CASTLE of 1921 except that her boats were slung above deck-level as in the mailships WINCHESTER CASTLE and WARWICK CASTLE, which appeared a few months after she did. She became exceedingly popular in the Round Africa service and also in the West Coast intermediate service. She carried 450 passengers in two classes.
She had an eventful life during the war (1939 – 1945), taking part in many dangerous convoy trips. In January 1942 she was a unit in a convoy rushing troops to Singapore. She had 1500 of them on board. In the morning of January 16, four days after leaving Britain, she was hit on her stern by a torpedo, which destroyed her rudder , blew her stern gun overboard and killed 26 men. The weather was bad, a strong wind blowing and the waves were high. Captain R.F. Bayer was instructed to make for the Azores independently, in itself a very dangerous move. Fortunately neither of the propellers had been destroyed so the ship could be steered, although with great difficulty, by “jockeying” the screws. Three hours later the LLANGIBBY CASTLE was again attacked, this time by a long-range plane which dropped bombs, which fortunately missed, and by machine-gun fire which wounded the ship’s bosun. The vessel’s A.A. guns hit back and the attacker was hit and made off with black smoke streaming from it.
It took the LLANGIBBY CASTLE three days to cover the 700 miles to the Azores, but on January 19 she reached Horta Bay, where the Portuguese authorities gave the ship 14 days in which to make repairs. There were no proper repairing facilities at Horta, nor were any of the troops nor the ship’s company allowed ashore (except for the captain, on business!), but all hands enjoyed seeing the lights and having the ports of their cabins open, after the normal “black-out” conditions in Britain and at sea.
Meanwhile the R.N. was making arrangements to succour the ship. On February 1 three destroyers and an Admiralty tug arrived, to escort the LLANGIBBY CASTLE on the next stage of veritable battle occurred, with U-boats that had been waiting for the liner and escorting destroyers fighting it out with guns, starshells, depth-charges and torpedoes. Meanwhile the LLANGIBBY CASTLE had been having trouble in steering, , so she was taken in tow by the tug. After daylight she cast off the tug and again proceeded under her own steam, steering a rather “wobbly” course which, however, served as the necessary zig-zags which were compulsory for ships in submarine-infested waters! The destroyers managed to keep the U-Boats at bay until four days later, when land was sighted and the tug again took the liner in tow. On 8 February she anchored safely at Gibraltar, where her passengers were disembarked to wait for another vessel. Then followed a long period of just over 8 weeks at Gibraltar while decisions were being made in high quarters about the vessel’s future. It was found impossible to replace the ship’s rudder, so apart from some strengthening of her stern she was in much the same state as before. Finally she was ordered to return to Britain. This last haul of nearly 1500 miles was done safely in six days, the ship steaming by herself except for a few hours in the Straits of Gibraltar when she was towed by the tug. In all she had steamed about 3400 miles without stern or rudder and got through it all safely, which must be a record!
After full repairs she resumed service as a troopship and was one of the great armada that brought Allied soldiers to French North Africa in November 1942. In the early hours of 8 November she was hit by an 8? shell fired from a shore battery which destroyed the Engineers quarters, killing one Electrician and wounding two Engineers. She replied with her stern 6? gun and after some 16 shells had been fired at only 4 500 yards range the battery ceased fire. When her troops were disembarked she, with the WARWICK CASTLE, WINCHESTER CASTLE and DURBAN CASTLE and several other troopships made an unescorted dash for Gibraltar. Most of the ships got through safely, but a major casualty was the beautiful P. & O. Liner VICEROY OF INDIA (1929; 19648 gr. tons), one of the pioneers of turbo electric propulsion for liners, which was torpedoed on 11 November 1942. Next day the homeward convoy sailed from Gibraltar, for England, which was reached in safety several days later.
When in July 1943 the “soft underbelly of Europe” was attacked in accordance with Churchill’s plans the LLANGIBBY CASTLE was there again. She brought a contingent of Canadian commando troops to Sicily and, in spite of bad wind and weather, saw them safely onto the shore.
In March 1944 the LLANGIBBY CASTLE was sent unexpectedly to the Clyde where she was fitted out as a Landing-Ship, Infantry (Large). Her boats had already been replaced by assault landing-craft, now she was painted in a new style of dark and light blue camouflage, and the Royal Marine Flotilla 557 embarked. The ship then sailed, via Milford Haven, for the Solent. There she and a huge number of other ships were exercised with as much secrecy as possible in night manoeuvring, anchoring in formation, shipping landing craft and, of course, signalling. She then received the troops she would carry for her greatest operations so far, the attack on Hitler’s “Festung Europa” and with them made an “invasion” of the English coast at Bracklesham. Her troops were again Canadians, the Regina Rifles, the Winnipeg Regiment and some unattached personnel. The 120 men of the Marine Flotilla party were also on board. For a week before “D-day”, the ships and their crews and passengers were isolated from shore for security reasons.
There was one more delay when bad weather on Sunday, 4 June, 1944, caused the Supreme Commander of the great invasion force, General Dwight Eisenhower, to postpone the sailing of the invasion of the fleet for one day. But on the next day the armada set forth, with the greatest number of ships under cover of the greatest number of aircraft ever used for one undertaking. The LLANGIBBY CASTLE was taking her precious cargo of about 2 500 fighting-men to “Juno” beach on the coast of Normandy. As each ship of the Southampton fleet passed the huge Nab Tower in the Solent its personnel gave a great cheer, as there was a gigantic “V” in electric lights shining towards the oncoming ships: Churchill’s “V” for Victory sign, to encourage the troops!
Following the huge flotilla of 250 minesweepers which was making certain that no hidden perils in the sea would sink any of the ships, the LLANGIBBY CASTLE and her consorts steamed in safety towards the enemy-held coast, while friendly aeroplanes prevented any possible attack by the Luftwaffe. Soon those in the ships could see the vivid flashes of gunfire and exploding bombs and shells on the coast to which they were sailing. As 05h30 next morning, as planned, the LLANGIBBY CASTLE anchored off Coursailles on the Normandy coast. At last the “Second Front”, so long discussed and longed for, was a reality.
By this time all the troops on board had already taken their places in the 18 L.C.A.’s (Landing Craft Assault) which the ship carried in lieu of her boats, and within 3,5 minutes all the landing craft were on their way to the shore. As not all o return to the ship to pick up the rest. these had to slide down canvas “Shutes” or climb down nets suspended overside, but at last all were landed. The cost: ten landing-craft eventually destroyed with the loss of 12 officers and men of the liner.
She had carried the biggest contingent to that particular part of the beach, so it was not until 14h15 that all were ashore. By 15h00 she and the rest of her division could weigh anchor and return to Southampton, where her crew could listen to the radio reports about the men she had carried.
Then came the great build-up of troops in Normandy, all of whom had to be carried over by ships. Thus the LLANGIBBY CASTLE crossed the channel more than sixty times, carrying more than 100 000 troops, a wonderful record. Incidentally, in all these operations she frequently met her former colleague in the “Round Africa” service, the LLANDOVERY CASTLE, which had been taken over for use as a hospital-ship, just as her predecessor of 1914 had been.
When peace had finally been restored the LLANGIBBY CASTLE was one of the many British liners which, after much hazardous and valuable war service, had to be refitted for her proper role. In 1946 she rejoined the Union-Castle Fleet and again sailed in the “Round-Africa” service. But newer and larger ships were built for this purpose and so in 1954 this grand vessel, once the pride of her owners, was sold to British ship breakers to produce scrap-metal for British industries.
With thanks to Bruce Dennis.
Thanks to the Stamps of Helena
Nevasa
HMT. Nevasa
Built to celebrate the company's centenary in 1956, SS Nevasa spent her first few years trooping. However, as National Service came to an end and air transport became more efficient, the ship was made redundant and laid up in the River Fal in 1962 for two years. SS Nevasa was converted to B.I.'s third and largest educational cruise ship at Falmouth in 1964/5. Her powerful machinery gave her a greater range than the other educational cruise ships and her anti-roll stabilisers provided greater comfort. She ran alongside the SS Uganda between 1968 and 1974. However the SS Nevasa was suddenly withdrawn in January 1975 and sent to breakers in Taiwan, a victim of the 1970's oil crisis.
HMT Nevasa
The earlier Nevasa which operated in WW2, see picture below
HMT Nevasa was 9071 gross tons, length 480.5 feet x beam 58.1 feet, one funnel, two masts, twin screw, speed 14 knots, accommodation for 128-1st and 98-2nd class pasengers. She was launched 12th December 1912 by Barclay, Curle & Co., Glasgow for British India Steam Navigation Co., she started her maiden voyage from London to East Africa and Calcutta on 22nd March 1913. In August 1914 she was taken over and converted to a troopship, and from January 1915 to 1918 was fitted as a 660 bed hospital ship. Used in the East Africa, Persian Gulf, Salonika and Mesopotamia campaigns. Later in 1918 she was used as a North Atlantic troopship, ferrrying US troops and later repatriating Allied forces. In late 1919 she resumed commercial service on the UK - East Africa and UK - Calcutta services. In 1925 she was rebuilt as a permanent troopship with capacity for 1,000 men. In 1935-37 she carried out a series of off-season educational cruises for the School Journey's Association, London and in 1937 attended the Spithead Coronation Naval Review. Between 1939 and 1945 she trooped steadily and was used between the UK, India, Basra, Madagascar and for the Normandy Landings. She resumed commercial service in 1946 but was basically a troopship. January 1948 she was laid up in the River Blackwater and then scrapped at scrapped at Barrow in Furness in 1948.
Operating life: 1957 - 1997 - Tonnage: 20,586 - Passengers: 500
Constructed: Fairfield, Glasgow
The Oxfordshire was built by the Bibby Line and the Ministry of Transport as a troop carrier. In 1962 she was released to the Bibby Line who sold her on to the Sitmar corporation in 1964. Renamed the Fairstar, she commenced sailing between the UK and Australia carrying 1,870 passengers in one class. In 1973, she was stationed in Sydney and commenced a new life cruising between the Antipodes, South Pacific and South-East Asia. Nicknamed the "FunShip", she provided many with memorable holidays in the tropical sun. She was refitted and repainted following P&O's takeover of Sitmar cruises and sailed for another eight years before escalating maintenance costs took their toll and she was depatched to the breakers in India.
Otranto
SS. Otranto
Tonnage: 20,032tons - Length: 200,6 m - Beam: 22,9 m - Speed: 20 kn - Operating life: 1929 - 1957 Orient Line. - Built: 1929 Vickers-Armstrongs, Barrow-in-Furness, England - Passengers: 1,686 - She was built for London - Brisbane line.
In 1939 she became a troopship for the Ministry of War Transport, London.
In 1949 she resumed passenger service on the route London - Sydney. In 1957 she was scrapped at Faslane, Scotland.
Otranto was one of five liners of 20,000 tonnes built to replace tonnage lost during the first world war. She survived the second conflict serving as a troop ship, although three of her sister ships, Orama, Orford and Oronsay were lost.
SS. Otranto
RMS. Orduna - (Leslie Youdell)
Built : 1914 :Harland & Wolff, Belfast
Tonnage : 15,507g, 1941 : Taken over as troopship 1946 : Government trooping service. Boat deck derrick posts removed prior to this. 1950 : Nov : Decommissioned and laid up
1951 : Broken up at Dalmuir after 37 years exemplary service
Another view of RMS Orduna - (Peter Smith)
Peter Smith writes: In 1949 my mother and I sailed to Sri Lanka (Ceylon) to join my father who was in the RAF. I notice that the photo in your gallery is not of a too high standard and I attach one that may be of interest. The picture was taken by my father, flying a Douglas DC3, of the RMS Orduna when she was 150 miles out from Colombo. We returned to the UK as a family arriving December 24th 1951 on the Empire Trooper.
Oronsay
SS. Oronsay
20,000tons Torpedoed 9th October 1942 - This ship picked up many survivors from Lancastria sinking and returned to England.
Orion
SS. Orion at Gibraltar - RMS ORION
Tonnage: 23,371 GRT (gross registered tonnes) - Length: 665ft (202.7m) - Beam: 82ft (25.6m) -Draught: 30ft (9.1m) - Engines: Six Parsons SRG Steam Turbines (24,100 SHP) - Screws: Two - Service speed: 21 knots. - Passenger Decks: Seven - Passengers: 708 Cabin Class, 700 Tourist Class. Later 1,691 One Class (Tourist) - Crew: 466, later 565
Osmanieh
Owner -Khedivial Mail S.S. & Graving Dock Company - 1906.
Date launched - Wednesday - 09th May, 1906.
Builder - Swan, Hunter & Wigham Richardson Yard 761., 4,041 tons, 360-2x45-2x24-3. 650n.h.p, 17 knots. Quadruple-Expansion Engines. The liner Osmanieh, Lieutenant Commander D. R. Mason, was taken over for service as a fleet auxiliary during the First World War. On Monday - 31st December, 1917, she was carrying troops and medical staff to Alexandria when she struck a mine laid by UC 34 under the command of Oberleutnant zue See Horst Obermuller at the entrance to the harbour. She sank very quickly taking with her: Lieutenant Commander D.R. Mason. (Commemorated - Alexandria (Hadra) War Memorial Cemetery) Two other officers. 21 of its crew. One military officer. 166 other ranks.Eight nurses.
Queen Elizabeth 2
9 MAN B&W Diesel Engines - 10,625 kW at 400 rpm
2 propellers - 22 ft diameter, 42 tons - 2 bow thrusters - 1,000 hp, variable pitch
4 Brown Brothers stabilizers - 12 ft length, 70 sq ft area each
Rudder - 75 tons
Capacity - Passengers: 1,900 - Crew: 1,015 - Total: 2,915
QE2 requisitioned for Falklands War as a troop tansport. On 12 May 1982 she set sail for St Georgia with 3000 troops aboard. QE2 arrived safely back in Southampton on 11 June 1982.
Queen Bermuda
QTEV. Queen of Bermuda - (Leslie W. Youdell)
Queen of Bermuda, completed in 1933, was slightly larger at 22,575 gross tons and a foot longer at 580 feet than her sister ship Monarch of Bermuda. Service speed for both ships was 19 knots. She had capacity of 731 first and 31 second class passengers.
RMS Queen Elizabeth
Gross Tonnage - 83,673 tons - Dimensions - 300.94 x 36.14m (987.4 x 118.6ft)
Number of funnels - 2 - Number of masts - 2 - Construction - Steel
Propulsion - Quadruple screw - Engines - Single reduction steam turbines
Service speed - 29 knots - Builder - John Brown & Co Ltd, Glasgow
Launch date - 27 September 1938
Passenger accommodation - 823 1st class, 662 cabin class, 798 tourist class
In 1942 the Admiralty drew up plans to convert the two Queens into aircraft carriers but these were later abandoned as it was considered that their troop carrying role was too important. In April 1942 the Queen Elizabeth relocated from Sydney to New York. Here the troop accommodation was altered to make its capacity 10,000. In June 1942 it began to make voyages from New York to Gourock and then to Suez, via Cape Town. In August it began a shuttle service between New York and Gourock. Despite the ever present threat of U-boats the ship continued its service unscathed, although the German press stated that a U-boat had hit the vessel with a torpedo on 11 November.
By the end of the war in Europe the Queens had brought over a million troops to the war zone. The ship's next duty was to repatriate these troops and redeploy troops for the war against Japan. The repatriation of American troops continued until October 1945 when the Queen Elizabeth was released from US service and allocated to the repatriation of Canadian troops. On 6 March 1946 it arrived back in Southampton and was released from Government service as the need for troop movements had diminished. During the war it had carried over 750,000 troops and travelled 500,000 miles.
Another view of: RMS Queen Elizabeth (Troopship)
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Queen Mary
RMS Queen Mary
Cunard Line (then Cunard White Star Line) ocean liner that sailed the North Atlantic Ocean from 1936 to 1967. Built by John Brown and Company, Clydebank, Scotland, she was designed to be the first of Cunard's planned two-ship weekly express service from Southampton to New York, in answer to the mainland European superliners of the late twenties and early thirties. Queen Mary and her slightly larger and younger running mate RMS Queen Elizabeth commenced this two-ship service after their release from World War II troop transport duties and continued it for two decades until Queen Mary's retirement in 1967.
Tonnage: 81,237 gross tons
Built 1926 - 1973 sold to Shipping Corporation of India, renamed Rangat. 8,478tons
Rewa
HMT. Rewa
Built 1905 - 1918 torpedoed and sunk in Bristol Channel while serving as hospital ship; loss of 3 lives.
Rohna
8400tons, clearing Madras Harbour in the cyclone of November 1927
Another view (Dennis Martin) - My father sailed on her from Southampton to China with 1 DLI in 1937.
RMS Rhona - The Sinking - 26th Nov. 1943
The ship was part of convoy KMF-26 (Annex) travelling east from Oran to the Far East via the Suez Canal.
Of the 1,138 men lost, 1,015 were American. The attack still constitutes the largest loss of U.S. troops at sea in a single incident. A further 35 American troops of the 2,000 originally on board later died of wounds. As well as the troops, five ship officers and 117 ratings (out of 200) died, along with 11 of the 12 gunners on board and one hospital orderly.
The heavy loss was in part due to a flotilla of seven empty large landing craft (LCI(L)) failing to stop to pick up survivors, for which the commanding officer was relieved of his command.[citation needed] However, 606 survivors were rescued by the minesweeper USS Pioneer.
The details of the loss were revealed slowly over time and were only released in full in 1967 following the introduction of the Freedom of Information Act. However, already by February 1944 the US government had acknowledged that over 1000 soldiers had been lost in the sinking of an unnamed troopship in European waters, though it hinted at the time that a submarine was responsible. By June 1945, the government had provided accurate casualty figures, the ship had been identified by name as Rohna, and the cause of the sinking had been identified as German bombers. This account did not mention the fact that a guided missile was responsible.
The sinking was done with a Henschel Hs 293 radio-controlled glide bomb, launched and controlled by a Heinkel 177 bomber piloted by Hans Dochtermann. HMT Rohna was not the first casualty of a guided missile, however, as the British HMS Egret was sunk on the Bay of Biscay with the loss of 198 men on 27 August the same year by a Henschel Hs 293. Additional ships sunk by Hs 293 missiles prior to Rohna include HMHS Newfoundland, HMS LST-79, SS James W. Marshall, HMS Rockwood, HMS BYMS-72, HMS Dulverton and MV Marsa.
A memorial to the sinking was unveiled at the Fort Mitchell National Cemetery in Seale, Alabama in 1996.
Saga
Built 1946 Gothenburg-London, 1956 sold to French Line, renamed Ville de Bordeaux. 6,458tons
Somersetshire
HMT SOMERSETSHIRE
Before and during the 1939-45 War the movement of troops between England and overseas garrisons was by sea. In 1962 it was decided that overseas trooping would be carried out by air, and the day of the troopship came to an end. Before the War the best known troopships in regular service were the British India Steam Navigations Company’s Dilwara, Dunera, Neuralia and Nevasa and the Bibby Line’s Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Lancashire and Somersetshire. They were all ships of rather more than 9,000 tons gross with a service speed of 15 knots, designed to carry a complete battalion and a number of drafts and individuals. In the main the military staff on board were RAF.
Tairea
Built 1924 - in 1952 scrapped UK. 7,934tons
Talamba
SS. Talamba
Shown here as a Hospital Ship - bombed and sunk off Sicily while operating as hospital ship; loss of 5 lives. 8,018 tons
Built: 1924 by R&W Hawthorn, Leslie & Co., Ltd. Hebburn.
Tonnage: 8,018 g, 3,844 nt, 8,100 dwt.
Engines: Twin screw, 2 x Triple expansion four cylinder,, 8,000 IHP, 16.5 knots by Builder.
Passengers: 56 1st Class, 72 2nd Class, 2,777 Deck and Crew of 175.
Launched 16th July 1924, completed 2nd October 1924, Yard No. 533.
Talamba is a town near Multan in the Punjab, now Pakistan.
Taliwa
Built 1924 - in 1945 stranded and burnt out Nicobar Islands. 7,936 tons
Talma
Built 1923 - in 1949 scrapped in UK. 10,000 tons
Transylvania
Warwick Castle - Type: Troop transport
Tonnage 20,107 tons - Completed 1930 - Harland & Wolff Ltd, Belfast
Owner Union-Castle Mail SS Co Ltd, London - Homeport London
Date of attack 14 Nov 1942 Nationality: British
Fate Sunk by U-413 (Gustav Poel) - Position 39° 12'N, 13° 25'W - Grid CG 4546
Complement 462 (96 dead and 366 survivors).
Convoy MKF-1X - Route Gibraltar (11 Nov) - Glasgow - Cargo Ballast
History Completed in January 1931 as motor passenger ship for Union-Castle Mail SS Co Ltd, London. In Sepember 1939 requistioned by the Admiralty as troopship.
Notes on event At 08.44 hours on 14 Nov 1942 the Warwick Castle (Master Henry Richard Leepman-Shaw) in convoy MKF-1X was hit by one of two torpedoes from U-413about 200 miles northwest of Cape Espichel, Portugal. The U-boat hit her with two coups de grâce at 08.57 hours, that caused the ship to sink about one hour later. The master, 61 crew members and 34 service personnel were lost. 201 crew members, 29 gunners, 5 naval personnel and 131 service personnel were picked up by HMS Achates (H 12) (LtCdr A.H.T. Johns, DSO, RN), HMS Vansittart (D 64) (LtCdr T. Johnston, DSC, RN), HMCS Louisburg (K 143)(LtCdr W.F. Campbell, RCNVR) and the British motor merchant Leinster and landed at Greenock.
The Warwick Castle had been in convoy KMF-1 for Operation Torch and landed her troops on 10 November
Windsor Castle
Length: Originally 661 feet (201.9 m), 686 feet (209.6 m) after 1937 refit.
Beam: 72.5 feet (22.2 m)
Tonnage: Originally 18,967 gross tons, 19,141 after 1937 refit.
Engines: Steam turbines turning two propellers.
Service speed: Originally 17 knots, 20 knots after 1937 refit.
Passengers: 870 people, reduced to 604 during 1937 refit.
When the Second World War erupted in September 1939, she was requisitioned for use as a troop transport. For this purpose, she was painted entirely grey, and many of the windows in her superstructure were covered.
On November 4th 1940, Windsor Castle was attacked by German aircraft while travelling in the waters west of Ireland. During the attack, a 500-pound bomb dropped from one of the German planes landed in the first class smoking room. Fortunately, the device failed to explode. Had it done so, the devastation would most certainly been horrific. Surviving this extremely close shave, Windsor Castle could continue on her way. The bomb was removed when the ship docked at Greenock the following day.
Having survived such an incident, it was perhaps thought that Windsor Castle was a ship with great fortune. Sadly, this was not the case. Three years later, on March 23rd 1943, Windsor Castle was sailing in a convoy that had left Greenock a few days earlier and was now in the Mediterranean Sea, about 110 miles Northwest of Algiers. Early that morning, the convoy was attacked by German bombers. A torpedo launched from one of the aircrafts hit the Windsor Castle, which began to sink by the stern.
With 290 crew and 2,699 troops on board, the death toll might have been devastating. Fortunately, the Windsor Castle managed to stay afloat for thirteen hours after the attack, thus making it possible for other vessels to come to the rescue. In the end, all people on board were rescued, except for one crewman who had been killed. With the rescue ships still gathered around her, the Windsor Castle finally sank, stern first.
Her captain gave her final position as 37° 27' N – 00° 54' E. There she remains to this day, unexplored as far as I know.
Winchester Castle
To view detailed information on each ship in this section go to THE 'EMPIRE' SHIPS - Compiled by Ted Finch.
Empire Ace - Empire Admiral - Empire Aid - Empire Baltic - Empire Battleaxe -Empire Cavalier - Empire Cedric - Empire Celtic (2) - Empire Celtic - Empire Chub - Empire Clyde (2).
Empire Clyde - Empire Curlew - Empire Deben - Empire Doric - Empire Fitzroy - Empire Fowey (2) - - Empire Fowey (3) - Empire Fowey - Empire Fred - Empire Fulmar - Empire Gaelic L3507 - Empire Gaelic - Empire Grebe - Empire Guillemot (2) - Empire Guillemot - Empire Gull L3513
Empire Gull - Empire Halladale - Empire Ken (2) - Empire Ken - Empire Kittewake -
Empire Netta - Empire Nordic - Empire Orwell (2) Empire Orwell - Empire Parkeston (2) - Empire Parkeston - Empire Petrel - Empire Plane - Empire Pride (2) - Empire Pride -
Empire Roach - Empire Rosa - Empire Shearwater - Empire Star - Empire Taw - Empire Teak
Empire Tern - Empire Test
To view an image of any of the above ships go to Old ship picture gallery, click on the image to enlarge and open in new window.
Empire Ship Name Changes (Martin Young)
Name changes of the "Empire" troopships might be of interest. The "Empire" name is in capitals, with earlier names in lower case in front of that name, and subsequent names in lower case after that name.
Letitia BRENT Captain Cook
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Cabbages, Broccoli, & Cauliflower | alive
Cabbages, Broccoli, & Cauliflower
The champions of cold-weather cooking
Updated On Apr 24, 2015 Published On October 25, 2012 Written By Lawren Moneta foodbylmcm.com
Try a new twist on these cold-weather favourites.
There is something soul-soothing about making a warming winter meal while the cold wind howls outside. Though spring and summer may arguably have flashier vegetables to offer, winter has its own bountiful crops brimming with health benefits. With a distinctive earthiness that complements many dishes, cabbages, broccoli, and cauliflower are the undisputed champions of cold-weather cooking.
Cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower belong to the Brassicaceae family, derived from the genus Brassica, which literally translates to “cabbage” in Latin. The family also includes Brussels sprouts, kale, collard greens, bok choy, mustard greens, turnips, and kohlrabi. Also referred to as “cruciferous vegetables,” they are a rich source of vitamins and minerals—including vitamins C, E, K, and A, as well as folic acid, iron, magnesium, and fibre.
They also contain a group of chemicals called glucosinolates, which studies have shown could reduce the risk of certain cancers. These health benefits have earned cruciferous vegetables the label “functional foods.” Ironically, these same glucosinolates are responsible for the dubious reputation of cruciferous vegetables, since these very compounds produce the sulphuric odour and bitter taste that cause many to shy away from these beneficial vegetables.
Unlike the tougher-fleshed root vegetables available at this time of year, cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower are perfect for a mid-week meal, as they can be prepared relatively quickly and enhance a variety of cuisines. So, don’t leave them out in the cold this winter—stock up on cabbages, cauliflower, and broccoli to warm both body and soul with hearty and healthy cruciferous meals.
Cooking smart
When choosing how to cook vegetables, try to avoid boiling. Researchers have found that boiling cruciferous vegetables significantly reduces the amount of glucosinolates, which are metabolized into potentially cancer-preventive substances called isothiocyanates when eaten. Stir-frying or steaming are better options to minimize the loss of glucosinolates.
Recipes
Broccoli Pesto
Pesto primer
Pesto is one of the most versatile sauces for the home cook, as it can be used as a dip, spread, or sauce. Not only is pesto extremely adaptable (if you don’t have hazelnuts, use natural almonds instead), but fresh pesto can also give any dish a welcome flavour boost. Stir it into hummus, dressings, soups, or sauces; spread pesto lightly over a pizza crust in place of tomato sauce; toss it into roasted root vegetables; or use pesto to marinate baked chicken or fish.
All in the family
Add some colour and variety to your plate by trying one of the following relatives of cauliflower, broccoli, and cabbage.
How to enjoy
orange cauliflower
This relatively recent variety was first discovered as a natural mutation growing in Canada. Researchers at Cornell University have found that the orange variety contains significantly more beta carotene and vitamin A than a regular white cauliflower.
Look for firm, tightly packed florets with no discoloration. Leaves should be fresh and green, and cauliflower should feel heavy for its size. Store whole, in crisper for up to five days. Washed and towel-dried florets will keep in an airtight container in refrigerator for up to four days.
Just like white cauliflower, once trimmed and cored, cauliflower may be steamed, roasted, sautéed, baked, pickled, puréed, mashed, grilled, or eaten raw.
purple cauliflower
This colourful cruciferous vegetable has a high antioxidant level thanks to anthocyanins, pigments that produce a red, purple, or blue colour in plants and flowers.
Select and store purple cauliflower as for orange cauliflower.
Milder in taste than white cauliflower, the purple variety can be steamed, roasted, sautéed, baked, puréed, mashed, grilled, or eaten raw.
green cauliflower
A cross between broccoli and cauliflower, this hybrid looks like a pale green or yellowish green cauliflower. It is a good source of vitamin C, calcium, fibre, and folate.
Select and store green cauliflower as for orange cauliflower. Older, more mature plants will turn white and resemble a regular cauliflower.
Sweeter than white cauliflower, it also has a mild broccoli flavour. It can be steamed, roasted, sautéed, baked, puréed, mashed, grilled, or eaten raw.
Romanesco
Also called broccoli Romanesco, Romanesco cauliflower, or Romanesco cabbage, this striking vegetable is a variant of cauliflower. Nutritionally it is a good source of carotenoids, vitamin A, and fibre.
Select and store Romanesco as for orange cauliflower.
Not as bitter or strong tasting as white cauliflower, Romanesco can be roasted, sautéed, baked, steamed, or eaten raw.
broccoletti
Sometimes erroneously called baby broccoli, broccoletti is a cross between broccoli and gai lan (Chinese broccoli or Chinese kale). Broccoletti is rich in potassium, iron, fibre, calcium, and vitamins A and C.
Choose broccoletti that has firm bright-green stems (the cut ends should not look dry) and tightly closed deep green buds. A few yellow flowers do not indicate that the broccoletti is old. Store unwashed in a covered container that is not fully sealed for up to five days.
With a taste that is a cross between asparagus and broccoli, broccoletti is best prepared steamed, sautéed, roasted, grilled, stir-fried, or raw.
rutabaga
A cross between turnip and cabbage, and also called a swede, the rutabaga is regarded as a relatively recent root vegetable, originating around the 17th century. Rutabagas are a good source of calcium as well as an excellent source of potassium, fibre, and vitamin C.
Pick rutabagas that are firm and heavy for their size. They store well in the refrigerator crisper drawer for up to three weeks.
After peeling away the thick skin, rutabagas are delicious roasted, baked, mashed, braised, stewed, or raw (thinly sliced or grated).
Written By Lawren Moneta foodbylmcm.com
Lawren Moneta is a chef, food stylist, and recipe developer.
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Which legislation, passed in 1799 and 1800, banned Workers Associations (Trade Unions)?
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The National Archives | Exhibitions | Citizenship | Struggle for democracy
Document (187k) | Transcript
Trade union delegation ignored, 1830
Document | Transcript Despite the Combination Acts, workers continued to press for better pay and working conditions during the early part of the 19th century, and trade unions grew rapidly in London and elsewhere. Finally, after violent Luddite
protests in 1811 and 1812, Parliament repealed the Combination Acts in 1824 and 1825. Trade unions could now no longer be ignored as a political force, though employers remained reluctant to treat workers' representatives as their equals. During the 1830s labour unrest and trade union activity reached new levels. For the first time men began to organise trade associations with nationwide aims, such as Robert Owen's short-lived Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, formed in February 1834. Agricultural workers were also adopting new forms of collective action - a notable example being the Swing Riots in 1830-1.
Anti-Swing poster, c.1830
The Tolpuddle Martyrs
In March 1834, with the connivance of the Whig
government, six agricultural labourers who had formed a trade union in the Dorsetshire village of Tolpuddle were arrested on trumped-up charges and transported to Australia. The unfair treatment of the 'Tolpuddle Martyrs', as they became known, triggered brief public protests throughout Britain. But the harsh sentences discouraged other workers from joining trade unions, and many of the nationwide organisations, including the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, collapsed.
Rapid trade union growth
Although trade union membership continued to grow during the next two decades, up to around 1850 they tended to be overshadowed by political movements such as Chartism
. But in the improved economic conditions of the 1850s and 1860s the foundations of a powerful trade union movement were established and membership rose from approximately 100,000 in the early 1850s to around a million by 1874.
TUC's questions for
Document (171k) | Transcript
Gas stokers' plea for clemency, 1873
Document (134k) | Transcript Engineers, miners and agricultural labourers formed new national or regional trade organisations. The Trades Union Congress (TUC), a national forum for co-ordinating trade union demands, was founded in Manchester in 1868. The 1871 Trade Union Act, introduced by William Gladstone's Liberal government, established the legal status of trade unions - although other legislation made it difficult for unions to organise picketing and strikes.
'New unionism'
The economic slump of the 1870s and 1880s presented new challenges. Labour leaders such as Thomas Mann, one of the chief organisers of the successful London dock strike (1889), argued that the trade union movement needed to become far more open and inclusive. 'New unionism' reached out to the many unskilled workers in Britain who lacked union representation. The first women's 'trade societies' also began to emerge during this period. The strike by the female workers at the Bryant & May match factory, in the East End of London, in July 1888 highlighted the expanding boundaries of trade union activity in Britain.
Conspiracy and Protection
Tom Mann, first Secretary of the
Independent Labour Party
Document By the early 20th century trade unions were larger and more influential than ever before. Particularly after the formation of the Independent Labour Party (ILP) in 1893, the trade union movement developed a close relationship with the political left. This bond was strengthened by the Taff Vale case (1900-1), in which the House of Lords supported the right of the Taff Vale Railway Company to sue members of the Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants for striking in August 1900. Many trade unions subsequently joined the Labour Representation Committee (LRC), an organisation created to unite trade unionists and socialists in a single political movement. Between 1900 and 1906, the number of Labour MPs in Parliament rose from 2 to 29. The link established in this period between the Labour Party and trade unionism still exists today.
Taff Vale Railway strike, 1900
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Combination Act 1799
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In which year was 'Oxfam' founded?
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Despite the British Combination Acts of 1799 and - HISTORY - AP Europea
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Unformatted text preview: Despite the British Combination Acts of 1799 and 1800 outlawing associations of workers, eventually these workers would start fighting for their right to decent wages and working conditions through the formation of labor organizations, or trade unions . These trade unions were constructed by skilled workers in new industries (such as cotton spinning, coal mining, ironworking, etc) wanting to limit entry into their trade in order to safeguard their own positions and to obtain benefits from their employers. Their goals were therefore at the time limited, but it was a start. The formation of the unions caused Parliament to repeal the Combination Acts in 1824 following a series of angry strikes by the associations themselves, thus legalizing unions altogether. Following this act, those involved in the movement began looking to create national unions during the 1820s and 1830s. One prominent figure in the attempted execution of these unions was Robert Owen (1771-1858), who favored cooperative living rather than competitive in order to achieve ones own ends. Subsequently the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union was formed in 1834 pending his guidance and expertise. It collapsed, however, due to a lack of working-class support. The union movement then reverted back to trade unions for individual crafts. Another type of action taken by the workers include the Luddites, or skilled craftspeople in the Midlands and northern Europe whoparticularly in 1812attacked mechanization as the main source of menace on their tapering ability to hold onto their jobs. And finally there was Chartism, a movement by the people demanding universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament and the elimination of property qualifications for those members, and annual sessions of Parliament. The Chartists actually constructed two petitions for Parliament in which they demanded all of this in 1839 and 1842both of which were rejected by Parliament at the time. By 1848 Chartism had mostly disappeared, but its legacy remained, having awakened in the working-class men and women a sense of consciousness and organization that had not been present before. However, all of this is not to say that government did not intervene on behalf of the working-class during the IR. In fact the first successful reform act was established between 1802 and 1819, addressing the issue of child labor in that it established twelve-hour work days for children between the ages of nine and sixteen and forbid the employment of any children under the age of nine. It also established that children were to learn reading and arithmetic during work hours, although all of this applied only to cotton mills and there was no means of enforcing these laws as there was no system of inspection. But in 1833 the Factory Act was passed, under which a system of inspection was established to enforce the old and new laws. This act also included textile factories in its labor legislation, as well as the restriction of an eight-hour workday to children between nine and thirteen and twelve hours to those between thirteen and eighteen. In 1847 these hours changed to ten per day for the latter group, including all women. And in 1842, the Coal Mines Act abolished the employment of women and boys under ten in mines....
Sam Barlow High School
HISTORY AP Europea - Fall 2009
Jane Doe Period 5 Analyze Hitlers coming to power and how, and to what extent, the Na
AP Euro Essay_Hitler's Germany
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i don't know
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Which European city is served by 'Malpensa Airport'?
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Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP)
Travel Guide
Milan Malpensa Airport (MXP)
Find all the information regarding Milan Malpensa Airport: Flights (Departures, Arrivals and Airlines), Parking, Hotels and Accommodation, Car hire, Transport and other information about the milano malpensa airport. Plan your travel from or to Milan Airport with the information provided in this site. Check Milan Travel Guide at Bautrip for more information about Milan.
Milan Malpensa Airport (IATA: MXP ICAO: LIMC) is the largest airport of Milan, and one of the three in the Milan influence area.
The airport is located in the province of Varese, 50km at the NW of Milan. The airport is connected to Milan by the Milano-Varese highway as well as by the "Malpensa Express" train starting from the Milano Centrale railway station and Milan Cadorna railway station. It takes about 50 and 40 minutes respectively to reach Milano city center (click here for Malpensa Express train details) .
Milano Malpensa Airport
(IATA: MXP) is the largest airport of Milan
Malpensa Airport has two terminals
Milan Airport handled over 18 million passengers in 2015
Terminal 2 is used by Low Cost Carriers (current only EasyJet)
The Duomo di Milano is one of the most visited sights of the city
Milan or Milano is the second largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy. Is the main industrial, commercial and financial centre of Italy and is well known to host several international events and fairs.
What to do in Milan? Feast your eyes on the Last Supper painting, visit the Piazza Duomo, or walk on the roof of Duomo. Explore the Castello Sforzesco, go shopping at Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II. Book your hotel at the city right now.
Transport
Malpensa Milano airport is located 50 kms far from Milan city center, and is well connected by:
- Train : connects both terminals (departs from T1) with Milan City centre. Trains also stop in other cities.
- Bus : buses run to downtown Milano and to other italian cities and villages.
- Taxi : the taxi rank is located outside each terminal. To reach Milan city center is about 90 euros.
To get more information about transportation in Malpensa Milan airport, follow the links in each connection type.
Inter Terminal Shuttle
To connect from Malpensa Terminal 1 to Terminal 2, the Airport provides a free shuttle service.
Terminals
Malpensa airport (MXP) has two main passenger terminals: Terminal 1 and Terminal 2.
Terminal 1
It has 3 concourses and 4 floors. It handles international, Schengen and non-Schengen flights. All Airlines except EasyJet use this Terminal
Terminal 1 links with the parking lots: P1, P2, P3 and P4.
Only EasyJet uses this terminal. The building has two floors. Parking at T2: P5.
To connect both terminals Malpensa Airport provides a free shuttle service.
Services
Malpensa airport provides various services to all passengers that request it.
Both terminals offer: Shops, restaurants and snack bars, stores with different products, ATMs, ground transportation (bus, shuttles, taxis. Trains depart from T1), assistance for passengers with special needs, Tourist information, currency exchange and VAT refund, car rental, nursery assistance, children play areas, parking lots, escalators and elevators, TOTEM, restrooms, conference rooms, VIP Lounges, etc.
If you plan to hire a car please, check here the best prices .
Passengers
Malpensa was the 29th busiest airport in Europe in 2015 in terms of passengers, handling more than 18M passengers. Is the second busiest aiport in Italy after Rome Leonardo da Vinci-Fiumicino Airport in terms of total passengers, freight and cargo. The next biggest airport in Italy is Venice Airport.
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MILAN
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From which Disney animated picture does the song 'I'll Make A Man Of You' come?
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Milan has three airports: Malpensa [MXP], Linate [LIN], and Orio al Serio (AKA Bergamo) [BGY].
Malpensa ( http://www.milanomalpensa-airport.com/en ) is the biggest airport in the Milan area and is located approx. 50 km NW of Milan, just a few km. South of Lake Maggiore. It has two terminals. T1 is used by all airlines, except Easyjet, which uses T2. To travel between Malpensa terminal 1 and Malpensa terminal 2, a free shuttle bus operates 24 hours a day, with departures every 7 minutes (every 30 minutes from 1 to 5.30AM).
Linate ( www.milanolinate-airport.com/en ) is smaller, a true city airport, just a few km East of the city center.
Orio al Serio ( http://www.orioaeroporto.it/en/ ), also known as Milan/Bergamo, is in fact located near the town of Bergamo, some 50 km East of Milan.
From Malpensa airport to Milan:
- by train: The Malpensa Express train runs two separate services: one goes from the airport to Milan's Cadorna station (departing from the airport train station, located next to the Terminal 1 (T1), every 30 minutes, transit time 37 minutes), and another runs to Milan's Garibaldi and Centrale train stations (departures every 30 minutes, transit time 41 minutes to Garibaldi and 52 minutes to Centrale).
For both services, the cost is €13 one-way (€20 round-trip, valid 30 days if purchased on line, otherwise valid the same day only), half price for children under 14. Tickets can be bought on-line ( Malpensa Express homepage ) or at self-service machines or from the ticket window. See complete schedule here .
Note:
1. Cadorna is a commuter station, located near the Castello Sforzesco. It is very convenient for the city center (and the Last Supper!), however it is not connected with the Trenitalia network for onward travel to other cities. It has no luggage storage facilities.
2. Garibaldi station has connections to lots of regional and suburban destinations. French TGVs as well as some Trenitalia's high speed FrecciaRossa trains depart from here. There is no luggage storage facility at Garibaldi station.
3. Centrale is the biggest of Milan's stations, and has connections to almost everywhere in Italy. Centrale has a manned luggage storage room, located on the ground floor, next to the exit on the piazza Luigi di Savoia. It is open every day from 6AM until midnight. Charges: 5,00 € the first 5 hours; 0,70 € /hour from 6th to 12th hour; 0,30 € /hour from 13th hour on. There is a storage limit of 20kg per piece of luggage. There are no coin-operated lockers.
4. One can use the Malpensa Express also to reach a number of stations within central Milan, including Repubblica (convenient for several major hotels) and Porta Venezia (handy for Corso Buenos Aires shopping district), on the same ticket. To do so, take ANY Malpensa Express trains, get off at Milano Nord Bovisa, and change to an 'S' (suburban) train. There is an 'S' train roughly every 10 minutes. A map of suburban trains & subway connections within Milan can be found here: connections . The connection by train within Milan city limits is included in the Malpensa express ticket.
- by bus to Milan's central train station: There are three competing shuttle bus services:
- http://www.malpensashuttle.it/
- http://www.terravision.eu/airport_tra...
- http://www.airportbusexpress.it/
All buses serve both T1 and T2 (making this the default choice for Easyjet passengers, as this airline is the only one using T2). Tickets cost between 8 and 10 euro one way (roundtrip tickets are also available). Note that buses ride on a very expressway, and can easily get stuck in traffic at rush hours.
- by taxi: As of January 2015, Milan taxis apply a flat, one-way €95 fare from Malpensa to any destination within Milan city center.
From Linate airport to Milan:
- by ATM city bus to Milan's city center: take the #73 city bus ( schedule ) to the San Babila metro stop (near Duomo). The bus ticket costs €1.50 (90-minute validity on surface transport, also usable for a single journey on the underground or rail network) and can be bought at the self-service machine at the bus stop or inside the airport at newsstands or tobacconist’s. Children travel free of charge on the entire ATM network when accompanied by an adult in possession of a valid ticket or travel card (children must be in possession of ID as proof of age).
- by coach to Milan's central train station: there are two services: StarFly and AirBus http://www.atm.it/it/AltriServizi/Tra...
- by taxi: Taxis are widely available. Rides to the city center are metered, however flat fares apply to Rho fairgrounds (€50) and Malpensa airport (€100).
From Orio al Serio airport to Milan:
Orio al Serio is located near Bergamo, East of Milan. It is the preferred base of low-cost airlines. There is no direct train connection with Milan, but there are three separate bus services to and from Milan’s Stazione Centrale (more info on the airport website ), with some buses stopping en route at Milan's Lambrate train station. Buses can get stuck on the highway, so allow plenty of time (at least 90 minutes), especially upon departure. Alternatively, it is possible to take a local bus from the airport to Bergamo town center, hence continue to Milan by train or #Z301 bus .
Public transport between airports:
There is a direct bus connection between Malpensa and Linate airports: http://www.malpensashuttle.it/carico/...
www.orioshuttle.com operates a direct bus service between Malpensa and Orio al Serio (Bergamo) airports.
No direct connection exists between Orio al Serio and Linate airport, therefore a change at Milan's central station is required.
Arriving in Milan by train: Getting to Milan by train is convenient as the city has direct links with all major cities in Italy (Venice, Turin, Genoa, Florence, Rome, Naples, etc.), as well as several destinations in Western Europe (Paris, Barcelona, Geneva, and more).
Most of the train arrive at (and depart from) the Stazione Centrale (central station), which is a monument in itself ( www.milanocentrale.it/en ). Two underground lines (green and yellow), as well as several tram and bus lines, link the station to many main points of interest in Milan. Many tourist-class hotels can be found in the station area. Centrale is the only station with a manned luggage storage room, located on the ground floor, next to the exit on the piazza Luigi di Savoia. It is open every day from 6AM until 11PM. Charges: 6,00 € the first 5 hours; 0,90 € /hour from 6th to 12th hour; 0,40 € /hour from 13th hour on. There is a storage limit of 20kg per piece of luggage. There are no coin-operated lockers.
Some trains use (or stop at) other train stations, such as Porta Garibaldi, Rogoredo, Lambrate, or Porta Genova. All of these are connected with the underground network, providing easy access to any Milan address. In particular, the French railways' TGVs to and from Paris stop at Porta Garibaldi station.
Arriving in Milan by coach/bus: Milan also has a large coach/bus station, located next to the Lampugnano subway stop (red line). There are many connections to nearby towns, as well as long distance domestic and international coach lines. There also regular bus links with a lot of European cities (see www.eurolines.com , www.flixbus.com , www.megabus.com ).
Driving to Milan: Being the industrial/financial heart of Italy, Milan is well connected to the rest of the country by road (mainly toll highways), too. Traffic can be hectic, however: be aware that many Italian drivers tend to be aggressive, which makes it difficult for foreigners to drive safely. Besides, finding a parking place requires a certain amount of patience. There are convenient parking lots at many underground stations (good to use if you come from the highway and plan to stay in Milan for 1 or 2 days) - http://www.atm-mi.it/en/ViaggiaConNoi... .
In January 2012, Milan has implemented a London-style 'congestion charge' system, called 'area C'. All private cars entering the inner city area are subject to paying a 5 euro toll. Information is available in English at http://www.comune.milano.it/wps/porta...
If you do choose to drive into Milan, you’ll find several private-operated parking lots, with hourly rates ranging approx. from 2.5 to 4 euro. There are also several 'park&ride' parking lots near suburban metro stops. In most of central and suburban Milan, curbside parking is available on a 'pay and display' basis -- look for spaces marked by blue lines. Do not use spaces within yellow lines, which are reserved to registered residents. Check the hourly rate on the signs on the sidewalk. The hourly rate depends on how far you are from the center. More information at http://www.atm-mi.it/en/ViaggiaConNoi...
More info about parking, public transport and taxis here: getting around .
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In the magazine 'Private Eye', on which subject is 'Piloti' a regular columnist?
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Private Eye: The First 50 Years by Adam Macqueen - review | Books | The Guardian
Private Eye: The First 50 Years by Adam Macqueen - review
It may not be perfect, but Lord Gnome's organ is still worth celebrating
Eye-types: three of the magazine's founders, Christopher Booker, Richard Ingrams and Willie Rushton, in 1962. Photograph: Jane Bown
Wednesday 9 November 2011 04.00 EST
First published on Wednesday 9 November 2011 04.00 EST
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Having read Adam Macqueen's commendably exhaustive encyclopaedia of Private Eye , the British satirical fortnightly, I now feel I know rather more about Lord Gnome's organ than I wish to. Still, this could be because I knew a fair bit about it to begin with, and Macqueen's book has only filled in the blanks. I've been with the Eye for nearly four of its five decades – I remember cutting out and pasting a cartoon clipped from its pages on to a school exercise book in 1972, when I was 12. As I recall it depicted Lord Longford – known for, among other things, his zealous campaign against pornography – walking past a couple of sniggering schoolboys, one of whom is whispering to the other, apropos of the bare-domed peer: "They say it makes you go bald." Needless to say, my teacher took a dim view of this decal, the creator of which I'm ashamed to say I can't remember, although it may have been the incomparable McLachlan, just one of the many great cartoonists to have found a home at the Eye over the years.
My pedagogues at secondary school also took a dim view of the Eye-inspired satire rag I photocopied and distributed, and which was named – in an homage to Dave Spart, their parody Trotskyite columnist – "The Alternative Voice". I don't think I got that close to being expelled for my shameless guying of teachers, revelations of their eccentricities and outright malfeasance, but it was made fairly clear that things would go badly for me if I didn't desist. What I'm trying to say is that the Eye and I have form, and when I grew big enough not simply to be a reader and emulator but also a target of its pasquinades, I confess I felt nothing but – as the late, lamented Peter Cook, the organ's one-time proprietor, would've put it, in character as Sir Arthur Streeb-Greebling – "stupefying pride". I have never, ever considered cancelling my subscription – to do so would be beyond infra dig.
To respond to a guying from the Eye is, as anyone in British public life should know, a very stupid thing to do, calling forth the well-attested-to "Curse of Gnome". Recipients of this inky-black spot include stellar egotists such as Piers Moron and Andrew "Brillo Pad" Neill (a deliberate misspelling of both their last names is rigorously enforced Eye house style); rampaging financiers such as the late Sir "Jams" Goldsmith and "Tiny" Rowland; press barons such as the Dirty Digger and the late "Cap'n Bob" Maxwell. Indeed, of the latter – who tried to snow the peskily truth-seeking Eye under with a blizzard of litigation during the early 90s, as his publishing empire sank into the murky waters of its own gross turpitude – it might almost be said that Lord Gnome stood behind him on the deck of his yacht and gave him a hefty shove. (That's enough Curse of Gnome, Ed.)
I make no apology for lacing this review with some of the in-jokes that Private Eye has established as its stock-in-trade during the past half-century. Frankly, if you're interested in the evolution of British politics and society and haven't at least a nodding acquaintance with the City commentary of "Slicker", the poetical works of EJ Thribb (aged 17-and-a-half), the agricultural updates of "Muckspreader", the architectural ones of "Piloti", the investigative journalism of the late Paul Foot – and the very much current Francis Wheen – and the parodies by Craig Brown, then you've no real business being here at all. Private Eye is, quite simply, as integral to British public life as the Times used to be – and this parallel is deeply instructive.
Founded in 1961 by a cabal of ex-public school boys – Christopher Booker, Richard Ingrams, Willie Rushton and Peter Usborne, who did their own mini-satire rags at Shrewsbury then Oxford before linking up with the nascent "satire boom" centred on Peter Cook 's Soho Establishment Club – Private Eye has always had a deeply equivocal attitude towards the higher-ups it attempts to drag down. Macqueen quotes Ingrams quoting his own hero, William Cobbett , to explain the Eye's terms of engagement: "When [a man] once comes forward as a candidate for public admiration, esteem or compassion for his opinions, his principles, his motives, every act of his life, public or private, becomes the fair subject of public discussion." It's a purist satirical modus operandi, more pithily encapsulated by Ingrams as "get the shits".
But what it isn't, of course, is necessarily anti-establishment. On the contrary, with his brown corduroys and his general air of tweed-on-the-brain, Ingrams, who presided over the Eye for roughly half of its half-century, would seem the very epitome of a certain kind of English gentleman. His friend – and one-time "young fogey" – AN Wilson describes Ingrams as "deeply solipsistic", and having met him on a few occasions I can testify to his almost pathological reticence; but while he's inclined to style himself as an anarchist, what I suspect has always animated Ingrams is a desire not to destroy the state but purify it. And what infuriates him is not the exercise of power per se – let alone the existence of hierarchies and their ideologies of tradition – but the abuse of that power. He, like his successor Ian Hislop (also ex-public school and Oxford), is a regular Anglican communicant.
The Eye has thus always been a fairly broad church in terms of its political spectrum, stretching all the way from Foot's revolutionary socialism to Christopher Booker's flat-earth conservatism. But what all Eye-types evince – and Macqueen, who works there, is no exception – is a love of their own clique. Ingrams conceived of the Eye as "journalism done by a gang of friends", and since those friends shared the prejudices of their class-of-origin they were writ large over the years. Perhaps the most egregious example of this was the late Auberon Waugh. Defenders of his rather vicious attacks always pointed to their fantastical contextualisation as if this rendered them inert, but while personally Bron – as he was known – would never have been as crass as he was in print (and he did have redeeming features, including tireless campaigning for the victims of the Biafran war), he nonetheless exhibited all the de-haut-en-bas of his fictive alter-ego. I always suspected – and I knew him slightly – that his ill-repressed rage was actually a function of his status as the epigone's epigone. After all, it can never have been easy stepping into his father's shoes, Evelyn having been an incomparably greater misogynist, antisemite and homophobe.
To be fair to Hislop, in recent years the Eye has mostly been purged of its bigotry, while its record of speaking truth to power remains intact. To look back over the catalogue of its stories, from the Profumo scandal, to Deepcut, from T Dan Smith to Trafigura, is to turn back the pages of a book of wholly honourable revelation. That Private Eye shares many of the characteristics of the establishment it lampoons – male and Oxbridge-dominated – is perhaps inevitable, such is the way of a body politic that renews itself organically rather than through the violent purgation of regime change. However, there are signs that the Eye is in danger of becoming a less bilious organ and lapsing into the condition of an inert growth.
Hislop himself is a distinctly cosy figure, what with his heart-warming TV doccos and long-term residency at Have I Got News for You. He is also, I suspect, a fairly wealthy man, and while this in and of itself shouldn't put him in danger of full co-option as National Treasure, it puts him on the at-risk list. Then there are those in-jokes, which may have entered the lingua-franca of pol' speak in the Westminster village – and the wider world – but precisely because of that now seem like so much arcana. The joke-writing team at the Eye still defers to the arch-Oldies, while even Hislop and his writing partner Nick Newman have been at it for over a quarter-century. I seldom bother with the humorous pages of the Eye any more – nothing is that funny even twice, let alone 1,250 times.
But when all is said and done, while Private Eye may not be perfect, it's the only Private Eye we have, and for its unrivalled contribution to keeping the nation's candidates for public admiration on their toes, we should remain very grateful indeed.
• Will Self's Walking to Hollywood is published by Bloomsbury.
He's been called the most influential voice in British politics, the Dalai Lama of satire, fogey, moralist, troublemaker, cynic. Meet the editor of Private Eye
Published: 23 Sep 2011
Ian Hislop and Guardian's Alan Rusbridger appear at House of Lords' culture committee inquiry into investigative journalism. By James Robinson
Published: 11 Oct 2011
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Architecture
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In which Charles Dickens novel does the character 'Bentley Drummle' appear?
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Private Eye | Open Access articles | Open Access journals | Conference Proceedings | Editors | Authors | Reviewers | scientific events
Private Eye is a fortnightly British satirical and current affairs magazine based in London , England , edited by Ian Hislop .
Since its first publication in 1961, Private Eye has been a prominent critic and lampooner of public figures and entities that it deems guilty of any of the sins of incompetence, inefficiency, corruption, pomposity or self-importance and it has established itself as a thorn in the side of the British establishment .
As of 2013, it is Britain's best-selling current affairs magazine, [2] and such is its long-term popularity and impact that many recurring in-jokes from Private Eye have entered popular culture.
Contents
16 External links
History
The forerunner of Private Eye was a school magazine, The Salopian, edited by Richard Ingrams , Willie Rushton , Christopher Booker and Paul Foot at Shrewsbury School in the mid-1950s. After National Service , Ingrams and Foot went as undergraduates to Oxford University , where they met their future collaborators Peter Usborne, Andrew Osmond, [3] John Wells and Danae Brook, among others.
The magazine proper began when Peter Usborne learned of a new printing process, photo-litho offset , which meant that anybody with a typewriter and Letraset could produce a magazine. The publication was initially funded by Osmond and launched in 1961. It was named when Andrew Osmond looked for ideas in the well known recruiting poster of Lord Kitchener (an image of Kitchener pointing with the caption "Wants You") and, in particular, the pointing finger. After the name Finger was rejected, Osmond suggested Private Eye , in the sense of someone who "fingers" a suspect. The magazine was initially edited by Christopher Booker and designed by Willie Rushton, who drew cartoons for it. Its subsequent editor Richard Ingrams, who was then pursuing a career as an actor, shared the editorship with Booker, from around issue 10, and took over at issue 40. At first Private Eye was a vehicle for juvenile jokes: an extension of the original school magazine, and an alternative to Punch . However, according to Booker, it simply got "caught up in the rage for satire".
After the magazine's initial success, more funding was provided by Nicholas Luard and Peter Cook , who ran The Establishment – a satirical nightclub – and Private Eye became a fully professional publication.
Others essential to the development of the magazine were Auberon Waugh , Claud Cockburn (who had run a pre-war scandal sheet, The Week), Barry Fantoni , Gerald Scarfe , Tony Rushton, Patrick Marnham and Candida Betjeman . Christopher Logue was another long-time contributor, providing a column of "True Stories" featuring cuttings from the national press. The gossip columnist Nigel Dempster wrote extensively for the magazine before he fell out with the editor and other writers, and Paul Foot wrote on politics, local government and corruption.
Ingrams continued as editor until 1986, when he was succeeded by Ian Hislop. Ingrams is chairman of the holding company. [4]
Nature of the magazine
File:Privateeyeposter.jpg
2004 poster in Southwark , by a Private Eye reader, publicising the appearance of a local councillor in the "Rotten Boroughs" column
Private Eye often reports on the misdeeds of powerful and notable individuals and has received numerous libel writs . These include three issued by James Goldsmith (known in the magazine as "(Sir) Jammy Fishpaste") and several by Robert Maxwell (known as Captain Bob), one of which resulted in the award of costs and reported damages of £225,000, and attacks on the magazine through the publication of a book, Malice in Wonderland, and a one-off magazine, Not Private Eye , published by Maxwell. [5] Its defenders point out that it often carries news that the mainstream press will not print for fear of legal reprisals or because the material is of minority interest.
Unearthing scandals and breaking news
Some contributors to Private Eye are media figures or specialists in their field who write anonymously, often under humorous pseudonyms. Stories sometimes originate from writers for more mainstream publications who cannot get their stories published by their main employers.
A financial column, "In the City", written by Michael Gillard, has generated a wide city and business readership as a large number of financial scandals and unethical business practices and personalities were first exposed there.
Recurring in-jokes
Main article: Recurring in-jokes in Private Eye
The magazine has a number of recurring in-jokes and convoluted references, often comprehensible only to those who have read the magazine for many years. They include references to controversies or legal ambiguities in a subtle euphemistic code, such as replacing "drunk" with " tired and emotional ", or using the phrase " Ugandan discussions " to denote illicit sexual exploits; and more obvious parodies utilising easily recognisable stereotypes, such as the lampooning as " Sir Bufton Tufton " of Conservative MPs viewed to be particularly old-fashioned and bigoted. Such terms have sometimes fallen into disuse as their hidden meanings have become better known.
The first half of each issue of the magazine, which consists chiefly of reporting and investigative journalism , tends to include these in-jokes in a more subtle manner, so as to maintain journalistic integrity, while the second half, more geared around unrestrained parody and cutting humour, tends to present itself in a more confrontational way.
Layout and style
Private Eye has lagged behind other magazines in adopting new typesetting and printing technologies. At the start it was laid out with scissors and paste and typed on three IBM Executive typewriters – italics , pica and elite – lending an amateurish look to the pages. For some years after layout tools became available the magazine retained this technique to maintain its look, although the three older typewriters were replaced with an IBM composer. Today the magazine is still predominantly in black and white (though the cover and some cartoons inside appear in colour) and there is more text and less white space than is typical for a modern magazine. The former "Colour Section" was printed in black and white like the rest of the magazine: only the content was colourful.
Special editions
The magazine has published a series of independent special editions dedicated to news reporting of particular current events, such as government inadequacy over the 2001 foot and mouth outbreak , the conviction in January 2001 of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi for the 1988 Lockerbie bombing (Lockerbie: the flight from justice, May/June 2001), and the MMR vaccine (The MMR: A Special Report, subtitled: "The story so far: a comprehensive review of the MMR vaccination/autism controversy " 2002).
Another special issue was published in September 2004 to mark the death of long-time staff member Paul Foot.
Regular sections
"HP Sauce" – covering politics and politicians. ("HP" refers to the Houses of Parliament , as well as being an actual brand of sauce .)
"In The Back" – in-depth investigative journalism , often taking the side of the downtrodden. This section was overseen by Paul Foot until his death in 2004; under his tenure it was known as Footnotes. It often features stories on potential miscarriages of justice and stories on other embarrassing establishment misdeeds.
"In The City" – analysis of financial and city affairs and people.
"Just Fancy That" – contradictory snippets reprinted from press publications, sometimes from within a single edition of the same newspaper.
"Letter From..." – column purporting to be written by a resident of a particular country highlighting its political or social situation. The name derives from Alistair Cooke 's Letter from America .
"Levelling the Playing Fields" – chronicling what the magazine sees as the public sector's bid to sell off as much of its remaining recreational green space as possible to supermarkets or housing developers.
"Literary Review" – book reviews and news from the world of publishing and bookselling, written by the pseudonymous "Bookworm". The masthead from the magazine of the same name , formerly edited by Auberon Waugh (aka Abraham Wargs, "The Voice of Himself"), is lifted for this section. Regular sections include a critical review; "What You Didn't Miss", a pastiche summary of a recent book; "Books & Bookmen", articles about the absurdities of the publishing business (its title taken from a now-defunct British magazine); and "Library News". The column produces an annual summary of "logrolling", the activity whereby literary colleagues publish favourable reviews of each other's books, or where rivals have disparaged their competitor's publications. Bookworm's anonymity makes it impossible to identify where this applies to Private Eye, but readers lampooned the column for an uncharacteristically positive review of Paul O'Grady 's 2009 autobiography.
"Man/Woman in the Eye" – usually detailing the past exploits of someone recently appointed into a government advisory role and why these exploits make their appointment unsuitable or contradictory.
"Music and Musicians" – gossip on the artistic and political intrigues behind the scenes in the world of classical music. Written by "Lunchtime O'Boulez": Lunchtime O'Booze has been a resident Private Eye journalist since the magazine's earliest days; Pierre Boulez , French avant garde composer and conductor, was a controversial choice as principal conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra in the early 1970s. In an earlier incarnation, the column published scurrilous and unfounded gossip about the London Symphony Orchestra , which resulted in a significant libel pay-out.) [6] The title of the column is taken from a now-defunct British magazine which was a sister publication of Books and Bookmen.
"News" (previously called "The Colour Section") – effectively the stories the magazine is most proud of that week or thinks most important, placed at its front.
"Nooks & Corners" – architectural criticism. This is one of the magazine's best known sections. It was originally titled "Nooks & Corners of the New Barbarism", a reference to the architectural movement known as New Brutalism . The column was founded by John Betjeman , and as of 2011 [update] written by architectural historian Gavin Stamp using the name 'Piloti'.
"Pseuds Corner" – listing pompous and pretentious quotations from the media. At various times different columnists have been regular entrants, with varied reactions. At one point in the 1970s, Pamela Vandyke Price , a Sunday Times wine columnist, wrote to the magazine complaining that "every time I describe a wine as anything other than red or white, dry or wet, I wind up in Pseud's Corner". Around 1970, editor of the Radio Times Geoffrey Cannon regularly appeared because of his habit of using " hippie " argot out of context in an attempt to appear "with it" and trendy. Simon Barnes , a sports writer on The Times , has been regularly quoted in the column for many years. The column now often includes a sub-section called Pseuds Corporate, which prints unnecessarily prolix extracts from corporate press releases and statements.
"Rotten Boroughs" – a column reporting on dubious practices, absurdity and occasionally corruption in local government. The name is a play on the term rotten borough . This section, edited by Tim Minogue, receives scores of tips and leads from councillors, whistleblowing council officials, freelance journalists and members of the public.
"Signal Failures" – covering railway matters. The author's pseudonym, "Dr B. Ching", refers to Dr Richard Beeching , whose report led to widespread cuts to the British railway network in the 1960s.
"Street of Shame" – covering journalism, newspapers and other press stories, and usually largely written by Francis Wheen and Adam Macqueen. The title refers to Fleet Street .
"Squarebasher" – looking at matters relating to all the armed forces, including deployments, equipment and training.
"That Honorary Citation in Full", a Dog Latin tribute to prominent figures awarded honorary degrees, usually beginning "SALUTAMUS" [7]
"Under The Microscope" – looking at scientific matters.
"Wikipedia Whispers" – reporting cases of prominent people apparently editing their own Wikipedia entries to make them more favourable. The name recalls "Wicked Whispers", a section in the "3am" feature of the Daily Mirror newspaper. [8]
The magazine also features periodic columns such as "Library News", "Libel News", "Charity News" and others, detailing recent happenings in those areas. These follow predictable formats: library news usually chronicles local councils' bids to close libraries; libel news usually highlights what it sees as unjust libel judgements; while charity news usually questions the financial propriety of particular charities. "Poetry Corner" is the periodic contribution of obituaries by the fictional junior poet "E. J. Thribb". " St Cake's School " is an imaginary public school, run by Mr R. J. Kipling (BA, Leicester), which posts a diary of highly unlikely and arcane-sounding termly activities.
Satirical columns
"Court Circular" – a parody of The Daily Telegraph and The Times Court Circular sections which detail the activities of the Royal Family: for example, "HRH Prince Harry attended the opening of a bottle of vodka at Slappers Niteclub in Kensington."
"Diary" – a parody of the weekly 'diary' column which appears in The Spectator magazine, written by Craig Brown in the style of the chosen celebrity. One of the few regular columns with a byline, which was introduced after Alan Clark sued Peter Bradshaw , then of the London Evening Standard, for his unattributed parody of Clark's diaries .
"National Treasures" – extracts from the media praising individuals and invariably using the expression 'National Treasure'.
"Number Crunching" – short piece on the disparity between two figures: e.g. 40% of Eurostar to be privatised and £400 bn to be spent on new nuclear power stations and railway stations, which were already (according to Private Eye) privatised.
Newspaper parodies
The latter half of the magazine is taken up with parodies of newspapers, spoofing various publications' layout, writing styles and adverts. Where further content is implied, but omitted, this is said to continue "on page 94".
A Doctor Writes – the fictional "A. Doctor" or "Dr Thomas Utterfraud" parodies newspaper articles on topical medical conditions, particularly those by Dr Thomas Stuttaford .
A Taxi Driver Writes – a view from a purported taxi driver, usually a politician or media personality, who will be named as (e.g.) No. 13458 J Prescott. The column gives excessively one-sided views, usually of a right-wing nature (playing on the stereotype of black cab drivers as right-wing populists with bigoted views), saying that a named group or individual should be "strung up" (hanged).
Dave Spart – ultra-left wing activist, always representing a ridiculous-sounding union (such as the National Amalgamated Union of Sixth-Form Operatives and Allied Trades), collective or magazine, which is frequently based in Neasden . Spart's views attempt to highlight alleged misconduct, prejudice or general wrongdoing, but are contradictory and illogical. The name Spart is derived from the German Spartacus League that existed during World War I , and other subsequent revolutionary groups.
Glenda Slagg – brash, libidinous and self-contradictory female reporter (and former "First Lady of Fleet Street") based on Jean Rook and Lynda Lee-Potter . Every sentence from Slagg ends with an onslaught of punctuation made up of repeated "?" and "!" signs, and often features intermittent editorial commentary such as "you've done this already, get on with it" or, ultimately, "you're fired". Frequently the first paragraph of her column will start with the name of a celebrity followed by "Don'tchaluvim?", the next with the same celebrity name and "Ain'tyasickofim?". Her last paragraph frequently features a celebrity with an unusual name, and the dubious claim "Crazy name, crazy guy!?!"
From The Messageboards – introduced in 2008, this is a spoof of Internet forums , in particular those of BBC Radio 5 Live .
Gnomemart – the Christmas special edition of Private Eye includes spoof adverts for expensive but useless mail-order gadgets, usually endorsed by topical celebrities and capable of playing topical songs or TV theme tunes.
In the hot metal era, The Guardian was first lampooned as The Grauniad for its frequent typographical errors. The Eye continues to use the name, and the word has entered the English language.
Lunchtime O'Booze has been among the magazine's resident journalists since the early days. The name is a comment on journalists' supposed traditional fondness for alcohol, their prandial habits, and the suspicion that they pick up many of their stories in public houses . (The name was notably to be used by Auberon Waugh to describe fellow Spectator journalist George Gale , with Waugh being sacked as a result).
Mary Ann Bighead – a mockery of the former Times columnist and assistant editor Mary Ann Sieghart . Bighead is lampooned for her pretentions, ignorance, boastfulness about her children Brainella and Intelligencia, high standard of living, travels (mainly to developing countries where she patronises the locals), and the fact that she can speak so many languages (including Swahili , Tagalog and 13th Century Mongolian ).
Me and my Spoons – a spoof interview of a noted person, in the style of a Sunday supplement regular feature, in which the subject is asked about their putative collection of spoons. The style of the replies, allegedly reflecting the personal style of the interviewee, is more important than the content. The article typically ends with a hint that the next interview will be with someone whose name might bring an amusing twist to the series, such as "Next week: Ed Balls – Me and my Balls".
Neasden United FC, playing in the "North Circular Relegation League", is a fictional football club from Neasden , North London, often used to satirise English football in general with the manager "ashen-faced supremo Ron Knee, 59" possibly from Ron Atkinson , and their only two fans "Sid and Doris Bonkers", playing on the idea of tiny devoted fanbases of unsuccessful football clubs. "Baldy" Pevsner, praised by The Guardian as one of Knee's "two greatest signings", [9] has been credited with scoring yet another own goal in every issue of the magazine. Some of the credit for Pevsner's achievement must also go to Knee's other "greatest signing ... the ever-present one-legged goal keeper Wally Foot". [9]
New technology baffles pissed old hack – articles parodying how newspapers have written about inventions
Obvious headline – banal stories about celebrities that receive extensive reporting in the national press are rewritten as anonymous headlines, such as "SHOCK NEWS: MAN HAS SEX WITH SECRETARY". This is usually "EXCLUSIVE TO ALL NEWSPAPERS". This is often followed by slightly oblique, "shocking" references to the Pope being Catholic , and to bears defecating in the woods .
Official Apology or Product Recall – spoofs the official apologies and product recall notices that newspapers are mandated to print. For example, the subject might be the English national football team . Always starts "In common with all other newspapers" (or retailers), implying that none has apologised.
Poetry Corner – trite obituaries of the recently deceased in the form of poems from the fictional teenage poet E. J. Thribb (17½). The poems usually bear the heading "In Memoriam..." and begin "So. Farewell then".
Polly Filler – a vapid and self-centred female "lifestyle" columnist, whose irrelevant personal escapades and gossip serve solely to fill column inches . She complains about the workload of the modern woman whilst passing all parental responsibility onto "the au pair ", who always comes from a less-advanced country, is paid a pittance, and fails to understand the workings of some mundane aspect of "lifestyle" life. Her name is derived from Polyfilla , a DIY product used to fill holes and cracks in plaster. Polly's sister Penny Dreadful makes an occasional appearance. Like several Private Eye regulars, Polly is based on more than one female columnist, but Jane Moore of The Sun , whose remarks are often echoed by Polly or commented on elsewhere in the magazine, is a major source. Additionally, the column mocks Rupert Murdoch 's media empire in general and Sky television in particular, as Polly's husband, "the useless Simon", is usually mentioned as being in front of the television (wasting time) watching exotic sports on obscure satellite television channels.
Police log – Neasden Central Police Station – a fictional police station log, satirising current police policies that are met with general contempt and/or disdain. Ordinary police activities are ignored, with police attention limited to "counter-terrorism", obsessive political correctness and pointless bureaucracy. For example, one incident reports on an elderly woman being attacked by a gang of youths, arrested (and unfortunately dying of "natural causes" in police custody) for infringing their right to terrorise pensioners.
Pop Scene by Maureen Cleavage – originally a spoof of press coverage of the music business and in particular Maureen Cleave , who had a column in the Evening Standard . In the early to mid-1960s, popular culture was starting to be taken more seriously by the heavier newspapers; some claim that Private Eye considered this approach pretentious and ripe for ridicule, although others argue that the magazine was in fact covering popular culture before some of the more serious newspapers. This section also provided an outlet for satirical comment on popular musicians, whose antics were usually attributed to the fictional pop group "The Turds" and their charismatic leader " Spiggy Topes ". Topes and the Turds were originally based on The Beatles and a thinly disguised John Lennon , but the names were eventually applied to any rock star or band whose excesses featured in the popular press. (Although at the same time there was a real group called The Thyrds who appeared in the final of ITV's Ready, Steady, Win! competition.)
Sally Jockstrap – a fictional sports columnist who is incapable of correctly reporting any sporting facts. Her articles are usually a mishmash of references to several sports, along the lines of "there was drama at Twickenham as Michael Schumacher double faulted to give Arsenal victory". Said to be inspired by Lynne Truss . [10]
Toy-town News or Nursery Times – a newspaper based on the mythology of children's stories. For example, the royal butler Paul Burrell was satirised as the "Knave of Hearts" who was "lent" tarts "for safe keeping" , rather than stealing them as in the rhyme. Nigel Dempster is referred to as "Humpty Dumpster".
Ye Daily Tudorgraph – a newspaper written in mock Tudor period language, set in that time and clearly a parody of the Daily Telegraph. It usually suggests that former Telegraph editor Bill Deedes was a young boy at the time.
Mini-sections
Main article: List of regular mini-sections in Private Eye
The magazine contains a variety of regular sections, consisting of small amusing examples of different aspects of everyday life, generally sent in by readers. They include "Commentatorballs" (gaffes by sports commentators with poor or accidentally inaccurate command of the English language), "Dumb Britain" (examples of ignorance observed on British quiz shows) and "Let's Parlez Franglais" (which mocks recent political events, mainly within Europe, by creating an imaginary transcript in Franglais , usually ending with a reference to 'Kilometres' Kington ).
Prime Minister parodies
Main article: Prime Minister parodies (Private Eye)
A traditional fixture in Private Eye is a full-page parody of the Prime Minister of the day. The style is chosen to mock the perceived foibles and folly of each Prime Minister:
Harold Wilson , who cultivated an exaggerated working class image, was mocked in "Mrs Wilson's Diary", supposedly written by his wife, Mary Wilson . This parodied Mrs Dale's Diary , a popular BBC radio series.
Edward Heath , who was labelled "The Grocer", and whose government was beset by economic and political problems, presided over Heathco, permanently "going out of business".
As leader of the opposition to Margaret Thatcher , Neil Kinnock was shown as "Dan Dire" (based on the comic-strip character Dan Dare ), in his struggle against the Maggon, "Supreme Ruler of the Universe".
John Major , undermined and embarrassed by his party's right wing during the 1990s, vented his frustrations in "The Secret Diary of John Major", inspired by the Sue Townsend "Adrian Mole" books
Tony Blair was portrayed as the sanctimonious Vicar of St. Albion's, a fictional parish church, in "St. Albion's Parish News". Editor Ian Hislop has said the idea came about after Blair walked into Downing Street carrying his guitar in 1997, like "the new vicar [about] to sing Kumbaya ." Richard Ingrams wrote in The Observer that he was amused to see the parody become true, after Blair left office and formed the Faith Foundation to promote religious harmony.
During his government, Gordon Brown (2007–10) was mocked as the Supreme Leader of a North Korean-style state, railing against the "running dog ex-Comrade Blair" and secret plots to depose him. This enabled Private Eye to comment on Brown's lack of election as Prime Minister, either by the public or the Labour Party , as well as his supposed Stalinist style of leadership.
When the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition took power, the column became Downturn Abbey – based upon the ITV drama Downton Abbey but featuring government officials.
The current column features the newsletter of the fictional "New Coalition Academy (formerly Brown's Comprehensive)", in which Prime Minister David Cameron and Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg are portrayed as headmaster and deputy headmaster. The motto of the Academy is "Duo in Uno". In theory, both leaders write a column in each issue, but in practice, Nick Clegg's contributions are frequently "held over due to lack of space".
Not all of Private Eye's parodies have been unsympathetic. During the 1980s, Ingrams and John Wells wrote fictional letters from Denis Thatcher to Bill Deedes in the Dear Bill column, mocking Margaret Thatcher's husband as an amiable, golf-playing drunk. The column was collected in a series of books and became a play in which Wells played the fictional Denis, a character now inextricably "blurred [with] the real historical figure", according to Ingrams. [11]
Miscellanea
Classified – adverts from readers. In the past, these commonly featured personal ads that used code words to describe particular sexual acts. Currently, the adverts usually include products for sale, conspiracy theorists promoting their ideas, and the "Eye Need" adverts in which people request money for personal causes.
Crossword – a cryptic prize crossword , notable for its vulgarity. In the early 1970s the crossword was set by the Labour MP Tom Driberg , under the pseudonym of " Tiresias " (supposedly "a distinguished academic churchman"). As of 2011 [update] it was set by one of The Guardian′s cryptic crossword setters, Eddie James ("Brummie" in the paper) under the name Cyclops. The crossword frequently contains offensive language and references (both in the clues and the solutions), and a knowledge of the magazine's in-jokes and slang is necessary to solve it.
Letters – this frequently includes letters from high-profile figures, sometimes in order for the magazine to print an apology and avoid litigation. Other letters express disgust at a recent article or cartoon, many ending by saying (sometimes in jest) that they will (or will not) cancel their subscription. This section also prints celebrity "lookalikes" ("We should be told") and regularly prints an embarrassing picture of Andrew Neil (see: recurring in-jokes ).
The Book of... – a spoof of the Old Testament , applying language and imagery reminiscent of the King James Bible to current affairs in the Middle East.
The Alternative Rocky Horror Prayer Book – a pastiche of attempts to update Anglican religious ceremonies into more modern versions.
Sylvie Krin – (in allusion to the shampoo brand Silvikrin) the alleged author of pastiche romantic fiction in the style of Barbara Cartland , with names like Heir of Sorrows (about Prince Charles) and Never Too Old (about Rupert Murdoch).
The cover, with its well known speech bubble , putting ironic or humorous comments into the mouths of notable people in response to topical events.
Defunct sections
Auberon Waugh 's Diary – Waugh wrote a regular diary for the magazine, usually combining real events from his own life with fictional episodes such as parties with the Queen , from the early 1970s until 1985. It was generally written in the persona of an ultra-right-wing country gentleman, a subtle exaggeration of his own personality. He described it as the world's first example of journalism specifically dedicated to telling lies.
London Calling – a round-up of news, especially of the " loony left " variety, during the days of the Greater London Council . This column was retired when the GLC was abolished.
Sally Deedes – genuine consumer journalism column, exposing corrupt or improper goods, services or dealings. This column was the origin of the magazine's first-ever libel victory in the mid-1990s.
Illustrated London News – a digest of news and scandal from the city, parodying (and using the masthead of) the defunct gazette of the same name. It was usually written by the radical pioneer journalist Claud Cockburn .
Grovel – a "society" column, featuring gossip, scandal and scuttlebutt about the rich and famous, and probably the section that gave rise to the magazine's largest number of libel claims. Its character and style (accompanied by a drawing of a drunk man with a monocle, top hat and cigarette holder) was based on Nigel Dempster , lampooned as Nigel Pratt-Dumpster. Grovel last appeared in issue 832 (25 November 1993).
Hallo! – the "heart-warming column" purportedly written by The Marquesa, was nearly identical to Grovel in content, but with a new prose style parodying the breathless and gushing format established by magazines such as Hello .
Thomas, The Privatised Tank Engine – a parody of Rev. W. Awdry's Railway Series , written by Incledon Clark and printed at the time of the debate over the privatisation of British Rail in 1993–4.
Wimmin – a regular 1980s section featuring quotes from feminist writing deemed to be ridiculous (similar to Pseuds Corner ).
Cartoons
Private Eye is home to many of Britain's most highly regarded humorous cartoonists. As well as many one-off cartoons, the magazine has featured a number of regular comic strips:
Great Bores of Today (defunct) by Michael Heath .
The Regulars (defunct) by Michael Heath – based on the drinking scene at the Coach and Horses pub (a regular meeting place for the magazine's staff and guests), and featuring the catchphrase "Jeff bin in?" (a reference to pub regular, the journalist Jeffrey Bernard ).
Yobs and Yobettes by Tony Husband – satirising yob culture.
Supermodels by Neil Kerber – satirising the lifestyle of supermodels; the characters are unfeasibly thin.
The Commuters (defunct) by Grizelda – follows the efforts of two commuters to get a train to work.
It's Grim Up North London by Knife and Packer – satire about Islington 'trendies'.
At various times, Private Eye has also used the work of Ralph Steadman , Wally Fawkes , Timothy Birdsall , Martin Honeysett , Willie Rushton , Gerald Scarfe , Robert Thompson, Ken Pyne, Geoff Thompson, "Jerodo", Ed McLauchlan, "Pearsall", Kevin Woodcock , Brian Bagnall and Kathryn Lamb.
Frequent targets for parody and satire
Main article: List of people and organisations frequently parodied by Private Eye
While the magazine in general reports corruption, self-interest and incompetence in a broad range of industries and lines of work, in practice certain people and entities receive a particularly large amount of coverage in its pages. As the most visible public figures, Prime Ministers and senior politicians make the most natural targets, but Private Eye also aims its criticism at journalists, newspapers and particularly prominent or interesting businesspeople. It is the habit of the magazine to attach nicknames, usually offensive and often very crude, to these people, and often to create surreal and extensive alternate personifications of them, which usually take the form of parody newspaper articles in the second half of the magazine.
Other media and merchandise
Private Eye has from time to time produced various spin-offs from the magazine:
Books , e.g. annuals, cartoon collections and investigative pamphlets
File:Private Eye Diana Controversy Issue 1997.jpg
The front cover of the infamous "Diana Issue"
Some have found the magazine's irreverence and occasionally controversial humour offensive. Upon the death of Diana, Princess of Wales , Private Eye printed a cover headed "MEDIA TO BLAME". Under this headline was a picture of many hundreds of people outside Buckingham Palace , with one person commenting that the papers were "a disgrace", another agreeing, saying that it was impossible to get one anywhere, and another saying, "Borrow mine. It's got a picture of the car." [13] Following the abrupt change in reporting from newspapers immediately following her death, the issue also featured a mock retraction from "all newspapers" of everything negative that they had ever said about Diana. This was enough to cause a flood of complaints and the temporary removal of the magazine from the shelves of several newsagents. These included W H Smith , which had previously refused to stock Private Eye until well into the 1970s, and was characterised in the magazine as "WH Smugg" or "WH Smut" on account of its policy of stocking pornographic magazines. The Diana issue is now one of the most highly sought-after back issues.
Similar complaints were received about the issues that followed the Ladbroke Grove rail crash , the September 11, 2001 attacks (the magazine even including a special "subscription cancellation coupon" for disgruntled readers to send in) and the Soham murders . Following the 7 July 2005 London bombings the magazine's cover featured Tony Blair saying to Ken Livingstone , "We must track down the evil mastermind behind the bombers...", to which Livingstone replies "...and invite him around for tea", in reference to his controversial invitation of Yusuf al-Qaradawi to London. [14]
Bigotry
The cover of issue 256 from 1971 showed Emperor Hirohito visiting Britain with the caption "A nasty nip in the air" (subhead: "Piss off, Bandy Knees"). [15] In the 1960s and 1970s the magazine mocked the gay rights movement as "Poove Power". [16]
Blasphemy
The 2004 Christmas issue received a number of complaints after it featured Pieter Bruegel 's painting of a nativity scene , in which one wise man said to another: "Apparently, it's David Blunkett 's" (who at the time was involved in a scandal in which he was thought to have impregnated a married woman). Many readers sent letters accusing the magazine of blasphemy and anti-Christian attitudes. One stated that the "witless, gutless buggers wouldn't dare mock Islam ", an observation later apparently vindicated when the magazine declined to publish the Danish Mohammed cartoons for fear of firebombs. It has however regularly published Islam-related humour such as where cartoon portrays a "Taliban careers master asking a pupil: What would you like to be when you blow up?". [17] Many letters in the first issue of 2005 disagreed with the former readers' complaints, and some were parodies of those letters, "complaining" about the following issue's cover [18] – a cartoon depicting Santa 's sleigh shredded by a wind farm : one said: "To use a picture of Our Lord Father Christmas and his Holy Reindeer being torn limb from limb while flying over a windfarm is inappropriate and blasphemous."
MMR
During the early 2000s Private Eye published many stories on the MMR vaccine controversy , substantially supporting the interpretation by Andrew Wakefield of published research in The Lancet by the Royal Free Hospital 's Inflammatory Bowel Disease Study Group, which described an apparent link between the vaccine, autism and bowel problems. Many of these stories accused medical researchers who supported the vaccine's safety of having conflicts of interest because of funding from the pharmaceutical industry. Initially dismissive of Wakefield, the magazine rapidly moved to support him, in 2002 publishing a 32-page MMR Special Report that supported Wakefield's assertion that MMR vaccines "should be given individually at not less than one year intervals." The British Medical Journal issued a contemporary press release [19] that concluded: "The Eye report is dangerous in that it is likely to be read by people who are concerned about the safety of the vaccine. A doubting parent who reads this might be convinced there is a genuine problem and the absence of any proper references will prevent them from checking the many misleading statements." Subsequently, editor Ian Hislop told the author and columnist Ben Goldacre that Private Eye is "not anti-MMR". [20] In a review article published in February 2010, after Wakefield was disciplined by the General Medical Council, regular columnist Phil Hammond , who contributes under the pseudonym "M.D.", stated that "Private Eye got it wrong in its coverage of MMR", in maintaining its support for Wakefield's position long after shortcomings in his work had emerged. [21]
Litigation
The magazine has long been known for attracting libel lawsuits, which in English law can lead to the award of damages relatively easily. For safety, the magazine maintains a large quantity of money as a "fighting fund" (although the magazine frequently finds other ways to defuse legal tensions, for example by printing letters from aggrieved parties). As editor, Ian Hislop has become the most sued man in Britain. [22] From 1969 to the mid-1980s, the magazine was represented by human rights lawyer Geoffrey Bindman . [23]
The first person to successfully sue the magazine was writer Colin Watson who objected to their description of him as "the little-known author who. . . was writing a novel, very Wodehouse but without the jokes". He was awarded £750. [24]
For the tenth anniversary issue, the cover showed a cartoon headstone inscribed with a long list of well-known names, and the epitaph "They did not sue in vain". [25]
In the case of Arkell v. Pressdram (1971), the plaintiff was the subject of an article relating to illicit payments, and the magazine had ample evidence to back up the article. [26] Arkell's lawyers wrote a letter which concluded: "His attitude to damages will be governed by the nature of your reply." The magazine responded: "We acknowledge your letter of 29th April referring to Mr J. Arkell. We note that Mr Arkell's attitude to damages will be governed by the nature of our reply and would therefore be grateful if you would inform us what his attitude to damages would be, were he to learn that the nature of our reply is as follows: fuck off." In the years following, the magazine would refer to this exchange as a euphemism for a blunt and coarse dismissal: for example, "We refer you to the reply given in the case of Arkell v. Pressdram". [27] [28] As with " tired and emotional " this usage has spread beyond the magazine. [29] [ not in citation given ]
Another litigation case against the magazine was initiated by James Goldsmith , who managed to arrange for criminal libel charges to be brought, meaning that, if found guilty, those behind the Eye could be imprisoned. He sued over allegations that members of the Clermont Set , including Goldsmith, had conspired to shelter Lord Lucan after Lucan had murdered his family nanny, Sandra Rivett. Goldsmith won a partial victory and eventually reached a settlement with the magazine. The case threatened to bankrupt the magazine, which turned to its readers for financial support in the form of the Goldenballs Fund. Goldsmith himself was referred to as Jaws. The solicitor involved in many litigation cases against Private Eye, including the Goldsmith case, was Peter Carter-Ruck , [30] whom the magazine referred to as "Carter-Fuck" [31] as a recurring in-joke .
Robert Maxwell sued the magazine for the suggestion he looked like a criminal, and won a significant sum. The editor, Ian Hislop, summarised the case: "I've just given a fat cheque to a fat Czech" and later claimed this was the only known example of a joke being told on News at Ten .
Sonia Sutcliffe also sued after allegations that she used her connection to her husband, the Yorkshire Ripper, Peter Sutcliffe , to make money. She won £600,000 which was later reduced to £60,000 on appeal. However, the initial award caused Hislop to quip outside the court: "If that's justice, then I'm a banana." [32] Readers raised a considerable sum in the "bananaballs fund", and Private Eye scored a PR coup by donating the surplus to the families of Sutcliffe's victims.
A rare victory for the magazine came in late 2001, when a libel case brought against the magazine by a Cornish chartered accountant , Stuart Condliffe, finally came to trial after ten years. The case was thrown out after only a few weeks as Condliffe had effectively accused his own legal team ( Carter-Ruck ) of lying.
In 2009 Private Eye successfully challenged an injunction brought against it by Michael Napier, former head of the Law Society , who had sought to claim "confidentiality" for a report that he had been disciplined by the Law Society in relation to a conflict of interest. [33] The ruling had wider significance in that it allowed other rulings by the Law Society to be publicised. [34] [35]
Paul Foot Award
In 2005, The Guardian and Private Eye established the Paul Foot Award , with an annual £10,000 prize fund, for investigative/campaigning journalism in memory of Eye journalist Paul Foot , who had died the previous year. [36]
Ownership
The magazine is apparently owned by an eclectic group of people, officially published through the mechanism of a limited company called Pressdram Ltd, [37] which was bought as an "off the shelf" company by Peter Cook in November 1961.
Private Eye does not publish explicit details of individuals concerned with its upkeep (and does not contain a list of its editors, writers and designers). In 1981 the book The Private Eye Story stated that the owners were Peter Cook (who owned most of the shareholding) with smaller shareholders including Dirk Bogarde , Jane Asher , and several of those involved with the founding of the magazine. Most of those on the list have since died, however, and it is unclear what happened to their shareholdings. Those concerned are reputedly contractually only able to sell their shareholdings at the price they originally paid for them.
Shareholders as of the annual company return dated 26 March 2012 [update] , including shareholders who have inherited shares, are:
Jane Asher
The other directors are Sheila Molnar and Geoff Elwell, who is also the company secretary.
Logo
The magazine's masthead features a cartoon logo of an armoured knight with a bent sword, parodying the "Crusader" logo of the Daily Express .
The logo for the magazine's News section is a donkey-riding naked Mr Punch caressing his erect and oversized penis, while hugging a female admirer. It is a detail from a frieze by "Dickie" Doyle that once formed the masthead of Punch magazine, which the editors of Private Eye had come to loathe for its perceived descent into complacency. The image, hidden away in the detail of the frieze, had appeared on the cover of Punch for nearly a century and was noticed by Malcolm Muggeridge during a guest-editing spot on Private Eye. The ' Rabelaisian gnome' (as the character was called) was enlarged by Gerald Scarfe , and put on the front cover of issue 69 at full size. He was then formally adopted as a mascot on the inside pages, as a symbol of the old, radical incarnation of Punch magazine that the Eye admired.
Rally
On May Day 1965, the magazine held a "Mass for Vass" rally in Central London for beleaguered former British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home , a reference to his nickname "Baillie Vass". Under police supervision, 300 marchers carried banners proclaiming "High-Speed Vass Gets Things Done", "The Baillie Will No Fail Ye", "Hands off the Rann of Kutch !" and "Who's a Cretin?" (a reference to a former nickname, "Sir Alec Douglas-Who?"). The march progressed from Parliament Square to Conservative Central Office , where, accompanied by a brass band, the participants sang rousing songs in mock support of Home to the occupants of the building. This incident went almost entirely unreported in the national media.[ citation needed ]
See also
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i don't know
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Which bird is also known as the 'Yaffle', an imitation of its cry?
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World Wide Words: Yaffle
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Yaffle
Yaffle is a local or dialect English name for the green woodpecker. Readers familiar with the cult BBC children’s television series Bagpuss will know of Professor Yaffle, who is indeed a woodpecker. What brought it to mind was spotting one of these handsome birds in my garden, assiduously searching the edge of the lawn for ants. On the rare occasions one sees rather than hears a green woodpecker — with its green back, yellow rump and a crimson head that flashes in the sunlight as it turns its long bill — it seems too exotic to be a native British bird.
Mostly, the signal that one is nearby is its characteristic laughing call, which provoked this odd name for the bird. Other names for it, now rare, include rain bird (because its cry was said to bring wet weather), hickwall, wickwall, woodwall, and yuccle, though these have turned up in so many forms in various British dialects, such as eccle or ickwell, that their links are sometimes hard to detect. While we’re sure yaffle is imitative (the word could at one time also refer to the yelp of a dog), the other names are much harder to pin down; the Oxford English Dictionary hazards a guess that they, too, might be imitative, but they’re so old that they have been transformed out of recognition.
It has a number of other senses, derived from various English dialect words. It can be a description of somebody who is eating greedily, which is known in this sense in Royal Navy slang. And in the Newfoundland dialect it refers to a handful. This is from another English dialect word, spelled yafful in the English Dialect Dictionary.
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Green woodpecker
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Who directed the 1968 film 'The Producers'?
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Great Spotted Woodpecker, Lesser Spotted and Green Woodpecker
Great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major )
Lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor)
Green woodpecker (Picus viridis)
Where: Mostly broad-leaved woodlands and other places with at least a scattering of mature trees
When: All year round
Lesser spotted, great spotted and
green woodpeckers
(illustration courtesy Dan Powell)
There’s something about a drumming woodpecker that catches the imagination, lifts the spirit and stirs the soul as the sound reverberates through the New Forest’s ancient woodlands. Deep, resonant, rhythmic: it’s all of these and more.
Fierce beaks hit solid, bark-free timber, conjuring images of primeval forests undisturbed by man, each burst of multiple blows delivered at great speed, the woodpecker’s warning to competitors, and mating call combined.
Britain has three resident woodpecker species: the great spotted woodpecker, lesser spotted woodpecker and the green woodpecker, all of which are found in the New Forest.
Great spotted woodpeckers and lesser spotted woodpeckers are primarily woodland birds that drum quite a lot from late-winter through to the mid- or late-spring, whilst green woodpeckers prefer more open places with scattered trees, and hardly drum at all.
Once fittingly known as pied woodpeckers, great spotted woodpeckers and lesser spotted woodpeckers are, predictably, black and white interspersed with variable patches of scarlet, depending on whether male, female or juvenile.
Great spotted woodpeckers are blackbird-sized and have a broad white shoulder patch, whilst lesser spotted woodpeckers are sparrow-sized and have white horizontal barring to back and wings, a characteristic reflected in their country name - the barred woodpecker.
The green woodpecker is the largest of the three. Unmistakable greeny-yellow, it has contrasting crimson crown and dark moustache, and, rather than drum, it has an unmistakable, loud, far carrying, raucous laughing cry that gave it its country name - the yaffle. Also known as the rain-bird, it used to be said that green woodpeckers were more inclined to call before impending rain, but more likely, the sound simply carries further in the atmospheric conditions immediately before rainfall.
To help grip vertical surfaces, woodpeckers are specially equipped with strong, muscular legs; long, incredibly sharp claws; and, most unusually, two backward and two forward facing toes on each foot.
Stiffened, pointed tail feathers serve as a prop to aid stability as the woodpeckers clamber up trunks and along boughs, but, unlike nuthatches, they have great difficulty in travelling downwards, and can very occasionally be seen attempting the manoeuvre in a series of awkward, ungainly backward hops.
Great spotted woodpeckers and green woodpeckers can be seen quite often, but lesser spotted woodpeckers are more elusive, for the most part remaining out of sight in the tree tops. They do, though, sometimes draw attention to themselves with a piping pee-pee-pee call that is used year-round; an agitated, rattling, almost mistle thrush-like alarm call; and a soft, single call best written as chik. Somewhat confusingly, however, Great Spotted Woodpeckers use calls similar to the last two mentioned, albeit at higher volume.
The drumbeats of great spotted woodpeckers and lesser spotted woodpeckers are also quite similar, although those of the latter are more prolonged, higher pitched, considerably softer and not so far carrying.
Male great spotted woodpecker
Confusion can arise, however, even amongst the woodpeckers, for sometimes drumming by one species stimulates activity in the other, leading to somewhat one-side competition. As spring progresses, drumming frequency and intensity reduce as pairs settle down to raise a family.
All New Forest woodpeckers are hole-nesters that excavate their own cavities. Around six or seven eggs are laid onto, at best, a scant bed of wood chippings, and as nature has decreed for many hole-nesting birds, these when first laid are pure white - there is little need for anti-predator camouflage, whilst white eggs are more likely to be noticed by potentially clumsy parents.
In all three species, both sexes incubate for around two weeks, and the youngsters fledge after another three weeks. Whilst in the nest, the young attract attention with increasingly raucous calls as siblings compete for every morsel brought back by frenzied parents.
Lesser spotted woodpeckers are fed primarily on a variety of insects, whilst green woodpeckers are particularly fond of ants extracted from their lair by the parent’s unusually long tongue. Young great spotted woodpeckers, too, are fed on insects, although other bird’s eggs are also occasionally brought back for them.
Female lesser spotted woodpecker
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i don't know
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Which city was the capital of the Untied States from 1790 to 1800?
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U.S. Congress (1790-1800) | Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
Library of Congress
For ten years, members of both the House of Representatives and Senate met in the same building at the corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets.
The building was constructed in 1787 as one of two buildings earlier planned for the State House Square. Originally designed as the Philadelphia County Courthouse, it was converted in 1790 for the use of the federal congress when Philadelphia became the nation's capital through the Residence Act of 1790.
After the federal government moved to Washington, D.C., in 1800, Congress Hall became a county municipal building.
This 1848 lithograph by Augustus Kollner shows flag-flying Congress Hall on the corner, with Independence Hall and Old City Hall in the background. Congress Hall was restored to its 1796 appearance through multiple renovations starting in 1913 and continuing through the twentieth century. The National Park Service formally took control of Congress Hall when a law passed by Congress in 1948 created Independence National Historical Park.
Library of Congress
Members of the first to sixth Congresses sat in this room on the first floor of Congress Hall during Philadelphia’s decade as capital of the United States.
In 1793, Congress Hall was enlarged 27 feet to the south in order to seat the increase of representatives from 65 to 106, based on the federal census of 1790, and to seat additional senators as new states entered the union.
When the federal government left Philadelphia in 1800, the interior of Congress Hall became Philadelphia County courtrooms and offices. Twentieth-century preservation groups and the National Park Service returned the first floor to its 1796 appearance, pictured here, in 1975.
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All in the Timing
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In which opera would you hear 'The Wedding Chorus'?
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U.S. Senate: 1787: Farewell to New York
August 12, 1790
Farewell to New York
When Congress convened a special ceremonial session at Federal Hall in New York City on September 6, 2002, to honor the victims and heroes of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, participants were reminded that 212 years had passed since Congress last met in that city.
New York had hosted the Congress that operated under the Articles of Confederation from 1785 to 1789. When the new federal government was launched with the 1788 ratification of the U.S. Constitution, New York City continued as the nation's temporary capital. Hoping to convince the new Congress to make their city the permanent seat of government, local business interests contributed funding for a major expansion of the city hall.
When Congress convened for the first time on March 4, 1789, the old building had been converted into a splendid capitol, optimistically renamed Federal Hall. The Senate chamber occupied a richly carpeted forty-by-thirty-foot-long room on the building's second floor. The chamber's most striking features were its high arched ceiling, tall windows curtained in crimson damask, fireplace mantels in handsomely polished marble, and a presiding officer's chair elevated three feet from the floor and placed under a crimson canopy. Noticeably absent from the lavishly ornate chamber was a spectators' gallery—a sign that Senate deliberations were to be closed to the public.
The precedent-setting first and second sessions of the First Congress proved highly productive. The second session, which concluded on August 12, 1790, enacted legislation that put the nation on a firm financial foundation, authorized the first census of population, established a government for the western territories south of the Ohio River, and—in the Residence Act of 1790—provided a location for the first permanent seat of government. Under that plan, the government would abandon New York in favor of Philadelphia, which would serve as the temporary capital city for ten years. In 1800, the government would again move, this time to its permanent location in Washington, D.C.
As its final action on August 12, the Senate adopted a resolution thanking New York for its generous hospitality. Soon after Congress departed, Federal Hall again became the local city hall, until it was demolished in 1812. In 1842, the Federal Hall in which the 2002 ceremonial session took place, was erected on part of the original site and is now designated a National Memorial.
(Image: Federal Hall)
Reference Items:
Josephy, Alvin M., Jr. The American Heritage History of the Congress of the United States. New York: American Heritage, 1975. Chapter 2.
Senate Historical Office
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i don't know
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Give the name of the villain from the 'Friday the 13th.' series of movies?
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Friday the 13th Reviews & Ratings - IMDb
IMDb
148 out of 206 people found the following review useful:
The Texas Chainsaw massacre Remake... Or was it Friday the 13th?
14 February 2009
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
Did you know a horror franchise drowned a day before this week? The Producer and Directer weren't paying any attention... They were counting their money while that cult icon drowned. It's name was Friday the 13th. I watching the night it happened. Losing my temper... there. I was a fan. Friday the 13th should have been awesome. Every minute! It was... It wasn't a very good remake. We can give up now... fans.
You see Friday the 13th was my favorite movie... and today it was raped.
I mistakingly had high expectations of this movie. Of course I was bothered by the fact that Marcus Nispel, who did such a smash up job on Texas Chainsaw Massacre remake, was directing. In fact besides the fact that Jason wore a hockey mask, had an affinity for machetes and his mother was in it for five seconds. It was almost impossible to differentiate between the two movies. Lots of slack jawed yokels and shaky camera action in the dark, just like Chainsaw. Poor story telling with numerous loose ends, just like Chainsaw. Terrible adaptation, just like Chainsaw.
Okay, maybe I'm being a little too hard on the movie. The first few minutes of the movie were incredible. Of coarse there' no rhyme or reason to Jason's return from the grave, but they never had on in the original either. The elements that they took from the first four movies were there, and yes I said 'Four' movies. There were elements from the Final Chapter despite what the propaganda says. The acting wasn't terrible. Yoo's character was probably the funniest character to ever be in a Friday the 13th to date. The under the dock kill was so classic that it felt like it belonged and it was good to see Jason in his old sack mask again.
Many key elements were there, but only for a second or two. Mrs. Voorhees head wasn't really elaborated on and wouldn't be caught as significant to anyone who hadn't seen the original movies. Despite all the hype about how Jason gets his hockey mask in this movie, it was a big let down and just seemed a little too convenient. The locals in the town were basically rejects from the Texas Chainsaw Massacre. In fact the scenery may have appeared New Englandish... but the locals just screamed, "I'm from Texas!"
Jason Voorhees. How could they screw up a character like Jason Voorhees? Give these folks a hand though. They did it. I started to realize that Jason wasn't quite himself around the sleeping bag death scene. First and foremost Jason is a killer, not a sadistic torturer. Sure he's done some pretty brutal things to his victims, but roasting a person alive, just isn't his style. It's too much set up for Jason honestly. Additionally, if Jason has you on the ground with a machete coming down at you, you are DEAD. He doesn't lock you in his basement and keep you alive for months because you're a pretty girl who looks like his mother. Jason kills. And he especially kills if you impersonate his mother.
The end... in more ways than one. When I watched the ending of this movie I literally had the feeling that I was ripped off. The pay off with the wood chipper wasn't even utilized here. And then for some reason the survivor(s), another thing that was lame, decided to dump his body in the lake. This means they had to actively decide it was a good idea to get rid of the evidence that they were not the manics that killed a bunch of people, but it also means that they had to take Jason out of the chipper, take the chain off his neck, remove his mask, and carry him all the way out to the dock. And if Jason was playing possum the entire time, why didn't he just kill them when he still had access to a wood chipper and a barn full of tools?
In fact this movie raised nothing but questions. Who killed Mrs. Voorhees? What ever happened to her? Why did Jason miraculously come back from the dead? Why was his body still intact after all those years in the lake? Why does Jason wear a mask? How did he keep the rats from eating his mother's head? Why did the local cops not bother investigating anything? How did Jason learn to hook up electricity to his camp? Why didn't the power company notice nobody's paying the electric bill for an abandoned summer camp? Why would Jason keep some girl chained up in his basement? Why do all the locals of Crystal Lake appear to have come from Texas? Why did they bother doing makeup for Jason when they show his face for maybe two frames of the whole movie? Why does Jason pop out of the lake at the end with his mask on? What were they thinking? Why did I see this miserable attempt to remake a great movie? Why am I wasting more time on a bad review? Why are you still reading?
All in all a terrible movie.
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71 out of 100 people found the following review useful:
Lousy remake/reboot/re-imagining/whatever the latest PR spin word is.
21 February 2009
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
I didn't expect much of anything other than a few memorable kills and maybe a cheap jump scare here and there. This pathetic excuse for a movie couldn't even deliver that much. For starters, I personally can't stand how recent horror movies are shot. Everything has the same dark, muddy and flat-looking quality, with no real clarity of picture and irritating shakycam going into overdrive during 90 percent of the horror/action scenes because far too many directors today aren't talented enough to stage an effective horror or action scene without it. The gore was often even hard to make out because of the camera-work, too, which renders something like this almost completely pointless. And while the 1980s Friday films aren't what I'd call genre classics, you could at least clearly make out the gory scenes instead of getting a split flash of some CGI effect while the cameraman goes into a seizure. Bah-humbug, I know. But I swear I really did try my best to like this one. Honest!
Defenders of this latest bargain basement remake will say things like...
"It's not supposed to have a storyline or plot!" or "The acting is supposed to be bad!" or "The dialogue is supposed to be stupid!" or "The characters are supposed to be unbearably obnoxious and annoying!" or "It's not supposed to be scary!" Well OK then. I'd now like to take the opportunity to congratulate Mr. Nispel for making an unscary, ugly-looking, suspense-free movie with bad acting, terrible dialogue, forgettable kills and annoying characters. Way to go Marcus!
What other "goodies" do we get here? Let's see...
For some reason, the film opens with all the credits but waits until about twenty minutes in to reveal the TITLE.
Half of the dialogue seems to consist of either the "f" word or "dude." And what's up with every person talking to themselves? Every time a person was alone they were having a conversation. With whom? I have no clue. When a floorboard creaks it's not really necessary to have someone say "What was that? I better go upstairs and see what that is!" Or, in Friday remake terms it's more like... "What tha @#!* was that @#!* ? Dayum I need to go up doz @#!*' stairs to investigate me some @#!*!" The characters are all pretty awful - a bunch of annoying, smug, self-satisfied, foul-mouthed twits who seem like they need to immediately be committed to a rehab program. Naturally all the white characters get to pair off and have sex, while no one seems the least bit interested in the one black and one Asian character. Since the black guy can't get laid he's reduced to pleasuring himself while listening to whitey going at it upstairs. At least three different male victims said "What the @#!*?" when they were confronted with Jason. The black guy had a slight variation though since he's black. Seriously, whoever wrote this should be embarrassed.
The cast was also bad. Travis Van Winkle should never act again. What is the appeal of this guy anyway? He can't act for squat and resembles Vincent from the Beauty and the Beast TV series. And Jared Padalecki (though one of the better actors here) would probably look better without the Farrah Fawcett hairdo. I had a very difficult time telling the actresses they hired apart. When blonde #1 was killed and they cut back to the cabin to blonde #2 I was like "I thought she was already dead?" And then there's a missing sister, who I kept confusing with the rich jock's girlfriend toward the end. If you can hire a black and an Asian actor to help diffuse all the shaggy-haired white boys, then why can't you hire an attractive black or Asian actress? Preferrably one who isn't sporting a set of distracting and unnatural-looking silicone cans like several actresses in this film. No wonder Willa Ford couldn't keep herself under water for long! Note to parents: If your 18-year-old daughter begs you for a set of DD bolt-on's for her 18th birthday, get her a Prada handbag instead. She'll thank you later.
The film is full of extremely stupid moments and scenes. Getting hit directly in the head by a speedboat going about 50 miles per hour will only result in a tiny little boo-boo. And the extensive lair of underground catacombs under Jason's house? Did Jason dig all that out or is it some sewer system in the middle of the woods? Maybe a former coal mine... with an escape hatch through an overturned school bus? Whaaaaaaa? Then we have Jason keeping a hostage. Well, the Jason I like don't play like that. Are they trying to now "humanize" him like Rob Zombie did with Michael Myers in his equally wretched "remake" of HALLOWEEN? Urghhh...
It all leads up to an ending that fails just as badly as the rest of the movie. The original has that legendary moment that made people jump from their seats while the people who made this botched that opportunity because of a completely awful editing cut. So I'm sad to say, but in my estimation, this was sloppy, irritating and pretty much just plain boring and tiresome. It could have been fun. It's not. At least to me. JASON GOES TO HELL and JASON X were even better than this!
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75 out of 110 people found the following review useful:
Booze, Boobs and Bongs
from Toronto, ON, Canada
27 February 2009
"Jason was my son, and today is his birthday
" Twelve birthdays have passed for the masked killer Jason Voorhees since the series was born thirty years ago back in the golden age of slasher films. Of the slew of terms studios use to avoid the word 'remake' I suppose the best term to describe the latest 13th film would be rejuvenation. The series started its downward spiral after part IV and while director Marcus Nipsel's doesn't wipe the slate clean, he ads enough pizazz to make it the best of the series in nearly two decades.
To give credit where it is due, this film does a number of things with the Jason character that are certainly a relief. Nipsel has opted to do away with the supernatural element and the super-zombie- Jason angle as well as giving Jason some spunk and cunning that he left with him at the bottom of Crystal Lake before part VI. Along with discarding these cumbersome characteristics, Jason is graced with a hunter/gatherer mentality that has him setting snares, traps and siphoning gasoline from locals. This is what the character should be; a loner forced to fend for himself in the forest; disturbed and deadly.
From the get go I thought this movie was a disaster. Never before had I seen poorer character development or less tense of a build- up. But don't leave the theatre so soon, as the opening act is graced with a nifty twist that you will not see coming. The calibre of the acting has never been a prominent staple of the Friday films, but this latest offering certainly comes closest to what could be considered as such. The dialogue is acceptable, only occasionally displaying the wince factor, and the leads are likable enough that you care just enough that you don't wish for a machete to the skull.
Years have passed since young Jason drowned at Camp Crystal lake, and the rein of Pamela Voorhees (Nana Visitor in a cameo) has been cut short
pun intended. Returning to the town of terror, much to the chagrin of the sheriff is Clay Miller (Jared Padalecki) who longs to find his sister (Amanda Righetti) who disappeared along with her friends a month prior. Clay's journey intertwines with a group of friends venturing to a cabin for a weekend of booze, boobs and bongs including Jenna (Danielle Panabaker), the cabins snooty owner, Trent (Travis Van Winkle) the resident stoner, Chewie (Not to be confused with Chewbacca, Aaron Yoo) among others. Their story lines are forced closer together still as people go missing, and soon the terrifying force from the nearby abandoned camp is revealed.
Aside from the Jason overhaul, who can run, jump and kill with the best of them, I enjoyed how the director managed to make the characters do stupid things, without making the characters themselves seem equally idiotic. The way the story unfolds, it is only the frantic ramblings of a few characters that claim a threat, which allows the others to wander to their bloody demises. There are still all the trademark Friday elements; a lot of booze, a lot of pot and a lot of nudity (which is overdone at times) When Jason first rears his ugly head, he has not yet donned his hockey mask, and I was interested to see if they could have him happen across it in an uncontrived manner; I was pleased if not blown away.
Fans of the series should at least be content with the latest offering, but really there is nothing new enough to become ecstatic about. One death aside, it is predictable, and the gore and deaths are less inventive then the early films. There are moments of tension to be certain, and the climax, like all Friday films, does not fail to disappoint. Disposable, but nothing special, when Jason does return I am hoping for a full overhaul of the horror icon that will not be as unlucky as its title implies.
6.5 / 10.0
Read all my reviews at: http://www.simonsaysmovies.blogspot.com
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123 out of 213 people found the following review useful:
Balance not quite right
from Nelson, New Zealand
12 February 2009
Friday the 13th has an incredibly powerful first 15-20 minutes. It really kicks off with a bang. Jason is back better than ever. Then something goes fractionally wrong and we fall back into old territory. Everything becomes a bit too familiar. Still, it does better than most horror films in the sense that it really doesn't become too tedious until the last 10 minutes or so.
The main characters are strong in their performance without being memorable. The cameos are the real scene stealers including a gas station attendant and a man named Donnie. A lot of the jokes from all concerned really hit the mark though and are a nice touch to the film.
The Friday the 13th remake is what it is and at the end of the day probably all that could realistically have been hoped for. It won't decrease the seemingly ever growing hate of remakes, but it certainly won't add to it either and that in itself is an achievement.
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62 out of 93 people found the following review useful:
This garbage is Friday THE 13TH meets Farrelly Brothers meets Texas CHAINSAW MASSACRE
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
(Slight spoilers, though nothing major. Hell, the whole rotten movie is a "spoiler")
Upon viewing the opening third of this movie, I swear I thought the film had been written by Peter and Bobby Farrelly (the talentless brothers behind such pieces of dung such as THERE'S SOMETHING ABOUT MARY, and ME, MYSELF, AND IRENE) because the film assaulted the audience with embarrassingly crude, off-color, profanity-ridden dialogue.
The film also stoops to presenting distressingly stereotypical characters, including blatantly adding the token black guy and the token Asian guy and then tries to poke fun at it! ("Just because I'm black, that mean I can't listen to Green Day?") The film didn't get any better from there.
As a longtime, die-hard Friday fan, I cringed as I watched the filmmakers completely destroy the myth and character of Jason Voorhees by turning him into a psycho, inbred redneck -- directly out of the Texas CHAINSAW series (directed by an individual who directed the crappy remake of that, and using actors from that remake too!). Absurd was the plot point of Jason holding the girl hostage (for reasons that were never truly made clear)-- since when has Jason EVER done anything like that? Oh right, we're making him into Leatherface now.
The lighting was awful, the kills were mostly too fast and too dark to be enjoyed, Derek Mears was OK but unremarkable as Jason. I'll credit him for doing the best with the sickeningly bad material he had to work with.
Worst of all, the film tries to have it both ways -- it tries to create a scary Jason, but makes the characters so repugnantly unappealing that the audience is rooting for Jason. You can't have your cake and eat it too: either have a scary Jason that we're rooting against because he's the villain, or portray him as the (anti)hero who's there to wipe out teenage scum. Not both.
A couple good touches, such as the topless skiing scene (even though that didn't show off what it could've) and the ax kill (now THAT was pure Jason) can even begin to save this pile of sludge. But I'm sure we'll have another awful remake (or sequel to a remake), since this crap hit it big at the box office.
Grade Z tripe.
from United States
14 February 2009
THe Friday the 13th films have never been what you would call good movies. For me they have always been guilty pleasures, but not something I would recommend to fans not into gory movies where there are occasional scares but no real suspense built up. After seeing this latest entry, which is really a remake of the first four films into one, I can't really say its bad. Horror movie fans who love creative killings will love it, but if you're not a horror movie fan of the slasher genre, then I really can't tell you to see this movie. However if this is your type of thing, go see it.
Now on with the plot, which I really won't go into detail about because we already know what it's about. It starts off with a pitiful prelude that goes back to 1980 and found me rolling my eyes, but afterward it gets better. Young adults go camping, young adults die in nasty ways. THe one wrinkle added to the story is that one of the character's (Jared Padelecki from Supernatural on the WB) is brought into the story because he is looking for his sister. THis sister was involved with the first group of victims, and now there is this second group who know of nothing that has happened to the other group because it has been about six weeks since the first group went missing. You all know what happens next, so I won't say anything more.
Most of the cast was competent, better then many of the ones from the earlier films. THere were a few who were annoying, but that is part of the Friday The 13th scenario. I like the new Jason because he is much more active in the role, much like the Jason from the 2nd and 3rd entries back in the early to mid 80s.
I will give the movie a solid 7 out of 10. It went out and did what it was supposed to, but if you are more into the suspenseful horror films, and not hack and slash with a few jump scares, then Friday the 13th 2009 is not for you.
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Re-Make, Re-Boot, Re-Vamp, Recycle, Re-Use, can't tell the difference? Well, neither can I!
19 June 2009
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
Tttch, ttch, ttch, ha, ha, ha
Jason Vorhees is back ttch ttch ttch ha ha ha, OK, I'll stop doing that. Well, back in the glorious decade that was known as the 1980's came out a series of slasher films, two of which have stood the test of time and given us Freddy Krueger and Jason Vorhees. The new millennium brought us Freddy vs. Jason, awesome movie, I recommend it, but we still needed a re-boot of the iconic monsters. So we have Friday the 13th, what baffles me is why the title is same of the 1980 film that was a great slumber party movie. This could have been a lot more better if it had worked as a sequel rather than a re-make. Now, don't get me wrong, I felt that this was actually a fun horror movie, the fans get what they want with the blood, gore and sex. But Jason seemed a little off to me, I think he went to rehab or something for his killing addiction, don't know if it was the actor or the director's vision, but this could have been a little bit better.
On June 13, 1980, a young Jason Voorhees witnesses his mother being beheaded by a camp counselor who was trying to escape Mrs. Voorhees's murderous rampage around Camp Crystal Lake. 30 years later, a group of vacationing friends arrive at Crystal Lake on a camping trip. As Mike and Whitney explore the abandoned Crystal Lake camp, Jason begins to kill the rest of the group one-by-one. Jason also kills four of the friends, but instead of doing the same to Whitney he decides to kidnap her because she resembles his mother. Six weeks later, Trent, along with his girlfriend Jenna, and their friends Chewie, Chelsea, Nolan, Bree and Lawrence arrive at Trent's summer cabin, which sits on Crystal Lake, unaware of the events that occurred a few weeks prior. Also in town is Clay, who has come to Crystal Lake searching for his sister Whitney. Clay eventually makes his way to Trent's cabin, where Jenna agrees to help him look for his sister on the other side of the lake, much to Trent's dismay who's jealous of Clay. As Clay and Jenna search for clues to Whitney's disappearance, Jason does what he does best
baking cookies
oh, wait, I got that messed up.
With the recent roll up's of remakes like Texas Chainsaw Massacre and Halloween, coming soon Nightmare on Elm Street, is Hollywood literally that much out of ideas? Like I said before, I think this would have worked better as a sequel, because not having the original creators on set makes the film feel like a bunch of frat guys who just thought "Hey, wouldn't it be cool to make our own Jason movie?". Sometimes we do have a winner with the remakes like Dawn of the Dead or even Texas Chainsaw Massacre had it's moments as well, unfortunately Friday the 13th didn't do anything to stand out against the other movies. I do recommend it for a night rental, it's always cool to see Jason and how awesome his murders are
kudos on the girl in the sleeping bag getting set on fire, what a
burn! Ha ha ha ha ha! I made a funny, ha ha ha, eh, uh, I try, give me some credit.
7/10
17 February 2009
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
Here is the usual "SPOILERS ahead" warning. Read at your own peril!! I've always been a F13/Jason fan. Can't say I was excited about the remake being produced by Michael Bay but at least I hoped we would get some cool new special edition dvds (which we did). So expecting nothing and knowing I had my old favorites still to watch I went to check it out.
Have to say I was under impressed. One of the charms for me about F13 has always been the fact the movies didn't take themselves very serious. The creators might disagree with that statement but come on, how do you explain his healing factor, the fact Jason never runs but somehow always get ahead of his victim and his "victim radar"? This new movie tries really hard to make it "realistic". Jason runs (*sigh*) after his victims. (Runs? Runs? Jason doesn't run!) There is some sort of crazy mine below Camp Crystal Lake (?) that Jason now uses to get around (because the director wanted a mine. You know, a generic mine, not any particular kind). Along with bear traps and trip wires to let him know where people are. Some half buried bus to come out of ... somewhere on the camp ground. We only get one "Kill, kill, kill, Ma, ma, ma" when he finds the hockey mask. (I remember reading that the new creators wanted to have some "meaning" about why and where he got the mask. Guess they forgot that because it's the same thing, he finds it.) And oh yeah, not much happens at the camp because the producer, Michael "Big Explosion" Bay, thinks that summer camps aren't scary. That reminds me of the director for a Captain America movie who said he hated the costume so he kept the hero out of costume as much as possible. Where the Hell do they get these people? It's more of a remake of F12 Part 3, than Part 1 or Part 2 though there are parts of both in it. Nana Visitor is utterly wasted as the new Mrs. Voorhees. There are some great comments over at Stacy Ponder's Final Girl blog review. Then I found out something that would have kept me totally away from the flick, the director is the same guy who did the god-awful remake of Texas Chainsaw Massacre from a few years back (Marcus Nispel). Honestly, if I had known that, I wouldn't have wasted the $9.50 nor the time. But, I would have warned you my friends, this guy doesn't ever need to make a movie again. Let alone another "horror" movie.
It's not totally horrible and I'm sure the kids who like the remakes of the current time will like it. But for this old timer, it takes the parts of F13 I liked and totally ejects them in favor or "realism". Honestly, it makes me worry even more about the upcoming "new" Star Trek.
For old fans, I would recommend picking up the new versions of F13 1-3 and "His Name Was Jason". F13 P3 is finally in 3D, and His Name Was Jason is hosted by Tom Savini. All kinds of 80's slasher goodness there. Don't forget the original "Valentine's Day Massacre" just released, also uncut for the first time ever. You'll enjoy it more than this remake.
I'll give it 1 hockey mask out of 5.
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Pleasantly Surprised
from United States
13 February 2009
It's rare these days I enter a movie theater to see a horror film and leave anything short of sorely disappointed but today differed from recent past experiences. I've been a fan of the original Friday The 13th for many years now and was of course skeptical of this "remake" but decided to give it a shot nonetheless. I'm a fan of horror movies - this includes good, bad, and indifferent so I figured why not? Being that Friday The 13th was one of my favorites, I didn't expect much.
From start to finish the film keeps you on the edge of your seat. It isn't so much the suspense but instead, the moments you know are coming just not when or how they'll be approached exactly. It takes quite a bit to frighten me and I counted a good 2 or 3 times I actually jumped throughout the film. There's plenty of gore for the gore lovers, plenty of sexual explicitness for the perverts, and plenty of drugs for the stoners just like an old fashioned horror movie should contain.
This film is not a remake but rather a revision and one I came to appreciate much within the first 10 minutes. The action begins almost immediately and builds steadily throughout the hour and thirty five minutes it lasts, right up until the very last shot. I say to those of you who bash this or claim it's a "rip off" or a "poor remake" consider this - It's neither. It is instead a different look at our old pal Jason and one that can be appreciated greatly if given the opportunity. Don't shun the film simply because it bares the title of an old favorite of yours and mine...
Look at it as a modern take on an old time classic with new characters (who admittedly are annoying and overly obnoxious at times just as most teenagers/twenty-somethings in films, especially of the horror genre, usually are) and an (almost) entirely different plot. This movie wasn't made to be compared to the original. It wasn't trying to replace what it was to begin with and people need to keep this in mind before going to see it. Do not enter a theater with expectations, especially not high ones. Whenever you do, you find yourself let down at your own expense, not the expense of the film you're seeing or your experience seeing it.
With this in mind, I highly recommend checking this one out. You won't be disappointed if you're seeing it in the right mind set and that is a very open minded one.
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Whoa...
17 February 2009
*** This review may contain spoilers ***
My title pretty much sums up what I feel when I recall this movie. It was surely unlike any other horror movie re-make, sorry, RE-ENVISIONING I've encountered in a LONG LONG time. The cheap scares were bumped up, the gore was definitely there, and the sex...well, it wouldn't be a "Friday the 13th" movie without the sex. As for Jason's new "attitude" if you really wanna call it that, it's a huge plus in my book. He's more bad ass, he's more ruthless and he's definitely more imaginative with his killing 'methods'. I went in expecting another night of jumps and scares, and got just that plus the satisfaction of knowing a classic horror movie icon was finally re-done correctly. Although I hate talking' about scenes in a movie, I have to say that having Jason stick a camper in a sleeping bag and hang them over a roaring fire while they scream for their lives at the top of their lungs...it's a hugely big improvement from his usual hack and slash from his roots, needless to say there is a lot of 2009 showing in this Jason installment.
In final words of advice, I must say catch this while it's still in theaters because in my opinion it's well worth shelling over the cash, not once but twice.
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Page 1 of 55:
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Jason Voorhees
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From which Disney animated picture does the song 'When You Wish Upon A Star' come?
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See the Cast of 'Friday the 13th' Then and Now
REDDIT
Paramount Pictures
Audiences got their first taste of the ‘Friday the 13th’ franchise, which is now 12 films strong, when the original horror flick hit theaters in 1980.
The tale of gruesome happenings at Camp Crystal Lake didn’t do much for critics, but audiences ate up its grindhouse-style gore.
‘Friday the 13th’ certainly wasn’t a star-based film — in fact its biggest name at the time was coming off an almost decade-long break from films. However, the cast did contain one actor who went on to have a long, successful career, and another who belongs to a legendary entertainment family. See what the cast of ‘Friday the 13th’ is up to these days below.
Adrienne King, Alice Hardy
YouTube/AdrienneKing.com
Then: Adrienne King played Alice, a teen camp counselor who was able to fight off the deranged Mrs. Voorhees. It was the then 20-year-old’s first real film role, which she reprised the next year in ‘Friday the 13th Part 2.’
Now: Because of the success of ‘Friday the 13th,’ King became the target of a stalker. Freaked out, she quit acting to focus on painting. She returned to films in 2010, starring in the horror flick ‘Psychic Experiment.’ She now has three films on the horizon, including ‘Gabby’s Wish.’
Betsy Palmer, Mrs. Voorhees
YouTube
Then: In ‘Friday the 13th,’ Betsy Palmer was Jason’s mom, known simply as Mrs. Voorhees, who (spoiler alert!) does the killing as revenge for the mistreatment her deformed son suffered at Camp Crystal Lake. The film was a career booster for Palmer, who was a well-known TV and movie actress in the ’50 and ’60s but who hadn’t had a screen credit since 1972. She went on to appear in ‘Friday the 13 Part 2’ and later became a series regular on ‘Knots Landing.’
Now: Palmer, 85, last appeared in 2007’s ‘Bell Witch: The Movie.’ She turned down an offer to appear in 2003’s ‘Freddy vs. Jason.’
Harry Crosby, Bill
Celeb List/EVI
Then: Harry Crosby played doomed camp counselor Bill in ‘Friday the 13th.’ The fifth son of legendary singer and actor Bing Crosby, Harry had previously appeared in the TV movie ‘Riding The Pony Express.’
Now: Not long after ‘Friday the 13th,’ Crosby quit acting and became an investment banker, eventually rising to the position of managing director of Credit Suisse First Boston. A chip off the old block, the 54-year-old is known to sometimes sing at clubs and coffee shops.
Kevin Bacon, Jack
YouTube/Daniel Zuchnik, Getty Images
Then: In ‘Friday the 13th,’ Bacon was pot-smoking camp counselor Jack, who gets done in by an arrow to the neck. He played a supporting role two years later in ‘Diner’ before 1984’s ‘Footloose’ made him a household name.
Now: Bacon has been one of the more prolific character actors of our generation — hence the game ‘ Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon .’ Over the past couple years he’s appeared in ‘Crazy, Stupid, Love,’ ‘X-Men: First Class’ and ‘8,’ among other movies. He’s been married to actress Kyra Sedgwick since 1988.
Laurie Bartram, Brenda
YouTube/Listal
Then: Laurie was counselor Brenda, who’s murdered after being lured into the woods by a child’s voice. It was the last and biggest role for the 22-year-old, who was also a ballet dancer.
Now: Bartram got married soon after ‘Friday the 13th’ and had five children. Sadly she passed away from pancreatic cancer in 2007 at the age of 49.
Robbi Morgan, Annie
YouTube/Filmweb.pl
Then: Robbi Morgan played Annie, who is the first present-day counselor to die in ‘Friday the 13th.’ She made her acting debut 11 years earlier — as a 9-year-old — in ‘Me, Natalie.’
Now: Morgan hasn’t acted since 1984. In 1987, she married Mark L. Walberg (the game show host, not the former leader of the Funky Bunch) and they have two children.
Walt Gorney, Crazy Ralph
Rotten Tomatoes/Weary Sloth
Then: You might remember Gorney as Crazy Ralph, who famously warned the counselors that they’re “all doomed!” The Austrian-born actor went on to appear in ‘Easy Money’ and ‘Trading Places.’
Now: Gorney narrated ‘Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood,’ making him the first actor to have two roles in the horror franchise. He passed away in 2004 at the ripe old age of 91.
Ari Lehman, Young Jason
YouTube
Then: Lehman was 14 when he played young Jason Voorhees, and made his film debut two years earlier in ‘Manny’s Orphans.’
Now: Lehman performs non-Western music under his Hebrew name Ari Ben Moses. He also does the occasional film, including the 2012 horror flick ‘Deathwoods.’
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i don't know
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Which city was the capital of the Philippines from 1946 to 1975?
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Manila | national capital, Philippines | Britannica.com
national capital, Philippines
Alfredo Lim
Manila, capital and chief city of the Philippines . The city is the centre of the country’s economic, political, social, and cultural activity. It is located on the island of Luzon and spreads along the eastern shore of Manila Bay at the mouth of the Pasig River . The city’s name, originally Maynilad, is derived from that of the nilad plant, a flowering shrub adapted to marshy conditions, which once grew profusely along the banks of the river; the name was shortened first to Maynila and then to its present form. In 1975, by presidential decree, Manila and its contiguous cities and municipalities were integrated to function as a single administrative region, known as Metropolitan Manila (also called the National Capital Region); the Manila city proper encompasses only a small proportion of that area.
Manila, looking across Roxas Boulevard.
Paul A. Souders/Corbis
Manila.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Manila has been the principal city of the Philippines for four centuries and is the centre of its industrial development as well as the international port of entry. It is situated on one of the finest sheltered harbours of the Pacific region, about 700 miles (1,100 km) southeast of Hong Kong . The city has undergone rapid economic development since its destruction in World War II and its subsequent rebuilding; it is now plagued with the familiar urban problems of pollution , traffic congestion, and overpopulation . Measures have been taken, however, to ameliorate those problems. Area city, 15 square miles (38 square km); National Capital Region, 244 square miles (633 square km). Pop. (2000) city, 1,581,082; National Capital Region, 9,932,560; (2010) city, 1,652,171; National Capital Region, 11,855,975.
Landscape
City site
Manila occupies the low, narrow deltaic plain of the Pasig River , which flows northwestward to Manila Bay . The swampy delta of the southward-flowing Pampanga River lies to the north of the city. Immediately to the northeast and east of the urban region lies a stretch of lowlands, beyond which rise the peaks of the southern range of the Sierra Madre . Laguna de Bay , the large lake from which the Pasig River flows, flanks Metropolitan Manila to the southeast. Enclosing Manila Bay to the west is the mountainous Bataan Peninsula . Although the city’s area is constricted, it is an excellent port site because of its sheltered harbour, its access to inland agricultural areas by way of the river, and its relative proximity to the Asian mainland.
Climate
Baguio
The city is protected from extreme weather conditions by the hills of the Sierra Madre and the mountains of the Bataan Peninsula. The tropical climate is characterized by a wet season that lasts from June to November and by a dry season lasting from December to May . The wettest months are July , August , and September , when thunderstorms are especially common. The average annual rainfall totals about 80 inches (about 2,000 mm). There is little monthly variation from the mean annual temperature, which is in the low 80s F (about 27 °C).
Plant and animal life
The city is dotted with palms, banyans, acacias, and other tropical trees, and bamboo grows in many public parks. Domestic mammals—such as water buffalo , horses, dogs, pigs, and goats—are common, while wild birdlife includes shrikes, doves, and pigeons. Manila Bay abounds with sardines , anchovies , mackerel , tuna , snappers , and barracuda . The city’s natural beauty is marred, however, by air and water pollution caused by the expansion of industry and the growing number of motor vehicles.
City layout
The city is bisected by the Pasig River. It is divided into six administrative divisions that comprise 17 districts. Most of the districts developed from the original fortress city of Intramuros (“Within Walls”) and the 13 villages located outside its walls. About two-thirds of the districts lie to the north of the river and the remaining third lies to the south. The two sections of the city are connected by several bridges.
Capitals & Cities: Fact or Fiction?
Although business areas are widespread, the districts to the north of the river—especially along the bay and in the city’s west-central region— constitute the chief centres of trade and commerce. The district of San Miguel is the site of Malacañang Palace, the presidential residence; and several universities are located in Sampaloc, on the northeastern edge of the city. Adjacent to the heavily populated districts on the northern shore is Manila North Harbor; Manila South Harbor, the main international port, is on the southern shore. Intramuros is renowned for its 16th-century San Agustin church as well as for the ruins of its old walls and of Fort Santiago. On the south shore, Ermita and Malate are choice residential districts and the sites of hotels and embassies. The districts to the southeast are generally middle-income residential areas.
Manila.
Ringling Bros. Folds Its Tent
Metropolitan Manila includes the cities of Manila, Caloocan City to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, and Pasay City (located near the shore of Manila Bay) to the south and 13 municipalities. The municipalities include Makati , Mandaluyong, San Juan , Las Piñas, Malabon, Navotas , Pasig, Pateros, Parañaque , Marikina, Muntinlupa, Taguig, and Valenzuela. Metropolitan Manila was created in order to provide integrated services such as water supply, police and fire protection, and transport and to permit central planning for simultaneous and unified development.
Housing
The city has a chronic housing shortage, and tenement housing projects have been constructed by the government to help house the poor. A landmark—if ultimately unsuccessful—project undertaken from the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s was the Bagong Lipunan Improvement of Sites and Services (BLISS), initiated by the governor of Metropolitan Manila. To provide homes for squatters, the government also developed resettlement projects in and around Manila that are easily accessible by land motor transportation.
Residential buildings include the single-family dwelling; the duplex for two independent households; the accessoria, whose dwelling units have individual entrances from the outside; the apartment building with common entrance; and the barong-barong, a makeshift shack built of salvaged materials (flattened tin cans, scrap lumber, cartons, or billboards) that is common in the poor areas.
Architecture
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Architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay influences. Rizal Park and a number of government buildings were designed by U.S. architect and city planner Daniel H. Burnham . Modern buildings—including multistoried commercial houses and public and private buildings—are commonly made of reinforced concrete and hollow cement blocks. Houses of modern design—especially low, sprawling ranch houses with spacious lawns—are common in the districts of Ermita and Malate. Spanish-style houses, with tiled roofs, barred windows, and thick walls, were common before World War II and have remained popular. The churches of the city are American, Spanish, or European in character. The Manila cathedral was rebuilt in the 1950s and is an important landmark. It succeeds five earlier cathedrals—the first dating from the mid-16th century—that were destroyed either by earthquakes or during wartime.
People
Metropolitan Manila is densely populated and contains a significant proportion of the population of the country. This concentration of people has been brought about by a constant rural-urban migration. The strain on municipal services has had an adverse effect on the quality of life in the urban area. Consequently, various government policies and resettlement projects have been implemented in an effort to address the problem of population density.
Almost all the residents of Manila are Filipinos. The largest single foreign community , representing less than one-tenth of the population, is made up of Chinese. The population of the city is predominantly Roman Catholic , although there are some Protestants , Muslims , and Buddhists . The two national churches—the Iglesia ni Kristo and the Philippine Independent, or Aglipayan, Church—have small congregations.
Economy
Manufacturing
The diverse manufacturing activities of Manila include textile production, publishing and printing, food and tobacco processing, and chemical processing. Manila also produces lumber and wood items, rope and cordage, soap, and other goods. Factories generally are small and are located mostly in the congested districts of Tondo (which also has the railroad and truck terminals), Binondo, and Santa Cruz . Heavy industries are located in the districts of Paco, Pandacan, and Santa Ana .
Finance and other services
Manila is the centre of trade and finance in the Philippines. Trade flourishes within the metropolitan area and between the city and the provinces and other countries. Most of the Philippines’ imports and exports pass through the port of Manila. Financial institutions headquartered in Manila include such establishments as the Development Bank of the Philippines, the Philippine National Bank, the Philippine Veterans Bank, the Government Service Insurance System, the Social Security System, and many private commercial and developmental banks. Private insurance companies and the Philippine Stock Exchange also contribute to the mobilization of savings for investment.
Transportation
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Within the area of Metropolitan Manila, public transportation is provided principally by buses, jeepneys (small buses built on the chassis of jeeps), and taxis. Traffic congestion is serious, especially at the bridges during the morning and evening rush hours. Adjacent towns serve as dormitory suburbs, and many people commute to the city, adding to the traffic problem. Bus services operate routes to northern and southern Luzon.
Railroad services operated by the Philippine National Railways also connect the city with northern and southeastern Luzon. An elevated rail line, linking Caloocan City and the city of Baclaran (to the south of Pasay City), was completed in 1984. It was the first phase of a transit system, called the Light Rail Transit, that by the early 21st century had lines extending throughout much of the metropolitan area.
Interisland and international transportation is provided by domestic and foreign airlines and by shipping. Manila South Harbor, with its enclosed customhouse, warehouses, and sheds, is sheltered by a low breakwater. There are no railway lines within the port area, and cargo is transported from the piers by trucks or barges. The piers and warehouses of Manila North Harbor are busy with heavy traffic from all ports in the Philippines. In the 1980s additional port facilities for international shipping were built, partially on reclaimed land, in the area between the two harbours.
Administration and society
Government
Metropolitan Manila is administered by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA). Within the MMDA is an administrative council consisting of the mayors of each of the constituent cities and municipalities as well as a number of other officials. The Sangguniang Bayan (Municipal Assembly) of each city or municipality helps in administration and legislation. It is composed of the mayor, vice mayor, councillors, captains of barangays (neighbourhoods), and representatives from other sectors who are appointed by the president upon recommendation of the local unit.
Municipal services
Eyjafjallajökull volcano
Potable water comes from a supply network managed by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System. Satisfactory sanitation conditions are maintained by constant surveillance of markets, restaurants, movie theatres, recreation halls, and slaughterhouses. Insecticides are sprayed regularly on open sewers, uncollected garbage, and standing water; garbage is collected by a fleet of trucks that operate night and day. Moreover, workers maintain cleanliness in the metropolitan area and are also responsible for the beautification of the city as directed by the governor of Metropolitan Manila.
Health and security
Health facilities in Manila are among the best in the region. The city government maintains numerous health centres as well as San Lazaro Hospital, where patients are treated free of charge, and subsidizes a number of government hospitals. There are also many missionary and private hospitals in the city.
Police and fire services are well organized and well supplied, and personnel are comparatively well trained and well paid. The Police Community Relations Group helps to combat local crime, as do barangay brigades and barangay tanods (guards) throughout Metropolitan Manila. Members of those groups are volunteers and selected leaders of the barangays who aim to maintain peace and order in their communities .
Education
Nearly all citizens over age 10 are literate. More than 100 free public schools are maintained, in addition to the night vocational and secondary schools and the Manila branch of the University of the Philippines. Educational opportunities are also provided for children with disabilities, orphans of school age, and adults.
As the education centre of the Philippines, Metropolitan Manila houses many of the major institutions of higher education of the country, including the University of the Philippines (with its main campus in Quezon City), the Philippine Normal College, and the Technological University of the Philippines. There are several universities sponsored by religious bodies, including the University of Santo Tomas (founded in 1611) and the Ateneo de Manila, as well as nonsectarian institutions such as the University of the East and the Far Eastern University.
Cultural life
The centre of the performing arts in the country is the Philippine Cultural Center. There is also the Folk Arts Theater, facing Manila Bay, the renovated historic Metropolitan Theatre, and an open-air theatre in Rizal Park. The many libraries and museums include the National Library and the National Museum, known for its anthropological and archaeological exhibits; the National Institute of Science and Technology, with a scientific reference library and large collections of plants and animals; the geological museum of the Bureau of Mines and Geosciences; the Planetarium; Fort Santiago, which houses original works of the Philippine patriot José Rizal; and the Kamaynilaan (Manila City) Library and Museum, which contains valuable carvings, paintings, and archives.
The foremost outdoor recreational area is Rizal Park, with a Japanese garden, a Chinese garden, an open-air theatre, a playground, a grandstand, and a long promenade adjacent to Manila Bay. Other areas include the Manila Zoological and Botanical Gardens, the Mehan Garden, and Paco Park. Athletic facilities include the Rizal Memorial Stadium and the Jai-Alai Fronton, both located in Manila, and the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City. Annual festivals and carnivals are held in the sunken garden fronting the City Hall of Manila.
History
In the late 16th century Manila was a walled Muslim settlement whose ruler levied customs duties on all commerce passing up the Pasig River . Spanish conquistadors under the leadership of Miguel López de Legazpi —first Spanish governor-general of the Philippines —entered the mouth of the river in 1571. They destroyed the settlement and founded the fortress city of Intramuros in its place. Manila became the capital of the new colony. Outside the city walls stood some scattered villages, each ruled by a local chieftain and each centred on a marketplace. As Spanish colonial rule became established, churches were built near the marketplaces, where the concentration of population was greatest. Manila spread beyond its walls, expanding north, east, and south, linking together the market–church complexes as it did so.
The propagation of Roman Catholicism began with the Augustinian friar Andrés de Urdaneta , who accompanied the expedition of 1571. He was followed by Franciscan, Dominican, Jesuit, and other Augustinian priests, who founded churches, convents, and schools. In 1574 Manila was baptized under the authorization of Spain and the Vatican as the “Distinguished and Ever Loyal City” and became the centre of Catholicism as well as of the Philippines.
At various periods Manila was seriously threatened, and sometimes occupied, by foreign powers. It was invaded by the Chinese in 1574 and raided by the Dutch in the mid-17th century. In 1762, during the Seven Years’ War , the city was captured and held by the British, but the Treaty of Paris (1763) resulted in its restoration to Spain. It was opened to foreign trade in 1832, and commerce was further stimulated by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869.
The Manila area became the centre of anti-Spanish sentiment in the 1890s, and the execution of Filipino patriot José Rizal in the city in December 1896 sparked a year-long insurrection. During the Spanish-American War the Spanish fleet was defeated at Manila Bay on May 1, 1898, and on August 13 the city surrendered to U.S. forces. It subsequently became the headquarters for the U.S. administration of the Philippines.
Battle of Manila Bay, undated print.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3b52211)
The U.S. period was one of general social and economic improvement for the city. U.S. policy encouraged gradual Filipino political autonomy , and to help achieve this goal public schools were established in Manila and throughout the archipelago. The University of the Philippines, founded in 1908, became the apex of the educational system. The city developed into a major trading and tourist centre.
Upon the outbreak of World War II , Manila was declared an open city and was occupied by the Japanese in January 1942. The city suffered little damage during the Japanese invasion but was leveled to the ground during the fight for its recapture by U.S. forces in 1945.
Manila, Philippines, in the aftermath of its recapture by Allied forces in early 1945.
U.S. Navy
Manila was in shambles when in 1946 it became the capital of the newly independent Republic of the Philippines. The city was rapidly rebuilt, however, with U.S. aid. A significant change in its appearance was brought about by industrialization. In 1948 suburban Quezon City was chosen as the site of a new national capital, but in 1976 Manila again became the capital and the permanent seat of the national government.
Metropolitan Manila experienced rapid growth in the late 20th century, which helped establish it as a major economic centre in the Pacific region. The expansion, however, also brought pollution, traffic congestion, and overcrowding. The government took numerous measures to alleviate the problems, but they persisted into the 21st century. Another mounting concern was the rise in terrorism. Once largely confined to outlying regions, terrorist activities perpetrated primarily by militant Islamist and communist groups also have increased.
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Quezon City
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What is the fruit of the Carambola tree called?
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What Quezon City could have looked like
Rappler IQ
What Quezon City could have looked like
Here are some features of the 1941 and 1949 master plans for the city, and what has happened to these plans since
Published 11:09 AM, October 12, 2014
Updated 1:10 PM, October 12, 2014
The 1949 master plan for Quezon City side-by-side what QC looks like in 2014. Images from 'Master Plan for the New Capital City' and Google Maps
QUEZON CITY, Philippines – Quezon City was just about to turn 9 years old when it was declared the new capital of the Philippines on July 17, 1948. President Elpidio Quirino signed Republic Act No. 333 , establishing the permanent seat of national government there, moving it from Manila.
Quezon City was chosen from among 16 sites across the country.
Republic Act 333 also created the Capital City Planning Commission, tasked to produce a master plan for the new capital city. The master plan, approved in 1949, shall "guide and accomplish a coordinated, adjusted, harmonious construction and future development" of Quezon City.
Architect Juan Arellano was appointed to head the commission. He has previously teamed up with fellow architect Harry Frost, along with Alpheus Williams and Louis Croft, to produce a master plan for Quezon City (known as the Frost Plan or the Frost-Arellano Plan). It was approved in 1941, two years after the city's birth in 1939. ( FAST FACTS: Quezon City )
To mark the 75th founding anniversary of Quezon City on Sunday, October 12, here's a discussion on some features of the 1941 and 1949 master plans for the city, and what has happened to these plans since.
Constitution Hill
The centerpiece of the 1949 master plan is Constitution Hill, in what is now known as Batasan Hills. It was supposed to accommodate the edifices of all branches of government.
Three groups of buildings would consist the national government center at Constitution Hill. In the middle right, fronting the Plaza of the Republic, is the House of Congress, which would host both the Senate and the House of Representatives, plus a Hall of Fame (a memorial for heroes and patriots) and a Library of Congress.
To the right of the House of Congress would be the Palace of the Chief Executive, or the residence of the President of the Republic. To its left would be the Supreme Court, offices of the constitutional commissions, and other moderating constitutional bodies of government.
The 1941 Frost-Arellano Plan. From the QC Comprehensive Land Use Plan 2011-2030
In the 1941 Frost-Arellano Plan, however, the national government center was located in and around what is now the Quezon Memorial Circle.
The legislature would conduct business in a Capitol building at the Circle, with the Executive Mansion or presidential palace to its left (in what is now the Veterans Memorial Medical Center or VMMC) and the Supreme Court complex to its right (the current site of East Avenue Medical Center).
Meanwhile, the current Batasan Hills in the 1941 plan was reserved for the Philippine Military Academy (PMA).
Currently, only the Batasan Complex stands in the planned Constitution Hill. Both the presidential Palace (Malacañang) and the Supreme Court complex remain in Manila.
Central Park/Diliman Quadrangle
Both the 1941 and 1949 master plans envisioned Quezon City as a "Garden City," providing for parks, greenbelts, and open spaces throughout.
A Central Park was at the "heart" of the park system in the 1949 master plan. It was situated at the Diliman Quadrangle, approximately 400 hectares, and bounded by the North, West, East, and South Avenues. It was devoted exclusively to park facilities and recreational activities.
The entire northern half of the Quadrangle was reserved for a botanical and zoological garden. The southwestern quarter was intended for a municipal golf course, while the southeastern quarter was where a national stadium and sports center was supposed to be built.
Sadly, the Central Park was never completely realized, as several proclamations and orders reduced the park's size numerous times.
Existing remnants of the Central Park, along with the Quezon Memorial Circle, are the 19-hectare Ninoy Aquino Parks and Wildlife Center and a "mini-forest" between the Central Bank of the Philippines and the Lung Center along East Avenue.
Below is an interactive slider of the 1949 Master Plan for Quezon City, as contained in the report of the Capital City Planning Commission, over what the city looks like now.
Quezon Memorial Circle
At the northeast corner of the Diliman Quadrangle is the Quezon Memorial Circle. Standing tall at the oval grounds is the Quezon Memorial Monument, erected in honor of President Manuel L. Quezon, from whom the city took its name. It was constructed from 1952 to 1978.
The Quezon Memorial Monument. Michael Bueza/Rappler
In the 1941 master plan, however, the oval was supposed to be the location of a proposed Capitol building for the Philippine Legislature.
Meanwhile, in the 1949 master plan, a big building was proposed to be built there to house most (if not all) executive departments. The oval would be part of the Executive Center, which would also include portions of land on both sides of the oval.
The Quezon Memorial, on the other hand, was to be constructed on the left side of the oval, at the site where the VMMC now stands.
At present, the offices of the Department of Agriculture (DA) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) are located at the left side of the oval, while the Quezon City Hall Complex is at the opposite side.
Quezon City Hall
In the 1949 master plan, the Quezon City Hall was supposed to be at what is now the East Avenue Medical Center (the site of the Supreme Court complex in the 1941 plan). The plan also proposed a civic center – containing a public library, an auditorium, and a theater – near the city hall.
The present-day 14-storey Quezon City Hall building was constructed from 1964 to 1972.
National Exposition Grounds
Spanning 46 hectares, the National Exposition Grounds (on the left of today's VMMC, opposite the northwest corner of the Diliman Quadrangle) were provided for in both plans. It was planned as the venue for the 1946 World's Fair , according to architect and urban planner Paulo Alcazaren. Now, the SM City North EDSA complex can be located on that site.
In the 1949 master plan, a Scientific Government Center, intended for scientific bureaus like the Bureau of Plant Industry and the Bureau of Soils, was placed adjacent to the Exposition Grounds. Plus, the original Veterans' Hospital was supposed to be placed across the Exposition Grounds, on the left side of EDSA.
Business and Industrial Hubs
The 1949 plan also set up 4 major commercial centers:
A 318-hectare business center in the metropolitan area (near Central Park and the Executive Center)
A 80-hectare business center in the north district, near the La Mesa Watershed
A 45-hectare business center south of Quezon City not far from Camp Crame; it is now known as the Cubao business district
A 35-hectare central public market at the city entrance along Republic Avenue
Meanwhile, industrial zones were placed at the outskirts of the city in the northeast.
Republic Avenue
The 1949 plan also provided for a Republic Avenue, the "principal showplace" of the capital city. Stretching westward from Constitution Hill (to connect eventually to what is now Roxas Boulevard), Republic Avenue was supposed to be lined with a strip of parks on both sides. At the west end is a big rotunda, chosen to be the site of a War Heroes Memorial.
At present, however, Republic Avenue is only a road segment from Barangay Sauyo to Barangay Holy Spirit. There are moves to revive the original plan for Republic Avenue, but the intended path for the road is occupied by informal settlers, said the QC Planning and Development Office.
Other thoroughfares in the 1949 Master Plan
EDSA, or at least the section passing through Quezon City, was to be called Liberation Avenue.
A Katipunan Parkway was supposed to encircle the entire city.
The Santa Mesa Boulevard (now Ramon Magsaysay Blvd) was to be extended up to Marikina, and be known as Malaya Avenue.
Congressional Avenue was supposed to stretch up to Constitution Hill. Now, it ends at Luzon Avenue.
Luzon Avenue was supposed to be a circumferential road leading to San Jose del Monte in Bulacan.
Visayas Avenue was also planned as a circumferential road connecting Meycauayan in Bulacan to Malaya Avenue. At present, Visayas Avenue starts at the Elliptical Road and ends at Tandang Sora Avenue.
Mindanao Avenue was supposed to stretch from Ipo Road (now Quirino Highway) near the La Mesa Watershed to Liberation Avenue or EDSA. Now, two unconnected segments of Mindanao Avenue exist.
Quezon City was the nation's capital for only 28 years. The distinction was regained by Manila on June 24, 1976, when President Ferdinand Marcos signed Presidential Declaration No. 824. – Rappler.com
Sources: "Quezon City Comprehensive Land Use Plan 2011-2030", Quezon City Planning and Development Office; "The Master Plan for the New Capital City", Capital City Planning Commission; " Quezon City: A Saga of Continuing Progress ", Quezonian Newsletter; The 1946 Quezon City world's fair , Paulo Alcazaren; The International Garden Cities Exhibition Facebook page
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i don't know
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Emma Thompson has won an 'Oscar' as Best Actress and for which other category?
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Emma Thompson - Biography - IMDb
Emma Thompson
Biography
Showing all 91 items
Jump to: Overview (2) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trivia (52) | Personal Quotes (33) | Salary (1)
Overview (2)
5' 8" (1.73 m)
Mini Bio (1)
Emma Thompson was born in London on April 15, 1959, into a family of actors - her father was Eric Thompson , who has passed away, and her mother, Phyllida Law , has co-starred with Thompson in several films (her sister, Sophie Thompson , is an actor as well). Her father was English-born and her mother is Scottish-born. Thompson's wit was cultivated by a cheerful, clever, creative family atmosphere, and she was a popular and successful student. She attended Cambridge University, studying English Literature, and was part of the university's Footlights Group, the famous group where, previously, many of the Monty Python members had first met.
Thompson graduated in 1980 and embarked on her career in entertainment, beginning with stints on BBC radio and touring with comedy shows. She soon got her first major break in television, on the comedy skit program Alfresco (1983), writing and performing along with her fellow Footlights Group alums Stephen Fry and Hugh Laurie . She also worked on other TV comedy review programs in the mid-1980s, occasionally with some of her fellow Footlights alums, and often with actor Robbie Coltrane .
Thompson found herself collaborating again with Fry in 1985, this time in his stage adaptation of the play "Me and My Girl" in London's West End, in which she had a leading role, playing Sally Smith. The show was a success and she received favorable reviews, and the strength of her performance led to her casting as the lead in the BBC television miniseries Fortunes of War (1987), in which Thompson and her co-star, Kenneth Branagh , play an English ex-patriate couple living in Eastern Europe as the Second World War erupts. Thompson won a BAFTA award for her work on the program. She married Branagh in 1989, continued to work with him professionally, and formed a production company with him. In the late 80s and early 90s, she starred in a string of well-received and successful television and film productions, most notably her lead role in the Merchant-Ivory production of Howards End (1992), which confirmed her ability to carry a movie on both sides of the Atlantic and appropriately showered her with trans-Atlantic honors - both an Oscar and a BAFTA award.
Since then, Thompson has continued to move effortlessly between the art film world and mainstream Hollywood, though even her Hollywood roles tend to be in more up-market productions. She continues to work on television as well, but is generally very selective about which roles she takes. She writes for the screen as well, such as the screenplay for Ang Lee 's Sense and Sensibility (1995), in which she also starred as Elinor Dashwood, and the teleplay adaptation of Margaret Edson 's acclaimed play Wit (2001), in which she also starred.
Thompson is known for her sophisticated, skillful, though her critics say somewhat mannered, performances, and of course for her arch wit, which she is unafraid to point at herself - she is a fearless self-satirist. Thompson and Branagh divorced in 1994, and Thompson is now married to fellow actor Greg Wise , who had played Willoughby in Ang Lee 's Sense and Sensibility (1995). Thompson and Wise have one child, Gaia, born in 1999.
- IMDb Mini Biography By: Larry-115
Spouse (2)
( 20 August 1989 - 1 October 1995) (divorced)
Trivia (52)
Gave birth to her first child at age 40, a daughter Gaia Romilly Wise on December 4, 1999, and jokingly called her "jane.com". Child's father is her husband Greg Wise .
Ranked #91 in Empire (UK) magazine's "The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time" list. [October 1997]
Attended and graduated from Camden School for Girls, and the all-women Newnham College of Cambridge University with an English degree (1982). Jodhi May also attended Camden School for Girls.
She co-wrote, co-produced, and co-directed Cambridge University's first all-female revue "Woman's Hour" (1983).
Elder sister of Sophie Thompson .
Was named to the Board of Advisors for Cincinnati Shakespeare Festival (previously Fahrenheit Theater Company) in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Her mother is Phyllida Law , who has appeared in several movies with her.
Her father was stage director Eric Thompson .
Was originally slated to play the role of "God" in Kevin Smith 's Dogma (1999). She was unable to perform due to her pregnancy.
Turned down the role of Anna Leonowens in Anna and the King (1999), which went to Jodie Foster .
She was initially cast as the lead role in Basic Instinct (1992), but refused later on. About Sharon Stone 's appearance she said: "As far as I can see, from Sharon Stone 's love scene in Basic Instinct (1992), they molded her body out of tough Plasticine. She was shagging Michael Douglas like a donkey, and not an inch moved. If that had been me, there would have been things flying around hitting me in the eye.".
Speaks French and Spanish fluently.
Resides across the street from her mother and down the street from her sister.
Her brother-in-law is Richard Lumsden , a British actor-comedian.
She was ranked fifth in the 2001 Orange Film Survey of greatest British film actresses.
Is one of only ten actors who have been nominated for both a Supporting and Lead Acting Academy Award in the same year for their achievements in two different movies. The other nine are Fay Bainter , Cate Blanchett , Teresa Wright , Barry Fitzgerald (nominated in both categories for the same role in the same movie), Jessica Lange , Sigourney Weaver , Al Pacino , Holly Hunter , Julianne Moore and Jamie Foxx . Holly Hunter received her double-nomination in the same year that Thompson did.
Has one song dedicated to her and named after her, on famous French singer Georges Moustaki 's album "Moustaki" (2003).
Is the only person to have won Academy awards for both acting and writing. She won Best Actress for Howards End (1992), and Best Adapted Screenplay for Sense and Sensibility (1995).
Accepted the role of Professor Trelawny in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004) to impress her daughter, Gaia.
Read English Literature at Cambridge University.
Used to keep her Oscar statuettes in her bathroom but had to move her Oscars to make room for her daughter Gaia's artwork. She now keeps them in her office.
Her performance as Miss Kenton in The Remains of the Day (1993) is ranked #52 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006).
She was a member of the Cambridge Footlights and in 1981, along with Stephen Fry , Tony Slattery , Hugh Laurie , Paul Dwyer and Paul Shearer , she became the winner of the first ever Perrier Award at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
Has played Hugh Grant 's love interest in Sense and Sensibility (1995) and his sister in in Love Actually (2003).
Won both of her Oscars for films that also featured actors she would work with again in the Harry Potter films. Helena Bonham Carter , who appeared in Howards End (1992), also played Bellatrix Lestrange in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007). Alan Rickman , who appeared in Sense and Sensibility (1995), had played Professor Severus Snape in most of the films so far.
Was considered for the lead role of Emma Peel in the high-profile film adaptation of The Avengers (1998), which went to Uma Thurman .
Good friends with Meryl Streep after starring with her in Angels in America (2003).
Though she is not seen in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) after her character is fired, it is her voice that speaks the prophecy that Harry retrieves at the film's ending.
Was to executive produce the film "Johnny Hit and Run Pauline", that was to be written and directed by Fay Efrosini Lellios (1998). Actors Sherilyn Fenn , Kate Winslet , Rufus Sewell , Miranda Richardson and Paul McGann were involved in the project. The shooting was set to start in June 1998 in New Hampshire. The film was canceled due to financial withdrawal.
Whilst working on the Oscar winning script for Sense and Sensibility (1995), Emma's computer developed a serious problem and she was unable to locate the file. She took the computer to Stephen Fry who, after seven hours, finally managed to retrieve the script.
Ex-sister-in-law of Joyce Branagh .
Returned to work eight months after giving birth to her daughter Gaia in order to begin filming Wit (2001).
Good friends with Maggie Gyllenhaal and Hayley Atwell .
She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6714 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on August 6, 2010. Among those who helped her celebrate were Maggie Gyllenhaal and Hugh Laurie .
Met husband-to-be Greg Wise on the set of Sense and Sensibility (1995).
First experience of Los Angeles occurred in 1973 when, at age 14, she accompanied her father Eric Thompson who was scheduled to direct a theatrical production of Alan Ayckbourn 's "The Norman Conquests" at the Ahmanson Theatre. Coincidentally, the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion (adjacent to the Ahmanson) would be where, 20 years on, Thompson was awarded her first Best Actress Oscar for Howards End (1992) in 1993.
On August 7, 2010, she was awarded a Star (#2416) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame right outside the 'British' landmark pub the Pig 'n' Whistle. Longtime friend Hugh Laurie was on hand to deliver fond words of commendation.
Prior to giving birth to her daughter Gaia in 1999, Thompson became pregnant by her then-husband Kenneth Branagh in 1994 and partner Greg Wise in 1997; she suffered miscarriages on both occasions. Thompson and Wise used IVF to conceive Gaia.
Several of her Harry Potter castmates have appeared in her Nanny McPhee films as well: Imelda Staunton , Kelly Macdonald , Ralph Fiennes , Maggie Smith and Rhys Ifans .
Has been best friends with Simon McBurney ever since they were teenagers.
According to a 2012 Guardian profile of Emma Thompson, in 2003, she and Greg Wise (who had already had their daughter, Gaia), informally adopted a teenage boy. Their son, Tindyebwa ("Tindy") Agaba, was a former child soldier from Rwanda whom Thompson first met when he was 16 at a party for the charity organization the Refugee Council. Tindy's family had died before or during the Rwandan genocide, and after he escaped from his forced child soldier-hood, he lived on the streets of London before receiving aid from the Refugee Council.
Thompson, Leonardo DiCaprio , Tilda Swinton , Marion Cotillard , Tom Hanks , Daniel Brühl and Jake Gyllenhaal are the only actors to receive a Golden Globe, SAG, BAFTA and Critics' Choice Award nomination for the same performance and then fail to be Oscar-nominated for it: for their performances in Saving Mr. Banks (2013), The Departed (2006), We Need to Talk About Kevin (2011), Rust and Bone (2012), Captain Phillips (2013), Rush (2013) and Nightcrawler (2014), respectively.
Has won two Oscars and at both ceremonies, her statuettes were presented to her by frequent co-star Sir Anthony Hopkins .
As of 2014, has appeared in five films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Howards End (1992), In the Name of the Father (1993), The Remains of the Day (1993), Sense and Sensibility (1995) and An Education (2009).
Was the 105th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Howards End (1992) at The 65th Annual Academy Awards (1993) on March 29, 1993.
Did an uncredited final polishing of the script for Paddington (2014).
Both of her Oscars were presented to her by Sir Anthony Hopkins .
She appeared in four films directed by her then husband Kenneth Branagh : Henry V (1989), Dead Again (1991), Peter's Friends (1992) and Much Ado About Nothing (1993).
Is the only cast member to have a Shakespearian role directly after a British premiere attendance, upon the same day as the role other co-stars matched Emma Thompson's attended/support of a Shakespeare themed event. [May 1989]
When she won the Best Actress Oscar for her performance in Howards End (1992), she received that from Sir Anthony Hopkins , who had been her co-star in that movie. The next year, she presented the Best Actor Oscar to Tom Hanks for his performance in Philadelphia (1993). The two would co-star in Saving Mr. Banks (2013).
Shares her birthday with her Harry Potter co-star Emma Watson (April 15).
Along with Fay Bainter , Teresa Wright , Barry Fitzgerald , Jessica Lange , Sigourney Weaver , Al Pacino , Holly Hunter , Julianne Moore , Jamie Foxx and Cate Blanchett , she is one of only eleven actors to receive Academy Award nominations in two acting categories in the same year. She was nominated for Best Actress for The Remains of the Day (1993) and Best Supporting Actress for In the Name of the Father (1993) at the 66th Academy Awards in 1994. Hunter was likewise nominated for both awards at the 66th Academy Awards, winning Best Actress for The Piano (1993).
Personal Quotes (33)
[on her role in the Harry Potter film] I have a nervous breakdown in the film and in one scene I get to stand at the top of the stairs waving an empty sherry bottle which is, of course, a typical scene from my daily life, so isn't much of a stretch.
I can't stand this new culture of the instant disposable celebrity. It's all so vulgar.
I am who I am and there is nothing I can do about that.
I have periods of intense activity, then stop. My ideal is to work hard in the morning until I pick Gaia up from school. Just putting an empty square in my diary seems to make a space in my head, too. You have to be very good at saying no.
My appearance has changed a lot over the years, but it has far more to do with how I feel about being a woman. I've never thought of myself as vain. When I was at Cambridge, I shaved my head and wore baggy clothes. What I did was to desexualise myself. It was partly to do with the feminism of that time: militant and grungy. That's all changed now, though I don't think it is liberating to get your tits out. I don't hold with that. But I am much more comfortable with being a woman now than I was in my twenties.
But when I lose my temper, I find it difficult to forgive myself. I feel I've failed. I can be calm in a crisis, in the face of death or things that hurt badly. I don't get hysterical, which may be masochistic of me. But in small matters, I am not calm at all. My worst quality is impatience.
I mind having to look pretty, that's what I mind, because it is so much more of an effort.
Liam Neeson , quite frankly, is sex on legs. Always has been.
Children are much more understanding of the suddenness and arbitrariness of death than we are. The old fairy tales contain a lot of that, and we've stolen from them, just as they stole from Greek myth, which has that same mixture of pre-Christian chaos.
I've realized that in all the great stories, even if there's a happily-ever-after ending, there's something sad.
Acting simply cannot be about how you look. It would be very difficult to make a film where you have to be beautiful in every shot. You have to put so much effort into it; you have to hold your head at particular angles, put the light in a certain way and I don't like acting like that. I like to act unconscious of how I look.
The first time I was nominated, I didn't know anything about the Oscars. That was almost 15 years ago. I just did Oscar week and enjoyed it very much because I was with my mum. Even so, each time it's happened I've come down with some ghastly infection. It is overwhelming for people. It has nothing to do really at all with your performance. It comes down to if you get an Oscar for your film, then the revenue for your film goes up. They mean a great deal. I can't deny it.
I'm very lucky I write as well. I don't see how I could be as effective a mother as I'd like to be if I had to go away and act all the time. So I've sort of pulled back from acting, which is fine, because I've found over the years - and this was a surprise to me - that I can get the same kind of creative satisfaction from writing as I have heretofore gotten out of acting. It's very encouraging, really.
[1992] We just did Hamlet with Sir John Gielgud and it was so luvvy it wasn't true.
[on the personality of P.L. Travers and Saving Mr. Banks (2013)] She is a rather extraordinary combination of things. I suppose that was the scary thing about playing her. In film, we often get to play someone who is emotionally or morally consistent in some way, and she was not consistent in any way.
My godfather said that 'story' was about taking the chaotic jigsaw of life, making it into a picture and putting a frame around it so that we could look at it, have control over it. Story and art are the humanizing elements in us.
[on being reminded she once claimed that picturing the men she had slept with helped her drift off] I haven't done that in a long time. I'm more likely to rehearse casserole recipes, which perhaps is a sad indictment of my state of mind.
Once you're a mom, you've been split into two people. Like Peter Pan and his shadow.
Th nanny story is essentially the western. It's the stranger from out of town who comes into the situation of conflict, solves the issues using unorthodox methods and then must depart. Shane and Buffalo Bill turn up as Nanny McPhee and Mary Poppins in the female world.
[Walt] Disney had a very Dickensian childhood. Disneyland was a way of rendering the world a safe place for himself and other children.
Why insist on building a new border between human beings in an ever-shrinking world where we are still struggling to live alongside each other?
[on her appearance on 'the red carpet', clad in a hot pink number] It's Stella McCartney. It was actually much shorter on the runway, but when I tried it on it was a bit mutton-dressed-as-a-lamb, so I had it lengthened. I like my legs but not the top bits very much.
I would rather have a root canal treatment for a year than go on Twitter or Facebook. The irony of Facebook is [that you speak out but] don't say it to anybody's face. It revolts me, repels me.
I have the same career trajectory as Maggie Smith. I was passionate about comedy. I wanted to be Lily Tomlin. I wanted that career. Write my own stuff and play it. And I did it for awhile. I had my own series which was so badly reviewed by he critics I thought I can't do this anymore.
[on working with Tom Hanks in Saving Mr. Banks (2013)] It was such fun. You can imagine. He's a darling and such a good actor. We've known each other on a social level for some time and we always said "What can we do? What can we do?". And this turned up and it was sort of perfect.
To be perfectly frank, I sometimes think that the young must get very bored with the parts that they are required to play. It's not as though there are that many very complex, interesting roles for anyone. The guys are now required to stand around looking beautiful and be superheroes. And I'm very, very bored. They must be bored too. Where are all the dramas we used to love? Where are all the stories?
[on her career moments] I said to my agent, "I need to earn money. Get me a job." The first three that came up were a very, very old lady in a wheelchair, Bradley Cooper's mother, and Mother Theresa. I thought, "Well, clearly I have to do something to turn around the Nanny McPhee image as it's gone into people's minds and stayed there." In the end, other things turned up. It was very funny, but Mother Theresa would have just put the tin lid on it really.
When my mum was young, everyone wanted to be in their thirties. Now people are desperate to put the clock back, and there's something absolutely tragic about that. And the loss of our engagement with our aging and getting older and wiser and having more skills - a wider palette - we've lost that. We have granted youth power that it doesn't have.
Books are like people, in that they'll turn up in your life when you most need them.
Films are like history, and I think as people get older, they're so much more interesting. When you're doing theatre, people see the play, go home and don't remember it, but with film you can leave a lot of cannisters behind and can live in people's memories.
I never expected to be a film actress and I wasn't terribly ambitious about it. And film acting and stage acting are not the same thing. In the theatre, you have to wear all your energy on the outside in order to project the character to the guy in the back row, but if you do that for film, it's too much. You have to internalize because a thought can be translated by a muscle in your face, and a film audience will be able to read that.
[on renowned author E.M. Forster ] I've always been fascinated by the 19th Century, and his characters walk right off the page.
I leaned an awful lot about screenwriting from Tutti Frutti (1987) - about how important the standard of screenwriting is. Tutti Frutti was some of the best material I've ever had to work on - just sublime. It's got comedy, tragedy, all the elements - but it's written in such a way that they can all live and subsist together, because they were written by a genius and not by somebody who thinks, "Now I'll do the sad bit." You see that in film after film and TV programme after TV programme, where it's writing by numbers. You look at Tutti Frutti and you say to every screenwriter, "Watch this."
Salary (1)
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Which 1956 science fiction film was based on Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
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Emma Wise (Thompson) - Genealogy
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Gaia Romilly Wise, Tindyebwa Agaba Wise
Residences:
Apr 15 1959 - London, England, UK
Parents:
Eric Norman Thompson, Phyllida Ann Law
Sister:
Eric N Thompson, Phyllida Thompson (born Law)
Sister:
sister
About Emma Thompson
One of the first ladies of contemporary British stage and cinema, Emma Thompson has won equal acclaim for her work as an actress and a screenwriter. For a long time known as Kenneth Branagh 's other half, Thompson was able to demonstrate her considerable talent to an international audience with Oscar-winning mid-1990s work in such films as Howards End and Sense and Sensibility.
Born April 15, 1959 in Paddington, West London, Thompson grew up in a household well-suited for creative expression. Both of her parents were actors, her father, Eric Thompson , the creator of the popular TV series The Magic Roundabout, and her actress mother, Phyllida Law , a cast member of This Poisoned Earth (1961), Otley (1968) and several other films. Thompson and her sister, Sophie (who also became an actress), enjoyed a fairly colorful upbringing; as Emma later said, "I was brought up by people who tended to giggle at funerals." She excelled at school, was well liked, and went on to enroll at Cambridge University in 1978. It was at Cambridge that Thompson started performing as part of the legendary Footlights Group, once home to various members of Monty Python, who provided a huge inspiration to the fledgling comedienne. Unfortunately, Thompson's studies and her work with fellow Footlights members Hugh Laurie and Stephen Fry were interrupted when her father had a debilitating stroke. Thompson went home for a few months, where she taught him how to speak again. After her return to Cambridge, she graduated in 1980 with a degree in English, and she got her first break working for a short-lived BBC radio show.
Personal tragedy struck for Thompson in 1982 when her father died of a heart attack. Ironically, it was in the wake of this turmoil that her professional life began to move forward: she got a job touring with the popular satire - Not the Nine O'Clock News and worked with co-conspirators Fry and Laurie on the popular BBC comedy sketch show Alfresco. This led to Thompson's biggest break to date when she was picked for the lead in a revised version of the musical Me and My Girl. Coincidentally featuring a script by Fry, the show proved popular and established Thompson as a respected performer. She stayed with the show for over a year, after which she got her next big break when she was cast as one of the leads in the miniseries Fortunes of War (1988). The other lead happened to be Kenneth Branagh, and the two were soon collaborating off-screen as well as on. Following Thompson's BAFTA Award for her work on the series (as well as a BAFTA for her role on the TV series Tutti Frutti), she helped Branagh form his own production company, Renaissance Films. In 1989, the same year that she starred in the nutty satire The Tall Guy (which teamed her with Black Adder stalwarts Rowan Atkinson, Richard Curtis and Mel Smith) and in a televised version of Look Back in Anger with Branagh, she appeared as the French queen in Branagh's acclaimed adaptation of Henry V.
Following the success of Henry V, Thompson had a droll turn as a frivolous aristocrat in Impromptu (1990) and then collaborated with Branagh on the noirish suspense thriller Dead Again in 1991. The film proved a relative hit on both sides of the Atlantic, and it further established the now-married Branagh and Thompson as the First Darlings of contemporary British theatre. The following year, Thompson came into her own with her starring role in Merchant Ivory's Howards End. She won a number of awards, including an Oscar, BAFTA, and Golden Globe for her portrayal of Margaret Schlegel, and she found herself an international success almost overnight.
After a turn in the ensemble comedy Peter's Friends that same year, Thompson starred as Beatrice opposite Branagh's Benedict in his adaptation of William Shakespeare's Much Ado About Nothing in 1993. That year proved an unqualified success for the actress, who was nominated for both Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress Oscars, the former for her portrayal of a repressed housekeeper in Merchant Ivory's The Remains of the Day and the latter for her role as Daniel Day-Lewis's lawyer in In the Name of the Father. Although she didn't win either award, Thompson continued her triumphant streak when -- after starring in Junior in 1994 -- she adapted and starred in Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility in 1995. Directed by Ang Lee, the film proved popular with critics and audiences alike, and it won Thompson a Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar. She also earned a Best Actress Oscar nomination, a BAFTA Best Actress Award, and a Golden Globe for Best Adapted Screenplay.
1995 also proved to be a turning point in Thompson's personal life, as, after a much-publicized separation, she and Branagh divorced. Just as well publicized was Thompson's subsequent relationship with Sense and Sensibility co-star Greg Wise. The somewhat tumultuous quality of her love life mirrored that of Dora Carrington, the character she played that year in Carrington. This story of the famed Bloomsbury painter was not nearly as successful as Sense, and Thompson was not seen again on the screen until 1997, when she starred in Alan Rickman's The Winter Guest. The film -- which featured the actress and her mother, Law, playing an estranged daughter and mother -- received fairly positive reviews. The following year, Thompson continued to win praise for her work with a starring role in Primary Colors and a guest spot on the sitcom Ellen, for which she won an Emmy. In 1999, Thompson announced her plans for semi-retirement: pregnant with Wise's child, she turned down a number of roles -- including that of God in Dogma -- in order to concentrate on her family. The two married in July 2003.
In the years that followed Thompson would still remain fairly active onscreen, with roles as a frustrated wife in Love Actually (which found her BAFTA nominated for Best Supporting Actress) and a missing journalist whose husband (played by Antonio Bandaras ) is looking for answers in Missing Argentina (which marked the second collaboration, after Carrington, between Thompson and director Christopher Hampton) serving to whet the appetites of longtime fans. For her role as a respected English professor who is forced to re-evaluate her life in Mike Nichols' made-for-television drama Wit (2001), the renowned veteran actress and screenwriter would earn Emmy nominations for both duties. Following an angelic turn in the HBO mini-series Angels in America, Thompson essayed a pair of magical roles in both Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban and Nanny McPhee - in which she potrayed a governess who utilizes supernatural powers to reign in her unruly young charges.
Thompson then joined the cast of Marc Forster's fantasy comedy Stranger than Fiction, which Columbia slated for U.S. release in November of 2006. She plays Kay Eiffel, an author of thriller and espionage novels suffering from a massive writer's block. The central character in Eiffel's book (an IRS agent played by Will Ferrell ) hears Kay's audible narration and - realizing that she's planning to kill him off - tries to find a way to stop her, with the help of Professor Jules Hilbert (Dustin Hoffman).
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i don't know
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Which car manufacturer makes the 'Lucida' model?
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Estima Models & Specifications
Toyota Estima Model Range
The Estima comes in three variants which are known as the Estima, Estima Lucida and Estima Emina respectively. The main difference is that the Lucida and Emina models are approximately 110 mm narrower than the standard Estima, and 70 mm shorter,which makes the Estima the closest model to the UK Previa. As the three models share the same wheel-base, this can be easily identified by the Lucida/Emina having flared front wheel arches to accommodate the size differential. It is the opinion of some that the Lucida/Emina models handle better, particularly on our narrower roads.
In the pictures below you can clearly see (picture resolution permitting) the flared wheel arch on the Toyota Estima Lucida/Emina Model, whereas the Toyota Estima Model's wheel arch is flush.
Toyota Estima Model
Toyota Estima Lucida/Emina Model
After trying to locate a standard Toyota Estima with a diesel engine, it has become apparent to me that there are none available. After researching a few Japanese dealership web sites, I believe I know why........Toyota do not make them! Only the Lucida/Emina models can be supplied powered by the turbo diesel.
The main reason why the Lucida and Emina exist is simply to beat the tax system in Japan. Unlike in the UK, taxation for cars are far more complex in Japan. Tax rates are determined by different criteria, the main factor being the engine capacity and the body size (area size) of the car. In other words, small cars with big engines will be categorised in a higher band tax at the same time as a car with a small engine but a bigger body. The Estima, due to its size, is classed in the higher tax band for the road tax. However, as the Lucida and Emina are slightly shorter than the standard Estima, they falls into lower band category for tax. This makes significant savings in running costs of the vehicle as the taxes are quite expensive in Japan. (Thanks to JJ aka MAD Mechanic)
The reason for their being two smaller Estima models, the Lucida and Emina, rather than just one, is also quite interesting. In Japan, there are five separate divisions under the Toyota corporate umbrella, with each marketing and servicing selected models. The two similar Estima models, the Lucida and the Emina with the 2.2 TD engine, were designated as such for two of these divisions of Toyota which initially wanted to distribute them. So, the two models were given different names to distinguish sales and statistics between the two divisions, (possibly done by Toyota as a way to stir sales competition within their own sales divisions). They are basically the same in engine, all mechanical parts and interiors. The only difference between the models are minor design features on the front grille section and the rear tail light section.
Also there was a model change in 1996 in Japan with the primary differences being different newly designed front and rear lights, the ABS feature and also twin airbags. Due to these added features on the 1996 model and onwards prices are relatively higher. (Thanks to Mike Ainis, Angel Motors Japan)
Dimensions
External Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) Estima 4750 1800 1790 Estima Lucida 4690 1690 1820 Estima Emina 4690 1690 1820
Internal Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm) Estima 2800 1635 1220 Estima Lucida 2890 1520 1220 Estima Emina 2890 1520 1220
Toyota Estima Specifications
Unfortunately, there is no way of knowing what specification a model comes with. That is, in the UK, Previa models are badged GS, GL and GX, so you know what the baseline specification is. With Japanese Estima models, they are badged differently to the UK Previa, with different grades of specification, but without examining each individual model there is no way of knowing what specification is included on the vehicle concerned, as they nearly always come with extra options.
As a guide, here are two pages from a 1995 Japanese Buyer's Guide (similar to UK's "What Car") . Although it is fraction of the entire list, it is quite extensive. Basically this tells you whether the model comes with features; air cond. (whether climate control or manual), e-windows, c-locking, ABS, audio
system and No. of speakers etc. You may find it easier to print these images to read them.
(This information has very kindly been translated and provided by JJ aka MAD Mechanic .)
"G" and "X" are a common grading scheme used by Toyota Japan on many of their vehicles in Japan, including the Estima Emina/Lucida. G is the higher grade, followed by the mid range (most prevalent) X models, and then F, S and D (basic) models. From 1995 onwards the basic models seem to have been discontinued and I doubt if there are many imported or have been imported to the UK. But in between these basic grades there are those models that have the "twin moon roof" and the slightly curved raised glass J-top sun roof. Also, models comes in "Luxury" & "Limited" models. But it is really hard to pin down what comes with each model as many of the Japanese, when originally purchasing their vehicle, may add a variety of other features. Some may have alloys and the rear spoiler, or they may add the cold/hot box with a CD system to add to the cassette radio. G models generally have the captain seats and the auto. climate control. But some of the X Luxury models also come with the captain seats and auto. climate control. So you can sometimes find a 4WD X Luxury model with better specifications and gadgets than a G. (Thanks to Mike Ainis, Angel Motors Japan)
Apart from the badging of models, there are other give-aways of Japanese imported models. These are :
Square number plates, which is the standard in Japan
Reversing mirror, which overhangs the rear of the car
The front windscreen wipers are both mounted on the drivers side (with 1 long blade and 1 short blade), whilst the European Previas have the arms mounted one on either side and cross over. (Thanks to Nick Keene)
Accessories etc.
This is a list of items that are available on Toyota Estima models. It has become apparent that Toyota make a vast range of optional extras and accessories. This may be a useful starting checklist to use when examining potential vehicles to purchase. I do not believe this list to be complete yet, and indeed if you know of an item or option that is not included please let me know and I will add it to the list.
Click here to see a page from an original Toyota Estima handbook.
(Thanks to John New)
available on the 2.2 turbo diesel Lucida & Emina models but only since 1998)
(Thanks to Mike Ainis, Angel Motors Japan)
Heated rear window
Hot and cold storage box
Lace seat/headrest covers
Mock Walnut dash and door caps
(Thanks to John New)
Multi-box, consisting of 3 holder/tray's for coin's etc. (Thanks to Ian Watmore)
Night Parking stick, on front bumper, lights up at night to aid parking (Thanks to Ian Watmore)
Overdrive, button on column shift, when 'on" this transforms the transmission into a 4 gear mode, allows for smoother, quieter driving on straight roads, and gets slight better mileage. "Off" is primarily for going uphill or down hills (Thanks to Mike Ainis, Angel Motors Japan)
Picnic table and chairs
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Toyota
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Which rider was the first to win the Tour de France six times?
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Difference Between Make and Model of a Car | Difference Between
Difference Between Make and Model of a Car
• Categorized under Auto | Difference Between Make and Model of a Car
Make vs Model
In identifying or describing cars, car makes and models are often used as two descriptive devices to pinpoint or identify a particular car. Both a car’s make and model are often used with each other or separately for this function. There are also instances when the two are used interchangeably with each other.
In terms of the market, some consumers are very particular about car makes and models. However, sometimes there are people who are more particular in one aspect than another. In choosing a particular car model, the customer automatically also picks out the make of that car.
A car’s make refers to the car’s manufacturer or companies who produced the car. Famous car makes include: Toyota, Volkswagen, Ford, Honda, Peugeot, Hyundai-Kia, Nissan, Renault, Ferrari, Chevrolet, and Daimler Chrysler among many others.
Car makes are often large, multinational companies. In some instances, they are distinguished by their association with a particular nationality or country of origin. Foreign car manufacturers often have their headquarters in their home country with satellite branches across the world. For example, Toyota and Nissan are associated with their origins and headquarters in Japan. The same goes for German, French, American and other car manufacturers.
On the other hand, car models are the specific products. The car model is often the specific name, number, or initial to indicate the difference between two models. Car manufacturers use a lot of car models (or names) for their car line or series.
Some famous car model names are: Mustang, Pontiac, Prius, Focus, Beetle, and many others. The car name is chosen by the car manufacturer for its own line of products. It is especially useful when two rival car manufacturers release identical or almost the same car design.
In some car models, the year of its release or model year is also included. This is often used to distinguish one car model from another in a car series since car manufacturers tend to release the same design as a car series under one name but under different manufactured years.
Aside from the chosen car name for the car model, there are other distinctions in determining a car model. One of them is the particular car chassis or bodywork. The car chassis is the skeleton or frame of the car, and some car models have a slight or major differences in terms of this category.
A good example of a car model is in the trim levels. Trim levels are basically the “versions” of the car. A base or entry-level car is a car that has a basic design where the car model or name is bestowed. An increase in the trim level (due to additions and innovations to the basic design) elevate the trim levels. The highest trim level is known as a luxury version/a luxury car, and has a combination of names, initials, and numbers (in the form of an alphanumeric name) in addition to the car model name to indicate its features.
The combination of the year, car make, and car model completes the description and the identification name of a particular car.
Summary:
1.A car’s make and model usually make up a car’s identification and name. The car make refers to the car manufacturer or company who made the car while the car model refers to the car product itself and its registered identification name. Car models are identifiable and are comprised of names, initials, or numbers.
2.A car’s complete identification is made by the year when the car was released, the car make and the car model.
3.Car makes are often distinguishable by their country of origin. Many car manufacturers are international companies that have an international market. Car models, in contrast, are determined by the car manufacturer and the year of their release. This is especially true in a car series where cars share a name but are released in different years. Another purpose of the name is to distinguish the car from rival cars by companies with similar designs.
4.Car models are determined from different aspects. These aspects include the car’s model year, the designated car name, the car chassis, and the trim level. The alphanumeric (combination of letters and numbers) names are only available for the luxury version of the car.
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i don't know
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Who directed the 1951 film 'The African Queen'?
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The African Queen (1951) - IMDb
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In Africa during World War I, a gin-swilling riverboat captain is persuaded by a strait-laced missionary to use his boat to attack an enemy warship.
Director:
C.S. Forester (novel), James Agee (adapted for the screen by) | 1 more credit »
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Title: The African Queen (1951)
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 2 wins & 9 nominations. See more awards »
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Storyline
September 1914, news reaches the colony German Eastern Africa that Germany is at war, so Reverend Samuel Sayer became a hostile foreigner. German imperial troops burn down his mission; he is beaten and dies of fever. His well-educated, snobbish sister Rose Sayer buries him and leaves by the only available transport, the dilapidated river steamboat 'African Queen' of grumpy Charlie Allnut. As if a long difficult journey without any comfort weren't bad enough for such odd companions, she is determined to find a way to do their bit for the British war effort (and avenge her brother) and aims high, as God is obviously on their side: construct their own equipment, a torpedo and the converted steamboat, to take out a huge German warship, the Louisa, which is hard to find on the giant lake and first of all to reach, in fact as daunting an expedition as anyone attempted since the late adventurous explorer John Speakes, but she presses till Charlie accepts to steam up the Ulana, about to brave... Written by KGF Vissers
Did You Know?
Trivia
Shooting was slow going. Tempers often flared and the cast and crew faced constant dangers and difficulties including torrential rains that would close down shooting, wild animals, poisonous snakes and scorpions, crocodiles, armies of ants, water so contaminated that they couldn't even brush their teeth with it, and food that was less than appetizing. Lauren Bacall recalled, "We decided first night out that it was advisable not to ask what we were eating, we didn't want to know." See more »
Goofs
When arguing about who is going to steer the torpedoes, a cigar suddenly appears in Charlie's mouth. See more »
Quotes
Charlie Allnut : Nothin' a man can't do if he sets his mind to it. Never say die. That's my motto!
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John Huston
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Who was Mrs. Larry Fortensky until early 1996?
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African Queen The (1951) | Classic Film Guide
Classic Film Guide
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African Queen The (1951)
Posted on August 29, 2014 by Rob in America’s Greatest Love Stories , America’s Greatest Movies , America’s Most Inspiring Movies , Essential Films // 0 Comments
African Queen The (1951)
Directed by John Huston who adapted the C. S. Forester novel with Pulitzer Prize winner James Agee this essential adventure drama set during World War I stars Humphrey Bogart and Katharine Hepburn (their only pairing). This helped Bogie net his only Oscar on his second of three Best Actor nominations. He plays the scruffy crude hardened steamboat captain Charlie Allnut. Hepburn picked up her fifth of 12 Best Actress nominations for her portrayal of prim proper and religious Rose Sayer. Director Huston ( The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948) ) picked up his third of five Oscar nominations whereas he shared his sixth of eight Screenplay writing nomination with Agee. In an extremely competitive year the film itself failed to receive a nomination. It was added to the National Film Registry in 1994. #17 on AFI’s 100 Greatest Movies list; #14 on AFI’s 100 Greatest Love Stories list. #48 on AFI’s 100 Most Inspiring Movies list.
When Rose’s missionary brother Reverend Samuel Sayer (Robert Morley) dies – after his mission and its village is burned down by German-led natives shortly after the onset of WW I in 1914 Allnut rescues her; they ‘escape’ on his supply boat the African Queen. While trying to decide where to go/hide Rose hatches an idea to traverse a seemingly impassable river route to ‘torpedo’ the German warship Louisa which strategically patrols a lake within the continent. Initially Allnut humors Rose thinking that the roughness of the river will scare away the old maid’s crazy notion. Instead the excitement emboldens her. Allnut continues reluctantly and along the way the two encounter obstacles that include huge rapids a German fortification a narrowing channel and even leeches. During the adventure their relationship develops from respect to fondness and then love. Rose and Charlie eventually make it to the river to take on the Louisa captained by (actors) Peter Bull (whose character has one of the funniest ‘last’ lines onscreen) and Theodore Bikel.
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i don't know
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Dunkery Beacon is the highest point of which moorland in the UK?
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Exmoor - Dunkery Beacon
Dunkery Beacon
Dunkery Beacon
About Dunkery
A wonderful moorland site managed and owned by the National Trust. It has a chain of summits capped with Bronze Age barrows and is Exmoor's highest point at 1,705ft (519m). An ideal site for school groups with amazing views overlooking Devon and Somerset and across to Wales. Classroom and field learning resources focus upon:
Access
Flora and Fauna, such as Red Deer and Heather
Footpath management studies
Moorland management, such as Swaling
The Impact of tourism
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Exmoor
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From which Disney animated picture does the song 'The Bare Necessities' come?
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Exford to Porlock
Coombe Lane
Turn right here
Our route out of Exford is Coombe Lane, which is a lane off to the right at the north end of the green. It goes uphill steeply and soon becomes a simple farm track.
Coombe Lane
Our route follows Coombe Lane to its far and, a distance of a good mile and a half. This is a very straightforward section and the only thing to watch out for is the fork in the path just past the unseen Coombe Farm after one kilometre. The path is enclosed by hedges for a good distance but after a while there are open pastures and fields to the left, allowing you to look across the little valley of Edgecot Water to Mill Lane beyond, the road from Exford up to Exford Common.
Combe Lane, midsection
Eventually the farm track goes off to the right for Sharcott farm, and our route continues across open pasture, climbing all the time. Eventually you come to a track junction, where you turn left.
Upper Combe Lane
This track is known as Stone Lane and it forms a bridleway from the hamlet of Stone, two miles to the south east, up to Exford Common. We've joined it near its northwestern end. The track runs between tall hedges for 250 metres to come out at a lonely road junction at the edge of Exmoor Common, and the start of the wild, upper heights of the national park.
Exford Common ; Porlock Post ; Dunkery Beacon track
Once again there is an enclosure wall to your right, and once again you are pretty well surrounded by heather. It would be nice to climb up to Great Rowbarrow, the ridgeline just to the north, but it would just be too much effort for little obvious reward. Stick to the track, which continues for two miles.
The track to Dunkery Beacon
Dunkery Beacon
The approach to Dunkery Beacon
After a mile and a half the enclosure wall diverges to your right and the track forks, with the right-hand fork still following the wall away to the southeast. Continue straight on, along the track that is now converging with the ridgeline and heading directly for Dunkery Beacon, Exmoor's highest point. You're already on the ridge and the ascent is shallow and gentle.
Topograph and summit cairn on Dunkery Beacon
Dunkery Beacon itself, elevation approx. 520m or 1707ft, is not the prettiest of summits. It's stony, the cairn is absurdly large, and while the summit is at least a kilometre from the nearest road access it does seem to attract an unfortunate amount of undiscerning trippers. Since the ridge is fairly flat you don't get much of an immediate view, but if the day is clear the distant panoramas should be rewarding. You will get your last glimpse of Dartmoor from up here, while to the north you should be able to see clear across the Bristol channel to Wales, with perhaps a glimpse of the Brecon Beacons some fifty miles away. To the east the Quantocks will be in view, while to the northeast you will have much of the succeeding walk in view - as far, apparently, as Haresfield Beacon in the Cotswolds, 188 walking miles ahead.
The route off the Beacon
The main track to the east continues to a point on the Porlock - Luckwell Bridge road, but you can save yourself half a mile of road walking by taking a simpler pathway diverging to the northeast. This path, which runs through a mix of heather and moorland shrubs such as gorse and broom, traverses below the lip of the moor and runs around the head of a number of combes feeding Horner Water, below to your left. It's a little tricky to find its commencement from the summit - to find it walk north for some twenty to thirty metres then strike off on the path to the right.
Luccombe Hill
The valley of Horner Water ; looking back to Dunkery Beacon ; view forwards to Webbers Post and Porlock
The slopes hereabouts are known as Dunkery Hill, but after a mile and a half the path joins the Luckwell Bridge - Porlock road just west of the minor summit of Robin How. From here on you follow the road northwards, and Dunkery Hill becomes Luccombe Hill. The major scenic highlight is not the moor itself, which continues to display a dark and brooding carpet of heather, but the lushly wooded valley of Horner Water down to your left. It looks very inviting and soon we shall be making our way down there. The immediate objective, however, is Webber's Post, a locality on the edge of the forest that boasts an extensive car park. It has in fact been visible all the way from Dunkery Beacon and it will forever be fixed in my mind as the Three O'Clock Car park, as I guessed - to within five minutes, as it turned out - that it would be a good place for my afternoon tea break.
The "Three O'Clock Car Park at Webber's Post ; path to lookout point ; lookout point
Webber's Post turns out to be a small maze of forest tracks and dirt roads, complicated by the converging Cloutsham lane which has come up from a farm halfway up the valley (and which, ultimately, was the road that diverged from our route at Porlock Post back on Exford common. Cross this road to reach the car park and go to the far northwest corner, where you'll find a path. Follow this, avoiding any tracks going steeply downhill, and merrge with a more substantial track. This leads you to a wooden hut on a hilltop clearing.
the path down the slopes of Horner Hill
At the wooden hut go left to a side path that heads steeply downhill. This path, in woodland cover for most of its course, describes a number of sharp zigzags as it loses height.
Horner Wood and the footbridge across Horner Water
Horner Wood is lovely - a relatively open area of natural deciduous woodland that lets in plenty of daylight. You are surrounded by the best of countryside sounds - a mix of bird song, breeze in the treetops, and running water not far below. The sound of running water emanates from Horner Water, which you reach in the vicinity of a substantial footbridge. Cross the bridge and turn right, heading along the woodland path following Horner Water's left bank.
Path by Horner Water
Woodland path, Horner
Horner tea rooms and packhorse bridges
The path delivers you to the tiny village of Horner in just under a mile. The path first reaches a packhorse bridge which you are obliged to cross, for the path peters out on the left side of the stream. Just across the bridge is the beginning of a motor road; there is a car park here, but more importantly the splendid Horner tea rooms stand adjacent. Immediately you pass the tearooms cross a second packhorse bridge back to the left side of the stream. You could take either the road or the woodland path from here, though I recommend the woodland path for it avoids a roadwalk through the village of West Luccombe just to the north and cuts off a corner.
At the foot of Crawter Hill you come to the back lane between West Luccombe and Porlock. There's a campsite adjacent just across the river. Another woodland path converges from the left at the same point, and those walking north to south might easily go astray here (treating the road as the leftmost of three possible routes, choose the centre path). The first houses of Porlock are now just a few of hundred yards away.
Approaching Porlock
Porlock
Residential roads in Porlock
You enter Porlock through its southern "suburb", a locality named Doverhay. Porlock is a picturebook English village of stone, limewashed and thatched cottages haphazardly set among narrow, winding lanes. By rights it ought to be a coastal community but for reasons I've not been able to discern its founders sited it here, a mile south of the bay that bears its name. Porlock relies to some extent on tourism but thankfully not to the extent that the gift shops have taken over. It's a pleasant place to explore and it's in a lovely setting, surrounded by woods and steep little hills that invite exploration and are a magnet to the walker.
Porlock
Porlock is on the Somerset Coast Path (which we shall be following tomorrow) and has B&B accommodation and a campsite, as well as bus services to Minehead and Lynton.
Service 38, Minehead - Porlock (Mon - Sat, Summer 2002 timetable)
Now available on CD - the high resolution (2560 x 1920 pixel) originals of the 2003 images on this gallery (also includes Withypool to Exford from walk 8). 149 images, 160MB of data. (includes some images not selected for the website).
£3.50 inclusive of postage / packing.
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What is L. Frank Baum's most famous story?
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L. Frank Baum | Oz Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia
THE ROYAL HISTORIAN OF OZ
"Never give into despair, for behind every gloomy cloud, there is a bright Rainbow..."
―Lyman Frank Baum R.I.P
Dorothy Toto and their three comrades travel to the Emerald City. Illustrated by W. W. Denslow 1900
L. Frank Baum (15 May 1856 – 6 May 1919) was an American stage performer, actor, poet and independent filmmaker best known as the creator, along with illustrator W. W. Denslow , of one of the most popular books ever written in American children's literature, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz , better known today as simply The Wizard of Oz. He named himself Royal Historian of Oz and wrote thirteen sequels , nine other fantasy novels , and a plethora of other works, and made numerous attempts to bring his works to the stage and screen.
The Original 14 Classic Oz Books by Baum All In Order.
Baum would become an iconic figure in story telling. He is responsible for giving a very special gift of spellbinding magic and comort to millions of people from all over the world. Decades later people still could not forget nor resist from falling under his spell and in love with his fictional creations of Wicked Witches, magic shoes and flying Monkeys. An entrancing phenomenon, even over one hundred years after his Death. Baum is a legend in literature, and best known as the man who wrote and told the very first American Fairytale; The Wonderful Wizard of Oz of 1900.
Baum's childhood and early life
The Royal Historian of Oz!
Frank was born in Chittenango, New York, into a devout Methodist family of German (father's side) and Scots-Irish (mother's side) origin, the seventh of nine children born to Cynthia Stanton and Benjamin Ward Baum , only five of whom survived into adulthood. He was named "Lyman" after his father's brother, but always disliked this name, and preferred to go by "Frank". His mother, Cynthia Stanton, was a direct descendant of Thomas Stanton, one of the four Founders of what is now Stonington, Connecticut.
Benjamin Baum was a wealthy businessman, who had made his fortune in the oil fields of Pennsylvania. Frank grew up on his parents' expansive estate, Rose Lawn, which he always remembered fondly as a sort of paradise. As a young child Frank was tutored at home with his siblings , but at the age of 12 he was sent to study at Peekskill Military Academy. Frank was a sickly child given to daydreaming, and his parents may have thought he needed toughening up. But after two utterly miserable years at the military academy, he was allowed to return home. Frank Joslyn Baum claimed that this was following an incident described as a heart attack, though there is no contemporary evidence of this.
A younger L. Frank Baum.
Frank started writing at an early age, perhaps due to an early fascination with printing. His father bought him a cheap printing press, and Frank used it to produce The Rose Lawn Home Journal with the help of his younger brother, Harry Clay Baum, with whom he had always been close. The brothers published several issues of the journal and included advertisements they may have sold. By the time he was 17, Baum had established a second amateur journal, The Stamp Collector, printed an 11-page pamphlet called Baum's Complete Stamp Dealers' Directory, and started a stamp dealership with his friends.
L. Frank Baum
At about the same time Frank embarked upon his lifetime infatuation with the theater, a devotion which would repeatedly lead him to failure and near-bankruptcy. His first such failure occurred when a local theatrical company duped him into replenishing their stock of costumes, with the promise of leading roles that never came his way. Disillusioned, Baum left the theatre—temporarily—and went to work as a clerk in his brother-in-law's dry goods company in Syracuse. At one point, he found another clerk locked in a store room dead, an apparent suicide. This incident appears to have inspired his locked room story, " The Suicide of Kiaros .
At the age of 20, Baum took on a new vocation: the breeding of fancy poultry, which was a national craze at the time. He specialized in raising a particular breed of fowl, the Hamburg chicken. In 1880 he established a monthly trade journal, The Poultry Record, and in 1886, when Baum was 30 years old, his first book was published: The Book of the Hamburgs .
The Creator of Oz!
Yet Baum could never stay away from the stage long. He continued to take roles in plays, performing under the stage names of Louis F. Baum and George Brooks.
In 1880, his father built him a theatre in Richburg, New York, and Baum set about writing plays and gathering a company to act in them. The Maid of Arran, a melodrama with songs based on William Black's novel A Princess of Thule, proved a modest success. Baum not only wrote the play but composed songs for it (making it a prototypical musical, as its songs relate to the narrative), and acted in the leading role. His aunt, Katharine Gray, played his character's aunt. She was the founder of Syracuse Oratory School, and Baum advertised his services in her catalog to teach theatre, including stage business, playwriting, directing, and translating (French, German, and Italian), revision, and operettas, though he was not employed to do so. On November 9, 1882, Baum married Maud Gage , a daughter of Matilda Joslyn Gage , a famous women's suffrage activist. While Baum was touring with The Maid of Arran, the theatre in Richburg caught fire during a production of Baum's ironically-titled parlor drama, Matches, and destroyed not only the theatre, but the only known copies of many of Baum's scripts, including Matches, as well as costumes and props.
The South Dakota years
In July 1888, Baum and his wife moved to Aberdeen, Dakota Territory, where he opened a store, " Baum's Bazaar ". His habit of giving out wares on credit led to the eventual bankrupting of the store, so Baum turned to editing a local newspaper, The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer , where he wrote a column, Our Landlady . Baum's description of Kansas in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is based on his experiences in drought-ridden South Dakota. During much of this time, Matilda Joslyn Gage was living in the Baum household.
Baum Becomes A Successful Childrens' Author
The Mother Goose book used as free premium for breakfast cereal
After Baum's newspaper failed in 1891, he, Maud and their four sons moved to Chicago , where Baum took a job reporting for the Evening Post. For several years he edited The Show Window , a magazine focused on window displays in stores. The major department stores created elaborate Christmas time fantasies, using clockwork mechanism that made people and animals appear to move.
In 1897 he wrote and published Mother Goose in Prose , a collection of Mother Goose rhymes written as prose stories, and illustrated by Maxfield Parrish . Mother Goose was a moderate success, and allowed Baum to quit his door-to-door job.
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
In 1899 Baum partnered with illustrator W. W. Denslow , to publish Father Goose, His Book, a collection of nonsense poetry. The book was a success, becoming the best-selling children's book of the year.
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
"No matter how gray or dreary our homes are, we people of flesh and blood rather live there than any other place may it be more beautiful. For home is where the heart is, and there is no place like it!"
―Lyman Frank Baum R.I.P
"Folk lore, legends, myths and fairy tales have followed childhood through the ages, for every healthy youngster has a wholesome and instinctive love for stories fantastic, marvelous and manifestly unreal. The winged fairies of Grimm and Andersen have brought more happiness to childish hearts than all other human creations. Yet the old-time fairy tale, having served for generations, may now be classed as "historical" in the children's library; for the time has come for a series of newer "wonder tales" in which the stereotyped genie, dwarf and fairy are eliminated, together with all the horrible, gory and blood-curdling incident devised by their authors to point a fearsome moral to each tale. Modern education includes morality; therefore the modern child seeks only entertainment in its wonder-tales and gladly dispenses with all disagreeable incident. Having this thought in mind, the story of "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" was written solely to pleasure children of today. It aspires to being a modernized fairy tale, in which the wonderment and joy are retained and the tragic heart-aches and nightmares are left out."
L. Frank Baum -
Chicago, April, 1900.
In circa 1899-1900, Baum and Denslow (with whom he shared the copyright) published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz to much critical and financial acclaim. The book was the best-selling children's book for two years after its initial publication. Baum went on to write thirteen other novels based on the places and people of the Land of Oz.
Two years after Wizard's publication, Baum and Denslow teamed up with composer Paul Tietjens and director Julian Mitchell to produce a musical stage version of the book under Fred R. Hamlin. This stage version, the first to use the shortened title "The Wizard of Oz", opened in Chicago in 1902, then ran on Broadway for 293 stage nights from January to October 1903. It returned to Broadway in 1904, where it played from March to May and again from November to December. It successfully toured the United States with much of the same cast, as was done in those days, until 1911, and then became available for amateur use. The stage version starred David C. Montgomery and Fred Stone as the Tin Woodman and Scarecrow respectively, which shot the pair to instant fame. The stage version differed quite a bit from the book, and was aimed primarily at adults. Toto was replaced with Imogene the Cow; Tryxie Tryfle (a waitress) and Pastoria (a streetcar operator) were added as fellow cyclone victims. The Wicked Witch of the West was eliminated entirely in the script, over which Baum had little control or influence. Jokes in the script, mostly written by Glen MacDonough, called for explicit references to President Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Mark Hanna, and oil magnate John D. Rockefeller.
Promotional Poster for Baum's "Popular Books For Children", 1901.
Beginning with the success of the stage version, most subsequent versions of the story, including newer editions of the novel, have been titled "The Wizard of Oz", rather than using the full, original title.
Following early film treatments in 1910 and 1925, Metro Goldwyn Mayer made the story into the now classic movie The Wizard of Oz starring Judy Garland as Dorothy Gale. A completely new Tony Award winning Broadway musical based on African-American musical styles, The Wiz was staged in 1975 with Stephanie Mills as Dorothy. It was the basis for a 1978 film by the same title starring Diana Ross as an adult Dorothy. The Wizard of Oz continues to inspire new versions such as Disney's 1985 Return to Oz , The Muppets' Wizard of Oz , and a variety of animated productions. One of today's most successful Broadway shows, Wicked , provides a backstory to the two Oz witches used in the classic MGM film. Gregory Maguire , author of Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West author Gregory Maguire chose to honor L. Frank Baum by naming his main character Elphaba — a phonetic take on Baum's initials.
Later life and work
With the success of Wizard on page and stage, Baum and Denslow hoped lightning would strike a third time and in 1901 published Dot and Tot of Merryland . The book was one of Baum's weakest, and its failure further strained his faltering relationship with Denslow. It would be their last collaboration.
Several times during the development of the Oz series, Baum declared that he had written his last Oz book and devoted himself to other works of fantasy fiction based in other magical lands, including The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus and Queen Zixi of Ix . However, persuaded by popular demand, letters from children, and the failure of his new books, he returned to the series each time. All of his novels have fallen into public domain in most jurisdictions, and many are available through Project Gutenberg.
Because of his lifelong love of theatre, he often financed elaborate musicals, often to his financial detriment. One of Baum's worst financial endeavors was his The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays (1908), which combined a slideshow, film, and live actors with a lecture by Baum as if he were giving a travelogue to Oz. However, Baum ran into trouble and could not pay his debts to the company who produced the films. He did not get back to a stable financial situation for several years, after he sold the royalty rights to many of his earlier works, including The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. This resulted in the M.A. Donahue Company publishing cheap editions of his early works with advertising that purported that Baum's newer output was inferior to the less expensive books they were releasing. Baum had shrewdly transferred most of his property, except for his clothing, his library (mostly of children's books, such as the fairy tales of Andrew Lang, whose portrait he kept in his study), and his typewriter, into Maud's name, as she handled the finances, anyway, and thus lost much less than he could have.
His final Oz book, Glinda of Oz was published a year after his death in 1920 but the Oz series was continued long after his death by other authors, notably Ruth Plumly Thompson , who wrote an additional nineteen Oz books.
Baum made use of several pseudonyms for some of his other, non-Oz books. They include:
Edith Van Dyne (the Aunt Jane's Nieces series and other books)
Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald (the Sam Steele books)
Floyd Akers (The Boy Fortune Hunters series, continuing the Sam Steele series)
John Estes Cooke ( Tamawaca Folks )
Baum also anonymously wrote The Last Egyptian: A Romance of the Nile.
Baum continued theatrical work with Harry Marston Haldeman 's men's social group, The Uplifters , for which he wrote several plays for various celebrations. He also wrote the group's parodic by-laws. The group, which also included Will Rogers, was proud to have had Baum as a member and posthumously revived many of his works despite their ephemeral intent. Prior to that, his last produced play was The Tik-Tok Man of Oz (based on Ozma of Oz and the basis for Tik-Tok of Oz ), a modest success in Hollywood that producer Oliver Morosco decided did not do well enough to take to Broadway. Morosco, incidentally, quickly turned to film production, as would Baum.
In 1914, having moved to Hollywood years earlier, Baum started his own film production company, The Oz Film Manufacturing Company , which came as an outgrowth of the Uplifters. He served as its president, and principal producer and screenwriter. The rest of the board consisted of Louis F. Gottschalk , Harry Marston Haldeman, and Clarence R. Rundel. The films were directed by J. Farrell MacDonald , with casts that included Violet MacMillan , Vivian Reed , Mildred Harris, Juanita Hansen, Pierre Couderc , Mai Welles, Louise Emmons, J. Charles Haydon, and early appearances by Harold Lloyd and Hal Roach. Richard Rosson appeared in one of the films, whose younger brother Harold Rosson photographed The Wizard of Oz (1939). After little success probing the unrealized children's film market, Baum came clean about who wrote The Last Egyptian and made a film of it (portions of which are included in Decasia), but the Oz name had, for the time being, become box office poison and even a name change to Dramatic Feature Films and transfer of ownership to Frank Joslyn Baum did not help. Unlike with The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, Baum invested none of his own money in the venture, but the stress probably took its toll on its health.
Baum died on May 6, 1919, aged 62, and was buried in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery, in Glendale, California . (See also: Baum's bankruptcy ; Ozcot .)
The real Grave of L. Frank Baum.
Baum & Women's Suffrage
Sally Roesch Wagner of The Matilda Joslyn Gage Foundation has published a pamphlet titled The Wonderful Mother of Oz describing how Matilda's radical feminist politics were sympathetically channelled by Baum into his Oz books. Much of the politics in the Republican Aberdeen Pioneer dealt with trying to convince the populace to vote for women's suffrage. Baum was the secretary of Aberdeen's Woman's Suffrage Club. When Susan B. Anthony visited Aberdeen, she stayed with the Baums. Nancy Tystad Koupal notes an apparent loss of interest in editorializing after Aberdeen failed to pass the bill for women's enfranchisement.
Some of Baum's contacts with suffragettes of his day seem to have inspired much of his second Oz story, The Marvelous Land of Oz . In this story, General Jinjur leads the girls and women of the Emerald City in a revolt by knitting needles, take over, and make the men do the household chores. His updating of Lysistrata reflects a bemused attitude.
American Indian Genocide
During the events leading up to the Wounded Knee Massacre, Baum wrote an editorial for the Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer upon the death of Sioux Chief Sitting Bull stating:
The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians. Why not annihilation? Their glory has fled, their spirit broken, their manhood effaced; better that they die than live the miserable wretches that they are.[1]
After the Massacre he wrote a second editorial repeating his earlier opinion and criticizing the government for not taking even harsher measures. This second editorial ran on January 3, 1891 and made further call for genocide as follows:
The peculiar policy of the government in employing so weak and vacillating a person as General Miles to look after the uneasy Indians, has resulted in a terrible loss of blood to our soldiers, and a battle which, at best, is a disgrace to the war department. There has been plenty of time for prompt and decisive measures, the employment of which would have prevented this disaster. The PIONEER has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination [sic] of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one or more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth. In this lies safety for our settlers an the soldiers who are under incompetent commands. Otherwise, we may expect future years to be as full of trouble with the redskins as those have been in the past. An eastern contemporary, with a grain of wisdom in its wit, says that 'when the whites win a fight, it is a victory, and when the Indians win it, it is a massacre." [1]
These two short editorials continue to haunt his legacy. Matilda Joslyn Gage, a white feminist who was later adopted into the Mohawk nation, was living with Baum at the time of the Wounded Knee massacre, and none of the Baum family letters or journals of the time suggest any home strife as a result of this writing. In 2006, descendants of Baum apologized to the Sioux nation for any hurt their ancestor had caused.
These editorials are the only known occasion on which Baum expressed such direct views, though less hostile remarks in some other writing used racist vocabulary or stereotyping typical of the day. His overall writing is remarkably inclusive and his characters diverse. For example, aside from vocabulary no one would use today, he did acknowledge many Americans of non-European ancestry in The Woggle Bug Book to an extent unheard of in other 1905 children's publications. The short story, " The Enchanted Buffalo ", which purports to be a Native American fable, speaks respectfully of tribal peoples.
Political imagery in The Wizard of Oz
Although numerous political references to the "Wizard" appeared early in the 20th century, it was in a scholarly article in 1964 (Littlefield 1964) that there appeared the first full-fledged interpretation of the novel as an extended political allegory of the politics and characters of the 1890s. Special attention was paid to the Populist metaphors and debates over silver and gold. [2] As a staunch Republican and avid supporter of Women's Suffrage, Baum personally did not support the political ideals of either the Populist movement of 1890-92 or the Bryanite-silver crusade of 1896-1900. He published a poem in support of William McKinley.
Since 1964 many scholars, economists and historians have expanded on Littlefield's interpretation, pointing to multiple similarities between the characters (especially as depicted in Denslow's illustrations) and stock figures from editorial cartoons of the period. Littlefield himself wrote the New York Times letters to the editor section spelling out that his theory had no basis in fact, but was developed simply as a tool to help bored summer school students remember their history lesson.
Baum's newspaper had addressed politics in the 1890s, and Denslow was an editorial cartoonist as well as an illustrator of children's books. A series of political references are included in the 1902 stage version, such as references by name to the President and a powerful senator, and to John D. Rockefeller for providing the oil needed by the Tin Woodman. Scholars have found few political references in Baum's Oz books after 1902.
When Baum himself was asked whether his stories had hidden meanings, he always replied that they were written to please children and generate an income for his family.
Fans of the Oz books dismiss any political interpretation, and argue that Baum and Denslow had no interest in promoting any kind of political agenda.
Religion
Originally a Methodist, Baum joined the Episcopal Church in Aberdeen in order to participate in community theatricals. Later, he and his wife, encouraged by Matilda Joslyn Gage, dabbled in theosophy, in 1897. Baum's beliefs are often reflected in his writing, and although, the only mention of a church in his Oz books is the porcelain one which the Cowardly Lion breaks in the Dainty China Country in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Cap'n Bill mentions being thankful to God in The Magic of Oz, and Baum references God as The Supreme Master, in The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus, and The Supreme Maker in Policeman Bluejay (aka. Babes in Birdland) The Baums also sent their older sons to "Ethical Culture Sunday School" in Chicago, which taught morality but not religion.
Trivia
When Baum was writing The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer, he once missed a typographical error which noted a woman's "roughish smile" instead of a "roguish smile." Legend has it, he was describing a bride at her wedding, and her husband was so irate that he challenged Baum to a gun duel. The two men were to stand back to back on one street, come around the corner, face each other, and shoot. Allegedly, Baum heard guns go off during the corner turn and started to run, and a man stopped him and said "you fool, the other guy's running!" Nancy Tystad Koupal accessed all microfilms of the Pioneer and found only one instance of "roughish smile." The woman described was, in fact, an actor in a community theatre production that Baum had inadvertently wandered in on. However, Baum adapts the legend in Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation . In that book, a typographical error describes Molly Sizer as having a "roughish smile," and her brother Bill Sizer sets out to give Arthur Weldon a beating in retaliation. This evolves into a comical duel.
Baum was left handed, and gave the trait to his character Ojo in The Patchwork Girl of Oz . Ojo believes himself to be unlucky because of his left-handedness, but ultimately becomes known as Ojo the Lucky.
When the wardrobe department of MGM began to buy costumes for the 1939 movie version of The Wizard of Oz , they purchased second hand clothes from rummage sales around Hollywood. Actor Frank Morgan , who played the Wizard, was given one such second-hand overcoat to wear, and he happened to notice that the lining of the coat had a label saying, "Property of L. Frank Baum". In early publicity for the movie, MGM emphasized that this was a true story. Soon after the movie was released, the coat was taken to Baum's wife, who confirmed that it had been his (see [1] ). Michael Patrick Hearn stated in his keynote address before the 2000 International Wizard of Oz Club convention that this story is believed by Baum's descendants, as well as Margaret Hamilton , to be a concoction of MGM's marketing department. The whereabouts of any such coat are unknown, and fakery would not be difficult.
A very popular myth about the origin of the name "Oz" is that it was inspired by the labels on the author's filing cabinet: A-N, O-Z. Less popular is the myth that it stood for the abbreviation for "ounce". Still another story is that Baum, as an admirer of Charles Dickens, took his nickname, "Boz" and dropped the "B" for "Baum". However, according to the ( [2] ) International Wizard of Oz Club, L. Frank Baum's widow, Maud, once wrote to writer Jack Snow on this subject and stated that it was just a name that Frank had created out of his own mind. Snow himself had postulated (in a posthumously published unused introduction to The Shaggy Man of Oz ) that the name came from children's "ohhs" and "ahhs" when Baum told the stories aloud.
John Ritter portrayed Baum in a 1990 made for TV movie, The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story. The film was largely fiction, but retained some of the basic details of Baum's life such as his the many failures of his adult life before Oz and a few of the elements that inspired the books. Interestingly, it takes the duel story and turns Baum into a hero, with only the other guy running, something that was never part of the legend.
In an an earlier fictional dramatization, the 1970 Death Valley Days episode "The Wizard of Aberdeen" Conlan Carter played Baum. In this version of the story, Baum faces another reluctant duelist. Both men shoot into the air until, their bullets run out.
Bibliography
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The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
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Which French artist, 1839-1906, painted 'The Card Players' and 'Mont Sainte Victoire'?
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Frank Baum, the Man Behind the Curtain | Arts & Culture | Smithsonian
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Frank Baum, the Man Behind the Curtain
The author of The Wizard of Oz, L. Frank Baum, traveled many paths before he found his Yellow Brick Road
Images and phrases from The Wizard of Oz are so pervasive that it's hard to conceive of it as the product of one man's imagination. (The Everett Collection)
smithsonian.com
June 25, 2009
When the National Museum of American History reopened last fall after an extensive renovation, ruby slippers danced up and down the National Mall. Posters displaying a holographic image of the sequined shoes from the 1939 MGM film The Wizard of Oz beckoned visitors into the redesigned repository. In its attempt to draw crowds, the museum didn’t underestimate the footwear’s appeal. When an alternate pair of the famous slippers went on the market in 2000, they sold for $600,000.
Today, images and phrases from The Wizard of Oz are so pervasive, so unparalleled in their ability to trigger personal memories and musings, that it’s hard to conceive of The Wizard of Oz as the product of one man’s imagination. Reflecting on all the things that Oz introduced—the Yellow Brick Road, winged monkeys, Munchkins—can be like facing a list of words that Shakespeare invented. It seems incredible that one man injected all these concepts into our cultural consciousness. Wouldn’t we all be forever lost without “there’s no place like home,” the mantra that turns everything right side up and returns life to normalcy?
But the icons and the images did originate with one man, Lyman Frank Baum, who is the subject of a new book, Finding Oz: How L. Frank Baum Discovered the Great American Story by Evan I. Schwartz (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt).
Born in 1856, Frank Baum (as he was called) grew up in the "Burned-Over District" of New York state, amid the myriad spiritual movements rippling through late-19th-century society. As Schwartz details in his comprehensive and entertaining book, Baum was sent to Peekskill Military Academy at age 12, where his daydreamer spirit suffered under the academy’s harsh discipline. At 14, in the middle of a caning, Baum clutched his chest and collapsed, seemingly suffering a heart attack. That was the end of his tenure in Peekskill, and although he attended a high school in Syracuse, he never graduated and disdained higher education. “You see, in this country there are a number of youths who do not like to work, and the college is an excellent place for them,” he said.
Baum did not mind work, but he stumbled through a number of failed enterprises before finding a career that suited him. In his 20s, he raised chickens, wrote plays, ran a theater company, and started a business that produced oil-based lubricants. Baum was a natural entertainer, and so his stint as a playwright and actor brought him the greatest satisfaction out of these early employments, but the work was not steady, and the lifestyle disruptive.
By 1882, Baum had reason to desire a more settled life. He had married Maud Gage, a student at Cornell, the roommate of his cousin and the daughter of famous women’s rights campaigner Matilda Josyln Gage. When Baum’s aunt introduced Maud to Frank, she told him that he would love her. Upon first sight, Baum declared, “Consider yourself loved, Miss Gage.” Frank proposed a few months later, and despite her mother’s objections, Maud accepted.
Maud was to be Baum’s greatest ally, his “good friend and comrade,” according to the dedication of Oz, but life in the Baum household was not always peaceful. On one occasion, Maud threw a fit over a box of doughnuts that Frank brought home without consulting her. She was the one who decided what food entered the house. If he was going to buy frivolous things, he would have to make sure that they did not go to waste. By the fourth day, unable to face the moldy confections, Baum buried them in the backyard. Maud promptly dug them up and presented them to her husband. He promised that he would never again buy food without consulting her and was spared from having to eat the dirt-covered pastries.
Lyman Frank Baum was born in New York state in 1856. It wasn't until age 40 that he became serious about writing and in the spring of 1898, he began writing the story of The Wizard of Oz. (Los Angeles Times photographic archive, UCLA Library. Copyright Regents of the University of California, UCLA Library)
The Wizard of Oz was published in 1900 with illustrations by Chicago-based artist William Wallace Denslow. (Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank), 1856-1919 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)
The New York Times wrote that children would be "pleased with dashes of color and something new in place of the old, familiar, and winged fairies of Grimm and Anderson." (Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank), 1856-1919 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)
Upon completion of the manuscript, Baum framed the well-worn pencil stub he had used to write the story, anticipating that it had produced something great. (Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank), 1856-1919 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)
In the 1960s, a high school teacher connected The Wizard of Oz to populism, the late nineteenth-century political movement. The teacher later admitted that the theory was only to teach his students and there was no evidence that Baum was a populist. (Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank), 1856-1919 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)
With The Wizard of Oz, Baum not only became the best-selling children's book author in the country, but also the founder of a genre. (Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank), 1856-1919 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)
Denslow, the illustrator of the first edition, used his royalties to purchase a piece of land off the coast of Bermuda and declare himself King. (Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank), 1856-1919 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)
In The Wizard of Oz, Baum affirmed the idea of human fallibility, but also the idea of human divinity. The Wizard may be a huckster, but meek and mild Dorothy, also a mere mortal, has the power within herself to carry out her desires. (Baum, L. Frank (Lyman Frank), 1856-1919 . The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Special Collections, University of Virginia Library)
Images and phrases from The Wizard of Oz are so pervasive that it's hard to conceive of it as the product of one man's imagination. (The Everett Collection)
On a trip to visit his brother-in-law in South Dakota, Frank decided that real opportunity lay in the wind-swept, barren landscape of the Midwest. He moved his family to Aberdeen and started upon a new series of careers that would just barely keep the Baum family—there were several sons by this time—out of poverty. Over the next ten years, Frank would run a bazaar, start a baseball club, report for a frontier newspaper and buy dishware for a department store. At age 40, Frank finally threw himself into writing. In the spring of 1898, on scraps of ragged paper, the story of The Wizard of Oz took shape. When he was done with the manuscript, he framed the well-worn pencil stub he had used to write the story, anticipating that it had produced something great.
When The Wizard of Oz was published in 1900 with illustrations by the Chicago-based artist William Wallace Denslow, Baum became not only the best-selling children’s book author in the country, but also the founder of a genre. Until this point, American children read European literature; there had never been a successful American children’s book author. Unlike other books for children, The Wizard of Oz was pleasingly informal; characters were defined by their actions rather than authorial discourse; and morality was a subtext rather than a juggernaut rolling through the text. The New York Times wrote that children would be “pleased with dashes of color and something new in the place of the old, familiar, and winged fairies of Grimm and Anderson.”
But the book was much more than a fairy tale unshackled from moralistic imperatives and tired fantastical creatures. With his skepticism toward God—or men posing as gods--Baum affirmed the idea of human fallibility, but also the idea of human divinity. The Wizard may be a huckster—a short bald man born in Omaha rather than an all-powerful being—but meek and mild Dorothy, also a mere mortal, has the power within herself to carry out her desires. The story, says Schwartz, is less a “coming-of-age story … and more a transformation of consciousness story.” With The Wizard of Oz, the power of self-reliance was colorfully illustrated.
It seems appropriate that a story with such mythical dimensions has inspired its own legends—the most enduring, perhaps, being that The Wizard of Oz was a parable for populism. In the 1960s, searching for a way to engage his students, a high-school teacher named Harry Littlefield, connected The Wizard of Oz to the late-19th-century political movement, with the Yellow Brick Road representing the gold standard—a false path to prosperity—and the book's silver slippers standing in for the introduction of silver—an alternate means to the desired destination. Years later, Littlefield would admit that he devised the theory to teach his students, and that there was no evidence that Baum was a populist, but the theory still sticks.
The real-world impact of The Wizard of Oz, however, seems even more fantastical than the rumors that have grown up around the book and the film. None of the 124 little people who were recruited for the film committed suicide, as is sometimes rumored, but many of them were brought over from Eastern Europe and paid less per week than the dog actor who played Toto. Denslow, the illustrator of the first edition, used his royalties to purchase a piece of land off the coast of Bermuda and declare himself king. Perhaps intoxicated by the success of his franchise, Baum declared, upon first seeing his grandchild, that the name Ozma suited her much better than her given name, Frances, and her name was changed. (Ozma subsequently named her daughter Dorothy.) Today, there are dozens of events and organizations devoted to sustaining the everlasting emerald glow: a “Wonderful Weekend of Oz” that takes place in upstate New York, an “Oz-stravaganza” in Baum’s birthplace and an International Wizards of Oz club that monitors all things Munchkin, Gillikin, Winkie and Quadling related.
More than 100 years after its publication, 70 years after its debut on the big screen and 13 book sequels later, Oz endures. “It’s interesting to note,” wrote the journalist Jack Snow of Oz, “that the first word ever written in the very first Oz book was ‘Dorothy.’ The last word of the book is ‘again.’ And that is what young readers have said ever since those two words were written: ‘We want to read about Dorothy again.’”
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Chris Patten: the extraordinary career of an achiever who couldn't retire | Media | The Guardian
BBC
Chris Patten: the extraordinary career of an achiever who couldn't retire
From Tory chairman to Hong Kong governor to academia – and now the expected chairmanship of the BBC Trust
Chris Patten with Prince Charles at the 1997 ceremony to hand over Hong Kong to the Chinese. Photograph: Peter Turnley/Peter Turnley/CORBIS
Friday 18 February 2011 15.23 EST
First published on Friday 18 February 2011 15.23 EST
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This article is 5 years old
Chris Patten's political career ended just as David Cameron's was beginning. The then MP for Bath had been Conservative party chairman for two years in the run-up to the 1992 election. When every morning he and the prime minister, John Major, gave press conferences, it was 25-year-old David Cameron who prepared Patten and Major for their daily nine rounds with the media.
Patten's re-election campaign that year suffered as he battled to keep the party in power. Each day he would fly by helicopter from the briefing locations in London, clutching a portable fax and television, to his neglected constituency. When he returned 10 hours later, it was back into the arms of another briefing by Cameron and Steve Hilton – now senior adviser in Downing Street but back then also being introduced to frontline politics – this time on the day's events and evening's broadcasts.
Patten – who is expected to be named as chairman of the BBC Trust – lost his seat in 1992, having served as an MP for 13 years, coming in with Thatcher's victory in 1979, rising to serve her as environment secretary by 1989 and then having to nurse into being the poll tax policy that would be so unpopular as to finish her off in 1991 and him the next year.
In gratitude, John Major gave Patten one of the jobs that would go on to establish his credentials as a tough but dexterous negotiator. Within two months of the election defeat he was in Hong Kong as Britain's last governor, responsible for preparing the colony for the handover to China in five years' time.
He irritated the Chinese by announcing immediately that he would be making democratic reforms before he handed Hong Kong over. China felt it had not been consulted and said it would revoke the reforms on the transfer of power. His impact was such that by the end of the year of his arrival, the Hong Kong stock market crashed. By the time of the handover in 1997, he had won admirers and detractors – the Chinese media christened him "Fatty Pang".
A member of the Tory Reform Group, he is liked on the left of the political spectrum. After he returned from Hong Kong, the newly elected Labour prime minister, Tony Blair, tasked him with heading up the independent commission on policing in Northern Ireland. When he delivered this, it too came under fire, from Ulster Unionists who objected to an oath of allegiance.
Patten's next job was with the European Commission, responsible for foreign affairs and external relations, but he pulled out of a race to succeed Romano Prodi as president of the commission after opposition from France and Germany.
Instead he was appointed chancellor of Oxford university, a job in which he said the government's plans for admission targets for state school pupils amounted to "social engineering". He became a voluble proponent of higher fees for universities.
In 2000, he said he planned to retire, take up writing and do some "serious gardening". "This is the last public service job I will do. When I finish it, I will be 60 and I would like to enjoy my sixties as much as I can. I don't want to hang around in politics forever." he said then. This year he will be 67.
David Cameron approves appointment and Patten now faces a pre-appointment hearing on 10 March. By Jason Deans
Published: 25 Feb 2011
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Chris Patten
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From BBC to right hand of Pope: Patten to advise Vatican on media strategy | World news | The Guardian
Vatican
From BBC to right hand of Pope: Patten to advise Vatican on media strategy
Former Tory chairman takes new job advising Holy See on how to handle press weeks after quitting BBC for health reasons
Chris Patten, a Roman Catholic, worked on behalf of the British government to manage Pope Benedict's visit to Britain in 2010. Photograph: Peter Macdiarmid/Getty
John Hooper in Vatican City
Wednesday 9 July 2014 15.51 EDT
First published on Wednesday 9 July 2014 15.51 EDT
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This article is 2 years old
Lord Patten has been recruited by the Vatican to sit, if not at the right hand of God then not so very far away, as chair of a high-level committee to advise Pope Francis on media strategy.
The former Conservative party and BBC Trust chairman will head a committee to advise the pope on how to revamp and modernise media handling, the Vatican said on Wednesday.
Patten, whose CV also includes being a cabinet minister, European commissioner, and governor of Hong Kong, will preside over an 11-strong body made up of six lay experts and five Vatican officials. Its job will be to find ways of bringing the Vatican digital media strategy up to date, sort out overlapping responsibilities and, where possible, make savings.
Cardinal George Pell said Patten was "a man with wide and senior experience in public life. He has had a wide variety of responsibilities, from his ministerial posts in government to his role at the BBC and as the last British governor in Hong Kong".
The appointment is sure to cause surprise since Patten stood down as BBC chairman scarcely two months ago, after heart surgery, saying he needed to reduce the range of roles he held.
Pell acknowledged that Patten was unwell, adding: "His first priority is to regather his strength". But he said: "Soon after the end of the summer, he'll be very much involved and we've discussed informally the amount of time that might be required initially and he has accepted." He said Patten had been "very pleased to accept".
The former Tory chairman endured three stormy years as chairman of the BBC as the corporation lurched from one controversy to the next. He was criticised over high levels of executive pay and the corporation's diamond jubilee coverage. Patten was also left having to explain why the BBC had written off £100m of licence-payers' money on an eventually abandoned IT project that was launched before he took over as head of the Trust board.
What is particularly striking about his latest job is that it should come so soon after his departure from an institution that has come under withering fire for its failure to deal openly and thoroughly with accusations of sex abuse. The Jimmy Savile scandal, which erupted in 2012, the year after Patten became chair, will ring plenty of bells in the Vatican.
Patten appointed George Entwistle as the BBC's director general, only to see him step down 54 days later because of his handling of the early stages of the affair. The trigger for Entwistle's departure was a Newsnight report that falsely implicated Lord McAlpine in a separate scandal.
By then Entwistle was steeped in controversy over his performance before a Commons committee that was looking into why the same programme had failed to televise an inquiry into the allegations against Savile after he died in 2011.
The Vatican's only current external adviser on the media is Greg Burke, an American recruited by the Vatican secretariat of state two years ago. Burke, a former Fox News correspondent, belongs to the conservative Opus Dei organisation. Patten, 70, a lifelong Catholic educated at a London public school run by Benedictine monks, belongs to the opposite, liberal end of the Catholic spectrum.
Four years ago, when Benedict was pontiff, Patten told an interviewer: "I don't agree with everything that the Vatican says." He added that he admired the conservative German pope "intellectually".
At the time, he had been called in by the government to sort out the arrangements for Benedict's visit to Britain, which were descending into chaos. That experience of dealing with the Vatican will stand him in good stead in a job where he will be called upon to tread on many an insider's toes.
Pell said one of the aims of the Patten committee would be to boost the number of the faithful reached by Vatican media, currently estimated at 10% of the global Catholic population. He said he expected the Patten committee to "recognise that the world of the media has changed radically and is changing".
Vatican Radio has been broadcasting since 1931, he said. But "no longer in most parts of the world do people listen very frequently to the radio". The cardinal said that "patterns of expenditure within the Vatican in no way correlate to the number of people who are reached".
Pell said he hoped the Patten committee would show the Vatican how it could build on its digital presence, including the Pope's Twitter account, @Pontifex, which has 4.2 million followers.
But Patten, who is also chancellor of Oxford University, is more closely identified with traditional media. The BBC 5 Live presenter Nicky Campbell recently criticised him on the grounds that "he only listens to Radio 4 and 3".
Career in brief
Chris Patten began his political career as Tory MP for Bath. He was elected in 1979, when Margaret Thatcher came to power.
In 1990 John Major, then prime minister, made him party chairman and Patten organised the Conservatives' unexpected fourth consecutive electoral victory in 1992 but lost his own seat. He then became the last British governor of Hong Kong and oversaw its handover to China in 1997.
From 1999 to 2004 he was one of the two UK members of the European commission. He became chancellor of Oxford University in 2003 and was made a life peer in 2005.
He chaired the BBC Trust, the governing body of the British Broadcasting Corporation until his resignation on grounds of ill health on 6 May 2014.
Account closures and experts' fees linked to clean-up campaign drive Institute for Works of Religion profits to €2.9m from €86.6m
Published: 8 Jul 2014
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Which actor was nominated for two posthumous Best Actor 'Oscars'?
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Winning posthumous acting Oscar not easy - TODAY.com
Today.com
Winning posthumous acting Oscar not easy
2009-01-23T00:13:24.000Z
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The last time an actor won an Academy Award after his death it took no less than a manic, tour-de-force performance that included exhorting Americans to throw open their windows and scream, “I’m as mad as hell and I am not going to take this anymore.”
That was the line Peter Finch made famous in 1976’s “Network,” when he played television newscaster Howard Beale who, courting a nervous breakdown and contemplating suicide over his disastrous ratings, turns into a wild-eyed, raving prophet of doom before his TV audience’s very eyes.
“I don’t have to tell you things are bad. Everybody knows things are bad. It’s a Depression. Everybody’s out of work or scared of losing their job. The dollar buys a nickel’s worth. Banks are going bust. Shopkeepers keep a gun under the counter. Punks are running wild in the street and there’s nobody anywhere seems to know what to do,” Finch screams maniacally in a darkly comic scene still popular on the Internet 33 years later.
The role won him the only Oscar awarded posthumously to an actor in the 81-year history of the Academy Awards. Just to be nominated posthumously for an acting Oscar is rare, with Heath Ledger only the sixth performer so honored Thursday.
Dozens of people have been nominated in less prominent categories, including screenwriting, costuming and music. Two who won posthumously were Sidney Howard for screenplay for 1939’s “Gone With the Wind” and Walt Disney for short subject (cartoon) for “Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day” in 1968.
“The fact that only one actor has ever won an Oscar from the grave tells us that in general at the Oscars, the feeling is when you’re dead, you’re dead,” Tom O’Neil, a columnist for TheEnvelope.com, told The Associated Press last year after Oscar buzz began to build for Ledger’s riveting performance as Batman’s malevolent nemesis The Joker in “The Dark Knight.”
Film legend James Dean was nominated for best actor twice after his death, for “East of Eden” in 1955 and “Giant” the following year. But Ernest Borgnine won for “Marty” in 1955 and Yul Brynner took the Oscar in 1956 for “The King and I.”
More recently, Massimo Troisi was nominated for lead actor for 1995’s “The Postman” but lost to Nicolas Cage who starred in “Leaving Las Vegas.” Ralph Richardson was nominated for supporting actor for 1984’s “Greystroke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes” but Haing S. Ngor won for “The Killing Fields.”
A sentimental favorite for a posthumous award in 1967 appeared to be Spencer Tracy, who had died shortly after capping a brilliant career with his performance in “Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner?”
Tracy, who was the calm voice of reason among black and white parents concerned over their children’s planned interracial marriage, lost to Rod Steiger, who starred in the interracial drama “In the Heat of the Night.”
Like Dean, who died at age 23 in a car crash, Ledger, 28, was an up-and-coming star cut down in his prime. Tracy on the other hand had won Oscars twice before and had been nominated nine times in all.
Finch was 64 when he died of a heart attack two months before the awards ceremony. His widow accepted his Oscar.
Ledger has been nominated once before, for best actor for 2005’s “Brokeback Mountain.” He lost to Philip Seymour Hoffman who won for “Capote.”
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James Dean
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Give the full name of the villain from the 'Nightmare On Elm Street' series of movies?
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James Dean - Awards - IMDb
James Dean
Showing all 7 wins and 4 nominations
Academy Awards, USA
This was the first posthumous acting nomination in Academy Awards history.
Golden Globes, USA
Award given posthumously for best dramatic actor.
BAFTA Awards
OFTA Film Hall of Fame
Acting
Star on the Walk of Fame
Motion Picture
On 8 February 1960. At 1719 Vine Street.
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Which legislation, passed in 1662 forced all clergy to accept the '39 articles' of the Church of England?
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Church of England facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Church of England
CHURCH OF ENGLAND
CHURCH OF ENGLAND. During the early modern period, the English church experienced major disruption and change. After long debates and a series of reformations, it emerged at the end of the sixteenth century as a national Protestant church with its own distinctive theology and liturgy. During the seventeenth century, differences of view about the nature of the church were a cause of the English Civil War (1642–1649) that resulted in the unpopular Puritan revolution of the 1640s and 1650s. Although a monopolistic church was reintroduced soon after the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, it could not command the loyalty and obedience of all Protestants. Following the 1688 "Glorious Revolution" a Toleration Act was passed that granted freedom of worship to those Protestants whose consciences prevented them from attending Anglican services in parish churches.
THE LATE MEDIEVAL CHURCH: 1450–1530
The central theological beliefs of the late medieval Church were salvation through faith and works, the efficacy of grace transmitted through the sacraments, and transubstantiation.
The Catholic Church taught that while faith in Christ was essential for eternal life, individuals also had to do good works and regularly receive the sacrament of penance. Even then their souls did not usually go directly to heaven, but had to spend time in purgatory, where they would suffer punishment for sins committed on earth that had not been fully expiated through contrition and by penance. People who died without having done penance for mortal sin were damned to hell.
Besides penance there were six other Catholic sacraments: baptism, confirmation, ordination, marriage, extreme unction (the last rites), and the Eucharist , or Lord's Supper. The church taught that, at the celebration of the Eucharist in the Mass, the "substance" of the unleavened bread and wine was transformed into the body and blood of Christ at the moment of consecration by the priest. This miracle—the literal reenactment of Christ's sacrifice—was called transubstantiation and came about through the sacerdotal power of the priest. The ceremony was the most powerful form of intercession that could be offered to God as well as a channel of grace necessary for individual salvation. Lay people usually received the Eucharist annually, when they were offered "Communion in one kind" (the wafer but not the wine). Priests, however, regularly celebrated the Mass and consumed both the consecrated wafer and wine. The ceremony took place behind a rood screen in the chancel, while most of the congregation remained in the nave of the church. Nonetheless, the laity was expected to attend carefully and participate in the service.
The late medieval English Church was part of an international body with its center at Rome and the pope at its head. During the fifteenth century, papal power in England was eroded as the monarch gained greater control over taxation and nominations to benefices. Nonetheless, the pope still taxed the English Church, heard judicial appeals, and retained his spiritual authority over the clergy and laity. The archbishoprics of Canterbury and York were separate provinces of the Roman Catholic Church , each with its own administrative structure and jurisdictions. Since the middle of the fourteenth century, Canterbury had taken precedence over York, and even today its archbishop is the primate of England. The archbishoprics were divided into the twenty-three dioceses of England and Wales , and each diocese was divided into archdeaconries, which were in turn divided into roughly nine thousand parishes. Bishops were responsible for conducting visitations throughout their diocese and supervising the church courts, which administered canon law and dealt with cases concerning moral and church discipline. The consistory courts of the diocese heard appeals from archdiaconal courts, which handled the bulk of cases and were administered by archdeacons.
The priest who served the parish was sometimes the rector, who was entitled to receive the tithe (a tenth of income or produce) from parishioners. But the rectors of over one-third of English parishes in 1500 were the heads of monastic houses and thus absentee. In these cases a vicar was appointed to perform the liturgy and fulfill pastoral obligations. Other parishes too had nonresident rectors, since about one-quarter of English livings were pluralist, meaning that one priest held two or more offices at the same time; here a curate received a small salary to do the work. The appointment of all these clerics rested primarily with the patron—lay or clerical—who had the right to appoint his candidate to the living (a right that was known as an advowson). Lay churchwardens, whose duties were to care for the building and ornaments of the church and to report deficiencies or clerical negligence to the ecclesiastical authorities, also served the parish community.
Historians now tend to agree that the late medieval church in England generally functioned well, and that the accusations of corruption made by later Protestant critics were greatly exaggerated. There is also a scholarly consensus that the number of heretics in England was small and that the vast majority of laypeople were deeply attached to the teachings and liturgy of the Catholic Church. Historians, however, are less united in their views about the subject of "anticlericalism" on the eve of the Reformation. Some deny its existence while others maintain that a significant number of individuals, as well as interest groups (such as the common lawyers), were critical of clerical privileges and hostile to clerical immunities and jurisdiction.
THE ENGLISH REFORMATION
During the period known as the Reformation, the English Church broke with Rome and underwent major changes in doctrine and liturgy. This began as a top-down process that divided the country and created political instability.
Henry VIII 's (ruled 1509–1547) attack on the papacy began when Pope Clement VII (reigned 1523–1534) refused to grant an annulment of the king's first marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Henry had always claimed rights of supremacy over the English church, but not at the expense of Rome. In the 1530s, however, Henry asserted that English kings were answerable to no earthly superior. In 1532, he forced his senior clergy to concede that convocation (the provincial assembly) could not make ecclesiastical law without royal assent. Over the next two years, a succession of parliamentary statutes whittled away papal power in England while recognizing the king's right to reform the church, supervise canon law, and correct errors in doctrine. In 1534 the Act of Supremacy pronounced Henry's status as the supreme head of the Church of England. The English church remained Catholic, but the pope was no longer its head—he was now simply the bishop of Rome.
As supreme head of the church, Henry introduced some notable changes. In 1536 and 1539 the English monasteries were dissolved by acts of Parliament, and a small portion of their revenues was diverted toward educational endowments and the creation of six new dioceses. With their demise, monastic advowsons and appropriation of tithes fell into lay hands. Henry also began an assault on the cult of saints and "superstitious" images, which led to the destruction of shrines and resulted in damage to some cathedrals. He commissioned a new English Bible that was supposed to be placed in each parish church. In 1544 an Exhortation and Litany to be said during processions was published in English; the following year, Henry authorized an English primer (a late medieval devotional book containing various prayers and psalms) that reduced the number of saints' and holy days in the calendar and omitted many traditional prayers.
Despite these innovations, Henry's "reformation" did not seriously challenge Catholic doctrine. With the exception of the denial of papal supremacy and expressions of skepticism about the existence of purgatory, Henry upheld all the central pillars of the Roman Catholic faith. In 1521 he had written an attack on Martin Luther ; twenty years later he still considered Lutheran teachings on justification by faith alone, the sacraments, the priesthood, and the Mass to be dangerous and erroneous. For this reason Henry was able to carry with him the majority of his bishops, who continued to see the king as a bulwark against heresy. Others of his Catholic subjects, however, were less compliant. In late 1536 and early 1537, revolts, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace, erupted in Lincolnshire and northern England to demonstrate hostility to governmental policies such as the royal supremacy, the dissolutions of the monasteries, and the royal injunctions of 1536.
During the minority of Edward VI (ruled 1547–1553), England officially became Protestant. In 1547 the lord protector, Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset, prohibited processions and launched a nationwide campaign to destroy all religious images. The Parliament of 1547, meanwhile, repealed the heresy laws, permitted Communion in both kinds, and dissolved the chantries (chapels endowed for saying masses). In 1548 the government banned many traditional religious ceremonies, and the 1549 Parliament permitted clerics to marry. The same Parliament endorsed an English Book of Common Prayer, the work of Thomas Cranmer, archbishop of Canterbury (1489–1556). Its liturgy simplified the traditional Sarum rite dating from thirteenth-century Salisbury and rejected many Catholic doctrines, although some ambiguity did remain.
A second revised prayer book was authorized by the Parliament of 1552. In producing it Archbishop Cranmer took advice from prominent Continental Protestant theologians, all of whom were influenced by the Zwinglian and Calvinist churches of southern Germany and Switzerland . The 1552 Book of Common Prayer was consequently far more radical than its predecessor in its liturgy and underlying theology. The word "mass" disappeared entirely from the Communion service, clerical vestments were simplified, and ordinary bread replaced the wafer at the Eucharist. The wording of the administration of Communion no longer referred to the body and blood of Christ but emphasized instead the commemorative significance of the sacrament. The new prayer book also included a Communion instruction, later known as the "black rubric," which said that kneeling to receive Communion did not imply Christ's physical presence. In 1553 Cranmer presented the Edwardian church with a statement of faith, the Forty-Two Articles. These articles were uncompromisingly Protestant in their theology and condemned the Roman Catholic doctrines of transubstantiation, purgatory, intercession, and good works. On the main issues in dispute between the Lutheran and Swiss Reformed Churches, namely predestination and the Eucharist, they were closer to Calvinism than to anything else. During the last years of Edward's reign, parish churches and cathedrals were denuded of their altars, plate, bells, vestments, and stained glass.
Under Mary I (ruled 1553–1558), virtually all the changes introduced after 1529 were reversed. Although few monasteries and chantries were endowed and the worship of saints failed to regain popularity, Mary's reign did witness a spontaneous revival of many of the Catholic seasonal ceremonies banned under Edward VI as well as a restoration of altars and images to parish churches. Soon after Elizabeth I's accession in November 1558, all changed again. Despite strong opposition from bishops appointed by Mary, the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity passed through Parliament in April 1559. The former act gave Elizabeth a new title, "Supreme Governor" of the Church of England; the latter authorized the use of a Book of Common Prayer that was largely modeled on that of 1552. The main change came in the Communion service, which incorporated some of the wording from Edward VI's 1549 Book of Common Prayer and omitted the 1552 black rubric (although it was replaced—with some alterations—in 1662). The royal injunctions of 1559, moreover, enjoined that undecorated wafers should be used at communion rather than bread. The effect was a theological ambiguity about the presence of Christ: was he present physically, spiritually, or not at all? The Thirty-Nine Articles of Faith of 1563 and 1571 attempted to clarify the theology when they asserted that Christ's body was taken in the Lord's Supper "after an heavenly and spiritual manner."
The Thirty-Nine Articles were less clear on predestination. Although they incorporated the Calvinist doctrine of election, no statement was made on assurance or the fate of the reprobate (a sinner condemned by God to eternal punishment). The 1559 prayer book, meanwhile, described the baptized child as "a member of Christ, the child of God, and an inheritor of the kingdom," a form of words that seemed to discount the possibility that the infant might have been born reprobate. Despite this imprecision, the official doctrines taught by the church after 1570 were predominantly predestinarian. In 1595, moreover, the archbishop of Canterbury, John Whitgift, endorsed the nine Lambeth Articles, an unequivocal assertion of the Calvinist position on grace and salvation. The evidence suggests, however, that despite access to a Calvinist catechism, many (possibly most) ordinary laypeople failed to absorb the doctrine of predestination and continued to believe that good deeds played some part in salvation.
Although the Elizabethan church was essentially Calvinist in its theology, some of its practices were traditional. Ministers were required to wear the surplice when officiating at morning and evening prayer and the more elaborate vestments of the alb and the cope for Communion. Although roods (the large crucifix dominating the nave), stone altars, and images were removed from churches, royal proclamations were issued to protect fonts and funeral monuments. Members of congregations were told to uncover their heads and bow at the uttering of the name of Jesus in church, and to use the sign of the cross in baptism, the ring in marriage, and other "popish remnants." At the same time, the diocesan and parochial structure of the church remained untouched, and no measures were put in place to reform the church courts, the tithe, advowsons, or canon law.
PURITANS AND ARMINIANS
Although most committed Protestants were disappointed with the 1559 settlement, they initially accepted it as an interim measure, expecting that further changes would soon be introduced. During the mid-1560s, however, Elizabeth insisted that all clerics conform to the prayer book ceremonies and ornaments (including vestments) and ordered her bishops to suspend Nonconformists from their livings. Furthermore, Elizabeth scotched her bishops' reform initiatives in the 1563 Canterbury Convocation and the 1566 Parliament. For the most zealous Protestants this was a betrayal, and out of their frustration the Elizabethan Puritan movement was born.
Those who were labeled "Puritans" by their enemies preferred to call themselves "the godly." Contemporaries usually identified them by the intensity of their spirituality, for Puritans attended sermons during the week and devoted the Sabbath entirely to God. Puritans were also at the fore of the campaign for reform: they demanded frequent, high-quality preaching, insisted on significant changes in the 1559 Book of Common Prayer, and were critical of the church courts. Nonetheless, Puritans remained part of the Church of England, for they were reasonably satisfied with its Calvinist teachings on predestination and the Eucharist as well as its hostility to images. Largely because of their influence, Elizabeth was unable to eradicate a wide diversity of ceremonial practice in the church. James I (ruled 1603–1625) permitted this diversity to continue provided that Puritans rejected Presbyterianism (church government by presbyters or elders). In practice, therefore, many ministers continued to take Communion standing or sitting, rather than kneeling, and to use bread rather than wafers. Some ministers omitted those parts of the prayer book that they disliked and shortened the liturgy to leave more time for the sermon. While James I's reign brought no major changes in liturgical policy, it did see the publication of a new Authorised ("King James") Version of the Bible in 1611.
A strong defense of the Church of England against its Puritan critics was written in the 1590s by the theologian Richard Hooker (1554–1600), who justified its conservative governmental system and unique ceremonial style as a middle way between Roman Catholicism and Genevan Presbyterianism. Hooker's work, which also modified some contemporary predestinarian assumptions, became a source of inspiration for a number of early-seventeenth-century conservative clerics who were suspicious of preaching and placed great stress on set prayer and the sacraments as sources of grace. These men also rejected the asceticism of Calvinist worship and favored what was called the "beauty of holiness." Another influence on their thinking was the Dutch theologian Jacob Arminius (1560–1609), who argued against the rigidities of predestination. For this reason, these English divines have been misleadingly called "Arminians." Some historians prefer to call them "Anti-Calvinists," others "Laudians" after the Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud (1573–1645).
After Charles I's accession in 1625, Arminians gained dominance in the English Church and implemented important changes. Predestinarian beliefs came under attack, and Laud, who was appointed bishop of London in 1628 and archbishop of Canterbury in 1633, initiated a new "altar policy." Laud and other like-minded bishops pressured their parish clergy to acquire elaborate wooden tables, or preferably stone altars, and to position them permanently at the east end of the chancel, in a north-south, or "altarwise," alignment. The bishops further insisted that chancels should be cordoned off by rails, and that Communion should be received kneeling, though not necessarily at the rails. Other parts of the Elizabethan prayer book that had been allowed to lapse in some communities were now rigorously enforced. Historians disagree about the extent of opposition to this theological and liturgical program. A few scholars claim that only a Puritan minority was outraged by the reforms, but the prevailing view is that the altar policy, at least, was widely resisted. There is also evidence that many mainstream Protestants abhorred the changes as the reintroduction of popery, and feared—albeit mistakenly—that Charles intended to return England to Rome. Few historians would dispute that the religious innovations under Charles I helped bring about the Civil War (1642–1649).
The parliamentary victory in the Civil War resulted in the triumph of Puritanism. In 1645 the prayer book was banned and replaced by a new Directory of Worship that contained instructions for the conduct of services and removed rites that Puritans had so long found offensive. The church courts ceased to function in the early 1640s, and in 1646 episcopacy was abolished. Godly observance of the Sabbath was imposed and all feast days, including Christmas , Easter , and Whitsun (or Pentecost), were banned. The Puritans, however, failed to gain popular support, and throughout the late 1640s and 1650s large numbers of clergymen continued to conduct services according to the old prayer book liturgy. At the same time, freedom of worship was granted to Protestant sects, including Baptists and Congregationalists.
THE ANGLICAN CHURCH: 1660–1714
At the restoration of Charles II in 1660, the state church was fully reimposed with the return of episcopacy and the church courts. Its liturgy was based on the Elizabethan Book of Common Prayer of 1559 but included a number of Laudian practices. Altars were returned to many churches voluntarily; after 1680 they began to be imposed and by 1700 they were prevalent. The Act of Uniformity of 1662 demanded that the clergy accept every one of the Thirty-Nine Articles and every aspect of the new prayer book. Everyone was required to attend the Church of England, while the so-called Clarendon Code of the mid-1660s outlawed community worship by Protestant sects in chapels and meeting houses. In 1672 dissenters (Protestant Nonconformists) were also barred from holding civil office. Before the 1688 Revolution, many Dissenters practiced occasional conformity, but thousands of others—especially the Quakers—were subjected to harassment and imprisonment.
Both Charles II (ruled 1660–1685) and James II (ruled 1685–1688) proved unsuccessful in their attempts to broaden the Church of England and allow a measure of toleration for Protestant dissenters and for Roman Catholics. After Mary and William III became joint monarchs in 1689, however, a Toleration Act (1689) was passed that gave all Trinitarian Protestant dissenters the right to worship in their own chapels or meeting houses and permitted nonattendance at church. Thus began the split between church and chapel that marked the eighteenth century. Nonetheless, civil disabilities continued to affect those dissenters who refused to take Communion at least once annually. The Toleration Act, moreover, did not apply to Roman Catholics, who had to wait until the nineteenth century before securing freedom of worship.
Under William III (ruled 1689–1702) and Queen Anne (ruled 1702–1714) a group of churchmen, usually known as Latitudinarians or low churchmen, became prominent in the Church of England. They sought to reduce religious controversy by arguing that the core Christian doctrines were few and that the most contentious issues of the Reformation were "adiaphora" (not essential to salvation) and could be left to the individual conscience. They were therefore willing to embrace all those who conformed to the church no matter how occasionally they attended or took Communion. High churchmen criticized their approach as defeatist and demanded full enforcement of the 1673 Test Act, which required all officeholders to take the oaths of supremacy and allegiance to the king, to receive the sacraments of the Church of England, and to reject the doctrine of transubstantiation; they even tried (unsuccessfully) to extend civil disabilities to occasional conformists who might only take Anglican Communion annually. Despite clashes between low and high churchmen at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Church of England settled down to operate as a strong, flourishing, and successful institution.
See also Bible ; Dissenters, English ; Edward VI (England) ; Elizabeth I (England) ; Henry VIII (England) ; Hooker, Richard ; Laud, William ; Mary I (England) ; Puritanism ; Reformation, Protestant ; Ritual, Religious ; Toleration ; William and Mary .
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bernard, George. "The Church of England, c. 1579–c. 1642." History 75 (1990): 183–206.
Collinson, Patrick. The Religion of Protestants: The Church in English Society. Oxford, 1982.
Davies, Julian. The Caroline Captivity of the Church: Charles I and the Remoulding of Anglicanism, 1625–1641. Oxford, 1992.
Doran, Susan, and Christopher Durston. Princes, Pastors and People: The Church and Religion in England, 1500–1700. 2nd ed. London, 2002.
Durston, Christopher, and Jacqueline Eales, eds. The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700. Basingstoke, U.K., 1996.
Fincham, Kenneth. "The Restoration of Altars in the 1630s." Historical Journal 44 (2001): 919–940.
Fincham, Kenneth, ed. The Early Stuart Church. Basingstoke, U.K., 1993.
Green, I. M. The Re-establishment of the Church of England, 1660–1663. Oxford, 1978.
Haigh, Christopher. English Reformations: Religion, Politics and Society under the Tudors. Oxford, 1993.
Heal, Felicity. Reformation in Britain and Ireland . Oxford, 2003.
MacCulloch, Diarmaid. Thomas Cranmer: A Life. New Haven and London, 1996.
——. Tudor Church Militant: Edward VI and the Protestant Reformation. London, 1999.
Sharpe, Kevin. The Personal Rule of Charles I. London, 1992.
Spurr, John. "'Latitudinarianism' and the Restoration Church." Historical Journal 31 (1988): 61–82.
——. The Restoration Church of England, 1646–1689. London, 1991.
Tyacke, Nicholas. Anti-Calvinists: The Rise of English Arminianism, c. 1590–1640. Oxford 1987.
——. Aspects of English Protestantism, c. 1530–1700. Manchester, U.K., 2001.
White, Peter. Predestination, Policy and Polemic: Conflict and Consensus in the English Church from the Reformation to the Civil War. Cambridge, U.K., 1992.
Susan Doran
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A New History of the Book of Common Prayer
Restoration of the Prayer Book.
The King’s Declaration from Breda.
Meanwhile (May 4) a deputation from both Houses was sent to meet the King at the Hague. Reynolds, Calamy, Case, Manton, and some other eminent Presbyterian divines went also with an address, to which the King answered kindly; but, as in his previous ‘Declaration,’ referred to Parliament to determine what toleration was necessary for the repose of the kingdom. This answer, however, was not the object which had brought these divines to gain the King’s ear if possible, while he might be willing to listen to any terms of accommodation. In various private audiences they suggested that the Common Prayer had long been discontinued in England, that many of the people had never once heard it; and therefore it would be much wondered at if his Majesty, at his first landing, should revive the use of it in his own chapel: and therefore to prevent the people being shocked at such uncustomary. worship, they entreated him not to use it in form, and by rubrical directions; but only to order the reading some part of it with the intermixture of other good prayers.
suggesting that the Prayer Book should not be re-introduced ;
Finding no hope of abridging the King’s liberty of using the regular service, they then requested that the use of the surplice might be discontinued by the royal chaplains, because the sight of this habit would give great offence to the people. But they were plainly told by the King that he would not be restrained hirnself, when others had so much indulgence: that the surplice had always been reckoned a decent habit, and constantly worn in the Church of England: that he had all along retained the use of it in foreign parts: that though he might for the present tolerate a failure of solemnity in religious worship, yet he would never abet such irregularity by his own practice. 3
Meanwhile the clergy of the Church had not been slow to take up their position again; they were graciously received by the King and with some necessary warnings as to discretion and moderation were recommended to make every effort by conference with the Presbyterians ‘to reduce them to such a temper as is consistent with the good of the Church.’ 4
and that the surplice should not be used.
These, however, were not the men to be easily put off from their purpose by the King or reconciled by the clergy. They used ‘their utmost endeavours to hinder the restitution’ of the Prayer Book. ‘In order whereunto divers Pamphlets were published against the Book of Common Prayer, the old objections mustered up with the addition of some new ones . . . to make the number swell.’ 5 They teased the King, after his return to England, with continual complaints, until he bade them submit their grievances and wishes in writing. Whereupon they embodied their notions upon Church matters in a long address. 6 They assume that there was no difference between Churchmen and themselves ‘in the doctrinal truths of the reformed religion, and in the substantial parts of divine worship’ ; but only ‘in some various conceptions about the ancient form of Church government, and some particulars about Liturgy and ceremonies.’ 7 As to the differences concerning the Liturgy, they say:—
Non-conformists’ address to the King.
1. ‘We are satisfied in our judgments concerning the lawfulness of a Liturgy, or form of Public Worship, provided that it be for the matter agreeable unto the Word of God, and fitly suited to the nature of the several ordinances and necessities of the Church; neither too tedious in the whole, nor composed of too short prayers, unmeet repetitions or responsals; not to be dissonant from the Liturgies of other reformed Churches; nor too rigorously imposed; nor the minister so confined thereunto, but that he may also make use of those gifts for prayer and exhortation which Christ hath given him for the service and edification of ‘the Church.’
Their ideal of a Liturgy.
2. ‘That inasmuch .as the Book of Common .Prayer hath in it many things that are justly offensive and need amendment, hath been long discontinued, and very many, both ministers and people, persons of pious, loyal, and peaceable minds, are therein greatly dissatisfied; whereupon, if it be again imposed, will inevitably follow sad divisions, and widening of the breaches which your Majesty is now endeavouring to heal: we do most humbly offer to your Majesty’s’ wisdom, that for preventing so great evil, and for settling the Church in unity and peace, some learned, godly, and moderate divines of both persuasions, indifferently chosen, may be employed to compile such a form as is before described, as much as may be in Scripture words; or at least to revise and effectually reform the old, together with an addition or insertion of some other varying forms in Scripture phrase, to be used at the minister’s choice; of which variety and liberty there be instances in the. Book of Common Prayer.’
They desire such a form to be composed;
3. Concerning ceremonies, they ask ‘that kneeling at the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, and such holy-days as are but of human institution, may not be imposed upon such as do conscientiously scruple the observation of them; and that the use of the surplice, and cross in Baptism, and bowing at the name of Jesus rather than the name of Christ, or Immanuel, or other names whereby that divine Person, or either of the other divine Persons, is nominated, may be abolished;’ as well as other ceremonies such as ‘erecting altars, bowing towards them, and such like,’ which they complain had been illegally introduced and even imposed. 8
and ceremonies to be abolished.
The nine surviving Bishops, in their reply to these proposals of the Presbyterians, pronounce the Offices in the Common Prayer wholly unexceptionable. They meet the request that it should not be ‘dissonant from the liturgies of other reformed churches’ by saying that ‘the nearer both their forms and ours come to the liturgy of the ancient Greek and Latin Churches, the less are they liable to the objections of the common enemy.’ They conceive the book cannot be too strictly imposed ; especially when ‘ministers are not denied the exercise of their gifts in praying before and after sermon, although such praying be but the continuance of a custom of no great antiquity and grown into common use by sufferance only without any other foundation from law or canons.’ However, they are contented to yield that the Liturgy may be ‘revised by such discreet persons as his Majesty shall think fit to employ therein.’ As for the ceremonies, they defend their imposition by law, not as essentials, but for edification; but they are of opinion that ‘the satisfaction of some private persons ought not to overrule the public peace and uniformity of the Church.’ They desire the continuance of kneeling at Communion and the observance of Saints’ days, but leave it to the King to judge with respect to the other three ceremonies mentioned how far liberty may be given to tender consciences. They repudiate innovations and the imposition of illegal ceremonies, but conclude by expressing a fear that, ‘if any abatements were made, it would only feed a distemper, and encourage unquiet people to further demands.’ 9 To this the Divines made a lengthy reply raising a number of new objections; 10 but it was impossible to obtain any immediate and legal settlement of these differences between the Presbyterians and the Churchmen, who naturally looked for a restoration of their benefices and form of service. The Convention Parliament could not be allowed to meddle with this question if its members could be trusted, its acts would have no value from the illegal origin of the body from which they emanated. The method adopted to meet the present difficulty was the issue of a ‘Royal Declaration concerning Ecclesiastical Affairs’ (October 25, 1660). This was a very arbitrary but a very politic move: it had the sundry advantages of not resting at all for its authority upon the existing Parliament, without seeming to encroach upon its functions of allowing a greater measure of toleration than probably would be allowed by a final settlement of the matter by just authority, and hence of pacifying some of the Nonconformists; while nothing was finally settled, or granted, but the whole question was left open for discussion at a Conference which it promised between the discordant parties, and for the decision of a lawful, Parliament and Convocation. Accordingly, this Declaration allowed a great number of the demands of the Presbyterians, touching the observance of the Lord’s-day, the episcopal jurisdiction, the examination of those ‘who should be confirmed, a discretion as to the use certain ceremonies, such as kneeling at Communion, signing the cross in Baptism, bowing at the name of Jesus, the surplice, and the oath of canonical obedience: and, although wishing ministers to read those parts of the Prayer Book against which there could be no exception, yet promising that none should be punished or troubled for not using it, until it had been reviewed, and effectually reformed by a conference of an equal number of learned divines of both persuasions, and leaving the decision concerning the ceremonies ‘to the advice of a national synod. 11
allowed many Presbyterian demands.
The result was a general expression of satisfaction on the part of the Presbyterians; 12 and the attempt was made to gain some of them over to conformity by the offer of Church preferments. 13 But although the Declaration, by a stretch of the royal prerogative, sheltered the dissenting ministers for the present from legal penalties, it did not satisfy all their scruples; for they did not look for the continuance of that amount of favour when a royalist Parliament should have determined their position.
On the King’s part there was no delay in forwarding the promised Conference. The warrant 14 was issued on the 25th of March, 1661, appointing 15 twelve of the Bishops, and the same number of Presbyterians, with nine other divines on each side as assistants, to supply the places of any that were unavoidably absent. The place of meeting was the Bishop of London’s lodgings in the Savoy Hospital, and the Commission was to continue in force during the ensuing four months. The course of deliberation was precisely stated: the Commissioners were empowered ‘to advise upon and review the Book of Common Prayer; comparing the same with the most ancient Liturgies which have been used in the Church in the primitive and purest times’; ‘to take: into serious and grave considerations the several directions, and rules, and forms of prayer in the said Book,’ and ‘the several objections and exceptions’ raised against it; ‘to make such reasonable and necessary alterations, corrections, and amendments therein as . . . should be agreed upon to be needful or expedient for the giving satisfaction to tender consciences,’ ‘but avoiding all unnecessary abbreviations of the forms and Liturgy wherewith the people are already acquainted, and have so long received in the Church of England.’
Instructions to the Commissioners.
Although the period of the commission was limited to four months, yet the first meeting did not take place until the 15th of April. The Bishop of London then stated to the Presbyterian ministers, that, since they had requested the Conference for the purpose of making alterations in the Prayer Book, nothing could be done until they had delivered their exceptions in writing, together with the additional forms, and whatever alterations were desired. Accordingly, they met from day to day, and prepared a long series of exceptions 16 and alteration’s; Baxter persuaded his colleagues ‘that they were bound to ask for everything that they thought desirable, without regard to the sentiments of their opponents.’ 17 These exceptions are especially interesting, as having been made against the Prayer Book when it had been brought so very nearly into its present state. We may consider that they include all the minute particulars with which fault could be found by men of learning, acuteness, and piety, whose writings were to be thenceforward the mine of Nonconformist divinity. 18
General Exceptions to the Prayer Book.
The following exceptions were taken against particular parts of the Prayer Book :—
They wish the first rubric as to the place of service to be expressed as in the Book of 1552; and the second rubric about vestments and ornaments to be omitted.
The Bishops differ and refer to § 18 above.
The doxology to be always added to the Lord’s Prayer; and this prayer not to be so often used.
The Gloria Patri to be used only once in the Morning, and once in the Evening.
’Rubric. And to the end the people may the better hear, in such places where they do sing, there shall the Lessons be sung in a plain tune, after the manner of distinct reading: and likewise the Epistle and Gospel.’ We know no warrant why they should be sung in any place, and conceive that the distinct reading of them with an audible voice tends more to the edification of the Church.
The Bishops reply, The rubric directs only such singing as is after the manner of distinct reading, and we never heard of any inconvenience thereby. 20
To appoint some Psalm or Scripture hymn instead of the apocryphal Benedicite.
In the Litany they object to the expressions, deadly sin, sudden death, and all that travel.
In the collects; to omit the words ‘this day,’ in the collect for Christmas Day.
Some other collects were named, as having in them divers things that we judge fit to be altered’; some of which were altered, as were also others to which no objection was here raised.
Exceptions against particular parts of the Prayer Book.
In the Communion Service:—
The first rubric had directed intending communicants to ‘signify their names to the Curate overnight, or else in the morning afore the beginning of morning Prayer, or immediately after.’ It was objected that this notice was not sufficient; and the rubric was altered to ‘at least some time the day before.’
They desire that the minister should have a full power to admit or repel communicants.
They object to kneeling during the reading of the Commandments, and also to the petition after each Commandment, preferring that the minister should conclude with a suitable prayer.
They desire preaching to be more strictly enjoined, and that ministers should not be bound to ‘Homilies hereafter to be set forth,’ as things which are as yet but future and not in being.
They object to the Offertory sentences, that two are apocryphal, and four of them more proper to draw out the people’s bounty to their ministers, than their charity to the poor; and to the Offertory itself, that collection for the poor may be better made at or a little before the departing of the communicants.
The Exhortation, which was appointed to be read ‘at certain times when the Curate shall see the people negligent to come to the Holy Communion,’ is objected to as unseasonable to be read at the Communion.
They object to the direction, ‘that no man should·come to the Holy Communion but with a full trust in·God’s mercy, and with a quiet conscience,’ as likely to discourage many from coming to the Sacrament, who lie under a doubting and troubled conscience.
The Bishops reply, Certainly themselves cannot desire that men should come to the Holy Communion with a troubled conscience, and therefore have no reason to blame the Church for saying it is requisite that men come with a quiet conscience, and prescribing means for quieting thereof.
The General Confession in the name of the communicants was directed to be made ‘either by one of them, or else by one of the ministers, or by the priest himself’: they desire that this may be made by the minister only.
To the rubric, that the priest or bishop, in reading the Absolution, should ‘turn himself to the people,’ they say, ‘The minister turning himself to the people is most convenient throughout the whole ministration.’
Not so: when he speaks to them’ it is convenient that he turn to them: when he speaks for them to God, it is fit that they should all turn another way, as the ancient church ever did.
As before in the collect for Christmas Day, the object to the word ‘this day’ in the proper Preface for that day and Whitsunday.
Of the Prayer ‘in the name of all them that shall receive the Communion,’ — ‘Grant that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his body, and our souls washed through his most precious -blood,’ — they observe that these words seem to give a greater efficacy to the blood than to the body of Christ, and would have them altered thus-’that our sinful souls and bodies may be cleansed through his precious body and blood.’
The Bishops in reply refer to the words of our Lord, This is my blood which is shed for you and for many for the remission of sins,’ observing that he saith not so explicitly of the body.
Of the ‘Prayer at the Consecration,’ as they word it, they say, the manner of consecrating is not explicit enough, and the minister’s breaking of the bread is not so much as mentioned.
Of the manner of distributing the elements, and the words used, they desire that the words of our Saviour may be used as near as may be; and that the minister be not required to deliver the bread and wine into every communicant’s hand, and to repeat the words to each one: also that the kneeling may be left free.
Administration to every particular communicant with the words in the singular number is most requisite, forsomuch as it is the propriety of Sacraments to make particular obsignation to each believer.
To the rubric, that ‘Every parishioner shall communicate at the least three times in the year,’ they say, Forasmuch as every parishioner is not duly qualified for the Lord’s Supper, and those habitually prepared are not at all times actually disposed, but many may be hindered by the providence of God, and some by the distemper of ·their spirits, we desire this rubric may be either wholly omitted, or thus altered: ‘Every minister shall be bound to administer the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper at least thrice a year, provided there be a due number of communicants manifesting their desires to receive.’ They also desire the Declaration, explanatory of kneeling, in the second Prayer Book ‘established by law as much as any other part’ to be again restored to its place: to which the Bishops reply, This rubric is not in the Liturgy of Queen Elizabeth, nor confirmed by law; nor is there any great need of restoring it, the world being now in more danger of profanation than of idolatry. Besides, the sense of it is declared sufficiently in the 28th Article of the Church of England.
Exceptions against the Communion Office.
The Baptismal Office, and those parts of the Prayer Book connected with it, furnished special matter for objection. The charitable conclusion of the Church, ‘that Christ will favourably accept every infant to baptism that is presented by the Church according to our present order,’ was opposed to the ministerial tyranny which the Puritan elders sought to exercise in the way of discipline and excommunication. Thus with regard to the subjects of baptism, they say, ‘There being divers learned, pious, and peaceable ministers, who not only judge it unlawful to baptize children whose parents both of them are atheists, infidels, heretics, or unbaptized, but also such whose parents are excommunicate persons, fornicators, or otherwise notorious and scandalous sinners; we desire they may not be obliged to baptize the children of such, until they have made due profession of their repentance,
We think this to be very hard and uncharitable and giving too arbitrary a power to the minister.
Then, with regard to sponsors, they object that there is no mention of the parents; they deny the right of any others not appointed by the parents to speak for the children and ‘desire that it may be left free to parents whether they will have sureties to undertake for their children in baptism or no.’
It is an erroneous doctrine, and the ground of many others, that children have no other right to baptism than their parents’ right. The Church’s primitive practice (S. Aug. Ep. 23 21 ) forbids it to be left to the pleasure of the parents, whether there shall be other sureties or no.
Of the questions addressed to the sponsors they say, ‘We know not by what right the sureties do promise and answer in the name of the infant.’ ‘We desire that the two first interrogatories may be put to the parents to be answered in their own names, and the last propounded to the parents or pro-parents thus, “Will you have this child baptized into this faith?"
If Guardians may contract for minors, why not Sponsors?
They wish the font to be conspicuous.
It stands as it did in primitive times at or near the Church door to Signify that Baptism was the entrance into the Church mystical.
As to particular expressions in the service, they object to the notion of the sanctification of Jordan, or any other waters, to a sacramental use by Christ’s being baptized.
If Jordan and all other waters be not so far sanctified by Christ as to be the matter if baptism, what authority have we to baptize? and sure His baptism was ‘dedicatio baptismi.’
The words, ‘may receive remission of sins by spiritual regeneration,’ they would have to be, ‘may be regenerated and receive the remission of sins.’
Most proper for Baptism is our Spiritual regeneration, referring to S. John iii. ; Acts ii. 3, and the Nicene creed,
The words of thanksgiving, ‘that it hath pleased thee to regenerate this infant by thy Holy Spirit,’ to be otherwise expressed, since we cannot in faith say that every child that is baptized is regenerated by God’s Holy Spirit; at least it is a disputable point.
Seeing that God’s sacraments have their effects, where the receiver doth not ‘ponere obicem,’ put any bar against them (which children. cannot do) we may say in faith of every child that is baptized, that it is regenerated by God’s Holy Spirit; and the denial of it tends to anabaptism, and the contempt of this holy sacrament, as nothing worthy, nor material whether it be administered to children or no.
Of Private Baptism they say, We desire that baptism may not be administered in a private place at any time, unless by a lawful minister, and in the presence of a competent number: that where it is evident that any child hath been so baptized, no part of the administration may be reiterated in public, under any limitations: and therefore we see no need of any Liturgy in that case.
We think it fit that children should be baptized in private rather than not at all; and as to the service, nothing done in private is reiterated in public.
Exceptions against the Baptismal Office.
In the Catechism, they desire the opening questions. to be altered, but only, as it seems, for the temporary reason, because the far greater number of persons baptized within the last twenty years had no godfathers or godmothers at their baptism. The third answer they conceive might be more safely expressed thus: ‘Wherein I was visibly admitted into the number of the members of Christ, the children of God, and the heirs (rather than "inheritors") of the kingdom of heaven.’ To the answer, declaring our duty towards God, they would add at the end, ‘particularly on the Lord’s-day’; for the reason that otherwise there was nothing in all the answer referring to the Fourth Commandment. In the latter portion, upon the Sacraments, they would have the first answer to be, ‘Two only, Baptism and the Lord’s Supper.’ Of the baptismal answers they say, We desire. that the entering infants into God’s covenant may be more warily expressed, and that the words may not seem to found their baptism upon a really actual faith and repentance of their own; and we desire that a promise may not be taken for a performance of such faith and repentance; and especially that it be not asserted that they perform these by the promise of their sureties; it being to the seed of believers that the covenant of God is made, and not (that we can find) to all that have such believing sureties, who are neither parents nor pro-parents of the child. 22
The effect of children’s baptism does not depend on the faith and repentance either of them or of their sponsors, but upon the ordinance and institution of Christ.
They approve, however, generally of this portion of the Catechism, that the doctrine of the Sacraments is much more fully and particularly delivered than the other parts, in short answers fitted to the memories of children: therefore they propose a more distinct and full application of the Creed, the Commandments, and the Lord’s Prayer: and to add ‘somewhat particularly concerning the nature of faith, repentance, the two covenants, justification, sanctification, adoption, and regeneration.’
The catechism is designedly short.
Exceptions against the Catechism.
For Confirmation, they conceive that it is not a sufficient qualification that children be able memoriter to repeat the Creed, the Lord’s Prayer, and the Ten Commandments, and to answer to some questions of this short Catechism; for it is often found that children are able to do this at four or five years old; and it crosses what is said in another rubric, ordaining that Confirmation should be ministered unto them that are of perfect age, that they being instructed in the Christian religion should openly profess their own faith, and promise to be obedient to the will of God; and therefore they desire that none may be confirmed but according to his Majesty’s Declaration (October 25, 1660) — ‘That Confirmation be rightly and solemnly performed, by the information and with the consent of the minister of the place.’
The requirement is a minimum.
They object to the words of the rubric, declaring that ‘children being baptized have all things necessary for their salvation,’ as dangerous as to the misleading of the vulgar; although they charitably suppose the meaning of these words was only to exclude the necessity of any other sacraments to baptized infants.
There is no danger in keeping the words, but only in wishing to expunge them.
They object also to the mention of a godfather or godmother, seeing no need of them either at baptism or confirmation.
The words of the ‘Prayer before the Imposition of Hands’ suppose that all the children who are brought to be confirmed, have the Spirit of Christ, and the forgiveness of all their sins; whereas a great number of children at that age, having committed many sins since their baptism, do show no evidence of serious repentance, or of any special saving grace; and therefore this Confirmation (if administered to such) would be a perilous and gross abuse. To which the Bishops reply, It supposeth, and that truly, that all children were at their baptism regenerate by water and the Holy Ghost, and had given unto them the forgiveness of all their sins; and it is charitably presumed that, notwithstanding the frailties and slips of their childhood, they have not totally lost what was in baptism conferred upon them; and therefore adds, ‘Strengthen them, we beseech thee, O Lord, with the Holy Ghost the Comforter, and daily increase in them thy manifold gifts of grace, &c. None that lives in open sin ought to be confirmed.
They also object that the Imposition of Hands by the Bishop seems to put a higher value upon Confirmation than upon Baptism or the Lord’s Supper.
Confirmation is reserved to the Bishop as of old, and our church doth everywhere profess to conform to the Catholic usages of the primitive times, from which causelessly to depart argues rather love of contention than of peace: and on the contrary the most necessary ordinances are those least restricted.
They desire that the practice of the Apostles may not be alleged as a ground of this imposition of hands for the confirmation of children, and that imposition of hands may not be made a sign to certify children of God’s grace and favour towards them, because this seems to speak it a sacrament, on both points alleging Article XXV.
It is the apostolic ordinance, and you misinterpret the Article.
They urge that Confirmation may not be made so necessary to the Holy Communion as that none should be admitted to it unless they be confirmed.
There is no inconvenience, and you elsewhere desire this very thing.
Exceptions against Confirmation.
In the Marriage Service, they desire that the ring may be left indifferent: some other words to be used instead ‘worship’ and ‘depart,’ — which old word, they say, is Improperly used: the declaration in the name of the Trinity to be omitted, lest it should seem to favour those who count matrimony a sacrament; to omit the change of place and posture directed in the middle of the service: to alter or omit the words ‘consecrated the state of matrimony to such an excellent mystery,’ seeing the institution of marriage was before the Fall, and so before the promise of Christ; and also for that it seems to countenance the opinion of making matrimony a sacrament: and to omit the direction for Communion on the day of marriage.
Exceptions against the Marriage Service.
In the ‘Order for the Visitation of the Sick,’ they desire a greater liberty in the prayer as well as in the exhortation; and that the form of the Absolution be declarative and conditional, as ‘I pronounce thee absolved,’ instead of ‘I absolve thee,’ and ‘If thou dost truly repent and believe’; and that it may only be recommended to the minister to be used or omitted as he shall see occasion.
The giving of absolution must not depend upon the minister’s pleasure, but on the sick man’s penitence. The form is closer to S. John xx. than the amendment.
Also, of the ‘Communion of the Sick,’ they propose that the minister be not enjoined to administer the sacrament to every sick person that shall desire it, but only as he shall judge expedient.
He must not deny the viaticum to any who ‘humbly desire it’ being presumably penitent and prepared.
the Visitation of the Sick,
In the ‘Order for the Burial of the Dead,’ they desire the insertion of a rubric declaring that the prayers and exhortations are not for the benefit of the dead, but only for the instruction and comfort of the living; and that ministers may be allowed to perform the whole service in the church if they think fit, for the preventing of inconveniences which many times both ministers and people are exposed unto by standing in the open air. Also some expressions are objected to, that they cannot in truth be said of persons living and dying in open and notorious sin; that they may harden the wicked, and are inconsistent with the largest rational charity; and more than this, that they cannot be used with respect to those, persons who have not by their actual repentance given any ground for the hope of their blessed estate.
It is better to be charitable and hope the best than rashly to condemn.
In the Churching they desired a change of place, a change of psalm, a penitential Versicle to be used in case of adultery or fornication, and the omission of the offering.
The place is conspicuous and good and is suitable to her making an offering. In case of sin penance must be done first.
and Burial of the Dead.
The Bishops, after replying at length to these objections, ended by stating the following concessions, which they were willing to make in the way of alterations in the Prayer Book. 23
1. We are willing that all the Epistles and Gospels be used according to the last translation.
2. That when anything is read for an Epistle which is not in the Epistles, the superscription shall be, ‘For the Epistle.’
3. That the Psalms be collated with the former translation mentioned in the rubric, and printed according to it.
4. That the words, ‘this day,’ both in the Collects and Prefaces, be used only upon the day itself; and for the following days it be said, ‘as about this time.’
5. That a longer time be required for signification of the names of the communicants; and the words the rubric be changed into these, ‘at least some time the day before.’
6. That the power of keeping scandalous sinners from the Communion may be expressed in the rubric, according to the 26th and 27th Canons; so the minister be obliged to give an account of the same immediately after to the Ordinary.
7. That the whole Preface be prefixed to the Commandments.
8. That the second Exhortation be read some Sunday or Holy Day before the celebration of the Communion, at the discretion of the minister.
9. That the General Confession at the Communion be pronounced by one of the ministers, the people saying after him, all kneeling humbly upon their knees.
10. That the manner of consecrating the elements may be made more explicit and express, and to that purpose these words be put into the rubric, , Then shall he put his hand upon the bread and break it’ ‘Then shall he put his hand unto the cup.’
11. That if the font be so placed as the congregation cannot hear, it may be referred to the Ordinary to place it more conveniently.
12. That those words, ‘Yes, they do perform those, &c.,’ may be altered thus, ‘Because they promise them both by their sureties.’
13. That the words of the last rubric before the Catechism may be thus altered, ‘that children beinb baptized have all things necessary for their salvation and dying before they commit any actual sins, be undoubtedly saved, though they be not confirmed.’
14. That to the rubric after Confirmation these words may be added, ‘or be ready and desirous to be confirmed.’
15. That those words, ‘with my body I thee worship, may be altered thus, ‘with my body I thee honour.’
16. That those words, ‘till death us depart,’ be thus altered, ‘till death us do part.’
17. That the words, ‘sure and certain,’ may be left out.
Concessions of the Bishops.
Of these changes of phrases, or minute improvements of rubric, there is hardly one of any great importance. The Bishops, conscious of their own power and of the captiousness of the opposition, felt that they were not called upon by any plea of tender consciences to adopt alterations of which they did not recognize the clear necessity. They therefore took up a strong and unyielding position behind primitive custom and Catholic usage. They also knew that it was vain to assent to any real changes; for that, if they granted all the proposals of the Ministers, and altered all the ceremonies and phrases objected to, the Prayer Book would still be deemed an intolerable burden, so long as its use in any shape was to be constantly and vigorously enforced. 24 The Puritans required the free exercise of the gift of prayer in every part of Public Worship, and contended that, whatever alterations might be made in the Book, it should be left to the discretion of the minister to omit any part of its appointed services. 25
The true character of the conflict.
Besides making such alterations in the Prayer Book as should be, thought necessary, the King’s Warrant authorized the Commissioners to insert ‘some additional forms, in the Scripture phrase as near as might be, suited to the nature of the several parts of worship.’ Therefore when the Ministers delivered to the Bishop their paper of exceptions against the existing Prayer Book, they said that they had made a considerable progress in preparing new forms, and should (by God’s assistance) offer them to the reverend Commissioners with all convenient speed. This portion of their labours was undertaken by Richard Baxter. Whether he had ever any idea of composing forms of prayer, to inserted among the Collects of the Prayer Book, so that the same book might be used in Public Worship by Puritans and Churchmen, while each party retained their essential differences, is very doubtful. He thought amendment all but hopeless in a book of which the framework and the matter of the prayers had respect to primitive models; and, to express his own ideas of a befitting Christian worship, he composed an entirely new Directory of service, under the title of The Reformation of the Liturgy. 26 This with some slight alterations was accepted by the Presbyterian Committee, and presented to the Bishops with A Petition for Peace, 27 which was for the most part a lengthy repetition of the Puritan wail, which had been going on for a hundred years, against set forms of prayer and ceremonial. If the Prayer Book was to be tolerated by the Puritans, their new Liturgy must also be allowed, so that either of them might be used at the discretion of the minister; they also desired freedom from subscription, oaths, and ceremonies; and demanded that no ordination, whether absolute or conditional, should be required from any who had already been ordained by the parochial pastors.
Baxter’s next work was to compile a lengthy rejoinder seriatim to the reply which the Bishops had fully and finally made to the series of Presbyterian objections, without any hope indeed of obtaining the concessions he desired, but rather to express the fulness of his indignation against the Bishops and the Prayer Book. 28 After these vain disputes, only ten days remained of the time limited by the Royal Commission for the Conference. The Nonconformists then desired a personal discussion upon the subject of the paper which had been exchanged; and after two days’ debate it was agreed to. Bishop Cosin produced a paper, ‘as from a considerable person,’ 29 proposing that the complainers should distinguish between what they taxed as contrary to the Word of God in the Book of Common Prayer and what they opposed merely as inexpedient, and that reference should then be made to convocation to give a final decision: whereupon eight particulars 30 were alleged as contrary to the Word of God. The last week was spent in a particular dispute 31 between Dr. Pearson, Dr. Gunning, and Dr. Sparrow on one side against Dr. Bates, Dr. Jacomb, and Mr. Baxter on the other side, carrying on the disputation in writing and taking the particular instance of kneeling at the Communion. 32 On the closing day a final Reply was given in by Baxter, 33 but it was never answered and there was nothing to be gained by further discussion. And thus the last Conference ended on Monday the 24th of July, 1661, with the only result that could reasonably have been expected. The Presbyterians had an opportunity of showing their untractable spirit in the cavillings of Baxter, which annoyed some influential persons who were previously disposed to treat them tenderly. They showed also that their hostility to the Prayer Book was irreconcilable though it only rested on small reasons, on phrases misinterpreted, or on doctrines opposed to Catholic truth. 34
Eight particulars in the Prayer Book alleged as sinful.
In the meanwhile, Convocation had assembled on the 8th of May, 1661. 35 The first business was to prepare a Form of Prayer with Thanksgiving for the 20th of May, the anniversary of the King’s birth and restoration, and also an office for the Baptism of Adults, which was found necessary from the great neglect of religious ordinances during the Rebellion. 36 Other steps were also taken towards the Revision of Canons and the drawing up of Visitation articles. But as yet nothing was done as regards the Prayer Book. In the House of Commons, on June 25, notice was first taken of the proceedings at the Conference; a Committee was appointed to make search for the original of King Edward’s Second Service book, 37 ‘and to provide for an effectual conformity to the Liturgy of the Church for the time to come’; and a Bill for Uniformity passed the Commons (July 9), to which was annexed the Prayer Book of 1604 38 : but in view of what was going forward in Convocation this was delayed until the following February in the House of Lords.
The second session of this royalist Parliament began November 20, and Convocation reassembled on the following day, when the King’s Letters were read, directing the revision of the Common Prayer, and a Committee of Bishops 39 was appointed for the purpose. The business, however, had been foreseen, and the Committee seems to have at once reported that the preparations were already made, and that the whole House might proceed to the work of revision. On Saturday, November 23, a portion of the Book with the corrections of the Bishops was delivered to the prolocutor of the Lower House, and the remainder on the following Wednesday, when the first portion was returned from the Lower House, with a schedule of amendments there made. The whole work was speedily completed, and on the 20th of December, 1661, the Book of Common Prayer was adopted and subscribed by the Clergy of both Houses of Convocation, and of both provinces. 40
Revision by Convocation.
On January 14, the House of Lords began the consideration of the Commons’ Act of Uniformity: on the 28th following the Commons urged the Lords to greater expedition, on the 20th the Bishops in Convocation discussed the Bill, and thenceforward the House of Lords stayed proceedings till the Revised Book should be brought in. This was done with a Royal Message on February 25. 41 The book was not discussed or amended in either House, but read and annexed to the Act of Uniformity instead of the Book of 1604. The Act itself was much debated and amended and only passed the Lords on April 9; further amendments were made in the Commons. 42 and then, after a Conference, accepted by the Lords, so that finally the Bill received the royal assent on the 19th of May, 1662. 43 The Church’s book thus received the civil sanction, and the State thought good by an Act of Uniformity to enforce it and to affix penalties to the non-observance of it. But in doing so the greatest care was taken not to encroach upon the rights of the Church or her spiritual liberty. 44
Action in Parliament
Great pains were taken with this revision; about 600 alterations of every kind were made: and Mr. Sancroft was appointed by Convocation (March 8) to superintend the printing of the Book, with Mr. Scattergood and Mr. Dillingham to correct the press. 45 Certain printed copies having been examined and carefully corrected by Commissioners appointed for the purpose, were certified by them, and exemplified under the Great Seal: and one of these Sealed Books, annexed to a printed copy of the Act of Uniformity, was ordered to be obtained by the respective deans and chapters of every cathedral or collegiate church before the 25th of December; and a similar copy to be delivered into the respective Courts at Westminster, and into the Tower of London, to be preserved for ever among the records. 46
A copy of this Prayer Book is online
The following are the most important alterations introduced into the Prayer Book at this revision. 47 The Preface was prefixed, and the original Preface (1549) followed as a chapter ‘Concerning the Service of the Church.’ The extracts from the Bible, except the Psalter, the Ten Commandments, and some portions in the Communion Service, were taken generally from the version of 1611. The Absolution at Mattins and Evensong was ordered to be pronounced by the Priest instead of the Minister. The ‘five prayers’ were printed at the end of the Order of Morning and Evening Service. In the Litany, the words ‘rebellion’ and ‘schism’ were’ added to the petition against ‘sedition.’ The words, ‘bishops, priests, and deacons,’ were substituted for ‘bishops, pastors, and ministers of the Church.’ Among the Occasional Prayers were introduced the two Ember prayers, the Prayer for the High Court of Parliament, the Prayer for all Conditions of Men, also the General Thanksgiving, and a Thanksgiving for the Restoration of Public Peace at Home. New Collects were appointed for the third Sunday in Advent, and for S. Stephen’s Day: a Collect, Epistle, and Gospel were provided for a sixth Sunday after the Epiphany: and a distinct Collect for Easter-even: in several places the word ‘church’ was used for ‘congregation.’ The Gospel for the Sunday after Christmas was shortened by the omission of the genealogy; as also those for the Sunday next before Easter, and for Good Friday, which had contained the Second Lesson for the day: an Epistle was provided for the day of the Purification: the Anthems for Easter Day were enlarged. In the Communion Service, the commemoration of the departed was added to the prayer for the Church Militant: the rubrics preceding this prayer were now altered on the lines of the Liturgy prepared for Scotland (1637), directing the presentation of the alms, and the placing of the bread and wine upon the Table, this latter being also taken from 1549. The first exhortation was inserted where it stands, giving warning of the Communion, instead of being read sometimes at the Communion. The rubric was added before the Prayer of Consecration, directing the priest so to order the bread and wine that he may with decency break the bread and take the cup. The rubrics were added prescribing the Manual Acts in consecration, the form of consecrating additional bread and wine, if needed, and the covering of the remainder of the consecrated elements with a fair linen cloth. The Order of the Council of 1552, respecting kneeling at Communion, which had been removed by Queen Elizabeth, was now replaced, but the words ‘corporal presence’ were substituted for ‘real and essential presence,’ and it thus became a defence of the doctrine of the Real Presence instead of a denial of it.
Some careful amendments were made in the Baptismal Offices: the inquiry as to obedience was added to the examination of sponsors; and the declaration, which had formed part of the Preface to the Confirmation Service, of the undoubted salvation of baptized infants dying before they commit actual sin, and a reference to the xxxth canon (1604) for the meaning of the sign of the cross, were placed at the end of the Office of Public Baptism. An Office for the Administration of Baptism to such as were of riper years was added. The Catechism was separated from the Order of Confirmation.
Baptismal Offices.
The first rubric explaining the end of Confirmation was now appointed to be read as the Preface to the Service, followed, in place of the catechism, by the inquiry of renewal and ratification of the baptismal vow. A form was now appointed for the publication of Banns of Marriage, and the particular ‘time of service’ to be ‘immediately before’ the Offertory Sentences. The Order following the last Blessing, ‘Then shall begin the Communion,’ was omitted; and the final rubric, that ‘the new married persons, the same day of their marriage, must receive the Holy Communion,’ was altered to a declaration that it is convenient so to do either then or at the first opportunity after their marriage.
In the Visitation of the Sick instead of a reference to ‘Peter’s wife’s mother, and the captain’s servant,’ the petition for the sanctification of sickness was inserted in the prayer before the Exhortation: and the words, ‘if he humbly and heartily desire it,’ were added to the rubric respecting absolution. The final benediction, and the occasional prayers, were now added. The form of service for the Communion of the Sick was more clearly directed to begin with the Proper Collect, Epistle, and Gospel, and then to pass to the part of the public office beginning with ‘Ye that do truly,’ &c. In the Order for Burial, the first rubric was added respecting persons unbaptized or excommunicate. The Psalms and Lesson were appointed to be read in the church, according to the rubric of 1549. The name of the deceased was omitted in the prayer at the grave. In the Churching Service new Psalms were appointed. The Commination was directed to be used on the first day of Lent.
Occasional Offices.
In the Ordinal a special Gospel was appointed at the Ordering of Deacons, and besides similar changes in the Ordering of Priests and the Consecration of Bishops and some transposition of the parts of the former, Cosin’s translation of Veni Creator was added, and the description of the office was inserted into the formula, Receive the Holy Ghost for the office and work of a Priest (Bishop) now committed, &c. Forms of Prayer were supplied to be used at Sea, and for the 30th of January, and the 20th of May, and the Service for the 5th of November was altered. 48
The Ordinal.
Thus the Book remained the same Book of Common Prayer, as to all its distinctive features. The alterations fall under four general heads. 49 (1) The language was made more smooth by verbal changes and slight transpositions; (2) some rubrics were made clearer for the direction of priests to whom the ‘customary manner’ of former years was unknown; (3) the selected portions of Scripture were taken from the best translation. (4) some new services were added, which had become necessary from the circumstances of the time: such as that for Adult Baptism, to meet the case of converts from Anabaptism at home, and from heathenism in the ‘Plantations’; and that for use at sea, to meet the requirements of the rapidly increasing trade and navy of the country. But while all this was done with scrupulous care, it seems that small regard was paid to the objections of the Puritans. 50 The Bishops rejected them, as they explained in the new Preface, on the ground that they ‘were either of dangerous consequence (as secretly striking at some established Doctrine or laudable Practice of the Church of England or indeed of the whole Catholick Church of Christ), or else of no consequence at all, but utterly frivolous and vain.’ Thus all the main things to which they had objected-the use of the Apocrypha at certain times in the Daily Service, the form of the Litany, the expressions in the services for Baptism Marriage and Burial, the vestments, the kneeling at Communion, the cross at Baptism, the ring at Marriage, the Absolution for the sick, the declaration touching the salvation of baptized infants 51 — these were all retained by Convocation; and not only so but they were confirmed by the act of the civil power, 52 which, going a big step further, required conforming ministers not only to adopt the new arrangements, but to declare the unlawfulness of their past conduct, and to submit to episcopal ordination. 53
Review of the Alterations.
Subsequent sessions of Convocation were concerned with the service for November 5 and with a Form of Consecration of Churches and Chapels: the former was finished, but the latter was allowed to drop. 54 On April 26 the Upper House entrusted to Earles, Dean of Westminster, and Dr. Pearson the translation of the Prayer Book into Latin, but these both gave up the work before it was done, and at a later date the Latin Prayer Book was completed by other hands. 55
Further Results.
Further action in Convocation.
In Scotland episcopacy was restored at the opening of 1661, and at the end of the year two Archbishops and two Bishops were consecrated at Westminster Abbey ‘according to the form of the Church of England, but without prejudice to the privileges of the Church of Scotland’. 56 In the following year it was reported that the Scots had received the Bishops and the Book of Common Prayer with great expressions of joy, notwithstanding the efforts of factious men in England. 57 But in fact the Prayer Book was not used and episcopacy went on without Liturgy till its disestablishment in 1689. 58
In Scotland.
The Irish Convocation (August-November 1662) examined and unanimously approved the Prayer Book, which had been revised and settled by law in England ; but it was only after an interval of four years that its use was enjoined, under penalties, by the Irish Parliament in 1666. 59
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i don't know
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Who was Athina Roussel's multi-millionairess mother?
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Athina Onassis
Athina Onassis
She always looks so sad in photos... What's her problem?
by HootieHoo
She looks angry to me. Wasn't her mother really fucked up?
by HootieHoo
I would say it's no longer a problem, OP.
by HootieHoo
She looks old for her age.
by HootieHoo
Looks like Matt Damon's tragically tragic sister.
by HootieHoo
She is 25 and alive.
by HootieHoo
reply 8
12/20/2010
Her father is supposed to be a realy slimy piece of work. And IIRC, she's basically been the family meal ticket since birth.
by HootieHoo
ooops, confused Christina (dead) with Athina.%0D %0D My bad.
by HootieHoo
No R4, she's not dead
by HootieHoo
reply 12
12/20/2010
She is quite a horsewoman and married someone she was dating since the age of 17 who shares that interest. %0D %0D I kinda feel for her because her family legacy might be wealthy as all get out but it is also tragic as hell. %0D %0D Poor dear. %0D %0D %0D %0D %0D %0D
by HootieHoo
reply 13
12/20/2010
She has her mother's dark circles under her eyes. Plus, she is Greek, with a classic Greek-tragedy family history.
by HootieHoo
12/20/2010
How much is she worth?
At what point does such mass wealth become boredom? You've been everywhere, done everything, have access to the best of the best. Seems like you really don't have anything to work towards because it's all at your fingertips.
by HootieHoo
Her surname is Roussel, not Onassis.
by HootieHoo
She's depressed because she misses the company of her extraordinary step-grandmother -- Jackie Onassis.
by HootieHoo
reply 17
12/20/2010
She's estimated to be worth anywhere between 800 million and 3 billion. Apparently her dad sold off assets of hers when she was a child that may have impacted her net worth.
Still - she be RICH!
She's ugly and everyone's out for her money, not her.
by HootieHoo
reply 19
12/20/2010
According to my greek aunt her grandfather killed her grandmother because she was going to or had left him. I can't remember which. He found out she was seeing someone else as flew into a rage, even though he had been seeing Maria Callas for years. This is gossip of course, although the affair with Callas is well known.%0D %0D Apparantly this affected her mother, Athena, and she had problems with drugs and her weight fluctuated from one extreme to the other. Athena died when Christina was a child. %0D %0D How sad, two generations of women that grew up without their mother.
by HootieHoo
You got the names mixed up. Christina was Athina's mother.
by HootieHoo
I don't think she's ugly.
by HootieHoo
reply 22
12/20/2010
"She's depressed because she misses the company of her extraordinary step-grandmother -- Jackie Onassis."%0D %0D I guess that's a feeble attempt at a joke, because Athina Onassis Roussel was never even seen by her greedy, materialistic step-grandma Jackie Kennedy Onassis. Christina hated Jackie with a passion; no way would she have let Jackie get anywhere near Athina. %0D %0D Although obscenely wealthy from the time of her birth, Athina has not had a particularly charmed life. She was still an infant when her mother died. Her father is a slimeball; he married her mother for her money and during their marriage had a Swedish mistress with whom he had children while still married to Christina. %0D %0D Her marriage will probably end in divorce eventually. The older man she married was quite the playboy; not exactly great husband material. %0D %0D At least she has an interest she is serious about: horses. It provides a focus in her life; her mother never had that. All her mother ever did was lead the aimless, meaningless life of someone who has never had to work a day in her life.%0D %0D If Athina Onassis Roussel de Miranda doesn't look happy in a lot of her photos it's probably because she doesn't like being photographed. And she probably has a lot of crosses to bear, despite her incredible wealth.
by HootieHoo
reply 23
12/20/2010
[quote]She is quite a horsewoman and married someone she was dating since the age of 17 who shares that interest. %0D %0D They share an interest in her fortune according to the wife he divorced to marry Athina:%0D %0D "She can buy him horses and I can't .... He exchanged me for Athina's money"
by HootieHoo
reply 24
12/20/2010
[quote]According to my greek aunt her grandfather killed her grandmother because she was going to or had left him. %0D %0D Are you saying Aristotle Onassis had his ex-wife Tina killed? She'd had two husbands since him! He should have been over it. Besides, her death came the year after her only son died in a plane crash; maybe she really did OD.
by HootieHoo
reply 25
12/20/2010
[quote]According to my greek aunt her grandfather killed her grandmother because she was going to or had left him.
No, her STEP-grandfather killed her grandmother.
Her grandmother (her mother Christina's mother) was Athina (Tina) Livornos (her namesake), the daughter of one of Greece's greatest shipping tycoons. Tina's first husband was the richest of all the tycoons, Aristotle Onassis, by whom she had two children, Alexander and Christina (who was Athina Onassis Roussel's mother). She divorced Onassis, and married the Marquess of Blandford (who is the current Duke of Marlborough). Then after ten years she divorced Blandford and married as her third husband Stavros Niarchos, Aristotle Onassis's arch rival and the widower of Tina Livanos's sister Eugenia.
Niarchos had a terrible temper, and it is suggested he killed both of the Livanos sisters. They both died under very mysterious circumstances of drug overdoes, as did Christina Onassis herself (though Niarchos almost certainly had no hand in Christina's death). He was officially exonerated in an inquiry into the death of Eugenia, but questions linger, and the death of Tina Livanos was never brought up before official inquiry.
Niarchos, "the Golden Greek," had affairs with or married the most beautiful and wealthiest women of his day. he also married Charlotte Ford, and had affairs with Princess Firyal of Jordan and Princess Marie Gabriella of Savoy.
by HootieHoo
reply 26
12/20/2010
Onassis didn't have Tina killed. Christina Onassis' aunt was Eugenie Niarchos. Her husband was Stavros Niarchos. Eugenie died of an overdose, but there were bruises on her body. There was an investigation into her death and Stavros Niarchos was cleared. About a year or so after Eugenie Niarchos died, her sister, Tina Onassis (Christina's mother), married Stavros Niarchos. Tina died in 1974 of an overdose as well.%0D %0D Christina didn't like Stavros Niarchos because of the suspicions around Eugenie's death. He also apparently either slept with Christina Onassis or made a pass at her.
by HootieHoo
reply 27
12/20/2010
R25, the rumor had nothing to do with Aristotle Onassis:%0D %0D Christina Onassis was the daughter of Aristotle Onassis and Athina "Tina" Livanos (daughter of a Greek shipping magnate). Christina named her daughter Athina in honor of her deceased mother who used the name "Tina". After divorcing Onassis, Tina had 2 more husbands. At the time of her death, Tina was married to Stavros Niarchos another Greek shipping magnate who was also Tina's sister's widower (hmmmmm). Tina's death was attributed to a drug overdose but Stavros Niarchos is long-rumored to have killed her. Aristotle Onassis had nothing to do with Tina's death. Stavros Niarchos would have been Athina Onassis Roussel's step-grandfather.
by HootieHoo
reply 28
12/20/2010
Well, I wouldn't have alot of the details because this conversation came up when my aunt and I caught a bit of the film Italian film "Callas and Onassis". I'm not sure the actual film had all the relationships squared properly either.
by HootieHoo
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Christina Onassis
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Which former chart topping British duo re-formed in 1999 to record an album titled 'Peace'?
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Athina Onassis May Not Be a Billionairess Anymore! | GreekReporter.com
Athina Onassis May Not Be a Billionairess Anymore!
Athina Onassis May Not Be a Billionairess Anymore!
By
-
Jun 9, 2016
Athina Onassis, heiress to the once-mythical fortune of Aristotle Onassis, is assumed to be rich though nobody can estimate for certain how much she is worth. She inherited the fortune of her mother and half of her grandfather’s wealth that would have been enough to keep her in the lap of luxury.
Onassis biographer Dimitris Lymberopoulos wrote that Christina Onassis bequeathed real estate worth 40 billion dollars, deposits worth 40 million dollars in the united states and 90 million dollars in South America as well as investments worth 200 million dollars in various ventures in shipping, tourism aviation, construction and iron as well as unknown amounts in Swiss banks.
When the heiress came of age, a trust fund with all her property was held by her father. A father-daughter fued began when she met Doda, her soon-to-be-husband and she demanded the legacy left to her. Both sides agreed on a settlement where the young heiress is believed to have transferred 100 million dollars.
Soon after came a huge sell-off which many people attribute to an attempt by Onassis to cut off with her past and start anew. Others still see it as an effort to continue her expensive hobby, equestrianism. She sold off:
♦The Foch Avenue penthouse in Paris.
♦The Cristal Villa at Saint Moritz, Switzerland.
♦Prime real estate of 3.5 hectares at Glyfada, on the south cast of Athens.
♦The island of Scorpio, sold for 117 million euros.
♦Her mother’s jewelry went under the hammer at Christie’s for 4 million dollars for 40 rings, necklaces, earrings and other personal items
In 2014, articles published claimed that Athina had less than 500 million euros to her name. In 2015, she turned 30 and received a trust believed to be worth 300 million dollars in cash and 350 million dollars in shares and 150 million dollars worth of gold.
This means that the golden heiress is a multi-millionaire but no longer a billionairess.
The divorce with her playboy husband , Alvaro “Doda” Affonso de Miranda, who she met when still a teen will further eat into her wealth. The pre-nuptial agreement signed means that Alvaro will get 45 million dollars for his 11 years of marriage to the Onassis heiress. The agreement states that she would need to offer him one million dollars for every year they spent together as well as 50 percent of the 60-million-dollar company they hold together. Judicial costs for the divorce will be at around 4 million dollars.
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i don't know
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Which constituency was represented by Tony Blair?
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Biography | The Office of Tony Blair
The Office of Tony Blair
Contact
Biography
Tony Blair served as Prime Minister of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1997 to 2007, the only Labour leader in the party’s 100 year history to win three consecutive elections. During his time in office, the UK economy enjoyed record growth. His Government made major improvements in Britain’s public services, particularly healthcare and education, through a programme of investment and reform. Britain’s first ever statutory minimum wage was introduced. The Prime Minister led the successful London 2012 Olympics bid; and oversaw the peace process for Northern Ireland. He introduced the first elected Mayor for London, the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Northern Ireland Assembly.
He was a staunch advocate of an interventionist foreign policy, in particular in Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan and Iraq. He trebled the UK’s aid programme for Africa and introduced the first environmental programme in the UK to combat climate change.
Since leaving office Tony Blair has spent most of his time on work in the Middle East, in Africa and on the fight against religiously based extremism. In the Middle East, formerly the Quartet Representative, he is now specifically focusing on building relations between Arabs and Israelis. He works in eight African countries – Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya and Mozambique – through his Foundation the Africa Governance Initiative, helping the Presidents of those countries to deliver change programmes.
He has established a Foundation to combat extremism – the Tony Blair Faith Foundation – which works in over 20 countries with programmes on education and tracking extremism across the world.
He also founded and funds a Sports Foundation dedicated to boosting grassroots sport for young people in the North East of England, which includes the Sedgefield constituency he represented in Parliament.
Mr Blair chairs The Climate Group International Leadership council.
50 Achievements of the Labour Party in government under Prime Minister Tony Blair
1. Longest period of sustained low inflation since the 60s.
1. Introduced the National Minimum Wage and raised it to £5.52.
2. Over 14,000 more police in England and Wales.
3. Biggest hospital and school building programme since the foundation of the welfare state.
4. 1500 failed schools turned around.
5. Academy Revolution started. By mid-2007, the UK was on course for 400 academies.
6. Inpatient waiting lists down by over half a million since 1997.
7. Cut overall crime by 32 per cent.
8. Record levels of literacy and numeracy in schools.
9. Young people achieving some of the best ever results at 14, 16, and 18.
10. Funding for every pupil in England has doubled.
11. Secured the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games for London.
12. Removed brutal regimes in Afghanistan and Iraq.
13. Interventions to defend human rights and rule of law in Bosnia, Kosovo, East Timor and Sierra Leone.
14. Employment at its highest level ever.
15. Written off up to 100 per cent of debt owed by poorest countries.
16. 85,000 more nurses and 32,000 more doctors.
17. Devolved power to the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly.
18. Maternity leave increased to 9 months.
19. Paternity leave of 2 weeks for the first time.
20. NHS Direct offering free convenient patient advice.
21. Gift aid was worth £828 million to charities last year.
22. Record number of students in higher education.
23. Child benefit up 26 per cent since 1997.
24. Delivered 2,200 Sure Start Children’s Centres.
25. Low mortgage rates.
26. Bank of England Independence.
27. Introduced the Equality and Human Rights Commission.
28. £200 winter fuel payment to pensioners & up to £300 for over-80s.
29. Put the UK on course to exceed our Kyoto target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
30. Restored devolved government to Northern Ireland.
31. Over 36,000 more teachers in England and 274,000 more support staff and teaching assistants.
32. Gave full time workers a right to 24 days paid holiday.
33. A million pensioners lifted out of poverty.
34. 600,000 children lifted out of relative poverty.
35. Introduced child tax credit giving more money to parents.
36. Scrapped Section 28 and introduced Civil Partnerships.
37. Brought over 1 million social homes up to standard.
38. Cleanest rivers, beaches, drinking water and air since before the industrial revolution.
39. Free TV licences for over-75s.
40. Free breast cancer screening for all women aged 50-70.
41. Free off peak local bus travel for over-60s.
42. New Deal – helped over 1.8 million people into work.
43. Over 3 million child trust funds started.
44. Free eye test for over 60s.
45. More than doubled the number of apprenticeships.
46. Free entry to national museums and galleries.
47. Overseas aid budget more than doubled.
48. Heart disease deaths down by 150,000 and cancer deaths down by 50,000.
49. Cut long-term youth unemployment by 75 per cent.
50. Free nursery places for every three and four-year-olds.
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Sedgefield
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Which country does the pop group 'Savage Garden' come from?
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Speaker Bio: Tony Blair - Washington Speakers Bureau
Prime Minister, Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1997-2007)
Exclusively WSB
Tony Blair served as Prime Minister of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1997 to 2007, the only Labour leader in the party’s 100 year history to win three consecutive elections. During his time in office, the UK economy enjoyed record growth. His Government made major improvements in Britain’s public services, particularly healthcare and education, through a programme of investment and reform. Britain’s first ever statutory minimum wage was introduced. The Prime Minister led the successful London 2012 Olympics bid; and oversaw the peace process for Northern Ireland. He introduced the first elected Mayor for London, the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Assembly and Northern Ireland Assembly.
He was a staunch advocate of an interventionist foreign policy, in particular in Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Afghanistan and Iraq. He trebled the UK’s aid programme for Africa and introduced the first environmental programme in the UK to combat climate change. Since leaving office Tony Blair has spent most of his time on work in the Middle East, in Africa and on the fight against religiously based extremism. In the Middle East, formerly the Quartet Representative, he is now specifically focusing on building relations between Arabs and Israelis. He works in eight African countries – Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Rwanda, Ethiopia, Kenya and Mozambique – through his Foundation the Africa Governance Initiative, helping the Presidents of those countries to deliver change programmes. He has established a Foundation to combat extremism – the Tony Blair Faith Foundation – which works in over 20 countries with programmes on education and tracking extremism across the world.
He also founded and funds a Sports Foundation dedicated to boosting grassroots sport for young people in the North East of England, which includes the Sedgefield constituency he represented in Parliament.
Mr Blair chairs The Climate Group International Leadership council.
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i don't know
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Who wrote the book and presented the recent t.v. series 'Empire'?
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Empire (TV Mini-Series 2012) - IMDb
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
This five-part BBC documentary series, written and presented by Jeremy Paxman, explores the British Empire in terms of its legacy and impact on modern life. I found it both compelling and entertaining, a perfect introduction to a topic that nowadays is rarely heard about (sometimes, it seems, for good reason!).
Paxman is a perfect choice for our host: he's enthusiastic and knowledgeable, and he has a way of asking his interviewees cutting questions that get to the heart of the matter. Another reviewer describes his presence as 'celebrity casting' but misses the point: Paxman not only presented but wrote this series, a real labour of love for him.
The documentary features mucho globe-trotting, with plenty of beautifully-shot locations around the world. The topics covered explore all of the main aspects of Empire: warfare, suppression, family life, exploration. Paxman treats his subject in a balanced way; there's no sneering at all, instead he looks at the topic from every viewpoint. I'm as patriotic as the next Brit, and I found EMPIRE a thoroughly splendid show.
5 of 9 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
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Jeremy Paxman
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At which sport is Briton Nick Matthew the current World Champion?
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Empire (TV Mini-Series 2012) - IMDb
(United Kingdom) – See all my reviews
This five-part BBC documentary series, written and presented by Jeremy Paxman, explores the British Empire in terms of its legacy and impact on modern life. I found it both compelling and entertaining, a perfect introduction to a topic that nowadays is rarely heard about (sometimes, it seems, for good reason!).
Paxman is a perfect choice for our host: he's enthusiastic and knowledgeable, and he has a way of asking his interviewees cutting questions that get to the heart of the matter. Another reviewer describes his presence as 'celebrity casting' but misses the point: Paxman not only presented but wrote this series, a real labour of love for him.
The documentary features mucho globe-trotting, with plenty of beautifully-shot locations around the world. The topics covered explore all of the main aspects of Empire: warfare, suppression, family life, exploration. Paxman treats his subject in a balanced way; there's no sneering at all, instead he looks at the topic from every viewpoint. I'm as patriotic as the next Brit, and I found EMPIRE a thoroughly splendid show.
5 of 9 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?
Yes
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i don't know
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Who presented the weekday mid-morning show on BBC Radio 1 from 1967 to 1973, moving to Radio 2 until his retirement in 2002?
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Classic BBC Radio Theme ~ The JY Prog (Town Talk) - YouTube
Classic BBC Radio Theme ~ The JY Prog (Town Talk)
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Uploaded on Aug 29, 2009
This is "Town Talk" by Ken Woodman & His Picadilly Brass, radio 2 DJ Jimmy Young used it as the theme to his Radio 2 programme
After a spell with Radio Luxembourg, Young joined the BBC as one of the first disc jockeys on BBC Radio 1, presenting the weekday mid-morning show from 1967 to 1973. In 1973 he joined BBC Radio 2, where he presented a regular programme (known to listeners as 'The JY Prog'), until his retirement from broadcasting at the end of 2002. His show was a mixture of music, chat and current affairs and over the next couple of decades, he interviewed every British Prime Minister on the show as well as royalty, Prince Philip, The Princess Royal and Princess Grace Of Monaco. His easy, laid back style became the voice of Radio 2.
Category
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Jimmy Young
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Who was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1993 to 1997?
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Jimmy Young (Disk Jockey) - Pics, Videos, Dating, & News
Jimmy Young
Sir Leslie Ronald "Jimmy" Young CBE is a British singer, disc jockey and radio interviewer.
related links
News + Updates
Browse recent news and stories about Jimmy Young.
George Foreman On Mayweather Jr. And Pacquiao, Wanting To Kill His Opponents In The Ring, And His Close Relationship With Muhammad Ali
Huffington Post Sports - Oct 17, 2013
'I recently sat down with Former heavyweight champion, George Foreman, at his 40-acre property in the outskirts of Houston, Texas. The interview is for the seventh episode of In Depth. He calls winning the gold medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics the fondest memory in his boxing career. Foreman says growing up poor in the 5th ward of Houston is what drove his anger and vicious nature in the early part of his career while fighting names like Ken Norton and Joe Frazier. He says he is at peace wi...
Great Scott: The Multifaceted Genius Of Bobby Scott Jazz Times Magazine
Google News - Aug 29, 2011
'As always, Scott accompanies himself on piano, with Bucky Pizzarelli on guitar, Steve La Spina on bass and Ronnie Zito and <mark>Jimmy Young</mark> splitting drumming duties. Scott managed one more album, 1990's Slowly, for Musicmasters. His voice is far weaker,'
Dawson Gives Tcu A Speedy Threat Fort Worth Star Telegram
Google News - Aug 27, 2011
'Dawson learned the ropes from the slew of former Frogs receivers now in NFL camps -- <mark>Jimmy Young</mark>, Curtis Clay, Bart Johnson (recently released by the Bengals), and especially Kerley. "Coming in as a freshman, you don't know what to expect and what'
George Foreman And The 10 Greatest Boxing Comebacks Of All Time Bleacher Report
Google News - Aug 26, 2011
'If George Foreman's retirement after being defeated by <mark>Jimmy Young</mark> in Puerto Rico in 1977 shocked the boxing community, the announcement of his return in 1987 sent the sport into raptures. In what was supposed to be the last match of his career,'
Learn about the memorable moments in the evolution of Jimmy Young.
CHILDHOOD
1921 Birth Born on September 21, 1921.
TEENAGE
Show Less
Young was born in Cinderford, Gloucestershire. The son of a baker, he attended East Dean Grammar School. After his parents divorced in 1939, he left for South Wales to think about his future.
While there, on 3 September 1939, he decided to join the Army at the large base opposite the house in which he was staying. … Read More
Being a Sunday, he went in to be welcomed by the smell of warm breakfast, which he ate after declaring he wished to join. He was unaware, however, that such good food was only eaten on Sundays. When asked his age, he replied that he was 17, to which he was told to come back in three weeks at the age of 18. Young then left the barracks and walked down the road to the RAF base and asked to join. Read Less
TWENTIES
1949 27 Years Old After declaring himself as 18, he stayed there until 1949 with the rank of sergeant PT Instructor. … Read More
Young was signed to the then new label Polygon Records in 1950, one of the label's few stars alongside another newcomer, Petula Clark. He released numerous records on the label, all conducted by Ron Goodwin, the biggest seller of which was "Too Young" (1951) a big sheet music seller in the days before the UK Singles Chart had begun. It was a cover of Nat King Cole's American recording. There were also two duets with Petula Clark that year, "Mariandl" and "Broken Heart". Read Less
THIRTIES
1952 30 Years Old In 1952 he signed a recording contract with Decca. … Read More
Young enjoyed Top 10 successes with "Eternally", "Chain Gang" and "More" (with which he beat Perry Como's U.S. original in the UK Singles Chart listings). Read Less
1955 33 Years Old His most successful year as a recording artist was 1955, when "Unchained Melody" (from the film Unchained) and "The Man from Laramie" (from the film of the same name) were successive releases and both number one hits. … Read More
"Round and Round" and the re-recording of "Unchained Melody" were with the Mike Sammes Singers Read Less
FORTIES
1967 45 Years Old After a spell with Radio Luxembourg, Young joined the BBC as one of the first disc jockeys on BBC Radio 1, presenting the weekday mid-morning show from 1967 to 1973.
FIFTIES
1973 51 Years Old In 1973 he joined BBC Radio 2, where he presented a regular programme (which he referred to as 'The JY Prog'), until his retirement from broadcasting at the end of 2002.
1977 55 Years Old He developed a popular approach to current affairs interviewing and was closely associated with Margaret Thatcher. He broadcast from around the world, including several live shows from Moscow, the first in 1977, and interviewed every British prime minister from 1964 to 2010. … Read More
His theme music was "Town Talk" by Ken Woodman & His Piccadilly Brass. BFN ('Bye for now') was one of his catchphrases.<br /><br /> Although he was offered the opportunity to present a weekend current affairs programme, he turned it down. His radio slot was taken over by the former Newsnight presenter, Jeremy Vine. Shortly after leaving the BBC, Young wrote a newspaper column attacking his former employer for instances of "brutality", and making clear that it had not been his idea to leave. Read Less
LATE ADULTHOOD
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i don't know
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What is the two-word name of the airport at Castle Donington in Leicestershire?
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Castle Donington
Castle Donington
Castle Donington, home of Midland motor racing and the Download Festival
Castle Donington Information and accommodation guide
Castle Donington is situated in Leicestershire, close to Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire borders, 5 miles from East Midlands Airport with easy access from the M1 and M42 ( A42 ) Motorways as well as the A50. East Midlands Airport is served by several major airlines including Bmi, Ryanair and EasyJet.
Castle Donington has a population of around 6000 residents. The town ( large village ) is a mixture of both old and new buildings with several timber framed houses dating still surviving from the from the 17th century and earlier. There are 2 primary schools as well as a high school.
The village has plenty of pub life including the popular Priest House and Donington Manor. Castle Donington annually hosts a travelling fair, known locally as Donington Wakes. A farmers market is held On the second Saturday of every month at St. Edwards CofE primary school and nearly every Sunday a very large market is held at Donington Park.
Castle Donington Museum occupies the ground floor of the Stone House, a charming 17th Century listed building which was originally used as a farm. The Museum has a small shop selling local interest books and locally produced crafts and toys.
Donington Park is owned by Donington Ventures Leisure Ltd and used as a motor racing track, and for music festivals.
Donington Park was the original venue for the Monsters of Rock heavy metal festivals through the 1980s and 1990s, and is now the home of the annual Download Festival. Donington Park is also home to a museum known as the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition which opened in 1973, and has the largest collection of Grand Prix cars in the world.
Castle Donington
Discount Hotel Accommodation close to Castle Donington and Donington Park from our partners Laterooms
( Click on banner below for more great hotel deals )
Express by Holiday Inn East Midlands Airport
Hunter Road,Castle Donington, DERBY, DE74 2TQ
The newly refurbished Express by Holiday Inn East Midlands Airport offers great value accommodation with rooms to accommodate up to 2 adults and two children. All room rates include our delicious complimentary continental breakfast buffet - a great way to start your day.
Thistle Hotel East Midlands Airport
Nottingham East Midlands Airport,Nottingham East Midlands Airpo,Castle Donington, Castle Donington, DE74 2SH
At the entrance to East Midlands Airport , within 1 mile of the M1 (Jn23a), M42 and M50 and with easy access to Donington Park and Alton Towers this AA 4 star hotel and Conference Centre offers a peaceful atmosphere in comfortable surroundings.The Conference Centre includes 20 meeting rooms accommodating up to 220 delegates in the largest suite. BT Openzone Wi-Fi connection is available throughout the property.Close to the city centres of Nottingham, Leicester and Derby
Donington Manor Hotel
1 High Street,Castle Donington , Castle Donington, East Mids Airport, DE74 2PP
Ideally located for Donington Park and East Midlands Airport, this boutique hotel is centrally situated in the village of Castle Donington less than 2 miles from the M1, A50 and A42. The Donington Manor Hotel is one of only four hotels in the The Finesse Collection, an exclusive selection of stylish hotels uniquely designed for style, comfort and service. Originally a built as a coaching house in the 18th Century, the Donington Manor Hotel is a landmark building within the village of Castle
The Priest House on the River
Kings Mills,Castle Donington, Castle Donington, Derbyshire, DE74 2RR
Set in some of Derbyshires' most idyllic countryside, built around a Norman mill tower along the banks of the River Trent, yet conveniently located clsoe to East Midlands Airport, Nottingham & Loughborough. Nearby attractions include: Alton Towers (35 miles), Derbyshire Peak district , Chatsworth House (44 miles), Calke Abbey (13 miles), Derby Football Club (15 miles) and Trent bridge Cricket ground (14 miles)The Hotels Restaurant has been awarded 2 AA rosettes for its exceptional standard
Kegworth House
52 High Street,Kegworth, Kegworth (nr Nottingham/Derby), DE74 2DA
An old 17th century house just minutes from the M1,M42,A50,A6, Airport, Donington racetrack. 11 individually designed rooms, all with free Wi-Fi and free access to swimming pool, gym, sauna & jacuzzi. It has a fabulous walled garden and the two beautiful communal sitting rooms. The honeymoon suite is probably one of the most luxurious in the Midlands. Elegant, friendly and sumptuous - simply the best!
Best Western Premier Yew Lodge Hotel
33 Packington Hill,Kegworth, Kegworth (near Nottingham, Derby), DE74 2DF
Only 2 miles from Nottingham East Midlands Airport, the 4 star Best Western Premier Yew Lodge Hotel offers a relaxing base for business and leisure guests. With an award winning, air-conditioned restaurant,Reeds health club & spa, 98 en-suite bedrooms and 19 conference suites. Best Western PremierYew Lodge Hotel has been awarded Best Western UK Hotel of the Year 2005
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East Midlands
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Who had the 'Christmas Number One' in 1986 with 'Reet Petite'?
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Business Park To Let in Herald Way, Pegasus Business Park, Castle Donington, DE74 2TZ
N/A
General Summary
This business centre is located in a contemporary building which has full-height glass windows opening onto the lobby and reception and meeting rooms to accommodate up to 100 delegates. It is in Pegasus Business Park next to the East Midlands airport at Castle Donington in north west Leicestershire. The cities of Derby, Leicester and Nottingham are all within a 20-mile (30 km) radius of the airfield. This region has an excellent track record for attracting flourishing world-class companies in the transport, healthcare, food and drink, and environmental sectors. There are many reasons for this. The East Midlands offers a cost-competitive environment, supported by world-leading research and development activities and a highly skilled workforce and it is at the centre of the UK transport network. Not surprisingly, a number of airlines and distribution companies have bases near the airport which is also close to the world-famous Donington Park motor racing circuit.
Facilities:
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i don't know
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To the nearest 10 million km., how far is the Earth from the Sun?
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Closest Star to the Sun - Universe Today
Universe Today
Closest Star to the Sun
Article Updated: 18 Oct , 2016
by Fraser Cain
This is a classic trick question. Ask a friend, “what is the closest star?” and then watch as they try to recall some nearby stars. Sirius maybe? Alpha something or other? Betelgeuse?
The answer, obviously, is the Sun; that massive ball of plasma located a mere 150 million km from Earth.
Let’s be more precise; what’s the closest star to the Sun?
Closest Star
You might have heard that it’s Alpha Centauri, the third brightest star in the sky, just 4.37 light-years from Earth.
But Alpha Centauri isn’t one star, it’s a system of three stars. First, there’s a binary pair, orbiting a common center of gravity every 80 years. Alpha Centauri A is just a little more massive and brighter than the Sun, and Alpha Centauri B is slightly less massive than the Sun. Then there’s a third member of this system, the faint red dwarf star, Proxima Centauri.
It’s the closest star to our Sun, located just a short 4.24 light-years away.
Proxima Centauri
Alpha Centauri is located in the Centaurus constellation, which is only visible in the Southern Hemisphere. Unfortunately, even if you can see the system, you can’t see Proxima Centauri. It’s so dim, you need a need a reasonably powerful telescope to resolve it.
Let’s get sense of scale for just how far away Proxima Centauri really is. Think about the distance from the Earth to Pluto. NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft travels at nearly 60,000 km/h, the fastest a spacecraft has ever traveled in the Solar System. It will have taken more than nine years to make this journey when it arrives in 2015. Travelling at this speed, to get to Proxima Centauri, it would take New Horizons 78,000 years.
Proxima Centauri has been the nearest star for about 32,000 years, and it will hold this record for another 33,000 years. It will make its closest approach to the Sun in about 26,700 years, getting to within 3.11 light-years of Earth. After 33,000 years from now, the nearest star will be Ross 248.
What About the Northern Hemisphere?
Bernard’s Star
For those of us in the Northern Hemisphere, the closest visible star is Barnard’s Star, another red dwarf in the constellation Ophiuchus. Unfortunately, just like Proxima Centauri, it’s too dim to see with the unaided eye.
The closest star that you can see with the naked eye in the Northern Hemisphere is Sirius, the Dog Star. Sirius, has twice the mass and is almost twice the size of the Sun, and it’s the brightest star in the sky. Located 8.6 light-years away in the constellation Canis Major – it’s very familiar as the bright star chasing Orion across the night sky in Winter.
How do Astronomers Measure the Distance to Stars?
They use a technique called parallax. Do a little experiment here. Hold one of your arms out at length and put your thumb up so that it’s beside some distant reference object. Now take turns opening and closing each eye. Notice how your thumb seems to jump back and forth as you switch eyes? That’s the parallax method.
To measure the distance to stars, you measure the angle to a star when the Earth is one side of its orbit; say in the summer. Then you wait 6 month, until the Earth has moved to the opposite side of its orbit, and then measure the angle to the star compared to some distant reference object. If the star is close, the angle will be measurable, and the distance can be calculated.
You can only really measure the distance to the nearest stars this way, since it only works to about 100 light-years.
The 20 Closest Stars
Here is a list of the 20 closest star systems and their distance in light-years. Some of these have multiple stars, but they’re part of the same system.
Alpha Centauri – 4.2
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150 million km
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In which Welsh county are Rhyl, Llangollen and Prestatyn?
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b about 10 meters c about 1 meter d small than your hand ANS - ENGL - 100
View Full Document
b. about 10 meters. c. about 1 meter. d. small than your hand. ANS: D PTS: 1 24. Assume the size of the sun is represented by a baseball with the Earth is about 15 meters (150 million km or 8 light minutes) away. How far away, to scale, would the nearest stars to the sun be? Pick the closest answer. a. about the distance between New York and Boston (330 km) b. 100 meters away c. about the distance across the United States from New York to Los Angeles (4300 km) d. about the distance across 50 football fields (50 100 m) ANS: C PTS: 1 25. The average distance from Earth to the sun is a. 1 ly. b. 1 million km. c. 1 million miles. d. 1 billion km. e. 150 million km. ANS: E PTS: 1 26. Assume a 100-yard football field represents the 14-billion-year history of the universe with one end as the origin and the other end representing the present. The existence of human beings will extend from ____ to the present “goal line.” a. the 50-yard line b. the 5-yard line c. the one-yard line d. the one-inch line ANS: D PTS: 1 27. Which of these is NOT a common misconception? a. A light year is a unit of time. b. Stars look like disks when seen through a telescope c. A galaxy is a star plus its planets. d. All of the above are misconceptions. ANS: D PTS: 1 28. 64,200,000,000 is equal to
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i don't know
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The hymn 'I Vow To Thee My Country' is sung to music from which of 'The Planets' by Gustav Holst?
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Holst: "I Vow To Thee My Country" (Orchestral Arrangement) - YouTube
Holst: "I Vow To Thee My Country" (Orchestral Arrangement)
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Uploaded on Jul 18, 2011
"I Vow To Thee My Country (Hymn from ''Jupiter'')" This hymn tune by the British composer Gustav Holst is based on the stately theme from the middle section of the "Jupiter" movement of his orchestral suite "The Planets." He adapted the theme in 1921 to fit the patriotic poem "I Vow to Thee, My Country" by Sir Cecil Spring-Rice. The hymn was first performed in 1925 and quickly became a patriotic anthem. It was played at Diana, Princess of Wales' wedding to Prince Charles and also performed as part of her funeral ceremony in 1997.
I realized this arrangement for full "orchestra" including pipe organ and double choir.
This piece is dedicated to my friends and distant relations living in the United Kingdom.
Category
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Jupiter
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How are the poems 'Burnt Norton', 'East Coker', 'The Dry Salvages' and 'Little Gidding' by TS Eliot known collectively?
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I vow to thee, my country – Hymn or Heresy? | Persimew's Mewsings
August 6, 2014
I vow to thee, my country – Hymn or Heresy?
The words of I Vow To Thee, My Country
sung so beautifully by Katherine Jenkins were written by Cecil Spring Rice in 1908 and define an era when the world was a very different place. It was a world that was very class conscious, where Empires ruled and where innocence existed alongside a great sense of adventure. There was still much to discover, enormous scientific discoveries had been made or were on the verge of being made, The Titanic had yet to be built, let alone sink, and the ravages of World War were as yet unthinkable. When Gustav Holst wrote the music to Jupiter from the Planets Suite the melody for “I vow to thee, my country” was forever set.
Now here I nail my colours firmly to the mast as a person of a certain age, brought up in a forces family during the twilight years of the British Empire and being made to sing this song in a primary school choir. It is a beautiful tune and a beautiful but, for many, an undoubtedly dated lyric. I learned to play Holst’s melody on recorder, melodica and piano by ear, note by painful note. It brought tears to my eyes but not before it had brought tears to others and I thought it was absolutely wonderful. To this day I believe it gives Jerusalem a run for its money as an English National Anthem but it is considered flawed and therefore rejected.
I am not a fan of nationalism. In an era when we need to act local but think global the last thing we need is national fervour any more than we need proselytizing religions fighting it out for supremacy in the Middle East or anywhere else. What the world needs is less “us and them” and more freedom and working together. This beautiful song has even been called heresy by those who hate jingoist philosophies but on the anniversary of the outbreak of the Great War I wanted to think of those words as a poet and look for a different meaning. I truly believe that Cecil Spring Rice’s words have been taken purely at face value for a long time yet beneath them lies something universal and very spiritual. So for better, for worse, here is my take on what could have been an English National Anthem but for it being considered too patriotic.
I vow to thee, my country, all earthly things above,
Entire and whole and perfect, the service of my love;
This has been labelled by one churchman as heresy, but it refers to all earthly things. In the Christian tradition and understanding that means rendering unto Caesar all things that are Caesar’s. Earthly things are material, not spiritual. It says that my love should be entire and whole and perfect and if love is less than those things it cannot be love can it?
The love that asks no question, the love that stands the test,
That lays upon the altar the dearest and the best;
The love that never falters, the love that pays the price,
The love that makes undaunted the final sacrifice.
Oh my, think of those words in the context of the First World War? It never ceases to amaze me how many wonderful and talented young lives were cut short in the carnage born out of a conglomeration of diplomatic mistakes and proud rulers. This was indeed a powerful call to service and a call that most young men would have responded to without question. I think of this poem in a different context though, remember it was written during peace time? I think of it as saying love is not love if it only exists in easy circumstances. This could be just as easily extrapolated to a marriage, a deep friendship, living donation of transplant organs, a hero risking his or her life to save the innocent. It is about being prepared to sacrifice everything to achieve something better. That is a concept much bandied about by those who do not truly look to the greater good, but when sacrifice is truly made in the name of life, not power and certainly not to inflict death, then that is a form of profound love.
The second verse is rarely if ever sung. I certainly cannot remember singing it and this may be because of the military references. Pretending it doesn’t exist is not the answer though. An attempt at understanding it might be better even if we choose not to sing those words.
I heard my country calling, away across the sea,
Across the waste of waters she calls and calls to me.
Only someone who has been an expat can truly understand that profound feeling of homesickness. I knew it as a child. There is something magical about the land of our birth wherever that may be and however flawed our homeland might be. Like salmon we are all programmed with the homing instinct. It is in our very genes.
Her sword is girded at her side, her helmet on her head,
And round her feet are lying the dying and the dead.
I hear the noise of battle, the thunder of her guns,
I haste to thee my mother, a son among thy sons.
There is little doubt that these lines are an appeal to youth to protect their country as they would a mother. That may not be a fashionable statement, but it is one soldiers of all nations will be able to relate to.
Now what follows are the lines that to this day bring tears to my eyes. Cecil Spring Rice extrapolates those feelings of love, sacrifice, loyalty, family and bravery to a whole different level. This is a spiritual level and no doubt he made it in the context of Christian belief but I don’t think it excludes any other belief, including humanism or atheism.
And there’s another country, I’ve heard of long ago,
Most dear to them that love her, most great to them that know;
In other words, the country of our birth or affiliation is not the most important thing in the world. That is a country within the mind, the heart, the soul; a country that has no boundaries; a country that not everyone knows, but those who do love it will love it more than anything else.
We may not count her armies, we may not see her King;
Her fortress is a faithful heart, her pride is suffering;
This country Spring Rice speaks of is not defined by power, by the might of armies or the pomp and ceremony of royalty and government. Her fortress is a faithful heart, not a nuclear deterrent; her pride is suffering, not the defeat of others. These lines are telling us that deep within the human spirit is the greatest country of all and that often the human spirit cannot be defeated.
And soul by soul and silently her shining bounds increase,
And her ways are ways of gentleness, and all her paths are peace.
And one by one we will all learn to realise that there is more than one village, one town, one country, one race, one species because in fact we are all one. We are one because our lives and the impact of our thoughts and actions impinge on the entire globe, its weather systems, its flora and fauna. This new country of ours, the country of the mind and heart that seems so sadly distant at times, is within our grasp and our own making and one by one, soul by soul, this is what all right thinking men and women will come to see. The ways of this country are not those of conquest, they do not involve the domination of one race or religion over others; they are the ways of gentleness and above all they are the paths to peace if only we open our hearts to all.
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i don't know
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Which 17th century painting in the National Gallery was slashed in 1914 by suffragette Mary Richardson?
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Rokeby Venus: The painting that shocked a suffragette - BBC News
BBC News
Rokeby Venus: The painting that shocked a suffragette
Magazine Monitor A collection of cultural artefacts
10 March 2014
LinkedIn
Image copyright NATIONAL GALLERY
A century ago a painting in the National Gallery was slashed by a suffragette. But what is it about this Velazquez nude that makes it so provocative, asks Tom de Castella.
It's the last word in sensual languor. And one of the most famous bottoms of all time. But 100 years ago the Rokeby Venus was attacked as it hung in the National Gallery. The painting took at least five slashes with a meat chopper. Its attacker, Mary Richardson, a suffragette who later became a disciple of the fascist Oswald Mosley, was protesting against the arrest of Emmeline Pankhurst. "Slasher Mary", as the press dubbed her, later admitted that it wasn't just the picture's value - £45,000 in 1906 - that made it a target. It was "the way men visitors gaped at it all day long".
It is one of the most erotically charged images of that or indeed any age. "She is seen as the paradigm of female beauty," says Times art critic Rachel Campbell-Johnston. An unknown model reclines on a bed with her back to the painter. The bottom has a 3D quality.
Find out more
Explore the national art you own at Your Paintings
"The passages of paint make it seem like the painter is touching her," Campbell-Johnston says. The flirty quality is rounded off by Cupid's mirror, which gives the viewer a sense that she is looking back at them. The face appears much older than her body, notes Evening Standard critic Brian Sewell. "It's a warning about beauty being ephemeral, nothing lasts forever."
There are more revealing nudes. Goya's La Maja Desnuda sends out a message along the lines of "come and get me boys", writer Rowan Pelling suggested on a BBC documentary Velazquez - Private Life of a Masterpiece. Rokeby though is "what you can't quite have and what you don't quite know about" and thus far more desirable. All with a Yorkshire twist. Velazquez painted Toilet of Venus - the painting's more proper name - for Spain's Royal Court in the mid 17th Century. But after the Napoleonic War it popped up in a mansion called Rokeby Park in part of Yorkshire that is now County Durham, before eventually ending up at the National Gallery. It has been faithfully restored since the slashing. Unlike the fleshy nudes of Titian or Rubens, it is a very modern female form. And yet still a million miles from Miley Cyrus's Wrecking Ball.
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Rokeby Venus
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Which word completes the title of the 1991 Booker Prize winner 'The Famished ..........'?
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Today in History - AP News
Today in History
Today is Tuesday, March 10, the 69th day of 2015. There are 296 days left in the year.
Today's Highlight in History:
On March 10, 1985, Konstantin U. Chernenko, who was the Soviet Union's leader for 13 months, died at age 73; he was succeeded by Mikhail Gorbachev.
On this date:
In 1785, Thomas Jefferson was appointed America's minister to France, succeeding Benjamin Franklin.
In 1864, President Abraham Lincoln assigned Ulysses S. Grant, who had just received his commission as lieutenant-general, to the command of the Armies of the United States. The song "Beautiful Dreamer" by the late Stephen Foster was copyrighted by Wm. A. Pond & Co. of New York.
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell's assistant, Thomas Watson, heard Bell say over his experimental telephone: "Mr. Watson — come here — I want to see you."
In 1880, the Salvation Army arrived in the United States from England.
In 1914, the Rokeby Venus, a 17th century painting by Diego Velazquez on display at the National Gallery in London, was slashed multiple times by Mary Richardson, who was protesting the arrest of fellow suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst. (The painting was repaired.)
In 1933, a magnitude 6.4 earthquake centered off Long Beach, California, resulted in 120 deaths.
In 1949, Nazi wartime broadcaster Mildred E. Gillars, also known as "Axis Sally," was convicted in Washington D.C., of treason. (She served 12 years in prison.)
In 1959, the Tennessee Williams play "Sweet Bird of Youth," starring Paul Newman and Geraldine Page, opened at Broadway's Martin Beck Theatre.
In 1965, Neil Simon's play "The Odd Couple," starring Walter Matthau and Art Carney, opened on Broadway.
In 1969, James Earl Ray pleaded guilty in Memphis, Tennessee, to assassinating civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. (Ray later repudiated that plea, maintaining his innocence until his death.)
In 1973, the Pink Floyd album "The Dark Side of the Moon" was first released in the U.S. by Capitol Records (the British release came nearly two weeks later).
In 1980, "Scarsdale Diet" author Dr. Herman Tarnower was shot to death at his home in Purchase, New York. (Tarnower's former lover, Jean Harris, was convicted of his murder; she served nearly 12 years in prison before being released in Jan. 1993.)
Ten years ago: Lebanon's president reappointed staunchly pro-Syrian politician Omar Karami as prime minister. A suicide bomber blew himself up at a funeral in Mosul, Iraq, killing at least 47 people. Former President Bill Clinton underwent surgery in New York to remove scar tissue and fluid from his chest. Michael Jackson, clad in pajamas and walking gingerly, arrived one hour late to his child molestation trial after the judge threatened to have him arrested him for tardiness; a back injury was blamed. (Jackson was acquitted.)
Five years ago: President Barack Obama denounced waste, inefficiency and downright fraud in the government's health care system as he sought to rally public support for his revamped overhaul plan during a rally in suburban St. Louis. About 200 women who'd flown airplanes during World War II as Women Airforce Service Pilots were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal. Actor Corey Haim died in Burbank, California, at age 38.
One year ago: The Senate unanimously approved a bill making big changes in the military justice system to deal with sexual assault, including scrapping the nearly century-old practice of using a "good soldier defense" to raise doubts that a crime had been committed. (The House has yet to act on the measure.) Joe McGuiness, 71, the adventurous and news-making writer and reporter, died in Worcester (WU'-stur), Massachusetts.
Today's Birthdays: Talk show host Ralph Emery is 82. Bluegrass/country singer-musician Norman Blake is 77. Actor Chuck Norris is 75. Playwright David Rabe is 75. Singer Dean Torrence (Jan and Dean) is 75. Actress Katharine Houghton is 73. Actor Richard Gant is 71. Rock musician Tom Scholz (Boston) is 68. Former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell is 68. TV personality/businesswoman Barbara Corcoran (TV: "Shark Tank") is 66. Actress Aloma Wright is 65. Blues musician Ronnie Earl (Ronnie Earl and the Broadcasters) is 62. Producer-director-writer Paul Haggis is 62. Alt-country/rock musician Gary Louris is 60. Actress Shannon Tweed is 58. Pop/jazz singer Jeanie Bryson is 57. Actress Sharon Stone is 57. Rock musician Gail Greenwood is 55. Magician Lance Burton is 55. Movie producer Scott Gardenhour is 54. Actress Jasmine Guy is 53. Rock musician Jeff Ament (Pearl Jam) is 52. Music producer Rick Rubin is 52. Britain's Prince Edward is 51. Rock singer Edie Brickell is 49. Actor Stephen Mailer is 49. Actor Philip Anthony-Rodriguez is 47. Actress Paget Brewster is 46. Actor Jon Hamm is 44. Country singer Daryle Singletary is 44. Rapper-producer Timbaland is 43. Actor Cristian (kris-tee-AHN') de la Fuente is 41. Rock musician Jerry Horton (Papa Roach) is 40. Actor Jeff Branson is 38. Singer Robin Thicke is 38. Actress Bree Turner is 38. Olympic gold medal gymnast Shannon Miller is 38. Contemporary Christian singer Michael Barnes (Red) is 36. Actor Edi Gathegi is 36. Rock musician Matt Asti (MGMT) is 35. Country singer Carrie Underwood is 32. Actress Olivia Wilde is 31. Rhythm-and-blues singer Emeli Sande (EH'-mihl-ee SAN'-day) is 28. Country singer Rachel Reinert is 26. Actress Emily Osment is 23.
Thought for Today: "To the living we owe respect, but to the dead we owe only the truth." — Voltaire, French writer and philosopher (1694-1778).
(Above Advance for Use Tuesday, March 10)
Copyright 2015, The Associated Press. All rights reserved.
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i don't know
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Which London thoroughfare runs between Hyde Park Corner and Marble Arch?
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The Olympic Route Network - Central London Zone - Marble Arch to Hyde Park Corner - Transport for London - Citizen Space
[email protected]
Overview
Transport for London invited comments on the proposals to temporarily change the way some roads will operate for the London 2012 Games next summer.
Central London will be home to venues and road events, which will attract spectators and means there will be more pedestrians in the area. In addition, the Olympic Route Network and Paralympic Route Network (ORN/PRN) will run through the area to transport athletes, officials, media and others working at the Games (the Games Family) to and from competitions. In order to ensure the extra pedestrians are safely managed and that the Games Family gets to events on time - with the minimum of disruption for those who live and work in the capital - some temporary changes will need to be made to local roads.
In most cases, roads along the ORN and PRN will continue to be open to general traffic, including taxis, throughout the Games.
On the busiest part of the ORN, temporary Games Lanes will be provided for the Olympic Family and on-call Emergency Vehicles, where there is sufficient road space. They will mostly operate on offside lanes. These lanes will run in one or both directions, but will not occupy the entire road. Nearside lanes, and in some places bus lanes, will remain open for general traffic.
Other changes may also be required to ensure traffic keeps moving on these priority routes, for example restricting turns into roads or changes to parking and loading (the exact changes in this area are listed below).
Engagement Exercise
TfL undertook an engagement exercise between 10 August and 14 September2011 for the section known as Central London Zone – Marble Arch to Hyde Park Corner. We wrote to residents and businesses within 400m of the Central London Zone as well as local passenger and resident groups and other key stakeholders seeking their feedback on the proposals for the temporary changes to the roads in this area. We also held six drop-in sessions.
Thank you to those who took part in the engagement exercise, replying by email, through our website, in writing, via the telephone or attending our drop-in sessions.
The views of those who responded have been recorded in the engagement report which can be found here .
Transport for London (TfL) has considered all feedback received during the engagement process when developing detailed designs. In conjunction with this TfL has been reviewing the engagement feedback and designs with both Westminster City Council and theLondon Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG). This has resulted in a number of changes to the original proposals. A summary of the key design changes include:
The proposed Games Lane and Games Drop-Off and Pick-Up Zone on the southbound carriageway on Park Lane north of Upper Brook Street are no longer required. This results in improved access arrangements to/from Mayfair with the access restrictions to Green Street, Wood’s Mews and Upper Brook Street from Park Lane southbound being removed. In addition, in order to improve bus operations, the southbound bus stop on Park Lane between North Row and Green Street will be reinstated and for the duration of the Games a temporary bus stop will be located south of the Old Park Lane roundabout. This is to replace the one to the north of Old Park Lane.
Key pedestrian routes have been reviewed and parking will now not be affected on North Row or Upper Brook Street.
However, in order for the Games Family hotels to operate effectively it will be necessary to temporarily reverse the one-way traffic flow in Derby Street and a section of Hertford Street and Pitt’s Head Mews will need to be made one-way.
It is important to note that the plans for the Central London Zone will be subject to further alteration once the details of the London 2012 venue requirements and traffic management associated with the Road Events in the area are finalised.
What Happens Next
A formal consultation period will take place as part of the process of introducing Traffic Regulation Orders, which are required by law to enforce the proposed changes. This is due to start on or around 18 November 2011 and notices of the proposals will be published in local newspapers, on lampposts along the route and on the TfL website, which will provide a further opportunity to comment.
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Park Lane
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'Cio-Cio San' and her maid 'Suzuki' appear in which Puccini opera?
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Hotel Near Paddington Train Station | Grosvenor House, A JW Marriott Hotel
Grosvenor House, A JW Marriott Hotel
Grosvenor House, A JW Marriott Hotel
86-90 Park Lane
London, W1K 7TN United Kingdom
Start here
Airport Phone: +44 844 335 1801
Hotel direction: 16.7 miles W
This hotel does not provide shuttle service.
Alternate transportation: Heathrow Express (Train); fee: 15 GBP (one way) ;on request
Bus service, fee: 8 GBP (one way)
Subway service, fee: 8 GBP (one way)
Estimated taxi fare: 65 GBP (one way)
Driving directions
Take the M4 east to Cromwell Road. Follow Cromwell Road through Knightsbridge, around Hyde Park Corner and into Park Lane. From Park lane turn right into Deanery Street, left into South Audley Street and left again into Mount Street. Take Mount Street to Park Street and turn right. The hotel forecourt will be on the left.
Gatwick Airport - LGW
Airport Phone: +44 844 892 0322
Hotel direction: 52.9 miles SW
This hotel does not provide shuttle service.
Alternate transportation: Gatwick Express (Train); fee: 16.5 GBP (one way) ;on request
Estimated taxi fare: 125 GBP (one way)
Driving directions
Take the M23 to the A23 and continue into central London. Cross Vauxhall Bridge into Victoria. Proceed down Grosvenor Place, around Hyde Park Corner and into Park Lane. From Park lane turn right into Deanery Street, left into South Audley Street and left again into Mount Street. Take Mount Street to Park Street and turn right. The hotel forecourt will be on the left.
London Stansted Airport - STN
Airport Phone: +44 844 335 1803
Hotel direction: 40.8 miles SW
This hotel does not provide shuttle service.
Alternate transportation: Stansted Express (Train); fee: 21.5 GBP (one way) ;on request
Bus service, fee: 10.5 GBP (one way)
Estimated taxi fare: 110 GBP (one way)
The hotel is located on Park Lane between Marble Arch and Hyde Park corner underground station. The hotel's entrance is on Park Street between Upper Grosvenor Street and Mount Street which runs parallel to Park Lane towards Oxford Street.
London City Airport - LCY
Airport Phone: +44 207 6460000
Hotel direction: 7.5 miles W
This hotel does not provide shuttle service.
Subway service, fee: 6 GBP (one way)
Estimated taxi fare: 50 GBP (one way)
Driving directions
Take a right onto Hartman Rd, continue to roundabout and take 2nd exit, continue along A1011, at the roundabout take the 1st exit, continue along A1020, drive through Tower Hamlets, turn right to Mansell Street A1211, then take A501 to Westminster.
London Luton Airport - LTN
Airport Phone: +44 1582 405100
Hotel direction: 19.3 miles S
This hotel does not provide shuttle service.
Estimated taxi fare: 110 GBP (one way)
The hotel is located on Park Lane between Marble Arch and Hyde Park corner underground station. The hotel's entrance is on Park Street Between upper Grosvenor Street and Mount Street which runs parallel to Park Lane towards Oxford Street.
Parking
On-site parking, fee: 42 GBP daily
Valet parking, fee: 42 GBP daily
Congestion charge £11.50 applicable Mon-Fri 07.00-18.00
Other Transportation
Victoria Coach Station 1.2 miles S
Subway Station
Paddington Station 1.2 miles NW
Car Rentals
Privacy & Cookie Statement
Best Available Rate Guarantee assures you receive the best rates when you book directly with us. If you find a lower publicly available rate within 24 hours of booking, we will match that rate plus give you 25% off the lower rate, subject to guarantee terms and exclusions. Guarantee does not apply to Protea Hotels®, Ritz-Carlton Montreal, The Ritz London, and Ritz-Carlton Residences®. Marriott Rewards® and The Ritz-Carlton Rewards® members (“Rewards Members”) who book rooms through a Marriott® Direct Booking Channel, authorized travel agents or select corporate travel partners ("Eligible Channels") at hotels that participate in Marriott Rewards® and The Ritz-Carlton Rewards loyalty programs will receive an exclusive, preferred rate (“Marriott Rewards Member Rate”). Member Rates are available globally at all hotels that participate in Marriott Rewards, excluding hotels in Mainland China, Macau, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Exclusions apply. See our Terms & Conditions for additional details related to our Best Available Rate Guarantee and Marriott Rewards Member Rate. Hotels shown on Marriott.com may be operated under a license from Marriott International, Inc. or one of its affiliates
© 1996 - 2016 Marriott International, Inc. All rights reserved. Marriott proprietary information
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i don't know
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What is the maiden name of Michelle Obama?
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First Lady Michelle Obama | The White House
First Lady Michelle Obama
Twitter
FLOTUS - bio
First Lady Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama is a lawyer, writer, and the wife of the 44th and current President, Barack Obama. She is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Through her four main initiatives, she has become a role model for women and an advocate for healthy families, service members and their families, higher education, and international adolescent girls education.
The People's House
"It’s a place that is steeped in history, but it’s also a place where everyone should feel welcome."
–Michelle Obama
Learn more
When people ask First Lady Michelle Obama to describe herself, she doesn't hesitate to say that first and foremost, she is Malia and Sasha's mom.
But before she was a mother — or a wife, lawyer, or public servant — she was Fraser and Marian Robinson's daughter. The Robinsons lived in a brick bungalow on the South Side of Chicago. Fraser was a pump operator for the Chicago Water Department, and despite being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis at a young age, he hardly ever missed a day of work. Marian stayed home to raise Michelle and her older brother Craig, skillfully managing a busy household filled with love, laughter, and important life lessons.
A product of Chicago public schools, Michelle Robinson studied sociology and African-American studies at Princeton University. After graduating from Harvard Law School in 1988, she joined the Chicago law firm Sidley & Austin, where she later met Barack Obama, the man who would become the love of her life.
After a few years, Mrs. Obama decided her true calling was working with people to serve their communities and their neighbors. She served as assistant commissioner of planning and development in Chicago's City Hall before becoming the founding executive director of the Chicago chapter of Public Allies, an AmeriCorps program that prepares youth for public service.
In 1996, Mrs. Obama joined the University of Chicago with a vision of bringing campus and community together. As Associate Dean of Student Services, she developed the university's first community service program, and under her leadership as Vice President of Community and External Affairs for the University of Chicago Medical Center, volunteerism skyrocketed.
Mrs. Obama has continued her efforts to support and inspire young people during her time as First Lady.
FLOTUS - initiatives quick links
FLOTUS - let's move
Let's Move!
Mrs. Obama planted the White House Kitchen Garden—the first major vegetable garden at the White House since Eleanor Roosevelt’s Victory Garden in 1943—and invited students from across the country to plant and harvest it each year. It has become a national symbol for growing healthy food and teaching kids about where their food comes from and the benefits of healthy eating.
In 2009, First Lady Michelle Obama planted the White House Kitchen Garden on the South Lawn to initiate a national conversation around the health and wellbeing of our country. That conversation led to Let's Move! , an initiative Mrs. Obama launched in 2010 dedicated to helping kids and families lead healthier lives.
At the start of Let's Move!, President Obama established the first-ever Task Force on Childhood Obesity to develop a national action plan to mobilize the public and private sectors and engage families and communities in an effort to improve the health of our children. Combining comprehensive strategies with common sense, Let’s Move! is about putting children on the path to a healthy future during their earliest months and years; giving parents helpful information and fostering environments that support healthy choices; providing healthier foods in our schools; ensuring that every family has access to healthy, affordable food; and helping children become more physically active.
Everyone has a role to play to ensure all of our kids grow up healthy, and through lasting policy, programs, and public-private partnerships, Let’s Move! has enabled impactful progress.
America’s Move to Raise a Healthier Generation of Kids
Improved the Healthy Food Landscape
Transformed the school food environment through the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act , which updated school meal nutrition standards for the first time in 15 years and increased funding for the first time in 30 years. Through this law, American public schools offer healthier school meals and snacks for over 50 million kids. In addition, it increased the number of students who could get school meals at little or no cost, and ensured that any food or beverage marketed to children at school meets specific nutrition standards. The nutrition of meals and snacks served at child care was also improved, emphasizing more whole grains, a greater variety of fruits and vegetables, and less added sugars and saturated fat.
Announced the Food and Drug Administration’s modernized Nutrition Facts label for packaged foods reflecting the latest science, the most relevant nutrition information, and a refreshed design in an effort to provide families with the information they need to make healthy choices.
Launched the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate and MiPlato , easy to understand icons based on the five food groups, to help Americans make healthier choices.
Increased access to fruits and vegetables through Let’s Move! Salad Bars to Schools , providing 3 million students with a salad bar. This effort is led by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and was founded by the Chef Ann Foundation, National Fruit and Vegetable Alliance, United Fresh Start Foundation, and Whole Foods Market.
Increased Opportunities for Physical Activity
Started Let's Move! Active Schools so kids could attend schools that strive to make 60 minutes of physical activity a day the norm. Reaching over 12 million kids, this program equips schools with a customized action plan to create active learning environments. It is led by the Partnership for a Healthier America and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Partnered with the U.S. Olympic Committee and several of its national governing bodies to provide beginner athletic programming for free or low cost to more than 1.7 million kids in 2012 and nearly 2 million kids in 2016 in support of Team USA and the Olympic Games.
Updated the President’s Challenge Youth Fitness Test to reflect the latest science on kids’ health and promote active, healthy lifestyles rather than athletic performance and competition. Also expanded the mission of the President’s Council on Fitness and Sports to include nutrition, changing the Council’s name to the President’s Council on Fitness, Sports & Nutrition and increasing the number of Council members from 20 to 25.
Created Let’s Move! Outside in collaboration with the U.S. Department of Interior to encourage kids and families to take advantage of America’s great outdoors. As part of President Obama’s commitment to ensure that every American has the opportunity to visit our nation’s more than 2,000 federally managed lands and waters, the Every Kid in a Park initiative allows fourth graders nationwide to obtain a pass for free entry for them and their families.
Supported Healthier Lifestyles
Championed over 225 corporate commitments and partnerships with First Lady Michelle Obama as the honorary chair of the Partnership for a Healthier America , a nonprofit helping the private sector make the healthy choice the easy choice. These commitments and partnerships showcase how the private sector can be an active part of the solution in supporting a healthy food system and society with increased availability of healthier products.
Leveraged the power of marketing through three signature campaigns to encourage Americans to consume more fruits and vegetables and drink water. Together Sesame Workshop and the Produce Marketing Association promote kids’ fruit and vegetable consumption through eat brighter! . The Drink Up campaign is an unprecedented collaboration of companies promoting water, resulting in increased sales and consumption of water each year since its launch. Establishing one iconic brand for fruits and vegetables, FNV harnesses the power of celebrities to deliver a healthy dose of advertising. These efforts are in collaboration with the Partnership for a Healthier America.
Created Let’s Move! Cities, Towns and Counties to assist local elected officials in building healthier communities across the country. Over 81 million people – or 1 in 4 Americans – have benefited thanks to the more than 520 local elected officials that have committed to the program. This effort is a partnership between the National League of Cities and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Launched Let’s Move! Child Care to ensure that our youngest children are getting a healthy start. Over 1.6 million kids attend a child care site where the provider has committed to improving the nutritional quality of the meals and snacks served, increasing opportunities for physical activity, and limiting screen time. This effort is a partnership between the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and Nemours.
Created the Healthy Lunchtime Challenge and hosted five annual Kids’ “State Dinners” to promote cooking and healthy eating, where altogether over 6,000 recipes were submitted and more than 270 young chefs and their families were welcomed to the White House. The challenge invited kids ages 8-12 to create original, healthy, affordable, and delicious a lunch recipe.
FLOTUS - joining forces
Joining Forces
First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden participate in a round table discussion with veterans and their spouses at the Department of Veterans Affairs Vet Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, April 17, 2015. (Official White House Photo by Lawrence Jackson)
In 2011, First Lady Michelle Obama and Dr. Jill Biden launched Joining Forces, a nationwide initiative calling on all Americans to rally around service members, veterans, and their families, supporting them through wellness, education, and employment opportunities.
Joining Forces worked hand-in-hand with the public and private sectors ensuring that service members, veterans, and their families have the resources and support they need to succeed throughout their lives.
By bringing attention to the unique experiences and strengths of America’s service members, veterans, and their families, Joining Forces helped to inspire, educate, and spark action from all sectors of society to create greater connections between the American public and the military community.
Support for our Service Members, Veterans, and their Families
Employment
Employers hired or trained over 1.2 million veterans and military spouses.
Over 90,000 military spouses hired through the Military Spouse Employment Partnership, a network that now includes over 300 companies.
All 50 States enacted legislation removing credentialing impediments for separating service members and streamlining license portability for military spouses.
Education
Colleges and universities across the country signed on to “Educate the Educators,” a Joining Forces commitment preparing educators to lead classrooms and develop cultures that are more responsive to the social, emotional, and academic needs of military-connected children.
The National Math and Science Initiative’s (NMSI) College Readiness Program expanded to 200 military-connected schools, providing over 50,000 military-connected students with the support and educational opportunities they deserve.
All 50 States signed on to the Military Child Education Compact to support military connected K-12 students.
Wellness
In March 2015, the First Lady launched the Campaign to Change Direction, a nationwide mental health public-awareness campaign promoting education and awareness of mental health issues. Since its launch, organizations committed to teaching the “5 Signs” to more than 145 million people.
The Association of American Medical Colleges and Joining Forces produced Joining Forces Wellness Week, a week-long series of interactive trainings for clinical and non-clinical wellness professionals focused on specific health and wellness issues of veterans, service members, and their families.
In June 2014, the First Lady announced the Mayors Challenge to End Veteran Homelessness. Since the announcement, mayors, governors, and city officials from across America publicly committed to ending veteran homelessness in their communities.
FLOTUS - reach higher
Reach Higher
First Lady Michelle Obama greets students at the City College of New York graduation on June 3, 2016.
In 2014, First Lady Michelle Obama launched her Reach Higher initiative, an effort to inspire every student in America to take charge of their future by completing their education past high school, whether at a professional training program, a community college, or a four-year college or university.
In today's economy, a high school diploma just isn't enough, which is why the First Lady is working to rally the country around ensuring that the United States once again has the highest proportion of college graduates in the world.
Reach Higher aims to ensure all students understand what they need to complete their education, including: exposing students to college and career opportunities; understanding financial aid and college affordability; encouraging academic planning and summer learning opportunities; and supporting high school counselors who can help more kids get to and through a post-secondary institution.
Helping More Students Reach Higher for College and Beyond
College Opportunity Summits
In two separate summits in January and December of 2014, President Obama and the First Lady put out calls to action to college presidents, foundations, school district leaders, and college access professionals, culminating in over 700 commitments from these institutions to increase post-secondary success, especially for our most vulnerable students. Through the President and First Lady’s Call-to-Action on College Opportunity, hundreds of schools, organizations, and counselors have reported that they have already helped students access more than $5 billion in financial aid, enrolling 1 million more students in college, and setting 10 million more students on track to complete on time within the decade.
January 2014 College Opportunity Summit
Video: The First Lady announces the “Better Make Room” Initiative
Better Tools to Make College Choices
The First Lady has helped students and families make better decisions about making the right college decision by pointing them to the administration launch of the College Scorecard to find a good-value school where they can pursue their educational and career goals while others in the public—policymakers, schools, parents, teachers, researchers—can use the data to help support colleges in improving their performance and serving students better. In addition, the First Lady secured commitments from Google to make over 100 college and career tours available through Google Expeditions, so that students and teachers can virtually visit campuses and examine careers.
Improved Financial Aid Timing and Resources
The First Lady has helped ensure that more students understand the importance of filling out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), giving students access to over $180 billion available annually in Federal financial aid and millions more in state, institutional, and private scholarships. And as of October 1, 2016, the Administration made the FAFSA application available three months early . The First Lady held a FAFSA video challenge , spoke to daytime TV personalities, and helped launch a text messaging tool, UpNext, in order to help more students access these critical federal.
FLOTUS - let girls learn
Let Girls Learn
First Lady Michelle Obama participates in a roundtable discussion with President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , Freida Pinto and students, in support of the Let Girls Learn initiative, at R.S. Caulfield Senior High School in Unification Town, Liberia, June 27, 2016. (Official White House Photo by Amanda Lucidon)
In March 2015, the President and the First Lady launched Let Girls Learn , an initiative which brings together the Department of State, US Agency for International Development (USAID), the Peace Corps, and the Millennium Challenge Corporation, as well as other agencies and programs such as the US President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), to address the range of challenges preventing adolescent girls from attaining a quality education that empowers them to reach their full potential.
Building on existing U.S. government efforts and expertise, Let Girls Learn elevates current programs and invests in new ones to expand education opportunities for girls—including in areas of conflict and crisis.
Transforming Girls’ Lives Around the World
General Awareness
Domestically, the First Lady has galvanized students to become global citizens, from launching the #62MillionGirls social media campaign in September 2015, to releasing the Let Girls Learn toolkit at the 2015 Girl Up Summit, to launching the 62milliongirls.com campaign with Change.org at SXSW in Austin in March 2016. The social media campaign had almost 2 billion social impressions, and trended #1 domestically and #3 worldwide.
Traveled abroad to numerous countries, including Liberia, Morocco, Spain, Cuba, Cambodia, Japan and Pakistan to meet with young girls and to hear their stories, as well as to raise global awareness about the numerous barriers adolescent girls face in going to school and staying in school.
Community Based Solutions
Successfully launched an effort in 36 countries to increase community-generated solutions to address adolescent girls’ education. In support of the initiative, the Peace Corps has provided enhanced training to over 800 Peace Corps volunteers. Also supported the Peace Corps Let Girls Learn Fund which provides funding for community generated projects to support girls’ education in various countries.
Public-Private Partnerships
Leveraged public-private partnerships to challenge others to commit resources to improve the lives of adolescent girls worldwide. The initiative has established innovative partnerships with 78 private sector partners, including IBM, PayPal, Johnson & Johnson, Girl Scouts of America, PBS Learning Media, Girl Up, Lands’ End, IBM, Barneys, UPS, Xerox and General Motors.
USG Assistance and Diplomatic Engagement
The FY 2017 President’s Budget requested more than $100 million in new funds for Let Girls Learn, building on the $250 million in new and reoriented prior year funds requested in the FY 2016 President’s Budget to launch the initiative.
In coordination with the Government of Pakistan, Let Girls Learn joined forces with USAID to provide $70 million to USAID programs that benefit more than 200,000 adolescent girls aged 10-19.
At the 2016 Spring Meetings of the IMF and the World Bank Group, President Jim Yong Kim announced that the World Bank Group would invest $2.5 billion over the next five years in education projects that directly benefit adolescent girls.
USAID established the Let Girls Learn Challenge Fund in Malawi and Tanzania to convene the global community to design new, holistic programs that advance girls education and help girls succeed in school.
Foreign governments, including Japan, South Korea and the UK have collectively pledged nearly $600 million towards global girls’ education.
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Robinson
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With which English city is the 18th century artist Joseph Wright associated?
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Michelle Obama A Transgender? Is The First Lady Actually The First Queen?
Michelle Obama A Transgender? Is The First Lady Actually The First Queen?
November 18, 2014 Staff News , Politics
For the past six years, the most aggressive of the most aggressive against our current president, Barack Obama, have done all they could to debunk his authority. From the uncertainty of Barack’s birth certificate to the sealing of his college records, patriots have pursued every angle possible. However, one angle that is quite interesting has to do with Barack’s sexual orientation and a preference for men. Such allegations have floated around for many years, but over the last two, many fringe websites have collected data to support such a claim.
Know The Lies is one such website, in which they reported back in 2013 alleged facts about our current president. Supposedly, Barack Obama is a well-known homosexual in Chicago and even has a lifetime membership at the Chicago bathhouse, Man’s Country, which is located on North Clark Street. As a matter of fact, there was an investigative report in search of the truth on Barack’s membership. Of course, many fringe websites reported on the investigation, but to my surprise, Western Journalism did too. However, said investigative video has been deleted, which has two possible meanings. First, the allegations were debunked. Second, the allegations are true and the powers at play did something about it. I am going with the latter, simply because Snopes would have reported said allegations to be fake if they were fake.
Getting back to the investigative report, if it’s supposedly true and President Barack Obama is really a homosexual, why is he married to Michelle Obama? More alleged news claims that Michelle Obama is a transgender. If you don’t care about political correctness, than she’s a transvestite. And if you don’t care about formalities, she’s a chick with a dick!
Before It’s News actually did a huge report, gathering all the information they found on Michelle Obama’s gender identity. The first being that Barack Obama has called his wife by the name “Michael” instead of Michelle. The most circulated instance of this happened back in September 30, 2011 at the transition ceremony of the Chairman of Joint Chiefs of Staff at Fort Myer, Virginia. The video in which Barack blunders his wife’s name is attached below.
Now to be fair, Barack Obama could be talking about another Michael. He may not have “outed his wife as a dude.” In some respect, with some intelligent personal relations maneuvers, this blunder could have been easily fixed. That would be if an exclusive report done by Matthew B. Glosser for Christian Wire claiming that Michelle Obama was really born a man and underwent gender-swapping surgery wasn’t published months earlier. An excerpt from Matthew’s report is shown below.
“Michelle Obama, First Lady of the United States, was born Michael LaVaughn Robinson in Chicago, Illinois on January 17th, 1964. He was the second son born to Fraser Robinson III, a well-known cocaine dealer and union thug for Crime Lord/Mayor Richard J. Daley, and Marian Shields Robinson, a transient street prostitute who was diagnosed with the HIV virus in 1998. He was a popular high school athlete and in 1982, he accepted a scholarship to play middle linebacker for the Oregon State Beavers.”
“After finishing a respectable rookie season with 88 tackles and 7.5 sacks, he suddenly dropped out of the school. Fellow teammates observed that Robinson could regularly be heard lamenting over how he is a ‘woman trapped inside a man’s body’ and on January 13th, 1983, he underwent sex reassignment surgery at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. To hide the shame of his new identity, Michael left Oregon State to attend Princeton University under his new legal name, “Michelle Robinson”. Years later, he met Barry Obama Jr. a Kenyan immigrant who later became aware of ‘Michelle’s’ true identity. They subsequently married and adopted two children.”
Sounds unbelievable right? But then again, Michelle Obama does look butch for a lady? Those gladiator arms, Adam’s apple, and other “male proportionate” body parts do raise questions. Speaking of “male proportionate” body parts, Michelle’s fingers might also give away her true gender identity. According to a study by Science Daily , men’s ring fingers are usually longer than their pointing fingers where women, it would be their pointing fingers being longer than their ring fingers. Below is a gallery of Michelle Obama pictures found through a general search online. Utilizing the study by Science Daily, please check her fingers.
Before I conclude this article, I have one more piece of information to present: a video showcasing pictures of Michelle Obama sporting something extra under her clothing. That’s right! There are pictures out there that show Michelle with a mysterious lump poking through her clothing in the crotch area. Take note this is the second of two videos explaining why Michelle is transgender. If you want to view the first video – which explains points already covered earlier in this article, such as finger length differences between genders – you can view it at Fisher of People .
I must stress these are all allegations on Michelle Obama’s gender identity collected from various sources. There is no tangible proof that Michelle is truly a tranny. Until someone has the gall to fully expose her (or him) at one of those Democratic party dinners where she’s promoting “ Turnip for What ?”, these allegations will remain assumptions of an investigative nature. But who knows. Maybe Joan Rivers suspected something that may have cost her life.
Now that you’ve read the points that push the allegations that Michelle Obama is transgender as truth, what are your opinions? Do you think our First Lady is really the First Tranny? Or are said allegations just silly conspiracy theories? Let us know in the comments below.
[Post Images via Bing]
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i don't know
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In the Bible, who was the oldest of Jacob's twelve sons?
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table: sons of Jacob, 12 tribes of Israel
Part IV - Marching Order of the Tribes Part I - Introductory Facts about the 12 Tribes of Israel
Abraham begot Isaac. Isaac begot Jacob.
To be an Israelite by blood, a person must be a descendent of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Jacob begot 12 sons who are listed herein in subsequent sections.
The 12 sons of Jacob are the patriarchs of the 12 Tribes of Israel.
For example, Jacob's son Benjamin is the patriarch of the Tribe of Benjamin. Jacob's son Reuben is the patriarch of the Tribe of Reuben. And so forth.
Well-known descendants of certain Tribes
Tribe of Benjamin - King Saul, Paul the apostle [a.k.a. Saul of Tarsus]
Tribe of Levi - Moses, Aaron
Tribe of Judah - King David, King Solomon, many other kings; Lord Jesus, the Messiah
The Promised Land [Canaan], plus an area on the east side of the Jordan River, was allocated among the 12 Tribes. [Num 33.54; Num 36.3-9]
As the priestly Tribe, Levi was given no land. [Num 18.20, 18.24] Instead of land, God gave Levi the tithes of the people of Israel.
Jacob's son Joseph had two sons, Manasseh and Ephraim.
By Jacob's command [Gen 48.5], Joseph's sons, Manasseh and Ephraim, were regarded as de facto "Tribes" of Israel.
Thus, the land allocations of Joseph and Levi were given instead to Ephraim and Manasseh, preserving *twelve* as the number of tribes. [Josh 14.3-4]
There is no such thing as "10 lost tribes of Israel." [Mt 10.6, Acts 26.7, Jam 1.1, Rev 7.1-8; Ezek 37] Part II Sons of Jacob [Names, Mothers, Birth Verses]
Sons of Jacob
Meaning of Name
Mother
Birth Verse 01-Reuben See, a son Leah So Leah conceived and bore a son, and she called his name Reuben; for she said, "The LORD has surely seen my affliction. Now therefore, my husband will love me." Gen 29.32 02-Simeon Hearing Leah Then she conceived again and bore a son, and said, "Because the LORD has heard that I am unloved, He has therefore given me this son also." And she called his name Simeon. Gen 29.33 03-Levi Joined; attached Leah She conceived again and bore a son, and said, "Now this time my husband will become attached to me, because I have borne him three sons." Therefore his name was called Levi. Gen 29.34 04-Judah Yah be praised Leah And she conceived again and bore a son, and said, "Now I will praise Yahweh." Therefore she called his name Judah. Then she stopped bearing. Gen 29.35 05-Dan Judge Bilhah
(Rachel's servant) Then Rachel said, "God has judged my case; and He has also heard my voice and given me a son." Therefore she called his name Dan. Gen 30.6 06-Naphtali My wrestling Bilhah
(Rachel's servant) Rachel said, "With great wrestlings I have wrestled with my sister, and indeed I have prevailed." So she called him Naphtali. Gen 30.6 07-Gad Troop; invader;
good fortune Zilpah
(Leah's servant) Then Leah said, "A troop comes!" So she called his name Gad. Gen 30.11 08-Asher Happy Zilpah
(Leah's servant) Then Leah said, "I am happy, for the daughters will call me blessed." So she called his name Asher. Gen 30.13 09-Issachar Man of hire Leah Leah said, "God has given me my hire [wages] because I have given my maid to my husband." So she called his name Issachar. Gen 30.18 10-Zebulun Dwelling Leah Leah said, "...now my husband will dwell with me, because I have borne him six sons." So she called his name Zebulun. Gen 30.20b 11-Joseph Increaser Rachel So she called his name Joseph, and said, "The LORD shall add to me another son." Gen 30.24 12-Benjamin Son of the right hand Rachel As her soul was departing (for she died), she called his name Ben-Oni [son of my sorrow]; but his father called him Ben-Jamin. Gen 35.18
Part III - Prophecies about the 12 Tribes
Sons of Jacob
Genesis 49.1-27
Moses' Blessings
Deuteronomy 33.6-25 01-Reuben Reuben, you are my firstborn, My might and the beginning of my strength, The excellency of dignity and the excellency of power. Unstable as water, you shall not excel, Because you went up to your father's bed; Then you defiled it -He went up to my couch. Let Reuben live, and not die, Nor let his men be few. 02-Simeon Simeon and Levi are brothers; Instruments of cruelty are in their dwelling place. Let not my soul enter their council; Let not my honor be united to their assembly; For in their anger they slew a man, And in their self-will they hamstrung an ox. Cursed be their anger, for it is fierce; And their wrath, for it is cruel! I will divide them in Jacob And scatter them in Israel. [Moses makes no mention of Simeon in blessing the tribes of Israel.] 03-Levi Of Levi he said: "Let Your Thummim and Your Urim be with Your holy one, Whom You tested at Massah, And with whom You contended at the waters of Meribah, Who says of his father and mother, 'I have not seen them'; Nor did he acknowledge his brothers, Or know his own children; For they have observed Your word And kept Your covenant. They shall teach Jacob Your judgments, And Israel Your law. They shall put incense before You, And a whole burnt sacrifice on Your altar. Bless his substance, LORD, And accept the work of his hands; Strike the loins of those who rise against him, And of those who hate him, that they rise not again." 04-Judah Judah, you are he whom your brothers shall praise; Your hand shall be on the neck of your enemies; Your father's children shall bow down before you. Judah is a lion's whelp; From the prey, my son, you have gone up. He bows down, he lies down as a lion; And as a lion, who shall rouse him? The scepter shall not depart from Judah, Nor a lawgiver from between his feet, Until Shiloh comes; And to Him shall be the obedience of the people. Binding his donkey to the vine, And his donkey's colt to the choice vine, He washed his garments in wine, And his clothes in the blood of grapes. His eyes are darker than wine, And his teeth whiter than milk. And this he said of Judah: "Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah, And bring him to his people; Let his hands be sufficient for him, And may You be a help against his enemies." 05-Dan Dan shall judge his people As one of the tribes of Israel. Dan shall be a serpent by the way, A viper by the path, That bites the horse's heels So that its rider shall fall backward. I have waited for your salvation, O LORD! And of Dan he said: "Dan is a lion's whelp; He shall leap from Bashan." 06-Naphtali Naphtali is a deer let loose; He uses beautiful words. And of Naphtali he said: "O Naphtali, satisfied with favor, And full of the blessing of the LORD, Possess the west and the south." 07-Gad Gad, a troop shall tramp upon him, But he shall triumph at last. And of Gad he said: "Blessed is he who enlarges Gad; He dwells as a lion, And tears the arm and the crown of his head. He provided the first part for himself, Because a lawgiver's portion was reserved there. He came with the heads of the people; He administered the justice of the LORD, And His judgments with Israel." 08-Asher Bread from Asher shall be rich, And he shall yield royal dainties. And of Asher he said: "Asher is most blessed of sons; Let him be favored by his brothers, And let him dip his foot in oil. Your sandals shall be iron and bronze; As your days, so shall your strength be." 09-Issachar "Issachar is a strong donkey, Lying down between two burdens; He saw that rest was good, And that the land was pleasant; He bowed his shoulder to bear a burden, And became a band of slaves. And of Zebulun he said: "Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out, And Issachar in your tents! They shall call the peoples to the mountain; There they shall offer sacrifices of righteousness; For they shall partake of the abundance of the seas And of treasures hidden in the sand." 10-Zebulun Zebulun shall dwell by the haven of the sea; He shall become a haven for ships, And his border shall adjoin Sidon. 11-Joseph Joseph is a fruitful bough, A fruitful bough by a well; His branches run over the wall. The archers have bitterly grieved him, Shot at him and hated him. But his bow remained in strength, And the arms of his hands were made strong By the hands of the Mighty God of Jacob (From there is the Shepherd, the Stone of Israel), By the God of your father who will help you, And by the Almighty who will bless you With blessings of heaven above, Blessings of the deep that lies beneath, Blessings of the breasts and of the womb. The blessings of your father Have excelled the blessings of my ancestors, Up to the utmost bound of the everlasting hills. They shall be on the head of Joseph, And on the crown of the head of him who was separate from his brothers. And of Joseph he said: "Blessed of the LORD is his land, With the precious things of heaven, with the dew, And the deep lying beneath, With the precious fruits of the sun, With the precious produce of the months, With the best things of the ancient mountains, With the precious things of the everlasting hills, With the precious things of the earth and its fullness, And the favor of Him who dwelt in the bush. Let the blessing come 'on the head of Joseph, & on the crown of the head of him who was separate from his brothers.' His glory is like a firstborn bull, And his horns like the horns of the wild ox; Together with them He shall push the peoples To the ends of the earth; They are the ten thousands of Ephraim, And they are the thousands of Manasseh." 12-Benjamin Benjamin is a ravenous wolf; In the morning he shall devour the prey, And at night he shall divide the spoil. Of Benjamin he said: "The beloved of the LORD shall dwell in safety by Him, Who shelters him all the day long; And he shall dwell between His shoulders."
Part IV - Marching Order of the Tribes
From Egypt to the Promised Land
Military Organization & Marching Order of Israel
Numbers Chapter 2 North - last to break camp
Dan 62,700 | Asher 41,500
Naphtali 53,400 | Total 157,600 West - 3rd to break camp
Ephraim 40,500 | Manasseh 32200
Benjamin 35,400 | Total 108,100 Center - Tabernacle of Meeting
Levi unnumbered [Num 2.33] East - 1st to break camp
Judah 74,600 | Issachar 54,400
Zebulun 57,400 | Total 186,400 South - 2nd to break camp
Reuben 46,500 | Simeon 59,300
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Reuben
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Who won a Best Actor 'Oscar' for playing the character 'Charles Edward Chipping'?
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Reuben, son of Jacob
Site map
Reuben
Reuben was the first child of Jacob and Leah, and the founder of the tribe of Reuben. When the Bible lists the names of Jacob's 12 sons, Reuben's is listed first. But Reuben lost the privileges that traditionally were given to first-born sons because he had an affair with Bilhah, who was his father's concubine (Genesis 35:22). Reuben, however, is noted for some good things.
He intervened with his brothers to spare Joseph's life in Genesis 37:21-30.
He also offered his own sons as surety for Benjamin's safety in Genesis 42:37. The Bible has other details about Reuben and the tribe of Reuben: Reuben followed his father, Jacob, as the family traveled from Padan Aram to Canaan, and then later to Egypt.
His descendants took part in Korah's revolt against Moses as described in Numbers 16:1-3. And the loss of life from that rebellion helps to explain why the population of the Tribe of Reuben dropped from 46,500, to 43,730 during the time between the two censuses that were taken in Numbers 1:21 and Numbers 26:7.
In Revelation 7:1-8, the tribe of Reuben is listed among the tribes who are promised the Seal of God for 12,000 of their members.
The name Reuben means "see a son."
Next person in the Bible: Ruth
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i don't know
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Which novel is set in Dublin on June 16th 1904?
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Bloomsday | Define Bloomsday at Dictionary.com
Bloomsday
noun
1.
an annual celebration in Dublin on June 16th of the life of James Joyce and, in particular, his novel Ulysses, which is entirely set in Dublin on June 16th, 1904
Word Origin
C20: after Leopold Bloom, the central character in Ulysses
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition
© William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins
Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012
Examples from the Web for bloomsday
Expand
Contemporary Examples
Plus, to celebrate bloomsday, how Fifty Shades of Grey is like Ulysses, and librarians who hated Joyce.
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Ulysses
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Give a year in the life of Scottish chemist and physicist James Dewar?
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Bloomsday Festival | Dublin.ie
Bloomsday Festival
Bloomsday Festival
Various Locations, Saturday 11th June - Thursday 16th June 2016
Bloomsday is a celebration that takes place both in Dublin and around the world. It celebrates Thursday 16 June 1904, which is the day depicted in James Joyce’s novel Ulysses. The day is named after Leopold Bloom, the central character in Ulysses.
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i don't know
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John Crome and John Sell Cotman were associated with which provincial art movement founded in 1803?
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John Crome, Norfolk Landscape Painter, Norwich School
Norwich School.
John Crome (1768-1821)
English landscape painter John Crome was founder of the Norwich School . He trained as a coach painter until 1790. His ambition was to become a landscape painter and he was encouraged by a local collector, Thomas Harvey, who allowed him access to his large collection of British and Dutch paintings. In this way, Crome assimilated the naturalism of artists Meindert Hobbema (1638-1709), Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-82), Jan Wynants (c.1625-84), as well as Thomas Gainsborough (1727-88). By the 1800s he had developed his own style of landscape painting , always based on the rustic East Anglian scenery. In 1803, Crome helped found the Norwich School of Artists, a group of painters which included the watercolourist John Sell Cotman (1782-1842). Crome painted in oils and watercolour and many of his works can be found at the Tate Gallery and the Royal Academy. He is often called 'Old Crome' to distinguish him from his artist son John Bernay Crome (1794-1842). His paintings include View of Mousehold Heath near Norwich (1812, Victoria & Albert Museum, London) and The Poringland Oak (Tate Collection, London).
BEST ARTISTS IN ENGLAND
For a discussion of the main
aesthetic issues concerning
Art Definition, Meaning .
Early Training
Crome was born in Norwich in 1768, the son of a weaver. At the age of 12 he was apprenticed to a coach and sign painter, Francis Whisler, where he learned the use of palette and brushes, and the basics of grinding and mixing colours. Around this period he became friends with the apprentice printer Robert Ladbrooke (1770-1842), who also became a landscape painter. Both would go on drawing trips into the fields and then sell some of their works to a local printmaker. It was also around this time that Crome met the collector Thomas Harvey, who had a large collection of works by artists such as Gainsborough and Hobbema. Through countless studies and drawings, Crome taught himself the skills he needed. Harvey wrote:I was able to give him upon the subject of that particular branch of art which he had made his study. His visits were very frequent, and all his time was spent in my painting-room when I was not particularly engaged. He improved so rapidly that he delighted and astonished me'. Crome also received some instruction from established artists such as portrait and historical painter John Opie (1761-1807) and portrait painter Sir William Beechey (17531839).
AMERICAN LANDSCAPE ART
Luminism .
Crome was also influenced by the work of Welsh artist Richard Wilson (1714-82), a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1768. Wilson, one of the first British artists to appreciate the aesthetics of the countryside and is considered the father of landscape art in Britain. In fact Crome was to state in the catalogues of exhibitions for the Norwich School of Art that his drawings were 'after Wilson' and 'in the style of Gainsborough'. Crome's early landscapes were highly detailed; he was one of the first artists of his generation for example to represent specific tree species in his works, as opposed to painting generalised forms. One of his earliest masterpieces was Moonrise on the Marshes of the Yare (c.1808, Tate), where it depends not on colour for effect (mainly he used browns and greys), but on light. It demonstrates what can be achieved with a limited palette.
Norwich School of Art
In 1803, Crome along with Ladbrooke founded the Norwich Society of Artists, whose members comprised the Norwich School. In fact it was the first provincial art movement in Britain, and became an important contributor to the tradition of English landscape painting . Norwich School painters - amateurs as well as professionals - were typically inspired by the flat East Anglian landscape with its Broads and rivers, which they depicted using the new method of plein air painting . They were also influenced by Dutch Realist landscape such as Hobbema and Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-82). Initially the School started as a club in a local tavern where artists could meet to discuss artistic ideas and technique. Within 2 years, they had moved to their own premises where they worked and exhibited together. The first exhibition was launched in 1805 and was such a success that it became an annual event for the next twenty years. In 1828 they moved to another venue and reconstituted themselves as The Norfolk and Suffolk Institution for the Promotion of the Fine Arts, where they continued to exhibit until 1833. In addition to Crome, Ladbrooke and Cotman, important members of the Norwich School included: James Stark (1794-1859), Joseph Stannard (1797-1830), George Vincent (1796-1831), Alfred Stannard (1806-89), John Thirtle (1777-1839), and H Ninham (1793-1874).
Artistic Influences
Crome rarely travelled very far outside of his county, and as a result had little contact with well known artists of his day. He first exhibited at the Royal Academy in London , in 1806, but exhibited irregularly thereafter. With very few exceptions, his chosen subject matter remained the local landscapes. As one art critic wrote, Crome painted 'the bit of heath, the boat, and the slow water of the flattish land, trees most of all, the single tree in elaborate study, the group of trees, and how the growth of one affects that of another, and the characteristics of each'. Another commented: 'No other painter, except for Jean-Francois Millet , has conveyed so well the friendly strength of the earth and the things that grow from it.' He became a master draughtsman and in particular an expert at depicting the English Oak tree (whereas Constables favourite tree was said to be the ash). An example is his The Poringland Oak (Tate, oil on canvas). This painting dates from later in Crome's life, when he was experimenting with etching as an art form. The details are great, the branches, the leaves and the jagged edges of the clouds. It is also a study of light, as the sun begins to set, almost pre-empting Impressionism. Another example is The Blasted Oak (c.1808, Norwich Castle Museum, watercolour), which displays a naturalistic style of landscape painting. Dutch influences can be seen in his paintings of Mousehold Heath near Norwich, which bear some similarities to works by Aelbert Cuyp (162091). Although Crome may have come under the influence of many artists, he did develop his own unique style early on, which he adhered to with little or no change throughout his life.
Artistic Reputation
Crome's reputation was limited to Norfolk during his lifetime, where he made a reasonable living not only through selling his paintings, but also acting as an art dealer and restorer. He was a skilled etcher, completing the majority of his etching between 1809 and 1813 - but none were reproduced until after his death. It is remarkable that an artist with so little education, should have developed a School of painting in a city where art, beyond portraits of local merchants, was almost unknown. The only trip Crome took outside of Britain was in 1814 to Paris, where after the downfall of Napoleon, the English flocked to Paris to see the treasures in the Louvre, the spoils of Napoleon's victories. (Four years later Chrome's compatriot, the short-lived English landscape genius Richard Parkes Bonington (1802-28) would arrive in Paris to study under Baron Gros.) On his return to Norfolk, Crome settled again to the natural scenery surrounding him, proclaiming he painted for 'air and space'. The artist died in 1821, his last words were "Hobbema! My dear Hobbema, how I loved you!"
Paintings by John Crome can be seen in some of the best art museums in England.
For more biographies of important modern artists, see: Famous Painters .
For our main index, see: Homepage .
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Norwich School
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In the Bible, who was the mother of Joseph and Benjamin?
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* Norwich School (Fine arts) - Definition,meaning - Online Encyclopedia
Norwich school were an important British early nineteenth regional school of landscape painting
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Yarmouth Harbour - Evening circa 1817
Oil on canvas
support: 406 x 660 mm
frame: 583 x 830 x 68 mm
Bequeathed by S. Arthur Peto 1942 ...
The Norwich School was founded in 1803 by John Crome and John Sell Cotman.
Norwich school. English regional school of landscape painting , the only local school in English art history which is comparable with the earlier Italian school s. Its leaders were *Crome and *Cotman, and it flourished from 1803 (when Crome founded the Norwich Society of Artists) until f. 1830.
The Norwich School of painters was founded by John Crome and Robert Ladbrooke in 1803 in Norwich. It was the first provincial art movement in Britain.
Norwich School
Important English school of landscape painting , dating from 1803, led by John Crome and John Sell Cotman.
New Subjectivity (Nouvelle Subjectivit�) ...
Norwich School, founded 1803
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i don't know
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Which London Underground line runs from West Ruislip to Epping?
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1906 - Elephant & Castle station opens
1915 - The line is extended from Baker Street to Queen's Park
1939 - The Bakerloo line takes over the Stanmore branch of the Metropolitan line
1979 - The Jubilee line opens and, after 40 years, the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line closes
1982 - The four peak period trains between Queen's Park and Watford Junction are withdrawn
1989 - Services between Queen's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone restart
Central Line
The Central Line, originally called the Central London Railway, opened on 30 July 1900 as a cross-London route from Bank to Shepherd's Bush.
Popular from the start, part of its success stemmed from the cost: a flat fare of two old pence to travel. This inspired the press to call it the 'Tuppenny Tube.'
In 1908, London hosted the Franco-British exhibition, the largest fair of its kind, which attracted 8 million visitors. At the time, the exhibition site was little more than a cluster of white buildings with no official name but when the Central line extended to the site, it officially became known as White City.
In the 1990s, the Central line was upgraded to automatic operation, making it the second Underground line, after the Victoria line in the 1960s, to use this technology.
Key Central line dates
1900 - Central London Railway opens
1908 - The line extends west to Wood Lane to support the White City Exhibition
1912 - The line extends east from Bank to Liverpool Street
1920 - The line extends west to Ealing Broadway
1945 - After the war, new tracks next to to the main line railway start to be used. They run from North Acton to West Ruislip and include new tunnels from Liverpool Street to Leyton
1994 - The Epping to Ongar shuttle service closes, due to low passenger numbers
Circle line
Although the first circular service started in 1884, the Circle line as we know it didn't really begin until the 1930s. The 'Circle line' name first appeared on a poster in 1936 but took another 13 years for it to get its own, separate line on the Tube map.
The tracks used by the Circle line were run by the Metropolitan Railway and District Railway, two companies who couldn't agree on how to run the line. Their differences initially meant that District Railway ran the clockwise trains and Metropolitan Railway, the anti-clockwise trains.
In December 2009, the Circle line was broken and replaced by an end-to-end service between Hammersmith and Edgware Road, via Aldgate.
Key Circle line dates
1884 - The first circular service begins
1868 - The Paddington to Farringdon (Metropolitan Railway) line extends to South Kensington. The District Railway opens its new line from South Kensington to Westminster at the same time
1884 - The District Railway line finally extends to Mark Lane (now Tower Hill). It meets the Metropolitan Railway line to create a full circle
1905 - The line is electrified
1933 - Metropolitan Railway and District Railway become part of the London Passenger Transport Board
1936 - The 'Circle line' name appears on a poster for the first time
1949 - The Circle line gets its own line on the Tube map
2009 - The Circle line is broken and replaced by and end-to-end service
District line
The District line first opened on Christmas Eve 1868, between South Kensington and Westminster.
In the years following, it extended both east and west, even going as far as Windsor. In 1883, the line was extended from Ealing Broadway to Windsor and has run services as far as Southend, during its time.
Uxbridge and Hounslow were part of the District line until they were transferred to the Piccadilly line in 1933 and 1964.
Key District line dates
1868 - The first section of what is now the District line begins. It runs between South Kensington and Westminster
1869 - New tracks open between Gloucester Road and West Brompton
1874 - The line extends to Hammersmith, Richmond in 1877 and Ealing Broadway in 1879
1885 - The two-year old Ealing to Windsor service ends
1884 - The line extends to Mark Lane (now Tower Hill)
1910 - The line extends to Uxbridge, following an earlier extension to Hounslow (in 1884)
Hammersmith & City line
Intended as a feeder to the Metropolitan line, with the extension running through fields on the fringes of suburbia to Hammersmith, The Hammersmith and City Railway opened on 13 June 1864. It wasn't until 1988, however, that it gained independence to become the Hammersmith & City line in its own right.
Jointly run by the Great Western Railway (GWR) and Metropolitan Railway (MR), when it opened, the only stations on the two-mile long track were Notting Hill (now Ladbroke Grove) and Shepherd's Bush.
Since the Circle line began running trains on the 'loop' in 2009, the Hammersmith & City line no longer has any unique stations. Every one of its 29 stations is shared with another tube line.
Key Hammersmith & City line dates
1863 - The Metropolitan Railway opens between Farringdon and Paddington
1864 - Together with Great Western Railways, Metropolitan Railway extends the line to Hammersmith
1864 - Services to Addison Road (now Kensington Olympia), via the curve at Latimer Road, begin. Following bomb damage in 1940, this service is suspended and doesn't restart after the war
1869 - A new London and South Western line opens between north of Addison Road and Richmond, via Ravenscourt Park. The new Hammersmith station (at Grove Road) means the old terminus is re-sited
1884 - The line extends east to Whitechapel
1906 - The line is electrified
1936 - Trains are extended over the former District Railway line to Barking
1988 - The line becomes the Hammersmith & City line in its own right
Jubilee line
Although a number of Jubilee line stations are among the Underground's newest, the line also serves some stations that originally opened over 100 years ago.
Inaugurated on 1 May 1979, the Jubilee line linked new tunnels across central London (stretching for 4 kilometres between Baker Street and Charing Cross with the former Bakerloo line branch north of Baker Street to Stanmore).
The northern end of the line had previously been part of the Metropolitan Railway, before transferring to the Bakerloo line in 1939 when a new section of twin tube tunnels between Baker Street and Finchley Road (including stations at St John's Wood and Swiss Cottage) also opened.
From 1979 Charing Cross was the line's southern terminus for two decades, but further extension to the Jubilee line was recommended in the East London Rail Study in 1989 with Royal Assent to the Bill obtained in March 1992.
Work started on the £3.5bn project to extend the Jubilee line in 1993. The Prime Minister at the time, John Major drove the first pile of the extension at a start-of-work ceremony at Canary Wharf on 8 December 1993. The extension from Green Park to Stratford was opened in three phases during 1999. The extended Jubilee line was finally joined to the existing line on 20 November 1999, although Westminster was the last station on the line to be opened on 22 December 1999.
Since its opening, the Jubilee line extension has facilitated and contributed to the significant growth of London's Docklands as a centre for business, residential and leisure activity.
Metropolitan line
Opened in 1863, The Metropolitan Railway between Paddington and Farringdon was the first, urban, underground railway in the world. An extension from Baker Street to Swiss Cottage in 1868, however, put an end to this claim to fame.
With the growth of suburban areas in the north west of London, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Middlesex (dubbed 'Metroland'), in the 20th century, Metropolitan Railway spotted a marketing opportunity: by promoting dream homes in the countryside, they could also highlight their own fast, rail services to get people there.
As the owners of surplus land, Metropolitan Railway were in a position to branch out into real estate, and by 1919 they were developing housing under the name of Metropolitan Railway Country Estates Limited.
Metroland was immortalised in the 1973 BBC TV documentary, narrated by the then Poet Laureate, Sir John Betjeman.
Key Metropolitan line dates
1863 - The line opens between Paddington and Farringdon
1868 - The line extends from Baker Street to Swiss Cottage
1892 - Line extensions reaches Aylesbury
1904 - The Uxbridge branch opens
1905 - The first electric trains appear and are gradually introduced across the whole line, apart from the line beyond Rickmansworth
1925 - The Watford branch opens
1932 - Another branch, to Stanmore opens, but this becomes part of the Bakerloo line in 1939
1961 - The steam trains operating north of Rickmansworth stop as the line is electrified to Amersham and Chesham. Services beyond Amersham are taken over by British Rail (now Chiltern Railways)
2012 - A new fleet of electric trains are introduced, the first on the Underground to feature air conditioning and full-length, walk-through interiors
Northern line
The Northern line, opened in 1937, was created out of two separate railways: the City and South London Railway, and the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway.
It expanded a little but WWII slowed the expansions down. Scheduled plans to extend to Mill Hill, Brockley Hill, Elstree and Bushey Heath (known as the Northern Heights plan), suffered post-war restrictions and never recovered. These plans were finally dismissed in 1954.
Key Northern line dates
1890 - City & South London Railway opens - it runs from King William Street (near Bank) to Stockwell
1907 - Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (Hampstead Railway, as it's called) opens. It runs from the Strand (Charing Cross) to Golders Green, with a branch from Camden Town to Highgate
1921 - Hampstead Railway extends to Edgware
1922 - City and South London Railway links to the Hampstead Railway at Camden Town
1926 - City and South London/Hampstead Railway extends south to Morden and Kennington
1933 - City and South London/Hampstead Railway become the Northern line
1939 - 1941 The new Northern line extends between Archway and East Finchley, High Barnet and Mill Hill East
1975 - The tunnelled link between Finsbury Park and Moorgate, via Essex Road, is transferred to British Rail (now First Capital Connect)
Piccadilly line
The Piccadilly line opened as the Great Northern, Piccadilly & Brompton Railway on 15 December 1906 and it ran between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith.
The line remained much the same until the 1930s when it expanded rapidly, incorporating stations which are now regarded as classic examples of period architecture. Arnos Grove, Southgate and Sudbury Town, for example, are listed buildings.
The development of Heathrow Airport has also been a reason for expansion, with Heathrow Terminals 1-5 opening between 1977 and 2008. When Terminal 5 opened in 2008, it became the first stretch of new Underground railway in London since the Jubilee line extension in 1999.
Key Piccadilly line dates
1906 - The line opens between Finsbury Park and Hammersmith
1907 - A branch line from Holborn to Aldwych opens
1932 to 1933 - The line extends to South Harrow, Arnos Grove, Hounslow West, Uxbridge and Cockfosters
1977 - Heathrow Terminals 1, 2 and 3 open
1986 - The Heathrow service becomes a loop with the opening of Terminal 4
1994 - The Aldwych branch of the Piccadilly line closes down because of too few passengers and high costs
2008 - Heathrow Terminal 5 opens
Victoria line
Built at the end of the 1960s, the main aim of the Victoria line was to connect four, main line terminals: Euston, St. Pancras, King's Cross and Victoria, although its origins go back to 1943.
Future hopes for the Victoria line were included in a document called the County of London Plan, but war and post-war constraints mean that the plans continued to be put on hold.
Parliamentary Powers to build the line were obtained in 1955 but difficulties with funding meant that actual construction work didn't start until 1962.
The Victoria line opened in stages between 1968 and 1971, and reached areas of north and south London that had never had an Underground station before.
The line was the first automatic passenger railway in the world, fully equipped with an Automatic Train Operation system (ATO). Such technology meant that at the touch of a button, the train doors would close and drive automatically to the next station, guided by coded impulses transmitted through the track.
The original 1968 line received a complete upgrade in 2012.
Waterloo & City line
In 1898, the Waterloo & City line (or 'Drain' as it was known), became London's second, deep-level Tube railway.
Initially, it was promoted by the London and South Western Railway company, whose trains terminated at Waterloo. The new line's selling point was that it could offer commuters a direct rail link to and from the City of London.
Wooden-built trains ran on the line until 1940 but were replaced by specially-designed, Tube-sized cars based on the technology of the Southern Railway's trains, but these too were eventually replaced in 1994.
In the post-war years, the Waterloo & City line became part of British Railways but it transferred to London Underground in 1994, when it became (at that time), the Underground's 12th line.
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Central
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'Gilda' is the daughter of which eponymous character in a Verdi opera?
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Underground & Tube
Underground & Tube
Underground & Tube
Our Underground & Tube section includes a range of DVDs featuring all aspects of this topic including the London Underground and Paris Metro.
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Waterloo & City Line (33 mins) The Waterloo & City Line was the second deep level underground line to open in London, opening in 1898. During its... More
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Metropolitan Line From A to S In 2012 the A stock was finally withdrawn from the Metropolitan Line of London Underground after over 50 years... More
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This all new Driver's eye view was filmed in the summer of 2011. Woodford to Leytonstone via Hainault. Epping to West Ruislip via central... More
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District Line Double Album - Two full programmes on one DVD: Programme 1: All Change at Earl's Court (47 minutes) Until March 1981, the CO/CP Stock, built... More
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In this DVD we trace the story of the Central Line from its opening in 1900, until the present day. Using archive film, kindly supplied by London's Transport... More
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i don't know
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What is the maiden name of Samantha Cameron?
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Samantha Cameron - Business Leader - Biography.com
Samantha Cameron
Samantha Cameron is businesswoman and the wife of British Prime Minister David Cameron.
IN THESE GROUPS
Famous British People
Synopsis
Samantha Cameron was born on April 18, 1971, in North Lincolnshire, England, and is a descendant of King Charles II. Well educated and successful in her business career, Cameron was already a rising star when she met and married her husband, David Cameron, who became the country's Prime Minister in 2010.
Early Life
Samantha Cameron, was born Samantha Gwendoline Sheffield on April 18, 1971, in North Lincolnshire, England. She is the elder of two daughters born to Sir Reginald Adrian Berkeley Sheffield, 8th Baronet, a descendant of King Charles II, and Annabel Lucy Veronica Jones. She is a distant cousin of Diana, Princess of Wales . Following her parents' divorce, Cameron's mother married William Waldorf Astor, 4th Viscount Astor.
Cameron attended the School of St. Helen and St. Katherine, a private school for girls in Oxfordshire, and later took courses at the co-ed Marlborough College in Wiltshire. She studied at Camberwell College of Arts, and went on to study at the University of the West of England's School of Creative Arts.
Family and Professional Career
Cameron married her husband, David, a member of the Conservative Party, on June 1, 1996, in Oxfordshire, and they have had four children together. Their first child, Ivan, died at age 6 from a combination of cerebral palsy and a form of severe epilepsy.
"I think that ever since the day I met Dave, he has obviously taken his job very seriously and he loves politics," Cameron said of her husband, according to a March 2010 article in The Telegraph. "I think so much of the Dave that I first met and fell in love with is Dave the politician."
Before her husband became Britain's prime minister, Cameron was a successful business executive—the creative director of Smythson of Bond Street, a London-based British manufacturer of luxury stationery, leather goods and fashion products. Having been with the company for 14 years, Cameron is said to have contributed in large part to improving Smythson's image, establishing the company as a fashionable and popular brand. Her work with the company won her a British Glamour Magazine Award in 2009 for "Best Accessory Designer."
On May 13, 2010—just two days after her husband was elected prime minister—Cameron announced that she was stepping down from her full-time executive role and that she would be taking on a part-time consultancy role. Cameron attributed her decision to a new pregnancy, as well as the difficulty that followed the death of her eldest son, Ivan, in February 2009.
"I look forward to my changed role and balancing it with my new day-to-day life, as well as being able to spend more time with my children," Cameron told the BBC in May 2010.
Cameron had also worked for a time as the spokesperson for Taiwanese fashion house Shiatzy Chen and does charity work a variety of nonprofits. In late 2015 it was announced that Cameron would also appear on the 2016 installment of popular BBC1 television program The Great British Bake Off.
On June 24, 2016, Cameron stood by her husband as he gave an emotional speech announcing his resignation, following the United Kingdom's historic vote to leave the European Union.
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Citation Information
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Sheffield
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Sid Weighell, Jimmy Knapp and Ray Buckton were trade union officials in which industry in the 1970's and 1980's?
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Why Samantha Cameron's mother Lady Astor could never have been stay-at-home mum | Daily Mail Online
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Another daughter, Emily Sheffield, is now the deputy editor of British Vogue, and she has three children, Flora, Will and Jake, with her current husband Lord Astor.
Today, Astor is at the helm of OKA, a furniture company with 11 shops nationwide and a showroom on Fulham road. The business, just 13 years old, has made Astor a multimillionaire.
Nevertheless, Astor admits to feeling slightly ashamed by her commitment to career and says she doesn't feel she was a good role model to her daughters.
'Compared to my contemporaries who did look after their children, it was slightly shaming that I didn't,' she explained.
Happy family: Viscountess Astor, far right, with her daughters Emily Sheffield (far left) and Samantha Cameron
Family resemblance: Sam Cam has had a successful career and makes time for dates with her husband
'At the time my children minded very much. When they compared me with their friends' parents, they would say "Mummy, why can't you be at home?"
'I'd say: "Because we'd all kill each other."'
Interestingly, despite Astor admitting to being 'slightly shamed' by her commitment to her career, it would seem that her considerable business brain has been passed on.
Before husband David Cameron was elected Prime Minister, Astor's eldest daughter Samantha was the hugely successful creative director of Smythson, where her eye for design turned around the fortunes of the ailing leather goods house.
Unlike her mother, however, Samantha chose to reduce her workload after baby daughter Florence was born and now has a part-time consulting role at the brand.
Younger daughter Emily Sheffield, meanwhile, has chosen the opposite trajectory and has thrown herself into a successful career as deputy editor of British Vogue.
Flora, her daughter with William, 4th Viscount Astor, is a well-regarded gemologist and jewellery designer, while her sons Will and Jake work in property and finance.
With her children fully-fledged and established in careers of their own, most of Lady Astor's efforts are dedicated to OKA, which is about to launch a new collection designed by veteran interiors guru Nicky Haslam.
But despite the pressure of running a thriving business, there is one person she always finds time for - her husband.
'We're very rarely separated,' she reveals. 'Every week we go out to dinner on our own just to sit and chat and have a chance to talk.' And it happens regardless of events at Fulham Road.
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i don't know
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Which is the largest town in the County of Anglesey?
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Anglesey Towns and Villages : Coastal Holidays
Property name:
Anglesey Towns and Villages
Anglesey (Ynys Mon in Welsh) is situated off the north west coast of Wales near the Snowdonia mountain range. It is reached by two bridges, the Menai Bridge and the Brittannia Bridge.
Anglesey has quaint towns and villages as diverse and interesting as its landscape. Anglesey also has the village with the longest place name in Britain: Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllantysiliogogogoch, thankfully it’s abbreviated to Llanfairpwll or Llanfair P.G. by the locals.
The towns and villages of Anglesey are as diverse and interesting as its landscape. From sleepy villages to a bustling port town, Anglesey has it all.
Amlwch Port
Amlwch is situated on the north east coast of Anglesey and is a major draw for those interested in industrial heritage. Walking around this peaceful town with its three windmills, it’s hard to imagine that in its mining heyday, it was one of Anglesey’s busiest ports and home to an amazing 1,025 pubs!
The old harbour at Amlwch Port is well worth a visit with its exhibition of memorabilia from Amlwch’s shipbuilding and mining days. You can walk round Parys Mountain amid amazing open cast remains often linked to a lunar landscape. For other activities Amlwch has a leisure centre, shore and golf at Bull Bay Golf Club.
Beaumaris
Beaumaris is a captivating seaside town with lively cafes, pubs, restaurants and hotels with good food to suit every taste and some excellent shopping, marked by quality independent traders. With a mix of Medieval, Georgian, Victorian and Edwardian architecture, visitors can stroll along the seafront, taking in the pier and the views over the Menai Strait and Snowdonia, continuing through the charming streets with its picturesque cottages, many painted in soft pastel colours.
Beaumaris Castle is a United Nations World Heritage Site which was built as one of the iron ring castles of North Wales by Edward I to stamp his authority on the Welsh. It was never finished but is nevertheless called the “most technically perfect Medieval Castle in Britain.” Opposite Beaumaris Castle is the Court House, constructed in 1614 and renovated in the 19th Century. Here visitors can walk through the large rectangular courtroom, stand in the original dock and view the splendour of the grand jury room. Beaumaris Gaol was built by Hansom (famous for the Hansom Cab) in 1829 and features the only working tread wheel in Britain.
Nearby in Church Street stands the 14th Century Church of St Mary and St Nicholas which houses the empty coffin of Princess Joan, wife of Prince Llywelyn Fawr and daughter of King John of England. The location of her body remains a mystery but her effigy is carved into the coffin lid. There are two more very well preserved historic buildings – the Court House, constructed in 1614 and the Victorian Gaol in Steeple Lane. A popular visitor option is a two-hour cruise around Puffin Island, with a chance to see puffins, seals and other wildlife at close quarters.
Benllech
The award winning main beach at Benllech is a long stretch of rich golden sands backed by cliffs. Benllech is a prime spot for long seaside walks or across the cliff path to the neighbouring village of Moelfre. A short walk round the headland at low tide takes you to Red Wharf Bay. Alternatively head north from Benllech to Traeth Bychan, a water sports centre with a slipway for launching boats.
Cemaes Bay
The most northerly village in Wales, Cemaes is set on Anglesey’s wildest and most unspoilt stretch of coastline, most of which is now cared for by the National Trust. Originally a fishing village, it became a centre for shipbuilding and exporting marble and limestone, used to build many of Liverpool’s buildings. Maritime activity is at the old stone pier where boat trips to Skerries Lighthouse and the Isle of Man can be arranged with local boat owners.
At the eastern entrance to the bay is Llanadrig and St Patrick’s Church and cave where it is said Patrick set off to Ireland from. Further east is Dinas Gynfor prehistoric hill fort and the atmospheric small port of Llanlleiana from where China clay was once exported. A major attraction is the Wylfa Nuclear Power Station which has been generating electricity since 1971 and has a visitor centre which is open daily and is free of charge.
Holyhead
Holyhead is the busiest UK Irish ferry port and home to the fastest and largest catamaran and largest roll on, roll off ferry in the world. There are good views over the port from the grounds of St Cybi’s Church from where there is also a good view of Skinner’s Monument on Alltran Rock. This obelisk was erected by the people of Holyhead in memory of Captain John McGregor Skinner, a benefactor to the town’s poor who was washed overboard from his ship in 1832.The award winning Ucheldre Arts Centre is housed in an impressive old chapel, originally the convent chapel for the Roman Catholic order of nuns, the Sisters of the Bon Sauver. The centre spearheads cultural life with art exhibitions, craft displays and a lively programme of arts and theatre workshops and performances.
For a taste of local culture visit Holyhead’s male voice choir during rehearsals at Llanfawr School on Tuesdays from 7-9pm. There are many sports and activity facilities available in and around Holyhead including an impressive new 500 berth marina. Fine views of the town and its dramatic setting can be had from among the sheer cliffs at North Stack or Holyhead Mountain.
Anglesey view
A visit to South Stack Lighthouse should not be missed as it is possibly one of the most spectacular and exciting locations on Anglesey and is the only attraction of its kind in Wales.
South Stack acts as a waymark for coastal traffic and a landmark and orientation light for vessels crossing the Irish Sea to and from the ports of Holyhead and Dun Laoghaire. South Stack is accessed via a bridge and a steep flight of 400 steps and was reopened to the public in 1998.
There are excellent beach and coastal walks at Penrhos Coastal Park and Breakwater Country Park which include themed walks and history trails. These parks, together with the RSPB visitor centre in Elin’s Tower at South Stack are popular bird watching centres. Summer is peak season when you can expect to see Guillemot, Chough, Grebe, Puffin and Peregrine Falcon.
Llanfairpwllgwyngyll
Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch – Llanfair, Llanfairpwll and even Llanfair PG are all names used locally for this village with the longest place name in Britain, the translation of which is: St Mary’s Church by the white hazel pool, near the fierce whirlpool with the church of St Tysilio by the red cave. The village was the birthplace of the British Women’s Institute in 1915.
The James Pringle Weavers Centre features a huge range of woollens, crafts and specialist Anglesey foods, plus a restaurant. Transport buffs will want to see both the original octagonal Holyhead road tollhouse with its 1895 tariff rates at the entrance to the village and the restored railway station which also features the village name in full.
Just outside the village is the Marquess of Anglesey’s Column. The Column commemorates the first Marquess of Anglesey who lost his leg while fighting alongside the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. 115 steps take you up to 88.5ft/27m for spectacular and breathtaking views over Anglesey and Snowdonia.
The Marquess’s home, Plas Newydd is now an exceptional National Trust property with 18th Century Mansion set on the banks of the Menai Straits with breathtaking views. Visitors can enjoy the Rex Whistler Exhibition, military museum, stunning gardens and historical cruises. Special attractions are a Rhododendron garden, an Australian arboretum and an Italian style garden terrace overlooking the Menai Strait, plus a wide programme of music, cultural events and family fun days.
Llangefni
Llangefni is Anglesey’s county town and principal administrative centre as well as a major cultural centre. Leading the way is Oriel Ynys Mon Anglesey Museum and Art Gallery. The free entry art gallery hosts an annual calendar of leading art, while the museum houses some fine historic treasures. The gift shop offers souvenirs and local art and crafts and hosts an evening programme of music and other performing arts. There’s also amateur theatre at Theatr Fach and monthly Celtic song, music and dance evenings at St Cyngar’s Church Hall.
There are excellent sports and fitness facilities at the leisure centre and a nine hole public golf course. Nearby attractions include Easter Bunnies Angora Farm, Stone Science and Llyn Cefni Reservoir which is excellent for bird watching or fishing.
Menai Bridge
Menai Bridge’s two impressive bridges provide Anglesey’s physical links with the mainland. Thomas Telford’s Menai Suspension Bridge (Port Menai) opened in 1826. The world’s first iron suspension bridge, it is 1,265ft/305m long with a central span of 579ft/177m with its roadway set 98ft/30m above the water to allow tall ships to sail beneath. The Britannia Bridge (Port Brittania) opened in 1850 and is a magnificent prototype of box-girder design by William Fairbairn and Robert Stephenson. Originally built to carry rail traffic, this bridge was converted to a double-decked structure following a catastrophic fire in 1970. It now carries both rail and road traffic.
A short walk from Menai Bridge town centre brings the visitor to the base of the Menai Suspension Bridge from where the true scale of this remarkable structure is best appreciated. The Belgian Promenade (built by Flemish refugees from the Great War between 1914-1916) leads south west reaching a causeway that links Church Island and the ancient Church of St Tysilio to the shore. A short walk around the church cemetery affords wonderful views of the Menai Strait, both bridges and Ynys Gorad Goch Island, whose residents once made a living from the fish caught at the traps built there.
Close up views of the Britannia Bridge can be had from the car park of the picturesque St Mary’s Church. There is also a monument to Nelson on the shore of the Strait, a short stroll away. Menai Bridge has a selection of interesting shops including antiques, books and ironmongers as well as the Tegfryn Art Gallery and hosts two races in the annual Menai Strait Joint Regatta. The town’s male voice choir, Cenorion Menai, welcomes visitors to rehearsals (Tuesdays 7.30-9.30pm at Capel Mawr Schoolhouse) and early March sees the Menai Bridge Urdd Children’s Eisteddford celebrating traditional Welsh culture.
Newborough
The village of Newborough is in the south-western corner of Anglesey was created in 1294 when King Edward I cleared the local population from Llanfaes, near Beaumaris in order to build his castle and town.
Newborough is a peaceful village with attractive environs that provide the visitor with excellent walking opportunities, not least at Newborough Warren, one of the largest areas of sand dune found in the British Isles.
Newborough Forest is a 2,000 acre woodland dedicated to forestry and conservation and was originally planted to protect the wheat crops across the Island from being covered in sand blown in from the beach. Most of the area around Newborough has been declared a nature reserve.
Visitors should not miss the village’s expansive sandy beach at Llanddwyn and from there walk to Llanddwyn Island (tide permitting) where you can find the remains of the 16th Century church of St Dwynwen, the Welsh patron saint of lovers.
At Llys Rhosyr is the site of one of the main royal palaces of the medieval princes of Gwynedd. The site is unique in that the palace has been preserved as a whole having been buried in the sand since 1320.
Rhosneigr
Rhosneigr lies on Anglesey’s western shore and is a popular resort due to its two broad sandy beaches making it an ideal centre for water sports. It is also home to Anglesey Golf Club as well as horse riding, tennis and bowling and is a good location for sea and freshwater fishing.
There are two ancient burial centres nearby; Ty Newydd and Barclodiad y Gawres and Llyn Maelog, a reed-fringed lake known for its bird life.
Trearddur Bay
Trearddur Bay enjoys a wonderful setting on the west coast of Holy Island, a sheltered and sandy bay suitable for families set into a rocky coastline and cliffs, two miles south of Holyhead. The resort has a selection of hotels, pubs, cafes, restaurants and shops, together with a seafront promenade. It is a very popular destination for sailing, diving and other water sports and there is fine sea fishing to be had at nearby Mackerel Rock. The Holyhead Golf Club is also situated at Trearddur Bay.
Trearddur Bay is surrounded with many attractive small beaches, coves and bays offering excellent walking with a low coastline around the bay as well as low level cliffs to the north and south of the resort. An established walk for nature lovers is the two mile stretch from Trearddur Bay to Rhoscolyn with its large sheltered beach.
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Holyhead
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The hymn 'Dear Lord And Father Of Mankind' is usually sung to which tune by Hubert Parry?
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Anglesey cottages - Holiday cottages & rentals in Anglesey
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A county island, situated at the north-western tip of Wales, the Isle of Anglesey is also known by its Welsh name, Ynys Môn. Connected to the Welsh mainland across the Menai Strait by two bridges, the Menai Suspension Bridge and the Britannia Bridge, Anglesey is the largest Welsh island, with an overall area of 278 sq miles, and a 125-mile coastline. Anglesey is at the heart of a strategic route between the British mainland and Ireland, and the largest town on the island is the busy port of Holyhead, with regular ferries over the Irish Sea to Dublin; but Anglesey has so much more to offer visitors than just a ferry port.
And most recently, Anglesey has been given royal approval, by becoming the home for the new Duke and Duchess of Cambridge; Prince William’s duties as an RAF air-sea rescue pilot mean that the newly-married couple will spend their first two years together in a rented Welsh farmhouse.
Things to do in Anglesey
The winding lanes, spectacular coastline and numerous megalithic monuments mean that Anglesey is a popular choice for a wide variety of pursuits. Horse riding across beautiful countryside and stunning beaches is a popular activity; or take advantage of the Coastal Path, much of which falls within a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Anglesey is also recognised by UNESCO for its geological features and was the very first island to achieve Geopark status. In addition to a stunning natural landscape, there are numerous privately-owned gardens, arboretum and nature reserves, many of them open via the National Garden Scheme.
Anglesey also enjoys some superbly situated facilities for motorsports and golf. For cyclists, the 36-mile Copper Trail, or Lôn Las Copr, is also known as route no 566 of the National Cycle Network (NCN), and is just one of the many excellent parts of the Anglesey ‘cycling jigsaw’, which also encompasses four further circular routes. Or start your journey in Cardiff on route 8 of the NCN, or in Chester on route 5, and complete your journey in Holyhead.
Top Destinations
Holyhead – An important port and the Celtic gateway to Ireland, the Chester and Holyhead Railway opened in the town of Holyhead in 1848, giving a swift passage across Anglesey for ship passengers en route for Ireland. To the north-east of the town lies the 23-metre red and white striped tower of the Skerries lighthouse, fastened upon a rocky outcrop at the end of a low tract of submerged land.
Holy Island – By contrast, on the north-west coast, at Holy Island, the 91 foot South Stack lighthouse, strikes a strong, imposing white figure, and is open to the public from Easter through to September. Close by, a separate visitor’s centre, Ellin’s Tower, is a great vantage point from which to watch nesting fulmars, guillemots, puffins and razorbills on the nearby cliffs.
Holyhead Breakwater & Country Park – At 5,100 feet in length and enclosing an area of 316 acres, this, the longest breakwater in Europe, was built between 1846 and 1876, using local stone. Next to the town and port, a 106-acre country park was created on the site of a former quarry, from where the stone was taken for the construction of the Holyhead Breakwater. The Country Park opened to visitors in 1990, and offers all manner of exhibitions, walks and wildlife.
Plas Newydd – The National Trust-run ancestral seat of the Marquess of Anglesey is also home to a stunning mural by the artist Rex Whistler; partially telling of his unrequited love for Lady Caroline, the daughter of the sixth Marquess, this vast artwork is over 58 feet wide and 12 feet in height, making it the single biggest canvas in Britain. The eighteenth century house and grounds enjoy spectacular views across the Menai Straits to Snowdonia, whilst the beautiful gardens include an Australasian arboretum and a pretty Italianate Terrace Garden.
Beaumaris Castle – A World Heritage Site, the castle was the last of the great castles to be built in North Wales by King Edward I, as part of an ‘iron ring’ of castles to control the Welsh in the north.
Bodorgan – Each year this tiny hamlet to the south of the island hosts the Anglesey Vintage Rally, attracting aficionados of traction and steam engines, vintage vehicles and machinery, and classic cars, motorcycles and pedal cycles.
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i don't know
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Which event completes the indoor Pentathlon - 60 metre hurdles, high jump, long jump, 800 metres and ...........?
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Athletics (track and field) : Wikis (The Full Wiki)
The Isthmian Games (founded 523 BC) held on the Isthmus of Corinth every two years
The Roman Games – Arising from Etruscan rather than purely Greek roots, the Roman Games deemphasized footraces and throwing. Instead, the Greek sports of chariot racing and wrestling , as well as the Etruscan sport of gladiatorial combat, took center stage.
The Tailteann Games (claimed foundation 1829 BC) – held near modern Telltown in Ireland , this thirty-day meeting included foot races and stone-throwing events.
Other peoples, such as the Celts , Teutons and Goths who succeeded the Romans, enjoyed athletic contests; however, these were often related to combat training . In the Middle Ages the sons of noblemen would be trained in running, leaping and wrestling, in addition to riding, jousting and arms-training. Contests between rivals and friends may have been common on both official and unofficial grounds.
Annually, from 1796 to 1798, L'Olympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, and is an early forerunner to the modern summer Olympic Games. The premier event of this competition was a footrace, but various ancient Greek disciplines were also on display. The 1796 Olympiade marks the introduction of the metric system into sport.
In the 19th century, the formal organization of the modern events accelerated - in France, Germany, and Great Britain in particular. This included the incorporation of regular sports and exercise into school regimes. The Royal Military College, Sandhurst has claimed to be the first to adopt this in 1812 and 1825, but without any supporting evidence. The earliest recorded meeting was organised at Shrewsbury , Shropshire in 1840 by the Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt. There are details of the meeting in a series of letters written 60 years later by C.T. Robinson, who was a pupil there from 1838 to 1841. The Royal Military Academy at Woolwich held an organised competition in 1849, but the first regular series of meetings was held by Exeter College, Oxford from 1850. [1]
Modern athletic events are usually organized around a 400 metre running track on which most of the running events take place. Field events (vaulting, jumping, and throwing) often take place on the infield, inside the track.
Athletics was included in the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 and has formed their backbone ever since. Women were first allowed to participate in track and field events in the 1928 Olympics.
An international governing body, the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), was founded in 1912; it adopted its current name, the International Association of Athletics Federations , in 2001. The IAAF established separate outdoor World Championships in 1983. There are a number of regional games as well, such as the European Championships , the Pan-American Games , and the Commonwealth Games . In addition there is a professional Golden League circuit, culminating in the IAAF World Athletics Final , and indoor championships such as the World Indoor Championships . The sport has a very high profile during major championships, especially the Olympics, but otherwise is less popular.
The AAU ( Amateur Athletic Union ) was the governing body in the United States until it collapsed under pressure from advancing professionalism in the late 1970s. A new governing body called The Athletics Congress (TAC) was formed. It was later renamed USA Track & Field (USATF or USA T&F). An additional, less structured organization, the Road Runners Club of America (RRCA), also exists in the United States to promote road racing.
In modern times, athletes can receive money for racing, putting an end to the so-called " amateurism " that existed before.
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Indoor athletics
Typical "oval" track consisting of two semicircles joined by straight segments.
There are two seasons for track and field. There is an indoor season, run during the winter and an outdoor season, run during the spring. Most indoor tracks are 200 metres and consist of four to 8 lanes. There are also some 150 metre indoor tracks, and others as small as 120 metres have been used. Some "oversize tracks" (larger than 200 metres) are popular for American collegiate athletics despite the fact that they are not considered valid for setting indoor records. Often an indoor track will have banked turns to compensate for the tight radius of the turns. The banking can help prevent injuries to the athlete, while also promoting higher speeds.[citation needed]
In an indoor track meet athletes contest the same track events as at an outdoor meet, with the exception of the 100 m and 110 m/100 m hurdles (replaced by the 55 or 60 m sprint and 55 or 60 m hurdles at most levels, or the 55 m sprint and hurdles at the high school level), the 10,000 m run, 3,000 m steeplechase, 400 m hurdles. Indoor meets also have the addition of a 3,000 m run normally at both the collegiate and elite level, instead of the 10,000 m. The 5,000 m is the longest event commonly run indoors, although there are situations where longer distances have been raced. In the mid 20th century, there was a series of "duel" races on Madison Square Garden 's indoor track, some of which featured two men racing a marathon (42.2 km). However, this is an extremely rare occurrence, for obvious reasons. In some occasions, there may also be a 500 m race instead of the open 400 m normally found outdoors, and in many college championship races indoors both are contested. There is also a 1500 meter race walk at the high school level.
In field events, indoor meets only feature the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump, and shot put (weight throw). Due to space limitations, these events take place on the infield, within the circumferential track. The longer throws of javelin, hammer and discus are added only for outdoor meets, as there is normally not enough space in an indoor stadium to house these events.
Other events unique to indoor meets (especially in North America) are the 300 m, 600m, 1000 m, and 35 lb (16 kg) weight throw. In some countries, notably Norway , standing long jump and standing high jump are also contested, even in the National Championships.
For multi-event athletes there is the Pentathlon for women (consisting of 60 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump and 800 m) and heptathlon for men (consisting of 60 m, long jump, shot put, high jump, 60 m hurdles, pole vault and 1000 m) indoors.
In Secondary school meets the events that are exhibited are the 55m, 600m, 1000m, 1500m racewalk, 3000m, and 55m hurdles. There is also shotput, long jump, high jump, triple jump and 4x200m relay and 4x800m relay. Indoor track in secondary schools is seen as a strength season where not only the legs, but also the arms, core and other main muscles or exercised as opposed to outdoor track which is more focused on running.
Outdoor athletics
The outdoor track and field season usually begins in the spring and lasts through the summer. Most tracks are ovals of 400 metres in circumference. Modern All Weather Running Tracks , known to many by genericized brand names such as " Tartan tracks " or "Mondo tracks", are made with rubber surface materials. These typically consist of rubber (either black SBR or colored EPDM granules), bound by polyurethane or latex resins. Older tracks were cinder -covered. Tracks normally consist of 6-10 lanes (up to 12 lanes on the 'front' straight) and many include a steeplechase lane with a water pit on one of the turns. This steeplechase pit can be placed either inside or outside the track, making for a tighter turn or a wider turn. It is common that tracks will surround a playing field used for American football , Canadian football , association football (soccer) , or lacrosse . This inner field is usually known as the infield and has a surface of either grass or artificial turf .
All field events can be contested on the infield. However the javelin, hammer and discus throws are sometimes contested on fields outside of the track stadium because they take up a large amount of space, the implements may damage the infield, and the implements could end up landing on the track. However, some infields are used specifically for these events, and for the javelin, an athlete may have a longer run-up by starting it on the other side of the track, and crossing when there are no athletes passing. Because the throwing events effectively result in projectiles being thrown, they are intrinsically more dangerous to spectators. Deaths and bodily injury have occurred as a result. [2] Rules and meet organizers are justifiably safety cautious about the proximity and position of spectators, frequently putting the athletes inside cages with controlled openings to the landing area.
Events
There are other variations besides the ones listed below, but races of unusual length (e.g. 300 m) are run much less often. The unusual races are typically held during indoor season because of the shorter 200 m indoor track. With the exception of the mile run, races based on imperial distances are rarely run on the track anymore since most tracks have been converted from a quarter mile (402.3 m) to 400 m; almost all record keeping for imperial distances has been discontinued. However, the IAAF record book still includes the mile world record (currently held by Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco for men and Svetlana Masterkova of Russia for women) because of its worldwide historic significance.
Men and women do not compete against each other, although they may sometimes run in the same races due to time constraints at high school meets. Women generally run the same distances as men although hurdles and steeplechase barriers are lower and the weights of the shot, discus, javelin and hammer are less.
Running and racewalking events
Running events conducted on a track (generally 400 metres, except indoors):
Outdoor events
Sprints are events up to and including the 400 metres. Events commonly contested (as defined by events held in the Olympics or World Championships) are:
20 km
50 km
The IAAF also keeps records for the uncommon 30 km distance and separates category by locale, on a track or on a road course. Since the races must be judged for conformity to Racewalk rules (constant contact with the ground and knees straightened through the first part of the stride), usually a road course consists of multiple 2 km loops.
Other shorter racewalking events, such as 1500 metres, 3000 metres, and 5000 metres, are included in many meets for less experienced or less endurance-oriented athletes to participate in. While these events are popular, only divisional and localized records are kept. Official World Records are not kept for the shorter distances.
Indoor events
Due to space limitations, indoor races normally shorten the Sprint and Hurdle races, depending on the available space. Because of the limited space, many races finish by leaving the arena, into a drag rope or stopping abruptly at a padded wall. Common distances are:
60 metres hurdles
Other races are run on shorter lap tracks. Two hundred metre tracks are common, though tracks of many other sizes remain in use, including Imperial distances (measured in yards). Some facilities have "oversize" tracks, but in order for an indoor record to be valid, it must be on a track of 220 yards (slightly longer than 200 metres) or shorter. Though still a commonly held event, the indoor 200 metres has been removed from the World Championship event list. It was determined that a fair race could not be held because of the tight indoor turns, favoring runners in the outside lanes. Many tracks have banked turns to reduce the disadvantage of tight turns, and there are also many flat indoor tracks. Most outdoor event distances are common, though the longer distances (over 5,000 metres) are less common. Even indoor track Marathons have been held. [2] Indoor racewalk events tend to be shorter, as short as 800 metres, or more commonly a variation on the 1500 metres or mile. Steeplechase and long hurdle races are generally not held indoors, though inventive people have created some unique events. [3] The odd distance races and Imperial distance races are much more common indoors. [4] Per rules, indoor hurdle races are identical to the beginning of their outdoor counterparts, though over shorter distances, usually using just five hurdles.
Abbreviated racewalking events are held reasonably often, with IAAF records kept for the 3 kilometre women's walk [5] and the 5 kilometre men's walk. [6]
Field events
Discus
1500 metres
The outdoor Pentathlon was a national championship event in the United States until 1978. It is still contested in many places throughout the world, but rarely as a championship event. The Pentathon was also contested in several of the early Olympic Games, notably in the 1912 Olympics which was won by Jim Thorpe, who also won the Decathlon. The event was modeled after the original Greek Olympic Games, in which the Pentathlon was the foremost contest. It consisted of a Long Jump, Javelin, a statia run of approximately180 metres, Discus, and Greco-Roman style wrestling.
Pentathlon : the indoor Pentathlon includes the following five events:
60 metre Hurdles
Rules
Track events
The rules of track athletics or of track events in athletics as observed in most international athletics competitions are set by the Competition Rules of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF). The most recent complete set of rules is the 2009 rules that relate only to competitions in 2009. [5] Key rules of track events are those regarding starting, running and finishing.
Starting
The start of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. In all races that are not run in lanes the start line must be curved, so that all the athletes start the same distance from the finish. [6] Starting blocks may be used for all races up to and including 400 m (including the first leg of the 4 x 200 m and 4 x 400 m ) and may not be used for any other race. No part of the starting block may overlap the start line or extend into another lane. [7] All races must be started by the report of the starter's gun or approved starting apparatus fired upwards after he or she has ascertained that athletes are steady and in the correct starting position. [8] An athlete may not touch either the start line or the ground in front of it with his or her hands or feet when on his or her marks. [9] At most international competitions the commands of the starter in his or her own language, in English or in French, shall, in races up to and including 400 m , be "On your marks" and "Set". When all athletes are "set", the gun must be fired, or an approved starting apparatus must be activated. [9] However, if the starter is not satisfied that all is ready to proceed, the athletes may be called out of the blocks and the process started over.
False start: An athlete, after assuming a final set position, may not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun, or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgment of the starter or recallers, he does so any earlier, it is considered a false start. It is deemed a false start if, in the judgment of the starter an athlete fails to comply with the commands "on your marks" or "set" as appropriate after a reasonable time; or an athlete after the command "on your marks" disturbs other athletes in the race through sound or otherwise. If the runner is in the "set" position and moves, then the runner is also disqualified. [10] As of 2010, any athlete making a false start is disqualified. This rule was already in place in high school and college. [11]
In International Elite competition, electronically tethered starting blocks sense the reaction time of the athletes. If the athlete reacts in less than .1 of a second, an alert sounds for a recall starter and the offending athlete is guilty of a false start. [12]
Running the race
In all races run in lanes, each athlete must keep within his allocated lane from start to finish. This also applies to any portion of a race run in lanes. If an athlete leaves the track or steps on the line demarking the track, he/she should be disqualified. [13] Also, any athlete who jostles or obstructs another athlete, in a way that impedes his progress, should be disqualified from that event. [14] However, if an athlete is pushed or forced by another person to run outside his lane, and if no material advantage is gained, the athlete should not be disqualified.
There are races that start in lanes and then at a "break" line, the competitors merge. Examples of this are the 800 metres, 4x400 relay and the indoor 400 metres. Variations on this, with alleys made up of multiple lanes on the track, are used to start large fields of distance runners.
The finish
The finish of a race is marked by a white line 5 cm wide. [15] The athletes must be placed in the order in which any part of their torso (as distinguished from the head, neck, arms, legs, hands or feet) reaches the vertical plane of the nearer edge of the finish line. [16] . Fully automatic timing systems (photo timing) are becoming more and more common at increasingly lower levels of track meets, improving the accuracy, while eliminating the need for eagle-eyed officials on the finish line. Fully automatic timing (FAT) is required for high level meets and any time a (sprint) record is set (though distance records can be accepted if timed by three independent stopwatches).
With the accuracy of the timing systems, ties are rare. Ties between different athletes are resolved as follows: In determining whether there has been a tie in any round for a qualifying position for the next round based on time, a judge (called the chief photo finish judge) must consider the actual time recorded by the athletes to 1/1000th of a second. If the judge decides that there has been a tie, the tying athletes must be placed in the next round or, if that is not practicable, lots must be drawn to determine who must be placed in the next round. In the case of a tie for first place in any final, the referee decides whether it is practicable to arrange for the athletes so tying to compete again. If he decides it is not, the result will stand. Ties in other placings remain.
All Comers Track Meets
Main article: All Comers Track Meet
Track and Field is the most accessible sport for anyone to participate in. It only takes two people to have a race, or one can simply race a stopwatch. In events called All Comers Track Meets, anyone who wishes to participate is welcome. All comers meets are usually organized by communities, schools, or sports teams. Some sports teams also use all comers meets for fundraising. Most meets are low cost or free. All comers meets are fairly low-key and merely intended for gaining experience or just practicing for races. There is no exclusion on account of participants' lack of membership on a team or equipment. While races are usually seeded based on the entrant's expected level of ability, the most elite of athletes can and do use these meets for training or practice.
Track and field on coinage
Running commemorative coin
Track and field events have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €10 Greek Running commemorative coin , minted in 2003 to commemorate the 2004 Summer Olympics . In the obverse of the coin, a modern athlete figure appears in the foreground, shown in the starting position, while in the background two ancient runners are carved in a manner that gives the appearance of a coin that is "worn" by time. This scene originally appeared on a black-figure vase of the 6th century BC.
See also
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Shot put
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Who won a Best Actor 'Oscar' for playing the character 'Charlie Allnut'?
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Canada's Brianne Theisen-Eaton finally wins gold | INDOOR WORLDS | Other Sports
Canada's Brianne Theisen-Eaton finally wins gold
By Vicki Hall , Postmedia Network
First posted:
Saturday, March 19, 2016 12:29 AM EDT
| Updated:
Saturday, March 19, 2016 12:39 AM EDT
Canada's Brianne Theisen-Eaton celebrates after she won the women's 800-metre sprint and the pentathlon event during the World Indoor Athletics Championships in Portland, Ore., on Friday, March 18, 2016. (Elaine Thompson/AP Photo)
Article
Doping crisis out in the open at indoor track worlds
PORTLAND, ORE. -
Brianne Theisen-Eaton sat in third place heading into the fifth and final event of the pentathlon Friday night with little chance at world indoor championship gold.
The Humboldt, Sask. native needed to beat Ukrainian Anastasiya Mokhnyuk by 10 seconds – a massive margin – in the 800-metre run for the first world title of her career.
The American crowd chanted “Brianne, Brianne, Brianne” as she burned around the track at the Oregon Convention Center. On the final lap, the University of Oregon product could hear her husband – world decathlon champion Ashton Eaton, of the United States – screaming, “You can win. You can win.”
The Canadian crossed the finish line in two minutes, 9.99 seconds – a full 13 seconds ahead of her Ukrainian rival. Stunned and out of breath, she stared at the video screen and tried to do the math in her head.
“I think I was delirious at that point,” she said later in the media mixed zone. “It was all a blur.”
After what seemed like forever, the public address announcer removed all doubt. In a break from his competition, Ashton ran over and hugged his wife in front of the cameras.
“I’m proud of you,” he said.
“I finally got a gold medal,” she said.
“Yes you did,” he replied.
Theisen-Eaton won silver at the, 2013 world championships in Moscow, the 2014 world indoor championships in Sopot, Poland, and the 2015 world championships in Beijing.
Finally, her golden dream came true in Portland, just two hours from her training base in Eugene, Ore.
“I’m so excited for her,” said Ashton, the world record holder in both the decathlon and the men’s heptathlon. “It’s no secret that she’s been getting second quite a bit. Especially with me around, it’s tough for her. She struggles to overcome those things. But today, she did. She’s really turning it around.
“She’s a tough woman. I get to see it every day. Now everyone else does.”
Theisen-Eaton won the competition – which includes the 60-metre hurdles, high jump, shot put, long jump and 800 metres – with 4,881 points. Mokhnyuk seized silver with 4,847 points. Alina Fodorova, also of Ukraine, scored 4,770 points for bronze.
And so the 27-year-old Canadian is a medal favourite heading into what will likely be here last Olympics this summer.
“I wasn’t coming in here focusing on the gold medal, because I know that’s not how I’m going to win in Rio,” she said. “It’s going to be just, 'Do the best you can do.’ And so that was my goal coming in here. It was one event at a time and just do the best you can do in every single event.
“Even if I walked away today with fourth or fifth place, I would have known I did everything I could do, and that’s what I’m most proud of.”
Edmonton’s Angela Whyte finished fifth in the women’s 60-metre hurdles. Tim Nedow, of Brockville, Ont. placed seventh in the men’s shot put.
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i don't know
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'Memoirs Of A Woman Of Pleasure' is the original title of which frequently banned book?
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Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure : John Cleland : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive
Topics librivox , literature , audiobook , erotica , banned books ,
LibriVox recording of Fanny Hill, Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure by John Cleland.
Fanny Hill: Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (1749) was the first widely-read English novel in the genre "Erotica." It was written by John Cleland as he was serving hard time at a debtor's prison in London. Over the centuries, the novel has been repeatedly banned by authorities, assuring its preeminent role in the history of the ongoing struggle against censorship of free expression.
Until Fanny Hill, previous heroines had conducted their amorous liaisons "off-stage." Any erotic misadventures were described euphemistically. As women who had gone astray, they always repented, which made even their most outrageous dalliances somehow suitable for a moralistic readership. The protagonist of Fanny Hill, however, never repented a single moment of her sexual exploits ... quite the contrary! And with Fanny, the devil is in the details, realistically described. (Summary by Denny Mike)
For further information, including links to online text, reader information, RSS feeds, CD cover or other formats (if available), please go to the LibriVox catalog page for this recording.
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Reviewer: Ligeia DeSoto - favoritefavoritefavoritefavoritefavorite - December 6, 2013
Subject: Almost 200,000 downloads and NOT one review! HAHAHA!
This is too fun to review after all this time. For all our dear volunteers at librivox, whom I've known so long after this production was published... I do love you and no, NOT in Madam Hill's manner, necessarily. But *this* took guts. And boy! Don't we all appreciate it? NO one will dare critique any production quality in the audio as they would have to ADMIT to listening... Hee hee! Too funny...
Enjoy everyone, not that you haven't done so already. As a dear friend of mine has said... "FAN-ny Hill is right! *fanning himself* WOO HOO!" *wink, wink... nudge, nudge* ;)
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Fanny Hill
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'Well done @vika7 in Melbourne' was a tweet about which Tennis player earlier this year after she won her first Grand Slam singles title?
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Banned Romance: What's So Bad About Happily Ever After? : NPR
Independent Booksellers
As Banned Books Week begins, it's a good time to examine one genre that frequently falls afoul of censors: romance.
When it comes to books banned for obscenity, it's easy to assume that just the naughty bits are getting people all hot and bothered. But what if there's a more subversive threat lurking within the pages of sexually-explicit novels? From Fanny Hill or Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure to Lady Chatterley's Lover — and even modern day romance novels — there's a long tradition of books starring sexually adventurous heroines who are rewarded with a happy ending. There's also an equally long tradition of either banning such books outright or dismissing them completely. Compare that to many other heroines of classic, required-reading novels who dally with love only to die in the end: Juliet, Anna Karenina, Clarissa, Madame Bovary. What's the problem with heroines who love and live happily-ever-after?
To be sure, there are plenty of erotic scenes in banned books like Fanny Hill or Lady Chatterley's Lover. Fanny Hill tells the story of a young woman in 1740s London who falls into prostitution and has a series of deliciously explicit adventures – one of them, involving a sailor, gave rise to the memorable phrase "any port in a storm."
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Lady Chatterley is only slightly less adventurous; the forlorn wife of a paralyzed soldier, she embarks on several love affairs, but it's her relationship with the gamekeeper on her husband's estate that leads to her sexual awakening. The author, D.H. Lawrence, doesn't shy away from explicitly describing many instances of their lovemaking, her discovery of pleasure or — gasp — using the f-word.
What is most scandalous of all is how these books end. After all her shocking erotic romps, Fanny ends up rich and married to her first love — a classic happy ending. Lady Chatterley leaves her husband for the promise of a life with her lover. In short, she chooses herself over all the things that are supposed to matter, like marriage to a wealthy man and delivering an heir. The heroine who loves and lives happily-ever-after is inspiring; she sends a message that it's okay for readers to try this at home. And she's potentially dangerous to a status quo that has long relied on a woman's duty to her husband, children and home.
More Banned Books
Could Banning Books Actually Encourage More Readers?
Perhaps it's not such a big deal anymore — which is why books like Fifty Shades of Grey can become so very, very widely read. But historically, when the social order depended upon an image of women as chaste, pure and dedicated to nothing but their place in the home, novels — especially ones featuring adventurous, pleasure seeking heroines — were looked at askance. They could tempt a woman to escape the house and explore life on her own terms — and where would it all end? So novels became controlled substances, either banned or made too expensive to own (thanks to a stamp tax in 19th century England). And though that didn't stop some women from devouring novels with rule-breaking love stories, a general attitude of derision meant many women didn't read novels – or talk about them if they did.
Books like Fanny Hill or Lady Chatterley's Lover aren't the only ones to give a message that exploration of a woman's pleasure can lead to happily-ever-after. Each year, thousands of romance novels are published and eagerly read by millions of women. Each one contains a central love story — in which sex is not shied away from — with an emotionally satisfying ending. While these books haven't been banned outright (though some libraries initially refused to stock Fifty Shades of Grey), a sense of embarrassment about them often ensures they are kept secretly in bedside tables or hidden away on e-readers. Novel readers — particularly of romance — often deal with snide questions like, "you don't really believe that, do you?" as if to erase the idea that such pleasure-seeking is possible in real life.
Even after it was banned, Fanny Hill continued to be quietly printed and published for the next two hundred years until the ban was lifted in the 1960's. And in spite of all the snark they get, many women continue to read Fanny's modern sisters in romance, and believe that they too deserve pleasure and gratification without fearing punishment. It seems you can't keep a good book down — especially if it contains naughty bits and a happily-ever-after.
Maya Rodale is the author of multiple historical romance novels (yes, they have "naughty bits"). She lives in New York City with her darling dog and a rogue of her own.
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i don't know
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Laurel and Hardy's only Academy Award together was for which short film featuring the moving of a piano?
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Laurel & Hardy | tomsoter.com
You are here Movies / Laurel & Hardy
Laurel & Hardy
from DlVERSlON • JANUARY 1994
In the 1938 film Block-Heads, Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy play war buddies who haven't seen each other in 20 years. When they meet, Stan is in a wheelchair he's found, with one leg tucked comfortably beneath him. When Ollie sees his old friend, he thinks he's lost a leg. The wheelchair's real owner arrives, and Ollie graciously offers to carry Stan. After huffing and puffing for what seems an eternity, the fat man finally notices his mistake. He does a double take, then says, "Why didn't you tell me you had two legs?"
"You didn't ask me." As Ollie whacks him, Stan mutters to himself, "Well, I've always had them."
Welcome to the world of Laurel and Hardy. If misunderstandings are the food and drink of comedy, then Stan and Ollie are the grand chefs. Who else would get jobs in a horn factory testing horns (Saps at Sea, 1940) or trade a barbershop for a gold-colored brick labeled GOLD (Oliver the Eighth, 1934)? What other actors would dare to play their own children (Brats, 1930), brothers (Our Relations, 1936), and wives (Twice Two, 1933)? And who but Laurel and Hardy could build a 30-minute Academy Award-winning film out of a single incident: carrying a piano up 131 steps?
Partners in Comedy
Sixty-two years after that Oscar-winning short, The Music Box, Stan and Ollie still reign as the crown princes of chaotic comedy. Their detractors may call them lowbrow, but their supporters are legion, ranging from the Sons of the Desert, an international appreciation society, to such fans as Marcel Marceau. Fellow comic Lou Costello called them "the funniest comedy team in the world." To define what makes them so popular is, really, to define humor itself: "They made the world laugh," said Danny Kaye when presenting a special Academy Award to Laurel in 1960, "because in them, we kind of saw ourselves: ridiculous, frustrated, up to our necks in trouble but nevertheless ourselves."
Indeed, Laurel and Hardy were the everymen who influenced generations of comedians: from the nitwit schemes-and enduring friendship-of Jackie Gleason and Art Carney on "The Honeymooners" to the pratfalls of Dick Van Dyke and the spaced-out innocence of Chevy Chase. Before Hardy, fat men were comic villains; without him, where would the affable actor John Goodman be?
"They knew how to slide over a banana peel, how to make reality absurd," wrote Marcel Marceau in an introduction to the picture book Laurel & Hardy. "They are the black and white of life. They evoke our own absurdities, which make us laugh instead of cry; they remind us that if life is a tragedy for men who think, it is a comedy for those who feel."
Vaudeville Origins
Stan Laurel was born in England in 1890, the son of a vaudeville theater operator and sometime playwright. He made his acting debut in 1906 in a touring production of Sleeping Beauty and soon emigrated to the United States, where he played vaudeville from 1914 to 1922 (at one point sharing a bill with Charlie Chaplin). He drifted into films in 1917, writing gags, directing shorts, and appearing in over 60 movies. He played everything from a brash lover to a dimwitted servant; yet, as one observer noted, "He was one of the unfunniest comedians around."
What changed him was Oliver Norvell Hardy. Known to everyone as Babe (reportedly because of his baby face), Hardy was born in Georgia in 1892. He hoped to become an attorney, but ended up as a theater operator. Like Laurel, he fell into movies, appearing in some 100 comedies between 1914 and 1917, usually as the heavy. He first met Laurel while playing a villain in The Lucky Dog (1919), but it wasn't until Duck Soup (1927) that the two became a bona fide team.
It was a happenstance pairing, one of many that occurred at the Hal Roach Studio, where the duo made its greatest films. Although Laurel was wary-he saw himself primarily as a director and gag writer-Hardy, studio boss Hal Roach, and director Leo McCarey embraced the union. "They seemed to fit so well together," remarked McCarey, " ... not only because they were such contrasting figures but also because they seemed to have this solid instinct that only topflight comedians have of the reality underlying a gag."
Begun in the era of silent films, the partnership was initially built on physical humor but later relied on character. Stan, the skinny one with the look of a lost child, was dumb ("I heard the ocean's infatuated with sharks," he remarked in The Live Ghost, 1934), while Ollie, the fat man with the self-important air, was smart ... but not really ("Not infatuated-he means infuriated!"). The team created character traits that became reassuringly familiar. Stan would cry in a babyish high pitch during a crisis, and he could also perform bizarre feats of magic, such as igniting his thumb in Way Out West (1937) or making a pipe out of his hand in Block-Heads. Ollie did a "tie-twiddle" routine (he would wiggle his tie in a flutter, laughing nervously at the same time) when one of them made a faux pas, and he was frequently found looking into the camera in exasperation when Stan did or said something particularly stupid.
The duo always tried to help each other, yet they always botched things up. In the brilliantly inventive Helpmates (1932), for instance, they simultaneously wreck and clean Ollie's house before the arrival of his bossy wife (a typically domineering shrew). Ollie leaves Stan alone near the end, and when he returns, his home has burned down-except for a door, its frame, and an overstuffed chair. Stan weeps guiltily, but Ollie sits down, resigned. "Well," Stan observes with deadpan understatement, "I guess there's nothing else I can do."
Stan may be dumb ("You can't turn blood into a stone," he remarks in a typically mangled aphorism from 1934's March of the Wooden Soldiers), but it is Ollie who always bears the brunt of his stupidity. It is, after all, Ollie who pours milk in his own ear when Stan hands him a glass of milk instead of the phone receiver ("Excuse me, please, my ear is full of milk," he says calmly) in Going Bye-Bye! (1934). And it is Ollie who puts his head through a drawer, slips on a rolling pin, falls off the roof, and blows himself up. "In submitting endlessly to disaster," wrote movie critic David Thomson, author of A Biographical Dictionary of Film, "he took upon himself the mantle of suffering that has always earned more laughs than haplessness. The belly laughs of Laurel and Hardy movies usually greet Hardy, or more precisely his being confounded by Laurel's simpleton destructiveness. Their films indicate that presence is sometimes as creative as ideas."
In fact, Laurel and Hardy would not be as endearing if they did not have that strong, sympathetic presence. Their pratfalls may have been legion, but their hearts were always pure. "Once in a while, someone will ask me where Stan and I dreamed up the characters we play in the movies," remarked Hardy in 1954. "They seem to think that these two fellows aren't like anybody else. I know they're dumber than anybody else, but there are plenty of Laurels and Hardys in the world .... The dumb, dumb guy who never has anything bad happen to him and the smart, smart guy who's dumber than the dumb guy, only he doesn't know it."
Gift of Gag
In real life, though, Laurel and Hardy was a smoothly running operation, able to take a five-page outline and improvise highly constructed gags that were shot in one take. "Gags developed as we were working," recalled director George Marshall. "We did have a script," offered Laurel in 1959, "but it didn't consist of the routines and gags. It outlined the basic story idea and was just a plan for us to follow."
Nonetheless, a lot of thought was given to what would happen. Working with a team of "gag men" at his home and on the set, Laurel was the genius behind the twosome, supervising the directing and editing, and also crafting the scripts. Those stories place the men in some bizarre situations: as mousetrap salesmen in Switzerland (Stan to Ollie in Swiss Miss, 1938: "I thought there'd be more mice here than anywhere .... Don't they make more cheese here?"); as sawmill workers who slice their own car in half (Busy Bodies, 1933); as a phony master and two servants (Stan plays both maid and butler to Ollie's millionaire in Another Fine Mess, 1930); and as Foreign Legionnaires trying to forget a woman (The Flying Deuces, 1939, in which Ollie is dissuaded from suicide when a Foreign Legionnaire remarks, "There are plenty more fish in the sea," to which Stan replies, "He's not in love with a fish!").
It was a creative paradise, but it didn't last. "We should have stayed in the short-film category," Laurel said. "We do best when we use a simple basic story and then work out all the comedy that's there .... We didn't want to go into feature films in the first place."
The men abandoned their successful 20-minute shorts in the mid1930s to make longer, more meandering tales. Their real decline came, however, when they left the nurturing arms of the Hal Roach Studio. Moving to Twentieth Century Fox and MGM in search of greater freedom, they instead found creative hell. Forced to rehash old material or perform feeble jokes, they soon quit in disgust and turned, instead, to the stage. They successfully toured England in the 1950s.
Hardy, who was married twice, died in 1957, while Laurel, who had four wives, died in 1965. They were friends to the end, as true to each other in life as they had been onscreen. "Laurel and Hardy was really a love story-one of the greatest there ever was," remarked Dick Van Dyke, who delivered the eulogy at Laurel's funeral. "I think the basis for their longevity in films was that they obviously loved each other very much."
Although both the cinematic and real worlds could batter them down, shatter their hopes, and destroy their schemes, they never gave up. As long as they had each other, they could turn adversity into pleasure simply by breaking into the silly, amazingly poignant dances found in many of their movies.
"Good-bye, Ollie!" cries a weeping Laurel when he is about to be executed at the conclusion of Bonnie Scotland (1935).
"Good-bye, Stannie! I'll see you later!" Hardy calls out.
"I'll be waitin' for you when you get to heaven!"
"How will I know you?"
''I'll be waitin' at the gate and I'll have on wings and a harp in me hand!"
"Well, so will all the rest of the angels!"
"I'll keep me hat on; then you'll know me!"
No matter what happens, everyone will always know Laurel and Hardy.
SONS OF THE DESERT
Not long before Stan Laurel's death, his biographer, John McCabe, approached the comic with the idea of a Laurel and Hardy appreciation society. Dubbed Sons of the Desert (after the lodge that Stan and Ollie belong to in that film), the group is organized into local branches known as Tents, which are named after Laurel and Hardy movies. The group, with more than 100 Tents worldwide, organizes annual conventions to screen films, exchange information, and practice high jinks. According to McCabe, the organization is "devoted to serving serious purposes in a highly unserious way." Its Laurelpenned motto is "Two minds without a single thought." For more information contact Sons of the Desert; Box 1358; Brookline, MA 02146
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Music box (disambiguation)
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A 'Chorkie' is a dog hybrid obtained by crossing a Yorkshire Terrier with which other breed?
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Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection - ClassicFlix
11491 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 1 / 11492 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 2 / 11493 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 3 / 11494 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 4 / 11495 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 5 / 11496 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 6 / 11497 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 7 / 11498 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 8 / 11499 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 9 / 11500 Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection Disc 10
SYNOPSIS:
Celebrating the genius of the most beloved comedy team of all time, Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection debuts in a stunning 10-disc set on October 25, 2011 from RHI Entertainment and Vivendi Entertainment. With a comedic style that defined an era and created a legacy that is still celebrated today, 58 of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy's talking shorts and feature films, produced under legendary movie mogul Hal Roach from 1929 through 1940, are now available for the first time in the U.S. all together in one magnificent collection.
Transferred in high definition for the first time and digitally enhanced for home viewing in the finest quality available to date, the set contains favorites that have been enjoyed for generations including Helpmates, Hog Wild, Another Fine Mess, Sons of the Desert, Way Out West, and the Academy Award winning film The Music Box.
Laurel and Hardy - The Essential Collection comes housed in collectible, book-style packaging with an extensive, detailed film guide. The set also boasts over two hours of special features including exclusive, never-before-seen interviews with comedy legends Dick Van Dyke, Jerry Lewis, Tim Conway and more, who discuss the enduring impact and influence of Laurel and Hardy.
Additional features include commentaries by Laurel and Hardy aficionados, along with a virtual location map that allows viewers to take an interactive tour of the iconic places in and around Los Angeles where Laurel and Hardy filmed.
DISC 1:
Unaccustomed As We Are (1929, 21 min.)
The title is a clever reference to the actual circumstances of this production. After many years of making silent short subjects, solo and together, Laurel and Hardy made their first talking film appearance in this situation comedy. Hardy surprises his wife by bringing a pal home for dinner, only to find even worse trouble with a jealous neighbor who just happens to be a policeman.
Berth Marks (1929, 20 min.)
Itinerant musicians struggle through a sleepless, overnight train ride to their next important engagement, in Pottsville. This was the team's second "all-talking" comedy. Film and rail buffs continue to visit the 1887 train "Palms" train depot used here, now relocated to the far away Heritage Square Museum in Los Angeles.
Men O' War (1929, 20 min.)
Sailors on holiday visit a sunny park where they pick up two cuties and treat them at a soda fountain, on 15 cents. The climax is a wild boat-rowing melee in which canoes crash and capsize. These drenchings had to be shot three times, after enthusiastic fans gathered and kept ruining the footage. The short contains some pre-Code double entendre that might not have passed the censors later. It was shot on location in Hollenbeck Park, a magnet for fans visiting Los Angeles today.
Perfect Day (1929, 20 min.)
Two families set out for a pleasant Sunday picnic in their Model T Ford. They tell everyone "goodbye," but don't get very far.
They Go Boom (1929, 20 min.)
Ollie is ill with the sniffles; Stan tries to assist his friend but they both run afoul of the nasty landlord. This transitional "all-talking" short is less familiar to fans because the separate Vitaphone discs with the soundtrack were missing for so long.
The Hoose-Gow (1929, 20 min.)
This is the misadventures of innocents at a prison camp. An early talkie that emphasized slapstick, it was shot on location at the studio's Arnaz Ranch. Hardy was scarred during shooting when Laurel accidentally nicked him in the rear end with a real pick ax.
Night Owls (1930, 21 min.)
A failed cop persuades two vagrants that they should pretend to rob a house so he can capture the thieves and take credit for it. But the burglary is bungled; the residence they select is owned by the chief of police.
Ladrones (Spanish, 1930, 36 min.)
This is the remarkable re-filmed (not dubbed) and expanded Spanish language version of Night Owls. Running almost twice as long, this adaptation offers plenty of new gags and a different ending. Laurel and Hardy were coached by Spanish tutors an dread some of their dialogue as written phonetically on blackboards off-scene.
Blotto (1930, 26 min.)
During prohibition, Ollie persuades henpecked pal Stan to trick his wife and sneak away from an evening of calm domesticity in favor of forbidden drinking with fellow revelers at a nightclub. The icy, regal countenance of beautiful Anita Garvin provides the penultimate matrimonial opponent. She recalled, "I love the scene with Stan and Babe laughing. I never get tired of watching those two laugh like that...it's contagious...one of the greatest ever."
DISC 2:
La Vida Nocturna (Spanish, 1930, 39 min.)
Blotto was the team's first three-reel comedy, and this unexpurgated Spanish adaptation extends the running time by a full reel. Linda Loredo, a Latin actress, replaced less hot-tempered Anita Garvin as Stan's wife, who is always wise to any of his schemes.
Besides some new gags, the extra footage allows more time for a daring floor show (with a live orchestra) featuring a scantily clad dancer - a sequence deemed too wild for American sensibilities even by the liberal standards of pre-Code Hollywood.
Brats (1930, 21 min.)
Here the stars played double roles for the first time - themselves and their own sons, for whom they are babysitting while the wives are out. The inviting play-land set for the diminutive pair features gigantic props and furniture built exactly three times scale.
Below Zero (1930, 21 min.)
In a wintry setting, destitute but still cheery sidewalk musicians find a wallet in the snow. It belongs to a policeman, whom they unwittingly invite to dinner in gratitude for saving them from a desperate character.
Daughter Lois Laurel remembers visiting the set, and tasting the "snow." She made a face. It was a combination of white cornflakes and Lux Soap shavings.
Tiembla Y Titubea (Spanish, 1930, 28 min.)
Translates as "shivering and shaking," the title used for the re-working in Spanish of Below Zero. The property was expanded to three reels to accommodate the foreign market, which Laurel told a reporter at the time was "an experiment." There are enough new gags and variations in this extended interpretation (the incidental music scoring, for example) to more than reward any comparison of the two versions.
Hog Wild (1930, 19 min.)
Stan "helps" Ollie put up a radio aerial on the roof; Mrs. Hardy wants to hear Japan. Filmed on location at a "prop" house built on a rented lot closer to MGM than to nearby Hal Roach Studios.
The climactic streetcar collision was a shot half an hour away on the campus of the University of Southern California.
The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case (1930, 30 min.)
In order to claim inheritance, the boys present themselves at a creaky, bat-filled mansion on a stormy night. The blockbuster of all Laurel and Hardy shorts was, surprisingly, this played-straight spoof of old dark-house horror chillers.
It grossed almost four times as much as Another Fine Mess, clearly a superior picture.
Noche De Duendes (Spanish, 1930, 49 min.)
Meaning "night of the ghosts." This is the Spanish rendition of The Laurel-Hardy Murder Case expanded to 49 minutes! The extra footage at the outset is comprised of overnight train travel to the eerie estate, as incorporated from Berth Marks.
Even to audiences not fluent in Spanish, these fresh export versions are both a delight and a revelation. Incidentally, the interior of the old, dark house set was never struck at the studio, and remained in use for TV production through the 1950's.
Another Fine Mess (1930, 28 min.)
Fleeing from a policeman, two vagrants duck into a deserted mansion. When a ritzy couple shows up as prospective tenants, Ollie poses as the grandiose owner, while Stan demonstrates his versatility doing double-duty as butler and maid. His cheery, dame masquerade tete-a-tete on the sofa with sensational Thelma Todd is a pre-Code delight, completely at variance with Laurel's usual dim bulb visage.
Filmed at a mansion once owned by famed movie musical director Busby Berkeley. The film's title does not comport with the popular catch phrase so often used: "another nice mess." This is a remake of an early Laurel and Hardy silent, Duck Soup, which was based on a 1908 stage sketch written by Laurel's father, a British theatrical impresario.
DISC 3:
Be Big! (1931, 28 min.)
The boys trick their wives so they can party at a hunting lodge, but they have trouble getting into special riding togs worn by their fraternal order. Upon discovering this deception, the ladies grab handy shotguns to demonstrate their disapproval and blasting skills.
Chickens Come Home (1931, 30 min.)
In a literal reworking of Love 'em and Weep, Mr. Hardy plays an important businessman. Having made his fortune in fertilizer, Hardy is well qualified to run for mayor, but is blackmailed by a venomous old flame from his past.
Politiquerias (Spanish, 1930, 56 min.)
This Spanish counterpart of Chickens Come Home doubled the length of its source material in order to obtain bookings as a feature abroad. What really distinguishes this interpolation is the expanded mayoral campaign dinner party, and the unusual pre-Code "entertainment" provided courtesy of the otherwise cultured Egyptian appearing vaudeville performer, Hadji Ali.
Laughing Gravy (1931, 31 min.)
Living in a boarding house, Stan and Ollie try to conceal a pet pup from their enraged landlord on a snowy, cold winter's night. The short borrows from their silent antecedent, Angora Love, and presents a wonderful array of undistilled routines. It was shot and previewed as a three-reeler. The last reel, with a rather dark tone and containing perhaps the most heartfelt sentimentality in the entire Laurel and Hardy canon, was cut before release.
At the last moment, Roach had been asked by Metro to restrict shorts to two reels. A new, alternate ending was devised, but only for issue in English-speaking territories. A transfer of the original 35mm work print containing these deleted extra ten minutes can now at last be viewed her, immediately following the shortened domestic version's end title.
Les Carottiers (French, 1931, 65 min.)
Means "the chislers" which was actually the working title for Be Big! This short feature is the slightly more risque, re-shot French language adaptation of Be Big! as combined with the unabridged three-reel version of Laughing Gravy.
The idea was to construct feature film running times in order to command the corresponding higher film rental prices in French-speaking territories. Linguists seem to believe Mr. Hardy handled his French pronunciations better then Mr. Laurel.
DISC 4:
Los Calaveras (Spanish, 1931, 63 min.)
Translates as "the revelers," and is the Spanish equivalent of Les Carottiers. This film turned out to be the last foreign language footage Laurel and Hardy shot in this remarkable experiment.
Stunning Anita Garvin was retained as Mrs. Laurel, but she silently "mouthed" her lines while a native speaker off-camera standing at an open microphone furnished the Spanish dialogue.
Our Wife (1931, 21 min.)
With Stan as the bungling best man, Ollie is engaged to be married. When the bride's father objects, the couple elopes. But the famously cross-eyed Ben Turpin as magistrate marries Ollie to Stan by mistake.
Pardon Us (1931, 70 min.)
Developed as a two-reeler spoofing prison pictures, the project grew into Laurel and Hardy's first feature film at Roach. For years, their popular shorts were billed above the feature attraction on theatre marquees, so, at last, they appeared in a full-length movie themselves.
Imaginative individual set pieces are among the fellows' funniest and most endearing, including a prison-school sequence meant to echo the shorts being made by Our Gang at the time. This is an extended version, restored to reflect what the motion picture looked like during its final preview stage.
Come Clean (1931, 21 min.)
Returning from the ice cream parlor, devoted husbands rescue a suicidal woman of dubious morals from drowning (Mae Busch), then cannot escape her.
With its black comedy inspired by Chaplin's City Lights, the stroy also draws upon familiar routines from the team's other comedies. The parody of connubial bliss is a highlight, as is the climactic disappearance of Mr. Laurel, of which Mr. Hardy explains memorably, "He's gone to the beach." It was remade by Roach a decade later as a "streamliner" titled Brooklyn Orchid.
One Good Turn (1931, 21 min.)
Victims of the Depression with good hearts try to save a sweet old lady from eviction. The concluding and uncharacteristic rebellion against Hardy by Laurel was the one major variance from the shooting script.
The new turnabout finish was devised by Laurel at the last moment to show his daughter Lois that she should not be afraid of her "Uncle Babe,' whom the youngster disliked because he kept pushing her father around in so many films! "Everything was fine after I saw One Good Turn," said Lois.
Beau Hunks (1931, 37 min.)
In a vague parody of Beau Geste and Morocco, Laurel and Hardy join the Foreign Legion so than one of them can forget a lost love.
When asked to name a favorite Laurel and Hardy film, Beau Hunks was invariably one of the two titles Hal Roach would cite. He enjoyed getting a star (Jean Harlow) "for free," and he liked experimenting with this longer running time of four reels, pushing towards feature length. In 1937, the picture was reissued by MGM, making nominal modifications in order to comply with a more strictly enforced Production Code. This is the only version extant today.
DISC 5:
Helpmates (1932, 21 min.)
Ollie, panic-stricken and hungover, phones Stan to help him clean up the morning after a wild party, ahead of his wife who is returning home earlier than expected. Naturally, their housecleaning efforts fail in spectacular fashion.
Filmed in a five-room bungalow erected and furnished on a corner of the studio, as though it were part of the Culver City neighborhood nearby. This stratagem required exercising extreme precaution, because the script called for burning the house down! Directed by James Parrott. With Blanche Payson.
Any Old Port! (1932, 21 min.)
In need of funds, Hardy happens to meet an old friend, now a boxing promoter, and volunteers "Battling Laurel" as the team's prizefighter, only to discover their opponent in the ring is a fearsome old nemesis.
While on location at San Pedro Harbor (for scenes shot but deleted after a failed preview), and then also at Culver City Stadium's fight arena, the comedy stars were besieged by fans and patiently signed nearly a thousand autographs. Directed by James W. Horne. With Walter Long and Jacqueline Wells - later Julie Bishop.
The Music Box (1932, 29 min.)
In remaking the notoriously lost film Hats Off, the boys deliver a crated player piano to the home atop a steep hill. This film won the Academy Award as "Best Short Subject," the first short ever to be so honored.
Critics then and now have exhausted all superlatives in celebrating The Music Box. Laurel himself conferred his personal endorsement as the best picture the partnership produced. The Library of Congress enshrined the short on its National Film Registry deeming it to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."
The most famous, most asked about shooting location in all Hal Roach comedies is the terraced staircase shown here. Official city street signs and an etched black marble plaque mark the site today in th Silver Lake district of Los Angeles. Directed by James Parrott. With Billy Gilbert and Charlie Hall.
The Chimp (1932, 25 min.)
When a failing circus folds its tent, the assets are divided among unpaid employees, including roustabouts Stan and Ollie. One gets the flea circus, the other a chimp named "Ethel," who they try to conceal in their lodgings. Named to trade on the success of The Champ, this lesser but still underrated short relied on dry, black humor. The now-restored original titles (the work of Louis McManus and Roy Seawright) may be the most imaginative ever devised for the team. Directed by James Parrott. With Billy Gilbert and James Finlayson.
County Hospital (1932, 19 min.)
With nothing else to do, Stan pays banged-up Ollie a visit in the hospital, bringing a gift of hard-boiled eggs and nuts. The wild ride at the end was intended to top the one from Hog Wild, but economic conditions directed otherwise.
After a screening at his home in 1986, Hal Roach explained, "We tried to make a gag out of the rear projection by showing we knew the thing looked phony." This is the last of five shorts re-released by MGM in 1937, when it was fitted with a lively new musical score by Roy Shield. Directed by James Parrott. With Billy Gilbert.
Scram! (1932, 21 min.)
During a late-night storm, vagrants are invited home by a wealthy inebriate, except he fails to find the correct house. The inspired finale is another of those sequences with the boys reduced to spasms of helpless laughter in a lady's bedroom.
Directed by Raymond McCarey. With Vivien Oakland, Rychard Cramer, and Arthur Housman, making his debut with the Laurel and Hardy unit as a genial and authentic drunk.
Pack Up Your Troubles (1932, 68 min.)
Misfit army rookies survive The Great War, then try to reunite their deceased army buddy's daughter with her family. However, since his name was "Smith," this is not easy. There were many variances from the shooting script, and key scenes were re-shot with different supporting players. Nevertheless, their second fast-paced full-length film brims with great gags, inside jokes and some heart tugs.
Co-directed by Raymond McCarey, but mostly by George Marshall, who played the tough army cook when the actor cast failed to show up! With Donald Dillaway, James Finlayson, Billy Gilbert, meanie Charles Middleton and scene-stealer Jacquie Lyn.
Their First Mistake (1932, 21 min.)
With increasing domestic entanglements, Stan suggest Ollie adopt a baby to ease tensions with his wife.
"A classic," declared film historian William K. Everson, "one of the best and most original Laurel and Hardy comedies. Hal Roach always maintained that with their innocence and loyalty to one another, they processed life around them through the prism of childhood. Directed by George Marshall (who can be seen as the hallway neighbor). With Mae Busch and Billy Gilbert.
DISC 6:
Towed in a Hole (1932, 21 min.)
Traveling fish peddlers - crabs a specialty - devise a big business idea: buy a dilapidated old boat to fix up and "eliminate the middle-man." A superb blend of relaxed slapstick and sophisticated visual humor, this short offers a concise assessment of the team's comedic relationship when Ollie pauses during a breach of friendly relations to ask Stan, "Isn't this silly? Here we are, two grown-up men, acting like a couple of children." Directed by George Marshall. With Billy Gilbert.
Twice Two (1933, 20 min.)
Stan and Ollie are married to each others' sisters, and plan a dinner party to celebrate their mutual anniversaries. Featuring a variation on the double-roles device employed for Brats, with voices for the bickering wives furnished by Carol Tevis and May Wallace. In the script, the "surprise" was to have involved a 16mm home movies projector! This was the last directing job on the unit of James Parrott.
Me and My Pal (1933, 20 min.)
Ready to leave for his wedding, Mr. Hardy is distracted when best man Mr. Laurel arrives with his gift - a jigsaw puzzle. Merchandising stills shot during the production of Pack Up Your Troubles showed Laurel and Hardy trying to a assemble a studio-licensed jigsaw puzzle and could well have been the genesis of this entertaining comedy.
Directed by Charley Rogers and Lloyd French. With James Finlayson and Frank Terry, aka Nat Clifford, as both the butler and radio announcer. Also a gag writer at the studio, Terry wrote the title tune for Sons of the Desert.
The Midnight Patrol (1933, 20 min.)
In a variation on Night Owls, with a nod to Chaplin's Easy Street, bungling police officers investigating a burglary break into a home owned by the chief of police. The significance, if any, of the use of a specific street address on Walnut Avenue both in this film and in The Music Box, remains a mystery. But there was such a street in nearby Venice, and a popular carpenter at the studio lived there. Directed by Lloyd French. With Frank Brownlee and Frank Terry.
Busy Bodies (1933, 19 min.)
Carpenters drive to and "work" at a planing mill. Relying heavily on pantomime (Stan speaks only 24 words!), as well as violent but unhurried slapstick, this rates as one of the team's finest shorts.
When fans wrote to Laurel late in life and asked for recommendations, he would often say Busy Bodies and Towed In A Hole. Curiously they were made within a year of one another, and have the same structure - Laurel and Hardy, dressed in overalls, start out in an open car, driving to work, where their construction labors are unsupervised nonsense, and they wreck everything, including their even-then antique flivver for the finish. Directed by Lloyd French. With Charlie Hall.
Dirty Work (1933, 19 min.)
Engaged as chimney sweeps - nearly obsolete occupation even in 1933 - the duo visits the home of a mad scientist at work on perfecting a rejuvenation elixir. To simulate the filthy soot found in a chimney, the studio procured two barrels containing 400 pounds of pulverized cocoa (powdered chocolate)!
Directed by Lloyd French. With Lucien Littlefield and Sam Adams in parts originally intended for Richard Carle (Habeas Corpus) and Frank Austin (The Laurel and Hardy Murder Case).
Sons of the Desert (1933, 65 min.)
Errant husbands trick their wives so they can secretly attend a fraternal order's weekend convention in Chicago. Many believe this is the team's best feature, both a critical success and one of the year's top ten box office draws. The film has much subtlety and was meticulously plotted, but also exults in bone-crushing slapstick. Mr. Hardy winds up the target of endless pots, pans and kitchen crockery all hurled with unerring accuracy by his tyrannical wife, played by Mae Busch.
A popular tune, Honolulu Baby by studio music director Marvin Hatley, came out of this picture. Directed by William A. Seiter. With Charley Chase as an obnoxious lodge member and Dorothy Christie as Mr. Laurel's beautifully, gun-toting wife.
Oliver the Eighth (1934, 27 min.)
Working as barbers, Ollie responds to an ad and leaves to wed a wealthy widow, with Stan tagging along later. Mae Busch plays the diabolical matron who is clearly crazy, as evidenced by a number of bits of business.
This partial reworking of Murder Case was triggered by Hal Roach finding a personal ad in the newspaper - the source of many stories he launched. Hardy onscreen sitting in a barber's chair dreaming of having his throat cut conceals a sad irony as off-screen during production Laurel's younger brother died of heart failure in a dentist's chair. Directed by Lloyd French. With Jack Barty.
Going Bye-Bye! (1934, 21 min.)
After testifying against a murderer who promises vengeance, two witnesses decide to leave town. The plot echoed Do Detectives Think? but was timely because the biggest story in America then was the John Dillinger manhunt. The initial working title was Public Enemies. Directed by Charley Rogers. With Walter Long and Mae Busch.
DISC 7:
Them Thar Hills (1934, 20 min.)
After too much high living, the fellows rent a trailer and take to the mountains for gout-ridden Hardy's health. There they unwittingly drink from well water laced with homemade liquor. According to Billy Gilbert, who plays the doctor prescribing a mountain-rest cure, "the fellows" is how everyone at the studio referred to the Laurel and Hardy characters.
Aficionados today are still acting out the memorable, musical "pom-pom" business. The "outdoors" set was built on Stage 2 in only 16 hours after a planned scenic exterior location at the mouth of the Santa Ynez Canyon presented unfavorable weather conditions. Directed by Charley Rogers. With Charlie Hall and Mae Busch as the sullen motorist and his stranded wife.
The Live Ghost (1934, 21 min.)
Hired by a ferocious sea captain to shanghai others, two fish cleaners are themselves shanghaied on a supposed ghost ship.
Viewing rushes after the first day's shooting, Roach expressed concern that while Hardy had lost a lot of weight playing golf between pictures, Laurel had uncharacteristically packed on ten pounds, which showed around his waistline. "The Boss" asked that they immediately commence efforts on re-establishing their fat versus skinny contrast. Directed by Charley Rogers. With Walter Long, Mae Busch and Arthur Housman.
Tit for Tat (1935, 20 min.)
In the team's only sequel (to Them Thar Hills), they set up an electrical supplies store, but then discover a belligerent old adversary runs the neighboring grocery. The film received an Oscar nomination for Best Live Action Short Subject. Providing a marvelous running gags Bobby Dunn ("How d'ya do?") as the thorough shoplifter. Also featuring Charlie Hall and Mae Busch.
The Fixer Uppers (1935, 20 min.)
Greeting card salesmen help a customer who hopes to arouse the jealousy of her husband, a French artist who's been neglecting her. This short was a reworking of the Early Laurel & Hardy silent, Slipping Wives. With dastardly fire-and-brimstone Charles Middleton, ever-popular Mae Busch and the perpetually plastered Arthur Housman.
Thicker Than Water (1935, 21 min.)
In their final two-reel comedy, Stan is a boarder, renting a room from Ollie and his wife. On their way to making a furniture payment, the fellow are lured into an auction and wind up purchasing a grandfather clock. With Daphne Pollard and James Finlayson.
The Bohemian Girl (1936, 71 min.)
A gypsy caravan encamped near a castle gets even with the nobleman who hates them by kidnapping his child and raising her as their own. In the end she is revealed to be a princess just in time to save her beloved guardians, Stan and Ollie. With Mae Busch, Antonio Moreno, Jacqueline Wells, Darla Hood and James Finlayson.
DISC 8:
Our Relations (1936, 73 min.)
Comedy of errors ensues when two wanderlust sailors delivering a pearl ring cross paths with their long-lost twin brothers, now respectable and happily married men.
This polished and fast-moving complex story with solid production values was an artistic box office and critical success. Though it was a meaningless concession to salve his bouts of temperament, this was the first of two films nominally credited as "A Stan Laurel Production." With Alan Hale, Sidney Toler, Daphne Pollard, James Finlayson, Lona Andre and Arthur Housman.
Way Out West (1937, 64 min.)
Arriving in a cow town of Brushwood Gulch, our heroes attempt to deliver the deed to a gold mine, as it was bequeathed to a deceased prospector's daughter. A larcenous saloon keeper (James Finlayson) diverts them instead to this wife, a brassy saloon chirp who enacts the role of grieving daughter.
Swiss Miss (1938, 73 min.)
Mousetrap salesmen visit Switzerland where they run into difficulties with a disagreeable gorilla and a tyrannical chef at a Tyrolean Hotel.
The film features a romantic subplot with opera singers Walter Woolf King from Broadway and Della Lind from Vienna. Eric Blore, from the Astaire-Rogers pictures adds just the right note.
DISC 9:
Block-Heads (1938, 57 min.)
Twenty years after World War I, Private Laurel remains on duty guarding his lonely post in the trenches; no one ever told him that hostilities had ceased. Following his rescue and happy reunion with long lost pal Mr. Hardy at the Old Soldiers' Home, Laurel is invited home to meet the missus, but she greets him with less that a hero's welcome. With Minna Gombell, Patricia Ellis and old favorites Billy Gilbert, James Finlayson, James C. Morton and Sam Lufkin.
A Chump at Oxford (1940, 42 min. [streamliner featurette] / 63 min. [extended version])
Two street cleaners inadvertently foil a bank robbery and are rewarded with an education at Oxford University. In a sensational transformation, a bump on the head restores Stan's memory, revealing him to be the lost British athletic and scholastic standout, "Lord Paddington." With Forrester Harvey and Peter Cushing.
Saps at Sea (1940, 57 min.)
In this twist on Souls at Sea (with a nod to Chaplin's Modern Times), Ollie goes berserk at the horn factory. When the doctor recommends an ocean voyage as an antidote to calm his nerves, the fellow rent a ship that slips her moorings and drifts miles from shore... with an escaped murderer on board. With James Finlayson, Rychard Cramer and Ben Turpin.
DISC 10 (BONUS DISC):
A Tribue to Laurel and Hardy - Jerry Lewis and Dick Van Dyke and others share their assessment of Laurel & Hardy's place in the history of comedy.
On Location with the Boys - Tour Filming Locations with an Interactive Map
Laurel and Hardy Guest Appearances
On the Loose (1931, 20 min.) - Zazu Pitts, Billy Gilbert
Wild Poses (1933, 18 min.) - Spanky MacFarland, Franklin Pangborn
On the Wrong Trek (1936, 18 min.) - Charley Chase
The Tree in a Test Tube (1942, 11 min.)
Trailers
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i don't know
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How are the novels 'Justine', 'Balthazar', 'Mountolive' and 'Clea' by Lawrence Durrell known collectively?
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Revisiting Lawrence Durrell’s The Alexandria Quartet --- Paul M. Curtis | Numéro Cinq
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At the time when we knew [Pursewarden] he was reading hardly anything but science. This for some reason annoyed Justine who took him to task for wasting his time in these studies. He defended himself by saying that the Relativity proposition was directly responsible for abstract painting, atonal music, and formless (or at any rate cyclic forms in) literature. Once it was grasped they were understood, too. He added: “In the Space and Time marriage we have the greatest Boy meets Girl story of the age.” (B, 142) [1]
— you might try a four-card trick in the form of a novel, passing a common axis through four stories, say, and dedicating each to one of the four winds of heaven. A continuum, forsooth, embodying not a temps retrouvé but a temps délivré.
Pursewarden to “Brother Ass” (C, 135)
The year 2012 was the centenary of the birth of Lawrence George Durrell, and the event was celebrated with The Guardian’s online reading group of The Alexandria Quartet (1957-60), the publication by Faber of a new edition of the Quartet (with a specially commissioned intro by Jan Morris) and an important conference in London sponsored by the International Lawrence Durrell Society. Durrell was born in Jullundur in the Punjab, India, 27 February 1912, the son of Anglo-Indian parents who had never been to England. The circumstances of Durrell’s birth, while distant from the mother country, pluralized his identity as Anglo-Indian-Irish (Irish on his Mother’s side). Born into colonial exile, the religious and political ideologies of Edwardian England, “Home of the eccentric and the sexually disabled” (M, 85), haunted the young Durrell through his first three novels: Pied Piper of Lovers (1935), Panic Spring (1937) and the The Black Book (1938). [2] Since one is haunted only by what the senses cannot perceive, Durrell had to turn upon his inner self and to exorcise much of his Englishness in order to become an artist. Through the creation of his symbolist künstlerroman, The Black Book, he “first heard the sound of [his] own voice” (Preface, The Black Book, 1960, 13). [3] As a young bohemian in the London of the late 1920’s, Durrell was polymathic in his ambition, a lover of Elizabethan literature, an alluring presence with a powerful sexuality. Yet, he grew into a man of contradictions, best summarized by Marc Alyn:
Here is a recluse who loves being surrounded by people; a hedonist whose great pleasure is asceticism; a lazy man who never stops working; a man who finds joy in despair; a traveller who enjoys nothing more than quiet contemplation; a dandy truly at his ease in the company of tramps and vagrants; a novelist whose major preoccupation is poetry; an enemy of literature who gives the best of himself to his work. [4]
In celebration of the centenary I had the good fortune to embark upon a fresh reading of The Alexandria Quartet with several upper-year undergrads at l’Université de Moncton, and we were joined by several members of Moncton’s very vibrant and bilingual community of readers. Celebration aside, the objective of the reading was to determine if the Quartet still had ‘it’ – the power to hold today’s reader in an intimate and potentially redemptive connection with the work. I remember clearly thirty-two years ago when I read the Quartet, my first contact with Durrell. I spent one uninterrupted week in a glut of reading Justine, Balthazar, Mountolive and Clea. The set pieces are unforgettable: the hunt on Lake Mareotis, the Carnival in all its excess, or the Sitna Damiana celebration and the slaughter of the camels in the desert encampment. In the wake of the reading I remember feeling as if I were held in a cocoon of sensation generated by the exoticism of the setting – in particular Alexandria, “the great winepress of love,” “the capital of Memory” (J 14, 188), “the cradle of all our scientific ideas,” [5] “the Alexandria of the human estate” (C, 223) – and being moved equally by the literary ambition of the series. Rarely have I had such an intense reading experience, and I was aware at the time that the originality of the Quartet’s form had marked me as a reader. I was not aware to what extent, however. With the help of our Moncton reader/critics I wanted to determine, in the wake of the Egyptian Spring, if the Quartet would produce a similar effect on first-time readers, and, secondly, to test if the seductions of Durrell’s prose would leave me vulnerable and critically lame as they had the first encounter. As our reading proceeded, the effect on the first-timers was strong and positive, and this in spite of the apparent devaluation of Durrell’s reputation as a late Modernist writer since his death, a confirmed Buddhist, 7 November 1990. From a personal perspective, I came to realize that the Quartet had been my aesthetic standard for the novelistic treatments of time and love, and, even more destabilizing to realize, that this standard had been in silent, unconscious but continuous operation since my first reading. No small claim for one whose job is professing ‘objectively’. Then again, if the Quartet’s “Relativity proposition” holds true, the starting point for every reader, amateur or professional alike, partakes of a relativity particular to each and whose dictates determine each reading.
The scope of the novel is grand with various settings in Alexandria, Cairo and an unnamed island in the Cyclades. The novel begins with the Englishman Darley’s arrival in Alexandria in 1933 and concludes in 1945 after his second stay there through the war. [6] The grandness of the setting, however, is little compared to Durrell’s ambitions for the form of his novel. Durrell, a poet, novelist, playwright, painter (as ‘Oscar Epfs’) and a playful philosopher (an Epfsistentialist!), is everywhere concerned with form. As laid out in his important Preface to Balthazar, the second volume, he wanted to write “a four-decker novel whose form is based on the relativity proposition.” Durrell later called this ambition pompous presumably because the link to early Twentieth-Century physics is tenuous. I remember one waggish critic commenting that surely one couldn’t fly to Mars after reading the Quartet. Durrell later explained that he wanted to create a bridge between Einstein and Freud, whom he cites in the first epigraph to Justine. The young and aspiring writer Darley is the first-person narrator of the eponymous Justine. The narrative point of view is crucial here because Darley narrates his love affairs first with Melissa, a tubercular dance-hall girl of serene resiliency, and then concurrently with Justine, the deeply flawed mythical figure who is also a powerful and power-hungry Alexandrian Jewess. “When it comes to men who genuinely like women,” Durrell once observed, “each of them is quite simply a mythical being” (Conversations, 30). Melissa is described as “washed up like a half-drowned bird … with her sex broken” (J, 24). However powerless Melissa might be over her life and lovers, the acceptance of her solitude transforms her into a powerful force of agape. [7] Justine’s mythical being, by contrast, is aligned with beauty and a death-dealing political power. She has “the austere mindless primitive face of Aphrodite” (J, 109) — divine beauty, yes, but beauty unblemished by a conscience. Whereas Melissa’s presence is positive and loving, Justine’s influence is “death-propelled” (M, 197), hence thanatic. “[Justine] was not really human – nobody wholly dedicated to the ego is” (J, 203).
At the conclusion of the first volume, Justine disappears and Darley retreats to an island in the Cyclades to lick his love wounds. Once there, he writes an MS which becomes, metafictionally, the novel Justine, the first novel of the Quartet. The Balthazar of the second volume is a homosexual Alexandrian doctor and cabalist who lives and works at the centre of the novel’s ex-pat society. In Balthazar, related again from Darley’s point of view, Durrell creates the device of the “great interlinear” (B, 21), a massive and detailed commentary written by Balthazar on what must be Darley’s MS of Justine. The genius of Durrell’s technique is to relativize – or, better still, recreate — the events of the first novel through the device of Balthazar’s interlinear. Balthazar has an eye for association and the logic of continuum over that of sequence: “But I love to feel events overlapping each other, crawling over one another like wet crabs in a basket” (B, 125). From Balthazar’s interlinear the reader infers that her task is doubled: one should read between the lines of both Balthazar and the Justine it destabilizes. As Darley comes to realize that Justine has used him for political ends and that she loves the other older writer Ludwig Pursewarden, the reader shares his deception with an ontological frisson.
But the relativism continues with Mountolive. The third novel is remarkable for the political overlay it provides to the previous two, and especially because its apparently banal naturalistic technique is held in sharp contrast to the inventiveness of its content. Durrell called Mountolive the “clou” [8] of the series, and in it he re-shuffles the “four-decker” yet again. Within the omniscient third-person narrative technique, Darley becomes an objective character, much as he thought the others had been from his first-person perspective in Justine and Balthazar. Pursewarden, the political officer serving Ambassador David Mountolive, gets caught in the knot of plot and takes his own life, but not before he has revealed the cause of his deception by writing a message on a mirror. The message is the political and symbolic crux of the novel: politically, because it reveals Pursewarden’s unwitting self-deception with regard to Justine’s “Faustian compact” (M, 201) on behalf of the nascent Jewish state; symbolically, because the surface of this mirror reveals for once its depths that have been hidden in plain sight. As implied within Keats’ famous epitaph, “Here lies One / Whose Name was writ in Water,” the careful reader has a momentary and awful glimpse of the depths below the surface of reality that, to the more casual, has always seemed to be everywhere intact, constant, reliable. As we read very early on in Justine, “Our common actions in reality are simply the sackcloth covering which hides the cloth-of-gold — the meaning of the pattern.” Once we catch a glimpse of this meaning, we behold what Durrell has called the Heraldic Universe, the natural home of the imagination from where it makes “‘sudden raids on the inarticulate’” (Conversations, 136).
The first three novels are “siblings,” as Durrell explains in the note to Balthazar, “and are not linked in a serial form. They interlap, interweave, in a purely spatial relation. Time is stayed. The fourth part alone will represent time and be a true sequel.”
You see, Justine is written by Darley. It’s his autobiography. The second volume, Balthazar, is Darley’s autobiography corrected or revised by Balthazar. In Mountolive, written by me, Darley is an object in the outside world. Clea would be the new autobiography of Darley some years later, in Alexandria once again (Conversations, 41).
In Clea, the maturer Darley returns to Alexandria now engulfed by the Second World War. The Vichy frigates, “symbolising the western consciousness” (B, 105), lie under arrest at anchor in the harbour; the crew members, however, have the permission to carry small arms. The blonde blue-eyed painter Clea, modelled after Durrell’s third wife, the Alexandrian Claude-Marie Forde, has a significant presence in all three previous novels. Like Darley, she too is an artist evermore about to be, and she paints the portraits of several characters including that of Justine, with whom she had an affair. The tetralogy holds forth the promise of redemption by means of Clea’s transformation into the artist at the novel’s conclusion. Only art has the power to free humanity from its own perversions, eminently the case in Alexandria before a world run riot with fascist ego. In Clea’s apartment, defenceless against a night-time bombing raid, she and Darley become lovers. However genuine their love might be, it comes from a mismatched readiness and founders temporarily. Their love succeeds ultimately, however, through Darley’s newfound “willpower of desirelessness” (Conversations, 119), the Taoist posture from which one respects, contemplates and yet engages Nature.
When you read Clea I hope you will feel that Darley was necessarily as he was in Justine because the whole business of the four books, apart from other things, shows the way an artist grows up…. I wanted to show, in the floundering Darley, how an artist may have first-class equipment and still not be one. [9]
Before Clea realizes herself as an artist at the novel’s conclusion, Durrell creates a remarkable parable of rebirth. The scene takes place in an underwater gallery off the legendary islet of Timonium, where, in the ruins of their world well lost, Antony and Cleopatra fled after Actium (C, 227). Clea’s right wrist, her brush hand, is pinned underwater accidentally. Darley must deform the hand to release her and to regain the surface. In a life-saving act of resuscitation that is the simulacrum of love-making, the forces of eros and thanatos are held in momentary equilibrium over the unconscious Clea before she splutters back to consciousness and, subsequently, to her new life as artist.
The second epigraph to this essay occurs in the second chapter of the second Book of Clea, [10] and appears in Pursewarden’s diary entitled “My Conversation with Brother Ass.” His imagined interlocutor is Darley. In addition to being the Quartet’s foremost novelist, Pursewarden serves as Durrell’s artistic consciousness of the series. On Pursewarden as character, Durrell observes teasingly, “You must become a Knowbody before you become a Sunbody” (Conversations, 73). Pursewarden knows the difficult lessons of love, even incestuous love, and his ribald wit shines through the entire novel. The reader’s reflex is to give weight to everything he says since he, in effect, compels it. “We live,” he declaims early on in Balthazar, “lives based upon selected fictions. Our view of reality is conditioned by our position in space and time – not by our personalities as we like to think” (B, 14). Pursewarden is the first to articulate the fiction of personality and, in particular, the danger posed by the ego. “My Conversation” is the greatest concentration of Pursewardian apothegms that “litter” the novel, [11] and it’s addressed to the Darley of his imagination, or “Brother Ass,” the aspiring author in the Quartet and the ‘author’ of the first-person ‘autobiographies’ Justine, Balthazar and Clea. Darley reads the conversation in the MS after Pursewarden has taken his own life, ostensibly for a diplomatic gaffe with international reverb. With a wink at the forthcoming literary post-modernism, Pursewarden describes neatly the sprawling structure of the Quartet from within its fourth and final volume. Such a metafictional irony enhances Durrell’s interest in the relativity proposition as he set out in the forward to Balthazar. Unwise as it is to trust any author’s self-evaluation, the four-decker novel is the Quartet’s principle conceit, and it arranges across the four novels, as we shall, see several “moments of connected recollection.” [12] Darley’s attempt at reading the past in order to understand his love for Justine and Melissa is ‘true’, however subjectively. What Darley doesn’t realize in the first two novels is that he cannot escape his own subjectivity in a multi-dimensional universe. By the time the reader has reached the fourth volume, she has been trained to read retroactively, that is to say, with a forward view of the plot at hand as well as simultaneously of its prior layerings. The overall effect is to hold before the reader’s mind a valence of several stories. More to the point, the book teaches us to look forward to looking back. The overall effect of these alternant plots is to make the reader, this reader at least, think about the Quartet less as a sequence and more as a “word-continuum”(Author’s Note to Clea). [13] The reading experience is quite unlike any other series of novels. As we shall see, each narrative layer contains a purposeful misconception on Durrell’s part. And as each layer dissolves with the information supplied by each succeeding volume, the reader experiences a sudden awareness that is compelling because an event first interpreted innocently must be reinterpreted through the powerful catalysis of each narrative development. Each event in the story is dynamic as if it has a life of its own, the plot of which we discover as we proceed. Each, therefore, has the potential to become an opening into time rather than a reified point in some Freytagian progression. Let us turn to one such example of narrative layering that will serve to illustrate Durrell’s finesse with form.
The first example depends upon the agency of a telescope. The scene occurs in Justine at the summer house of Nessim and Justine Hosnani, and I cite the excerpt at length in the hope that the reader will sense the planes of emotion Durrell evokes and superimposes as the passage proceeds. Darley is anxious that Justine’s infidelity has been discovered by her husband Nessim who is also Darley’s close friend.
This further warning was given point for me by an incident which occurred very shortly afterwards when, in search of a sheet of notepaper on which to write to Melissa, I strayed into Nessim’s little observatory and rummaged about on his desk for when I needed. I happened to notice that the telescope barrel had been canted downwards so that it no longer pointed at the sky but across the dunes towards where the city slumbered in its misty reaches of pearl cloud. This was not unusual, for trying to catch glimpses of the highest minarets as the airs condensed and shifted was a favourite pastime. I sat on the three-legged stool and placed my eye to the eye-piece, to allow the faintly trembling and vibrating image of the landscape to assemble for me. Despite the firm stone base on which the tripod stood the high magnification of the lens and the heat haze between them contributed a feathery vibration to the image which gave the landscape the appearance of breathing softly and irregularly. I was astonished to see – quivering and jumping, yet pin-point clear – the little reed hut where not an hour since Justine and I had been lying in each other’s arms, talking of Pursewarden. A brilliant yellow patch on the dune showed up the cover of a pocket King Lear which I had taken out with me and forgotten to bring back; had the image not trembled so I do not doubt but that I should have been able to read the title on the cover. I stared at this image breathlessly for a long moment and became afraid. It was as if, all of a sudden, in a dark but familiar room one believed was empty a hand had suddenly reached out and placed itself on one’s shoulder. I tiptoed from the observatory with the writing pad and pencil and sat in the armchair looking out at the sea, wondering what I could say to Melissa (J, 168-9).
The passage begins by establishing an earthbound perspective as the perspective descends from sky to minaret to hut, and the agency of the telescope serves to conflate the vision of Nessim and Darley. The telescope’s magnification brings to Darley’s eye the precise scene that it had previously brought to Nessim’s, and with an eerie irony Darley becomes an eyewitness to his own adultery as he rummages about in his host’s private quarters. The lovely personification of the breathing landscape in contrast to Darley’s breathlessness brings to bear the weighty hauntedness of the scene. Seeing through Nessim’s eyes magnifies, of course, Darley’s own blindness vis-à-vis the affair. Such shifting of visual perspectives is the Quartet’s primary motif, and the characters often encounter each other through the beguiling surface of a mirror, at one remove from unmediated vision. [14] Darley’s ostensible reason for his presence in the observatory is for paper to write Melissa, his other lover; but one can’t help but wonder how sincere Darley’s motivation to write her might be if he pursues it in the wake of a beach-hut encounter with Justine. The copy of King Lear is a clever device developed with increasing effectiveness by Durrell in his first three novels. Shakespeare’s play resonates powerfully in this scene more from an ambiguity of symbolic reference than through precise allusion. Does Darley’s revelatory moment of telescopic vision imply Gloucester’s blindness and fall to another beach? Or is the reference more general still, about the power of a genuine love unperceived, as is Cordelia’s by Lear and Melissa’s by Darley? The example is one of Durrell’s painterly touches where an image creates a plane of emotion that haunts a scene rather than appearing in full outline.
The telescope returns in the fourth volume, Clea, but with purposeful differences. The Egyptians have begun to expropriate Nessim’s things in punishment for his political adventurism, and his friends defend him in the interim by buying his possessions. Now Mountolive’s, the telescope re-emerges on the verandah of the British summer legation overlooking the Corniche. Clea, “with time to kill,” sees Mountolive and Liza Pursewarden, the dead writer’s sister (and former lover), opposite the legation walking along the Stanley Bay front:
As I had time to kill I started to fool with the telescope, and idly trained it on the far corner of the bay. It was a blowy day, with high seas running, and the black flags out which signalled dangerous bathing. There were only a few cars about in that end of the town, and hardly anyone on foot. Quite soon I saw the Embassy car come round the corner and stop on the seafront. Liza and David got down and began to walk away from it towards the beach end. It was amazing how clearly I could see them; I had the impression that I could touch them by just putting out a hand. They were arguing furiously, and she had an expression of grief and pain on her face. I increased the magnification until I discovered with a shock that I could literally lip-read their remarks! It was startling, indeed a little frightening. I could not ‘hear’ him because his face was half turned aside, but Liza was looking into my telescope like a giant image on a cinema screen. The wind was blowing her dark hair back in a shock from her temples, and with her sightless eyes she looked like some strange Greek statue come to life (C, 117).
Undoubtedly, Durrell wants the reader to telescope the two scenes across the four-decker novel, and in so doing to see the one through the other. Whereas Darley in Justine is haunted as if by a hand on his shoulder, Clea, in her mind’s eye, extends her hand as if to touch the lovers on the beach. Darley’s ‘blind’ love for Justine re-emerges as Liza’s physical blindness; but, whereas the blind Liza has insight into love, Darley must earn his insight through trial and experience. Such a compression of formal symmetries works with a crisp logic. If Darley can be the eyewitness to his own love affair in Justine, Clea’s view of lovers on another beach seals her own love Darley since, with a curious “optical democracy,” [15] she becomes Darley’s specular and, therefore, full partner. The extension of a telescope from volume one to four promotes the effect of looking forward to looking back and creates the illusion of the suspension of time, what Durrell calls disparagingly, the “Western deity.” [16] It’s as if each of these local smaller stories has a life that takes form within the larger narrative of the Quartet. As Darley considers Balthazar’s interlinear: “It was cross-hatched, crabbed, starred with questions and answers in different-coloured inks, in typescript. It seemed to me then to be somehow symbolic of the very reality we had shared – a palimpsest upon which each of us had left his or individual traces, layer by layer” (B, 21-2). Each reader might enjoy the layers singly or in their shifting ensemble.
If one reads the interviews with Durrell about the time of the publication of the Quartet, Durrell raises constantly the question of form. It must have taken considerable daring or confidence and financial need for Durrell to publish the novels separately since the form of the tetralogy was unalterable once the first came to light.
I suppose (writes Balthazar) that if you wished somehow to incorporate all I am telling you into your own Justine manuscript now, you would find yourself with a curious sort of book — the story would be told, so to speak, in layers. Unwittingly I may have supplied you with a form, something out of the way! Not unlike Pursewarden’s idea of a series of novels with “sliding panels” as he called them. Or else, perhaps, like some medieval palimpsest where different sorts of truth are thrown down one upon the other, the one obliterating or perhaps supplementing another. Industrious monks scraping away an elegy to make room for a verse of Holy Writ (B, 183)!
When one attempts to account for form in a novel, the necessary phrase ‘narrative technique’ might sound commonplace to the ear, especially after the metafictional ironies of Ackroyd, Calvino, Don Coles, and David Foster Wallace, to name but a few. Narrative technique is everywhere apparent in the Quartet because of the overlay of diary, letter, novel within novel, commonplace book, and the “great interlinear” which informs much of Balthazar and Justine. The characters as well have a bit of the artist about them: Clea, Nessim and Pursewarden are painters – the first professional, the latter two amateur. Pursewarden, Arnauti, and Darley are writers – again, the first two professional, the latter coming into being through the story of Quartet. Durrell was very conscious of the difficulties of writing a ‘great’ book in the wake of Proust and Joyce. He chose not to write a novel of temps retrouvé or a roman fleuve. Each novel in the Quartet is a “sibling” hence genetically kin rather than related through, say, religion, philosophy or the logic of cause and effect. The principal beauty of Durrell’s narrative technique lies in its enactment of relativity rather than an invocation of it at one remove by means of description. In a manifestly complicated novel, people and events occupy a single time, often a single moment. Each occupation of the moment creates considerable narrative momentum since we see the same moment repeatedly, but differently with each repetition, the familiar made fresh. As Durrell overlays narrative bits in the Quartet, each bit accrues about it its own story, such as Scobie’s apotheosis from a cross-dressing transvestite and alcoholic to the saintly El Scob with his annual feast day. Each overlay aligns planes of emotion that produce a greater impact in their ensemble than might any incident taken singly. Like Balthazar’s “wet crabs” each incident has a narrative ‘life’ as it expressed through the contact with or awareness of another incident. Examples come to mind such as that of Balthazar’s gold ankh (J, 94), a key he uses to wind his pocket watch and the loss and discovery of which triggers its own narrative. Justine has an eburnine ring (B, 200). During the masked Carnival, when rings or wedding bands serve as signs of identity, Justine gives her ring to a minor character, Toto de Bunuel, so that she might pursue an unknown mission anonymously. Toto, mistaken for Justine, is murdered that very night with her ring on his finger. Upon his return to Alexandria, Darley glimpses Clea for the first time “by chance, not design:”
My heart heeled half-seas over for a moment, for she was sitting where once (that first day) Melissa had been sitting, gazing at a coffee cup with a wry reflective air of amusement, with her hands supporting her chin. The exact station in place and time where I had once found Melissa, and with such difficulty mustered enough courage at last to enter the place and speak to her. It gave me a strange sense of unreality to repeat this forgotten action at such a great remove of time, like unlocking a door which had remained closed and bolted for a generation. Yet it was in truth Clea and not Melissa, and her blonde head was bent with an air of childish concentration over her coffee cup. She was in the act of shaking the dregs three times and emptying them into the saucer to study them as they dried into the contours from which fortune-tellers ‘skry’ — a familiar gesture (C, 76-7).
As Darley’s and the reader’s consciousness of the overlay grow, so does the potential for meaning. The story of Balthazar’s ankh – so redolent with suggestions of time — winds the time of its loss and discovery into a recursive loop. Justine’s ring, exhumed from an ancient tomb, partakes of death and confers it, however unintentionally. Darley’s vision of Clea superimposed upon the memory of Melissa “refund[s] an old love in a new” (C, 112). Melissa is the most vulnerable, marginalized and yet the strongest female in the Quartet, and Clea must be reborn before assuming her nature as artist. As Darley remarks to himself, as if speaking of a grammar of the heart, “And in my own life … the three women who also arranged themselves as if to represent the moods of the great verb, Love: Melissa, Justine and Clea” (C, 177). Enacting the relativity proposition across episodes, then, has everything to do with form. As Balthazar comments, “To intercalate realities is the only way to be faithful to time” (B, 226). Or, in Durrell’s own words:
The root [of the mirror game] is relatively banal like an Agatha Christie novel; but by changing the lighting the reality of the thing is changed. My primary game was to write a Tibetan novel rather than a European novel. I attempted to bring together the four Greek dimensions, which are the basis of our mathematics and the five skandas of Chinese Buddhism. For us the individual consciousness of each person is filtered through five perceptions and notions. I wanted to observe what would become an ordinary novel if one changed the lighting and if individuality became blurred. What seems stable in Mountolive in the Quartet is simply the collection of states that are always in agitation. In Chinese philosophy destiny is not limited to a single life; it is well known that you don’t learn anything in one life (Conversations, 197-8).
An essay such as this is can offer but a glimpse of the Quartet because the novel lends itself to multiple types of reading. We can read it for the exoticism of its setting, for its treatment of modern love and for Durrell’s skills as a literary innovator, “An assassin of polish.” [17] As Durrell himself remarked:
The thing was, I wanted to produce something that would be readable on a superficial level, while at the same time giving he reader—to the extent that he was touched by the more enigmatic aspects—the opportunity to attempt the second layer, and so on …Just like a house-painter; he puts on three, four coats. And then it starts to rain, and you see the second coat coming through. A sort of palimpsest (BS, 66).
Durrell noted often and brilliantly that the English language had only one word for love. “The richest of human experiences is also the most limited in its range of expression. Words kill love as they kill everything else” (M, 48). One paradox of Durrell’s treatment of “modern love” is its power to convince Darley of his own objectivity while he is in the midst of the purest egotism. “For observation throws down a field about the observed person or object” (M, 160). His reading of events, however sincere as a seeker of ‘truth’, is still bound unwittingly by the emotional perspective of the loving, and aching, ‘self’. [18] We learn as we read in Justine, “Egotism is a fortress in which the conscience de soi-même, like a corrosive, eats away everything. True pleasure is in giving surely” (53). The notion of the “impossible ego” (Conversations, 214), moreover, is the thematic bridge between the investigation into modern love with the birth of Darley and Clea as artists. Darley discovers his truer expanded self by letting go of his ego and by letting go of Clea and his love for her at the end of the fourth volume. The letting go of his love, and Clea’s intuitive acceptance of the gesture, serves in part to transform both Darley and Clea into artists. Such a pleasure in loving without attachment is the novel’s concluding redemptive moment.
In the investigation, the selfishness of modern love is so necessary, because through the narcissism one comes to the poetic realization and at the end they (Clea and Darley) are both fit to marry each other, so to speak. They have evaluated sexuality and attachment as its true function and they use it in the most spiritual way possible, because it’s information, it’s the algebra of love they’ve discovered” (Conversations, 243).
Durrell’s insistence on the spirituality of their love explains his choice of De Sade for the epigraphs of each novel. De Sade is as “infantile as modern man is: cruel, hysterical, stupid, and destructive – just like us all. [De Sade] is our spiritual malady personified.” [19] In order to release the love and the art within, one must conquer the ego in a Taoist sense. Another contemporary novelist obsessed with form is David Foster Wallace. In reference to the writer’s attitude to her work, he once commented, “The obvious fact that the kids [young writers of the 1990’s] don’t Want to Write so much as Want to Be Writers makes their letters so depressing.” [20] The phrase ‘Want to Be Writers’, in effect, erects statues in honour of and submission to the demands of the ego. The second ‘Want to Write’ presupposes an ‘I’ who creates from beyond the bounds of ego, as did Blake, so as not to be enslaved by the creations of another man. The Quartet concludes in a position of spiritual equilibrium. Clea and Darley are in love but are not together. Their love exists all the more powerfully in the egoless plenitude of its possibility. The “nudge” from the universe felt by Darley at the novel’s last page prompts him to begin a story with the words “Once upon a time.” The time has come for Darley to write from a posture of serenity, of actionless action. To those few artists who can perceive with the Taoist smile in their mind’s eye, such a cosmic nudge is nevertheless the most furtive and yet the most enduring.
To the lucky now who have lovers or friends,
Who move to their sweet undiscovered ends,
Or whom the great conspiracy deceives,
I wish these whirling autumn leaves:
Promontories splashed by the salty sea,
Groaned on in darkness by the tram
To horizons of love or good luck or more love –
As for me now I move
Through many negatives to what I am. [21]
——
Bibliography
Alyn, Marc. The Big Supposer: A Dialogue with Marc Alyn. Trans. Francine Barker. London: Abelard-Scuman, 1973.
Durrell, Lawrence. A Smile in the Mind’s Eye. London: Wildwood House, 1980.
_______________. The Alexandria Quartet. 4 vols. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961.
_______________. Collected Poems: 1931-1974. Ed. James A. Brigham. New York: Viking Press, 1980.
Haag, Michael. “Only the City Is Real: Lawrence Durrell’s Journey to Alexandria.” Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 26, Wanderlust: Travel Literature of Egypt and the Middle East(2006): 39-47.
Hitchens, Christopher. Arguably. Signal/McClelland & Stewart, 2011.
Ingersoll, Earl G. Ed. Conversations. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998.
Kaczvinsky, Donald P. “When Was Darley in Alexandria? A Chronology for The Alexandria Quartet.” Journal of Modern Literature Vol. 17 No. 4 (Spring, 1991): 591-594.
MacNiven, Ian A. “Lawrence George Durrell.” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Online ( http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/39830 ). 11 July 2012.
______________. Lawrence Durrell: A Biography. London: Faber & Faber, 1998.
Max, D. T. Every Love Story is a Ghost Story: A Life of David Foster Wallace. New York: Viking, 2012.
McCarthy, Cormac. Blood Meridian or The Evening Redness in the West. New York: Vintage International, 1992.
Morrison, Ray. A Smile in his Mind’s Eye: A Study of the Early Works of Lawrence Durrell (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005.
____________. “Mirrors and the Heraldic Universe in Lawrence Durrell’s The Alexandria Quartet.” Twentieth Century Literature Vol. 33 No. 4 (Winter, 1987): 499-514.
Wedin, Warren. “The Artist as Narrator in The Alexandria Quartet.” Twentieth Century Literature Vol. 18 No. 3 (July, 1972): 175-180.
Wood, Michael. “Sink or Skim.” London Review of Books Vol. 31 No 1, 1 January 2009. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n01/michael-wood/sink-or-skim
Paul M. Curtis is Director of the English Department at l’Université de Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, where he has taught English Language and Literature since 1990. He has published numerous articles on the poetry and prose of Lord Byron. Professor Curtis is preparing the first digital scholarly edition of Byron’s correspondence.
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Footnotes (↵ returns to text)
All citations are from The Alexandria Quartet, 4 vols. (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc., 1961) and are indicated by the initial of the volume: J, B, M, C and page number. ↵
Thanks to ECW Press at the University of Victoria, the first two novels have been recently republished. In the The Black Book, the protagonist Lawrence Lucifer transforms himself into an artist by liberating himself from the mind-forg’d manacles of England’s manufacture. Ray Morrison, in his A Smile in his Mind’s Eye: A Study of the Early Works of Lawrence Durrell (Toronto: U of T Press, 2005), is the only critic who has come to terms with the LGD’s debt to Taoism. ↵
Quoted in Ian MacNiven’s biographical article in the ODNB: http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=39830 ↵
The Big Supposer: A Dialogue with Marc Alyn, trans. Francine Barker (London: Abelard-Scuman, 1973) 11. ↵
Conversations, ed. Earl G. Ingersoll (Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1998) 207. Hereafter Conversations followed by page number. This collection of interviews is essential reading. ↵
On the chronology of the novel see, Donald P. Kaczvinsky’s “When Was Darley in Alexandria? A Chronology for The Alexandria Quartet,” Journal of Modern Literature Vol. 17 No. 4 (Spring, 1991): 591-594. ↵
“Monsieur, je suis devenue la solitude même. ”Melissa to Pursewarden as they dance (M, 168). ↵
Ian A. MacNiven, Lawrence Durrell: A Biography (London: Faber & Faber, 1998) 466. ↵
Quoted in Warren Wedin, “The Artist as Narrator in The Alexandria Quartet,” Twentieth Century Literature Vol. 18 No. 3 (July, 1972): 175. ↵
My attention to the detail of narrative divisions in the AQ is out of respect to LGD’s formal intentions. If one were to cast her eye over the entire tetralogy and divide each novel into its sub-headings of numerical division, book or chapter number, and then calculate the number of pages contained in each book’s smallest division, the reader would begin to get the impression of the formal (a)symmetries and narrative rhythms that LGD exploits. ↵
Michael Wood, “Sink or Skim,” London Review of Books Vol. 31 No 1, 1 January 2009. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n01/michael-wood/sink-or-skim ↵
To pilfer one of Christopher Hitchens’ phrases, see the essay “Rebecca West: Things worth Fighting For,” [2007] in his collection, Arguably (Signal/McClelland & Stewart, 2011) 194. ↵
See Conversations, “If you remember scenes or characters and can’t quite remember which book they come in, it proves that the four are one work tightly woven, doesn’t it? The joiner is the reader, the continuum is his private property. One dimension in light of the other.” (71). ↵
As Ray Morrison informs us, mirrors occur 120 times in the AQ. “Mirrors and the Heraldic Universe in Lawrence Durrell’s The Alexandria Quartet,” Twentieth Century Literature Vol. 33 No. 4 (Winter, 1987): 499-514. ↵
This brilliant phrase is original to Cormac McCarthy in his Blood Meridian or The Evening Redness in the West (New York: Vintage International, 1992) 247. ↵
Durrell’s notebook “A Cosmography of the Womb, London Jan 1939,” is quoted in Michael Haag’s “Only the City Is Real: Lawrence Durrell’s Journey to Alexandria,” Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, No. 26, Wanderlust: Travel Literature of Egypt and the Middle East(2006): 42. ↵
“Style,” Collected Poems: 1931-1974, ed. James A. Brigham (New York: Viking Press, 1980) 243-4. ↵
“Then in the relativity field you get the relation of subject and object completely changed. In other words you can’t look at a field without influencing it. A very singular thing” (Conversations, 121). ↵
MacNiven, Lawrence Durrell, 433. ↵
See the first full-length biography on DFW by D. T. Max, Every Love Story is a Ghost Story (New York: Viking, 2012) 178. ↵
“Alexandria,” Collected Poems, 154, lines 1-9. ↵
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The Alexandria Quartet
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Which English actor plays US Marine Sergeant 'Nicholas Brody', who was rescued after eight years held by Al- Qaeda as a prisoner-of-war, in the drama 'Homeland' shown on Channel 4?
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Publisher: Faber & Faber, 1959
Published: 1958
The third novel of the Alexandria Quartet may cover the same events for a third time, but it is quite different from both Justine and Balthazar . Mountolive moves away from the first person narrative by a young poet (whose name, we learn, is Darley, significantly similar to Durrell). It is replaced by a third person tale which mainly follows the point of view of Mountolive, a much older man and British ambassador to Egypt just before the war - a man of huge influence after Egypt had been virtually a British colony for much of the preceding half century. The earlier novels concentrated on Darley's affair with Justine, wife of wealthy Coptic merchant Nessim. While this is almost incidental, Mountolive had a similar affair with Nessim's mother while he was a young man, and this is where this novel begins, with what is effectively a long prologue. However, though the memory of this time is still strongly emotive to Mountolive, his concern with Justine and Nessim is more political, for they are suspected of working with Zionist groups in Palestine in anti-British, anti-Arab terrorism there.
This overtly political side to the plot, which almost puts Mountolive into the thriller genre (the style is too slow moving to allow this), is new in the Quartet. Even the Antrobus stories, which are set in the diplomatic corps, have nothing of this sort (being mainly concerned with humour derived from protocol disasters). However, Durrell witnessed at first hand some o the debacles attendant on the dismantling of the British Empire (his experience in Cyprus being documented in Bitter Lemons), and it is not surprising that a book which appeared at the same time as the Suez Crisis, even if not set at the time, should bring to mind some of the political chaos of the period.
In the last fifty years, John le Carré, Len Deighton and a host of imitators have made careers as thriller writers through books about betrayal and how it feels to suspect a friend. Durrell does much the same, in a way, though his characters have no desire to investigate; they want to find out as little as possible, in the hope - and belief - that the suspicions will prove to be groundless. (This inactivity is one of the main reasons that Mountolive can never be classed as a thriller.) This, of course, also gives an insight into the events at the time a few years before the book was written, the days when the treachery of Philby, Burgess and Maclean became known.
As Justine (who was not a native Egyptian) is partly a symbol of Alexandria, so Nessim's mother in her turn is something of a symbol for Egypt as a whole. In this respect, Chapter XV, in which Mountolive finally meets Leila again, is really the key to the novel. The reality is that Leila's beauty, so vividly remembered, has been ravaged by small pox and age, to the extent that even close up he does not recognise her. The meeeting is immediately followed by a deliberate attempt on the part of Mountolive to re-establish the romantic mystique of Egypt in his mind - Leila's symbolic role is apparent even to the other characters in the novel.
Mountolive and Darley also have symbolic roles to play - Mountolive is British involvement in Egyptian affairs, and Darley is the literary interest in Alexandria. Once you begin to see characters as having wider significance, it is hard to stop assigning such roles to them; the answer is of course to always think about whether doing so adds to the interest of the novel. Characters like Pursewarden and Melissa only have parts to play in relation to Darley or Justine, so even though they are more important characters in terms of the Quartet as a work of fiction, they are not really symbols in the same way as the ones already mentioned.
The earlier novels both have interesting endpieces, as does the final part, Clea; Mountolive has none at all. This has the effect of underlining the finality of the novel: this is the last re-examining of these events (Clea picks up the story of the main characters again some years later), and there is no useful purpose in another collection of bons mots or impressionistic notes; Durrell no longer wants the reader to constantly re-evaluate what has gone before. In some ways, Clea is the end-paper to Mountolive, as well as rounding off the whole Quartet.
Return to list of reviews by author - by submission date .
Copyright © Simon McLeish, 2005
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