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In which American state is the Newport Country Club that hosted Golf's first US Open in 1895? | About Golf - History - International Golf Federation (IGF)
The origin of the modern game is usually traced to Scotland. In the 15th century
1457
The Scottish Parliament passed several acts banning the practice of the game, along with football (soccer), because the two sports were interfering with archery practice, which was necessary for national defence. The first act was passed in 1457 by James II, King of Scotland, and it was reaffirmed in 1471and 1491.
1500
The ban on golf in Scotland is lifted and within two years King James IV of Scotland takes up the game himself.
1552
Archbishop Hamilton’s Charter recognises the right of the people of St Andrews to play golf on the Old Course.
1567
Mary Queen of Scots reportedly plays golf just days after the murder of her husband Lord Darnley.
1603
King James VI ascends to the English throne and his court begins playing golf at Blackheath in London.
1724
The first known reference to golf balls being stuffed with feathers. They were previously made from hard leather.
1729
The first known reference is made to golf in the USA with clubs being recorded in the estate of William Burnet, the Governor of Massachusetts.
1744
The first Rules of Golf are set out by the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers.
1754
The Society of St Andrews Golfers is formed. It became the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews in 1834.
1764
The Old Course at St Andrews is reduced from 22 holes to 18 holes. This became the recognised format for the game around the world.
1848
The gutta percha ball is introduced. It was a solid ball, made by softening strips of gutta percha, (dried sap of a Sapodilla tree) in boiling water and then moulding the ball by hand before placing it in cold water to harden.
1860
The first Open Championship is played at Prestwick and is won by Willie Park Senior of Scotland
1885
The secretary of Royal Liverpool Golf Club came up with the idea of an amateur event in which leading clubs were invited to send entrants. The Amateur Championship is played for the first time in 1885 at Hoylake. It is won by Allan MacFie of England.
1890’s
Persimmon becomes a popular wood for making club heads.
1893
The Ladies’ Golf Union is formed in the UK and the British Ladies’ Amateur Golf Championship is played for the first time at Royal Lytham & St Annes. It is won by Lady Margaret Scott of England.
1894
The United States Golf Association (USGA) is formed in New York. One of its most important functions was to serve as arbiter for questions of amateur status. The five charter members of the newly formed the USGA were the St. Andrew’s Golf Club of Yonkers, N.Y., Newport (R.I.) Golf Club, Shinnecock Hills Golf Club in Southampton, N.Y., The Country Club in Brookline, Mass., and Chicago Golf Club in Wheaton, Ill.
1895
The US Amateur Championship and the US Open are played for the first time at Newport Country Club, Rhode Island and are won respectively by Charles B Macdonald (USA) and Horace Rawlins (England). The US Women’s Amateur Golf Championship is also played for the first time at Meadow Brook Club in Long Island and is won by Lucy Barnes Brown of the USA.
1900
Golf is played at the Paris Olympic Games. Twenty two participants took part (12 men and 10 women) from four countries who competed in 36-hole individual stroke play events for men and women. The women’s Olympic champion was Margaret Abbot (USA) and Charles Sands (USA) was the men’s champion.1901 The rubber cored Haskell ball is introduced. It changed the way the game was played. The Haskell ball travelled farther than the old gutta-percha ball and cost considerably less because it could be mass produced. The game’s popularity surged in response.
1901
The first Professional Golfers’ Association (PGA) is formed in the UK.
1904
Golf is played for the second time in the Olympic Games in St Louis. Only men’s competitions were staged. (A team event of 36 holes stroke play won by the United States of America’s team and an individual event was won by George Lyon from Canada).
1916
The PGA of America is formed and the US PGA Championship is played for the first time at Siwanoy Country Club in New York.
1921
The Ryder Cup is played for the first time between the men’s professionals of Great Britain and the USA at Gleneagles. It is won by Great Britain.
1922
The Walker Cup is played for the first time between the men’s amateurs of Great Britain and Ireland and the USA at the National Golf Links of America in Southampton, New York. It is won by the USA.
1929
Steel shafted clubs are accepted by The R&A.
1930
Bobby Jones completed the Grand Slam of The Open, the Amateur Championship, The US Open and the US Amateur Championship in one season.
1932
The Curtis Cup is played for the first time between the women’s amateurs of Great Britain and Ireland and the USA at Wentworth. It is won by the USA.
1934
The inaugural Masters is staged at Augusta National. It is won by Horton Smith of the USA.
1946
The US Women’s Open is played for the first time at Spokane Country Club in Washington and is won by Patty Berg of the USA.
1950
The Ladies’ Professional Golfers’ Association (LPGA) is formed in the USA.
1953
The Tam O’ Shanter World Championship of Golf becomes the first nationally televised golf tournament in the USA.
1955
The LPGA Championship is played for the first time at Orchard Ridge Country Club. It is won by American Beverly Hanson.
1958
Representatives of 35 national amateur golf organisations form the World Amateur Golf Council. They agree to stage the World Amateur Team Championship with teams of men competing for the Eisenhower Trophy, named after President Dwight D Eisenhower. The event was staged at the Old Course in St Andrews and Australia defeated the USA in a play-off.
1964
A friendly match between the American Curtis team and France is expanded to invite other international teams to establish a Women’s World Amateur Team Championship. The trophy was provided by Mrs Espirito Santo Silva through the Portuguese Golf Federation. A total of 25 teams took part in the inaugural competition at St Germain Golf Club in France which was won by the home team.
1976
The Women’s British Open is played for the first time at Fulford Golf Club. It is won by England’s Jenny Lee Smith.
1980’s
Metal woods made of stainless steel are introduced.
1994
The Evian Masters is played for the first time at Evian-les-Bains in France. It is won by Helen Alfredsson of Sweden.
2000’s
Materials such as graphite, titanium, carbon fibre and tungsten are used to manufacture golf clubs.
2003
The World Amateur Golf Council becomes the International Golf Federation.
2009
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) votes in favour of golf returning to the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
2010
The 150th anniversary Open Championship takes place on the Old Course at St Andrews.
2012
| Rhode Island |
On which river do the cities of Dresden and Hamburg stand? | History front and center at U.S. Amateur
History front and center at U.S. Amateur
09 Aug 2013
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(USGA Museum Photo)
It’s no coincidence that the 2013 U.S. Amateur Championship will take place on the course the Francis Oiumet infamously won the U.S. Open as an amateur. It’s also no coincidence that the national championship is heading back to The Country Club in Brookline, Mass. exactly 100 years after the amazing feat.
Indeed, the centennial celebration of Ouimet’s improbable victory continues next week at the site it all happened. A fitting tribute, no doubt, as the world’s top amateur golfers take aim at one of the game’s most coveted titles.
History will be a large portion of the itinerary, according to Mike Trostel, curator and historian with the USGA.
“Part of the reason we’re going back to The Country Club is to celebrate arguably the biggest event in American golf history,” Trostel said.
The USGA will have on hand some of the clubs and balls Ouimet used to defeat Harry Vardon and Ted Ray in the playoff. According to Trostel, the USGA will have a Cleek (2-iron), Mashie (5-iron) and a Mashie Niblick (7-iron). The Mashie helped Ouimet make a late birdie in the playoff.
“It will be a pretty neat thing,” Trostel said. “We hope they players realize the gravity of the moment when they hear about Francis Ouimet beating the top two players of the time.”
The Country Club, of course, is one of the USGA’s five founding clubs. Along with Saint Andrews in New York, Newport Country Club, Chicago Golf Club and Shinnecock Hills, The Country Club holds some of the game’s loftiest history as the oldest in the U.S.
The Country Club will be hosting its 16th USGA Championship and it will be the sixth U.S. Amateur at the course, which has hosted pretty much every other USGA national championship. The Country Club has hosted 10 Massachusetts Amateur Championships, three Walker Cups, three U.S. Women’s Amateurs, the Junior Amateur and Junior Girls Amateur.
Not bad for a country club founded in 1882 and was developed for outdoor activities not including golf. Horse racing was a big past time at The Country Club before golf came around in 1893. In fact, on Nos. 1, 15 and 18, you can still see the horse tracks.
ABOUT THE U.S. Amateur
The U.S. Amateur, the oldest USGA championship, was first played in 1895 at Newport Golf Club in Rhode Island. The event, which has no age restriction, is open to those with a Handicap Index of 2.4 or lower. It is one of 13 national championships conducted annually by the USGA, 10 of which are strictly for amateurs. It is the pre-eminent amateur competition in the world. Applications are typically placed online, starting the third week in April at www.usga.org.
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Which musical instrument is sometimes known as the 'clown of the orchestra'? | The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge : NPR
The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge
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The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge
The Clown Of The Orchestra Takes Its Revenge
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The Breaking Winds achieved viral fame last year with a Lady Gaga medley video. Kate Lemmon hide caption
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The Breaking Winds achieved viral fame last year with a Lady Gaga medley video.
Kate Lemmon
You might think you haven't heard the bassoon outside a concert hall before, but you have: The woodwind instrument features prominently in the theme music of Leave It To Beaver, represents the grandfather character in Peter and the Wolf, and scores Mickey Mouse's misadventure with the dancing broomsticks in Fantasia. Notice a trend there?
With some electronic assistance, bassoonist Paul Hanson shows off the instrument's jazz fusion capabilities.
YouTube
" 'Uh oh — things are going comically awry!' That's the way I think it is most often used in television and movies," says Eileen Reynolds, who has played the bassoon since elementary school. "When I started playing it, I started getting these really strange comments from people. My dad said it looked like a plumber had gotten drunk, because there's all this tubing and keys."
The bassoon is one of the most difficult instruments in the orchestra to play, but people just don't take it seriously. That's not surprising when you get a glimpse of the thing: It's a double-reed instrument that looks like someone turned a bong into a saxophone. The reeds are connected to the instrument by a metal mouthpiece.
"And then it's attached to almost 8 feet of wooden tubing that's been fashioned with a bend in the bottom of it, so it's folded in half and the top part sticks up," Mark Eubanks says. "It looks like a bedpost."
Eubanks teaches bassoon at Lewis & Clark College. He says that, to understand how the instrument became the butt of jokes, one must look back to its birth in the 17th century.
'Bassoon playing was very bad in those days, because they had bad instruments," he says. "The wood warped. ... There probably weren't that many good bassoon players, so it probably took on the role as this quirky, nasty-sounding thing."
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The Bassoon Brothers formed as a reaction to the instrument's well-worn comic reputation. Courtesy of the artist hide caption
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Courtesy of the artist
The muffled, dark-sounding bassoon of the baroque era was so hard to play in tune that composers didn't write solos for it. But a century later, with better reeds and more keys, they began to take notice of its comic potential. Reynolds says Haydn 's Symphony No. 93 and Beethoven 's Sixth were some of the earliest to feature the bassoon as buffoon.
In this century, we've heard the bassoon in dopey pet-food commercials, in movie soundtracks and on sitcoms such as Curb Your Enthusiasm — where music supervisors often pick out the strangest bassoon sounds to make odd moments seem even more awkward. Eubanks says he is tired of the bassoon being typecast as the Rodney Dangerfield of instruments.
"Why can't a bassoon play Irish music?" he asks. "Why can't a bassoon do any kind of ensemble — jazz, rock, whatever?"
So Eubanks jams out with a group of other "oonists" — that's bassoonists, contrabassoonists, tenaroonists, and so on — who call themselves the Bassoon Brothers. (One of them is a sister.) Based in Oregon, the group has released three albums with some less traditional bassoon songs — including Jimi Hendrix 's "Purple Haze," featuring a bassoon with a pickup and an amp.
The Breaking Winds perform "Lady Gaga Saga," a bassoon-based medley of the pop star's hits.
YouTube
Ben Wendel is another musician giving the bassoon a makeover. When he's not playing the sax, he's jazzing it up on the bassoon.
"There are very few bassoonists out there that deal in the world of jazz or improvising. We're the Illuminati of the jazz world or something," Wendel says, chuckling. "There's sort of a beauty of the limitations of that instrument: the fact that I actually can't do all the things I can do on the saxophone. I can't go 150 miles per hour."
The bassoon has also broken into the world of pop. Last year, a quartet of classically trained bassoonists, who call themselves The Breaking Winds, donned wigs and costumes to perform a Lady Gaga medley — the video of which quickly went viral. Even hip-hop isn't immune: In January, Kanye West bragged on Twitter about putting bassoon on a track.
Modern-day bassoonists aren't trying to change the sound of the instrument. They just want you to know that, while the bassoon can be bouncy and silly, it can also be jazzy, romantic and altogether serious.
| Bassoon |
In which country does the Amazon River rise? | orchestra and orchestration: History
orchestra and orchestration
History
Early History of Orchestras and Orchestration
The orchestra in the modern sense of the word did not exist before the 17th cent. Previous instrumental ensemble music was chamber music, except for occasional ceremonies when as many instruments as were available would be massed together. Until well into the 17th cent. there was little thought of specifying what instrument should play a part; any available instrument with the proper range was used. The first known example of orchestration occurs in Giovanni Gabrieli's (see under Andrea Gabrieli ) Sacrae Symphoniae (1597). Monteverdi 's Orfeo (1607), one of the first operas, demands a large and varied group of instruments—all, in fact, that were available to him through his patron.
During the 17th cent. the violin family displaced the viols , except the double-bass viol, as the principal strings of the orchestra. By the end of the century a division into four parts had become standard: first and second violins, violas, and cellos, with the double basses playing the cello part an octave lower. (Not until the 19th cent. did the cellos and basses frequently have different parts to play.)
Woodwinds appeared in the earliest orchestras, though infrequently and subordinate to the strings—usually two oboes and a bassoon, with flutes sometimes replacing the oboes. The flutes were established as regular orchestra members, playing together with the oboes, only late in the 18th cent. The trumpets, inseparable from the kettledrums through the 17th and 18th cent., were used occasionally in the 17th cent. and became standard in the orchestra by about 1700. The French horn was fully accepted by 1750. The trombone was used in church music even before the 17th cent. and occasionally in opera thereafter; it did not become a regular member of the symphony orchestra until after 1800.
Throughout the baroque period and into the second half of the 18th cent., the basso continuo was an integral part of the scoring and required that a harpsichord or some other chord-playing instrument fill in the harmonies above the figured bass . The treble and bass were strongly emphasized, while the middle parts were often left to the continuo alone. The orchestra was rather small at this time; Bach had as few as 18 players for his larger church works, and Handel usually used about 30.
The Eighteenth-Century Classical Orchestra
During the latter half of the 18th cent. the classical orchestra was gradually established through the disuse of the continuo and the acceptance of the clarinet. The abandonment of the continuo led to much greater independence in the string parts, which now had to fill the harmony unaided. Instead of both violin parts doubling the melody and the violas, cellos, and basses doubling the bass, there were now four distinct parts. The clarinet, like the flute, first appeared as an alternate for the oboe, but in the late works of Haydn and Mozart the orchestra was standardized, with pairs of flutes, oboes, clarinets, bassoons, French horns, trumpets, and kettledrums in addition to the strings. All the wind instruments, especially the woodwinds, could carry the melody, providing desired changes of color.
Orchestras in the Nineteenth Century
In the 19th cent., beginning in the works of Beethoven, the brass took an increasingly prominent place. The trombone was used regularly, while the invention of the valve in 1813 soon made the horn and trumpet completely chromatic. All the brass thus became melody instruments, instantly available in the most remote keys. The horn section was increased to four early in the century, and the introduction of the tuba (c.1835–50) gave the brass a dependable contrabass register it had previously lacked. The woodwinds also were improved mechanically in the 19th cent., greatly enlarging their technical capabilities. Throughout the century the string section was expanded to balance the increasing numbers of wind players.
The scores of Mozart and Beethoven generally required an orchestra of about 40; those of Weber and early Wagner called for about 55; Wagner's Ring cycle (1854–74) called for about 110; and Strauss's Elektra for 115. Hector Berlioz was highly influential in increasing awareness of orchestral color and in encouraging the use of a larger orchestra; his Traité d'orchestration, a fundamental work of its kind, envisioned an ideal orchestra of 465. After the climax of orchestral bulk in the works of Wagner, Mahler, Strauss, and several others, composers reacted against orchestral gigantism, first in the impressionism of Debussy and his followers. They still used a large orchestra, but more restrainedly, making more distinctive use of the instruments and largely avoiding massive sonorities.
Innovations of the Twentieth Century
Stravinsky's Rite of Spring (1913) illustrates the early 20th-century interest in diverse instrumental combinations and original exploitation of the instruments' capabilities. In general, composers of the 20th cent. have continued exploring novel uses of instruments and have preferred a moderate-sized orchestra. Seventy-five to ninety players suffice for most 20th-century scores; a reduced, or chamber, orchestra of classical or baroque dimensions has also been much used. In this century the percussion section is used more prominently; new instruments have been devised and the playing of old ones varied.
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Which Welsh pirate, born in 1635, was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica in 1675? | 1000+ images about Welsh pirate Henry Morgan on Pinterest | Cuba, Pirates and Caribbean
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Welsh pirate Henry Morgan
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I have something in common with this guy...his place of birth was for the want of a better word... was my back yard when I was growing up as a kid. It was called-- Llanrumney Hall --A secret tunnel use to exist from the domed roof cellars to the wooded area about a distance of appox.300 yards. It is said to have been an old monastery taken apart I believe by Henry V111
| Henry Morgan |
Which song was a hit for 'The Red Hot Chili Peppers' in 1992 and 'All Saints' in 1998? | 1000+ images about Captain Henry Morgan on Pinterest | Spanish, Henry morgan and Sacks
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The Extraordinary Adventures and Daring Exploits of Captain Henry Morgan, a Notorious Pirate, also a most singular and curious account of Captain Anstis, and two female pirates, Mary Read, and Anne Bonny, who were noted pirates for some years before their sex was discovered, together with the life of Captain Howel Davis, a pirate. London: G. Martin, 1813. 12mo. 34 pp. b/w frontispiece.
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Who was the Japanese Prime Minister from 1941-1944 who was later executed for war crimes? | Tojo Hideki | prime minister of Japan | Britannica.com
prime minister of Japan
Konoe Fumimaro
Tōjō Hideki, (born December 30, 1884, Tokyo , Japan—died December 23, 1948, Tokyo), soldier and statesman who was prime minister of Japan (1941–44) during most of the Pacific theatre portion of World War II and who was subsequently tried and executed for war crimes .
Tōjō Hideki.
National Diet Library
A graduate of the Imperial Military Academy and the Military Staff College, Tōjō served briefly as military attaché in Japan’s embassy in Berlin after World War I . He was an esteemed administrator and skillful field commander and became noted as a stern disciplinarian. In 1928 he was made commander of the lst Infantry Regiment, members of which participated in a mutiny of the Tokyo garrison in late February 1936 that he helped suppress. In 1937 he was named chief of staff of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria . He returned to Tokyo in 1938 as vice-minister of war and was one of the leading advocates of Japan’s Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy (1940). In July 1940 he was appointed minister of war in the cabinet of Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro . Tōjō succeeded Konoe as prime minister on October 18, 1941, and pledged his government to a Greater East Asia program, a “New Order in Asia.” He retained control of the Ministry of War and was also minister of commerce and industry from 1943.
A hardworking and efficient bureaucrat , Tōjō was also one of the most aggressive militarists in the Japanese leadership. He led his country’s war efforts after the attack on the U.S. military base at Pearl Harbor , December 7, 1941, and under his direction smashing victories were initially scored throughout Southeast Asia and the western Pacific region. After a series of Japanese military reverses in the Pacific, Tōjō assumed virtual dictatorial powers, taking over the post of the chief of the General Staff. The successful Allied invasion of the Mariana Islands so weakened his government, however, that he was removed as chief of staff on July 16, 1944, and on July 18 he and his entire cabinet announced their resignation. Four days later he was succeeded as prime minister by Koiso Kuniaki . Tōjō spent the remainder of the war in the military reserve, effectively banned from power.
On September 11, 1945, after Japan’s formal surrender, Tōjō shot himself in a suicide attempt, but he was nursed back to health and on April 29, 1946, with other Japanese wartime leaders, was indicted for war crimes before the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in Tokyo. At the trial he was found guilty and then hanged. Tōjō’s legacy continued, as he was one of those convicted of war crimes who also had been included among Japan’s military dead commemorated in the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo. Periodic visits to the shrine by various Japanese prime ministers and other government officials have sparked strong protests from China , South Korea , and other countries that were under Japanese occupation during the war.
Tōjō Hideki in 1948, during his trial for war crimes.
UPI—Bettmann/Corbis
| Hideki Tojo |
Which scientist, known as the 'Father of Nuclear Physics' pioneered the orbital theory of the atom and named Alpha, Beta and Gamma Rays? | Hideki Tojo
Hideki Tojo
▼ Primary Sources ▼
Hideki Tojo
Hideki Tojo was born in Tokyo, Japan , on 30th December 1884. He joined the Japanese Army and his military service included periods in Switzerland and Germany.
Promoted to major general in 1933 be became head of the Kwantung Army's military police in September 1935. After becoming a lieutenant general he became chief of staff to the Kwantung Army (March 1937-May 1938).
In May 1938 Fumimaro Kondoye appointed Tojo as his vice minister of war. However, after six months in this post he returned to the armed services and took command of the army's aviation.
Tojo held extreme right-wing views and was a supporter of Nazi Germany . He also feared the long-term plans of Joseph Stalin and in 1938 he advocated pre-emptive air strikes on both China and the Soviet Union .
In July 1941 Tojo was appointed by Fumimaro Kondoye as minister of war. He advocated an aggressive foreign policy and strongly opposed plans by Shigenori Togo to remove Japanese troops from China and Korea .
Tojo became prime minister on 16th October 1941. He initially backed the foreign office's efforts to reach agreement with the United States . However, when convinced that a negotiated deal was possible, ordered the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7th December, 1941.
As well as prime minister Tojo also held the posts of minister of war, home minister and foreign minister. From February 1944 he was also Commander in Chief of the General Staff.
Tojo, aware that Japan was unable to win the war, resigned from office after the loss of Saipan in July 1944. He shot himself in the chest just before he was arrested by the US Military in 1945. Tojo survived and after being nursed back to health was tried as a war criminal. Hideki Tojo was executed on 23rd December 1948.
▲ Main Article ▲
Primary Sources
(1) Hideki Tojo kept a diary while in prison between 1945 and 1948. In the diary he explained the reasons why Japan became involved in the Second World War.
Immediately before the beginning of the Great East Asian War (Second World War), Japan was still engaged in the unfortunate Sino-Japanese War, which had already gone on for more than four years. Throughout that period, Japan had made honest efforts to keep the destruction of war from spreading and, based on the belief that all nations of the world should find their places, had followed a policy designed to restore an expeditious peace between Japan and China. Japan was ensuring the stability of East Asia while contributing to world peace. Nevertheless, China was unfortunately unable to understand Japan's real position, and it is greatly to be regretted that the Sino-Japanese War became one of long duration.
Clearly, this Sino-Japanese War of more than four years was a considerable burden on Japan's national power and an obstacle to the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. From the point of the view of the nation's power, it was obvious that while we were fighting the Sino-Japanese war, every effort was to be made to avoid adding to our enemies and opening additional fronts. Naturally, this was the view of those who then held positions of responsibility.
In the past, the theory had been: advance towards the north while defending the south, or advance to the south while defending the north. However, as the Sino-Japanese War dragged on, the only objectives that bore consideration were: (1) a swift peace between Japan and China; (2) the maintenance of international peace; and (3) the restoration of national power.
It was for this reason that Japan: (1) attempted to establish peace with China through negotiations, sometimes through American mediation; (2) strengthened the Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty [April 1941] in the hope of avoiding war with the Soviet Union; and (3) tried as much as possible to use diplomatic means to respond to signs that relations with the United States were worsening, even though in so doing it was necessary for Japan to endure things that were unendurable.
Despite Japan's desires and efforts, unfortunate differences in the ways that Japan, England, the United States, and China understood circumstances, together with misunderstandings of attitudes, made it impossible for the parties to agree. Up until the very end, these were important reasons for the outbreak of war, and from Japan's point of view, this is a matter of great regret.
In dealing with the China problem, the British and American side, which had particularly strong interests in China, should have based its judgments about the origins of the problem on direct observation of the actual circumstances at the time. Moreover, both sides should have considered the point of view and survival of the one billion people of East Asia, who were awakening to world development. Rather than be trapped in the narrow-minded maintenance of old power structures, it was necessary that both sides deliberate together, work harmoniously, and take a broader view of mutual prosperity, cooperation, and the establishment of stability in East Asia.
(2) Cordell Hull wrote about negotiations with the Hideki Tojo government in 1941.
Little good as we had had to expect from the Konoye Cabinet we had even less to expect from the Cabinet headed by Premier General Hideki Tojo after October 17. Tojo, who had been Minister of War, continued even as Premier to be an active Army officer. He was a typical Japanese officer, with a small-bore, straight-laced, one-track mind. He was stubborn and self-willed, rather stupid, hard-working, and possessed a quantity of drive.
The new Foreign Minister, Shigenori Togo, was a typical Japanese Foreign Office official, a good technician in his craft but also rather narrow in his views and unable to gain a broad perspective.
The new Cabinet almost immediately stated to us with emphasis, through Togo in Tokyo and Nomura in Washington, that they wanted to continue conversations with us and reach an agreement for peace in the
Pacific. They sought to impress upon us that they supported the assurances of peaceful intentions so often conveyed to us by the Konoye Cabinet.
This was on the surface, of course. Other developments were ominous. Japanese military movements continued in Manchuria and Indo-China. The anti-American campaign went on in the Nipponese press. Navy and Army officers made inflammatory speeches. The director of the naval intelligence section of Imperial Headquarters said in a public address, "The Imperial Navy is itching for action, when needed." And Ambassador Grew cabled me on October 25 information from a reliable informant that it was only as a result of pressure from the Emperor that the Tojo Cabinet became committed to an attempt to conclude the conversations with us successfully.
(3) In his prison diary Hideki Tojo explained why Japan decided to attack Pearl Harbor on 7th December 1941.
The main American naval forces were shifted to the Pacific region and an American admiral made a strong declaration to the effect that if war were to break out between Japan and the United States, the Japanese navy could be sunk in a matter of weeks. Further, the British Prime Minister (Churchill) strongly declared his nation's intention to join the fight on the side of the United States within 24 hours should war break out between Japan and the United States. Japan therefore faced considerable military threats as well.
Japan attempted to circumvent these dangerous circumstances by diplomatic negotiation, and though Japan heaped concession upon concession, in the hope of finding a solution through mutual compromise, there was no progress because the United States would not retreat from its original position. Finally, in the end, the United States repeated demands that, under the circumstances, Japan could not accept: complete withdrawal of troops from China, repudiation of the Nanking government, withdrawal from the Tripartite Pact (signed by Germany, Italy and Japan on September 27, 1940). At this point, Japan lost all hope of reaching a resolution through diplomatic negotiation.
Since events had progressed as they had, it became clear that to continue in this manner was to lead the nation to disaster. With options thus foreclosed, in order to protect and defend the nation and clear the obstacles that stood in its path, a decisive appeal to arms was made.
War was decided upon at the Imperial Conference on December 1, 1941, and the shift to real operations was made at this point. However, even during the preparations for action, we laid our plans in such a manner that should there be progress through diplomatic negotiation, we would be well prepared to cancel operations at the latest moment that communication technology would have permitted.
(4) Hideki Tojo attempted to defend himself against the accusation of war crimes.
1. I deny that Japan "declared war on civilization."
2. To advocate a New Order was to seek freedom and respect for peoples without prejudice, and to seek a stable basis for the existence all peoples, equally, and free of threats. Thus, it was to seek true civilization and true justice for all the peoples of the world, and to view this as the destruction of personal freedom and respect is to be assailed by the hatred and emotion of war, and to make hasty judgments.
3. I would like to point out their (my accusers') inhumane and uncivilized actions in East Asia ever since the Middle Ages.
4. In the shadow of the prosperity of Europe and America, the colored peoples of East Asia and Africa have been sacrificed and forced into a state of semi-colonization. I would point out that the cultural advance of these people has been suppressed in the past and continues to be suppressed in the present by policies designed to keep them in ignorance.
5. I would point out that Japan's proposal at the Versailles Peace Conference on the principle of racial equality was rejected by delegates such as those from Britain and the United States.
6. Of two through five above, which is civilization? Which is international justice? Justice has nothing to do with victor nations and vanquished nations, but must be a moral standard that all the world's peoples can agree to. To seek this and to achieve it - that is true civilization.
7. In order to understand this, all nations must hate war, forsake emotion, reflect upon their pasts, and think calmly.
(5) In his memoirs General Douglas MacArthur wrote about his decision to try Hideki Tojo as a war criminal.
Probably nothing during my administration of the occupation gave me deeper concern than the obligation to act upon the judgment of the International Military Tribunal of the Far East. I had approved penalties adjudged against enemy field commanders or other military personnel who had permitted or committed atrocities against soldiers or civilians who had fallen under their custody during the war, but the principle of holding criminally responsible the political leaders of the vanquished in war was repugnant to me. I felt that to do so was to violate the most fundamental rules of criminal justice. I believed, and I so recommended, that any criminal responsibility attached to Japanese political leaders for the decision to wage war should be limited to an indictment for the attack on Pearl Harbor, since this act was effected without a prior declaration of war as required by international law and custom. I was then relieved of all responsibility having to do with the actual trial procedures before the International Military Tribunal, which started sitting in Tokyo January 19, 1946. The tribunal was composed of distinguished jurists from the Allied powers nominated by their respective governments. My obligations did not even include the selection of those to be tried. My only duties were to pass on the final judgments of the tribunal and to enforce the sentences.
By the terms of the Potsdam declaration, I was to see that "stern justice shall be meted out to all war criminals." We had no trouble finding the individuals who were accused. Within a few weeks we had imprisoned such diverse characters as "Tokyo Rose" and Prime Minister Tojo. The number of such prisoners ran into the hundreds. We made a distinction between major and minor war criminals. "Tokyo Rose" was considered a minor one. So were the many guards at the various prisoner camps who had mistreated our people. They were tried and appropriate punishment was imposed. There were only twenty-eight major war criminals. These were the people in political offices and other positions who actually were responsible for taking Japan to war. Of these, only twenty-five were brought to trial, the other three dying or going insane before entering the courtroom. All twenty-five of those who stood trial were found guilty, including Prime Minister Tojo.
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Which household devise was invented by Alva Fisher in 1906? | The Rise of the Electric Home Appliance | PartSelect.com
The Rise of the Electric Home Appliance
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The Rise of the Electric Home Appliance
From the ancient Egyptians to Benjamin Franklin and the early inventions of Thomas Edison, the discovery and manipulation of electricity opened new doors for humanity to walk through. Revolutionizing everything from how people illuminated their homes to the invention of new home appliances, the early 20th century saw a rise in the creation of tools, devices and gadgets that changed the way people performed household tasks. Each of the following electric home appliances were created as efficient and time saving devices that replaced outdated methods of performing chores. This guide will explore home appliances as they were developed as well as take a closer look at the methods used to perform those specific tasks prior to each invention.
The Electric Clothes Washer
Controversy surrounds the inventor of the electric clothes washer but the earliest photo evidence shows a picture of a woman sitting by a “Nineteen Hundred Company” washing machine that included an electric motor in the November 1906-April 1907 issue of “Cassier’s Magazine.” The story was printed several years before Alva J. Fisher took out US patent 966677 on April 9, 1910 for an electric washing machine. Due to Fisher’s patent, many credit Fisher as being the original inventor, however, the earliest inventors remain unknown. Alva Fisher is credited, however, with creating an electric washing machine in 1916. By 1922, Maytag Corporation had invented a washing machine with an agitator.
Prior to electricity’s discovery and indoor plumbing, laundry was performed by hand or with washboards. Many would take their laundry to rivers, lakes and streams and use ashes or plant materials as soaps. The early Romans, after mastering aqueducts, would use water that had been collected to wash clothes by hand. During the Middle Ages, lye soaps, white clay or fuller’s earth was used to perform washing tasks that often took place in large tubs. Soap continued to be manufactured throughout the 18th century, and by the 19th century, washing machines had advanced from buckets to closed tubs that had wooden paddles and agitators. Those methods received a new upgrade once electricity was used to devise an automatic washing machine. During the 1920s, electric washing machines were on a fast track to finding their way to American homes as more than two thirds of all U.S. homes were equipped with electricity.
Collection of newspapers, photos and articles regarding early inventions including the electric washing machine
Electric Refrigerator
It’s hard to imagine life without electric refrigeration. Refrigerators and freezers are extremely important, not only for the maintaining of foods’ flavor, but also for safety. Without proper refrigeration and food storage at correct temperatures, food is vulnerable to overgrowth of harmful bacteria. There was a time, however, when man did not have electricity, refrigeration or freezers and relied upon the natural environment and winter months in order to store food.
The ancient Chinese and Romans used snow and ice as refrigeration materials. By the early 19th century, people worldwide would use a variety of early refrigeration methods. Sometimes food would be placed in a bucket then put in a cool river or lake. Cellars would be used to store canned foods that would keep in cool temperatures. Other foods were preserved through other method such as canning, drying and smoking.
Ice was a hard commodity to come by, especially in the early 19th century. It wasn’t until German breweries began to make their way into the United States in the middle of the 19th century that the demand for refrigeration became realized. One of the earliest refrigeration devices was used by the S. Liebmann’s Sons Brewing Company in New York in 1870. Soon other breweries were instituting refrigeration and soon the meat industry and other businesses followed. Refrigeration then made its way to railroad cars where it was used to transport goods. By the 1920s, refrigerators were in many U.S. homes.
An overview of the history of refrigeration including early photos and diagrams
Electric Iron
It may seem that ironing must have been invented with the electric iron but in fact, people have been pressing wrinkles from their clothing for centuries. Ironing traces back to 800 A.D., when people used items such as stones, glass or bones in order to press and remove wrinkles from their clothing. By the Middle Ages, mangle boards were used as both board and iron to flatten materials. The wood boards were used with a rolling pin where wet clothing would be placed then rolled until the desired shape was achieved. After the rolling, the clothing would be set to dry.
Also popular in Europe during the Middle Ages were flat, smoothing or sad irons. These were crafted from iron and would be placed on a stove or open fire until thoroughly heated.
After the creation of sad irons, the idea came to make box or charcoal irons. These were designed to retain heat by allowing the bottom portion of the iron to open. Hot coals would be placed inside the iron allowing for greater use and benefit.
Following the invention of charcoal irons were gas irons. These were equipped with tubes that would attach the iron to gas sources for heat. Though several electric iron models were in the works, it was Henry W. Seely who patented an electric iron in 1882. By the 20th century, electric irons were in high demand, however, charcoal irons remain a popular choice in countries where electricity is limited.
Antique and vintage irons with photos
Electric Waffle-Iron
Though many associate waffles with modern day slogans such as “Leggo my Eggo,” waffles actually have a long history. Dating back to the ancient Greeks, the earliest known forms of waffles were called obelios and were cooked by placing flour and water between two hot plates. Over the years waffle making spread throughout Europe and soon the delicious food made its way to the United States aboard the Mayflower. By the time electricity became a household staple, many waffle fanciers chose to use the new, easier appliance for creating their pastries then using hot plates. The first electric waffle maker was created in 1906 by the Simplex Electric Heating Company. By 1911, General Electric created a prototype, but it wasn’t until 1918, that the first waffle irons, similar to their modern day counterparts were created.
Profile of waffle irons throughout history with photos
Vacuum
Before electric vacuum cleaners, rugs were taken outside and beaten with broomsticks, rods or any large item that could successfully shake dust, dirt and debris from the carpet. Unlike many other household appliances, the vacuum didn’t have many early prototypes, save for various mechanical brooms. Though it is unclear when the first vacuum prototype was created, it wasn’t until William Hoover purchased rights to a patent after a man named Murray Spangler had created an electric model to help with his allergies that the electrical vacuum cleaner made its way to U.S. homes. Some of the earliest vacuums were so large they required teams of people to operate them.
A look at the eclectic vacuum and its societal impact
Profiles of early vacuum prototypes and early models with photos
Electric Blender
Stephen J. Poplawski is credited with making the first electric blender in 1922. The blender was used for milk shakes and malts and became popular in soda fountains across the country. In 1932, Poplawski expanded his operation by expanding the tasks the blender could perform, by developing a blender that could transform fruits and vegetables into liquid form.
Before Poplawski’s invention, many were left to utilizing their own techniques for blending or pureeing foods. Many of these consisted of simply smashing or mashing food with a knife or spoon. The blender’s predecessor was the electric mixer.
Kitchen history throughout the ages
Electric Kettle
Before the discovery of electricity there were several methods used for heating water; each of which involved an external heat source. From fires to charcoals and gas; those in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries had limited options when it came to choosing heat sources for boiling water. With the advent of the 19th and 20st century came electricity and soon, electric kettles were introduced to household families. The first electric kettle was invented in 1894 by Carpenter Electric Company and quickly grew in popularity. Due to their inexpensiveness and usefulness, many U.S. homes quickly added electric kettles to their home appliances.
Photos of vintage electrical equipment and appliances
Spin Dryer
In the early 1920s, more than 80% of U.S. households had electricity and many were equipped with a washing machine. In 1924, the Savage Arms Corporation of New York created the first spin dryer. Different from a tumble dryer, these machines would spin clothes in order to reduce excess water. Prior to their invention, many would use their washing machines then wring out the clothing before placing it out to dry.
As front loading washing machines became more popular throughout the nation, so too did the need for an effective system that would dry clothes. The 1924 spin dryer became an important tool used to remove excess water from clothes causing them to dry more quickly and efficiently.
How using a spin dryer can help you save energy
Pop-Up Toaster
Man has been toasting bread for centuries as the practice traces its roots back to Ancient Rome where bread was placed on a toasting fork then held over an open fire. Many devices were used over the centuries in order to find the most effective toasting methods, including hinged bread holders and forks designed to hold more than one slice of bread at a time. It wasn’t until the early part of the 20th century those inventors perfected their designs and took out various patents. In 1919, Charles Strite invented the pop up toaster and took out a patent. Pop up toasters soon began popping up in homes across the nation as America indulged in its long time relationship with toasted bread.
A look at toasters from the ancient toasting fork to modern day devices
Garbage Disposal
By the 20th century, American homes were equipped with electricity and were connected to the sewer system. There was great concern regarding the impact food waste would have on the sewer system while one inventor was working on an electric means of dealing with waste: the garbage disposal. John W. Hammes invented the garbage disposal in 1927, but didn’t take out a U.S. patent on the device until 1935. Hammes later said that he invented the machine to help his wife perform housework chores simpler and more efficiently.
Before Hammes invention, garbage was thrown away in cans and there were no other methods used for instantaneously eradication of waste. Hammes not only invented the garbage disposal, but he also invented a new industry.
| Washing machine |
Which of Verdi's operas tells the story of the hunchbacked jester to the 'Duke of Mantua'? | Who invented the first electric washing machine? | Reference.com
Who invented the first electric washing machine?
A:
Quick Answer
The first washing machine powered by electricity was invented by Alva J. Fisher in 1908. Fisher worked for the Hurley Washing Machine in Chicago and named his creation The Thor.
Full Answer
Previous to the invention of the electric-powered washing machine, James King invented a machine that used a drum device in 1851 that is still in use today for some machines. His machine was hand powered. In 1858 Hamilton Smith created the first rotary powered washing machine. Rotary power uses a 4-stroke combustion cycle. Both of these inventions are what made Alva J. Fisher's invention of the electric washing machine possible.
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Which British battleship was sunk by a German U-boat in Scapa Bay in October 1939? | Ahoy - Mac's Web Log - The Sinking of British Battleship, HMS Royal Oak, at Scapa Flow, by German Submarine, U-47
The Sinking of British Battleship, HMS Royal Oak, at Scapa Flow, by German Submarine, U-47
This Marshall Islands stamp depicts Gunter Prien sinking Royal Oak, after he penetrated Scapa Flow
Over two World Wars, Scapa Flow in the Orkneys, was the main Fleet Anchorage in the British Isles for the Royal Navy,
During WW1, the German Submarine UB-116 commanded by Oberleutnant Hans Joachim Emsmann had, in October 1918, attempted to penetrate this British Base, but had come to grief on a mine, and was lost with all hands.
Just after going to war against Britain in September 1939, the German U-Boat Commander, Admiral Donitz, was keen to upset both the Royal Navy, and her First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, by breaching the defences of Scapa Flow and sinking a major Naval Vessel.
In September 1939, U-14 had carried out a patrol in that area and brought back valuable information about the approaches to this major Fleet Base.
In addition, the Luftwaffe, on the 26th. of September, had managed to obtain excellent photographs of this seemingly impregnable anchorage. At least the British believed it was inviolable; but not so, thought Donitz.
The defences of Britain's major naval base were still not complete 6 weeks after the commencement of hostilities with Germany.
Donitz studied the reconnaissance photographs, and decided that a 50 foot gap existed between the blockships which had been sunk in the northern end of the most eastern entrance in Kirk Sound, and he thought that a surfaced Submarine could penetrate this narrow access at the time of slack water.
But, a night attack would be mandatory.
On Sunday the 1st. of October 1939, Donitz sent for one of his best submarine Captains, Kapitanleutnant (equivalent to our Lieutenant Commander) Gunter Prien, and offered him the mission of taking his U-Boat, U-47, into Scapa Flow to sink a major British warship.
Prien had been born at Leipzig in Saxony in 1909 , and left school at 14, to become a cabin boy at sea.
He rose to be a Merchant Marine officer, but come the depression, he was out of a job. Somewhat embittered by being unemployed in his early twenties, Prien joined the Nazi Party in 1932, and in the following year joined the Navy as an Ordinary Seaman. He was quickly seen as Officer material, became a Cadet, joined the Submarine service and by 1938 had risen to command level.
When WW2 broke out, Prien was in command of U-Boat 47, and had recently been married.
It was made quite clear to Prien, that he could refuse this task without damaging his bright career, but Prien after studying the plans overnight, decided to accept this formidible challenge.
On the 8th. of October 1939, Prien took U-47 through the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Kanal and cleared her into the North Sea. Whilst enroute to Scapa Flow he took particular care to avoid any vessels that might betray his whereabouts. At 2331 (11.31 PM) on the 13th of October (obviously not a superstitious sailor) Prien commenced his run into the British Naval stronghold.
Because of the strong currents obtaining in this area, he chose the slack water period (the time in between the tide changing from ebbing to flowing or vice versa, when there is no actual water movement) and navigated his boat on the surface, between vessels sunk in the channels by the British, designed to stop such a passage by a U-Boat or any other enemy craft.
At one stage of Prien's approach, he was so close to the shore that a passing car's headlights illuminated his crawling submarine, but he continiued undetected.
Just after midnight on the 13/14th of October, he noted in his War Diary at 0027 (2.27 AM) " WIR SINDIN SCAPA FLOW!!" (WE are in Scapa Flow!!)
For the Royal Navy it was fortunate that the major units of the Home Fleet had not yet returned to Scapa Flow after chasing a strong German Naval Force, led by the Battlecruiser Gneisenau, which had sortied into the North Sea.
Inside the anchorage, Prien looked for any likely targets and sighted two large ships to his north. At 0058 (58 minutes past midnight) he fired a spread of 3 torpedoes, and after 3.5 minutes, one explosion was heard. Prien was pleasantly suprised when it did not appear to attract any attention from the British.
He swung his boat, and then fired the stern tube, but without any success.
His crew rapidly reloaded the torpedo tubes and at 0122 (1.22 AM) another 3 fish were fired. 3 minutes later, explosions were heard, and the 31,000 ton Battleship, HMS Royal Oak sank in 13 minutes, leaving only 375 survivors.
She took 24 Officers and 809 Sailors with her to a watery grave.
Amongst her survivors was the only Australian on board. Lieutenant Commander F.N. Cook RAN.
Royal Oak was the second largest ship sunk in the war by a German U-Boat.
Notwithstanding the swift incoming currents, Prien was able to pilot his U-47 away from the hunting British Destroyers, and he slipped out of Scapa Flow to head for home.
The British wrongly announced that they had sunk the offending U-Boat.
On the 14th. of October, the BBC announced :
"This is the BBC Home Service. Here is the news bulletin. As it was reported late this morning, the Secretary of the Admiralty regrets to announce that HMS Royal Oak has been sunk, it is believed by U-Boat action. Fifteen survivors have been landed....."
Prien had achieved a magnificent coup, he took his boat back to Wilhelshaven, arriving there on the 17th of October at 1144, (11:44 AM )
The entire crew were flown to Berlin to be personally greeted by Hitler, and Prien was awarded The Knight's Cross, and Hitler entertained the crew to lunch.
Prien in his U-Boat career, sank 31 ships for a total of 194,103 tons, and was involved in 10 patrols, spending 237 days at sea on this duty.
He went missing on the 7th of March 1941, in the North Atlantic, near the Rockall Banks, it is not certain how he or U-47 died, but for many years it was believed that HMS Wolverine was responsible for sinking this U-Boat. Later intelligence suggests that Wolverine actually attacked a different German Submarine.
The loss of U-47 may have been caused by mines, by its own circling torpedoes, or by an attack by HMS Camellia and HMS Arbutus, both Royal Navy corvettes.
By whatever means he was killed, Gunter Prien, who had lived by the Sword, had now died by the Sword.
Germany had lost one of her U-Boat aces.
Appendix 1 is an extract from Gunter Prien's Log of U-47, covering his penetration of Scapa Flow, and sinking of the British Battleship HMS Royal Oak, in September 1939.
Appendix 1
Extract from Log of U-47, 15th Sept. - 21st Oct. 1939.
Time Position, Wind, etc. Incidents
8/10/39
1100 Heligoland Bight. Wind SE 1. Cloudy Left port (Kiel) on special operations, Operational Order North Sea No. 16, through Kiel Canal, Heligoland Bight, and Channel 1.
Exact positions cannot be given as under special orders all secret documents were destroyed before carrying out of order
9/10/39
South of Dogger Bank. Wind SSE 4-5. Overcast, very dark night. Lying submerged. After dark, surfaced and proceeded on our way. Met rather a lot of fishing vessels.
10/10/39
North of Dogger Bank. Wind SSE 7. Overcast. During day lay submerged; at night continued on course.
11/10/39
Devil's Hole. Wind ESE 7-8, Overcast During day lay submerged off Orkneys. Surfaced in the evening and came in to the coast in order to fix exact position of ship. From 2200 to 2230 the English are kind enough to switch on all the coastal lights so that I can obtain the most exact fix. The ship's position is correct to within 1.8 nautical miles, despite the fact that since leaving Channel 1 there was no possibility of obtaining an accurate fix, so that I had to steer by dead reckonings and soundings.
13/10/39
E. of Orkney Islands. Wind NNE 3-4, light clouds, very clear night, Northern Lights on entire horizon. At 0437 lying submerged in 90 meters of water. Rest period for crew. At 1600 general stand-to. After breakfast at 1700, preparations for attack on Scapa Flow. Two torpedoes are placed in rapid loading position before tubes 1 and 2.
Explosives brought out in case of necessity of scuttling. Crew's morale splendid. Surfaced at 1915. After warm supper for entire crew, set course for Holm Sound. Everything goes according to plan until 2307, when it is necessary to submerge on sighting a merchant ship just before Rose Ness. I cannot make out the ship in either of the periscopes, in spite of the very clear night and the bright lights. At 2331, surfaced again and entered Holm Sound. Following tide. On nearer approach, the sunken blockship in Skerry Sound is clearly visible, so that at first I believe myself to be already in Kirk Sound, and prepare for work. But the navigator, by means of dead reckoning, states that the preparations are premature, while I at the same time realize the mistake, for there is only one sunken ship in the straits. By altering course hard to starboard, the imminent danger is averted. A few minutes later, Kirk Sound is clearly visible.
13/10/39 contd.
It is a very eerie sight. On land everything is dark, high in the sky are the flickering Northern Lights, so that the bay, surrounded by English mountains, is directly lit up from above. The blockships lie in the sound, ghostly as the wings of a theatre. I am now repaid for having learnt the chart beforehand, for the penetration proceeds with unbelievable speed. In the meantime I had decided to pass the blockships on the Northern side. On a course of 270 I pass the two-masted schooner, which is lying on a bearing of 315 in front of the real boom, with 15 meters to spare. In the next minute the boat is turned by the current to starboard. At the same time I recognize the cable of the northern blockship at an angle of 45 degrees ahead. Port engine stopped, starboard engine slow ahead, and rudder hard to port, the boat slowly touches bottom. The stern still touches the cable, the boat becomes free, it is pulled round to port, and brought on to course again with difficult rapid maneuvering, but; we are in Scapa Flow.
14/10/39
0027 It is disgustingly light. The whole bay is lit up. To the south of Cava there is nothing. I go farther in. To port, I recognize the Hoxa Sound coastguard, to which in the next few minutes the boat must present itself as a target. In that event all would be lost; at present South of Cava there is no shipping; so before staking everything on success, all possible precautions must be taken.
0055 Therefore, turn to port is made. We proceed north by the coast. Two battleships are lying there at anchor, and further inshore, destroyers. Cruisers not visible, therefore attack on the big fellows. Distance apart, 3000 meters.
0116 (time queried in pencil, 0058 suggested) Estimated depth, 7.5 meters. Impact firing. One torpedo fixed on the northern ship, two on the southern. After a good 3 1/2 minutes, a torpedo detonates on the northern ship; of the other two nothing is to be seen.
0121 (queried to 0102) (suggested time 0123, in pencil) About! Torpedo fired from stern; in the bow two tubes are loaded; three torpedoes from the bow. After three tense minutes comes the detonation on the nearer ship. There is a loud explosion, roar, and rumbling. Then come columns of water, followed by columns of fire, and splinters fly through the air. The harbor springs to life. Destroyers are lit up, signaling starts on every side, and on land 200 meters away from me cars roar along the roads. A battleship has been sunk, a second damaged, and the other three torpedoes have gone to blazes. All the tubes are empty. I decide to withdraw, because: (1) With my periscopes I cannot conduct night attacks while submerged. (See experience on entering.) (2) On a bright night I cannot maneuver unobserved in a calm sea. (3) I must assume that I was observed by the driver of a car which stopped opposite us, turned around, and drove off towards Scapa at top speed. (4) Nor can I go further north, for there, well hidden from my sight, lie the destroyers which were previously dimly distinguishable.
0128 At high speed both engines we withdraw. Everything is simple until we reach Skildaenoy Point. Then we have more trouble. It is now low tide, the current is against us. Engines at slow and dead slow, I attempt to get away. I must leave by the south through the narrows, because of the depth of the water. Things are again difficult. Course, 058, slow - 10 knots. I make no progress. At high speed I pass the southern blockship with nothing to spare. The helmsman does magnificently. High speed ahead both, finally 3/4 speed and full ahead all out. Free of the blockships - ahead a mole! Hard over and again about, and at 0215 we are once more outside. A pity that only one was destroyed. The torpedo misses I explain due to faults of course, speed, and drift. In tube 4, a misfire. The crew behaved splendidly throughout the operation. On the morning of 13/10, the lubricating oil was found to have 7-8% water in it. All hands worked feverishly to change the oil, i.e. to get rid of the water and
to isolate the leaking point. The torpedo crews loaded their tubes with remarkable speed. The boat was in such good form that I was able to switch on to charge in the harbor and pump up air.
0215 Set SE course for base. I still have 5 torpedoes for possible attacks on merchantmen.
0630 57° 58' N, 01° 03' W Lay submerged. The glow from Scapa is still visible for a long time. Apparently they are still
1935 ENE 3-4, light clouds, occasional rain, visibility bad towards land, otherwise good dropping depth charges. Off again, course 180°. This course was chosen in the hope that we might perhaps catch a ship inshore, and to avoid U-20.
15/10/39
0600 56° 20' N, 0° 40' W Submerged and lay at 72 meters. From 1000 onwards, depth charges were dropped from time to time in the distance. 32 depth charges were definitely counted. So I lie low, submerged, until dusk.
1823 Wind NE 5, sea 4, swell from E, cloudy, visibility good. Surfaced. On surfacing, Norwegian steamer "METEOR" lies ahead. W/T traffic from the steamer is reported in error from the W/T office; I therefore fire a salvo far ahead of the steamer which is already stopped. The steamer is destined for Newcastle on Tyne, with 238 passengers. Steamer immediately allowed to proceed. It is reported later by the W/T office that the steamer did not make any signals.
16/10/39
0702 54° 57' N, 2° 58' E, Wind NNW 2-3, visibility good. General course 180°. Submerged on the Dogger Bank. 3 drifting mines sighted, 54° 58' N, 2° 56' E. No measures taken, owing to the proximity of fishing vessels. Proceeded submerged throughout the day.
1856 54° 51' N, 3° 21' E, Wind NW 2, light clouds, visibility good. Surfaced. Course 128°. Steered course of 128° into Channel 1.
17/10/39
0404 Channel 1 passed. From 0404 to 0447 chased fishing vessel escort ship no. 808; gave recognition signal eight times - no reply received. This fool did not react until V/S was used at a distance of 500-600 meters. With such guardships, an incident such as my operation could occur in our waters also.
1100 Entered port - Wilhelmshaven III.
1144 Tied up.
1530 Crew flown to Kiel and Berlin
20/10/39
1600 Crew returned. Sailed for Kiel.
2330 Met an armed fishing trawler at anchor with riding lights in the stretch between Elbe I and Elbe II. I pass him with darkened ship at a distance of 40 meters. Apparently he sees nothing, because no recognition signal is made.
21/10/39
0120 Tied up at Brunsbüttel Lock.
1300 Tied up at Holtenau Lock.
Operation completed.
| HMS Royal Oak |
With which Basketball team did Michael Jordan win six NBA titles? | Scapa Flow's Wartime Heritage
Discover the wartime heritage of Scapa Flow
Introduction
Scapa Flow is a natural harbour which has been used over many centuries, from the Viking fleet of King Haokon in the 13th Century, to the present day. It formed an important northern base for the British fleets in both world wars.
World War I
During the first World War, the British Grand Fleet used Scapa Flow as a northern base. After a German U-Boat managed to enter the Flow early in the war, merchant ships were sent as blockships in strategic places and anti-submarine nets were put in place. From this base, vessels from the fleet made sweeps in search of the enemy.
In 1916, the British Grand Fleet left to fight in the Battle of Jutland. 24 battleships and 3 battlecruisers, plus destroyers and scouting cruisers set out under the command of Admiral Sir John Jellicoe. They met the German High Seas Fleet in battle. There was much damage wrought, with many thousands of men losing their lives, but both sides believed they had won. However, after the battle, the Kaiser's fleet never went to sea again.
In June 1916, Lord Kitchener, the Minister of War, arrived in Scapa Flow to visit Admiral Jellicoe and hear his account of the Battle of Jutland, Kitchener left on board the Hampshire, and sailed up the west coast of Orkney. Near Birsay, the Hampshire struck a mine, and only 12 men out of 665 survived. On 1926, money was raised by public subscription to erect the Kitchener Memorial at Marwick Head near Birsay.
After the armistice, seventy-four ships of the German High Seas Fleet were ordered into Scapa Flow to be interned. They arrived in November 1918, and stayed there for 10 months. During this time, they became a tourist attraction, with boat trips to see them. By June 1919, Rear Admiral von Reuter, the German Officer in command at Scapa Flow, knew that Germany would have to accept surrender terms. When the main part of the British Fleet left the flow for exercises he gave the order for the German fleet to be scuttled.
Most of the scuttled fleet did not stay iwhere they had sunk. Those that were beached were removed almost immediately. In the 1920s, the firm Cox & Douglas began salvage operations, lifting many of the ships. This salvage continued until the advent of the Second World War, and only eight scuttled ships now remain in the Flow.
The first of the German Fleet to sink after the order to scuttle was issued was the Friedrich der Grosse - the flagship of the Jutland Fleet. This battleship sank beneath the surface at 12:16pm.
The British managed to save a few of the German ships by towing them towards shore where they settled in the shallow water.
At 5pm on 21 June 1919, the last ship, the Hindenberg, went under. By this time the surface of Scapa Flow was covered in oil and debris. The environmental damage caused by the scuttling was considerable.
On June 21st 1919, a party of schoolchildren from the town of Stromness were being taken on a trip around Scapa Flow to view the German Fleet. Little did they know when they left home that day what they were to witness.
The following is a piece written by one of the children, James Taylor, one of the pupils who witnessed the scuttling:
"On Saturday June 21st 1919, I rose very early, as it would never do to be late for a school treat which was to take the form of a cruise on the Flying Kestrel to visit the surrendered German Fleet. The though of sailing up to them made us boys almost sick with excitement!
At long last we came face to face with the Fleet. Their decks were lined with German sailors who....did not seem too pleased to see us. Suddenly without any warning and almost simultaneously these huge vessels began to list over to port or starboard; some heeled over and plunged headlong, their sterns lifted high out of the water.
Out of the vents rushed steam and oil and air with a dreadful roaring hiss.
And as we watched, awestruck and silent, the sea became littered for miles round with boats and hammocks, lifebelts and chests....and among it all hundreds of men struggling for their lives.
As we drew away from this nightmare scene we watched the last great battleship slide down with keel upturned like some monstrous whale."
The crew of a German destroyer abandon ship as the vessel sinks.
Remains of a Blockship.
The "Hampshire", of the British Grand Fleet.
The "Kronprinz Wilhelm", of the German High Seas Fleet.
World War II
During World War II, the Home Fleet was based at Scapa Flow, from where it helped to protect the Arctic Convoys to Murmansk.
In October, 1939, only a month after war had been declared, an assault on Scapa Flow was planned using the U-Boat U-47, commanded by Lieutenant Günther Prien. On the night of October 13th, the U-Boat managed to pass between the Orkney Mainland and Lamb Holm into Scapa Flow, between two northerly blockships. Just after midnight HMS Royal Oak was sighted in Scapa Bay. Torpedoes were fired, and a hole 30 feet in diameter was made in the hull, and she capsized. Of the crew of 1400 men, 833 lost their lives.
HMS Royal Oak is a protected war grave, and each year on the anniversary of the sinking, there are memorial services.
Following this event, Scapa Flow became heavily defended with anti-aircraft batteries, minefields and further blockships. In 1940, Winston Churchill gave orders that the defences on the eastern side of Scapa Flow were to be improved by setting concrete blocks between islands to make causeways. These four causeways are known as the Churchill Barriers (picture, left)
Italian POWs were used to build the barriers. They were unhappy, declaring this to be war work, and thus against the Geneva Convention, but were persuaded that the primary purpose of the barriers was to provide an easy means of communication by road for the people living in the south parishes.
The Italian prisoners built a beautiful 'Italian Chapel' on Lamb Holm for their worship, which can still be visited today.
The Scapa Flow Vistor Centre is housed in the former oil pumping station at the Lyness Naval Base on Hoy. Here are housed many exhibits from both World Wars.
The Royal Oak
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Who was the British Prime Minister at the time of the 'Peterloo Massacre' and the 'Cato Street Conspiracy'? | History of Robert Banks Jenkinson Earl of Liverpool - GOV.UK
GOV.UK
Robert Banks Jenkinson Earl of Liverpool Conservative 1812 to 1827
Born
4 December 1828, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey
Dates in office
Conservative
Major acts
Importation Act 1815: prohibiting the import of foreign wheat until the domestic price reached a minimum accepted level.
“(I consider) the right of election as a public trust, granted not for the benefit of the individual, but for the public good.”
Robert Banks Jenkinson Earl of Liverpool became known for repressive measures introduced to restore order, but he also steered the country through the period of radicalism and unrest which followed the Napoleonic Wars.
He served as leader of the House of Lords, Foreign Secretary and War Secretary.
After the assassination of Spencer Perceval in 1812, the Earl of Liverpool was asked to form a government.
Few expected him to survive in office very long, as at first his government seemed very insecure. But the opposition provided by the Whig party was weak and disunited, and he was able to draw on the talents of individuals such as Sidmouth , the Duke of Wellington , Castlereagh and Canning .
The end of the Napoleonic Wars with France in 1815, aided by the Duke of Wellington’s victories in the field, further boosted support for Lord Liverpool. But after the war, unrest broke out at home, partly caused by an economic recession that started in 1817. Unemployment, a bad harvest and high prices produced riots and protests. Actions such as the repeal of income tax and the creation of the Corn Laws tended to make the situation worse. Lord Liverpool’s government reacted by suspending habeas corpus for 2 years.
Things became even worse in Summer 1819, when large gatherings in favour of parliamentary reform culminated in a massive public meeting in Manchester on 16 August. Soldiers attacked the crowds, killing 11 and wounding many more. The shocking event became known as the Peterloo Massacre.
Lord Liverpool’s following ‘Six Acts’ limited the right to hold radical meetings. This crackdown on liberty prompted an attempt by radicals in 1820 to murder Lord Liverpool and his Cabinet, and start a radical revolution. But the Cato Street Conspiracy (as it became known) proved unsuccessful, and the conspirators were hung or transported.
During the 1820s Lord Liverpool’s policy became increasingly liberal, and a period of economic prosperity began. He also returned Britain to the Gold Standard in 1819. The anti-trade union laws were repealed, and many trading restrictions were removed.
A stroke forced him to resign in 1827 and he died the following year.
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In 1958, which German politician became the first President of the European Commission? | List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
This is a list of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom from when the first Prime Minister (in the modern sense), Robert Walpole, took office in 1721, until the present day.
Political party ideologies
Whigs and Tories: 1688-1832
Robert Walpole (1721-1742) is regarded as the first Prime Minister of Great Britain and accepted 10 Downing Street in 1732 as the official residence of the First Lord of the Treasury.
From the latter part of the 17th century until the early 19th, there were essentially two major political parties in Great Britain: the Whigs and Tories. Neither could be described as "modern" in the sense of organised voters working together, compromising their differences for the sake of gain at the polls. In the 18th century, the only voters were men of means: the landed aristocracy and wealthy merchants. They considered party organization as dishonest and activities such as campaigning beneath their status. A "gentleman" was expected to be independent, to think for himself and to protect his own interests. He might ally himself with others on a particular issue, but such alliances were temporary and fragile. The early political parties were loose groupings of like-minded individuals (called "factions") with little discipline and less loyalty.
The party labels "Whig" and "Tory" began as derisive terms when they first appeared during the Exclusion crisis of 1678. Across the country people disagreed on the issue of whether or not James Stuart, Duke of York and heir to the throne, should be allowed to succeed King Charles II , his brother. The Tories believed that James should succeed, the Whigs that he should not.
The origins of this dispute are found in the religious and political controversies of the previous one hundred and fifty years. With much bloodshed and trauma, the Tudor monarchs of the 16th century had broken with the Catholic Church , created an Anglican Church and formed a Protestant state. This new allegiance was confirmed during the Civil Wars and the Interregnum of 1649 - 1660. At the same time, England had also begun to embrace some modern democratic ideas which empowered Parliament and constrained the Monarchy. King Charles II was probably secretly a Catholic but at least adhered publicly to the Anglican faith. James however was openly Catholic and very devout. Some saw his Catholicism as a threat to all the religious and political changes that had taken place. Therefore, the Whigs, as they came to be known, opposed James' succession to the throne. Those who supported James' hereditary right to the crown came to be known as Tories.
The term Whig was probably short for "Whiggamore" and referred to a horse thief; also to Scottish Presbyterians who were associated with republican ideas, with nonconformity, and with rebellion against legitimate authority. By calling them Whigs, the Tories tried to slander those who claimed the right to exclude the "legitimate" heir from the succession. In response, the Whigs tried to slander those who supported James' hereditary rights despite his faith by calling them "Tories." "Tory" was probably an Irish word meaning "papist outlaw." Both slanders backfired: each group embraced with pride the derisive term flung at them by their opponents.
Sir Robert Peel (1834-1835 and 1841-1846), founded the modern Conservative Party in 1834 with the publication of the Tamworth Manifesto.
The result of the initial struggle between the two "parties" during the succession crisis was that the Whigs lost and James became king when Charles II died in 1685. However, during his short reign of only three years, James II (1685 - 1688) managed to offend not only the Whigs but many Tories with his radical Catholicism and his claims to rule by "Divine Right", like the autocratic Catholic princes of Europe. Consequently, most Whigs and many Tories conspired to oust James during the Glorious Revolution of 1688. After a brief struggle, James ignominiously abandoned the throne and Parliament invited William of Orange and his wife Mary Stuart , both Protestants, to succeed jointly to the English crown.
Although the succession crisis was the specific event that led to the formation of the two major parties, the differences between them ran much deeper. Generally those who identified themselves as Whigs were inspired by the values of liberal democracy brought about by the Enlightenment , and consisted of the noble houses, wealthy merchants and non- Anglicans. Those who identified themselves as Tory consisted of the landed gentry and the Church of England , and were opposed to the reformism of the Whigs, such as expanding the franchise and increased Parliamentary representation for lower classes.
After 1688, most Tories accepted a limited version of the Whig theory of a Constitutional Monarchy. However, whether rightly or wrongly, their loyalty to the new order was suspect because they had supported James' succession in the first place. This suspicion was confirmed in 1714 when the Tory ministers of the late Queen Anne (1702-1714) were disgraced for negotiating for the return of James II on her death. This uprising in favour of a Stuart restoration (and another one in 1745) stigmatized the Tories as supporters of absolute monarchy and as being opponents of the Protestant Succession. Except for a brief ascendancy from 1710 to 1714, the Tories were in a weak political position for almost one hundred years. The Whigs became so dominant after the first Jacobite uprising that the period from 1714 to 1784 is often called the "Whig Supremacy." Many of the Prime Ministers categorised as Whigs did not actively support a party policy: for them it was in practice merely their nominal label.
With the French Revolution in 1789, and the ensuing wars, the Whigs split, with many aligning themselves with the then Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger against the Revolution. Pitt and his successors became known as Tories, originally as an insult, but by the time of the Earl of Liverpool they had accepted the term.
Conservative and Liberal: 1832-1922
Clement Attlee (1945-1951) was the second Labour Prime Minister and introduced the post-war consensus, nationalised many utilities, and created the National Health Service.
The Whig and Tory parties both altered after the enactment of the Great Reform Act of 1832. Two of the three major modern political parties, Conservative and Liberal, grew directly out of these earlier ones. The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 by Sir Robert Peel as a result of his Tamworth Manifesto, a speech in which he outlined the new political philosophy. The party has been consistently socially conservative but has shifted its position on economics, initially supporting free trade under Peel, then favouring protectionism for much of the nineteenth century, to become a party of economic liberalism and reduced government after World War II .
The Liberal Party was formed after the collapse of the Whig party due to the enfranchisement of the British middle class following the Reform Act 1832, and has typically been a reforming party. From the 1840s until the 1940s it was strongly defined by its support for free trade and social welfare, in contrast to Conservative preference for protectionism and private charity. The Liberals were also known for their pragmatic support for state intervention in the economy where necessary, whereas the Conservatives opposed such intervention on ideological grounds. In its last government, from 1906-1922, it introduced a number of social reforms including welfare, regulation of working hours and national insurance. The division of the Liberal Party in the early 1920s led many previous supporters to switch their allegiance to the Labour Party. The Liberal Democrats, the successor party to the Liberal Party, are socially liberal and typically support higher taxation to support the welfare state, but have an increasing faction of economic liberals.
Conservative and Labour: 1922 to present
The Labour Party was founded in 1900 to represent the views of the working class population and the trade union movement. The party has been traditionally socialist or social democratic in outlook, proven by the introduction of the welfare state and central planning in the United Kingdom in the 1940s. Following the electoral success of Thatcherism in the 1980s, the disastrous result of the 1983 general election for the Labour Party, and the electoral success of the SDP-Liberal Alliance, the Labour Party has moved towards a neo-liberal stance, as shown in the Third Way philosophy. Since entering government in 1997, some have argued that Labour has become increasingly right wing. Others, however, have pointed to large increases in social spending as evidence that the party remains committed to social democratic values.
18th century Prime Ministers
Prime Ministers during the 18th century were Prime Minister of England , Wales and Scotland (the United Kingdom of Great Britain, formed by the Act of Union 1707).
Name
14 March 1801
Tory
India Act 1784; attempted to remove rotten boroughs; personally opposed to the slave trade; reduced the national debt due to the rebellion in the North American colonies; formed the Triple Alliance; Constitutional Act of 1791; war with France starting in 1793; introduced the first income tax; Act of Union 1800.
19th century Prime Ministers
Prime Ministers during the 19th century were Prime Minister of England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland , following the Act of Union 1800 (which merged the Kingdom of Ireland with the Kingdom of Great Britain, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, as of 1 January 1801).
Name
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Which town in Denmark is home to the Lego Group and the original 'Legoland' theme park? | Fun Town at LEGOLAND Florida
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LEGOLAND® Florida is a 150-acre interactive theme park dedicated to families with children between the ages of 2 and 12. With more than 50 rides, shows and attractions and the all-new water park, LEGOLAND is geared towards family fun! There are currently five other LEGOLAND Parks in the world – LEGOLAND California in Carlsbad, LEGOLAND Billund in Denmark, LEGOLAND Deutschland near Günzburg, Germany and LEGOLAND Windsor outside of London and just opened LEGOLAND Malaysia —the sixth LEGOLAND Park and first in Asia. The LEGOLAND theme parks are a part of Merlin Entertainments Group, the second largest attractions operator in the world. Prices, times and schedules subject to change without notice. LEGO, the LEGO logo, the Mini figure and LEGOLAND are trademarks of the LEGO Group. ©2015 The LEGO Group. LEGOLAND FLORIDA IS A PART OF THE MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS GROUP®. Contact us at (877) 350-5346.
Star Wars™ and all characters, names and related indicia are © 2011 Lucasfilm Ltd. & TM. All rights reserved.
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What name was given to the republican political activists who supported the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the US Presidential election of 1884 because they rejected the financial corruption associated with the Republican candidate James Blaine? | LEGOLAND Express Train Ride | LEGOLAND California Resort
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Come play your part at LEGOLAND® California Resort, located just 30 minutes north of San Diego and one hour south of Anaheim. With more than 60 rides, shows and attractions, it's an interactive, hands-on theme park experience for families with children 2 - 12. The Resort is also home to SEA LIFE® Aquarium and the world's first LEGOLAND® Water Park. And if you've ever dreamed of spending the night at LEGOLAND, LEGOLAND Hotel at the Resort is now open and less than 2 miles from the nearest beach!
This LEGO® themed hotel features 250 rooms based on the popular LEGO lines Pirate, Kingdom, Adventure and LEGO Friends. Add nightly children's entertainment, interactive LEGO features throughout and early access to LEGOLAND Park for Hotel guests and it's the LEGO experience you've always dreamed of! Book your San Diego vacation now at LEGOLANDHotel.com .
There are six other LEGOLAND Parks in the world – LEGOLAND Billund in Denmark, LEGOLAND Windsor outside of London, LEGOLAND Florida in the U.S., LEGOLAND Deutschland in Germany, LEGOLAND Malaysia and LEGOLAND Dubai. Coming soon - LEGOLAND Japan and LEGOLAND New York!
Prices, times and schedules subject to change without notice. LEGO, the LEGO logo, the Brick and Knob configurations, the Minifigure and LEGOLAND are trademarks of the LEGO Group. ©2017 The LEGO Group. LEGOLAND CALIFORNIA RESORT AND SEA LIFE ARE A PART OF THE MERLIN ENTERTAINMENTS GROUP.
Star Wars and all characters, names and related indicia are © & ™ Lucasfilm Ltd. All designs are property of Lucasfilm, Ltd.
THE LEGO® MOVIE © & ™ LEGO Group & Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved. (s17).
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Which town is the administrative centre of the Scottish county of Midlothian? | Dalkeith History Society
Membership Application
Dalkeith is a town of around 10,000 inhabitants seven miles south of Edinburgh, Scotland.
Our recorded history dates from 1142 - but the town, which is situated on a ridge between two rivers, is believed to be much older. Iron Age remains have been found nearby, and an extensive Roman Camp was discovered about one mile from the present town centre. In the Middle Ages, Dalkeith saw many witch trials and witch burnings, and Dalkeith Castle (now Dalkeith Palace) was the seat of the Regent Morton who ruled Scotland on behalf of James VI. In 1650, Cromwell's army occupied Dalkeith, and Cromwell's Commander and Governor in Scotland, General Monk, made Dalkeith Palace his headquarters.
In more recent times, Dalkeith was the centre of a thriving agricultural and coal mining area, and in the 19th Century Dalkeith was the most important grain market in Scotland. Sadly, whilst we are still surrounded by farmlands, the coal mines all disappeared in the second half of the 20th Century. Dalkeith is now the administrative centre of the County of Midlothian.
Dalkeith History Society's objectives are to encourage an interest in the history of our town, through talks, exhibitions etc., and to carry out research into Dalkeith's past
Our monthly meetings are open to all, members or non-members, though we do ask for a small voluntary donation from non-members
DALKEITH HISTORY SOCIETY
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In particle physics, which fundamental constituent of matter is named after a word invented by the author James Joyce in his novel 'Finnegan's Wake'? | Midlothian - definition of Midlothian by The Free Dictionary
Midlothian - definition of Midlothian by The Free Dictionary
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Midlothian
Also found in: Encyclopedia , Wikipedia .
Mid·lo·thi·an
(mĭd-lō′thē-ən)
A region of southeast Scotland on the Firth of Forth surrounding Edinburgh. "The Heart of Midlothian" was a popular name for the former Tolbooth Prison in Edinburgh and was used by Sir Walter Scott as the title of his 1818 novel.
Midlothian
(mɪdˈləʊðɪən)
n
(Placename) a council area of SE central Scotland: the historical county of Midlothian (including Edinburgh) became part of Lothian region in 1975; separate unitary authorities were created for Midlothian and City of Edinburgh in 1996; mainly agricultural. Administrative centre: Dalkeith. Pop: 79 710 (2003 est). Area: 356 sq km (137 sq miles)
Mid•lo•thi•an
n.
a historic county in SE Scotland.
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What was the name of the Royal Navy aircraft carrier that was sunk by an Italian torpedo in 1941? | Royal Navy in the Mediterranean 1940-1941
(a) Plus 10 British destroyers at Gibraltar.
(b) included 2 new battleships completing.
(c) Plus over 60 large torpedo boats.
Italy Declared War - Italy declared war on Britain and France on the 10th. Two weeks later France was out of the war. Still on the 10th, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and South Africa declared war on Italy.
France - Later in the month Italian forces invaded southern France but with little success. A Franco-Italian Armistice was signed on the 24th, and included provision for the demilitarisation of French naval bases in the Mediterranean.
Malta - Italian aircraft carried out the first of the many raids on Malta on the 11th. Next day, the RAF made its first attacks on Italian mainland targets.
12th -The Mediterranean Fleet with “Warspite”, “Malaya”, “Eagle”, cruisers and destroyers sailed from Alexandria for a sweep against Italian shipping in the Eastern Mediterranean. South of Crete, light cruiser “CALYPSO” was torpedoed and sunk by Italian submarine “Bagnolini”.
13th - Mediterranean Fleet submarines operated out of Alexandria on patrol off Italian bases and soon lost three of their number (1-3). At the time mines were usually blamed, but it turned out Italian anti-submarine forces were far more effective than expected. The first loss was “ODIN” (1) off the Italian coast in the Gulf of Taranto, sunk by the guns and torpedoes of destroyer “Strale”.
16th - The second British submarine “GRAMPUS” (2), minelaying off Augusta, Sicily was caught and sunk by large torpedo boats “Circe” and “Clio”.
17th - Six Italian submarines [1-6] were sunk in the Mediterranean, half by the Royal Navy. However the first to go, “PROVANA” [1] was rammed and sunk off Oran, Algeria by French sloop “La Curieuse” after attacking a French convoy, and just a week before France was forced out of the war.
19th - Towards the other end of the North African coast, the third British loss “ORPHEUS” (3) was sent to the bottom by Italian destroyer “Turbine” north of the Cyrenaica port of Tobruk, soon to become a household name .
20th - The second Italian boat lost in the Mediterranean was “DIAMANTE” [2] torpedoed by submarine “Parthian” off Tobruk.
27th - The second Italian submarine lost was the “LIUZZI” [3] sunk by Med Fleet destroyers “Dainty”, “Ilex”, “Decoy” and the Australian “Voyager” south of Crete.
28th - As the Mediterranean Fleet 7th Cruiser Squadron covered convoy movements in the Eastern Mediterranean, three Italian destroyers carrying supplies between Taranto in southern Italy and Tobruk were intercepted. In a running gun battle, “ESPERO” was sunk by Australian cruiser “Sydney” to the southwest of Cape Matapan at the southern tip of Greece.
28th - The first of two Italian submarines sunk by RAF Sunderlands of No. 230 Sqdn was “ARGONAUTA” [4] in the central Med as she was believed to be returning from patrol off Tobruk
29th - The same Med Fleet destroyers after sinking “Liuzzi” two days earlier, were now southwest of Crete. They repeated their success by sinking “UEBI SCEBELI” [5].
29th - A day after their first success, the Sunderlands of No. 230 Sqdn sank “RUBINO” [6] in the Ionian Sea as she returned from the Alexandria area
British Force H - By the end of the month, Force H had been assembled at Gibraltar from units of the Home Fleet. Vice-Adm Sir James Somerville flew his flag in battlecruiser “Hood” and commanded battleships “Resolution” and “Valiant”, carrier “Ark Royal” and a few cruisers and destroyers. He reported directly to the Admiralty and not to the Commander, North Atlantic. From Gibraltar, Force H could cover the Western Mediterranean and the Atlantic, as happened in the May 1941 hunt for the “Bismarck”. Units could also quickly transfer back to the Home Fleet and UK waters as shortly became necessary at the height of the German invasion scare. There could be no better example of the flexibility of British naval power at this time.
Warship Loss Summary - In a confusing month, the Royal Navy had lost one light cruiser, one destroyer, three submarines and one sloop; the Italian Navy one destroyer and ten submarines, including four in the Red Sea.
Merchant Shipping War - Losses in the Mediterranean throughout the war would generally be low as most Allied shipping to and from the Middle East was diverted around the Cape of Good Hope.
Monthly Loss Summary
6 British, Allied and neutral ships of 45,000 tons from all causes.
JULY 1940
French Navy in the Mediterranean - 3rd - Action at Oran (Operation 'Catapult') - Adm Somerville arrived with Force H off the French Algerian base of Mers-el-Kebir near Oran. French Adm Gensoul was offered a number of choices to ensure his fleet with its four capital ships stayed out of Axis hands. All were turned down and, at around 18.00, Force H opened fire on the anchored ships. "BRETAGNE" blew up and the "Dunkerque" and "Provence", together with other ships, were badly damaged. Battlecruiser "Strasbourg" and some destroyers managed to break out in spite of attacks by aircraft from "Ark Royal", and reached Toulon in the south of France. Three days later the damaged "Dunkerque" was torpedoed at her moorings by Ark Royal's Swordfish. The tragic and unhappy episode was over as far as Oran was concerned. 4th - A more peaceful solution to the French naval presence was found at Alexandria. Adm Cunningham was able to reach agreement with Adm Godfrey on the demilitarisation of battleship "Lorraine", four cruisers and a number of smaller ships. No action was taken against the French warships at Algiers and Toulon. For the Royal Navy an unhappy but in British eyes, necessary duty had been carried out against our former French allies. French anger and bitterness was understandably considerable. 5th - Obsolescent torpedo-carrying Swordfish from carrier "Eagle's" squadrons flew from land bases on successful attacks against Tobruk and area. On the 5th, aircraft of 813 Squadron sank Italian destroyer "ZEFFIRO" and a freighter at Tobruk. The success was repeated two weeks later.
9th - Action off Calabria or Battle of Punto Stila (map above) - On the 7th, Adm Cunningham sailed from Alexandria with battleships "Warspite", Malaya", Royal Sovereign", carrier "Eagle", cruisers and destroyers to cover convoys from Malta to Alexandria and to challenge the Italians to action. Next day - the 8th - two Italian battleships, 14 cruisers and 32 destroyers were reported in the Ionian Sea covering a convoy of their own to Benghazi in Libya. Italian aircraft now started five days of accurate high-level bombing (also against Force H out of Gibraltar) and cruiser "Gloucester" was hit and damaged. Mediterranean Fleet headed for a position to cut off the Italians from their base at Taranto. On the 9th, Eagles aircraft failed to find the Italians and first contact was made by a detached cruiser squadron which was soon under fire from the heavier Italian ships. "Warspite" came up and damaged "Giulio Cesare" with a 15in hit. As the Italian battleships turned away, the British cruisers and destroyers engaged, but with little effect. Mediterranean Fleet pursued to within 50 miles of the south west Italian coast off Calabria before withdrawing.
As Adm Cunningham covered the by now delayed convoys to Alexandria, "Eagle's" Swordfish attacked Augusta harbour, Sicily on the 10th. Destroyer "Pancaldo" was torpedoed, but later re-floated and re-commissioned. 11th - Force H, which had put to sea on receiving reports of the Italian fleet, was now returning to Gibraltar, when screening destroyer "ESCORT" was sunk by the Italian submarine "Marconi".
16th - Submarine "PHOENIX" attacked an escorted tanker off Augusta and was lost to depth charges from Italian torpedo boat "Albatros".
19th - Action off Cape Spada (see map below) - Australian cruiser "Sydney" and destroyers "Hasty", "Havock", "Hero", "Hyperion" and "llex" on a sweep into the Aegean Sea were sent to intercept two reported Italian cruisers. Off Cape Spada at the north west tip of Crete, "BARTOLOMEO COLLEONI" was stopped by Sydney's gunfire and finished off with torpedoes from the destroyers. "Bande Nere" managed to escape.
20th - Carrier "Eagle's" Swordfish continued their strikes against Italian targets around Tobruk. In the nearby Gulf of Bomba, 824 Squadron was responsible for sinking destroyers "NEMBO" and "OSTRO" and another freighter.
Monthly Loss Summary
2 British, Allied and neutral ships of 7,000 tons
STRATEGIC & MARITIME SITUATION - MEDITERRANEAN
With the fall of France, Italy continued to dominate the central Mediterranean. The situation in the western basin became difficult, as shipping between Gibraltar and Malta could no longer look to Algeria and Tunis for protection. At the eastern end, Lebanon and Syria went over to Vichy France and in time endangered Britain's position in the Middle East. At the present, Greece and Crete remained neutral, otherwise enemy aircraft would dominate the Mediterranean Fleet as soon as it left Egyptian waters. This happened when they were occupied by the Germans. The comparatively healthy naval position also changed for the worse. In all except capital ships – seven British to six Italian - the Royal Navy was distinctly inferior in numbers to the Italians, but had its two near-priceless fleet carriers – “Ark Royal” based on Gibraltar, and “Eagle”, later joined by “Illustrious” operating out of Alexandria. They dominated the Mediterranean over the next six months. Fortunately the situation was also helped by the French Fleet staying neutral and out of Axis hands - that is, until its sovereignty was under attack when the French Navy fought back fiercely. The arrival of Force H at Gibraltar went some way to offsetting the loss of French naval power in the Western Mediterranean.
AUGUST 1940
1st - Submarine "OSWALD" on patrol south of the Strait of Messina reported Italian Navy movements. She was detected, and later rammed and sunk by destroyer "Vivaldi".
Malta - The decision was taken to reinforce Malta and in Operation 'Hurry', carrier "Argus" flew off 12 Hurricanes from a position southwest of Sardinia. This was the first of many reinforcement and supply operations, often bitterly fought to keep Malta alive and in the fight against Axis supply routes to their armies in North Africa. Now, as in the future, cover from the west was provided by Force H. The opportunity was taken for "Ark Royal's" aircraft to hit Sardinian targets. In the middle of the month, Mediterranean Fleet battleships "Warspite", "Malaya" and "Ramillies" bombarded Italian positions around Bardia in Libya, just over the border from Egypt.
22nd - Land-based Swordfish from "Eagle's" 824 Squadron repeated their July success with another torpedo strike in the Gulf of Bomba near Tobruk. Just as she prepared for a human torpedo attack on Alexandria, submarine "IRIDE" and a depot ship were sunk.
23rd - Heavy mining in the Strait of Sicily by Italian surface ships led to the loss of destroyer "HOSTILE" on passage from Malta to Gibraltar. Extensive Italian fields in the 'Sicilian Narrows' sank and damaged many Royal Navy ships over the next three years.
Monthly Loss Summary
1 ship of 1,000 tons
SEPTEMBER 1940
Royal Navy in the Mediterranean - Reinforcements were sent to the Mediterranean Fleet in Alexandria right through until the end of the year. They were covered from Gibraltar by Adm Somerville's Force H, then met in the central basin by Adm Cunningham and escorted the rest of the way. The opportunity was usually taken to carry in supplies of men and material to Malta. Early in September new fleet carrier "Illustrious" with its armoured flight deck, battleship "Valiant" and two cruisers were transferred in this way in Operation 'Hats'. On passage with the new arrivals, aircraft from Force H's "Ark Royal" attacked Sardinian targets. After joining up with carrier "Eagle" and now in the eastern Mad, "Illustrious" sent aircraft against Rhodes. The Italian Fleet sortied during these operations, but failed to make contact. The arrival of "Illustrious" allowed Adm Cunningham to go ahead with his plans to attack the Italian battlefleet at Taranto.
Vichy France - Three French cruisers with accompanying destroyers sailed from Toulon and, on the 11th, passed through the Strait of Gibraltar bound for French West Africa. All but one of the cruisers arrived at Dakar just as Operation 'Menace' was about to get underway. Adm Sir Dudley North, Flag Officer, North Atlantic, at Gibraltar was somewhat unfairly held responsible for allowing their passage. He was relieved of his command and never officially cleared.
North Africa - From bases in Libya, Italy invaded Egypt on the 13th. Sollum just over the border was occupied and Sidi Barrani reached on the 16th. There the Italian advance stopped. Neither side made a move until December.
17th - Units of the Mediterranean Fleet including battleship "Valiant" sailed with "Illustrious" for a raid on Benghazi. Swordfish biplanes torpedoed destroyer "BOREA" and mines laid by them off the port sank "AQUILONE". On the return to Alexandria, heavy cruiser "Kent" was detached to bombard Bardia, but torpedoed and badly damaged by Italian aircraft.
22nd - British submarine "Osiris" on patrol in the southern Adriatic attacked a convoy and sank Italian torpedo boat "PALESTRO".
30th - As Italian submarine "GONDAR" approached Alexandria carrying human torpedoes for an attack on the base, she was found by a RAF Sunderland of No 230 Squadron and sunk by Australian destroyer "Stuart".
Monthly Loss Summary
2 ships of 6,000 tons
OCTOBER 1940
2nd - Mediterranean Fleet destroyers "Havock" and "Hasty" sank Italian submarine "BERILLO" off Sollum the border town between Libya and Egypt.
12th/14th - Attacks on Malta Convoy - From Alexandria a convoy safely reached Malta covered by the Mediterranean Fleet with four battleships and carriers "Illustrious" and "Eagle". As the Fleet returned on the 12th, attacks were made by Italian light forces southeast of Sicily. Cruiser "Ajax" sank Italian torpedo boats "AIRONE" and "ARIEL" and badly damaged destroyer "ARTIGLIERE" which was finished off by heavy cruiser "York". Later heading back east, the carriers launched air strikes against Leros island in the Dodecanese. On the 14th as the Med Fleet headed for Alexandria, cruiser "Liverpool" was badly damaged by a torpedo hit from Italian aircraft.
15th - On patrol off Calabria, south west Italy in the Ionian Sea, submarine "RAINBOW" was lost in a gun action with the Italian submarine "Enrico Toti". At about this time "TRIAD" was probably mined off the Gulf of Taranto.
18th - Air and sea patrols accounted for two Italian submarines to the east of Gibraltar. On the 18th "DURBO" went down to attacks by destroyers "Firedrake" and "Wrestler" working with RAF London flying boats of No 202 Squadron.
20th - Two days after "Durbo's" sinking, Gibraltar-based destroyers "Gallant", "Griffin" and "Hotspur" accounted for the "LAFOLE".
Balkans - On the 28th, the Italians invaded Greece from points in Albania, but were soon driven back. Fighting continued on Albanian soil until April 1941.
Monthly Loss Summary
1 ship of 3,000 tons
NOVEMBER 1940
11th - Fleet Air Arm Attack on Taranto, Operation 'Judgement' - Early in the month a complex series of reinforcement and supply moves (1-5, map above) mounted from both ends of the Mediterranean led to the classic air attack on the Italian battlefleet at Taranto (6). (1) From Alexandria, Adm Cunningham, with battleships "Malaya", "Ramillies", Valiant" and "Warspite", carrier "Illustrious", cruisers and destroyers, sailed to cover west-bound convoys to Crete and Malta. Aircraft carrier "Eagle" had to be left behind because of defects caused by earlier bombing. (2) From Gibraltar, Force H in a separate operation called "Coat" supported the east-bound passage of battleship "Barham", two cruisers and three destroyers to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet. (3) Troop reinforcements were also carried to Malta at this time from Gibraltar. (4) Still in the eastern half of the Med, Adm Cunningham's Fleet met its new members and covered the return of an empty ship convoy from Malta. (5) On the 11th a cruiser force was detached for a successful attack on Italian shipping in the Strait of Otranto at the entrance to the Adriatic Sea.
(6) "Illustrious" meanwhile, escorted by cruisers and destroyers, headed for a position in the Ionian Sea 170 miles to the southeast of Taranto. All six battleships of the Italian Navy were at anchor there. That night she launched two waves of Swordfish biplanes, some belonging to "Eagle". Under the command of Lt-Cdrs K. Williamson and J. W. Hale, the total of no more than 20 aircraft of Number 813, 815, 819 and 824 Squadrons hit "CONTE DI CAVOUR" and "CAIO DIULIO" with one torpedo each and the brand new "LITTORIA" with three. All three battleships sank at their moorings and "Cavour" was never recommissioned, all for the loss of just two Swordfish.
The Japanese Navy studied the attack carefully, as Pearl Harbor learnt to its cost just a year later.
27th - Action off Cape Spartivento, Southern Sardinia - A fast convoy under the codename Operation 'Collar' sailed eastward from Gibraltar with ships for Malta and Alexandria. Cover as usual was provided by Force H with battlecruiser "Renown", carrier "Ark Royal", cruisers "Despatch" and "Sheffield". Meanwhile, units of the Mediterranean Fleet including "Ramillies" and cruisers "Newcastle", "Berwick" and "Coventry" headed west for a position south of Sardinia to meet them. Other ships accompanied the two Mediterranean Fleet carriers in separate attacks on Italian targets - "Eagle" on Tripoli, Libya and "Illustrious" on Rhodes off the southwest Turkish coast. These moves took place on the 26th. Next day, on the 27th, south of Sardinia, aircraft of Force H's "Ark Royal" sighted an Italian force with two battleships and seven heavy cruisers. Force H, now joined by the Med Fleet's "Ramillies", sailed to meet them. In an hour-long exchange of gunfire "Renown" and the cruisers were in action, during which time "Berwick" was damaged and an Italian destroyer badly hit. The slower "Ramillies" had not come up by the time the Italians had turned back for home. Adm Somerville pursued, but as he approached Italian shores had to turn back himself. The convoys arrived safely. Adm Somerville was later subjected to a board of enquiry for not continuing the pursuit of the Italian force, but was soon exonerated.
Balkans - As the Greek Army pushed back the Italians into Albania, RAF squadrons were sent from Egypt to Greece and the Royal Navy carried over the first Australian, British and New Zealand troops by cruiser. Mediterranean Fleet established an advance base at Suda Bay on the north coast of Crete.
Monthly Loss Summary
There were no British or Allied shipping losses in November 1940.
DECEMBER 1940
Late November/early December - Submarines "REGULUS" and "TRITON" were lost in late November or early December, possibly mined in the Strait of Otranto area at the southern end of the Adriatic Sea. Alternatively "Regulus" may have been sunk by Italian aircraft on 26th November.
3rd - At anchor in the poorly defended Suda Bay, cruiser "Glasgow" was hit by two torpedoes from Italian aircraft and badly damaged.
North Africa - Gen Wavell launched the first British offensive on the 9th against the Italian forces in Egypt. Sidi Barrani was captured on the 10th and by the end of the month British and Dominion troops had entered Libya for the first time. The offensive continued until February by which time El Agheila, half way across Libya and well on the way to Tripoli, had been reached. Italian losses in men and material were considerable. Units of the Mediterranean Fleet including the small ship Inshore Squadron and the Australian Destroyer Flotilla played an important part in supporting and supplying the North African land campaign. On the 13th, cruiser "Coventry" was torpedoed by Italian submarine "Neghelli", but remained operational.
14th - Also operating in support of the land campaign, destroyers "Hereward" and "Hyperion" sank Italian submarine "NAIADE" off Bardia, Libya just over the Egyptian border
Mediterranean Operations - Another series of convoy and offensive operations were carried out by the Mediterranean Fleet with battleships "Warspite", "Valiant "and carrier "Illustrious". On the 17th carrier aircraft attacked Rhodes and on the night of the 18th/19th the two battleships bombarded Valona, Albania. At the same time, battleship "Malaya" passed through to the west for Gibraltar. On the way, escorting destroyer "HYPERION" hit a nine near Cape Bon, northeast tip of Tunisia on the 22nd and had to be scuttled. "Malaya" carried on to meet up with Force H. The German Luftwaffe's X Fliegerkorps - including Ju87 Stuka dive-bombers - was ordered to Sicily and southern Italy to bolster the Italian Air Force.
Mediterranean Theatre after Seven Months - A total of nine Royal Navy submarines had been lost since June in the Mediterranean, a poor exchange for the sinking of 10 Italian merchantmen of 45,000 tons. Most of the submarines were the large, older boats transferred from the Far East and unsuited to the waters of the Mediterranean. In the same time the Italians had lost 18 submarines from all causes throughout the Mediterranean and Red Sea areas. Mussolini's claimed domination of the Mediterranean had not been apparent. In spite of the loss of French naval power, Force H and the Mediterranean Fleet had more than held the Italian Navy in check. Malta had been supplied and reinforced, and the British offensive in North Africa was underway. Elsewhere, the Greeks were driving the Italians back into Albania and away to the south the Italian East African Empire was about to be wound up. However, it was now only a matter of months and even weeks before the Luftwaffe appeared in Sicily, Gen Rommel in North Africa and the German Army in Greece, followed by Paratroops in Crete
Monthly Loss Summary
There were no British or Allied shipping losses in December.
1941
JANUARY 1941
North Africa - As the British advance continued into Libya, Bardia was taken on the 5th. Australian troops captured Tobruk on the 22nd and Derna, further west by the end of the month. The Royal Navy's Inshore Squadron played an important part in the campaign - bombarding shore targets, carrying fuel, water and supplies, and evacuating wounded and prisoners of war.
Air War - Hurricane fighters, transported to Takoradi in West Africa, started to arrive in Egypt after flying across the continent. They too played their part in the North African offensive. RAF Wellingtons raided Naples and damaged Italian battleship "Giulio Cesare".
6th-11th - Malta Convoy "Excess" - Another complex series of convoy and ship movements (1-6) revolving around Malta led to carrier "Illustrious" being badly damaged and the Royal Navy losing its comparative freedom of operation in the Eastern Mediterranean. This followed the arrival in Sicily of the German Luftwaffe's X Fliegerkorps. (1) On the 6th, convoy 'Excess' left Gibraltar for Malta and Greece covered by Gibraltar-based Force H. (2) At the same time the Mediterranean Fleet from Alexandria prepared to cover supply ships to Malta and (3) bring out empty ones. (4) Mediterranean Fleet cruisers "Gloucester" and "Southampton" carried troop reinforcements to Malta and then (5) carried on west to meet 'Excess'. (6) Force H returned to Gibraltar. By the 10th, 'Excess' had reached the Strait of Sicily and was attacked by Italian torpedo boats. "VEGA" was sunk by escorting cruiser "Bonaventure" and destroyer "Hereward". As the Mediterranean Fleet including "Illustrious" met the convoy off the Italian-held island of Pantelleria, screening destroyers "GALLANT" hit a mine. Towed back to Malta, she was not re-commissioned and finally wrecked by bombing over a year later in April 1942. Still west of Malta, heavy attacks by German and Italian aircraft were launched. "Illustrious" was singled out and hit six times by Ju87 and Ju88 bombers. Only the armoured flight deck saved her from total destruction as she struggled into Malta with 200 casualties. There, under continual attack, she was repaired temporarily and left on the 23rd for Alexandria. Sister-ship "Formidable" was sent out to replace her via the Cape of Good Hope, but it was some weeks before she reached the Eastern Mediterranean. On the 11th, the empty return Malta/Alexandria convoy was proceeding eastwards, with cruisers "Gloucester" and "Southampton" sailing from Malta to join up when they were attacked by German aircraft to the east of Malta. "SOUTHAMPTON" was bombed and sunk, "Gloucester" damaged. All merchantmen reached their destinations safely, but at a cost of a cruiser and destroyer, and the loss of "Illustrious'" vital air power.
19th - Destroyer Greyhound, escorting a convoy to Greece, sank Italian submarine "NEGHELLI" in the Aegean Sea
Monthly Loss Summary
No British, Allied or neutral merchant ships were lost in the Mediterranean.
FEBRUARY 1941
North Africa - Benghazi and British armoured forces crossed the Libyan desert to a point south of cut off the retreating Italians. The resulting Battle of Beda Fomm starting on the 5th inflicted heavy losses. Australian troops captured the major port of Benghazi at the same time, and by the 9th El Agheila was reached. There the advance stopped. Large numbers of British and Dominion troops were now withdrawn for transfer to Greece, just as the first units of the Afrika Korps under Gen Rommel arrived in Tripoli.
9th - Force H Attack in the Gulf of Genoa - "Ark Royal," "Renown" and "Malaya" sailed right up into the Gulf of Genoa, northwest Italy. The big ships bombarded the city of Genoa while "Ark Royal's" aircraft bombed Leghorn and laid mines off Spezia, all on the 9th. An Italian battlefleet sortied but failed to make contact.
24th - Destroyer "DAINTY" escorting supplies to Tobruk with the Inshore Squadron, was sunk off the port by German Ju87 Stukas.
25th - On patrol off the east coast of Tunisia, submarine "Upright" torpedoed and sank Italian cruiser "ARMANDO DIAZ" covering a convoy from Naples to Tripoli.
Monthly Loss Summary
2 British or Allied merchant ships of 8,000 tons.
MARCH 1941
Greece - In the space of three weeks in March, 60,000 British and Dominion troops were carried from North Africa to Greece, escorted by the Royal Navy (Operation 'Lustre').
6th - Italian submarine "ANFITRITE" attacked a troop convoy east of Crete and was sunk by escorting destroyer "Greyhound".
26th - At anchor in Suda Bay, northern Crete, heavy cruiser "YORK" was badly damaged by Italian explosive motor boats and beached. She was later wrecked by bombing and abandoned when Crete was evacuated in May.
28th - Mines laid by submarine "Rorqual" west of Sicily on the 25th, sank two Italian supply ships the next day and torpedo boat "CHINOTTO" on the 28th.
28th - Battle of Cape Matapan (map above) - As ships of the Mediterranean Fleet covered troop movements to Greece, 'Ultra' intelligence was received reporting the sailing of an Italian battlefleet with one battleship, six heavy and two light cruisers plus destroyers to attack the convoy routes. On the 27th, Vice-Adm Pridham-Wippell with cruisers "Ajax", "Gloucester", "Orion" and the Australian "Perth" and destroyers sailed from Greek waters for a position south of Crete. Adm Cunningham with carrier "Formidable" and battleships "Warspite", "Barham" and "Valiant "left Alexandria on the same day to meet the cruisers. Around 08.30 on the 28th, south of Crete, Adm Pridham-Wippell was in action with an Italian cruiser squadron. Just before noon he found himself between them and the battleship "Vittorio Veneto" which had now come up. An attack by Swordfish from "Formidable" failed to hit the Italian battleship, but enabled the British cruisers to extricate themselves. Mediterranean Fleet heavy units arrived, but their only chance of action was to slow down the Italians before they could reach Italy.
A second Swordfish strike at around 15.00 hit and slowed down "Vittorio Veneto", but only for a short while. At 19.30 a third strike southwest of Cape Matapan stopped heavy cruiser "Pola". All this time, RAF aircraft were attacking but without success. Later that evening (still on the 28th), two more heavy cruisers - "Fiume" and "Zara with four destroyers were detached to help "Pola". Before reaching her, Adm Cunningham's ships detected them by radar and "FIUME", "ZARA" and destroyers "ALFIERI" and "CARDUCCI" were crippled by the close range gunfire of "Barham", "Valiant" and "Warspite". All four Italians were finished off by four destroyers led by the Australian "Stuart". Early next morning on the 29th, "POLA" was found, partly abandoned. After taking off the remaining crew, destroyers "Jervis" and "Nubian" sank her with torpedoes. The Royal Navy lost one aircraft.
31st - Continuing her successes, "Rorqual" torpedoed and sank submarine "CAPPONI" off northeast Sicily.
31st - Cruiser "BONAVENTURE" with a Mediterranean Fleet cruiser force escorting a convoy from Greece to Egypt, was torpedoed and sunk to the southeast of Crete by Italian submarine Ambra.
Yugoslavia - On the 25th Yugoslavia joined the Tripartite Pact, but two days later an anti-Nazi coup toppled the Government.
North Africa - In command of German and Italian troops, Gen Rommel started his first offensive with the capture of El Agheila on the 24th. Within three weeks the British and Dominion forces were back in Sollum on the Egyptian side of the border.
Malta - Late in the month a small Malta convoy sailed from the east covered by the Mediterranean Fleet. These were the first supplies to arrive since the January 'Excess' operation. In the intervening two months Malta had been heavily attacked by the Axis air forces hoping to neutralise the island as a base for air and sea attacks against the supply routes to Libya.
Monthly Loss Summary
| HMS Ark Royal |
The Hudson Strait separates mainland Canada from which island? | HMS Ark Royal Royal Navy WW2 Aircraft Carrier
HMS Ark Royal
HMS Ark Royal (91), the lead ship of her class of aircraft carrier, was the third ship of the Royal Navy to be named in honor of the flagship of the English fleet that defeated the Spanish Armada. She was designed in 1934 to meet the limits of the Washington Naval Treaty, and was built by Cammell Laird at Birkenhead, England. Construction was completed in November 1938.
In December 1939 she was sent to the South Atlantic to help in the search for the German cruiser Graf Spee. In the spring of 1940 she participated in the Norwegian campaign, and in July she joined the attack on the French Navy's base at Mers El K?bir, Algeria. The following September, Ark Royal took part in a second assault on the French Navy, this time at Dakar. While covering a Mediterranean convoy in late November, her planes attacked Italian battleships, though without making any hits. In return, she was bombed, and missed, by enemy aircraft.
During March 1941, Ark Royal pursued the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau during the last phase of their Atlantic sortie. On 26 May of that year, her torpedo planes hit Bismarck, making the enemy battleship virtually unmaneuverable and allowing other British warships to close and sink her.
Ark Royal was also very active in the Mediterranean Sea during 1941. She struck the port of Genoa in early February, during a British Naval raid deep into Italian-controlled waters. On several occasions, she ferried planes to the beleaguered base at Malta and covered Malta-bound convoys. While returning to Gibraltar from one such mission, Ark Royal was torpedoed on 13 November 1941 by the German submarine U-81. After a difficult struggle against progressive flooding, the carrier capsized and sank on 14 November 1941.? Her exact location remained unknown until mid-December 2002 when the BBC announced that a film crew had located the wreck in 3,500 feet of water some 30 miles off Gibraltar.
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The tune to Germany's national anthem derives from which composer's String Quartet in C major, composed in 1797? | String Quartet in C, Op. 76, No. 3, “Emperor” | LA Phil
String Quartet in C, Op. 76, No. 3, “Emperor”
Last Modified:
November 6, 2012
Haydn’s “Kaiser” quartet was a product of the years after his triumphant London visits of 1791-92 and 1794-95. In England he had been exposed to a newly emerging genre: the national anthem. Back in Vienna, Haydn mentioned to Baron von Swieten, Prefect of the Imperial Court Library and friend and patron to many composers, that while Napoleon’s France threatened the Austrian empire, it would be good to have something to rally patriotic hearts and spur military recruitment the way “God Save the King” did in England. Swieten helped arrange for a prominent poet to write “Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser” (God Save Emperor Franz), to which Haydn composed an instant and enduring classic in 1797. This “Kaiserlied” quickly acquired national status, although the Austrian government, as conservative in its procedures as in its politics, did not officially adopt it as the national anthem until 1847. Meanwhile, the song migrated out of Austria and acquired a set of words that began “Deutschland über Alles” in 1841, 30 years before Germany became a unified country. In 1922 the Weimar Republic adopted it and, despite its use by the Nazis, it remains the German national anthem. The tune has also been turned into Christian and Masonic hymns. Haydn always loved it. In his final years, when he was unable to compose (an unknown illness changed Haydn from a vigorous, creative 70-year-old to a feeble 71-year-old), he would play it on his piano and weep.
A few months after composing the anthem, Haydn made it the centerpiece of one of his boldest and brightest quartets. Its first movement mixes energetic high spirits, intricate counterpoint, and some harmonic adventures that foreshadow Schubert, who in 1797 was busy being born. Just before the recapitulation, the principal theme turns into a welcome-to-rural-Hungary folk dance (complete with droning bagpipes or hurdy-gurdies) in E major, then into a spooky little variation in E minor, which gives way, without the slightest regard for convention, to the original theme in the original C major.
The second movement is a set of variations on the Kaiserlied. Haydn leaves the melody unaltered (a mark of his regard for it), changing only the accompaniment as each instrument takes a turn with it. The third movement continues the first movement’s intriguing juxtaposition of major and minor, but is, rhythmically speaking, a fairly conventional minuet, which is a surprise coming from a composer who liked to stretch the minuet form beyond its dance origins.
The finale is a violent tempest in C minor that looks back to Haydn’s Sturm und Drang period of 30 years earlier, and forward to Beethoven’s early quartets of a few years later. When the key of C major finally reappears in the coda, it seems less an inevitable development than torrential rain finally ending and the sun coming out, even while the wind is still blowing.
-- Notes by Howard Posner
| Joseph Haydn |
Which Moroccan athlete was the first person to run the 5000m in under 13 minutes? | Classical Net - Basic Repertoire List - F.J. Haydn
Franz Joseph Haydn
(1732 - 1809)
Of humble origins, Franz Joseph Haydn (March 31, 1732 - May 31, 1809) was born in the village of Rohrau, near Vienna. When he was eight years old he was accepted into the choir school of Saint Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna, where he received his only formal education. Dismissed from the choir at the age of 17, he spent the next several years as a struggling free-lance musician. He studied on his own the standard textbooks on counterpoint and took occasional lessons from the noted Italian singing master and composer Nicola Porpora. In 1755 Haydn was engaged briefly by Baron Karl Josef von Furnberg, for whom he apparently composed his first string quartets. A more substantial position followed in 1759, when he was hired as music director by Count Ferdinand Maximilian von Morzin. Haydn's marriage in 1760 to Maria Anna Keller proved to be unhappy as well as childless.
The turning point in Haydn's fortunes came in 1761, when he was appointed assistant music director to Prince Pal Antál Esterházy; he became full director, or Kapellmeister, in 1762. Haydn served under the patronage of three successive princes of the Esterházy family. The second of these, Pal Antál's brother, Prince Miklós Jozsef Esterházy, was an ardent, cultivated music lover. At Esterháza, his vast summer estate, Prince Miklós could boast a musical establishment second to none, the management of which made immense demands on its director. In addition to the symphonies, operas, marionette operettas, masses, chamber pieces, and dance music that Haydn was expected to compose for the prince's entertainment, he was required to rehearse and conduct performances of his own and others' works, coach singers, maintain the instrument collection and music library, perform as organist, violist, and violinist when needed, and settle disputes among the musicians in his charge. Although he frequently regretted the burdens of his job and the isolation of Esterháza, Haydn's position was enviable by 18th-century standards. One remarkable aspect of his contract after 1779 was the freedom to sell his music to publishers and to accept commissions. As a result, much of Haydn's work in the 1780s reached beyond the guests at Esterháza to a far wider audience, and his fame spread accordingly.
After the death of Prince Miklós in 1790, his son, Prince Antál, greatly reduced the Esterházy musical establishment. Although Haydn retained his title of Kapellmeister, he was at last free to travel beyond the environs of Vienna. The enterprising British violinist and impresario Johann Peter Salomon lost no time in engaging the composer for his concert series in London. Haydn's two trips to England for these concerts, in 1791-92 and 1794-95, were the occasion of the huge success of his last symphonies. Known as the "Salomon" or "London" symphonies, they include several of his most popular works: "Surprise" (#94), "Military" (#100), "Clock" (#101), "Drum Roll" (#103), and "London" (#104).
In his late years in Vienna, Haydn turned to writing masses and composed his great oratorios, The Creation (1798) and The Seasons (1801). From this period also comes his Emperor's Hymn (1797), which later became the Austrian national anthem. He died in Vienna, on May 31, 1809, a famous and wealthy man.
Haydn was prolific in nearly all genres, vocal and instrumental, sacred and secular. Many of his works were unknown beyond the walls of Esterháza, most notably the 125 trios and other assorted pieces featuring the baryton, a hybrid string instrument played by Prince Miklós. Most of Haydn's 19 operas and marionette operettas were written to accommodate the talents of the Esterháza company as well as the tastes of his prince. Haydn freely admitted the superiority of the operas of his young friend Wolfgang Mozart . In other categories, however, his works circulated widely, and his influence was profound. The 107 symphonies and 68 string quartets that span his career are proof of his ever-fresh approach to thematic materials and form, as well as of his mastery of instrumentation. His 62 piano sonatas and 43 piano trios document a growth from the easy elegance suitable for the home music making of amateurs to the public virtuosity of his late works.
Haydn's productivity is matched by his inexhaustible originality. His manner of turning a simple tune or motive into unexpectedly complex developments was admired by his contemporaries as innovative. Dramatic surprise, often turned to humorous effect, is characteristic of his style, as is a fondness for folkloric melodies. A writer of Haydn's day described the special appeal of his music as "popular artistry", and indeed his balance of directness and bold experiment transformed instrumental expression in the 18th century.
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In which Italian city was George Eliot's novel 'Romola' set? | Posted In: Active Featured Stories , Archives Featured Posts
AUR Provost Andrew Thompson has published an edition of a working notebook by the great Victorian novelist George Eliot. Her previously unpublished “Quarry for Romola” is held in the Parrish Collection at Princeton University Library and is one of around twenty such notebooks to survive.
The September 2014 issue of George Eliot – George Henry Lewes Studies (Vol. 66, nos 1-2, Penn State UP) is given over to the edition of Eliot’s “Quarry”, which consists of over one hundred closely written pages filled with notes made while researching her novel Romola (1863) set in the fifteenth-century Florence of Girolamo Savonarola, and in which he appears as an important character. It shows Eliot’s reading of a wide range of historical sources and her meticulous research into Florentine customs, language, topography, costume, the revival of classical learning, and some of the great figures of Renaissance Florence, including Lorenzo de’ Medici and Machiavelli. The entries are copied out in English, Italian, French and Latin from books in George Eliot’s own library or her readings in the British Museum, and this notebook probably accompanied her to Florence, where she went for a month in 1861 to read in the Magliabechian Library and learn more about the city.
Andrew Thompson said: “George Eliot’s intention was to recreate the milieu in which her characters moved as accurately as possible, and while working on the notes for this edition it was fascinating to trace the many ways Eliot makes use of material from her “Quarry”, often using carefully researched details very imaginatively to bring to life a scene or portray the sights and sounds of late fifteenth-century Florence.”
In addition to her novels, almost all of Eliot’s essays, letters, diaries and journals have now been published and made widely available to scholars, leaving only a few of her working notebooks unpublished. This is the second edition of a previously unpublished George Eliot notebook Andrew has worked on. His edition of Eliot’s “Romola Notebook” in the Bodleian Library in Oxford was published in George Eliot – George Henry Lewes Studies in 2006 (Nos 50-51. pp.1-109, Northern Illinois).
Auriana Auditorium, The American University of Rome, Via Pietro Roselli 4, 00153 Rome, Italy
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Auriana Auditorium, The American University of Rome, Via Pietro Roselli 4, 00153 Rome, Italy
19:00 hr
Auriana Auditorium, The American University of Rome, Via Pietro Roselli 4, 00153 Rome, Italy
19:00 hr
| Florence |
Which body of water separates Borneo from the Malay Peninsula? | Romola : George Eliot : 9780192829641
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Description
Set in late 15th-century Italy, in the Renaissance Florence of Machiavelli and the Medicis, Romola (1862-3) is the most exotic and adventurous of George Eliot's novels. It reconstructs a turning-point in the intellectual history of Europe by charting the career and martyrdom of the charismatic religious leader Savonarola, who rebelled against the humanist spirit of the age and burned books on a "bonfire of vanities". Interwoven with these momentous public events is the personal story of Romola de' Bardi, the most inspirational of George Eliot's heroines, and Tito Melema, the most unscrupulous of her villains. Of all her novels "Romola" was Eliot's favourite, "I felt some wonder that anyone should think I had written anything better". She was later to remark, "I could swear by every sentance as having been written with my best blood." The text is taken from the authoritative Clarendon edition. The notes provide bibliographical information on the numerous historical figures in the novel, identify quotations and literary, biblical and mythological allusions, explains historical and topographical references, and gives translations of all Italian words and phrases. show more
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In the human body, what is affected by the disease Phlebitis? | Thrombophlebitis | definition of thrombophlebitis by Medical dictionary
Thrombophlebitis | definition of thrombophlebitis by Medical dictionary
http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thrombophlebitis
Related to thrombophlebitis: superficial thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis
Definition
Thrombophlebitis is the inflammation of a vein with blood clot formation inside the vein at the site of the inflammation. Thrombophlebitis also is known as phlebitis, phlebothrombosis, and venous thrombosis.
Description
There are two parts to thrombophlebitis, inflammation of a vein and blood clot formation. If the inflammation is minor, the disease usually is called venous thrombosis or phlebothrombosis. Thrombophlebitis can occur in both deep veins and superficial veins, but most often occurs in the superficial veins of the extremities (legs and arms). Most cases occur in the legs. When thrombophlebitis occurs in a superficial vein, one that is near the surface of the skin and is visible to the eye, the disease is called superficial thrombophlebitis. Any form of injury to a blood vessel can result in thrombophlebitis. In the case of superficial thrombophlebitis, the blood clot usually attaches firmly to the wall of the affected blood vein. Since superficial blood veins do not have muscles that massage the veins, blood clots in superficial veins tend to remain where they form and seldom break loose. When thrombophlebitis occurs in a deep vein, a vein that runs deep within muscle tissue, it is called deep venous thrombosis. Deep venous thrombosis presents the threat of producing blood clots that will break loose to form emboli. These can lodge in other tissues where they can block the blood supply, typically in the lungs. This results in tissue damage and can sometimes be serious or fatal, for example; pulmonary embolism .
Causes and symptoms
The main symptoms are tenderness and pain in the area of the affected vein. Redness and/or swelling also may be seen. In the case of deep venous thrombosis, there is more swelling than is caused by superficial thrombophlebitis, and the patient may experience muscle stiffness in the affected area. There are many causes of thrombophlebitis.
The main causes can be grouped into three categories; injury to blood veins, increased blood clotting, and blood stasis. When blood veins are damaged, collagen in the blood vein wall is exposed. Platelets respond to collagen by initiating the clotting process. Damage to a vein can occur as a consequence of indwelling catheters, trauma, infection, Buerger's disease, or the injection of irritating substances. Increased tendency of the blood to clot can be caused by malignant tumors, genetic disorders, and oral contraceptives , though newer generation birth control pills carry a lower risk for many women. Stasis, in which the blood clots due to decreased blood flow in an area, can happen following surgery, as a consequence of varicose veins , as a complication of postpartum states, and following prolonged bed rest. In the case of prolonged bed rest, blood clots form because of inactivity, which allows blood to move sluggishly and stagnate (collect) in blood veins. This can lead to blood clots. These clots (also called emboli) sometimes are released when the patient stands up and resumes activity. This can present a problem if the emboli lodge in vital organs. In the case of postpartum patients, a fever developing four to 10 days after delivery may indicate thrombophlebitis. A 2004 study revealed that postmenopausal women taking hormone therapy combining estrogen and progestin had more than a twofold higher risk of venous thrombosis than non-hormone users.
Diagnosis
In superficial thrombophlebitis, the location of the clot sometimes can be seen by the unaided eye. Blood clots are hard and can usually be detected by a physician using palpation (touching or massage). Deep venous thrombosis requires specialized diagnostic procedures to detect the blood clot. Among the exams a physician may use are ultrasound and x ray, coupled with dye injection (venogram).
Treatment
Superficial thrombophlebitis usually resolves without treatment. If treatment of superficial thrombophlebitis is given, it usually is limited to the application of heat or anti-inflammatory drugs, like aspirin or ibuprofen, which also help to relieve the pain. It can take from several days to several weeks for the clot to resolve and the symptoms to completely disappear. A 2003 study showed that low intensity therapy with warfarin, a common blood thinner, prevented recurrent venous thromboembolism in study subjects. A newer anticoagulant called ximelagatran also has been shown as equally or more effective than warfarin in preventing deep vein thrombosis .
Deep venous thrombosis is a serious condition, treated with anticoagulant drugs and by keeping the affected limb elevated. The primary objective in treating deep venous thrombosis is prevention of a pulmonary embolism . The patient usually is hospitalized during initial treatment. The prescribed anticoagulant drugs limit the ability of blood clots to grow and new clots to form. Sometimes, a drug that dissolves blood clots is administered. These drugs must be used with caution because, as the clot dissolves, it may release from the site where it formed and become an embolus. Surgery may be used if the affected vein is likely to present a long-term threat of producing blood clots that will release emboli. When superficial thrombophlebitis occurs in the groin, where the superficial veins join the deep veins, the threat of emboli is present. In this case, blood clots formed in the superficial veins can extend into the much larger deep vein where they break off and are released into the blood stream. The affected veins are either removed or tied off to prevent the release of the blood clots. Tying off superficial blood veins is an outpatient procedure that can be performed with local anesthesia. The patient is capable of immediately resuming normal activities.
Prognosis
Superficial thrombophlebitis seldom progresses to a serious medical complication, although non-lethal embolisms may be produced. Deep venous thrombosis may lead to embolism, especially pulmonary embolism. This is a serious consequence of deep venous thrombosis, and sometimes is fatal.
Resources
Periodicals
Brunk, Doug. "Thrombosis Risk Doubled in Women on Combo HT: Data from WHI Study: Risk Increases With Age, Body Mass Index." Internal Medicine News January 15, 2004: 1-3.
Elliott, William T. "Warfarin Effectively Prevents Venous Thromboembolism." Clinical Cardiology Alert April 2003: 1-2.
"Registrat: The Combined Pill, Part One." GP September 8, 2003: 46.
"WPrevention of VTE With Ximelagatran." Neurology Alert February 2004: SS3-SS5.
Key terms
Emboli, embolus — Emboli is the plural form of embolus. Embolus is any mass of air, blood clot, or foreign body that travels through the blood stream and is capable of lodging in smaller blood vessels where they obstruct the blood flow to that vessel.
Embolism — The obstruction of a blood vessel by a blot clot.
Phlebitis — Inflammation of a vein.
Thrombus — A blood clot that forms within a blood vessel or the heart.
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein (phlebitis) associated with formation of a thrombus (thrombosis).
thrombophlebitis mi´grans a recurrent condition involving different vessels simultaneously or at intervals.
postpartum iliofemoral thrombophlebitis thrombophlebitis of the iliofemoral vein following childbirth.
throm·bo·phle·bi·tis
(throm'bō-flĕ-bī'tis),
Venous inflammation with thrombus formation.
[thrombo- + G. phleps, vein, + -itis, inflammation]
thrombophlebitis
/throm·bo·phle·bi·tis/ (-flĕ-bi´tis) inflammation of a vein (phlebitis) associated with thrombus formation (thrombosis).
thrombophlebitis mi´grans a recurring thrombophlebitis involving different vessels simultaneously or at intervals.
postpartum iliofemoral thrombophlebitis thrombophlebitis of the iliofemoral vein following childbirth.
thrombophlebitis
[-fləbī′tis]
Etymology: Gk, thrombos + phleps, vein, itis, inflammation
inflammation of a vein accompanied by the formation of a clot. It occurs most commonly as the result of trauma to the vessel wall; hypercoagulability of the blood; infection; chemical irritation; postoperative venous stasis; prolonged sitting, standing, or immobilization; or a long period of IV catheterization. Also called phlebitis .
observations Thrombophlebitis of a superficial vein is generally evident; the vessel feels hard and thready or cordlike and is extremely sensitive to pressure; the surrounding area may be erythematous and warm to the touch, and the entire limb may be pale, cold, and swollen. Deep vein thrombophlebitis is characterized by aching or cramping pain, especially in the calf, when the patient walks or dorsiflexes the foot (Homans' sign).
thrombophlebitis
Phlebitis, phlebothrombosis Hematology A term that arose when DVT was thought to occur either without inflammation–phlebothrombosis, or with inflammation–thrombophlebitis, a concept that has long since been abandoned; the term continues to be used for inflamed or infected thrombi, which give rise to septic infarcts. See Deep vein thrombosis .
throm·bo·phle·bi·tis
(throm'bō-flĕ-bī'tis)
Venous inflammation with thrombus formation.
[thrombo- + G. phleps, vein, + -itis, inflammation]
thrombophlebitis
Inflammation of a vein (phlebitis) with resulting local clotting of the blood. In a vein near the surface, this causes redness, swelling, acute TENDERNESS and often fever and general upset. Deep vein thrombophlebitis produces similar symptoms but may also lead to the formation of a long, loose, soft, eel-like clot that can break away and cause serious or fatal plugging of the main lung arteries ( PULMONARY EMBOLISM ).
thrombophlebitis
superficial inflammation of vein wall with thrombus formation, e.g. in saphenous vein in association with varicosity formation; presents as painful, cord-like swelling of affected vein with local redness and swelling; treated by rest and analgesics; anticoagulation/thrombolysis is not usually indicated
throm·bo·phle·bi·tis
(throm'bō-flĕ-bī'tis)
| Vein |
Which British engineer designed the Forth Bridge and the original Aswan Dam? | Heart Disease
Heart Disease
Enfermedad cardíaca
You know how important your heart is, so it's no wonder people worry when they hear someone has heart problems.
Heart disease, also called cardiovascular (say: kar-dee-oh-VAS-kyoo-lur) disease, mainly affects older people and means that there are problems with the heart and blood vessels.
You might know someone who has cardiovascular disease because more than 60 million Americans have some form of it. This disease includes a variety of problems, including high blood pressure , hardening of the arteries, chest pain, heart attacks, and strokes .
What Is Heart Disease?
The heart is the center of the cardiovascular system. Through the body's blood vessels, the heart pumps blood to all of the body's cells. The blood carries oxygen, which the cells need. Cardiovascular disease is a group of problems that occur when the heart and blood vessels aren't working the way they should.
Here are some of the problems that go along with cardiovascular disease:
Arteriosclerosis (say: ar-teer-ee-oh-skluh-ROW-sus): also called hardening of the arteries, arteriosclerosis means the arteries become thickened and are no longer as flexible.
Atherosclerosis (say: ah-thuh-row-skluh-ROW-sus): a buildup of cholesterol and fat that makes the arteries narrower so less blood can flow through. Those buildups are called plaque.
Angina (say: an-JY-nuh): people with angina feel a pain in the chest that means the heart isn't getting enough blood.
Heart attack: when a blood clot or other blockage cuts blood flow to a part of the heart.
Stroke: when part of the brain doesn't get enough blood due to a clot or a burst blood vessel.
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How Do You Get Heart Disease?
Heart disease isn't contagious — you can't catch it like you can the flu or a cold. Instead, certain things increase a person's chances of getting cardiovascular disease. Doctors call these things risk factors.
Some of these risk factors a person can't do anything about, like being older and having other people in the family who have had the same problems. But people do have control over some risk factors — smoking , having high blood pressure, being overweight, and not exercising can increase the risk of getting cardiovascular disease.
What Are the Signs of Heart Disease?
Many people do not realize they have cardiovascular disease until they have chest pain, a heart attack, or stroke. These kinds of problems often need immediate attention and the person may need to go to the emergency department of a hospital.
If it's not an emergency and a doctor suspects the person could have cardiovascular disease, the doctor can do some tests to find out more about how the heart and blood vessels are working. These tests include:
Electrocardiogram (say: eh-lek-tro-KAR-dee-uh-gram). This test records the heart's electrical activity. A doctor puts the patient on a monitor and watches the machine to see the heart beat and determine if it's normal.
Echocardiogram (say: eh-ko-KAR-dee-uh-gram). This test uses sound waves to diagnose heart problems. These waves are bounced off the parts of the heart, creating a picture of the heart that is displayed on a monitor.
Stress test. For this test, the person exercises while the doctor checks the electrocardiogram machine to see how the heart muscle reacts.
Catheterization (say: kah-thuh-tuh-ruh-ZAY-shun). In this test a long, thin tube is inserted into the patient's body to inject a special dye, which can show narrowed areas in arteries due to plaque buildup and find other problems.
Carotid (say: kuh-RAH-tid) artery scan. This test uses sound waves to check for blockages in the carotid artery, a large blood vessel in the neck that supplies blood to the brain.
previous continue
Surgeries
If a patient has cardiovascular disease, the doctor will talk about how stopping smoking, losing weight, eating a healthy diet, and getting exercise can help. The person also may need to take medicine, have surgery, or both.
There are different surgeries for the heart and blood vessels. These include:
Angioplasty (say: AN-jee-uh-plas-tee). This opens a blocked vessel by using a balloon-like device at an artery's narrowest point. The doctor may also insert a stent, which is a tiny, stainless steel tube that props the vessel open and makes sure it stays clear.
Atherectomy (say: ath-uh-REK-tuh-mee). This involves cutting the plaque out of an artery, so blood can flow freely.
Bypass surgery. This involves taking part of an artery or vein from another part of the body (like the arm or leg) and using it to channel blood around a blocked area in an artery.
Pacemakers. A pacemaker is a small electronic device that's put inside the body to regulate the heartbeat.
Valve replacement. If a heart valve is damaged or isn't working, a surgeon can replace it.
Carotid endarterectomy (say: en-dar-tuh-REK-tuh-me). During this procedure, a surgeon removes plaque deposits from the carotid artery to prevent a stroke.
If someone you know is getting one of these operations, you might feel worried. The good news is that these surgeries can help prevent heart attacks, strokes, and other problems. The amount of time the person will need to spend in the hospital will vary, depending on the operation and the person's health. The person may be tired and worn out after the surgery, but you can help by making a "Get Well" card and paying a visit.
Can Kids Get Heart Disease?
Kids usually don't have any symptoms of heart and blood vessel problems. But by starting heart-healthy habits right now, kids can reduce the chance they will ever need to worry about cardiovascular disease.
So what should you do? Don't smoke, for one. And be sure to eat healthy , exercise , and maintain a healthy weight . Your heart and blood vessels will thank you later!
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The name of which popular Italian dish is derived from the Latin for 'cooking pot'? | What is the History of Chamber Pot?
What is the History of Chamber Pot?
historyofyork.org.uk
Main Image:
A chamber pot is a portable container used as a toilet in the bedroom. The chamber pot was generally made of metal or ceramic and placed in a piece of furniture such as a bench or stool with a lid for covering the chamber pot. The chamber maids were entrusted with the work of emptying and cleaning the chamber pots. Today the sick and disabled persons no longer use the chamber pots as they have largely being replaced by the commodes.
Content
What are the alternative names of the Chamber Pot?
The word jerry is used informally in British English to refer to a chamber pot. The chamber pot is also known as a po, a Jordan or a gazunder, a potty or a piss pot. The Greek equivalent of the chamber pot is “lasana” or “lasanon”, perhaps the name of the popular Italian dish, Lasagne may have originated. The word chamber pot may have been derived from the French “pot de chambre”. The chamber pot is in the shape of a bowl and has a lid and handle. It is usually kept under the bed or a bedside cabinet.
What is the History of the Chamber Pot?
A specially designed chamber pot called the Bourdaloue was specifically meant for females. The shape of the container was oblong, oval or rectangular with the front part slightly raised and higher. The shape made it convenient to be used by the women while squatting or standing, hidden under the large skirts of the ladies who used them. The name “Bourdaloue” is attributed to the name of the French priest, Louis Bourdaloue (1632-1704). The catholic priest was known to deliver long sermons which made the Ladies bring in their maids carrying such chamber pots under their dresses so that they could use them discreetly without leaving the place. But in the 19th century, with the advent of the water closets, the use of chamber pots reduced drastically.
How is the Chamber Pot used for Children?
In the western countries chamber pots are used in the form of “potty” to train children. The “potties” are usually made of plastic and designed for the safe use of children with a backrest and non-slip bottom. They general come with a handle for easy grip while emptying and cleaning it. The potties are usually available in bright colors and attractive designs. The potties are useful during toilet training and help the children to gradually start using the normal commodes. The size of the potty is quite handy and makes it convenient to pack and carry it out during trips with children.
Is the Chamber Pot still used in Modern Times?
Nowadays commodes have replaced the chamber pots and are equally helpful for the sick and disabled persons. However, chamber pots are used in countries such as rural Korea and China, which lack indoor plumbing facilities and to escape the cold winds during winter. The chamber pot is used in the form of a bedpan in hospitals and homes for very ill patients. The most popular form of the chamber pot is the potties used for children during toilet training.
External References
| Lasagne |
On which Greek island was the novel 'Captain Corelli's Mandolin' set? | lasagna - Wiktionary
lasagna
Etymology[ edit ]
From Italian lasagna , lasagne , from Latin lasanum (“cooking pot”), from Ancient Greek λάσανον (lásanon, “trivet or stand for a pot”), pl. λάσανα (lásana). Others argue the Italian lasagna originally derived from the Arabic (Semitic) lawzinaj ("almond cake").
lasagna (plural lasagnas or lasagne )
A flat sheet of pasta .
Usage notes[ edit ]
In Italian, lasagna refers to one sheet of pasta and its plural form, lasagne, refers to the dish with several layers. This distinction is rarely observed in English.
When the dish is referred to as lasagne (rather than lasagna), lasagnes is sometimes found as the plural form, referring to multiple dishes or varieties.
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Which fruit is affected by the benevolent fungus known as 'Noble Rot'? | Noble Rot - Dogfish Head Alehouse
Dogfish Head Alehouse
Noble Rot
Hmmm. We wonder if anyone will buy a beer with the word “rot” in the name?
This saison-esque science project gets complexity and fermentable sugars from two unique wine grapes sourced with our friends at Alexandria Nicole Cellars in Prosser, Wash.
The first addition is unfermented juice, known as must, from viognier grapes that have been infected with a benevolent fungus called botrytis. This noble rot reduces the water content in the grapes while magnifying their sweetness and complexity. The second is pinot gris must intensified by a process called dropping fruit, where large clusters of grapes are clipped to amplify the quality of those left behind.
“This is the absolute closest to equal meshing of the wine world and the beer world thats ever been done commercially,” says Dogfish’s Sam Calagione.
Noble Rot is brewed with pils and wheat malts and fermented with a distinct Belgian yeast strain. It has a spicy white wine body and a dry, tart finish.
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| GRAPE |
Who is the patron saint of Switzerland? | Dogfish Head Noble Rot
Dogfish Head Noble Rot
This saison-esque science project gets complexity and fermentable sugars from two unique wine grapes sourced with our friends at Alexandria Nicole Cellars in Prosser, Wash.
The first addition is unfermented juice, known as must, from viognier grapes that have been infected with a benevolent fungus called botrytis. This noble rot reduces the water content in the grapes while magnifying their sweetness and complexity. The second is pinot gris must intensified by a process called dropping fruit, where large clusters of grapes are clipped to amplify the quality of those left behind.
"This is the absolute closest to equal meshing of the wine world and the beer world thats ever been done commercially," says Dogfish's Sam Calagione.
Noble Rot is brewed with pils and wheat malts and fermented with a distinct Belgian yeast strain. It has a spicy white wine body and a dry, tart finish.
9%abv, 18 IBUs, serve at 45-50°F
$12.99 each 750mL
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The Holy Roman Empress Matilda was the daughter of which English king? | BBC - History - Historic Figures: Matilda (1102 - 1167)
Historic Figures
z
Artist's impression of Matilda © Matilda was heir to the English king, Henry I, but was usurped by Stephen resulting in civil war.
Matilda was born in 1102, the daughter of Henry I, King of England. In 1114, she married the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. The death of Matilda's brother in 1120 made her Henry I's sole legitimate heir. When her husband died in 1125, Henry recalled her to England and, in 1127, he insisted that the nobles accept her as his successor. In 1128, she married Geoffrey of Anjou with whom she had three sons. A woman ruler was unprecedented and her marriage to Geoffrey was unpopular. When Henry I died in 1135 Matilda's cousin Stephen of Blois immediately had himself crowned king.
Though the church and most nobles supported Stephen, Matilda's claims were upheld by her half-brother Robert of Gloucester and her uncle, David I of Scotland. Matilda and Robert landed at Arundel in September 1139 and England descended into civil war. The war was used as a cover for the settling of local feuds, leaving much of the country in anarchy.
Stephen was captured at Lincoln in February 1141 and Matilda now controlled the country. However, her perceived arrogance alienated many of her supporters and she was never crowned. Stephen was released in exchange for Robert of Gloucester. Civil war continued but in 1147, Matilda's greatest supporter, Robert of Gloucester, died. Disheartened, she retired to France the following year. She never returned. The struggle was taken up by Matilda's son, Henry, but he did not have the resources to defeat Stephen, and returned to Normandy himself.
In 1153, Stephen's son, Eustace died and in the Treaty of Wallingford, Stephen agreed that Henry should succeed him. He became Henry II in 1154. Matilda spent the remainder of her life in Normandy, dying at Rouen in September 1167.
| Henry I |
Which tree usually provides the wood used to make Highland Games cabers? | Empress Matilda
Empress Matilda
The Empress Matilda, from a chronicle of England
in the abbey of Saint Albans 14th c. illumination
Empress Matilda (February 1102 September 10, 1167; sometimes Maud or Maude), also called Matilda, Countess of Anjou or Matilda, Lady of the English, was the daughter and dispossessed heir of King Henry I of England. She was married to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, and then to Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou, by whom she became the mother of Henry II of England.
Matilda was the first female ruler of the Kingdom of England. Her failure to secure that rule meant that her undisputed period of reign in 1141 was extremely brief.
As many of her contemporaries or near contemporaries were also called Matilda in Latin texts, she is sometimes called Maude to distinguish her. This is merely a modernised spelling of the NormanFrench form of her name, Mahaut.
Holy Roman Empress
Matilda was born in February (possibly the 7th or 11th) 1102 to Henry I of England and his wife EdithMatilda of Scotland. Her maternal grandparents were Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland. Margaret was a daughter of Edward the Exile and granddaughter of Edmund II of England.
Her birth is generally said to have taken place at Winchester, though recent research by the late John Fletcher (1990) suggests it may have occurred at the royal palace at Sutton Courtenay in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire).
When she was seven years old, Matilda was betrothed to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, and was sent to the Holy Roman Empire in 1111 to begin her training as his consort. Matilda and Henry were married at Worms on January 7, 1114 in a splendid ceremony. In March 1116 Matilda and Henry visited Rome and Tuscany, and she acted as Regent in his absence.
The Imperial couple allegedly had no surviving offspring; Hermann of Tournai states that Maud bore a child that lived only a short while. When Henry died in 1125, he left Matilda a "childless" widow of twentythree. Her brother William Adelin had perished several years before in the wreck of the White Ship, leaving Matilda the only legitimate heir to the English throne.
Despite being known most popularly by the title of 'Empress' in after years due to her first marriage, Matilda's right to the title was dubious. She was never crowned Holy Roman Empress by a legitimate Pope (generally recognised as required to claim the title), only as Queen Consort of Germany by her husband's Bishops and formally her correct title was 'Queen of the Romans'. However, 'Empress' was arguably an appropriate courtesy title for the wife of the Emperor (who had been crowned by the Pope), and indeed, in later years she encouraged chroniclers to believe that the Pope had crowned her.
Second marriage to Geoffrey of Anjou
Matilda returned to the Kingdom of England, where her father named her his heir with the agreement of the AngloNorman barons, who swore (in 1127) to accept her as ruler if Henry I had no son, and arranged another marriage for her. On June 17, 1128, she was married again, at Le Mans in Anjou, to Geoffrey of Anjou, who was eleven years her junior. He was nicknamed "Plantagenet" from the broom flower (planta genista) which he took as his emblem, hence the name of the line of English kings descended from him. He was at this time Count of Maine and heir to his father Fulk V of Anjou.
The marriage was not a happy one, and Matilda separated from him and returned to her father. She returned to Geoffrey in 1131, and they were reconciled. They produced three sons, the eldest of whom, Henry, was born on March 5, 1133. The birth of her second son, Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, in 1134 was difficult and Matilda nearly died in childbirth. Her third son was William, Count of Poitou. Her father King Henry came to visit and took "great delight" in his grandsons. King Henry and Geoffrey quarreled, and so when her father died on December 1, 1135 in Normandy, Matilda was with Geoffrey in Anjou.
Struggle for throne of England
On the death of her father in 1135, Matilda expected to succeed to the throne of England, but her cousin, Stephen of Blois, (grandson of William I) usurped the throne, breaking the oath he had previously made to defend her rights, with the support of most of the barons. The civil war which followed was bitter and prolonged, with neither side gaining the ascendancy for long, but it was not until 1139 that Matilda could command the military strength necessary to challenge Stephen within his own realm, including battles at Beverston Castle and other sites. Stephen's wife was another Matilda: Matilda, Countess of Boulogne, and the Empress's maternal cousin. During the war, Matilda's most loyal and capable supporter was her halfbrother, Robert of Gloucester.
Matilda's greatest triumph came in April 1141, when her forces defeated and captured King Stephen at the Battle of Lincoln (1141). He was made a prisoner and effectively deposed. Although she now controlled the kingdom, Matilda never styled herself queen but took the title "Lady of the English", possibly modeled on the AngloSaxon practice of naming female rulers "Lady of the …" such as King Alfred the Great's daughter Ethelfleda, Lady of the Mercians. Her advantage lasted only a few months. By November, Stephen was free, having been exchanged for the captured Robert of Gloucester, Matilda's halfbrother, and a year later, the tables were turned when Matilda was besieged at Oxford but escaped to Wallingford, supposedly by fleeing across the snowcovered land in a white cape. In 1141 she had escaped Devizes in a similarly clever manner, by disguising herself as a corpse and being carried out for burial. In 1148, Matilda was finally forced to return to France, following the death of Robert of Gloucester.
Later life
All hope was not lost. Matilda's son, Henry (later, Henry II of England), was showing signs of becoming a successful leader. Although the civil war had been decided in Stephen's favour, his reign was troubled. In 1153, the death of his son Eustace, combined with the arrival of a military expedition led by Henry, led him to acknowledge the latter as his heir by the Treaty of Wallingford.
Matilda retired to Rouen, in Normandy, during her last years, where she maintained her own court and presided over the government of the Duchy in the absence of Henry. She intervened in the quarrels between her eldest son Henry and her second son Geoffrey, but peace between the brothers was brief. Geoffrey rebelled against Henry twice before his sudden death in 1158. Relations between Henry and his youngest brother, William, were more cordial, and William was given vast estates in England. Archbishop Thomas Becket refused to allow William to marry the Countess of Surrey and the young man fled to Matilda's court at Rouen. William, who was his mother's favourite child, died there in January 1164, reportedly of disappointment and sorrow. She attempted to mediate in the quarrel between her son Henry and Thomas Becket, but was unsuccessful.
Despite her tenure as "Lady of the English", Matilda was never loved by the people of her native land, who found her too foreign and haughty. The citizens of London were particularly aggrieved by her financial demands. She spoke three languages: French, German, and Latin. Even though she gave up hope of being crowned Queen in 1141, her name always preceded that of her son Henry, even after he became king. Matilda died at Rouen, and was buried in the cathedral there; her epitaph reads: "Here lies the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry."
Historical fiction
The civil war between supporters of Stephen and the supporters of Matilda has proven popular as a subject in historical fiction. Novels dealing with it include:
Graham Shelby, The Villains of the Piece, (1972) (published in the US as The Oath and the Sword).
The Brother Cadfael series by Ellis Peters, and the TV series made from them starring Sir Derek Jacobi as that rare Benedictine.
Jean Plaidy, Passionate Enemies, the third book of her Norman Trilogy.
Sharon Penman, When Christ and His Saints Slept by tells the story of the civil war.
Haley Elizabeth Garwood, 'The Forgotten Queen' (1997, IBSN 0965972194).
Ken Follett, The Pillars of the Earth.
Ellen Jones, The Fatal Crown (highly inaccurately, in romance novelstyle).
Sources
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In the fashion label DKNY, for what does either the ‘D’ or the ‘K’ stand? | DKNY - Official Site and Online Store
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Which figure from Greek mythology was depicted on the title page of the first publication of the map maker Mercator? | DONNA KARAN INTERNATIONAL INC - Annual Report (10-K) PART I
DONNA KARAN INTERNATIONAL INC - 10-K - 20010402 - PART_I
Item 1. BUSINESS
Overview
Donna Karan International Inc. is one of the world's leading international fashion design houses. The Company designs, contracts for the manufacture of, markets, retails, and distributes collections of men's and women's clothing, sportswear, accessories, and shoes under the Donna Karan New York(R), DKNY(R), DKNY Jeans(TM) and DKNY Active(TM) brand names. The Company also selectively has granted licenses for the manufacture and distribution of certain other products under its brand names, including beauty and beauty-related products, jeanswear, activewear, hosiery, intimate apparel, eyewear, and children's apparel.
The Company's goal is to build and maintain a balanced company through the right combination of wholesale, licensing, and retail operations. The Company's major brands are:
o Donna Karan New York(R), which addresses the lifestyle needs of the luxury goods customer.
o DKNY(R), which addresses the spirit and energy of New York and includes a wide range of merchandise from evening to work to weekend.
o DKNY Jeans(TM), which addresses the jeans market, primarily targeted to a younger, more casual consumer.
The Company's principal trademarks, "Donna Karan," "Donna Karan New York," "DKNY," and variations thereof are licensed to the Company pursuant to a license agreement with Gabrielle Studio, Inc. ("Gabrielle Studio"). On January 17, 2001, Gabrielle Studio was acquired by a corporation owned by LVMH, Moet Hennessey Louis Vuitton Inc., a Delaware corporation ("LVMH") and a wholly-owned subsidiary of LVMH Moet Hennessey Louis Vuitton, S.A., a French corporation. Previously, Gabrielle Studio had been owned by Ms. Donna Karan, Chairman of the Board and Chief Designer of the Company, Mr. Stephan Weiss, Vice Chairman of the Company and Ms. Karan's husband, and certain of their affiliated trusts. See "Trademarks" below in this section for the terms on which the trademarks are licensed to the Company. Brand names italicized throughout this document reflect registered and unregistered trademarks used by and licensed to the Company.
The Company operates in three segments: wholesale, licensing, and retail. During fiscal 2000, approximately 65.6% of the Company's net revenues were derived from sales within the United States and approximately 34.4% were derived from sales outside the United States. See Note 16 in notes to financial statements included elsewhere herein for financial information relating to the Company's business and geographic segments.
As used in this report, references to the "Company" mean the predecessors to Donna Karan International Inc. as of the dates and periods prior to the consummation of the Company's initial public offering in July 1996 and, thereafter, collectively, Donna Karan International Inc. and its subsidiaries. The principal executive offices of the Company are located at 550 Seventh Avenue, New York, New York 10018. Its telephone number is (212) 789-1500.
Recent Developments
On December 18, 2000, the Company announced that it had received a proposal from LVMH to enter into merger negotiations (the "LVMH Merger Offer") to acquire all of the outstanding shares of common stock of the Company for a price of $8.50 per share in cash. On April 2, 2001, the Company and LVMH announced that they had entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of March 31, 2001 (the "Merger Agreement"), which sets forth the terms and conditions of the proposed acquisition of the Company by LVMH. Pursuant to the Merger Agreement, an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of LVMH will be merged with and into the Company (the "Merger") and the Company will survive the Merger as an indirect subsidiary of LVMH. The Merger Agreement provides that the stockholders of the Company will receive $10.75 in cash for each share of common stock of the Company. The Merger is subject to the approval of the stockholders of the Company and the satisfaction of other customary closing conditions, including the receipt of required regulatory approvals.
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Wholesale
The Company's wholesale segment consists of womenswear, menswear, and accessories products offered principally under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, and DKNY Jeans brands. The Company's total wholesale net revenues for fiscal 2000 were $490.7 million. Included in wholesale net revenues are sales of apparel and accessory products by the Company to department stores, specialty stores, boutiques and the Company's free-standing International Retail Stores (as defined below in "Licensing"). To increase wholesale sell-through at retail, the Company continues to improve in-store presentations through expansion and/or renovation of in-store shops ("shop-in-shop") and continues to rollout a merchandise coordinator program to enhance the retail presentation standards and train in-store selling specialists.
The approximate suggested retail price ranges for the wholesale products sold by the Company set forth below are indicative of their approximate individual item price ranges:
Dresses Skirts and Shirts and (Other than Jackets Pants Bodysuits Sweaters Evening Wear) ------- ----- --------- -------- ------------- Womenswear: Donna Karan New York Collection (black label) ..... $1,100-2,600 $495-950 $395-795 $320-800 $795-1,650 Signature (gold label) ....... 795-995 230-450 175-395 295-430 495-800 DKNY ........................... 220-495 65-295 45-225 80-295 130-395 Suits Sportscoats Trousers ----- ----------- -------- Menswear: Donna Karan New York Collection (black label) ... $1,395-1,825 $850-1,450 $250-275 Signature (gold label) ..... 795-950 550-695 175-195 DKNY ......................... -- 200-295 70-150 Small Leather Handbags Goods Shoes -------- ----- ----- Accessories: Donna Karan New York ......... $425-3,500 -- $225-595 DKNY ......................... 60-350 25-140 110-295 DKNY Jeans/Active ............ 55-95 20-60 25-200
Womenswear
The Company designs, sources, markets, and distributes womenswear principally under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, and DKNY Jeans brands. The original Donna Karan New York collection for women was based upon Ms. Karan's concept of "seven easy pieces," a collection of bodysuits and tights, dresses, skirts, blouses, jackets, pants,
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and accessories that when layered in combinations achieved a varied, but consistent, high fashion look. In general, there are three annual seasonal presentations for each Donna Karan New York and DKNY collection: Fall, Resort, and Spring. The Spring and Fall collections typically are presented at major fashion shows or media presentations, which generate extensive press coverage in the domestic and international fashion press as well as in the general media.
In the fourth quarter of 1999, the Company combined the Donna Karan New York and DKNY women's business into one operating division.
Donna Karan New York collections. The Donna Karan New York brand consists of two collections: Donna Karan New York and Donna Karan Signature.
The Donna Karan New York collection ("black label") is the foundation of the Donna Karan brands. This exclusive apparel collection is a modern system of dressing which embodies the ultimate in luxury, sensuality, comfort, and creative expression using the finest quality fabrics, workmanship, and technological innovation. This collection is designed for sophisticated, international, affluent women and is distributed exclusively in key markets to a limited number of doors. (A "door" is a single retail outlet.) For the Fall 1998 season, the Company reintroduced into the Donna Karan New York collection an "Essentials" program, which includes timeless versions of the Company's most successful styles and newly designed classic signature styles.
The Donna Karan Signature collection ("gold label") is a complete lifestyle collection designed to address the specific needs of the modern, professional woman. Based on the spirit of the Donna Karan design vision, the Donna Karan Signature collection was created to deliver a balanced mix of fashion expression, sportswear function, and classification items. While still a designer collection, the Donna Karan Signature collection is priced and marketed for wider distribution than the Donna Karan New York collection.
DKNY collection. DKNY represents the energy and spirit of New York. The DKNY product line is designed to appeal to a broader customer base and has wider distribution than the Donna Karan New York and Donna Karan Signature collections.
The DKNY collection addresses a broad range of lifestyle needs from work to weekend to eveningwear. The collection includes jackets, skirts, blouses, bodysuits, dresses, pants, knits, sweaters, and outerwear.
Menswear
The Company designs, sources, markets, and distributes menswear under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, and DKNY Jeans brands. Generally, there are three annual seasonal presentations for the Donna Karan New York collection: Fall, Resort and Spring; and four annual seasonal presentations for the DKNY and DKNY Jeans collection: Fall, Resort, Spring, and Summer.
Donna Karan New York collections. The Donna Karan New York brand consists of two collections of men's apparel: Donna Karan New York ("black label") and Donna Karan Signature ("gold label").
The Donna Karan New York collection is designed to deliver the same simplified system of dressing for men that originally was created for women. This collection expresses the ultimate in style, comfort, function, technological innovation, and quality using the finest fabrication and workmanship. It is comprised of a balanced mix of tailored clothing, dress furnishings, and luxury sportswear and classification items. Like the Donna Karan New York women's collection, the menswear collection has limited distribution through premier retailers and the Company's free-standing International Retail Stores.
The Donna Karan Signature collection is a lifestyle collection created specifically for the modern professional man and captures the design vision of Donna Karan through a mix of tailored clothing and dress furnishings. Targeting
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a broader audience and more widely distributed, this collection is priced below the Donna Karan New York collection but maintains a similar dedication to quality and design, while using lower cost fabrications and more commercial production techniques.
DKNY collection. The DKNY menswear collection is positioned as a modern lifestyle collection. The collection includes dress and casual sportswear. For the Fall 2000 season, the Company launched DKNY underwear for men in the United States. Other products in the DKNY collection, including suitings and dress furnishings and finished pant programs, are being manufactured and sold by licensees of the Company in certain territories. The DKNY menswear collection is designed to appeal to a broader customer base than the Donna Karan New York collections for men and is more widely distributed than those collections.
The Company relaunched the DKNY men's sportswear collection for the Spring 1999 season to offer a more competitively priced and broadly distributed product range. Additionally, the Company plans to increase the number of fixtured shop-in-shops which carry the DKNY men's collection. For the Spring 2001 season, the DKNY underwear collection was launched in Europe and the Middle East. The Company also expects to introduce a DKNY tailored clothing line in the international market for the Fall 2001 season.
International DKNY Jeans apparel collection
Starting with the Spring 2000 season, the Company began to expand its DKNY Jeans apparel business for men and women in the European and Middle Eastern markets. The DKNY Jeans apparel collection is positioned as a modern lifestyle collection targeted to a younger, more casual consumer in the international jeans market. These collections are sold through international department stores, specialty stores, and the Company's free-standing International Retail Stores.
Accessories
The Company sells accessory products primarily under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, DKNY Active, and CITY DKNY brands. These lifestyle collections are designed to complement their respective apparel collections, as well as exist as stand-alone collections.
Donna Karan New York collections. The Donna Karan New York collection of accessories is a limited designer collection of luxury footwear and accessories for women and luxury footwear for men. These collections are sold to the Company's free-standing International Retail Stores and to a limited number of better department and specialty stores.
For the Fall 2000 season, the Company re-introduced the Donna Karan New York handbag collection for women. This collection is being sold to the Company's free-standing stores and International Retail Stores and to a limited number of better department and specialty stores.
DKNY and DKNY Active collections. The DKNY accessories collection includes bags, small leather goods, and footwear for men and women, including a balance of fashion, function, and value items. The women's accessories and shoe collections are widely distributed through department and specialty stores, while the men's collections have a more limited range of distribution.
Under the DKNY Active label, the Company offers an extensive athleisure and performance athletic footwear collection for men, women, and children. This collection is sold through department stores, independent footwear stores, and specialty athletic stores worldwide.
CITY DKNY Collection. For the Spring 2001 season, the Company launched in the United States a woman's accessories and footwear collection under the CITY DKNY brand name to address the women's "better" accessory
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category. Under this brand, the retail price range of footwear is suggested to be $59 - $79 and of handbags is suggested to be $49 - $79. This new collection is designed for wide distribution through domestic department and specialty stores.
Wholesale Customers, Sales, and Support
The Company distributes its wholesale products through better department and specialty stores and boutiques and through the free-standing International Retail Stores operated under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, and DKNY Jeans brand names. The Company's better department and large specialty store customers include Bloomingdale's, Macy's, Saks Fifth Avenue, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom, and Dillards. The Company also sells products, including excess and out-of-season merchandise, through secondary distribution channels, including the Company's outlet stores.
Certain of the Company's customers, including some under common ownership with each other, have accounted for significant portions of the Company's revenues. However, no customer accounted for more than 10% of the Company's revenue for fiscal 2000, other than Federated Department Stores (including Bloomingdale's, Macy's and affiliated stores) which accounted for 10.2% of the Company's revenues. The Company's 10 largest wholesale customers accounted for approximately 40.4% of the Company's revenues during 2000.
Retailers carrying the Company's collections stock and display the merchandise generally in accordance with the Company's standards, which may include creating shop-in-shops, or providing special signs, display cases, and display racks, depending on the collection. The Company and its licensees are expanding the shop-in-shop program for the Company's products. Under this program, participating retailers set aside dedicated floor space to provide for a broad assortment of Company products in a combination of wall case and free-standing fixtures. The Company believes that shop-in-shops enhance brand recognition and encourage a store to carry a representative cross-section of the Company's product line for each season. The Company has focused its efforts and its licensees' efforts on increasing the number and size of shop-in-shops or renovating existing shop-in-shops, where appropriate. The size of the shop-in-shops typically range from 250 to 2,600 square feet for womenswear, 200 to 1,200 square feet for menswear, and 100 to 300 square feet for accessories. The continued expansion of the Company's shop-in-shop and fixturing program is dependent on market conditions, including continued demand for the Company's and its licensees' products.
The Company's sales and marketing departments consist primarily of individuals located in the Company's New York headquarters. The Company utilizes regional sales representatives or agents and/or distributors, both domestically and internationally, for several of its product categories to expand its channels of distribution.
Licensing
In late 1997, the Company began to expand its licensing activities by forming strategic alliances with companies to develop, manufacture, market, and sell products under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, DKNY Jeans, and DKNY Active brands. In 1998, the Company entered into its first regional license whereby, in certain cases, the licensee also produces and sources products independently and together with the Company and its product licensees. The Company's licensing strategy consists of the following elements: leveraging the Company's brands by entering into licenses for related product categories, increasing awareness for the Company's brands, entering new distribution channels, increasing floor space in existing distribution channels, increasing the advertising and overall promotion of the Company's brands, and generating an increased stream of royalty revenues that provides a balance to the Company's wholesale and retail businesses. The Company's licensing revenues for fiscal 2000 were $45.2 million. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Results of Operations."
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Product Licenses
Product licensees are granted the exclusive and, in certain cases, non-exclusive right to manufacture and sell at wholesale and, in limited circumstances, through retail stores specified products under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, DKNY Jeans, and/or DKNY Active brand names. In consideration for such licenses, licensees pay royalties to the Company based upon a percentage of net sales of licensed products (as defined), subject, generally, to payment of a minimum royalty. Additionally, the Company typically obtains a commitment from the licensee for a minimum level of advertising and marketing based upon a percentage of net sales of licensed products, with additional funds allocated to the launch of new products. License agreements generally have three- to six-year initial terms, with renewal options if certain minimum sales thresholds are met. To ensure that products sold by its licensees meet the Company's design and quality standards, the Company takes an active role in the design, quality control, packaging, advertising, marketing, merchandising, and distribution of each licensed product and such items are also subject to the Company's prior approval.
As of March 1, 2001, the Company had license agreements with the following licensees providing for the manufacture and distribution of the categories of products listed below under the trademarks specified as of such date:
Licensee Licensed Mark Products -------- ------------- -------- Estee Lauder Inc. Donna Karan New York Men's and women's beauty and DKNY beauty-related products LC Libra, LLC, a subsidiary DKNY Jeans Men's and women's jeanswear and of Liz Claiborne, Inc. DKNY Active active lifestyle products (Western Hemisphere) LC Libra, LLC, a subsidiary of Liz CITY DKNY Women's careerwear and sportswear Claiborne, Inc. Hanes Hosiery, a division of Sara Lee Donna Karan New York Women's pantyhose, legwear, and Corp. DKNY socks Wacoal America, Inc. Donna Karan New York Women's intimate apparel DKNY Oxford Industries Inc. DKNY Girls, boys, infants, and toddler apparel (United States & Canada) DKNY Kids Peerless Delaware, Inc. DKNY Men's tailored clothing (United States & Canada) Phillips-Van Heusen Corp. (North America) DKNY Men's dress shirts Mallory & Church DKNY Men's neckwear and hosiery (United States & Canada) Fairbrooke Fashion Corp. Donna Karan Signature Women's coats DKNY Mantero Seta, SPA (Europe) Donna Karan Signature Men's ties DKNY Women's scarves and men's ties Cipriani Accessories Inc. & The Max DKNY Women's and men's belts Leather Group, Inc. DKNY Jeans Men's small leather goods CSB Home Fashions, Inc. Donna Karan New York Bed and bath products DKNY CWF Children Worldwide Fashion S.A. DKNY Girls, boys, infants, and (Europe & Middle East) DKNY Jeans toddler apparel DKNY Active
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Fossil, Inc. Donna Karan New York Men's, women's, and children's DKNY watches DKNY Active DKNY Jeans Haggar Clothing Co. DKNY Men's finished-bottom pants and shorts Marchon Eyewear Donna Karan New York Men's and women's sun and Donna Karan Signature ophthalmic eyewear and eyewear DKNY accessories DKNY Active Swank, Inc. DKNY Women's fashion jewelry Swimwear Anywhere, Inc. DKNY Women's swimwear and swimwear-related apparel Echo Lake Industries, Ltd. Donna Karan New York Men's hosiery Cavalco Confezioni S.A. (Europe) Donna Karan Signature Men's dress shirts DKNY Butterick Company, Inc. (Vogue Patterns) Donna Karan New York Paper patterns and knitting patterns DKNY
The Company has entered into strategic licensing alliances for its beauty and beauty-related products, jeans and activewear lines, and a new better career sportswear line, which are described below.
Beauty and Beauty-related Products. In November 1997, the Company granted to Estee Lauder Inc. ("ELI") the exclusive, long-term, worldwide license rights to the Donna Karan New York and DKNY trademarks for the manufacture, marketing, distribution, and sale of beauty and beauty-related products, including fragrances, cosmetics, skincare products, and beauty-related accessories. In 2000, the DKNY women's fragrance was launched both domestically and internationally and the men's DKNY fragrance launched domestically. The men's DKNY fragrance will be launched internationally in 2001.
DKNY Jeans, DKNY Active, and CITY DKNY Products. In December 1997, the Company and a subsidiary of Liz Claiborne Inc. ("LCI") entered into a strategic licensing alliance for new lines of men's and women's jeanswear and active clothing. LCI was granted the exclusive, long-term license rights to the DKNY Jeans and DKNY Active trademarks for apparel products and the exclusive rights to market, distribute, and sell the DKNY Jeans and DKNY Active apparel collections in the Western Hemisphere. The DKNY Jeans lines launched for the Spring 1998 season, the DKNY Active lines launched for the Spring 1999 season, and the DKNY Jeans juniors line launched for the Spring 2000 season. This licensing alliance marked the Company's expansion from the designer and bridge markets into the women's better casual sportswear market.
The Company and LCI expanded their relationship in December 1999 by completing a strategic licensing alliance for a new line of women's career and casual sportswear targeted for the better market segment. LCI has been granted the exclusive rights to market, distribute, and sell such new collection in the United States and Canada. This line has launched for the Spring 2001 season under the new label CITY DKNY and includes item-oriented pieces such as jackets, dresses, shirts, sweaters, skirts, and pants. This line is positioned as a modern, accessibly-priced collection in the urban style of the Company's DKNY brand.
Regional Licenses
Starting in fiscal 1998 and continuing into 2000, the Company entered into regional licenses for a given geographic area. Depending upon the territory, regional licensees may be granted the right to import, manufacture, and/or distribute, and, in limited instances, license specified products under one or more brand names in the specified geographic
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region. These regional licenses also generally are granted retail development rights in the region. The economic arrangements of these regional licenses generally are similar to those of the Company's product licenses. The Company seeks to preserve the integrity of its brands by monitoring and approving the design and quality of the products sold in the region. The license agreements provide that the regional licensees also will collaborate with the Company's product licensees in order to offer a broad range of the Company's products of consistent style and quality.
The first of these regional license arrangements began in March 1998 with the grant to Donna Karan Japan K.K., a Japanese corporation ("Donna Karan Japan"), of a 16-year exclusive license to import, manufacture, license, and/or distribute Donna Karan New York and DKNY products in Japan, with certain exceptions. In addition, Donna Karan Japan was granted the exclusive right to develop and operate a total of 12 Donna Karan New York and DKNY retail boutiques in Japan over the term of the agreement. The Company receives a royalty on net sales of licensed products and a servicing fee on net sales of Donna Karan products imported by Donna Karan Japan.
In February 2000, the Company entered into a new strategic licensing alliance with HPL-21 Holdings PTE Ltd. ("HPL-21"), an affiliate of Hotel Properties Ltd. and a corporation owned by the Ong family, which also has a substantial interest in Hotel Properties Ltd. Under this agreement, HPL-21 was granted exclusive retail rights for the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, DKNY Jeans, and DKNY Active apparel products in eight countries in the Far East, together with certain product distribution rights in these countries. This new agreement replaced the Company's retail development agreement with HPL-21 and its existing boutique arrangements with a related company owned by the Ong family, and converted the majority of the Company's wholesale business with such entities into a regional royalty-based licensing business. As of December 31, 2000, there were 18 full-price free-standing boutiques operating in this region under this agreement.
As of December 31, 2000, the Company also had entered into regional licenses for Australia and New Zealand, South Korea, and Mexico.
Retailing
The Company is pursuing a strategy to expand its channels of distribution by opening full-price, free-standing retail stores in the United States (and to a lesser extent in foreign countries), while continuing to license to others the right to open free-standing stores internationally.
In fiscal 2000, the Company's net revenues from its retail operations were $126.8 million, which represented the Company's outlet store and full-price retail operations. With respect to free-standing International Retail Stores, products manufactured by the Company and sold to the free-standing International Retail Stores are included in the Company's wholesale net revenues and royalties derived from sales by the Company's licensees of their licensed products to the free-standing International Retail Stores are included in the Company's licensing revenues.
Company-Owned Full-Price Stores
The Company plans to open full-price, free-standing retail stores in upscale regional malls and major street locations generally in the largest urban markets in the United States and in limited international locations. In 2000 the Company opened DKNY full-price, free-standing stores in Ala Moana, Hawaii; Northbrooke, Illinois; Dallas, Texas; and South Coast, California. As of December 31, 2000, the Company operated 17 full-price, free-standing retail stores, two of which are operated under the Donna Karan New York name and 15 of which are operated under the DKNY name. Of these 17 stores, 14 are located in the United States and three are located in the United Kingdom.
Company-Owned Outlet Stores
As of December 31, 2000, the Company operated 52 outlet stores in the United States and three outlet stores in the United Kingdom. During 2000, the Company continued a remerchandising program through which certain core
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products are produced specifically for the outlet stores. This program is designed to enable the Company to better balance the merchandise flow in the outlet stores in an effort to maintain consistent sales results and improve operating margins.
On an ongoing basis, the Company will continue to evaluate the profitability of the Company-owned stores, and from time to time close certain non-performing locations.
Licensed Full-Price and Outlet Stores
International. The Company has entered into license arrangements and strategic alliances for the opening by third parties of full-price, free-standing retail stores in a number of international markets under the Donna Karan New York, DKNY, Donna Karan, and DKNY Jeans marks (the "International Retail Stores"). The free-standing International Retail Stores operated under these names generally carry the corresponding product lines exclusively. There are provisions in certain of the agreements for these International Retail Stores granting certain product and/or boutique exclusivity within a specified geographical area. These licenses are granted on a royalty-free basis but require certain minimum purchases of the Company's products. Additionally, in connection with its regional licenses, the Company also has granted such licensees the right to open and operate full-price, free-standing retail stores and, in some cases, outlet stores in their respective territory. As of December 31, 2000, there were 90 free-standing International Retail Stores owned by third parties unaffiliated with the Company (including stores operated by regional licensees).
Domestic. The Company has granted to LCI the non-exclusive right to open retail stores and the exclusive right to open outlet stores under the DKNY Jeans mark in the Western Hemisphere during the term of the Company's product license with LCI. As of December 31, 2000, 17 outlet stores under the DKNY Jeans mark were open.
In October 1998, the Company granted an affiliate of Ms. Donna Karan, the Chairman and Chief Designer of the Company, the right to open and operate a Donna Karan New York flagship full-price, free-standing retail store on Madison Avenue in New York City, which is anticipated to open in 2001. In connection with the purchase of Gabrielle Studio in January 2001, LVMH agreed to assume the rights and obligations of Ms. Karan's affiliate with respect to the Donna Karan New York flagship store. See Note 10 in the notes to financial statements included elsewhere herein.
Design
The Company was founded upon the marketing and design talents of Ms. Donna Karan. The Company believes that its future success will depend in substantial part on its ability to continue to originate and define fashion trends, as well as to anticipate and react to changing consumer demands in a timely manner. Ms. Karan, who has been designing high fashion apparel for over 25 years, ultimately is responsible for the Company's creative inspiration, marketing, and overall fashion direction. In addition to Ms. Karan, as of December 31, 2000, the Company employed a design staff of approximately 80 people, some of whom have assumed substantial design responsibilities under Ms. Karan's supervision.
Advertising, Public Relations, and Marketing
All worldwide advertising, public relations, and marketing programs are managed on a centralized basis through the Company's Creative Services and Public Relations and Marketing Departments to promote a consistent global image for the Company and its products.
The Company supports the marketing of its products with extensive image advertising designed to appeal to a specific target group of customers. The Company advertises principally in print and outdoor advertising media, but also makes extensive use of video for point-of-sale displays, as well as mailers, magalogs, catalogues, newsletters, and consumer awareness programs. For example, the Company markets its Donna Karan New York brand name and image through its Woman to Woman bi-annual newsletter, which is a dialogue between the Company's Chief Designer and consumers.
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The Company's Public Relations and Marketing Department is responsible for the worldwide coordination and communication for each of the Company's brands with the industry and general press and media and offers up-to-date information on the Company's products and activities. A variety of public relations and marketing activities is managed on a centralized basis in order to ensure consistency of message and presentation. In general, each of the Spring and Fall womenswear collections is introduced at major fashion shows in New York, which generates extensive worldwide media coverage. The Spring and Fall menswear collections typically are introduced in Milan and New York at presentations organized for international and domestic fashion press and retailers. The Company and its licensees further strengthen consumer awareness with sponsorships and special events.
Sourcing, Product Development, and Quality Control
The Company sources products through its established relationships with leading, independent third-party contractors. The Company works with fabric mills in the United States, Europe, and the Far East to develop woven and knitted fabrics that enhance the comfort, design, and look of its products. The Company employs fabric specialists in the United States and Hong Kong who perform this function.
The lead times for the various stages of the Company's operations from sourcing to delivery of finished goods differ for each of the Company's divisions and for the various selling seasons. Fabric purchases for a substantial portion of the Company's apparel products take place generally four to five months prior to the corresponding selling season, although the Company may begin to acquire fabric for certain products up to a year in advance of the corresponding selling season. Apparel production (cut, manufacture, and trim) generally begins approximately 90 to 120 days prior to delivery of finished goods to customers.
The Company does not own any production facilities and engages both domestic and foreign independent, third-party contractors for the production of its products. Total contractors used by the Company during the year for apparel products, including the production of samples, were approximately 330 worldwide. During 2000, approximately 66% of direct purchases of raw materials, labor, and finished goods were produced in Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and other Asian countries; approximately 8% were produced in the United States and its territories; approximately 20% were produced in Europe; and approximately 6% were produced in other locations. None of the contractors engaged by the Company accounted for more than 10% of the Company's total production during 2000. The Company has had long-term relationships with many of its contractors. The production and sourcing staff in New York oversees all aspects of fabric acquisition, apparel manufacturing, quality control, and production, as well as researching and developing new sources of supply. The Company operates product sourcing and quality control offices in Hong Kong. Finished goods production, quality control, and delivery for products sourced through South Korea are monitored through an exclusive buying agent in the territory. Additionally, fabric and finished goods production, quality control, and delivery for materials and products sourced through Italy are monitored through exclusive agents in Italy. The Company also retains independent buying agents in certain other territories to assist the Company in selecting and overseeing independent third-party manufacturers, sourcing fabric and other products and materials, monitoring quota and other trade regulations, as well as performing some quality control functions.
The Company uses a variety of raw materials, principally consisting of woven and knitted fabrics and yarns. During 2000, approximately 12% of the Company's raw materials were purchased by the Company directly from suppliers and sent to contractors to be cut and sewn or assembled. Contractors purchased the rest of the raw materials used in the Company's products from mills or yarn suppliers designated by the Company. In certain cases, the Company must commit to purchase fabric from a mill before it will begin production. If the Company overestimates the demand for a particular fabric or yarn, it sometimes can utilize the excess in garments made for subsequent seasons or made into past seasons' silhouettes for distribution through secondary distribution channels.
The Company monitors the quality of its fabrics prior to the production of garments and inspects prototypes of products before production runs are commenced. The Company also performs random in-line quality control checks
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during and after production before the garments leave the contractor. Final random inspections occur when the garments are received in the Company's distribution centers.
Warehouse and Distribution Centers
To facilitate the distribution of its apparel products, the Company utilizes distribution centers at six sites. Two of the distribution centers are operated by the Company and four are operated by independent contractors. Distribution of the Company's apparel and accessory products in the United States primarily is conducted in Carlstadt, New Jersey facilities operated by the Company. The Company operates a distribution center in Hong Kong, which services the Pacific Rim, other than Japan. Additionally, the Company utilizes a third party warehouse operator in The Netherlands that services the entire European market. The Company also utilizes third party operators in California and Florida for distribution of certain of its products and a warehouse operator in Montreal that services the Canadian market.
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Competition
Competition is strong in the segments of the fashion industry in which the Company operates. The Company competes with numerous designers, manufacturers, and retailers, domestic and foreign, many of which are significantly larger and have substantially greater resources than the Company. Further, with sufficient financial backing, talented designers can become competitors within several years of establishing a new label. The Company competes primarily on the basis of fashion, quality, and service. The Company's business depends on its ability to shape and stimulate consumer tastes and demands by producing innovative, attractive, and exciting fashion products, as well as on its ability to remain competitive in the areas of quality and price.
Backlog
The Company generally receives wholesale orders for its products approximately three to five months prior to the time the products are delivered to stores. All such orders are subject to cancellation for late delivery. At March 14, 2001, backlog was $225.4 million, as compared to $252.7 million at March 14, 2000. The Company's backlog depends upon a number of factors, including the timing of the market weeks for its collections, during which a significant percentage of the Company's orders is received, the timing of shipments, and the planned reorder business for which orders are not received in advance. As a consequence, a comparison of backlog from period to period is not necessarily meaningful and may not be indicative of eventual shipments.
Trademarks
The principal trademarks used by the Company to distinguish its brands are Donna Karan New York, DKNY, DKNY Jeans, and DKNY Active. Under these brands, the Company uses many variations of these trademarks. Upon consummation of the Company's initial public offering, Gabrielle Studio granted to the Company an exclusive worldwide license (the "Gabrielle License") in perpetuity to use and sublicense the right to use the licensed marks including the principal trademarks of the Company, and to use and sublicense the right to use the name and likeness of Ms. Karan, in connection with the sale of all products and store services, other than certain products and specified services for which Gabrielle Studio retained the right to use or license such trademarks. At the time of the consummation of the Company's initial public offering, Gabrielle Studio licensed the right to use such trademarks in connection with such specified retained products and services to Ms. Karan (the "Reserved Rights License"). The Gabrielle License provides, however, that at such time as Ms. Karan is no longer the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Designer of the Company, the licensed marks may only be used by the Company in the market segments in which such licensed marks previously were used.
On January 17, 2001, Gabrielle Studio was acquired by a corporation owned by LVMH. Previously, Gabrielle Studio had been owned by Ms. Donna Karan, Chairman of the Board and Chief Designer of the Company, Mr. Stephan Weiss, Vice Chairman of the Company and Ms. Karan's husband, and certain of their affiliated trusts. In connection with the purchase of Gabrielle Studio by LVMH, the Reserved Rights License agreement was canceled and replaced with a new license between Gabrielle Studio and GD II, LLC, a limited liability company controlled by Ms. Karan.
The Gabrielle License may be terminated by Gabrielle Studio upon the failure of the Company to pay any amount due within 60 days of receipt of notice of such failure, or if the Company violates the quality control provisions of the Gabrielle License and fails to initiate and thereafter pursue appropriate corrective action within 60 days after a final unappealable determination by an arbitration tribunal or court of competent jurisdiction that such violation has occurred. The Gabrielle License also may be terminated by Gabrielle Studio upon the occurrence of, among other events, a "change of control" of the Company, including certain changes in ownership of voting securities, an acquisition by a third party of 30% of the voting securities of the Company, mergers, sales of assets, and certain changes in the composition of the Board of Directors.
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Gabrielle Studio has agreed that Gabrielle Studio will not engage in any activities other than those related to the Gabrielle License and its license agreement with Ms. Karan's affiliates. However, there is no restriction on the transferability of shares of Gabrielle Studio. See Note 10 in the notes to financial statements included elsewhere herein and "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions License Agreement for Principal Trademarks" included elsewhere herein or in the 2001 Proxy Statement for a more complete description of the terms of this license and the royalties payable thereunder.
The principal trademarks used by the Company are the subject of registrations and pending applications throughout the world filed by the Company or its licensees on behalf of Gabrielle Studio, for use on a variety of items of apparel, apparel-related products, and beauty products, as well as in connection with retail services, and the Company continues to expand its worldwide usage and registration of related trademarks. The Company regards the license to use the trademarks and its other proprietary rights in and to the trademarks as valuable assets in the marketing of its products, and on a worldwide basis, actively seeks to protect them against infringement. The Company also has an enforcement program to seek to control the sale of counterfeit products in the United States and in major markets abroad.
Employees
As of December 31, 2000, the Company had approximately 2,060 employees, including 1,720 in the United States and 340 in foreign countries. Approximately 1,125 employees are engaged in the Company's wholesale, licensing, and corporate operations and 915 employees in the Company's retail operations (most of whom are part-time employees). Approximately 225 of the Company's United States employees are members of three local affiliates of the Union of Needletrades, Industrial & Textile Employees, which operates under collective bargaining agreements. These collective bargaining agreements expire in May 2001. While the Company believes it will be able to renew these agreements on similar terms and conditions, there can be no assurance new agreements will be reached and that failure to reach new collective bargaining agreements may have a material effect on the Company. The Company considers its relations with its employees to be satisfactory.
Government Regulations
The Company and its products are subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission in the United States. Such regulations relate principally to the labeling of the Company's products. The Company believes that it is in substantial compliance with such regulations, as well as applicable federal, state, local, and foreign rules and regulations governing the discharge of materials hazardous to the environment. There are no significant capital expenditures for environmental control matters either estimated in the current year or expected in the near future. The Company's licensed products and licensees are also subject to additional legislation. The Company's license agreements require that its licensees operate in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations.
The Company's import operations are subject to constraints imposed by bilateral textile agreements between the United States and a number of foreign countries. These agreements, which have been negotiated bilaterally either under the framework established by the Arrangement Regarding International Trade in Textiles, known as the Multifiber Agreement, or other applicable statutes, impose quotas on the amounts and types of merchandise which may be imported into the United States from these countries. These agreements also allow the signatories to adjust the quantity of imports for categories of merchandise that, under the terms of the agreements, are not currently subject to specific limits. The Company's imported products are also subject to United States customs duties. In addition, each of the countries in which the Company's products are sold have laws and regulations regarding import restrictions, quotas, and duties. The United States and other countries in which the Company's products are manufactured or sold may, from time to time, impose new quotas, duties, tariffs or other restrictions, or adversely adjust present prevailing rates, which could adversely affect the Company's operations.
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Forward-Looking Statements and Business Considerations
Certain statements contained herein are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that have been made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The words and phrases "will likely result," "are expected to," "will continue," "is anticipated," "estimates," "projects," "believes," "plans," or similar expressions, are intended to identify "forward-looking statements" and include, without limitation, the Company's expectations regarding sales, earnings, or other future financial performance and liquidity, and general statements about future operations and operating results. Although the Company believes that its expectations are based on reasonable assumptions within the bounds of its knowledge of its business and operations, there can be no assurance that actual results will not differ materially from its expectations. Factors that could cause actual results to differ from expectations include, without limitation: (i) the failure of certain key members of the Company's design teams or management, including Ms. Karan, to continue to be active in the business of the Company; (ii) the failure to consummate the Merger, the possibility of a termination of the Company's license with Gabrielle Studio, a bankruptcy of Gabrielle Studio, transfer of the stock of Gabrielle Studio, or a change in the relationship under the Gabrielle License following the consummation of LVMH's purchase of Gabrielle Studio; (iii) the timing and expense associated with, and effects of, strategic initiatives being implemented by the Company and risks associated with the timing, expense and/or changes in the Company's strategic plan associated with a proposed merger; (iv) risks associated with the receipt, pricing, and timing of customer orders; (v) general competitive factors and risks associated with a downturn in the overall financial condition of the apparel industry, the retail industry, and the general economy; (vi) timing of and costs associated with new Company-owned store openings and the Company's economic ability to continue to open new stores; (vii) risks associated with the Company's increasing royalty revenues as a percent of the Company's total revenues and net income and risks associated with a lack of operational or financial control over the Company's licensees; (viii) risks to the Company's existing wholesale businesses from the Company's licensing of related products; (ix) a change in retailer or consumer acceptance of the Company's products; (x) the variability of the Company's results in any period due to the seasonal nature of the business, the timing and level of the Company's sales, the timing of launch of new products and collections and opening of new doors, fashion trends, and the timing, terms, consummation, or success of any joint ventures, licenses, or other dispositions of product lines; (xi) consolidation and restructuring in the retail industry causing a decrease in the number of stores that sell the Company's products, or an increase in the ownership concentration within the retail industry; (xii) social, political and economic risks to the Company's foreign operations and customers, including changes in foreign investment and trade policies and regulations of the host countries and of the United States; (xiii) changes in laws, regulations, and policies, including changes in accounting standards, that affect, or will affect, the Company in the United States and abroad;
(xiv) foreign currency fluctuations affecting the Company's results of operations and value of its foreign assets, the relative price at which the Company and foreign competitors sell their products in the same markets, and the Company's operating and manufacturing costs outside of the United States;
(xv) shipment delays, depletion of inventory, and increased production costs resulting from disruption at any of the Company's facilities or other causes;
(xvi) changes in product mix to ones which are less profitable; (xvii) infringements of the Company's trademarks and other proprietary rights, imitations or diversions of the Company's products, or inability to obtain trademark protection outside the United States for one or more of the Company's marks; (xviii) political or economic instability resulting in the disruption of trade from the countries in which the Company's contractors, suppliers, licensees, or customers are located, the imposition of additional regulations relating to imports, the imposition of additional duties, taxes, and other charges on imports, significant fluctuations of the value of the dollar against foreign currencies, or restriction on transfer of funds; (xix) the inability of a contractor to deliver the Company's products in a timely manner thereby causing the Company to miss the delivery date requirements of its customers, which in turn could result in the cancellation of orders, refusal to accept deliveries, or a reduction in the selling price; or (xx) the violation of labor or other laws by the Company, any independent manufacturer, or any licensee. The Company undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements made herein or elsewhere whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
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Item 2. PROPERTIES
Certain information concerning the Company's principal facilities, all of which are leased, is set forth below:
Location Use Approximate Area -------- --- in Square Feet -------------- 550 Seventh Avenue ......... Principal executive and administrative offices; design facilities, 70,000 New York, New York sales offices, and showrooms West 40th Street ........... DKNY's executive and administrative offices, including its 140,000* New York, New York design facilities, sales offices, production offices, and showrooms Carlstadt, New Jersey ...... Distribution and warehouse facility; administrative offices 356,000 Kowloon, Hong Kong ......... Distribution and warehouse facility; production control, sourcing, and quality control 45,700
* Excludes approximately 62,800 square feet of space occupied by certain of the Company's licensees under occupancy agreements with the Company.
The leases for the above facilities expire between 2001 and 2012. The Company anticipates that it will be able to extend those leases which expire in the near future on terms satisfactory to the Company or, if necessary, locate substitute facilities on acceptable terms.
As of December 31, 2000, the Company operated 17 full-price retail stores and 55 retail outlet stores in leased premises, with an aggregate approximate square footage of 360,000. The leases for these stores expire between 2001 and 2021. The Company expects to renew, for the applicable option renewal period, or extend certain of those leases that expire in 2001.
The Company believes that its existing facilities are well maintained and in good operating condition and are adequate for their intended use and the Company's present level of operations.
Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
In December 2000, several putative class actions were filed in state court in Delaware and New York in connection with the LVMH Merger Offer. The actions filed in Delaware Chancery Court (New Castle County) are captioned: Harbor Finance Partners v. Donna Karan, et al., C.A. No. 18559-NC; Donna Houghton v. Donna Karan, et al., C.A. 18566-NC; Daniel Oringer v. Donna Karan, et al., C.A. No. 18567-NC; Phil Dorfman v. Donna Karan, et al., C.A. No. 18568-NC; E. Janet Allred v. Donna Karan, et al., C.A. No. 18569-NC; and Frederick V. Mauer v. Donna Karan, et al., C.A. No. 18574-NC. The actions filed in New York Supreme Court are captioned: Alice Berman v. Donna Karan International Inc., et al., Index No. 125465/00; Harbor Finance Partners v. Donna Karan, et al., Index No. 605638/00; and Rolling Investor Group, Inc. v. Donna Karan International Inc., et al., Index No. 600032/01 (the actions filed in New York and Delaware are collectively referred to as the "LVMH Actions"). All of the complaints name the Company, Donna Karan, Stephan Weiss, and John Idol as defendants. Two of the complaints also name the Company's outside Board members as defendants and three of the complaints also name LVMH as defendants.
The LVMH Actions allege, inter alia, that the price offered by LVMH to purchase the Company's common stock is inadequate, the defendants breached their fiduciary duties in connection with the LVMH Merger Offer, and
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that Donna Karan and Stephan Weiss furthered their own interests at the expense of the Company's interests, in allegedly negotiating with LVMH concerning the proposed sale of the Company to LVMH.
Following the commencement of the LVMH Actions, counsel for the Company and the other defendants entered into (i) a stipulation with counsel for plaintiffs in the actions filed in New York staying such actions and providing that the outcome of those actions will be governed by the outcome of the actions filed in Delaware; and (ii) a stipulation with counsel for plaintiffs in the actions filed in Delaware providing that such actions will be consolidated and that defendants need not respond to the individual complaints pending the filing of a consolidated amended complaint. No consolidated amended complaint has been filed and discovery has not commenced.
The Company is also involved from time to time in routine legal matters and litigation incidental to its business. While the outcome of these matters, as well as the LVMH Actions, could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations and cash flows in the period in which such outcome is determined, in the Company's opinion, the results of these matters are not expected to have a material effect on the Company's financial position or results of operations.
Item 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
None.
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT
The names of the executive officers of the Company and their ages and positions with the Company are as follows:
Name Age Position ---- --- -------- Donna Karan 52 Chairman of the Board and Chief Designer Stephan Weiss 62 Vice Chairman and Director John D. Idol 42 Chief Executive Officer and Director Joseph B. Parsons 47 Chief Financial and Operations Officer and Treasurer Lee Goldenberg 50 Corporate Executive Vice President - Worldwide Operations Lynn E. Usdan 41 Corporate Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary
Donna Karan founded the Company along with Stephan Weiss, Tomio Taki, Frank R. Mori, and Takihyo Inc. in 1984 and has served as Chief Designer of the Company from the date of its formation and Chief Executive Officer from the date of the Company's formation until August 1997. Ms. Karan has served on the Board of Directors of the Company since April 1996, and has served as Chairman of the Board since July 1996. Immediately prior to the formation of the Company in 1984, Ms. Karan was the head designer at Anne Klein & Company. Ms. Karan is a member of the Board of Directors of the Council of Fashion Designers of America ("CFDA"), the Design Industries Foundation for AIDS, and the Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance. Ms. Karan also serves as a member of the Board of Governors of the Parsons School of Design, a division of The New School. Ms. Karan was honored as the CFDA's Designer of the Year in 1985 and 1990, as its Menswear Designer of the Year in 1992, and as its Womenswear Designer of the Year in 1996.
Stephan Weiss has served on the Board of Directors of the Company since April 1996, and as Vice Chairman since July 1996. From 1985 to 1992, Mr. Weiss served as the Operating Principal of the Company and from 1993 through 1995 as the Co-Chief Executive Officer. During this time, Mr. Weiss has served the Company in various capacities, including having direct supervisory responsibility for the legal department, licensing, new business ventures, and developing the Creative Services Department.
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John D. Idol joined the Company in July 1997 and has served as Chief Executive Officer and a director of the Company since August 1997. Prior to joining the Company, Mr. Idol was employed by Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation, a publicly traded apparel company, from 1984 through July 1997, most recently as Group President, Product Licensing and the Home Collection.
Joseph B. Parsons has served as Chief Financial and Operations Officer since October 2000 and as Treasurer of the Company since June 1996. Mr. Parsons served as Corporate Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of the Company from February 1996 until October 2000, and as Chief Administrative Officer from January 1999 until October 2000. From January 1993 to February 1996, Mr. Parsons held increasingly responsible financial positions with the Company, most recently as Vice President-Finance.
Lee Goldenberg served as Corporate Executive Vice President-Worldwide Operations of the Company since November 1995. From April 1993 to November 1995, Mr. Goldenberg held increasingly responsible positions with the Company, including Senior Vice President and Chief Information and Logistics Officer.
Lynn E. Usdan has served as Corporate Senior Vice President, General Counsel, and Secretary of the Company since April 1999. She joined the Company in January 1996 as Associate General Counsel and was named Vice President in November 1997.
Donna Karan and Stephan Weiss are married to each other. There are no other family relationships among the directors and executive officers.
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One player from Sheffield Wednesday was in the 1966 World Cup winning squad who was he? | England 1966 World Cup squad goalkeeper Ron Springett dies aged 80 | Football | The Guardian
England 1966 World Cup squad goalkeeper Ron Springett dies aged 80
• Springett made 384 appearances for Sheffield Wednesday
• Statement describes him as one of the club’s ‘greatest-ever keepers’
Former England goalkeeper Ron Springett swings on the crossbar at Hampden Park, during a game against Scotland in 1962. Photograph: Bob Thomas/Getty Images
Press Association
Sunday 13 September 2015 10.49 EDT
Last modified on Monday 4 April 2016 08.15 EDT
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Ron Springett, one of the three goalkeepers in England’s World Cup-winning squad in 1966, has died aged 80, his former club Sheffield Wednesday have said.
Wednesday said Springett, who made 384 appearances for the Yorkshire club, had passed away after a short illness.
While he did not win any of his 33 England caps during the 1966 tournament, the Londoner was one of the squad members given a medal in 2009 after Fifa introduced a rule to reward all members of World Cup-winning squads.
Football: Non-playing 1966 winners to get medals
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Springett had been England’s first-choice at the 1962 tournament in Chile.
Starting out at QPR, Springett moved to Wednesday in 1958 and enjoyed a stellar career with them, with the Championship club describing him as “one of our greatest-ever keepers” in announcing the news on Sunday.
And, when QPR re-signed their old player in 1967 the Springett name lived on at Hillsborough, with Wednesday making a swap deal in which his brother Peter replaced him.
During his time with Wednesday Springett won promotion to the old First Division and appeared in the 1966 FA Cup final defeat by Everton.
He remains the most capped England international in Wednesday’s history.
| Ron Springett |
Which instrument does jazz / classical musician Keith Jarrett play? | Soccer-Former England goalie Springett dies aged 80
Soccer-Former England goalie Springett dies aged 80
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LONDON, Sept 14 (Reuters) - The England goalkeeper who waited more than 40 years for his World Cup winners' medal has died aged 80, following a short illness.
Ron Springett, England's first choice keeper at the 1962 World Cup, was a member of the 1966 World Cup winning squad but was kept out of the team by Gordon Banks.
It took 43 years for Springett's role to be acknowledged with silverware, as a policy change by FIFA saw the goalkeeper and his fellow non-playing squad members from the 1966 final presented with winners' medals in a Downing Street ceremony in 2009.
Springett, who made 33 appearances for England between 1959 and 1966, began his career at Queen's Park Rangers in 1953.
He signed for Sheffield Wednesday in 1958 and when he moved back to QPR in 1967, his brother Peter, also a goalkeeper, moved in the opposite direction as part of the deal. (Reporting by Mike Collett; editing by Sudipto Ganguly)
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Who is the film star mother of actress Kate Hudson? | Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson star in 'Mother's Day' preview - UPI.com
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LOS ANGELES, Feb. 12 (UPI) -- Mother's Day released a first trailer starring Jennifer Aniston and Kate Hudson on Thursday.
The 47-year-old Friends star plays Sandy, a recently divorced mom with two sons, while Hudson portrays Jesse, a mother-of-one who is estranged from her own mom.
Julia Roberts co-stars as Miranda, a successful businesswoman and author, with Jason Sudeikis as Bradley, a single dad to a teenage daughter. The characters' stories intertwine as Mother's Day approaches.
Pretty Woman and The Princess Diaries director Gary Marshall helmed the film, which opens in theaters Apr. 29. Timothy Olyphant, Hilary Duff , Britt Robertson and Shay Mitchell also have roles.
"There's something about [her]," Hudson said of her own mother, actress Goldie Hawn , to Closer magazine in 2014. "She's very strong-minded, very tough and can be strict, but she's also so forgiving and non-judgmental."
Hudson herself is mom to 12-year-old son Ryder and 4-year-old son Bingham, while Roberts is mother to 11-year-old son Phinnaeus, 11-year-old daughter Hazel and 8-year-old son Henry. Mother's Day falls on Sunday, May 8 in 2016.
| Goldie Hawn |
One player from Wolverhampton Wanderers was in the 1966 World Cup winning squad who was he? | 1. Name actress Kate Hudson's film star mother. - liverpoolecho Administrator - Liverpool Echo
1. Name actress Kate Hudson's film star mother.
2. What is Ben Stiller's character called in the 2000 movie Meet The Parents?
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2. What is Ben Stiller's character called in the 2000 movie Meet The Parents?
3. Which is the largest planet in the solar system?
4. When was Liverpool's Anglican Cathedral consecrated?
5. Who wrote the novel Anne Of Green Gables?
6. In which city is rugby union team the Wasps based?
7. What nationality is footballer Cristiano Ronaldo?
8. How many points is the bullseye worth on a dartboard?
9. Who painted The Hay Wain?
10. Stella McCartney designed a range of sportswear for which sports label?
ANSWERS: 1. Goldie Hawn 2. Gaylord Focker 3. Jupiter 4. 1924 5. Lucy Maud Montgomery 6. London 7. Portuguese 8. 50 9. John Constable 10. Adidas.
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Actor Toby Stephens is the son of which famous actress? | Toby Stephens: Being born into the theatre was a mixed blessing - Telegraph
Toby Stephens: Being born into the theatre was a mixed blessing
Actor Toby Stephens tells Tim Walker why having famous parents isn't always easy.
Toby Stephens, above, is preparing for a role in Ibsen's 'A Doll's House' at the Donmar Warehouse Photo: MARTIN POPE
By Tim Walker
7:00AM BST 21 May 2009
It amuses Toby Stephens to see himself occasionally mooted as a successor to Daniel Craig as James Bond. "God knows, I could use the money, but it won't happen," the 40-year-old actor says. "They had enough problems with a blond Bond. The idea of someone with reddish hair getting the part would cause insurrection."
The son of Dame Maggie Smith and the late Sir Robert Stephens has a nice line in self-deprecation. He has, however, notched up some fine performances over the years: Edward Rochester in Jane Eyre for the BBC, the title role in an RSC production of Coriolanus, and, more recently, King John in Robin Hood.
His one brush with Bond – as the baddy in Die Another Day with Pierce Brosnan – was, he says now, something of an aberration. "I have no idea how I got the part. I remember meeting Lee Tamahori, the director, and asking him about my character, as they had only sent me three pages of script. He said, 'Well, in a nutshell, you are playing a Korean who has been genetically modified into being a westerner', and I must say he lost me somewhere in that sentence. I had a lot of fun making that film, but honestly it wasn't where I came from or what I was a part of, and I subsequently just got on with what I had been doing before."
Stephens is about to open in a production of Ibsen's A Doll's House at the Donmar Warehouse in Covent Garden, and it is clearly his stage work – along with his family – that mean the most to him. Anna-Louise, his New Zealand-born actress wife of the past eight years, has just presented him with an 8lb 4oz baby girl whom they have called Tallulah. They already have a boy named Eli, who was born in 2007. Toby says Dame Maggie took a sharp intake of breath at the name of her granddaughter.
"She thought of Tallulah Bankhead, a Hollywood actress of some repute. 'I love the name, of course, but you must understand she was a very naughty woman,' she told me. 'She was addicted to cocaine and had, among other things, a huge lesbian following.' "
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One can imagine his mother delivering the lines with her customary relish, but then she is – as Sir Robert once was – a larger-than-life character. There was a time when Toby resented all the questions about his parents, who starred together in the 1969 film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. But now he understands the fascination that they both continue to garner, and it makes him feel proud. Sir Robert was still married to his second wife when he met Maggie while working at the National Theatre in the mid-Sixties, and, after a torrid affair, they became man and wife in 1967, 10 days after the birth of their first son, Christopher.
Toby eschews the glamorous life that they lived, and one suspects there is a somewhat studious normality about his family life in north London. He says he seldom, if ever, goes to showbusiness parties. He has clearly learnt the lessons from his parents' stormy eight-year union: the rows, the ceaseless media attention and his father's drinking and philandering.
Ten years ago, Stephens realised he had inherited his father's addiction to alcohol, and, as it was beginning to take its toll on his work on stage, he decided never to drink again. Sir Robert died at the age of 64 in 1995 after liver and kidney transplants, but would have been furious if anyone had ever suggested he was an alcoholic.
"Of course he was an alcoholic in the same way that I am, in that he had no control over his drinking. If I were to have one drink now, I would want another and it would be agony if I couldn't. I simply decided to spare myself that by not allowing myself the first glass. People go on about me inheriting my father's demons and so on, but I think where the booze is concerned it is actually a boring biochemical thing that has been passed on to me.
"I associate my alcoholism with diabetes as both Robert and his sister had that disease. I have a friend who has been through the same thing. A lot of alcoholics who give up drinking then become addicted to cakes, chocolate, dessert. I really do believe it stems from the same imbalance within us."
He reckons it's low self-esteem that gets a lot of people into acting, the chance to escape into other characters and the quick fix of applause, and that was almost certainly a factor in his father's addiction to sex. He has not, however, inherited his wandering eye. He was linked to one or two women in his younger days, including Alison Fogg, a language graduate to whom he was engaged, but he concedes his drinking wrecked their relationship.
When in New York he was reunited with Anna-Louise at an audition – they had been at Lamda together – he was dry and therefore able to appreciate her. "We have had a settled relationship from the start. I like that as I like a settled family life now. I think I am more like my mother in that respect. I have enough insecurity in my career – I never know what I will be doing next or how I will be – that I honestly don't need any more of it."
Toby's mother and her second husband, the playwright Beverley Cross, gave him and Christopher (also an actor, with the stage name Chris Larkin) a tranquil upbringing in rural Sussex. He was educated at Aldro School and Seaford College before the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. It is Cross that Stephens calls his father rather than Sir Robert, whom he always refers to by his Christian name.
"Dad was a calming influence on all of us. My mother found the break-up of her marriage to Robert very painful because she still loved him very much, but really his drinking and all the other issues had made her position untenable. God knows what kind of an upbringing I would have had if my mother's relationship with Robert hadn't broken up when it did, but I think it was good for me and my brother that things worked out the way that they did."
He clearly reveres his mother and says her acting continues to inspire him even if, at 74, she does complain to him that she is only ever asked to play "old boots". Last year was difficult for them both with her breast-cancer scare. A tumour was removed, and she completed a course of chemotherapy. "It knocked her for six but she has overcome that, thank God, and she is now back on form. If I have strength, then I certainly got it from her. I think the grandchildren have given us a new bond: she sees me going through, with my wife, what she had to go through for me."
Inevitably, he sometimes bumps into women that Sir Robert took to his bed – it is a long and rather illustrious list that includes, among others, Vanessa Redgrave and Lady Antonia Fraser. But Stephens is not judgmental. Lady Antonia he sees quite often, because she moves in similar circles to him.
"I like her, very much. I think it would be quite wrong to let my opinion of her be informed by what has happened in the past. People's lives are very complicated and always changing. Robert was not exactly an innocent party in that situation, in any case."
He adds that his mother is "very good friends" with Sir Robert's second wife, Tarn, and that he is very close to his half-sister Lucy and her husband Mark.
"It's funny to think of all these disparate people that Robert has brought together – I think it's rather a wonderful legacy, in a way."
Tim Walker is the theatre critic of 'The Sunday Telegraph'
'A Doll's House' is on until July 18. To book tickets, visit www.donmarwarehouse.com
| Maggie Smith |
Which European city is home to the Gewandhaus Orchestra? | The London Magazine
The London Magazine
27 November 2012| By Jasper Rees
Toby Stephens
The son of two famous actors, Toby Stephens has it in his DNA to be a performer. But, as Jasper Rees finds out, he’s very much his own man
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It falls to all of us to escape the shadow cast by our parents. For some, however, the shadow is a little longer, such as actors who have followed a famous parent into the profession. Toby Stephens has gamely endured 20 years of comparisons times two. His father, the late Sir Robert Stephens, was a celebrated English theatre actor. His mother is Dame Maggie Smith, whose latest iconic role is, of course, as Downton Abbey’s acerbic Countess.
“I was so naive when I first came into the profession that I didn’t think it would matter,” says Toby when we meet for coffee in Victoria. “And then you realise that you’ve got to deal with people’s expectations. Human beings can be quite perverse. They want you to be terrible.”
Stephens was never remotely terrible, but at 43 he is now quite a different actor from the young braggart who announced himself in a television drama of Mary Wesley’s The Camomile Lawn, as a buffoonish toff who spent his screen time either displaying his manhood – or talking about it.
His first ten years mostly brought variations on youthful swagger: a strapping Coriolanus for the RSC, a smirking Bond villain in Die Another Day. Did he feel typecast? “I didn’t mind at the time. But film and TV people tend to go, ‘You do that kind of thing,’ and that’s where they want to keep you. After Bond, I felt, ‘I don’t want to do this any more because it uses about that much of my bandwidth,’” he says, holding a finger and thumb just slightly apart.
The strawberry-blond mane is still a thing of manly splendour, but the range of characters you’ll see it on has expanded, thanks to Stephens’ success in varied, demanding theatre roles over the past decade. He triumphed as Hamlet in the West End in 2004, starred opposite Gillian Anderson in Ibsen’s A Doll’s House at the Donmar Warehouse in 2009, then took on something thoroughly contemporary, Tom Stoppard’s The Real Thing at the Old Vic in 2010. The same year, he had the lead in French Revolution drama Danton’s Death at the National, and earlier this year he starred to critical acclaim in Coward’s Private Lives in Chichester. Stephens says the Donmar is his favourite London theatre, because of the unusually close proximity of the audience to the stage. “I love the fact that the audience feel that they are illicitly looking at something.”
Born in London’s Chelsea in 1969, Stephens lived in Ontario, Canada from the age of four to eight, then West Sussex. He trained in the family business of drama at LAMDA, and by his early 20s had won the aforementioned role in The Camomile Lawn, and the part of Othello in the film of Virginia Woolf’s Orlando. Now he was a face in British drama in his own right. From his parents, he inherited an enticing blend of gravel and fruitiness.
During a spell living in New York, Stephens met his wife, the New Zealand actress Anna-Louise Plowman. In 2000 – the year that he starred as Gatsby in a TV movie of The Great Gatsby – the couple moved to London and set about hunting for a New York-style loft space.
“Eventually we found one off Brick Lane. We walked up four flights to the top of this old furniture factory and I was going, ‘I hate this, it’s awful’ then walked into the space and thought, ‘This is amazing!’ And I love the area. It’s like New York, it’s alive.” Nearby coffee shops such as Allpress Espresso Roastery are a draw for Stephens, who forswore alcohol a few years back, hence “I don’t really do pubs any more.” You’ll find him dining in St John’s Bread and Wine on Commercial Street, because “the food is just fantastic, and it’s child-friendly”. The couple have a five-year-old son and two toddler daughters, and Victoria Park is another favourite spot. “We do wonderful parks in this city. I judge every park now by their playgrounds.”
Other than scoping out playgrounds, Stephens has plenty to keep him busy in 2013, including promoting The Machine, a sci-fi movie he has the lead in. There are no plans to slow down: “I’ve got three kids, I’ve got a mortgage, I need to pay the bills.” So would he ever do a cameo in Downton Abbey? “I’d rather not. I always find it slightly naff when it happens. ‘Hey, we’re an acting family, let’s do a show.’ I don’t want to feel like I’m part of some club.” With a lineage like his, Stephens is part of a club – but it’s on his own terms.
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What sort of creature is a Krait? | Toxic and Stinging Sea Creature Photos -- National Geographic
Banded Sea Krait
Photograph by David Fleetham/Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Getty Images
The banded sea krait’s lethal venom packs a punch ten times more toxic than a rattlesnake’s, but fortunately these serpents are so meek that human bites are rare. Kraits cruise the shallow, tropical waters of coral reefs and mangrove swamps. But, alone among the sea snakes, they are amphibious and able to spend up to ten days at a time on land. Sea kraits hit the beach to digest their food (mostly eels and fish), mate, and lay eggs.
Short-Tail Stingray
Photograph by Brian J. Skerry
When a short-tail stingray stabbed a swimming Steve Irwin (the "Crocodile Hunter"), the entire species acquired the undeserved reputation of killers. Irwin’s unlucky encounter notwithstanding, human stingray deaths are extremely rare—only one or two occur worldwide each year. The animals typically use their daggerlike tail spines for protection against predators like sharks or killer whales.
Short-tails are the largest of all stingrays and can reach lengths of 14 feet (4.25 meters) and top 750 pounds (340 kilograms).
Nudibranch
Photograph by Jeffrey de Guzman, My Shot
The soft sea slugs known as nudibranchs have no shells and are defenseless from predators—or so it would seem. In fact the animals boast a toxic arsenal acquired by producing their own poisons or by ingesting them with meals of toxic sponges or anemones and then secreting them when threatened. Many nudibranchs boast brilliant color palettes that make them stand out on reefs or ocean floors and send would-be predators a clear message: I am not tasty.
Lionfish
Photograph by Thomas Redd, My Shot
The colorful lionfish presents an attractive appearance, but its arsenal of needlelike dorsal fins is actually meant to warn others away. Too-curious humans can receive a quite painful and potentially dangerous sting from these spines. Lionfish hail from Indo-Pacific reefs but they have recently spread to other warm waters, like the Caribbean, where they are causing some ecological concern by thriving as an invasive species.
Puffer Fish
Photograph by Getty Images
This harmless-looking “beach ball” is actually a puffer fish, washed up on a Karnataka, India, shoreline. The fish, also known as a blowfish, attempts to make itself inedible by ingesting enormous amounts of water (or air) and swelling to several times its typical size. Lucky is the predator that heeds this warning. Those that don't might not live to repeat the mistake.
Puffer fish contain tetrodoxin, which is lethal to many fish—and to humans, who have yet to develop an antidote. Some Japanese consider the puffer a delicacy, though one fish holds enough toxins to kill 30 people.
Scorpionfish
Photograph by Larry Ferlan, My Shot
Members of the large scorpionfish family live on the seafloor where they tend to blend in with their surroundings and hunt by ambush. These sit-and-wait predators adopt such effective camouflage that many of their meals likely never knew what hit them. Scorpionfish are also armed with venomous spines, which can deliver a dangerous sting to any animal trying to make prey of this predator.
Caribbean Fire Coral
Photograph by Brian J. Skerry
Any diver who has handled fire coral knows where its “fire” descriptor comes from—the tiny barbs that produce a painful burning sensation. Calling this hydrozoan a coral, however, is a bit misleading—it’s more closely related to sea jellies. Fire corals can spread quickly across warm-water reefs, where they use their stinging polyps to persuade other animals not to grow on top of them.
Blue-Ringed Octopus
Photograph by Jeffrey de Guzman, My Shot
One half of a deadly duo, the blue-ringed octopus enjoys an interesting symbiotic relationship with colonies of bacteria that inhabit its salivary glands. The bacteria produce potent neurotoxins that can kill a human in just a few minutes yet appear to have no harmful effect on the octopus. This toxic saliva, injected through shells broken with the octopus's birdlike beak, also helps it to digest crabs and mollusks.
| Snake (disambiguation) |
Which Spanish airport is the regular destination for holidays in Benidorm? | Krait book 04 A Different Kind of Diplomacy Chapter 15, a harry potter fanfic | FanFiction
By: slytherinsal
book 4 in the ongoing saga of Krait and friends; Harry and co have a Voldemort free final year at school, but they have to face the fact that he might not be the nastiest creature in the world; and winning the peace sometimes is harder than winning a war
Rated: Fiction T - English - Adventure - Severus S., OC - Chapters: 15 - Words: 69,480 - Reviews: 12 - Favs: 8 - Follows: 3 - Updated: 11/6/2011 - Published: 2/13/2011 - Status: Complete - id: 6740331
+ - Full 3/4 1/2 Expand Tighten
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Chapter 15
The quidditch team took their felix felicis well in advance and enough to cover eight hours. Just in case.
The fey turned up on time, noisily and suddenly as if from nowhere and a bit like Mr Ben as David said; to the confusion of those not muggleborn.
"Where do they come from?" asked Draco.
"The way I understand it, because they're not all of them fully substantial they exist partly in a weird kind of wizarding space and can travel through it" said Severus "They need the ley lines though to navigate as much as any geomancer; perhaps more. The power concentrated in ley lines helps keep them solid away from their Rath or hill. Hand out this ointment and tell everyone to rub it on one eyelid. It'll dis-spell fey illusion; but you can use the unaffected eye to see what they want you to see."
This was quickly done; and the difference it made was considerable.
The fey team was indeed made up of Highfey, Sidhe Lords; and without the ointment they seemed fair and beautiful and clad in rich velvet robes. With the other eye they still had a wild beauty; but they were a tangle-haired bunch with less than clean skin and their clothes were ragged and torn, dirty and insalubrious.
"That's what they call glamour isn't it?" said David, who had read up on the fey in the meantime. "I thought only they could brew the true seeing ointment?"
"They think they are" said Severus "But I am the world's pre-eminent potioneer and I did some research too."
"Nice one Scales" said Sirius.
There was a brief altercation because the fey wanted to use a real snidget; and Harry pointed out, quite rightly, that such was illegal and he did not plan to spend several years in Azkaban even if the fey did.
"Do you refuse to play us then?" asked the fey seeker, a crafty smile touching his mouth.
"Of course we don't refuse to play you" Severus spoke up "But you can hardly expect us to break our own laws, can you? We laid down the challenge; it was up to you to check the rules in the meantime over what quidditch means to us. Any deficiency in understanding is your fault. Such is what you always say when humans are shocked by some of your rules in hurley. So, we adopt that custom too and thus you cannot fault it. Release the snidget; we play Hogwarts rules quidditch."
Harry breathed a sigh of relief that Severus knew the correct way to manipulate these sidhe, and firmly took the snidget's cage from the fey seeker to release it.
The spectators from the unseelie court hooted and booed; but the team ignored them. The younger members of the Bloodgroup had pledged to keep an eye – and one with ointment on at that – on them in case of trouble.
They were many and diverse; ranging from the downright hideous to the breathtakingly beautiful, and often both on the same individual. A beautiful fair woman much like a veela had goat's legs; another stunningly handsome young man had unattractive blue mottling down his legs – he was almost naked – and a long tail that would have been ratlike had it not been blue. His feet were large and on backward. There were fairly ordinary looking hags – in so far as one might describe hags as ordinary looking – and the selection of elf and goblin like beings. Many beings looked as though they might be part goblins or part elves; and the Marauders speculated that the sidhe used the genetic input of more solid beings to help maintain a presence in an increasingly magic-challenged world
"The woman with goat's legs is a lannawn sidhe" said Bil "She's a Manx fey by rights, a patroness of the arts, inspiring poets and musicians to incredible heights during their bright but short lifespan. She's murky rather than being a dark creature, because she feeds on their passion and talent not on negative emotion; but she doesn't care that it burns them out. I bet she's checking out our musically talented to see if she can't persuade one to let her be his muse."
"Just as well our most musically talented are too young for her to use all that sex appeal on then" said Hawke "Though she can have the glee club is she likes; they almost count as dark creatures in their own right, certainly more than David's bagpipes."
"Unkind, but amazingly still almost true!" laughed Abrax. "Has anyone locked Tony Queach in a cupboard? He's musical enough, even if he is too young to even be able to spell sex."
"He is, effectively locked in a cupboard" said Bil calmly "He had a tune in his head; and wondering how vulnerable he might be I offered him quiet haven in Sev and Krait's rooms to compose. Gabrielle is there as well and that leshy child, Bethan Price and the other musically inclined Ravenclaw who has an insufficient personality for me to immediately recall the child's name. Wintergreen or something. The elves have orders not to let them leave."
"Good" said Hawke.
Some of the smaller fey creatures eyed the Hogwarts children covertly and hungrily; staring at them as though to remember every detail.
"Poor little bastards, I know that look; it's envy" said Kinat "The lowfey are little better than servants; and they see us, well clothed and well fed and no wonder they want to attack us in their jealousy, as poor goblins from the wrong end of Diagon Alley or Penumbrus Place or Knockturn Alley feel like getting at wizarding folk, especially the well dressed ones swanning up the street like they owned it."
"We can't afford too much sympathy for them; right now they're the enemy" said Hawke. "One day perhaps we can liberate them too; and if any ask to be taken in and rescued, well that's different."
"What if they do that to then betray us?" asked Romulus.
"No, they'd be bound by the laws of hospitality which are very strict" said Abrax "As they're bound not to attack us during the match. That doesn't mean they might not try to hex the players – because that might be within their idea of the rules – or attack us right after the match is over. That's what we're here to watch."
"I knew they were bound by rules during the match – dad told me – I didn't know it was a general rule" said Romulus.
The golden snitch was let go; and the match was on. Draco, Krait and Ginny planned on racking up as high a score as they could, regardless of Harry's undoubted talents, and left it to Sirius and Severus to knock the bludgers away from them if the enchanted balls came anywhere near them. They had agreed beforehand that the fey team would be looking to attack and harm more than to score; so Ron was to be almost solitary as keeper, and the two Hogwarts beaters would protect by watching out for the fey beaters.
"Like we play in Gryffindor against Slytherin" said Harry. "Or did before the worst and cruellest buffoons either left or chose the wrong side in the fight for Hogwarts."
Both Crabbe and Goyle had chosen to side with their fathers against Harry and the forces of freedom; and had died under the onslaught of an attack by the New Marauders backing up Tonks, who had been hard pressed. Theodore Nott, a clever boy not unlike a young Severus perhaps, had decided against joining his father, pleading pressure of schoolwork; and had been glad that he had done so. He was a skinny and weedy boy in any case, and had never been a bully; and was now keeping a low profile in light of his father's affiliations. Severus was being gentle with him in the hopes of giving the youth some sort of father figure that was a better role model; and knew from legilimensy that the boy was torn between admiring him for managing to come out on top and resenting him for being alive when his own father was not. The boy was a clever loner, who had never felt a need to join any gang; and Severus was sorry for him; as the boy was not in the common mould of bullies, even if he had the potential to be far more dangerous had he but realised it.
Sirius nodded in agreement over Harry's comment.
"It was that way in my time" he said "Severus had no backup as seeker; the others were too busy trying to maim us."
"So it means he'll know what to do from remembering how hard it was" said Harry "Right, Scales?"
Severus nodded.
"Strut your stuff, Prongs junior: we'll be at your back" he said gruffly.
Whether it was the felix that told him the right thing to say or whether it was just the love he felt for Harry he could not say; but Harry's eyes filled and he grinned all over his face; and Severus knew he would fly like a demon.
Hermione withdrew all possible reservations to the use of felix when she saw members of the spectators busy casting jinxes at the brooms of the Hogwarts team. All of them were protected with anti jinx magics, and it would not take the fey too long to work that out: but that they were prepared to cheat from the very first meant that countering that was not unfair.
When it seemed of a sudden that Hogwarts could never win and all was in vain, and the dementor-like being wafted up to near the visitors' goal to stare at the chasers, Hermione was angry.
She drifted along the tiers until she could level her wand with it, without being accused of casting magic onto the pitch and said very distinctly,
"Ri-de"
The creature burst into the now familiar cackling yet crepitant laughter and laughed, under Hermione's steady wand, until it exploded.
The chasers each raised a hand to her of thanks; and continued passing the quaffle. Their passing patterns were complex, including back passes; and the fey beaters and keeper were frustrated. Severus had said
"They are both subtle and yet absurdly simple; keep them confused, keep them off guard and occasionally do illogical things. They hate what they cannot understand and then they make mistakes."
The fey beaters really did hate it. And they gave up all pretence of stopping the chasers within the rules, and started casting spells.
The spells were challenging to counter; being inherently magical beings they did not need wands or speech, though it seemed that like house elves they could not cast the more complex spells without wands. Spells to toss people off brooms were not, apparently, complex.
Harry was hit by one such in the back; and was in mid air, broomless, falling.
And his mind was clear and open.
"Voldemort had learned to fly; and I remember how he did it" he told himself; and he was flying too, as these fey flew. Then he had caught his broom and was on it again.
"Nice one Harry – remember to wear your underpants outside your tights in future!" called Krait.
Harry grinned. There were some parallels at that; Clark Kent was a mild mannered man with glasses and untidy hair.
And his Ginny was worth a thousand Lois Lanes!
Ginny was hit as he thought of her by some hex or other; a brief wash of pain touched Harry and was gone and the fey beater stared at his erstwhile target with consternation.
"Nice try but no cigar" said Ginny, catching the quaffle from Krait, aiming at Draco then spinning it several times round balanced on her finger before throwing it negligently up in the air and heading it back to Krait, who threw it over her shoulder straight in the goal.
Again.
Hogwarts had scored sixty three times to the visitors' twenty seven; the fey would have to up their game and concentrate more on scoring than on spells or else get the snitch with a score of six hundred and thirty to two hundred and seventy.
Concentrating on the game when they had the chance to try to hurt was not in the nature of the sidhe. Their nature was to pick on the smallest; which was Krait.
This was a mistake.
Especially as the spell chosen turned Krait's broomhandle into a snake.
ssssHello my little friend ssss said Krait amicably ssss we appear to still be airborn, so I shall not need to turn you back…but I fear as half a snake you are uncomfortable…ssss
Gently, and twisting the spell Serpensortia, Krait drew the snake forward as though out of her broomhandle – which returned to normal – and draped it around her neck.
"PARSELMOUTH!" screamed the spellcaster, one of the chasers of the opposing team.
Krait stuck out a forked tongue at him.
"Didn't anyone tell you I'm Slytherin's heiress?" she said conversationally. "Daughter of Voldemort descendant of the Peverell and Gaunt lines….you people didn't like old Salazar then? Ah, I see!" she added enlightened "The Basilisk was not there solely or indeed mainly for muggleborn; it was because the fey fear it….don't worry, we've a new Basilisk since Harry killed my old one."
The chaser screamed.
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How are comedians Paul & Barry Elliot better known? | Barry Chuckle Dead? Comedian Becomes Victim of a Twitter Death Hoax : Trending News : TravelersToday
Barry Chuckle Dead? Comedian Becomes Victim of a Twitter Death Hoax
Travelers Today By Katie McFadden
Updated: Nov 19, 2012 07:37 PM EST
Barry Chuckle of the Chuckle Brothers is dead. At least that's what Twitter is saying. However Barry Chuckle isn't dead. He's just the victim of another social media death hoax. Barry Chuckle is still alive.
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On Monday evening, a rumor started spreading around Twitter that Barry Elliot, a British Comedian, better known as Barry Chuckle died. Along with his brother Paul, Barry Chuckle has created childhood memories for many who grew up watching Chucklevision on the BBC. They are knwon for their slapstick comedy and phrases like "to me, to you" and 'oh dear, oh dear."
On Monday night, Barry Chuckle started to trend on Twitter and quickly became a top trend in the UK because some users had heard that Barry Chuckle died. The Chuckle Brothers Wikipedia was quickly updated, saying that this was just a rumor which has been going around for many years.
Whoever updated the Wikipedia page said that user @bendarcy started the latest hoax. He tweeted a series of messages suggesting Chuckle died to his 60,000 followers.
His tweets included
'omfg apparently barry chuckles dead??? RIP NO"
"rip barry chuckle"
" #RIPBarryChuckle trend it for respect x"
The message then spread like wildfire and soon thousands were tweeting that Chuckle died, however it isn;t true.
The internet has been trying to kill off Chuckle since 2008 as his Wikipedia page says. In 2008, a rumor started that Chuckle died of a heart attack. The rumor then resurfaced on Twitter in 2010 and Barry Chuckle found out about it himself.
He told the BBC that children were crying over his supposed death and writing letters to the brothers, mourning over Barry.
"They send letters saying, 'is Paul going to be working on his own now?', and 'we'll miss Barry', and there's kids in tears so we have to write back to them and tell them it's not true," he told the BBC.
They also posted a message to their website saying the rumour was "complete and utter rubbish" and that Barry is "doing very well".
Ben Darcy later posted a tweet, saying that he accidentally started the latest rumor about Barry Chuckle's death. When news got out that he started the rumor, Barry Chuckle fans began to attack him.
"ok i accidentally started a rumor that barry chuckle was dead, i'm sorry i thought he was, but do you really have to send me death threats?" Darcy wrote.
The rumor of Chuckle's death sent fans into a frenzy as they started to mourn his death.
Some examples of tweets include:
"Barry chuckle has died, my life is officially over"
"If Barry chuckle has died then I'm gonna cry me eyes out an take a day off work #metoyou "
"Omg , I heard Barry chuckle is dead...no this cant happen he's my childhood'
"The saddest news I have heard today is that Barry Chuckle has died. :( RIP! Him and his brother were my childhood!'
When some users on Twitter found that it was nothing more than a rumor, they brought some humor to the situation and borrowed Chuckle's phrases.
""Oh phew, just irritating death rumours. Glad he's not dead. Barry Chuckle is very dear to me... to you."
"Enough with the Barry Chuckle death rumours. Its very distressing to me......to you......to me....."
"Another Barry Chuckle rumor? Oh dear, oh dear."
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Don't worry Chuckle fans. Barry Chuckle is just fine. However, there aren't too many who will believe that he actually died when he does because he is the victim of a death hoax so often.
© 2017 Traverlers Today, All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.
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| Chuckle Brothers |
Which fictional detective, created by Caroline Graham in novels such as 'Faithful Unto Death' and 'The Killing at Badgers Drift' features in a popular TV series? | Welcome to Chuckle Towers: Paul Elliott's five-bedroom mansion, complete with a fully-stocked bar and a snooker room | Daily Mail Online
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To anyone under the age of 40, Paul Elliott is instantly recognisable as one half of the Chuckle Brothers, children’s TV favourites from 1987 onwards.
With Paul playing straight man to his hapless older brother Barry, the pair made an impressive 21 series of their hit BBC show Chucklevision, famous for its slapstick humour and catchphrases such as ‘to me, to you’.
They filmed their last series in 2009, making it the longest running sitcom after Last Of The Summer Wine.
Regular at this pub: Chuckle Brother Paul Elliot in the bar at his home 'Half Acre' in Hatfield, Doncaster, South Yorkshire
With their success came all the trappings, and Paul’s five-bedroom gated home, Half Acres – with its well-stocked bar room, snooker room and grounds of one-and-a-half acres – is testimony to this.
Set in the pleasant village of Hatfield in South Yorkshire, Half Acres is a 15-minute drive from Doncaster and not far from Rotherham, where Paul and Barry grew up in a council house with their two older brothers and their parents – mum Amy and father James, a gang show performer.
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However, you could say that Paul has become a victim of his own success. The palatial house, set down a private road, has been on the market for nearly two years. Despite reducing the asking price by £150,000 to £550,000, he has yet to find a buyer.
‘We’ve had only four or five viewings in all that time,’ says Paul, who believes the house may be just too expensive for local buyers.
‘The average house price around here is in the region of £95,000; we’re charging more than five times that.’
Hard sell: Mr Elliot has been forced to lower the price for the home with £150,000 to £550,000 as he struggles to find a buyer
In frustration, he has just changed estate agents. According to Julian Brown, director at Portfield, Garrard and Wright, Paul’s new agents, it has been a tough few years for prices in the region. He explains that prices have yet to recover to pre-2008 levels but things are starting to look up.
‘Last month was cracking, our best in four years,’ he says, ‘but there are few buyers in Paul’s price range and because it’s such a unique property, it has to find its own level.’
Paul’s material possessions have been hard won. This is the Chuckle Brothers’ 50th year as a double act – they found fame after winning the TV talent show New Faces in 1974 – and the pair have just embarked on their 46th panto run, in Darlington.
Although both in their late 60s, the brothers show no sign of slowing down and spend their time travelling around the country for personal appearances at everything from pub quizzes to corporate team-building events, as well as touring with their own show. ‘I can’t imagine retiring because it’s such good fun,’ says Paul.
Chuckling away: The five-bedroom home also has a snooker table and an en-suite master bedroom
He admits the panto season – two performances a day, six days a week until February – is pretty exhausting. ‘It’s not an easy life but it’s better than going down the pit,’ says Paul, whose first job was working in a Sheffield steelworks.
Paul and wife Sue, 56, bought Half Acres for £300,000 in 2002 and have spent about £50,000 extending it, adding a master bedroom suite with bathroom and dressing room. Now that their youngest two sons are in their early 20s, they are keen to downsize and plan to spend much of the year at their Brittany farmhouse.
Despite struggling to sell his current home, Paul still thinks property is a good place to invest his money. ‘Obviously I’m not happy about having to reduce the price but we will still have made money on the house if we sell for the new asking price.’
The couple decided to invest in other properties soon after moving to Half Acres.
They built a five-bedroom villa with pool on the Greek island of Kefalonia, which they rent to holidaymakers, and own a two-bedroom apartment on the island, where they themselves holiday. They have also bought a two-bed apartment in Calabria, Italy, which they visit twice a year.
portfieldgarrard.com
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For which film in 1950, starring Bette Davis and Anne Baxter, did British actor George Sanders win the Oscar as Best Supporting Actor? | All About Eve (1950) - IMDb
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Eve (Anne Baxter) is waiting backstage to meet her "idol" aging Broadway Star, Margo Channing (Bette Davis). It all seems innocent enough as Eve explains that she has seen Margo in EVERY performance of the current play she is in. Only Playright critic DeWitt (George Sanders) sees through Eve's evil plan, which is to take her parts and fiancé, Bill Simpson (Gary Merrill) When the fiancé shows no interest, she tries for playwright Hugh Marlowe (Lloyd Richards) but DeWitt stops her. After she accepts her award, she decides to skip the after-party and goes to her room, where we find a young woman named Phoebe, who snuck into her room and fell asleep. This is where the "Circle of Life" now comes to fruition as Eve is going to get played the way she did Margo.
It's all about women---and their men!
Genres:
15 January 1951 (Sweden) See more »
Also Known As:
$10,177 (USA) (6 October 2000)
Gross:
Did You Know?
Trivia
According to the casting director's list, future White House occupants Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan were considered for the roles of Bill Sampson and Eve Harrington. See more »
Goofs
At right about 51:58 into the movie, when Margo and Lloyd are talking in the kitchen, right after Margo says "Cora...still a girl of twenty", the camera that is filming the scene shakes as if it was accidentally bumped. See more »
Quotes
See more »
Crazy Credits
Eddie Fisher is credited in the cast as 'Stage Manager,' although all of his scenes were cut from the released print. This is not the the singer Eddie Fisher, but another actor. See more »
Connections
About EveryMan, About EveryWoman, About EveryLife
11 August 2005 | by anita_delre
(United States) – See all my reviews
You will see yourself in every character in this very intelligent, entrancing movie. Though set in "the theatre," the story could just as easily have been told in a small town, a corporation even a religious organization. Being set in the "glamorous" world of entertainment its seems all the more timely in these days of fame, fortune and the insufficiency (almost shame) of being ordinary. The theatre setting also underscores the reality that the world is a stage, and all its people, players.
So much to study in this movie: the genuine, trusting (and romantic) human; the streetwise, good, hardworking human, who's seen it all and doesn't embrace it; the jaded, heart-hardened, deceitful loser with power, who admires the same and disdains human goodness; the ambitious sociopath who fools so many; the unsuspecting onlookers who see only the façade of success; the inescapable fact that supreme achievement has been had by very low characters; the painful passage of an aging woman into the light of knowing she's loved for being beautiful beyond her appearance, for being HER; the touching portrayal of her lover who remembers his love for her as he passes on a much younger, beautiful, talented actress; the sorrow of a (betraying) friend who discovers the frightened and lonely heart of her successful friend
The dialogue is sharp and clever, barked and growled, smarmy and tender
A truly human movie about being human. Go find yourself in everyone!
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| All About Eve |
Name the year: Valentina Tereshkova first woman in space; the Great Train Robbery took place; John Profumo resigned? | George Sanders - IMDb
IMDb
Actor | Soundtrack | Writer
George Sanders was born of English parents in St. Petersburg, Russia. He worked in a Birmingham textile mill, in the tobacco business and as a writer in advertising. He entered show business in London as a chorus boy, going from there to cabaret, radio and theatrical understudy. His film debut, in 1936, was as Curly Randall in Find the Lady (1936)... See full bio »
Born:
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Won 1 Oscar. Another 3 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards »
Known For
The Jungle Book Shere Khan the Tiger
(1967)
1971 Mission: Impossible (TV Series)
Armand Anderssarian
1966 Daniel Boone (TV Series)
Col. Roger Barr
1965 The Rogues (TV Series)
Leonard Carvel
1958 Schlitz Playhouse (TV Series)
John York
Singer in Public Bar (uncredited)
Hide
Soundtrack (4 credits)
1967 The Jungle Book (performer: "That's What Friends Are For (The Vulture Song)" (1967) - uncredited)
1953 Call Me Madam (performer: "Marrying for Love", "The Best Thing For You Would be Me", "Finale: You're Just In Love/Something to Dance About")
1945 The Picture of Dorian Gray (performer: "La Ci Darem La Mano" (excerpt) - uncredited)
1942 The Falcon Takes Over (performer: "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" - uncredited)
Hide
1970 The Hollywood Squares (TV Series)
Guest Appearance
1967 The Hollywood Palace (TV Series)
Himself - Sketch Actor
1959 Frances Langford Presents (TV Series)
Himself
1958 Women in Love (TV Movie)
Himself - Host
1957-1958 What's My Line? (TV Series)
Himself - Guest Panelist / Himself - Mystery Guest
1956 Ford Star Jubilee (TV Series)
Himself
2003 Living Famously (TV Series documentary)
Benjamin Ballon
2000 Ex-S (TV Series documentary)
Himself
1999 Film Breaks (TV Series documentary)
Eric Norvel
Actor 'All About Eve' (uncredited)
1995 Arena (TV Series documentary)
Himself
- Episode dated 10 December 1971 (1971) ... Benjamin Ballon from film A SHOT IN THE DARK
Related Videos
Novel: "Crime On My Hands" (w/ Craig Rice , uncredited) See more »
Publicity Listings:
4 Print Biographies | 1 Portrayal | 8 Articles | See more »
Alternate Names:
Did You Know?
Personal Quote:
A woman, a dog and a walnut tree, the more you beat them, the better they be. See more »
Trivia:
Withdrew from the lead in the Broadway-bound musical version of "The Man Who Came to Dinner" called "Sherry!" (with Dolores Gray ) during its Boston tryout in March 1967 when his wife Benita Hume was diagnosed with bone cancer. He was replaced by Clive Revill . The show was a quick failure on Broadway, and Hume passed away that November. See more »
Trademark:
Deep smooth voice See more »
Star Sign:
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If you drove a AMG performance luxury saloon car what make of car would you drive? | 2010 MERCEDES BENZ AMG E63 - YouTube
2010 MERCEDES BENZ AMG E63
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Uploaded on Feb 12, 2012
2010 (60) MERCEDES-BENZ E CLASS AMG SALOON E63 4dr Auto, 4 Door Saloon, Black, 9,900 miles, What a Car... This Is Possibly The Most Exhilarating 4 door Car We Have Ever Had. The Performance On This Car Is Unbelievable - 0-60 MPH Takes Just Over 4 Sec's With A Top Speed Electronically Limited To 155 MPH.
Mr Clarkson Of The Top Gear Kind After Reveiwing The E63 Said It Sounded Like A WW2 Spitfire - Thor - And Thunder All Going Off Together, I Would Agree. If This Car Didn't Have Traction Control, On Take Off, It Would Make The World Spin Faster On It's Axis ! ! ! Along With The Performace Comes The Most Stunning Exterior And Interior. The Bodywork is Finished In Obsidian Black Metallic And Comes With Full AMG Body Styling. The Interior Seating is Finished In Alpaca Light Grey Perforated Leather, With Air-Conditioned and Heated Electric Seats With Active Function Which Means, As You Drive The Car, The Seats Bolsters Automatically Alter To Keep You Sat Firmly In Place. The Seats Also Benefit From Having Massage Function And Orthopaedic Settings, So as You Can Imagine, Comfort Was The Main Breif For Mercedes. Fitted With The Full AMG Performance Pack Which Includes Fully Switchable Electronic Suspension Settings And Performance Settings, a 7 Speed Race Style Paddleshift Gear Change or Standard Automatic Mode, Adaptive Xenon Lamps With LED Day Driving Lamps, A Full Glass Panoramic Roof With Electric Opening Section, Interior Ambient Mood Lighting, Quad Rear AMG Exhausts, 18'' AMG Diamond Cut Alloy Wheels, Piano Black Wood Interior, Full Colour Satellite Navigation, DAB Digital Radio With Harmon Kardon Sound Package, Rear Lip Boot Spoiler, An Electric Rear Sun Blind, Automatic Open And Close Boot, Speed Limiting Cruise Control And Much Much More. The Car Was Just Over 82,000 Pounds Around 9 Months Ago. This Is Without Question One Of The BEST CARS Money Can Buy. This is a Car Capable Of Seating 5 Passengers, In The Comfort That You Would Be Hard Pressed To Find In Some Of The Worlds Most Prestigious Marques, And Accelerate To 60 MPH in Just Over 4 Seconds, INCREDIBLE. I Guarantee This Car Will Raise You Pulse And Your Spitit, And Is Possibly The Closest You Will Get To Supercar Performance In Ultimate Luxury. Full Specification For This Car Is Available Upon Request.
£49999
| Mercedes-Benz |
Which Manchester Brewery produces Jekyll's Gold? | Mercedes-Benz Reviews | Top Gear
Mercedes-Benz Reviews
Top Gear’s guide to: Mercedes-Benz
Lord won’t you buy me a Mercedes-Benz? No? OK, well in that case find some money and buy one yourself. The line-up here features some of the most impressive cars on this or several other planets. Plus Stonehenge residuals. You can’t really lose.
Found 22 results
Dramatic, fast and useable, with Mercedes’ thoroughness and AMG’s sporting genes.
Best in class
£69,420 – £183,135
Mercedes easily sits top spot in the luxury class. The S is luxury for a new era.
9/10
Great looking, stuffed with tech, implausibly fast. A private jet for the road.
9/10
One of the most practical, sensible and desirable large estates.
8/10
The B-Class is now a genuine contender – if an expensive one – in the family hatch sector.
8/10
Not the visual feast of its predecessor but much better to drive. A very convincing Benz.
8/10
£49,185 – £87,375
If ever there was an estate to get the masses out of their X6s, this is it.
8/10
Mercedes has thrown everything it knows into the new E-Class. You can tell.
8/10
A-Class
£20,455 – £47,760
Mercedes says this new A-Class is vital to its future fortunes. Phew, go the board: it's very good.
8/10
A relaxed, attractive and very well-built executive coupe.
8/10
Merc shrinks the S-Class and turns it into an Estate. Yes, it's that good.
8/10
Confident effort, free from old-school Stuttgart smugness, but not trying to ape the 3-series either.
8/10
Mercedes nails it. The C-Cab is pleasant to drive but majors on al-fresco feel-good.
8/10
E Class All-Terrain
£49,000
It’s not revolutionary, but in refocusing the dynamics to deliver a more relaxed driving experience, the All-Terrain is the most compelling E-Class estate out there.
7/10
An immensely fast and capable car to drive. But Golf R remains better to drive.
7/10
£38,435 – £53,740
There have been elegant two-door Mercs since before the dawn of time. And now there's one more.
7/10
A likeable thing. Go for a higher powertrain and it makes most sense.
7/10
£50,330 – £97,530
Has moved on from its predecessor and is now one of the best luxury SUVs on sale.
7/10
GL-Class
n/a
Seven seats and plenty of off-road ability, but many will find the smaller, cheaper Merc ML as good.
6/10
Crazy, and that's why we like it, but struggle to recommend it
6/10
Another brilliant iteration of the classic Mercedes - but the appeal of the looks will take time...
5/10
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In church architecture what is the upper storey of the nave wall, pierced by windows, known as? | Glossary of Church Architecture
Glossary of Church Architecture
Click on the bold highlighted words to display a photograph of the relevant item.
Place mouse over italicised highlighted word to display a definition of the relevant item.
Aisle An extension to the side of the nave or chancel separated off by an arcade . Sometime used for the passageways between the seating. See Alley .
Alley The passageways between blocks of pews .
Altar The ceremonial table at which the Eucharist (Mass, Holy Communion) is celebrated. May be made of wood or stone.
Altar-piece A piece of art placed on the wall behind the altar (see Reredos ) In the 18th century, these took the form of large classical-style screens.
Altar frontal A cloth or embroidery hanging for decorating the front of the altar .
Apex The apex of an arch is its highest point.
Arcade A series of arches like a pierced wall, separating off an area. See Wall Arcade or Blind Arcade
Aumbry A cupboard. In the Middle Ages used to store the communion vessels. Since 1900, in some churches, used for keeping the reserved sacrament. See Tabernacle .
Arch Braced Roof Curved pair of roof braces forming an arch which connect the wall (or post) below with tie beam or collar beam above.
Ashlar Thin slabs of freestone used as facing
Baldachino A canopy over the altar , supported on columns, sometimes called a ciborium .
Barrel Vault . Form of vault made up of continuous semicircular or pointed arch.
Battlemented Parapet A parapet with crenellations or battlements i.e with alternate raised or lowered sections. May be called crenellated or castellated.
Bay a division of a church or roof, usually marked by arcade arches or roof trusses .
Beam Long thick piece of wood or metal or concrete, etc., used in construction .See Tie Beam & Collar Beam.
Belfry A room or structure in which bells are hung, usually part of a church tower.
Blind Tracery Tracery applied to a solid wall.
Boss An ornamental knob covering the intersection of ribs in a vault or on a ceiling.
Box-pew The true pew . Surrounded by wooden panelling, and with a lockable door. Abbreviation for Horse Box Pew.
Box- tomb A chest-style monument. The interior is a hollow cavity, and the body is buried underground. May also be called a chest tomb.
Brace A supporting beam that steadies or holds something else erect.
Broken pediment a pediment where the apex is missing.
Buttress Masonry built against a wall to give extra strength, and to distribute the downward thrust. See Flying Buttress .
Candelabrum Large branched candlestick. May be free-standing or hung from the roof.
Capitals The head of a column, pillar, or pilaster . The form of the capital is often a good guide to its date
Castellated Parapet A parapet with crenellations or battlements i.e with alternate raised or lowered sections. May be called battlemented or crenellated.
Chancel The part of the church at the east end, where the altar stands and where the clergy sit.
Chancel Screen A screen dividing the chancel from the nave – another term for Rood Screen .
Chantry chapel A chapel in which masses were said for the soul of its founder.
Chapel (side-chapel) An area of a church with its own altar , originally for the cult of a saint other than the patron saint. Maybe an extension, or simply screened off with parcloses .
Chest Tomb Chest shaped tomb usually of stone. May also be called a box tomb
Choir Stalls Seating running east-west in the chancel or crossing, where the choir sits.
Ciborium (1) Another name for baldachino ; (2) a chalice-like vessel with a lid, used for the bread at the Eucharist.
Clerestorey Upper storey of the nave wall rising above the aisle roof. Pierced by windows to light the nave.May also be found in the chancel
Collar Beam A structure component to prevent roof spreading by tying together opposing sets of roof rafters . See Beam .
Communion Rails Rails in front of the altar at which the congregation kneels to receive communion. First introduced in the 16th century.
Corbel Block of stone bonded into a wall either inside or out, supporting the end of a beam , or a statue.
Corbel Table Series of corbels , just below the roof eaves. Used to carry a parapet, a wall plate or wall post.
Course Continuous layer in a wall e.g. layer of stones. See String Course & Zigzag Course
Crenellated Parapet A parapet with crenellations or battlements i.e with alternate raised or lowered sections. May be called battlemented or castellated.
Crossing The area in the centre of a cruciform church, where the east-west and north-south arms cross.
Cruciform Cross shaped, often of a church floor plan.
Cusps pointed projections in window tracery or in arches.
Decalogue The ten commandments
Decorated When capitalised, Decorated refers to a style of architecture dating from the late 13th to the mid 14th Century, characterised by elaborate window tracery and tall columns. Represents the middle of the Gothic period
Dormer (window) A form of window ‘pushed up’ through the roof line to bring extra light into the top of a building.
Early English An architectural style dating from the late 12th to the late 13th century, characterised by the earliest use of pointed arches and representing the beginning of the Gothic period
Fan Vault Form of vault made up of halved concave masonry cones decorated with blind tracery .
Flushwork Decorative patterns in flint flat against limestone, brick or carrstone, used to decorate the outside of some churches
Flying Buttress A buttress which stands away from its building, and is attached to it by a ‘bridge’.
Font Container used for the consecrated water used in baptism
Freestone Stone which can be easily worked, usually oolitic limestone, or sandstone. It has a fine grain, and may be 'freely worked' with metal tools. Thin slabs of freestone used as facing are called Ashlar.
Gallery Balcony overlooking the main interior space of a building. Usually at the west end of a church, but some occur in the side-aisles. Generally put up in the 16th to 18th centuries, and removed in the late 19th.
Galletting Small pieces of flint inserted into the mortar between the large flints.
Gargoyle A projecting stone, ususally carved in a grotesque manner, which throws rainwater away from the walls and footings of a church
Gothic Art, architecture or decoration styles dating from after the Norman period but before the renaissance.
Gothick An 18th century revival version of the medieval gothic style,sometimes called Strawberry Hill Gothic. It predates the 19th century Gothic Revival style.
Gothic Revival A 19th century revival version of the medieval Gothic style. Sometimes called Victorian Gothic. Dates from approximately 1840 to WW1.
Grotesque Decoration which either interweaves human and animal form with vegetation, or consists of a comically distorted face
Gradine A shelf behind the altar , usually part of the reredos , on which the cross and candlesticks stand.
Hagioscope In a wall usually to allow sight of the altar . Also called Squint
Rood Stair Turret Contains the stair to the Rood Loft .
Sanctuary Area around the main altar of the church, within the communion rails .
Screen A pierced barrier, often carved wood, dividing a space but allowing vision through to another area.
Sedilia A set of one to three recesses in the chancel wall, used as seats for the clergy during Mass.
Side Altar An altar in a side chapel
Sound Hole A square stone pierced with tracery . Supposed to let the sound of the bells out, but actually to ventilate the chamber below the belfry .
Spandrel The space between an arch and its surround. In a roof, the space between a brace and a rafter
Springings The springing of an arch is the point where it leaves the pillar or wall.
Squint A hole in a wall usually to allow sight of the altar . Also called Hagioscope
Strapwork A form of decoration which originated in the Netherlands c1540, and characteristic of the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. It consists of interlaced bands or straps, and may be executed in stone, wood, or plaster
String Course Horizontal course or moulding projecting from the surface of a wall.
Tabernacle A box to hold the reserved sacrament , which stands on the altar . See A umbry .
Tester A flat, horizontal canopy. May be above an altar , or over a pulpit , when it is called a sounding-board.
Three-decker pulpit A structure combining a pulpit , a reading-pew , and the clerk’s desk.
Tie Beam A horizontal beam used to prevent two other structural members from spreading apart. See Hammerbeam .
Tierceron Vault A rib vault with subsidiary (tierceron)ribs.
Tracery Openwork pattern of masonry or wood in the upper part of an opening e.g window or screen. See Blind Tracery , Y-Tracery , Reticulated .
Transept Part of a church built at right-angles to the main structure. May be added to an existing church, or be part of a cruciform building.
Trefoil A three lobed shape.
Truss Supporting structure or framework.
Turret A small tower. In parish churches they often contain staircases.
Vault (1) Arched stone roof ; (2) a burial chamber. See Barrel Vault , Fan Vault , Rib Vault , Tierceron Vault
Vestry A room in which vestments are kept, but also used for most parish business
Victorian Gothic A 19th century revival version of the medieval Gothic style. Sometimes called Gothic Revival. Dates from approximately 1840 to WW1.
| Clerestory |
Which wood was the one mainly used by Thomas Chippendale? | Architectural Terminology
A semicircular or polygonal passageway around the apse of a church. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Apse
A semicircular, polygonal, or rectangular extension at the end of a Roman basilica or a Christian church. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Anta
In Classical temples, the pilaster like projecting end of a portico wall often framing columns, which are then said to be in antis Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Arcade
A series of arches supported on piers or columns. A "blind" arcade is a row of arches applied to the wall as an ornamental feature. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Arch
A structural devise, curved in shape, to span an opening by means of wedge-shaped bricks or stones (voussoirs) that support each other by exerting mutual pressure and that are buttressed at the sides. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Architrave
A square beam that is the lowest of the three horizontal components of a Classical entablature. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Archivolt
A molded band carried around an arch. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Arcuated
Any form of construction using arches. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Ashlar
Building stone that has been squared and finished, and the masonry constructed of such blocks. Courtesy of Heather Russell
Barrel Vault
A half-cylindrical vault, semicircular or pointed in cross section; also called tunnel vault. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Bay
A vertical compartment of a building in which several such compartments are repeated; each bay mignt be defined by columns, piers, windows, or vaulting units. Michelangelo Museo Capitolino is divided into 7 bays by pilasters. Image courtesy of Phil Gruen
Basilica
In ancient Roman architecture, a large rectangular building used as a tribunal or for other public purposes and generally arranged with nave, aisles, and one or more apses. In Christian architecture, a longitudinal church of related form. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Boss
Sculpted ornament of joints, found primarily in vaults. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Buttress
A projecting mass of masonry serving to provide additional strength for the wall as it resists the lateral thrust exerted by an arch or vault. Plying Buttress: in a church, a buttress in the form of an arch, or set of arches, that carries the thrust of a nave vault over the side aisle roofs down to a massive external pier. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Capital
The uppermost part of a column, usually shaped to articulate the joint with the lintel or arch supported; in Classical types, comprising an abacus, echinus, and other carved detail. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Caryatid
A sculpted female figure used as a support in place of a column or pier. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Cella
The body and main sanctuary of a Classical temple, as distinct from its portico and other external parts; sometimes used synonymously with naos, the principal room of a temple where the cult statue is housed. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Centering
Temporary wooden framework used to hold construction material in place until a vault or arch is self-sustaining. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Chancel
The eastern portion of a church set apart for the clergy, and often separated from the main body of the church by a screen, rail, or steps. The term is also used to describe the entire east end of a church beyond the crossing. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Chevet
A French term used to describe the developed east end of a church, usually a French Gothic cathedral, with its apse, ambulatory, and radiating chapels. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Choir
The part of a church, generally located toward or in the apse, reserved for clergy and singers.
(This photograph was taken looking down the nave toward the apse. The choir screen is highlighted, which is just beyond the transept.) Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Clerestory
A part of a building that rises above adjoining roof-tops and is pierced by window openings to admit light to the interior. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Cloister
An open square court surrounded by a covered ambulatory, often archaded. It is generally attached to a church or monastery and is distinguished from a secular courtyard by its function as a lace of seclusion and repose. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Coffering
Recessed panels, square or polygonal, that ornament a vault, ceiling, or the underside (soffit) of an arch. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Colonnette
A small or greately attenuated, slender column. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Colossal/Giant Order
Columns or pilasters that rise through several stories; also called a Giant Order. Image courtesy of Phil Gruen
Column
A vertical, usually cylindrical, support, commonly consisting of a base, shaft, and capital; in Classical archtecture, its parts are governed by proportional rules. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Composite Order
One of the five Classical orders; favored in late Roman architecture. On the capital, large conjoined Ionic volutes are combined with the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Compound Pier
A pier with columns, shafts, and pilaters attached, sometimes in clusters, to its faces. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Corbel
A masonry block projecting from a wall to support a superincumbent element. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Corbeled Arch
Masonry constructed over a wall opening by a series of courses projecting from each side and stepped progressively further forward until they meet at midpoint; not a true arch.
Corinthian Order
The most richly embellished of the thre orders (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian) developed by the Greeks, with a tall capital composed of a bell-shaped core (kalathoss) envelped by layers of acanthus leaves terminating in the corner volutes, surmounted by concave-sided abacus. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Cornice
The uppermost, projecting portion of an entablature; also the crowing horizontal molding of a building or wall. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Crossing
The area where the nave and transept intersect in a cruciform church, frequently surmounted by a tower or dome.
(This tower is over the crossing). Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Crypt
A vaulted space beneath the pavement of a church, often housing relics or tombs.
Diaphragm Arch
A transverse arch across the nave of a church partitioning the roof into sections. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Dipteral
Referring to a temple surrounded by a double range of columns. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Distyle in Antis
In a Classical temple referring to a portico with two columns between piers (antae) projecting from the cella walls. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Dome
A curved vault that is erected on a circular base and that is semicircular, pointed, or bulbous in section. If raised over a square or polygonal base transitional squinches or pendentives must be inserted at the corners of the base to transform it into a near circle. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Doric Order
The column and entablature developed on mainland Greece; the fluted columnar shaft is without a base; its capital is an abacus above a simple cushionlike molding (echinus). The entablature has a plain architrave, a frieze composd of metopes and triglyphs, and a cornice with projecting blocks (mutules). In Roman Doric, the colun is slimmer than the Greek prototype, is unfluted, and stands on a low base; the capital is smaller. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Drum
1. The cylindrical or polygonal wall supporting a dome. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
2. One of the cylindrical sections comprsing the shaft of a column. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Dry Masonry
Masonry laid without mortar. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Echinus
A convex, cushion like molding between the shaft and the abacus in the Doric or Tuscan order; in an Ionic capital, found beneath the volutes, generally in decorated form. Image courtesy of Heather Russel
Engaged Column
A column attached to or appearing to be partly embedded wthin a wall. Images courtesy of Heather Russell (left) and Gayle Goudy Kochanski (right)
Entablature
The upper part of a Classical order comprising architrave, frieze, and cornice. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Entasis
The slight swelling of the vertical profile of a Classical column as it tapers toward the top to counteract the illusion of concavity that accompanies straight-sided columns. (orange lines exaggerated) Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Exedra
A semicircular recess or niche; a large apse. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Extrados
The upper surface of an arch or vault. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Facade
The principal exterior face of a building, usually the front. Image courtesy of Phil Gruen
Fluting
The shallow concave channels cut vertically into the shaft of a column or pilaster. In Doric columns, they meet in a sharp edge (arris); in Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite columns, they are separated by a narrow strip.
Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Frieze
A horizontal band, sometimes painted or decorated with sulpture or moldings. It may run along the upper portion of a wall just beneath a cornice or it may be that part of a classical entablature that lies between the architrave and cornice. A Doric frieze often has continuous relief sculpture. Image courstesy of Heather Russel
Gable
A triangular element. It may be the end of a pitched roof framed by the sloping sides. It also refers to the top of a Gothic panel, or to the triangular area above the portals of a Gothic building. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Gallery
An upper story projecting from the interior wall of a building, or placed above the aisles of a church. It may function as a corridor or as an area for assembly or seating. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Groin Vault
A vault formed when two barrel vaults of identical size intersect at right angles (also called a cross vault). Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Hall Church
A church in which the nave and aisles are the same height, giving the building the appearace of a great hall.
Impost
In a pier, the projecting molding at the springing of an arch. A rectangular impost block transmits the weight of an arch to a supporting member; it may appear between the capital of a column and the springing of an arch. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
In Antis
The term used to describe columns placed between the ends of two walls, commonly projecting from the ends of the cella of a small Greek Temple. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Intrados
The undersurface (as opposed to extrados) of an arch (or vault); also called a soffit. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Intercolumnation
The space between adjacent colunms in a colonnade, frequently determined by some multiple of the diameter of the column itself. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Ionic Order
One of the five Classical Orders, the Ionic is characterized by a scroll-shaped (voluted) capital element, the presence of dentils in the cornice, and a frieze that mighta contain continuous relief ornament. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Keystone
The central voussoir at the top of a completed arch. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Lancet Window
A tall, slender window with a sharply pointed arch (like a lance), common in early Gothic architecture. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Lantern
A cylindrical or polygonal structure that crowns a dome, its base usually open to allow light to enter the area below. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Loggia
An arcade supported by piers or coluns, open on one side at least; either part of a building (as a porch) or a separate structure. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Lunette
A semicircular wall area, or opening, above a door or window; when above the portal of a church, often called a tympanum. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Martyrium
A struction, oftenof central plan, erectred on a site sacred to Christianity, symbolizing an act of martydom or marking the grave of a martyr who died for the faith.
Megaron
The principal hall of an Aegean dwelling, oblong in shape and formed with sloping sides and a flat top, with a passage leading to an underground burial chamber.
Melon Dome/Umbrella Dome
A dome subdivided into individual concave webs; sometimes called an umbrella dome. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Metope
In the frieze of a Doric order, the rectangular area between tryglyphs; often left plain but sometimes decorated with relief ornament. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Molding
A sculpted, ornamental band, carved with a distinctive profile or pattern; highly developed in Classical architecture. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Mullion
A slender upright dividing an opening, usually a window, into two or more sections. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Naos
The principal enclosed area of a Greek temple, containing the cult statue of god or goddess. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Narthex
A colonnaded porch in front of the facade of a church, in early Chrisian architectue often serving as the fourth side of an atrium; also a transverse vestibule preceding the church nave and aisles. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Nave
The central, longitudinal space of a basilican church, separated from the aisles or from side chaples, and extending from the main entrance to the transept or to the apse. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Niche
A concave recess in a wall, often used to house statuary. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Oculus
A round window. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Opisthodomos
The room at the rear of a Greek temple, behind the naos. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Order
A system for the forms and relationship of elements in the column and entablature of Classical architecture according to one of five modes: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian (developed by the Greeks), and Tuscan and Composite (developed by the Romans).
Palladian Motif/Serliana
A triple opening formed by a central semicircular arch springing from the entablature of narrower flanking square-headed bays, used by architect Andrea Palladio. Also known as a Serliana because it was first illustrated in the architecture treatise of 1537 by Sebastiano Serlio. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Parapet
A low wall for protection at the edge of a balcony, terrace, roof, bridge, etc. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Pedestal
A supporting substructure for a column or statue. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Pediment
A triangular space formed by the raking cornices (sloping sides) and horizontal cornice of a gabled temple; also used above a door or window. If the apex or base is split, the pediment is described as broken. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Pendentive
An inverted, concave, triangular piece of masonry serving as the transition from a square support system to the circular base of a dome. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Peripteral
Pertaining to a building surrounded by a row of columns on all sides. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Piano Nobile
The principal reception and living area in an Italian palace, the first floor above the ground. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Piazza
The Italian term for a city square. Image courtesy of Phil Gruen
Pier
A massive vertical support often rectangular in plan and therefore differing from a column, sometimes having its own capital and base. When combined with pilasters, columns, or shafts, it is called a compound pier. Its proportions are far more variable than a Classical column. Pier is also the term used for the solid mass between windows, doors, and arches. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Pilaster
A column is flattened, rectangular shape, projecting slightly form the face of the wall. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Plinth
A generally square block forming the bottommost element of a column base; or the projecting lowest portion of a wall. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Podium
A massive platform on which an Etruscan, Roman, or other ancient building was sometimes placed. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Portico
An open, colonnaded, roofed space serving as a porch before the entrance to a building. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Post and Lintel
A system of construction in which two or more uprights support a horizontal beam; also called trabeated. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Pronaos
The porch in font of the cella of a Greek or Roman temple formed by the projection of the side walls and a range of columns between the projections. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Pylon
In ancient Egyptian architecture, the sloping, tower-like walls flanking the entrance to a temple. Image courtesy of Phil Gruen
Quoin
Large stone or block laid at the corner of a building (or at an opening) used either for reinforcement of the angle or for ornament. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Revetment
The facing of a surface, usually a wall, with stone for ornamentation or protection.
(Notice how the ornamental revetment is only on the facade and does not continue on the side surfaces.) Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Rib
A slender, projecting arched member of a vault, used to facilitate its construction, reinforce its structure, or articulate its form in varying ways in Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic, Gothic, and Baroque architecture. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Rib Vault
An arched ceiling or roof supported or reinforced by ribs. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Rustication
Masonry with massive, strongly textured or rough-hew blocks and sharply sunk joints, distinguished form smooth ashlar. Image courtesy of Phil Gruen
Scotia
A concave molding used as the intermediate part of a base. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Shaft
The cylindrical body of a column between capital and base. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Spandrel
The triangular area between adjoining arches, or the triangualr area next to a single arch. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Spire
A tall pointed termination of a tower or roof. Image courtesy of Gretchen Ranger
Splay
The widening of windows, doorways, and other openings by slanting the sides.
Springing
The point from which an arch or vault springs or rises from its supports. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Squinch
A small arch, or sometimes a lintel, thrown across the angle of a square or polygon to make them more nearly round and thus able to recieve the circular base of a dome. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Stringcourse
A continuous, projecting horizontal course of masonry, ususally molded, running along, the surface of a wall, to mark an architectural subdivision. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Stylobate
The continuous platform of masonry on which a colonnade rests; the uppermost level of the stepped base (crepidoma) of a Greek temple. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Thrust
The outward force exerted by an arch or vault. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Torus
A large convex molding found principally at the base of a column. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Trabeated
An architectural system using a horizontal beam over supports, as opposed to an arched or arcuated system; synonymous with post and lintel. Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Tracery
Ornamental intersecting stonework in Gothic windows, panels, and screen of Gothic buildings; also used on the surface of late Gothic vaults. Varied techniques and patterns are given names such as plate tracery (built up in corsed layers like the framing walls), bar tracery (constructed of complex fragments of the total pattern), flowing tracery (seemingly freehand, curvilinear design, though compass drawn), etc. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Transept
In a basilican church, the arm that crosses the nave at right angles, usually separating it from the apse; twin transept arms may also project from the nave without interrupting it.
Triforium
An arcaded wall passage in a Gothic nave wall, between the clerestory and the main arcade in a three-story elevation; in a four-story elevation, it appears between the gallery and the clerstory. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
Triglyph
In a Doric frieze, the projecting block marked by vertical grooves (glyphs) between the rectangular areas known as metopes Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Vault
An arched ceiling or roof made of stone, brick, or concrete (cf. barrel vault, fan vault). Image courtesy of Heather Russell
Volute
Ornament in the form of a spiral scroll, and the principal feature of the Ionic capital. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Voussoir
A wedge-shaped stone used in the construction of an arch or vault. Image courtesy of Gayle Goudy Kochanski
Westwork
In a Carolingian or Romanesque church, the towerlike west end, often containing an entrance vestibule surmounted by a large room open to the nave. Image courtesy of Gail Gould
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The Russian rouble is made up of 100 what? | RUB (Russian Ruble) Definition | Investopedia
RUB (Russian Ruble)
DEFINITION of 'RUB (Russian Ruble)'
The currency abbreviation the Russian ruble (RUB), the currency for Russia. The Russian ruble is made up of 100 kopeks and does not have an official symbol. Although no symbol exists officially, py6 (three Cyrillic characters which are the equivalent of RUB in Russian) is currently used.
BREAKING DOWN 'RUB (Russian Ruble)'
The Russian ruble has been redenominated six times since 1922. Today's ruble, the seventh ruble, has been around since its redenomination in 1998, when it replaced the sixth ruble at a rate of 1,000:1.
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Which film awards are presented by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association? | Rouble’s dramatic decline gives Russia an economic headache | Business | The Guardian
The Observer
Rouble’s dramatic decline gives Russia an economic headache
Already facing sanctions, the Kremlin now has to deal with a falling oil price and weak currency. But Putin has presided over years of rising living standards, and that may buy him time
Exchange rates in Moscow: the rouble hit a record low against the dollar and the euro at the start of last week. Photograph: Yuri Kochetkov/EPA
Saturday 6 December 2014 19.05 EST
Last modified on Saturday 6 December 2014 19.07 EST
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A website that was going viral on Russian social networks last week shows the rouble-dollar exchange rate, the rouble-euro exchange rate and the price of Brent crude changing in real time against a backdrop of slowly breaking waves, as soothing music plays in the background. “Russian zen: meaningless and merciless”, reads the bottom of the page Zenrus.ru . It is a play on a famous quote that Russian revolt is “meaningless and merciless.”
A zen-like calm is probably hard to come by for those watching the exchange rate and the price of oil: the rouble fell to new all-time lows of more than 54 to the dollar last week after the Opec oil producers’ group decided not to reduce production, which would have bolstered sinking oil prices. Russia is especially vulnerable to those prices, since energy exports make up half of its budget, and on Monday its currency recorded its largest single-day decline since the Russian financial crisis of 1998.
In all, the rouble has sunk by more than 40% this year as Russia has been buffeted by sanctions over its role in the Ukraine crisis and steep falls in the oil price. By the end of the week Brent was hovering below $70 a barrel, down from more than $105 at the start of the year.
The picture of Russia’s economic future is grim, despite the rosy outlook President Vladimir Putin tried to put on it in his annual address to the federal assembly on Thursday. Inflation has been rising, and recession next year is all but certain. On Tuesday, the economic development ministry reduced its GDP growth forecast for 2015 from 1.2% to –0.8%. State-owned banks have sought help from the government after the Ukraine sanctions cut them off from the western financial industry and its cheaper credit.
According to Vladimir Tikhomirov, an economist at Russian bank BKF, the two main factors responsible for Russia’s economic woes – sanctions and a low oil price – probably won’t change any time soon. “Oil has a stronger effect on the economy than sanctions, and the oil price and sanctions are speeding up macroeconomic processes that were already there,” Tikhomirov says. “The economy was slowing down due to structural difficulties even when oil prices were high. I think that next year there won’t be new sanctions but the current sanctions will remain; I think next year the oil price will be around $80 a barrel; and I think that the economy will shrink.”
But although such worrying numbers have led many to wonder if Putin’s standoff with the west might weaken his grip on power, analysts caution that the banking system is still functional and unemployment remains low. While concern over the economic situation is growing, the population’s “cup of endurance,” as the Russian phrase goes, is nowhere near to overflowing.
“I think a situation with the stagnation of manufacturing, the reduction of people’s real incomes and the rise in inflation – it will lead to Putin leaving power, but it could be in five years or in 10 years. There probably won’t be any positive changes before that,” says Konstantin Sonin, vice-rector and professor of economics at the Higher School of Economics in Moscow. “People’s reserves of endurance are very large.”
Yelena Tsereteli, an employee of state-owned Rosselkhozbank in the regional city of Kurgan, says that although her employer has reduced the amount of cash on hand for customer withdrawal, a run on the bank seems unlikely. But she has noticed customers taking out money to make investments in property, home renovations or cars.
“In terms of exchanging roubles for dollars, this isn’t really happening, but people have started to withdraw their savings and put it into something else. They buy a car or something, because they worry that the money will devalue,” Tsereteli says. “Otherwise they open accounts with higher interest rates, so that inflation doesn’t eat their money.”
A survey by the independent pollster Levada-Center found that 80% of Russians were worried about the country’s economic problems, especially rising prices and falling quality of life. Rising inflation – which went from 8.3% in October to 9.1% in November – has pushed up prices, since many consumer goods, especially food, are imported.
A ban on food imports from the European Union, the US, Australia, Canada and Norway ordered by Putin in response to western sanctions, while popular among the more patriotically minded, has worsened the situation. According to Russia’s state statistics service, prices for fruits and vegetables went up by 8.7% in November. Although the Kremlin has announced an import substitution programme and promised that domestic production will step up to fill the gap, reforming Russia’s declining agricultural industry will be a difficult and time-consuming task. In the meantime, analysts say, banned importers are generally being replaced by suppliers located further away, with the result that transport costs are driving up prices.
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The oil price’s fall to below $70 a barrel has taken a heavy toll on Russia’s currency. Photograph: Yuri Kochetkov/EPA
The government has begun taking steps to check rising inflation by burning some of its reported £269bn in foreign currency reserves, a good-sized pillow to cushion the economy’s fall. After Putin promised in his speech on Thursday that the government would take action against “speculators” who were fuelling the rouble’s fall, the central bank made its third large intervention of the week to defend the currency, allowing the rouble to rise to 52.4 against the dollar as trading opened on Friday. The central bank spent an estimated £1.6bn last week propping the currency up.
According to Tikhomirov, attempts to rein in inflation will not be effective so long as the currency hasn’t stabilised and structural inefficiencies haven’t been addressed, especially in sectors such as utilities, where prices have been rising steadily for years.
Nonetheless, Putin has argued that the devaluation of the rouble represents a “stimulus” for the economy, making Russian products more competitive on the world market. Indeed, large exporters outside the oil and gas industry, such as steel producer MMK, diamond miner Alrosa and fertiliser giants Acron Group and Uralkali, are seeing greater profits, according to independent analyst Timur Nigmatullin. He says that Putin is right – to an extent. If the rouble falls by 30% in a year, it can make Russia’s exports more competitive, but if it falls by 40% to 50%, it could lead to economic instability. The currency is currently poised between these two outcomes.
“Here the key role is played by balance. If the rouble remains where it is, it could be good. If the rouble continues to fall, it could be bad,” Nigmatullin says. “If it falls, it will lead to negative factors, higher cost of credit, problems with buying equipment from abroad … and the instability of the financial system. Investors will see more risk.”
At the same time, Nigmatullin argues that the financial situation of the majority of the population is not critical and several economic indicators are in fact positive. According to the state statistics service, real wages grew by 2.2% between January and October, GDP grew by 0.8% and the manufacturing index grew by 1.7%. The most salient number for political instability is unemployment, which remains low at about 5% and is not likely to increase, Nigmatullin says.
But while Sonin agrees low unemployment will have a calming effect, he argues that this level of manufacturing growth “is essentially stagnation for a big country like Russia”. Real incomes will begin falling, he says. The question is how long people will put up with it.
The answer appears to be a long time yet, according to Tikhomirov. “In the last few years, the income of the population grew a lot, wages and pensions grew very strongly compared to 10 years ago,” he says. “When they start to fall, there will be some time that the population will be prepared to grin and bear it: because of political reasons – but also because they have got a significant increase in income in recent years.”
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The Austrian schilling was made up of 100 what? | ATS (Austrian Schilling) Definition | Investopedia
ATS (Austrian Schilling)
DEFINITION of 'ATS (Austrian Schilling)'
The currency abbreviation, or currency symbol, for the Austrian schilling (ATS), the currency for Austria from 1924 to 1938 and between 1945 to 1999. The schilling is made up of 100 groschen and is often presented with the symbol S or öS. The Austrian schilling still circulated in Austria from 1999 until 2002, when it was replaced by the euro at a conversion rate of 13.7603 schillings for every euro.
BREAKING DOWN 'ATS (Austrian Schilling)'
The first schilling was established in December of 1924 by the Schilling Act (Schillingrechnungsgesetz) and was equivalent to 10,000 Austro-Hungarian kronen.
A second schilling was created in November of 1947 according to the "Schilling Law", with a conversion rate of 3 old schillings for 1 new schilling. Later, in 1950, the currency was pegged to the U.S. dollar at $1 to 26 schillings. The 1970s saw the collapse of the Bretton Woods system and the schilling was tied to a basket of trade-weighted European currencies (1971) and then to the Deutsche mark (1976).
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Which organisations controlled trade and economic life in medieval times? | ExchangeRate.com - Currency Information Austrian Schilling
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The schilling was the currency of Austria from 1924 to 1938 & 1945 to 1999, and the circulating currency until 2002. The euro was introduced at a fixed parity of €1 = 13.7603 schilling to replace it. The schilling was divided into 100 groschen.
First schilling
The schilling was established by the Schilling Act (Schillingrechnungsgesetz) of December 20, 1924 at a rate of 1 schilling to 10,000 Austro-Hungarian Kronen & issued on March 1, 1925. The schilling was abolished in the wake of the Anschluss (1938), when it was exchanged at a rate of 2 German Reichsmark to 3 schilling.
Second schilling
The schilling was reintroduced after World War II on November 30, 1945 by the Allied Military, who issued paper money (dated 1944) in denominations of 50 groschen up to 100 schilling. The exchange rate to the Reichsmark was 1:1, limited to 150 schilling per person. The Nationalbank also began issuing schilling notes in 1945 & the 1st coins were issued in 1946.
With a second "schilling" law in November 21, 1947, new banknotes were introduced. The earlier notes could be exchanged for new notes at par for the first 150 schilling and at a rate of 1 new schilling for 3 old schilling thereafter. Coins were not affected by this reform. The currency stabilised in the 1950s, with the schilling being tied to the U.S. dollar at a rate of $1 = 26 schilling. Following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, the schilling was initially tied to a basket of currencies and then, in July 1976, the schilling was coupled to the Deutsche Mark.
Although the euro became the official currency of Austria in 1999, euro coins & notes were not introduced until 2002. Old schilling denominated coins & notes were phased out from circulation because of the introduction of the euro by 28 February of that year. Schilling banknotes & coins which were valid at the time of the introduction of the euro will remain exchangeable for euros at any branch of the (Oesterreichische Nationalbank) indefinitely.
Coins
First schilling
In 1925, bronze 1 and 2 groschen, cupro-nickel 10 groschen,and silver 1/2 and 1 schilling coins were introduced, followed by cupro-nickel 5 groschen issues in 1931. In 1934, cupro-nickel 50 groschen and 1 schilling were introduced, together with silver 5 schilling. Coins were issued until 1938.
Second schilling
Between 1947 and 1952, coins in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 groschen; and 1, 2, and 5 schilling were introduced. The 2 and 50 groschen; 1, 2, and 5 schilling were struck in aluminium, as was the second type of 10 groschen coin. The 1 and 5 groschen and the first type of 10 groschen were in zinc, with the 20 groschen struck in aluminium-bronze. The 1 groschen was only struck in 1947, while the 20 groschen and 2 schilling coins were suspended from production in 1954 and 1952, respectively. In 1957, silver 10 schilling coins were introduced, followed in 1959 by aluminium-bronze 50 groschen and 1 schilling, and in 1960 by silver 5 schilling coins. Thus, the 5 schilling coins went from an aluminium composition to a silver one, a highly unusual event made possible by the substantial improvement of the Austrian economy in the 1950s. Cupro-nickel replaced silver in the 5 and 10 schilling coins in 1969 and 1974, respectively. An aluminium-bronze 20 schilling coin was introduced in 1980.
At the time of the changeover to the euro, coins in circulation were the following. Coins under 10 groschen were rarely seen in circulation during the final years of validity.
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How are comedians Giedroyc and Perkins better known? | Mel Giedroyc reveals the secrets of Bake Off - Telegraph
Great British Bake Off
Mel Giedroyc reveals the secrets of Bake Off
Mel on....why Mary Berry should be Prime Minister (and definitely not Nigel Farage), what Sue Perkins watches while filming, and when contestants turn into divas
Mel Giedroyc at home Photo: Andrew Crowley/The Telegraph
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Mel Giedroyc never thought that The Great British Bake Off would be a hit – a bunch of fake flowers in her kitchen is testament to the fact.
“I nicked them from the Bake Off set, series one. They’re really good ones, they’re worth £600,” says Giedroyc, pointing to the high shelf where the vase sits. “The props man knew that I loved them, and on the last day, he presented me with them. I thought, ‘Listen, this show’s never going to go again. No one’s going to notice.’ So I half-inched them.”
That was four years ago. Not only did Bake Off go again, but it became a massive hit, transferring from BBC Two to BBC One and triumphing as the highest-rated TV show of 2014. Its kitchen controversies – such as contestant Ruby Tandoh’s abuse on Twitter in 2013, and last year’s “Bingate” when Iain Watters threw his Baked Alaska away in a huff – have gripped the nation. Giedroyc acknowledges that its ratings might one day fall – “It could well do a soufflé” – but there are no signs of that yet. For series six, which will start filming this spring and start airing from August, Giedroyc is already planning activities for lulls in the filming.
“We’ve watched Mad Men, the box set. This year I’m going to bring The Prisoner,” she says. “And Sue Perkins and I have started knitting quite a lot. My plan is to knit a whole jumper.”
As the show’s co-presenters, says Giedroyc, she and Perkins are there to support and encourage the bakers – even the few who let the telly go to their heads. “When they get beyond episode three, somebody will turn into a diva,” she says. “Usually only one. I’m sure it’s due to stress, in the main, and not due to just being horrid people.”
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10 Feb 2013
Giedroyc won’t name names, but she does have a tale to tell.
“I was sitting in the loo once, and I heard a baker – who shall remain nameless – speak in a very high-handed manner to the lady of the house, demanding that she cook her an omelette in a special way. This is the lady on whose land we are filming. And I thought, ‘Ooh, hello, you’ve turned.’”
But, adds Giedroyc, the divas don’t tend to last long. “Their baking goes downhill. They become too focused on moi, moi, moi.” By contrast, she has high praise for last year’s surprise winner, Nancy Birtwhistle (“the right winner – a gorgeous, quality individual”) and the surprise runner-up, Richard Burr (“I felt for him, a lovely bloke”).
Mel and Sue on the hugely popular Great British Bake Off (BBC)
And she is fascinated by the suggestion – whispered to me privately last year by a senior BBC executive – that in fact Bake Off makes a silent feminist statement, because all three prominent on-screen women - Mel, Sue and Mary Berry - literally wear the trousers.
“That is extraordinary. That’s great,” says Giedroyc, pausing to contemplate for a moment. “I think it says a lot about the show, actually. And we all wear jeans as well – there’s a slightly frontier, cowboy element. Bezza loves a jean. Sue and I, it’s out of sheer laziness, and the styling budget is very low. I don’t think we’re making any conscious political feminist statement with that, but I like the idea that it’s subconscious. Frontiers-women. I like that.”
Giedroyc and Perkins’s double act – known universally as “Mel and Sue” – first fronted girl-power TV in 1997, with their Channel 4 daytime show Light Lunch. They had met at Cambridge University and have remained, says Giedroyc, firm friends ever since – even, she protests, when Perkins’s solo career was going much better than her own.
Mel Giedroyc with her husband, Ben Morris, and daughters Florence and Vita (The Picture Library Ltd)
Giedroyc met her husband, the TV director Ben Morris, in 2000, and they had their first daughter, Florence, in 2002. Another baby, Vita, followed in 2004, keeping Giedroyc busy at home – and leaving her to watch Perkins flourish on BBC TV, with her Supersizers partner Giles Coren.
Giedroyc, meanwhile, had hit such a rocky career patch that she had to sell her big house. (“When you’ve had a baby in showbiz, people think you’ve died,” she said afterwards.) That must, surely, have driven a wedge between her and Perkins?
“I wish I could say for the story that it did. But I was genuinely pleased for her,” says Giedroyc. “I think if it had happened in our 20s, when you’re very conscious of what your peers are doing, and it matters to you desperately… I think because it was in our 30s… We’re quite grown up people, actually. Well, part of us is. Part of us is still 17 and messing about like idiots.”
Today, Giedroyc is 46 and her family live in a little house on a slowly gentrifying Edwardian-looking terrace in Ealing. She describes her thrifty husband as “Military Dad”, who “collects pieces of string, ties them up, and reuses them”, and who drives an ancient yellow Renault 4. Her kitchen is exactly the one that Bake Off viewers would want her to have: country-style units painted Farrow & Ball Chappell Green, an Aga with laundry drying above it on a rack, Radio 4 playing the whole time, and a 15-year-old Miele washing machine which, at one point, goes into spin cycle. “It’s never let us down, I love it,” says Giedroyc.
As Giedroyc talks, there’s no sense of the brittle undercurrent that runs through so many celebrity interviews. She seems just like you see her on the telly, with no side or ego. She’s sitting at her long kitchen table, sipping Clipper fair-trade decaf coffee, and worrying out loud about Green Party leader Natalie Bennett’s car-crash radio interview.
“In a way, I like the honesty of it, actually, because you get so many bland, media-trained politicians. I like it when people mess up – I just hope it wasn’t too much of a gaffe.”
Giedroyc readily says that, going into the general election, she is a Green Party supporter. “I would have gone on the record as a Lib Dem, but I just can’t really square what’s happened in the last few years,” she says. And, in an ideal Giedroyc world, who should be prime minister? She pauses. Then, emphatically: “Mary Berry. Somebody with some good, honest, common sense. Maybe with some Labour advisers. A mixed Berry compote.” What role would Paul Hollywood take in the Berry government? “I supposed he’d have to be chief baker. Head baker. Kenneth Baker?”
More seriously, as the daughter of a Polish refugee, Giedroyc worries about Nigel Farage’s rhetoric. “I can’t take UKIP seriously,” she says. “I should, I must, it’s our duty to take them seriously, because they’re coming out with some really heinous old crap about immigration.”
Giedroyc’s father, Michal, is now 86. He came to the UK after the Second World War, having been transported from eastern Poland to Siberia by the Russians. “I tend to look at it, maybe too much, through my dad’s eyes. He’s a very proud, upright, principled man who swore allegiance to the King when he came here in 1947. He respects this country so much, and what it gave him, and what it’s given his children.”
Giedroyc is clearly devoted to her mother and father, who still live in Oxford. They are devout Catholics – a faith which, says Giedroyc, she also rediscovered after Florence was born.
“I brought Flossie back from the hospital, I was feeling blue and mad, and I suddenly had this overwhelming sense that I was going to die. So it’s probably fear,” she says. “I would not describe myself as the best Catholic – I’m a bit of a cherry-picker. I like the community of it. I probably go to church two Sundays out of four. My kids both had Catholic junior school education, which I’m really glad for – it taught them how to be compassionate, how to be kind.”
And it is Giedroyc’s devotion to her family which made her take on her next TV project – a quiz show for Sky1 called Relatively Clever. It’s a sort of modern-day Ask the Family, with teams of four (two adults and two kids, but sometimes including uncles and grandparents as well as mums and dads) answering general knowledge questions. Giedroyc says that, if her own kids went on the show, “Flossie’s best subject would be literature, and Vita’s would be music. She’s well into her music. She drums. We found this brilliant thing on eBay, a little electronic thing that’s like playing a kit, but she can wear headphones. It’s saved our relationship with our neighbours.”
As we wrap up, Giedroyc’s next engagement is to voice over a TV ad – the kind of commercial gigs that come thick and fast for Bake Off presenters. But her ambition is to write again, both a novel and a TV comedy-drama.
“I like writing a lot,” she says. And then her voice drops to a whisper: “And you don’t have to go anywhere. You don’t have to get out of your pyjamas. When I see women in tights and high shoes and made-up, at eight o’clock in the morning on the Tube, and I think they have to do it every day – I feel pain. I feel pain! It is life’s greatest privilege to be able to wear crap clothes to do one’s job, as a writer. What a privilege. Brilliant.”
• Relatively Clever begins on Sky1 on Friday 27 March
| Mel and Sue |
What was first published in Edinburgh between 1768 and 1771 thanks to the efforts of the 'Society of Gentlemen in Scotland'? | Sue Perkins - Bio, Facts, Family | Famous Birthdays
Sue Perkins
Virgo Comedian#17
About
Initially known for her work on the radio comedy program Mel and Sue, this British entertainer later hosted BBC2's The Great British Bake Off.
Before Fame
In 1990, she earned an English degree from the University of Cambridge.
Trivia
She and fellow television host Susanna Reid attended London's Croham Hurst School at the same time.
Family Life
At different times in her life, she was romantically involved with comedienne Rhona Cameron, television personality Emma Kennedy , and visual artist Kate Williams.
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If you drove an M5 performance luxury saloon car what make of car would you drive? | 2000 BMW M5 - User Reviews - CarGurus
User Reviews
Displaying all 7 2000 BMW M5 reviews.
CarGurus https://www.cargurus.com
2000 BMW M5 BMW M5 2000 Base
Zaven writes:
1 5 5
35
Nice — good car,nice color,very nice sound system,fast enough,one of the best 5 series ever made,very conformable options,very bad on gas,most important my son Harut loves it and he wants me to keep the car so he can drive it when he gets his driver license
Primary Use: Sport/fun (spirited driving, track racing, off-roading, etc.)
Pros: look
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2000 BMW M5 BMW M5 2000 Base
Tai writes:
1 5 5
55
2000 Bmw M5 — the car is amazing. with a top speed of 315km/h being pumped out of a non-turbo V8 engine., suade roof liner, and fully loaded leather seats and dash. the price tag aint so bad either. being that it is a 2000 the price has come right down to anywhere from 21,000-35,000. which is pretty cheap for an entry level super car
Pros: the overall performance of the car is spectacular
Cons: it's cost alot of money for parts when it comes to fixing it
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2000 BMW M5 BMW M5 2000 Base
Andrew writes:
1 5 5
45
Bmw M5 — Excellent car overall. The performance is fantastic. It accelerates smoothly and strongly. The build quality is decent for the most part. It has needed some work recently (new valve cover seals, a/c blower motor) and also the cupholders are worthless, but overall, it's about what you would expect from a German car. The gas mileage isn't great (around 16-18mpg on average), and the maintenance is expensive (but infrequent luckily). However, it's an absolute blast to drive, and there isn't much that comes close to it.
Pros: Performance, Luxury-factor
Cons: Slow navigation system, fuel economy, maintenance costs
1 of 1 people found this review helpful.
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2000 BMW M5 BMW M5 2000 M5evo
Alex writes:
445
Fantastic —
the best car ever made, it is so fast not many cars can keep up with it wen its been de ristricted. very well buit. very refiend, smooth quiet . its more like a luxery family super car. fantastic to drive ( which bmw isnt ) once you drive a m5 there is nothing that can compair. it is legendery. you can sit doing 120mph. with 2 fingers on the wheel. you know exactley whats going on with the car, and there is no drama. many times i drive the long way home. just to drive it. and some times i find my self just going out in the car, just to drive i dont go anywere i just go for a drive. the 5 series bimmer has been rated as the best car in the world, many critics have all said the same. but its not all great. living in the uk. it is expensive on the petrol. but worth every penny. keep away from dealerships when it comes to servicing. they will pull your pants down when things do go wrong it is expensive to fix,but to be fair they dont go wrong often. if your gonna buy a second hand bimmer you cant go wrong with a 5 series. as a car and a machine. there isnt anything i can think of that is better to drive or live with. if you buy one it will become part of your family.
Pros: brilliant to drive, looks stunning, very fast. great handling
Cons: thirsty, expensive spare parts .
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2000 BMW M5 BMW M5 2000 Base
NYJETFB writes:
1 5 5
35
The Ultimate Driving Machine — You simply cant have more fun that driving the e39 m5. It can be tuned to your liking and will spank just about every car out there without them knowing what hit them. The cabin is sumptuous, the six speed and handling create confidence. This is the BMW you drive when you want the Ultimate Driving Machine.
Primary Use: Sport/fun (spirited driving, track racing, off-roading, etc.)
Pros: Fast, comfortable, with a slick six speed. Simply the Ultimate Driving Machine
Cons: Sucks gas, and the 10w _60 oil makes sure that nothing you do to this car is cheap
1 of 2 people found this review helpful.
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2000 BMW M5 BMW M5 2000 Base
Rob writes:
1 5 5
35
Fun & Great Handling Just Dont Own One That Isnt Well Maintained. — While not the fastest sedan by todays standards it will still outperform 95% of the cars on the road today after a decade. A very civilized car that does almost everything well however you need to keep up on the maintenance. Cant wait to drive the 2012 M5.
Primary Use: Commuting to work
Pros: Excellent performance for a 4 door saloon.
Cons: Miantenance...parts are expensive.
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2000 BMW M5 BMW M5 2000 Base
Liam writes:
1 5 5
35
Good — BMW m5 E39 was the fastest saloon car in the world when it first came out in 1998 u can buy one for around 6k-15k and they are very fast and entertaining 400bhp 4.9liter engine what pulls insanely quick and will get to 0-60mph in 4.8secounds top speed electronicly limited to 155mph (187 with out the speed limiter) m button what sharpens up the throttle and gear responce and gear change quickness. loads of technology in the car like how much power you want to use sat nav 5inch TV screens etc.
Primary Use: Sport/fun (spirited driving, track racing, off-roading, etc.)
Pros: it is fun and reliable
Cons: none
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Displaying all 7 2000 BMW M5 reviews.
Reviews From Other Years
2009 BMW M5 Reviews
It Rocks By Kartik
it has a great acceleration and the braking system is nice and even if something is kept onthe seat it does not fall because of its great stability control.and it is one of my best cars.it has a great... Read More
It's Option By Yousef
it's a very good car... it is so fast...the acceleration from 0 to 100 in few seconds.. the shap is so beautiful...inside or outside it is BMW...it's option is very good.. if you drive it..you will fe... Read More
Read all 6 2009 BMW M5 reviews
2008 BMW M5 Reviews
Bmw M5 Interlagos Blue By BMWI
Great car - would highly recommend but not for an everyday driver. Excellent handling, extremely responsive and feels like a much smaller car when you put it through its paces. Can easily get out fr... Read More
M5 Review By breedawg4
This car is amazing. Can't beat the looks and performance. Stebro exhaust and 20" wheels make it look and sound mean! No complaints other than rear wheel drive and not all wheel drive like im used ... Read More
Read all 16 2008 BMW M5 reviews
2007 BMW M5 Reviews
Best Vehicle Ever By Sophia2013
very good car, runs and drives very strong excellent on handling, and very fast. it does consume lots of gas, but it;s worth every single penny. the comfort level ailed with the power is unbelievable.... Read More
Super Sedan. By Tariq
This car is soooo much fun to drive, gives you more than 500Bhp, if you dont like speed,,,, avoid this car. you can still ride it every single day. its almost perfect. it look nice all the time, when ... Read More
Read all 11 2007 BMW M5 reviews
2006 BMW M5 Reviews
Amazing By Warm86745
I have owned this car for around 1.5 years and have loved every minute of it. It has been very reliable and has delivered all the power I have ever needed. I would recommend this car for anyone as a ... Read More
The Ultimate Driving Machine By Ted
What can one say about a V10 M5...the car is truly magnificent and almost a perfect car except for the fact it gets about 12MPG. I cant find one other thing that I could complain about except for the... Read More
Read all 25 2006 BMW M5 reviews
| BMW |
In which Classic book and film does the character Mr Kurtz appear? | 2015 BMW M5 Specifications, Pictures, Prices
view all specs
Well into its sixth generation, the BMW M5 is a high-performance luxury sedan that sits on top of the 5-Series lineup.
Based on the stock 5-Series , the M5 stretches 193.3 inches long, 74.4 inches wide and 57.1 inches tall, dimensions that make it roughly the same size as the Mercedes-Benz E63, one of its closest rivals.
Recent Changes
BMW has made enhanced USB functionality and Bluetooth connectivity standard on all M5 models. Owners can now browse their libraries via Bluetooth and sync a second hands-free phone. A power trunk lid is also now standard.
Under The Hood
At the heart of the M5 is a twin-turbocharged 4.4-liter V8 engine that peaks at 560 horsepower between 6,000 and 7,000 rpms and churns out 502 lb-ft. of torque from just 1,500 rpms. The engine's twin-scroll turbochargers are installed in the space between the two cylinder banks, which helps make the engine more compact.
Power is sent to the rear wheels via a seven-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission, but a six-speed manual is available as a no cost option. Equipped with the dual-clutch, the M5 sprints from zero to 62 mph in 4.4 seconds and continues on to a top speed that is electronically limited to 155 mph.
The M5 is 30 percent more fuel efficient than its V10-powered predecessor thanks to its downsized engine and numerous EfficientDynamics upgrades like an automatic start/stop system and brake energy regeneration. It returns 14 mpg in the city and 20 mpg on the highway.
The rear differential's locking level can be varied from zero to 100 percent depending on the driver's demands. This works with a M-specific steering calibration and the car's Dynamic Damper Control to improve grip in both on-road and on-track situations.
Competition package
Buyers after more punch can opt for the optional Competition Package that bumps the V8's output to 575 horsepower. The increase shaves 0.1 seconds from the car's zero to 60 mph sprint.
Cars equipped with the Competition Package ride slightly lower thanks to a more responsive, track-tuned suspension setup that includes new coil springs and stiffer anti-sway bars. Bespoke 20-inch alloy wheels and a sport exhaust system that features four black chrome tips finish off the track-bred appearance.
Looking The Part
The M5 stands out from the regular 5-Series with a full body kit that consists of aggressive bumpers on both ends, side skirts, a discreet trunk-mounted spoiler and gills in the upper front fenders. A small M5 badge hidden in the twin-slat kidney grills informs other motorists that they're not looking at a regular a regular 5-Series.
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| i don't know |
Which group had a 1967 hit with “Night of Fear”? | The Move
The Move
vocal, lead guitar, bass, cello, oboe
Ace Kefford
vocal, bass guitar (left 1968)
Trevor Burton
vocal, guitar, bass (left 1969)
Bev Bevan
vocal, bass guitar (joined 1969 - left 1971)
Jeff Lynne
vocal, guitar, keyboards (joined 1970)
Richard Tandy
guitar, bass, keyboards (joined 1971)
Bill Hunt
keyboards (joined 1971)
One of the most successful pop groups to come out of Birmingham during the 1960s in terms of British chart success, The Move were difficult to categorize musically as their style ranged from pop to psychedelic, blues, progressive, 1950s style rock 'n' roll and even country and western! Above all, it was Roy Wood's talent as a highly original songwriter that propelled the band on an extended chart run.
Many songs that Roy Wood composed for The Move were considered by some to be drug inspired but in reality, some of his early lyrics were written while a student at Moseley School of Art. Despite the group's controversial reputation and almost constant inner turmoil, The Move laid the foundations of what was to become one of the biggest and most successful rock bands of the 1970s.
The Move was formed in December of 1965 by guitarist Roy Wood from Mike Sheridan and The Nightriders , vocalist Carl Wayne, Chris 'Ace' Kefford (bass guitar), and Bev Bevan (drums) from The Vikings and guitarist Trevor Burton from The Mayfair Set .
A band from London called "Davy Jones and The Lower Third" were performing one evening in Birmingham at the trendy Cedar Club on Constitution Hill. Their vocalist Davy Jones (later known as David Bowie) suggested to Trevor Burton and Ace Kefford that they should form their own group.
Ace Kefford recalled; "Trev and I were there one night and Davy Jones and The Lower Third was on. They were like The Who with target jumpers, hipster trousers, doing stuff like 'Heatwave' and 'Needle In A Haystack'. Chatting afterwards, David put the notion in our heads of forming our own band. We approached Roy Wood who was already singing that sort of stuff with The Nightriders. I had a similar spot in The Vikings doing 'Jump Back' and 'Every Little Bit Hurts', trying to copy Stevie Winwood like everyone else."
The original plan formulated by Trevor Burton, Ace Kefford, and Roy Wood was to start a band consisting of Birmingham's supposedly best musicians and create a look and sound similar to 'The Who'. The Cedar Club hosted late night jam sessions and it was there where the line-up first got together on stage. Veteran Brum vocalist Carl Wayne was invited to be the front-man and Bev Bevan was chosen as drummer after future Led Zeppelin star John Bonham turned them down (see Carl Wayne and The Vikings ).
"It felt different instantly. From the first rehearsals we knew we had something special."
Bev Bevan remembers; "I knew the band had something special when Jasper Carrott came to see us. Up to that time he'd always been my harshest critic, slamming the groups I'd been in as 'a load of rubbish'. After he'd seen The Move he said: That's the best of the lot so far, I think you're going to make it." Trevor Burton recalled; "It felt different instantly. From the first rehearsals we knew we had something special."
Under the initial leadership of Carl Wayne (who was a few years older than the others), The Move played their debut gig at the Belfry Hotel in Stourbridge. The new group was well received and other successful gigs soon followed. Material performed on stage by The Move at this time included many covers of American west coast groups such as 'The Byrds' and 'Moby Grape' as well as various Motown and rock 'n' roll classics. Although Carl Wayne handled most of the lead vocals, all the band members shared harmonies and each were allowed at least one lead vocal per show.
Following further bookings in the Birmingham area, former Moody Blues manager Tony Secunda saw them and offered his services. Tony Secunda was one of the more controversial pop managers of the 1960s and his tactics were likely a big influence on future Sex Pistols' manager Malcolm McLaren.
The group soon found out that Tony Secunda was not someone to be taken lightly. Bev Bevan said; "Shortly after he'd taken us on, he arranged a day of press for us in London. We strolled in about half an hour late and didn't think anything of it. He literally screamed at us, gave us such a bollocking. We'd never experienced anything like that before. From then on we were frightened of him."
Tony Secunda secured The Move a season at London's famous Marquee Club where they became known for their wild stage act. Encouraged by Secunda, their bad behaviour there eventually got them banned from the place. This included flash bombs, smoke, and Carl Wayne using an axe to hack at effigies of political figures and ritualistic smashing of old TV sets.
The ensuing notoriety from this and other stunts (including attempts to get arrested) soon helped to gain The Move a recording contract with Deram, a subsidiary of Decca Records. Publicity-seeking Tony Secunda made sure that newspaper reporters were present when the band signed the contract on the back of a topless female model!
"Tony's idea was not to sign us to a label until we'd built up a reputation and got our name in the papers." said Ace Kefford. "Tony became our sole manager via his 'Straight Ahead Productions' company with Denny Cordell and some others. They had lease control over the master tapes which I believe WE had to pay from our royalties. We were green as salad."
It was Tony Secunda who pushed Roy Wood into writing original songs for the band to record. Although Roy's only previously published composition was a single B-side by The Nightriders , he came up with the inventive 'Night Of Fear' for the Move's first record release. The song borrowed the catchy riff from Tchaikovsky's classical '1812 Overture' and was in the shops by the end of 1966, climbing all the way to Number 2 in the U.K. charts by early 1967.
"Nobody believed that Roy wasn't out of his head on drugs - but he wasn't"
Unlike most pop songs, the up-beat melody for Night Of Fear contrasted strongly with Roy Wood's dark lyrics. A magazine article about The Move published at the time proclaimed; "Meet the pioneers of the psychedelic sound". Rumours spread that "psychedelic" must mean LSD drug-use and strange "happenings". Years later, Bev Bevan recalled; "Nobody believed that Roy wasn't out of his head on drugs - but he wasn't. It was all fairy stories rooted in childhood."
With seemingly effortless ease, Roy Wood followed up the success of Night Of Fear by composing two more great hit songs. The powerful guitar/bass driven 'I Can Hear The Grass Grow' got to Number 5 in the charts while the Move's next single was the ultimate paisley-pop anthem titled 'Flowers In The Rain' which made it to Number 2 by the end of summer 1967. This record also had the honour of being the first to be played on the BBC's new 'Radio One' pop station. Tony Blackburn said the memorable "thunder storm" sound effect that starts the record was the main reason he selected it.
Now often pursued by swarms of screaming girls, the Move's new-found fame exposed them to the sort of wild fan mania that The Beatles had long-since grown weary of. Ace Kefford said; "The pressure of being in the charts and having your clothes ripped and hair pulled out by fans in the streets - I had scissors stuck in my eye - but for the same money I got in The Vikings." Along with constant requests for shows, public appearances and interviews, the group had little free time in their hectic schedule - even for recording.
As an example of the pressure Tony Secunda placed the band under at the time, Roy Wood remembers; "We played a gig in London, went back to the hotel and Carl Wayne came up to me and said: "We've just been told that we're in the studio tomorrow and we've got to record a single. Have you got one?" I said "Well, not on me, not at the moment." He produced a bottle of Scotch, gave me the key to one of the hotel rooms and said "Get on with it". Roy stayed up all night composing 'Fire Brigade' and said; "They had to sort of hold me up to do the recording session!"
The Move's success ensured them regular radio and TV appearances. However, an ill-conceived publicity stunt meant to capitalize on a current news tabloid scandal, resulted in promotional postcards being distributed that had a cartoon of prime minister Harold Wilson shown in a compromising position with his secretary. The PM was not amused and he took the group and their manager to court, suing for libel and winning the case. This resulted in the song-writing royalties for Flowers In The Rain being confiscated and donated to charities of Wilson's choice.
The Harold Wilson episode strained and ultimately ended the relationship The Move had with Tony Secunda and the band secured Don Arden as their new management. Don Arden already had a reputation as one of the toughest managers in the music business and one whose methods were regarded as quite controversial, although he had pushed a number a groups to success such as The Nashville Teens, The Small Faces, and Amen Corner.
In November 1967, The Move went on a U.K. package tour that also included The Jimi Hendrix Experience, The Pink Floyd and Amen Corner (the Move supplied backing vocals to the Jimi Hendrix Experience album 'Axis Bold As Love' on the track 'You Got Me Floatin'). The Move also had their first LP issued in 1968 and it reached Number 15 in the UK album charts.
The album's psychedelic cover art was painted by "The Fool" design group who also notably painted The Beatle's Apple boutique storefront and John Lennon's Rolls Royce amongst others. Despite the success of The Move's latest single 'Fire Brigade' that reached Number 3 in the charts, all was not well in the band.
"Me and Trev did loads of acid... it screwed up my life man. Devastated me completely"
Ace Kefford left The Move in early 1968, reportedly owing to nervous exhaustion and mental breakdown. Ace admitted years later; "Me and Trev did loads of acid... it screwed up my life man. Devastated me completely." He tried recording a solo album and later formed his own band called The Ace Kefford Stand (see BrumBeat Ace Kefford feature ). Trevor Burton took his place on bass guitar and The Move now reduced to a four-piece line-up, continued their heavy schedule of touring and promotional commitments. (Note: a version of Fire Brigade was also recorded by Brum band The Fortunes for release in the USA).
A new Move single titled 'Wild Tiger Woman', that had controversial lyrics, was issued in July 1968 but did not chart so became the group's first failure. It may have been banned by the BBC thus denying the record essential airplay on Radio One. The record had also featured legendary session player Nicky Hopkins on piano. However, The Move's next single, the majestic 'Blackberry Way', released at the end of 1968, deservedly topped the UK record charts to become one of the classic songs of the era.
It's interesting to note that Roy Wood made the first demo recording of Blackberry Way in Jeff Lynne's home studio at Shard End. Jeff had replaced Roy Wood as guitarist in The Nightriders before they became The Idle Race . A harpsichord heard on the final recording was played by future ELO member Richard Tandy - at that time part of The Uglys line-up. Richard also played bass guitar for The Move at several gigs while Trevor Burton recovered from a shoulder injury. Although The Move were finally enjoying chart-topping success, there was more trouble developing within the group's always volatile line-up.
Trevor Burton quit the band in February 1969 after an argument on-stage with Bev Bevan during a show in Sweden. Trevor had stayed at Traffic's legendary "Cottage" in the company of Steve Winwood and his musical mates. Years later he said; "After spending time with these people I just couldn't go back and do 'Flowers In The Rain' and 'Blackberry Way'. I aspired to something more and didn't want to be a pop star." His leaving forced the cancellation of the Move's scheduled American tour.
In a newspaper interview, Carl Wayne said; "Trevor wants to play country/blues and this doesn't fit in with our ideas. He is joining The Uglys who are going to re-form and change their name. Our previous manager Tony Secuda will handle them." Trevor soon formed a Brummie "supergroup" to include The Uglys front-man Steve Gibbons and former Moody Blues vocalist/guitarist Denny Laine with the line-up named "Balls" and managed by ex Move manager Tony Secunda (see Balls ).
Trevor's place in the Move was filled by Rick Price from the Birmingham cabaret band Sight And Sound . Rick was a veteran of the Brumbeat scene and had played guitar in The Cimarrons who recorded a track on the DIAL BrumBeat LP in 1964. Rick said; "I was doing Roy Wood impressions in a band called Sight And Sound. Then Roy turned up at a gig one night, completely out of the blue, and asked me if I'd like a job. Fortunately he came in late so he missed my take-off of him!"
In the summer of 1969, the group began recording sessions for what would become their second LP titled 'Shazam'. The next Move single 'Curly', was not as strong as Blackberry Way but still made it to Number 12 in the charts and in October 1969, the band embarked on their first and only tour of the U.S.A. The tour was not a big success, mainly due to lack of planning and promotion. Although The Move had a more serious "underground" following in America, record sales there were small with the only airplay on alternative or college FM stations (see the BrumBeat review of the excellent 'The Move Live At The Fillmore 1969' CD by clicking HERE ).
On their return to the UK, The Move went, like many West Midlands bands before them, on the lucrative 'cabaret' circuit. By this time they were again under new management from pop manager Peter Walsh who specialized in cabaret acts and had bought the group's contract from Don Arden. The cabaret shows caused friction between Carl Wayne and Roy Wood whose increasingly wild appearance would often draw ridicule from the generally older audience. Additionally, there were disagreements over who should sing lead vocal on the Move's new singles.
In the winter of 1970 following a nasty incident involving an audience member during one of the Move's cabaret performances, Carl Wayne quit the group to go solo. After recording an album, he went on to enjoy success as a cabaret singer and TV actor, even appearing on ITV's popular 'Crossroads' series and in various theatrical productions - a far cry from smashing televisions on stage with The Move. In 1999 Carl Wayne became lead vocalist for Manchester's world-famous band 'The Hollies' as replacement for Allan Clarke. Carl Wayne passed away on August 31, 2004 after a battle with cancer (see Brum Beat Carl Wayne feature).
The Move once again came under Don Arden's management and Roy Wood, now firmly in artistic control of the band, asked his friend Jeff Lynne from The Idle Race to join as Carl Wayne's replacement (see The Idle Race ). Lynne had previously been asked after Trevor Burton's departure but had declined although this time he accepted the offer and the first Move single recorded with him entitled 'Brontosaurus', was issued in April of 1970. To promote it, The Move appeared on TV with Roy Wood wearing outrageous clothes and facial make-up, thus pre-dating the "Glam Rock" era by a few years. The resulting publicity helped the record gain a Number 7 chart position although it had a much heavier sound than their previous pop-oriented singles.
"The Orchestra will try and get away from all this self-indulgent rubbish that a lot of groups seem to be playing today"
Roy Wood and Jeff Lynne had an idea to form a new band that would incorporate classical instruments and create a sound similar to what the Beatles had achieved on their innovative recording of 'I Am The Walrus'. Former Moody Blues vocalist Denny Laine had experimented with a similar concept in 1967 with his 'Electric String Band' (see Denny Laine ), and The Spencer Davis Group's 'Time Seller' single had also featured a heavy cello section. Wood and Lynne with the financial backing of Don Arden, set about recording an album based on this concept and also discontinued touring by the end of 1970 but were required by contract to continue recording and promoting records by 'The Move'.
When interviewed at the time, Jeff Lynne said; "The Orchestra will try and get away from all this self-indulgent rubbish that a lot of groups seem to be playing today. The material will have a definite form, will consist of definite movements, and it'll still be freaky but we want to get away from the nine minute guitar solos and intellectualism. We plan to run the Orchestra and the Move as two separate units. But the rumours that The Move will break up before the autumn just aren't true."
Ironically, the Move now entered their most prolific period in terms of recording with a new progressive-sounding album titled 'Looking On' of all original compositions by Roy Wood and Jeff Lynne in addition to new singles and enough songs for a fourth Move LP. Meanwhile, the recording of their new "orchestra" album progressed at a slow pace.
Bass guitarist Rick Price left the group to join Mongrel after The Move stopped touring although he did help out on their live appearances when required as did Richard Tandy from The Uglys and keyboard player Bill Hunt from Breakthru . However, the next two new Move singles titled 'Tonight' and 'China Town' (both composed by Roy Wood) were significant UK hits in 1971 and kept The Move in the public eye as they continued to make appearances on BBC Radio and TV shows like 'Top Of The Pops'.
After completing another Move LP titled 'Message From The Country', The Move's final single, the Jerry Lee Lewis styled 'California Man' was released and reached Number 7 in the UK charts in May of 1972. The much heavier guitar-driven B-side titled 'Do Ya' and composed by Jeff Lynne, also became a minor hit in the USA - oddly the only Move record to have an impact on the American charts. This song was re-recorded and re-issued by ELO in 1976 as a track on their hugely successful album A New World Record.
Finally, the new Roy Wood/Jeff Lynne/Bev Bevan album was completed and released under the name of "The Electric Light Orchestra" (name derived from the Midland Light Orchestra). A single from the album, '10538 Overture' composed by Jeff Lynne, made the Top Ten in the British charts and a national tour along with radio and TV appearances to promote the new band followed. The group by this time also included Richard Tandy (previously with The Uglys ) on bass guitar, Bill Hunt (from Breakthru ) on piano and french horn, cellists Andy Craig and Hugh McDowell, plus Wilf Gibson on violin.
The Electric Light Orchestra album was a critical success, but sold poorly due to the experimental nature of most of the songs. Jeff Lynne would later remark that much of it sounded like "a load of old dustbins falling down the stairs" though he has since acknowledged it as ground-breaking and innovative for that time. Even today, 10538 Overture remains a staple of Jeff's concert performances with ELO.
After reportedly falling-out with Jeff Lynne from differences in opinion over musical direction and coupled with the difficulties in reproducing the Electric Light Orchestra sound live on stage, Roy Wood left the group in early 1973 during recording sessions for their second album. He soon formed a new band called 'Wizzard' (see Mongrel ). The line-up included former Move member Rick Price, drummers Charlie Grima (see The Ghost ) and Keith Smart (see The Uglys ), saxophonists Mike Burney and Nick Pentelow, and fellow ELO defectors Bill Hunt on piano and Hugh McDowell on cello. Roy also had his first solo LP titled 'Boulders' issued on which he had played all the instruments himself.
After a successful debut at Wembley Stadium as part of the famous London Rock and Roll 'Revival' Show, Wizzard shot to the forefront of the "Glam Rock" movement with memorable appearances on 'Top Of The Pops' and the release of several top selling singles. This included two Number One hits in 1973; 'See My Baby Jive' and 'Angel Fingers' as well as the seasonal favourite 'I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday'. Roy Wood's chart success continued until the late 1970s and after several years of writing and producing for other artists, continues to perform today with his own 'Roy Wood Big Band' as well as making regular appearances on radio and TV.
Meanwhile, the Electric Light Orchestra (or E.L.O.) now under Jeff Lynne's artistic control, along with remaining original Move member Bev Bevan and ever-loyal keyboardist Richard Tandy, went on to become one of the most successful bands of the 1970s, achieving hit records and multi-million selling albums worldwide. Managed by Don Arden (who also managed fellow Brummies Black Sabbath ), ELO's spectacular success - particularly in the USA where they toured consistently and played to packed stadiums - continued well into the 1980s.
ELO produced many classic recordings, all composed by Jeff Lynne, such as; Evil Woman, Telephone Line, Mr Blue Sky and Don't Bring Me Down amongst many others. Their British number one titled 'Xanadu' was recorded with Olivia Newton John. ELO's live sound engineer was Richard Pannell who had played guitar in 1960s Brum groups The King Bees and Craig along with famous drummer Carl Palmer (of Emerson, Lake & Palmer). Brum musician Dave Morgan from The Uglys (who wrote some single B-sides for The Move) was also part of ELO's 1980s line-up.
ELO disbanded in 1985 but Jeff Lynne continued to have huge behind-the-scenes success as songwriter and producer, helping to revive the recording careers of George Harrison, Roy Orbison and Tom Petty. He also formed the highly-acclaimed successful supergroup 'The Traveling Wilburys' with Harrison, Orbison, Petty and Bob Dylan and realized many a producer's greatest ambition when he brilliantly produced John Lennon's 'Free As A Bird' for the Beatles controversial "reunion" in 1995.
Jeff Lynne continues to be much-in-demand as a producer and songwriter of considerable talent and reputation. He also finally went out on the road again in 2001 with a new ELO line-up and album. His latest CD titled 'Long Wave' ( see review ) features his own recordings of classic songs he first heard as a boy growing up in Birmingham. The year 2015 saw the release of Jeff's all-new ELO album to enthusiastic reviews and sold-out shows. Although awarded a star on Birmingham's own 'Walk of Fame', Jeff Lynne and/or ELO have yet to be inducted into the 'Rock and Roll Hall of Fame'.
After a brief stint in the legendary Brum heavy metal band Black Sabbath , drummer Bev Bevan formed the Electric Light Orchestra Part II in the late 1980s which included some former ELO members and featuring songs on stage made famous by the 1970s version of ELO. The group toured worldwide for about 10 years until Bev Bevan's departure to become a part-time radio DJ and session player. Still based in Birmingham, he has since performed with his own band and occasionally tours with a new line-up of 'The Move' that also includes original member Trevor Burton.
Copyright © John R Woodhouse
Sources: 'The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles' 5th edition 1985; 'The Electric Light Orchestra Story' by Bev Bevan 1980; 'Split Ends' LP by United Artists 1972; 'The Best Of The Move' LP by A&M Records 1974; 'The Harmony Illustrated Encyclopedia of Rock' 1982; 'Ace Kefford interview - Record Collector' July 1994 by Alan Clayson; 'The Move Anthology' CD book by Mark Paytress 2008; plus contributions from Trevor Burton and Rick Price.
The Move 1960s Record Releases
(highest UK chart position in brackets)
Singles:
Night Of Fear/Disturbance (Deram DM 109) Dec/1966 (2)
I Can Hear The Grass Grow/Wave The Flag And Stop The Train (Deram DM 117) April 1967 (5)
Flowers In The Rain/(Here We Go Round) The Lemon Tree (Regal Zonophone RZ 3001) September 1967 (2)
Cherry Blossom Clinic/Vote For Me (Regal Zonophone) November 1967 (release cancelled)
Fire Brigade/Walk Upon The Water (Regal Zonophone RZ 3005) February 1968 (3)
Wild Tiger Woman/Omnibus (Regal Zonophone RZ 3012) July 1968
Blackberry Way/Something (Regal Zonophone RZ 3015) January 1969 (1)
Curly/This Time Tomorrow (Regal Zonophone RZ 3021) August 1969 (12)
Brontosaurus/Lightning Never Strikes Twice (Regal Zonophone RZ 3026) March 1970 (7)
When Alice Comes Back To The Farm/What? (Fly BUG 2) September 1970
Tonight/Don't Mess Me Up (Harvest HAR 5038) June 1971 (11)
Chinatown/Down On The Bay (Harvest HAR 5043) October 1971 (23)
California Man/Do Ya/Ella James (Harvest HAR 5050) May 1972 (7)
Extended Player:
Something Else From The Move (Regal Zonophone TRZ 2001) (live recording) September 1968
Albums:
| Move (Japanese band) |
Which Victorian scientist said man who dares to waste one hour of life has not discovered the value of life”? | Roy Wood: The talent behind The Move, ELO and Wizzard | Dangerous Minds
Roy Wood: The talent behind The Move, ELO and Wizzard
11.08.2011
Wizzard
Happy Birthday to Roy Wood - musical genius and founder member of The Move, the Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard.
From the moment the needle hit the vinyl and the sirens screamed, I was hooked on Roy Wood’s music. His single “Fire Brigade” was 2 minutes of perfect pop with the best opening lyric I’d ever heard
Cast your mind back ten years
To the girl who’s next to me in school
If I put me hand upon her leg
She hit me with a rule.
I’d have to cast my mind back farther than 10 years to recall the girl who sat next or near to me in school. I don’t know what would have happened if I’d put my hand upon her knee, but do know she grew up to be a cop, who made headlines for her sexual shenanigans, and is up before the beak for perverting the course of justice. But, so much is life.
“Fire Brigade” charted in February 1968, and was The Move’s fourth single, it’s a work of sheer bloody brilliance that later helped the Sex Pistols with “God Save the Queen”.
I don’t think Roy Wood has ever received the full respect and recognition his musical talents deserve. Founder of 3 highly successful bands - The Move, The Electric Light Orchestra and Wizzard, and a composer of a jukebox full of hit singles, Wood is as important as Goffin & King, Lennon & McCartney, Jagger and Richards. But where they all had writing partners to bounce ideas off, Wood was on his own. He is one of those rare solo geniuses like Pete Townshend or David Bowie.
Roy Wood was born on 8 November 1946, in Kitts Green, Birmingham, England, He tested his mettle with various bands before forming The Move with Chris “Ace” Kefford, Carl Wayne, Trevor Burton and Bev Bevan. By dint of writing the songs, Wood was the band’s unofficial leader, yet his lack of confidence saw him share lead vocals with Wayne.
Wood was also a multi-instrumentalist, which made him and The Move far more experimental than any of their rivals, and this includes The Beatles. Take for instance, The Move’s first single “Night of Fear”, from 1966, which sampled Tchaikovsky’s 1812 Overture to create a song about the downside of LSD. The subject matter reflected the band’s interests in the pop sherbets - particularly Burton and Kefford, who were “the ones out of their brains on drugs,” as drummer Bev Bevan later recalled.
In 1967, Kefford tripped out of his mind and the band during a fancy dress party at Birmingham’s Cedar Club. As he later told Mark Paytress for the liner notes for The Very Best of the Move:
‘There were all these little men sitting around me with pointed heads and big noses and long fingers that touched the floor. They were with me all night, man. Acid screwed my life up, man. It devastated me completely.’
It wasn’t just drugs that brought The Move national notoriety, their stage show involved the chain-sawing of motor cars, and at one point, long before Punk, they were banned from nearly every venue in the UK.
On the upside, The Move’s popularity led to their single “Flowers in the Rain” used to launch BBC’s Radio 1 in 1967. It should have been a crowning moment, but turned out to be a painful loss. The Move’s original Manager Tony Secunda decided to promote the single with a satirical postcard of then British Prime Minister, Harold Wilson in bed with his secretary, Marcia Williams. The postcard was Secunda’s idea, and had nothing to do with Wood or the other band members. Unfortunately, Wilson sued for libel, and won. All of Wood’s royalties for the single were paid over to Wilson, who donated them to charity - a situation that continues 16-years after Wilson’s death.
In a way, this story captures the essence of The Move, a band more dangerous than The Stones, more original than The Beatles, but too often short-circuited by their own and others’ actions.
The Move followed Wood’s musical direction through psychedelia (“Night of Fear”, “Disturbance”, “Flowers in the Rain”, “Lemon Tree”, “I Can Hear the Grass Grow”), pop (“Curly”, “Omnibus”, “Tonight”, “Blackberry Way”, “Beautiful Daughter”), Heavy Metal (“When Alice Comes Back to the Farm”, “Brontosaurus”) and Rock (“California Man”). These were all stunning songs, but The Move never achieved legendary status because they didn’t conquer America. By the time the US music press did pay attention to the band, it was too late, as John Mendlesohn noted for Rolling Stone in 1971:
“The Move is the most under-rated rock group and deserve to be put in the same category as Led Zeppelin and The Faces.”
Wood had three other careers going by the early seventies. After Trevor Burton left in 1969 and Carl Wayne in 1970, Wood invited Jeff Lynne to join the group, and also suggested starting a second group The Electric Light Orchestra, together with Bev Bevan, which would mix classical music with Rock ‘n’ Roll, and “start from where The Beatles left off”.
For me the sixties finished when When Roy Wood announced the end of The Move and his departure from the Electric Light Orchestra. Thereafter, the ELO was Jeff Lynne’s band, which never realized the potential of Roy Wood’s original idea.
But Wood wasn’t finished yet, he was about to become the Grandfather of Glam with his next band Wizzard - a Brummie fusion of Rock ‘n’ Roll and Phil Spector’s Wall of Sound. The seventies started when Wizzard released their first single “Ball Park Incident”. I can still recall the sensation when I first heard it, an epiphany akin to Jesus walking on the water and turning it into wine. Here was the past and the future all rolled into one.
Wizzard flourished with a series of hit singles and the albums Wizzard Brew (1973) and Introducing Eddie and The Falcons (1974). Then there was Wood’s solo work, firstly the superb album Boulders, originally recorded between 1969 and 1971, and released in 1973. Then the brilliant follow-up Mustard in 1975.
Between 1970 and 1975, Wood recorded 8 hit albums - 3 with The Move (Shazam, Looking On, Message from the Country; 1 with ELO; 2 with Wizzard and 2 as a solo artist. The quality and consistency of these albums is unparalleled, and when compared to the output of Lennon or McCartney at this time, Roy Wood puts the former Beatles in the shade.
From this he deserved to go on to greater success, but his career was drastically cut short by his asshole manager, Don Arden, as Wood explained in an interview with the Sunday Mercury in 2009:
“I was contracted to Don Arden for longer than I should have been,” he sighs. “When I broke away he stopped me from recording in any London studio. I ended up booking in under false names but I was soon recognised.
“He ruined the momentum. After Wizzard it was difficult. People haven’t got very long memories and suddenly you fall out of favour. When that happens it’s really hard to get back if you’re not high-profile. I was working flat-out but to little effect. After that, I was just mucking about with musicians and going into local studios. We had an album called On The Road Again that was originally going to be on EMI but wasn’t promoted at all.”
Sadly, Wood disappeared from the music scene, releasing the solo albums On the Road Again in 1979 and Starting Up in 1985, to little affect. Now, to those in the UK, Roy Wood is generally associated with his 1973 festive hit “I Wish It Could be Christmas Everyday”, rather than as a highly talented musician and performer, and a true pop genius. But, then again, so much is life.
Happy Birthday Roy!
Roy Wood will tour the UK this November and December, details here
The Move “Fire Brigade” - Live 1969
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“Flowers in the Rain” - first track ever played on Radio 1, and one of the first ever pop promos, from 1967.
Rare clip of Les Move on French TV “Night of Fear” from 1966.
The Move “I Can Hear the Grass Grow” - Live 1967
The Move “Blackberry Way” - Live 1969
The Move “Beautiful Daughter” - Live 1969
The Move “When Alice Comes Back to the Farm”, Live German TV 1970
Electric Light Orchestra “Whisper in the Night” - Live 1972
Wizzard “Ball Park Incident” - Top of the Pops 1972
Roy Wood “Dear Elaine” - first solo single 1973
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Which group had a 1967 hit with “Paper Sun”? | Paper Sun | Song Mango
Reddit
A trippy song from a trippy year, Traffic’s first release “Paper Sun” is one of those snapshots in time that nabs a moment and keeps it well preserved under glass.
It is a brother song to black-light-and-nickel-bag-of-pot favorites like Cream’s “Dance The Night Away” and “SWLABR” off Disraeli Gears; Sgt. Pepper’s; The Stones’ “She’s A Rainbow”; Donovan’s “Hurdy Gurdy Man”; “I Had Too Much To Dream Last Night” by The Electric Prunes, and “ Eight Miles High “ from The Byrds.
The psychedelic era seems all excess and tiny droplets of colors pulsing from windowpane acid doses, but the intense creativity, while undeniably inspired by “the scene,” also imbued it with a distinctive stamp. There is a “feel” to the years 1966 through 1969 that marks them as the absolute end of the post-World War II era.
“Paper Sun”
http://songmango.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Hurdy-Gurdy-Man.mp3
Experimentation in all the arts, in dress, in the way people interacted with their governments, in sexual mores, were all telltale signs. A generation of young people had come of age and it sought something quite a bit different than what their parents had wanted. But the verities remained. Love was still ecstatic – if slightly
bent by the newfound freedoms – and lost love was still dismal and caused tears, choking letdowns, all the grime that goes with broken hopes.
“Paper Sun” has been termed a “revenge” song, but it comes across as much more than that especially now that nearly 50 years have passed since its release. It is a sketch of good times a young man and woman had, a quick watercolor study of the swirling days running around while in the delirium of love. He imagines her doing the same things that he and she and done together. There is a tone of mockery in it, but clearly the singer wants the girl back. It’s not stated, but the undercurrent is real and it is strong:
So you think you’re having good times
With the boy that you just met
Kicking sand from beach to beach
Your clothes all soaking wet
But if you look around and see
A shadow on the run
Don’t be too upset because its just a paper sun
Ahh Paper Sun, Ahh Paper Sun
Running underneath, an African/North African rhythm buoys up the song (it dissolves into a tried-and-true backbeat), which, absent the house-of-mirror lyrics, would be a damned great party tune. Dave Mason supplies the requisite sitar – a staple in the British Rock pantry of the mid-’60s – but it seems natural and unforced.
Young Winwood
It’s hard to get your arms around the notion that Stevie Winwood was just turning 19 when “Paper Sun” was recorded. While you can hear the mournful, hurt innocence in his voice, his belly-deep blue-eyed soul sound is also unmistakably rich and authentic. Vocals overall are ethereal with haunted, echoey harmonies streaming around on a surreal seashore like the young people described in the track.
As a whole, “Paper Sun” feels unstructured, very much ad hoc, but there is a glinty cut to the diamond-like production. The song feels organic in that way, too, despite the synthetic, better-living-through-modern-chemistry LSD side of the mini-epoch. There are the sun, beach, sand, water, shadows, and so forth. There is a great sense of the outdoors, of open sky, even when the storyline pops into a London flat for some crying time.
In the room where you’ve been sleeping
All your clothes all thrown about
Cigarettes burn window sills
Your meter’s all run out
But there again it’s nothing
You just split when day is done
Pitching lips to nowhere, hung up on the paper sun
What can be more apropos of an emotionally upset girl than a trashed room? Everything’s going to hell in a handcart – at least in the singer/songwriter’s vision. A slight tempo shift occurs with a similar shift in point of view in and around these lines.
Standing in the cool of my room
Fresh cut flowers give me sweet perfume
Too much sun will burn!
The same arrangement closes out the song after another verse, shifting and slowing:
Daylight breaks while you sleep on the sand
A seagull is stealing the ring from your hand
The boy who had given you so much fun
Has left you so cold in the paper sun
Perhaps there is a “told-you-so moment” in here, but it’s got a thick dollop of sympathy, rescuing it from the dark corner of pure revenge art. As the song comes to a howling, star-turn end, Winwood is singing with the best of bluesmen. That is, if bluesmen took a few hits of cherry red.
“Paper Sun” mapped the way forward for Traffic and a lot of other future Progressive Rock ensembles, mostly those out of the British Isles. After appearing with the short-lived, ill-fated Blind Faith, Winwood and drummer/co-writer Jim Capaldi would re-group to issue the miraculous John Barleycorn Must Die album, from which come classics like “Freedom Rider” and “(Staring At The) Empty Pages.” (Winwood was by then a ripe old 22.)
“Paper Sun” stands big and strong, a girl and her two boyfriends come and gone, reminding the listener of a time when there was another level of disharmony and distortion heaped high on the usual adolescent angst, the long slow train of twisted love.
mangoids
On the album Dear Mr. Fantasy on which “Paper Sun” appears, there is a 45-second fade out of the jam that was supposed to appear on the singles version but was cut because of length considerations. It is a separate track called “We’re A Fade, You Missed This.”
The image of the paper sun in the song’s name is acid-soaked. Often, on the hallucinogen, objects, bits of nature, and so forth, appear flat and one-dimensional, reduced to their essential “suchness.”
| Traffic (conservation programme) |
"Which writer wrote novels based on his own youthful experiences, science fiction and, in 1920, the massive ""The Outline of History""?" | Traffic — Listen for free on Spotify
Traffic
Play on Spotify
Though it ultimately must be considered an interim vehicle for singer/songwriter/keyboardist/guitarist Steve Winwood , Traffic was a successful group that followed its own individual course through the rock music scene of the late '60s and early '70s.
Beginning in the psychedelic year of 1967 and influenced by the Beatles , the band turned out eclectic pop singles in its native Great Britain, though by the end of its first year of existence it had developed a pop/rock hybrid tied to its unusual instrumentation: At a time when electric guitars ruled rock, Traffic emphasized Winwood 's organ and the reed instruments played by Chris Wood, especially flute. After Dave Mason , who had provided the band with an alternate folk-pop sound, departed for good, Traffic leaned toward extended songs that gave its players room to improvise in a jazz-like manner, even as the rhythms maintained a rock structure. The result was international success that ended only when Winwood finally decided he was ready to strike out on his own.
Steve Winwood (born May 12, 1948) first attracted attention when, at the age of 15, he and his older brother Muff formed a band in their native Birmingham, England, with Spencer Davis and Pete York , eventually called the Spencer Davis Group . They were signed by record executive Chris Blackwell, founder of Island Records , and began recording in 1964. As the band's vocalist, Winwood received the lion's share of attention. By the time he and his brother quit the group in April 1967, the Spencer Davis Group had amassed four Top Ten singles and three Top Ten albums in the U.K., two of those singles also reaching the Top Ten in the U.S.
Still not yet 19 years old, Winwood formed Traffic with three 22-year-old friends who had played in lesser-known bands: drummer/singer Jim Capaldi (August 24, 1944 - January 28, 2005), singer/guitarist Mason (born May 10, 1944), and Wood (June 24, 1944 - July 12, 1983). In the spirit of the times (and despite Winwood 's prominence), the group was intended to be a cooperative, with the members living together in a country cottage in Berkshire and collaborating on their songs. Blackwell quickly signed them and released their debut single, "Paper Sun," which peaked in the U.K. Top Five in July 1967 and also spent several weeks in the lower reaches of the charts in America, where Blackwell licensed it to United Artists , as he had the Spencer Davis Group 's recordings.
Meanwhile, as Traffic recorded material for its debut album during the summer of 1967, its communal outlook was disrupted by Mason , who, unlike Winwood (a composer who needed help with lyrics and therefore tended toward collaboration), was capable of writing songs on his own and did so. The success of "Paper Sun" encouraged Blackwell to release a follow-up single quickly, and he chose "Hole in My Shoe" (written and sung by Mason ) as the most likely candidate among the songs Traffic had recorded so far. It became an even bigger hit than "Paper Sun," almost topping the British charts in October, but that didn't sit well with Winwood , who felt it was unrepresentative of the sound he wanted for Traffic. The group's third single was "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush," the title song from a motion picture, which became their third British Top Ten hit in December, the same month that their debut album, Mr. Fantasy, was released. It, too, earned a Top Ten ranking in January 1968, but by then Mason had left Traffic. A fourth single, "No Face, No Name, No Number," culled from the album, made the British Top 40 in March, the month that Traffic debuted as a live attraction in the U.S., where Mr. Fantasy (initially titled Heaven Is in Your Mind) reached the Top 100.
Traffic encountered two problems as a trio. First, given its unusual instrumentation, it had difficulty on-stage doing without a player like Mason , who could handle the bass guitar work. In his absence, Winwood was forced to fill in the bass sound by playing the organ's bass pedals with his feet while simultaneously playing the organ keyboards with his hands and singing. Second, without a prolific writer like Mason , the group had more difficulty coming up with enough new material to satisfy its contractual commitments. As a result, Winwood , Capaldi , and Wood reconciled with Mason , who rejoined Traffic in the spring of 1968 and contributed heavily to the band's second album, Traffic, writing half of the songs, among them "Feelin' Alright?," which went on to become a rock standard, particularly after Joe Cocker 's 1969 cover version became an American Top 40 hit in 1972.
Traffic was released in October 1968, and the band went on tour in the U.S. to promote it. But just after the start of the tour, Winwood , Capaldi , and Wood fired Mason . Then, at the conclusion of the tour, Winwood withdrew, announcing the breakup of Traffic at the beginning of 1969. These events notwithstanding, the album reached the U.K. Top Ten and the U.S. Top 20. And breakup or no, Winwood was contracted to Island and United Artists for five albums, of which only two had been delivered. Thus, in April 1969, the labels released Last Exit, a collection of non-LP singles sides, outtakes, and live recordings. It was another Top 20 success in America.
Meanwhile, Capaldi and Wood rejoined Mason along with keyboardist Wynder K. Frog in the short-lived band Wooden Frog, which never recorded, and Winwood teamed with former Cream members Eric Clapton and Ginger Baker as well as former Family member Ric Grech (November 1, 1946 - March 16, 1990) in Blind Faith . This highly touted supergroup made one album, Blind Faith, which topped the charts in the U.S. and U.K., and played one American tour before breaking up. Still owing his record labels two albums, Winwood began work on a solo record in early 1970, but quickly brought in Capaldi and Wood and turned it into a Traffic LP. John Barleycorn Must Die was released in June 1970. In the U.S., it was a gold-selling Top Ten hit; in the U.K. it reached the Top 20.
Embarking on extensive touring, Traffic expanded its lineup, adding Ric Grech on bass. In the spring of 1971, in anticipation of British and American touring, drummer Jim Gordon, formerly of Derek and the Dominos , was brought in, as was percussionist Reebop Kwaku Baah. Also joining for a handful of U.K. dates was Dave Mason , who had in the meantime become a solo star with his 1970 album Alone Together. The band was able to work off its contractual commitment with a live album from this lineup, Welcome to the Canteen, released in September. Although it failed to make the U.K. charts, it reached the Top 40 in America.
Re-signed to Island , which began releasing albums in the U.S. as well as the U.K., Traffic quickly followed in November with the studio album The Low Spark of High Heeled Boys, which reached the American Top Ten and sold a million copies, though, in an indication of the group's increasingly international focus, didn't even chart back home in Britain. A winter 1971-1972 tour was aborted by Winwood 's poor health (he was later revealed to be suffering from peritonitis), and Grech and Gordon left the band, while Capaldi recorded his debut solo album, Oh How We Danced; it reached the American Top 100.
In the fall of 1972, with Winwood recovered, Traffic convened to record a new album, adding drummer Roger Hawkins and bassist David Hood, members of the studio band at the famed Muscle Shoals recording studio. (Keyboardist Barry Beckett, another Muscle Shoals alumnus, played with the band live.) Shoot Out at the Fantasy Factory, released in January 1973, reached the American Top Ten and went gold. The world tour that promoted it was chronicled on Traffic: On the Road, released in October 1973. At the end of the tour, the Muscle Shoals musicians returned home and Kwaku Baah also left Traffic, which recruited bassist Rosko Gee.
Capaldi released a second solo album, Whale Meat Again, in the summer of 1974; "It's All up to You" from it reached the U.K. Top 40. With Traffic, he recorded a new album, When the Eagle Flies, released in September. It was the band's fourth consecutive studio album to reach the American Top Ten and go gold, and the group toured to support it, but at the conclusion of the tour Traffic silently disbanded.
With a headstart on a solo career, Capaldi scored a Top Five hit in the U.K. in 1975 with a cover of "Love Hurts" from his third album, Short Cut Draw Blood. (The single charted in the U.S., but lost out to a competing version by Nazareth .) Along with former Santana drummer Michael Shrieve , Winwood participated prominently in Japanese percussionist Stomu Yamashta 's concept album Go, which made the Top 100 in the U.S. in 1976. In 1977, he finally made his solo bow, releasing the modestly successful album Steve Winwood.
A three-and-a-half year silence ensued, broken by the 1980 release of Arc of a Diver, which hit the American Top Five and went platinum, paced by the Top Ten single "While You See a Chance." 1982's Talking Back to the Night was a commercial disappointment, but Winwood had the greatest success of his career with 1986's Back in the High Life, a multi-million seller that threw off four Top 20 singles, among them the chart-topping "Higher Love." In 1987, "Valerie," a remixed version of a song from Talking Back to the Night, hit the Top Ten. 1988's Roll With It was another multi-platinum seller for Winwood , with both the album and the title song topping the charts. But Refugees of the Heart (1990) was less successful.
In 1994, Winwood announced a reunion with Capaldi (Wood had died of liver failure), who had continued to record solo albums with diminishing success. The two made a new album, Far from Home, and toured as Traffic during the summer. The album quickly reached the U.S. and U.K. Top 40, but did not sell well, and the tour also performed disappointingly, signaling another retirement of the Traffic name. Nevertheless, the 1967-1974-era band continued to enjoy significant status as a classic rock act, its albums earning CD reissues along with the release of compilations like Smiling Phases (1991) and Feelin' Alright: The Very Best of Traffic (2000). Capaldi 's death on January 28, 2005, appeared to put an end to the band. ~ William Ruhlmann, Rovi
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Which British author wrote the 1995 Booker winning novel “The Ghost Road”? | A Novel by Pat Barker Wins the Booker Prize - NYTimes.com
A Novel by Pat Barker Wins the Booker Prize
By SARAH LYALL
Published: November 8, 1995
LONDON, Nov. 7— The Ghost Road," the third novel in Pat Barker's World War I trilogy, won the Booker Prize for fiction today, after a competition that was unusually free of conflict, by Booker standards.
Ms. Barker's novel, which beat out four other finalists including the heavily favored "Moor's Last Sigh," Salman Rushdie's novel about three generations of a remarkable family, is about a working-class officer who returns to the front line after a shellshocked convalescence. She wrote it, she said, so readers would think not just about the horrors of the war, but also about "why it happened and the effects it had on society."
The other nominees were Barry Unsworth's "Morality Play," about a runaway priest in the 14th century who falls in with a band of traveling players and becomes involved in murderous intrigue; Tim Winton's "Riders," about an Australian man's search for his suddenly missing wife, and Justin Cartwright's "In Every Face I Meet," the story of a drunken investment banker and a drug-dealing pimp in modern-day London.
The Booker, Britain's most prestigious literary prize, is awarded annually to a novel written by a citizen of Britain, one of the other Commonwealth countries or Ireland. It carries a $31,650 purse and brings instant (or greatly enhanced) fame for the author. It can also drastically increase sales of a book, although in certain cases, as when James Kelman won last year for "How Late it Was, How Late," a gritty novel about a down-and-out Scot written in Glaswegian dialect, the award seemed to make little difference in bookstores.
The attention lavished on the Booker by literary London, which put on its formal clothes and gathered for the ceremony in the Guildhall last night, is an indication of how seriously Britain takes its fiction. Compared with competitions like the National Book Award in the United States, the Booker is judged almost in public, with the five-member panel of mostly writers and critics, making pronouncements in newspapers. The event is also carried live on television, Academy Award-style, with cameras on the nominees to catch their expressions at the big moment.
Last year, the awards were characterized by factionalism and name-calling. One judge publicly denounced Mr. Kelman's winning book, saying that it was unreadable and that the decision was a "disgrace." But this year the judges said mostly nice things about the 141 books they had to read, and the only hint of scandal was not at all scandalous. The book that drew perhaps the most attention of any published here this year -- "The Information," by Martin Amis, which won its author a $760,000 advance -- failed to make the five-book short list.
Ms. Barker, a 52-year-old former teacher whose first book, "Union Street," was published when she was 39, is the first woman to receive the Booker Prize since 1990, when A. S. Byatt won for "Possession." Dutton is to publish her book in the United States in the next couple of weeks. The first book in her trilogy is "Regeneration"; the second is "The Eye in the Door."
She told reporters that the Booker Prize was a good way to draw attention to contemporary fiction. "I can't think of another way of promoting fiction, other than Hollywood films," Ms. Barker said.
| Pat Barker |
Which Canadian city is the capital of Alberta state? | Pat Barker Biography | List of Works, Study Guides & Essays | GradeSaver
Barker, Pat
Biography of Pat Barker
Pat Barker is a renowned British author whose writing explores the themes of memory, trauma, and recovery. Her early novels focus primarily on the lives of working-class women in Northern England. Meanwhile, her most famous work is the Regeneration trilogy, which centers on World War I and its lingering effects on British society.
Like many of her characters, Barker was born into a British working-class family. Due to her mother’s young age, she was raised primarily by her grandparents. Her grandfather, a World War I veteran, sparked her interest in stories about war and survival. Barker went on to study international history at the London School of Economics and then dedicated the early years of her career to teaching history and politics. Though she has always been an avid reader, Pat Barker did not begin writing fiction until her mid-twenties. Fortunately, she found a mentor in Angela Carter, a celebrated British author. With Carter's guidance and support, Barker wrote her first novel, Union Street, which was published in 1982.
A collection of inter-related vignettes about the effects of poverty and violence on working-class women, Union Street launched Barker’s career. The novel paved the way for her subsequent novels Blow Your House Down and The Century’s Daughter, in which Barker continues to explore the difficult and complex lives of women in England. In 1991, Pat Barker's World War I novel Regeneration shattered the public’s image of her as an author who only wrote about "women's issues." She garnered even more critical acclaim with The Eye in the Door , the sequel to Regeneration, which won the Guardian Fiction Prize in 1993. Two years later, The Ghost Road , the final book in the Regeneration trilogy, received the prestigious Booker prize. Regeneration, which is now required reading for an A-Level certificate in English, is widely considered to be one of the best British war novels ever written.
In 2000, Pat Barker became a Commander in the Order of the British Empire for her significant literary achievements. Barker returned to the topic of war in 2003 with Double Vision and to World War I specifically in 2007 and again in 2012 with Life Class and Toby’s Room. Today, she continues to write about memory, survival, and healing at her home in Durham.
Study Guides on Works by Pat Barker
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What is the transverse portion of a cross shaped church known as? | transept - Dictionary Definition : Vocabulary.com
Random Word
transept
A transept is the section of a building that runs perpendicular to its main part, forming a kind of cross shape. Many transepts are found in churches.
If you can remember that trans, "across" in Latin, sometimes conveys the idea of "cross," you've nailed this one: it's the cross part in a cross-shaped church, the other section being the "nave." The Latin word saeptum forms the end of transept. It means "fence or enclosure." You're most likely to come across a transept in a Romanesque or Gothic church, although it can also mean a hall or wing that crosses the main part of a building.
| Madonna University |
Which novelist was a King's Scholar at Eton, a policeman in Burma, a dishwasher in Paris and a Republican soldier in Spain? | Gothic Glossary
Athena Review, Vol. 4, No. 2
Glossary: Gothic Art and Architecture
Altar: Elevated structure located in the choir at the east end of the church, where religious rites are performed (fig.1).
Ambulatory: Passageways surrounding the central part of the choir, which is often a continuation of the side aisles (fig.1,5). The most common design of the Gothic era was the double ambulatory surrounded by semi-circular radiating chapels such as at the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis.
Apse: Semi-circular vaulted structure at the east end of the church at the termination of the choir (fig.1).
Arcade: An arch or a series of arches supported by piers or columns (fig.6)
Arch: Curved masonry construction that spans an opening such as a portal or window. Pointed arches were a feature of the Gothic era, that evolved from the round Romanesque arches.See Gothic Architecture.
[
Fig.1:
Plan of the interior at the Cathedral of St-Gervais and St-Protais (after Gonet 1998)].
Archivolt: A series of decorated, recessed arches spanning an opening such as a portal (fig.3, B).
Baldachin: ornamental canopy covering statues (fig.3, F).
Balustrade: A railing with symmetrical supports.
Bay: A major vertical division of a large, interior wall. There are usually more than one, such as a nave that is divided into seven bays (fig.1).
Buttress/Abutment System: A projecting or free-standing support built into or against the exterior wall of a cathedral, which steadies the structure by opposing the lateral thrusts from the vaults. The appearance of double span flying buttresses first occurred at Saint-Denis (fig.2, B).
Canopy: A decorated rooflike projection or a richly decorated baldachin over a statue (fig.3, F).
Capital: Architectural element that surmounts a column or any other vertical support (fig.5, B).
Chancel: Space around the altar of a church that is usually intended for the clergy (fig.1). From the Latin cancellus for "railing."
Chevet: Apse built as radiating chapels outside of the choir aisle, and the resulting, more complicated structure became known as the chevet at the beginning of the 13th century.
[
Fig.2: North transept of the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis showing A)tower; B) Double Span Flying Buttresses; C) Gothic rose window with tracery; D) Lancet windows (photo: Athena Review)].
Choir: Part of the church east of the crossing, usually occupied by the priests and singers of the choir (fig.1). From the Latin chorus for a "singing group."
Clerestory: Windowed area of the church above the side aisles and above the wall of the central part of the nave (fig.6).
Colonnades: A series of columns supporting either arches or an entablature, and usually one side of a roof. These were common architectural features of Early Roman churches.
Colonettes: Small, thin columns, often used for decoration or to support an arcade.
Column: Slender vertical support having either a cylindrical or polygonal shaft, and which always has a base and a capital.
Crossing: Space where the transept intersects with the nave along the main axis of the church (fig.1).
Crypt: Low room underneath the choir of the church used as a sepulchral vault. From the Greek kryptós meaning "hidden." Examples include the crypt at Notre-Dame in Paris .
Embrasure: An opening in a thick wall for a portal or window, especially one with angled sides, so that the opening is larger on the inside than the outside. From the Old French embraser for "to cut at a slant."
Effigy: A sculptured representation of a figure such as in the recumbent effigies of dead kings at the Abbey Church of Saint-Denis.
Façade: The front of the cathedral (fig.1). During the Gothic era, the west façade at the entranceway was noted for its three sculptured portals, and crowning rose window flanked by two towers. Starting with Saint-Denis, this became a feature of Gothic cathedrals.
Finial: Small ornament located on top of a pinnacle or gable.
Foil: Circular segments combined concentrically with other foils to form the tracery used in rose windows (fig.2, fig.4, B) The foil is usually used in groups such as trefoil or quatrefoil.
Foliated frieze: A panel decorated with carved foliage or leaves, found below the upper molding or cornice of a wall, and sometimes spanning the whole interior of the church.
Gable: Triangular portion of a wall fronting the enclosing lines of a sloping roof, which often contains sculptures (fig.3, A).
Gallery: Covered corridor in an upper story overlooking the nave. A traverse gallery crosses both sides of the church and a tribune gallery is the elevated part of a gallery which contains seats.
[
Fig.3:
Central portal of the West façade of Amiens showing A) gable; B) pointed archivolt; C) tympanum; D) lintel; E) trumeau; F) canopy above a carved cornerpiece; G)jambs; H) socles (photo:Athena Review)].
Gallery of Kings: Statues of kings in sequence, located either under baldachins (ornamental canopies) or encircling the base of the towers of the west façade of Gothic cathedrals. Examples include the 63 giant statues of kings at Reims, and the Kings of Judah at Notre-Dame in Paris.
Gargoyles: A water sprout terminating in a grotesquely carved figure of a human or animal, and projecting from the gutter of a cathedral such as Notre-Dame in Paris.
Iconographic scheme/program: The specific arrangement of sculptures, which symbolically represent a religious event or saint's life on the sculptured portals of Gothic cathedrals. Examples include the narrative portrayal of the Annunciation, Visitation, and Presentation at Reims Cathedral.
Impost: Slab above a column capital at the point of the spring of an arch.
Jamb: One of a pair of vertical posts or pieces, that together form the sides of a portal, which often contains sculptures (fig.3, G). The individual columns can also be referred to as jambshafts, which often support an arch or vault. From the Old French jambe for "pier" or "sidepost of a door."
Keystone: Stone in the form of wedge forming the central element of a lintel, vault, or arch. Pendant keystones are found at the intersection of ribbed vaults. Originally from the Latin clavis for "key."
Labyrinth: Intricate combination of paths and passageways, often located in the nave of a cathedral, marked by floor tiles sometimes engraved with the names of the cathedral architects. Pilgrims would follow the torturous path on their knees; see Chartres .
Lancet window: A narrow window with sharp pointed arches. Starting with Amiens, lancets were often subdivided into two and topped by a smaller rose window. Prior to this, lancets were typically surmounted by an oculus or round opening (fig.2, D; fig.4, D).
Lintel: Horizontal architectural member in wood or stone that supports the weight above an opening (fig.3, D).
Marmosets: Grotesque human and animal figures sculpted in stone, often underlying jamb figures. From the Old French word marmouset (1280). At the end of the 15th century, the same word was used to describe small squirrel-like monkeys of the New World.
Martyrium: An edifice built over the site of a tomb of a martyr frequently became the site of cathedrals.
Moldings: Long narrow, often decorated bands found on other architectural features such as cornices or bases.
Mosan goldsmiths: A 12th century workshop located in the Meuse valley of Belgium and northern France that produced high quality gold, silver, and enameled objects, with naturalistic human figures. These are thought to have influenced the figurative stone sculptures adorning the façades of Gothic cathedrals (Williamson 1995). Examples include the reliquary of Cologne by Nicolas of Verdun and the gold cross made for Abbot Suger .
[
Fig. 4:
Lancet Window (D) of Reims Cathedral surmounted by an oculus (A) with six lobed foils (B). Tabernacle pinnacles (C) flank both sides of the lancet window and contain sculptures of saints and angels (photo: Athena Review)].
Mullion: The vertical dividing bar of a rose or lancet window (fig.6).
Narthex: Beginning with Early Christian architecture, this was the gallery, vestibule, or porch located in the main (west) entrance of the church (fig.1).
Naturalism: Style of art treating drapery, bodily movements, and facial expressions as they might appear in nature or real life. Sculptures carved in the Gothic era showed considerably more naturalism than in the Romanesque or Byzantine eras ( see Gothic sculpture ).
Nave: The middle aisle or multiple main aisled part of a church extending from the narthex or main entrance to the choir (fig.1). The congregation usually sits here.
Oculus: A small circular opening, and which was a precursor of the Gothic rose window (fig.4, A).
Openwork gablet: Gable-shaped motif above portals and windows, often containing tracery decorations as well as pinnacles and finials.
Pier: A masonry support between openings such as arcades. Typically slender, the pier has a rectangular, polygonal, or round cross-section, but does not taper and often has no capital (fig.6). The pier may also have a base as well as an impost. A compound pier is a pier with two or more members or support elements.
Pillar: A support which does not taper, has an impost, and does not need to be cylindrical as is the case with a column. The shaft consists of either rectangular, octagonal, circular, or cruciform blocks and may have a capital (fig.5, A).
Pinnacle: Small narrow pointed tower capping buttresses and openwork gablets or portals and galleries.
Portal: The door or entrance of a cathedral (fig.3).
Fig.5:
Pillars (A) with capitals (B) and quatri-partite vaulting (D) containing keystones (C) of the ambulatory of the Cathedral of St-Gervais and St-Protais at Soissons (photo: Athena Review)].
Portico: A gallery which opens onto the exterior of the church and is supported by columns. From the Latin porticus for "arcade" or "gallery."
Radiating (Apsidal) chapels: Series of chapels arranged around an ambulatory in the apse of a cathedral (fig.1).
Reliquary: A container, often richly ornamented, holding the remains of a saint which can be displayed to the faithful.
Rood screen/Jube: A stone or wooden screen, which separated the choir of the church where the clergy sits from the nave where the congregation sits (fig.1).
Rose window: A large round window on the west façade or transept, containing tracery that became more elaborate as the Gothic era progressed (fig.2, C). Beautiful examples occur at Notre-Dame in Paris and Chartres.
Socles: Architectural term referring to the lower panels of a portal, often located under the jamb figures. The reliefs were often quatrefoil, and typically portrayed such pagan themes as the Signs of the Zodiac and the Virtues and Vices (fig.3, H).
Spire: A sharply pointed pyramidal structure surmounting a tower.
Spandrel: An area between two adjoining arches, often decorated.
Stained glass: Colored windows of Gothic cathedrals made from a combination of many pieces of colored and semi-transparent white glass joined together with lead strips. Colors were generated by adding specific metal oxides, which
illuminated the glass with bright red, blue, green, and yellow tones. The function of stained glass was to fill the cathedral with light in windows which also fulfilled a narrative and illustrative purpose, in representing Biblical events and the lives of saints. Patrons and workers guilds who helped fund the construction of the cathedral were also portrayed (see Chartres ).
Tabernacle: a canopied niche holding a sculpted figure, such as the rendering of saints and angels on the façade and transept of Reims cathedral (fig.4, C).
Tracery: Geometrically constructed building ornament such as a foil found in the upper part of Gothic rose windows (fig.2, C). This type of stonework decoration became more complex during the High Gothic and Flamboyant phase.
Transept: Any major transverse part of the church, usually crossing the nave and at right angles with the entrance of the choir (fig.1). The transept may be divided into areas of different height.
Triforium: Space or passage above the nave arcade, below the clerestory, and extending over the ceiling or vaults of the side aisle (fig.6). A blind triforium does not contain a passageway and blind arches are placed in front of the wall such as at Amiens. A false triforium has arcades which open to the roof. A pierced triforium contains windows in the outer walls of the passageway.
Trumeau: Stone pillar or column supporting the tympanum of a portal at its center (fig.3, E).
[
Fig.6:
Drawing of the nave at Reims cathedral showing the clerestory, triforium, and the nave arcades (after M.Alexander, 2003)].
Tympanum: A triangular space between an arch and the horizontal bar of a portal or window (lintel), often decorated with sculpture (fig.3,C).
Vaulting: A curved, self supporting wall or ceiling that covers a space between two walls and rests on pillars. Romanesque antecedents of the Gothic ribbed vault are the barrel vault and the groined vault. The ribbed vault is composed of diagonally arched ribs and can be classified as tri-partite, quatri-partite (fig.5, D), or sexpartite. Sexpartite vaults have an additional transversal rib in the center of the bay ( see Gothic architecture ).
Voussoirs: Any of the pieces, in the shape of a truncated wedge, that make up an arch or vault.
References:
Binding, G. 2002. High Gothic: The Age of the Great Cathedrals. Cologne, Taschen.
Bony, J. 1983. French Gothic Architectures of the 12th and 13th centuries. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, University of California Press.
Michelin Travel Publications. 2001. The Green Guide. Northern France and the Paris Region. France.
Williamson, P. 1995. Gothic Sculpture. New Haven and London, Yale University Press.
This glossary appears on pages 109-111 of Vol.4 No.2 of Athena Review. The complete text may be obtained in the printed version of the magazine .
For original, comprehensive illustrations of ancients sites and monuments, visit Athena Review Image Archive ®
Copyright 1996-2006 Athena Publications, Inc (All Rights Reserved) <>
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Name the year- The Beatles awarded the MBE; Winston Churchill died? | John Winston Lennon, MBE (1940 - 1980) - Genealogy
John Winston Lennon, MBE
Liverpool, Merseyside, England, United Kingdom
Death:
in New York, New York, United States
Cause of death:
murdered by Mark David Chapman
Immediate Family:
Half brother of Ingrid Marie Pedersen ; <private> Dykins; <private> Dykins; <private> Lennon and <private> Lennon
Managed by:
Oct 9 1940 - Liverpool, Lancashire, England
Death:
Dec 8 1980 - New York City, New York, United States
Parents:
Oct 9 1940 - Liverpool, England
Death:
Dec 8 1980 - New York City, USA
Parents:
Oct 9 1940 - Liverpool, Lancashire, England
Death:
Alfred Lennon, Julia Elizabeth Stanley
Wife:
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... president-elect reaffirmed after the shooting death of former Beatle John Lennon this week. Mrs. Reagan ... is "feeling better" at a Lou...
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"...developments: Ono said she had told Sean about Lennon's death, "Sean wanted to know why the person shot John if he liked John. I expl...
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... memorial, hung in the window of a Mam Street record shop: "John Lennon Rest In it read "It's Just Like Starting said a second ... down b...
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... Roosevelt Hospital last night after learning that her husband, John Lennon, had died. Miss Ono ... . In his native Liverpool, Lennon's d...
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... half of ney. When "you talked about yon could "count him And John Lennon ironically died violently ... in serving their country. We read...
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... downtown plaza for a noontime memorial service for slain musician John Lennon ... Savings interest ratec ------------State briefs Lennon...
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"...many times about the life and death of John To many Lennon was just a rock n roll and as something less than a respectable something ...
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... the air for 10 minutes Sunday in mourning for former Beatle John Lennon, and memorial services will be held around the world ... in one ...
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stepfather
About John Lennon
John Lennon achieved worldwide fame in the 1960s as a singer, songwriter and guitarist in one of the most successful bands of all time - The Beatles . He is credited as being the original and founding member of the band and was often referred to as "the smart one" of the group. He came from a working-class neighborhood in Liverpool, England but was influenced by American rock 'n' roll music and often named Elvis Presley as the artist who inspired him the most. After the Beatles disbanded in 1970, Lennon immersed himself in the counterculture scene, becoming an outspoken peace activist and producing avant-garde albums with his second wife, Japanese born, conceptual artist, Yoko Ono.
Born and raised in Liverpool, Lennon was named after his paternal grandfather, John "Jack" Lennon, and Winston Churchill. His father, a merchant seaman during World War II, was often away from home and sent regular pay checks to Lennon’s mother, Julia. The checks stopped when Alfred Lennon went absent without leave in 1943. When he eventually came home in 1944, Julia was pregnant with another man’s child. He offered to look after the family, but his wife rejected the idea. Under pressure from her family, she handed the care of Lennon over to her sister, Mimi. In July 1946, Lennon's father visited Smith and took his son to Blackpool, secretly intending to immigrate to New Zealand with him. Lennon's mother followed them, and, after a heated argument, his father forced the five-year-old to choose between his parents. Lennon chose his father—twice. As his mother walked away, Lennon began to cry and followed her. Lennon then lost contact with his father for 20 years.
Throughout the rest of his childhood and adolescence, Lennon lived with his aunt and uncle, Mimi and George Smith. Even though he did not live with his mother, he saw her quite a lot; in fact she taught John how to play the banjo. His mother bought him his first guitar in 1957, a cheap Gallotone Champion acoustic "guaranteed not to split." It was during these teen years that John formed his first group, The Quarrymen, while still at Quarry Bank High School. John had no interest in school regimentation, and subsequently failed his exams. But he loved his art and music lessons.
On July 6, 1957 The Quarrymen played at a church garden fete and John was introduced to a young man called Paul McCartney. Despite John's lack of interest at school he was thrilled to be accepted at the Liverpool College of Art. He met another student called Cynthia Powell and they began dating. Although John had no intention of giving up his music, the group had gone through a name change to The Silver Beatles, then just The Beatles. George Harrison joined the band as lead guitarist, and Stuart Sutcliffe, Lennon's friend from art school, joined as bassist. Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Sutcliffe became "The Beatles" after the other members left.
In 1958 John learned that his mother, who he had become quite close to, had been killed in a road accident. He was devastated; it was something he never quite came to terms with. He began to throw himself into his music and the Beatles left for a grueling tour of the pubs and clubs of Hamburg. While they were there John's best friend Stu Sutcliffe, who played bass in the group suffered a severe head injury, and on April 10 1961, John received yet more bad news that his best friend had died.
The Beatles returned to Liverpool in July 1961, John took up his relationship again with Cynthia who he would marry on August 23 1962.
The Beatles were discovered by Brian Epstein in 1961 at the Cavern Club, where they were performing on a regular basis. As their new manager, Epstein secured a record contract with EMI. With a new drummer, Ringo Starr (Richard Starkey), and George Martin as producer, the group released their first single, Love Me Do in October 1962. It peaked on the British charts at number 17.
Lennon wrote the group's follow-up single, Please Please Me, inspired primarily by Roy Orbison but also fed by John's infatuation with the pun in Bing Crosby's famous "Please, lend your little ears to my please." The song topped the charts in Britain. The Beatles went on to become the most popular band in Britain with the release mega-hits like She Loves You and I Want To Hold Your Hand and while touring Lennon became a father for the first time when his son Julian was born on April 8, 1963.
In 1964, The Beatles became the first band to break out big in the United States, beginning with their appearance on TV's The Ed Sullivan Show on February 9, 1964. Beatlemania launched a "British Invasion"' of rock bands into the U.S., which included The Rolling Stones and The Kinks. After 'Sullivan,' The Beatles returned to Britain to film their first movie, A Hard Day's Night and prepare for their first world tour.
The Beatles followed up with their second movie Help! in 1965. In June, the Queen of England had announced that the Beatles would be awarded the MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire). In August, they performed to 55,600 fans at New York's Shea Stadium, setting a record for largest concert audience. When they returned to England, they recorded the breakthrough album Rubber Soul, which extended beyond love songs and pop formulas.
The magic of Beatlemania had started to lose its appeal by 1966. The group's lives were put in danger when they were accused of snubbing the presidential family in the Philippines. Then, Lennon's remark that "we're more popular than Jesus now" incited denunciations and Beatles record bonfires in the U.S. bible belt. The Beatles gave up touring after an August 29, 1966, concert at San Francisco's Candlestick Park.
After an extended break, the band returned to the studio to expand their experimental with drug-influenced exotic instrumentation/lyrics and tape abstractions. The first sample was the single Penny Lane/Strawberry Fields Forever, followed up by Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, still considered by many to be the greatest rock album ever.
The Beatles then suffered a huge blow when Epstein died of an accidental overdose of sleeping pills on August 27, 1967. Shaken by Epstein's death, the Beatles retrenched under McCartney's leadership in the fall and filmed Magical Mystery Tour. While the film was panned by critics, the soundtrack album contained Lennon's I Am The Walrus, their most cryptic work yet.
After the Magical Mystery Tour film failed, the Beatles retreated into Transcendental Meditation and the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, which took them to India for two months in early 1968. Their next effort, Apple Corps Ltd. was plagued by mismanagement. In July, the group faced its last hysterical crowds at the premiere of their film Yellow Submarine. In November, their double-album The Beatles (frequently called the White Album) showed their divergent directions.
Cynthia had to keep a very low profile during Beatlemania. It was difficult to maintain the relationship and the band at the height of their popularity, long hours away from each other just meant they drifted apart. And in 1968 after returning from a trip to India, John and Cynthia divorced.
Lennon had begun to see a young Japanese artist; her name was Yoko Ono. On March 26, 1969 on the Island of Gibraltar Lennon married for the second time. Their artist partnership began to cause further tensions within the group. Lennon left The Beatles in September 1969, just after the group completed recording Abbey Road. The news of the breakup was kept secret until McCartney announced his departure in April 1970, a month before the band released Let It Be, recorded just before Abbey Road.
After the Beatles broke up, Lennon released Plastic Ono Band, with a raw, minimalist sound that followed "primal-scream" therapy. In 1971, he followed up with Imagine, the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed of all John Lennon's post-Beatles efforts. The title track was later listed as the third all-time best song by Rolling Stone magazine.
Peace and love, however, was not always on Lennon's agenda. Imagine also included the track How Do You Sleep?, a nasty response to veiled messages at Lennon in some of McCartney's solo recordings. Later, the former songwriting duo buried the hatchet, but never formally worked together again.
Lennon and Ono moved to the U.S. in September 1971, but were constantly threatened with deportation by the Nixon administration. Lennon was told he was being kicked out of the country because of his 1968 marijuana conviction in Britain. But Lennon believed the true reason was his activism against the unpopular Vietnam War. Documents later proved him correct. Two years after Nixon resigned, Lennon was granted permanent U.S. residency in 1976.
In 1972, Lennon performed at Madison Square Garden to benefit mentally handicapped children and continued to promote peace while battling to stay in the U.S. That immigration battle took a toll on the Lennon's marriage and in the fall of 1973, they separated. John went to Los Angeles, where he partied and took a mistress, May Pang. He still managed to release hit albums, such as Mind Games, Walls and Bridges and Rock and Roll and collaborate with David Bowie and Elton John.
In the end, Lennon realized he really loved Yoko and he could not live without her. They reconciled and she gave birth to their only child, Sean, on Lennon's 35th birthday. John decided to leave the music business to raise his son and become a house husband.
In 1980, Lennon returned to the music world with the album Double Fantasy, featuring the hit single (Just Like) Starting Over. Unfortunately, just a few weeks after its release, Lennon was shot by a deranged fan in front of his apartment complex in New York. Lennon died of the age of 40 at the Roosevelt Hospital on December 8, 1980, after receiving multiple gun shots in the back.
His death affected millions of people, record sales soared, and he continues to be admired by new generations of fans.
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| 1965 |
Which English brewery produces a beer called 'Old Peculiar'? | That Was the Year That Was - 1965 | One moment that captures… | Flickr
Paul Townsend By: Paul Townsend
That Was the Year That Was - 1965
One moment that captures how much Britain has changed in the past 50 years was the death on Sunday, January 24, 1965, of perhaps the finest leader in our history.
‘Tonight, our nation mourns the loss of the greatest man any of us have ever known,’ the then Prime Minister, Harold Wilson, told the British people that evening.
He was referring, of course, to Sir Winston Churchill, the man who had led Britain through the darkest hour in our history and onwards to victory.
And in the days that followed, more than 300,000 people waited patiently in the cold to pay their respects to their fallen hero.
President, Lyndon Johnson, failed to attend Churchill's funeral.
Johnson was widely criticized—here and abroad—for his failure to make the trip. Many in the British government saw it as a slight. And in some ways it represented a minor setback in American/Anglo relations at a crucial time in the Cold War.
For when you look back at Britain in 1965, it seems in so many ways an utterly different country, not just in its skylines, fashions and faces, but in its moral and cultural attitudes.
It was a country in which older men still wore hats and carried umbrellas; in which millions of children sat the 11-plus exam to decide whether they went to grammar school or to a secondary modern; in which pornography was almost unknown, most people did not even have a telephone, and thousands of working-class families still had outside toilets.
At the end of 1964, Wilson’s Labour government had come to power, promising to build a new Britain in the ‘white heat of the scientific revolution’.
But the technological gadgets so familiar today would have struck the vast majority as the stuff of fantasy. Most had never even been on an aeroplane.
Indeed, if you want a symbol of how much Britain has changed in the past five decades, then just think about the difference between today’s Premier League football stars - often foreign-born, living in gated communities and earning as much as £300,000 a week - and by far the most feted player of the day, who hung up his boots on February 6, 1965.
Almost incredibly, Stanley Matthews was still turning out for Stoke City at the age of 50. He played not for money or attention, but for sheer love of the game.
As one friend put it, he remained ‘for all his fame, as down-to-earth as the folk who once adorned the terraces in the hope of seeing him sparkle gold dust onto their harsh working lives’.
To Matthews, who interrupted his career to serve in the RAF during World War II, the antics of today’s spoiled Premier League superstars would have seemed inconceivable.
But he belonged to a generation that has vanished completely: reticent, dutiful and quietly conservative.
Like the death of Churchill, the retirement of Matthews - who was knighted in January 1965 as a reward for his extraordinary career - seemed to represent a threshold between old and new.
In sport, in culture, even in architecture, all the talk was of change.
Modernisation was all the rage, not least in the great cities of the North, where councils were competing to tear down the old Victorian streets and erect great high-rise monstrosities instead.
"On 19 April 1965, when Reggie Kray married Frances Elsie Shea... he had the event photographed by none other than the country's most famous snapper, David Bailey, who arrived at the church in a blue velvet suit with matching blue Rolls-Royce, for all the world like Cecil Beaton recording the Queen's Coronation of 12 years earlier."
It was indeed a year when class structures crumbled, a new aristocracy came to the fore with working class lads like Bailey, The Beatles and Michael Caine at the forefront.
But it was in the cultural sphere that change was really accelerating. The Beatles with the LSD-influenced Rubber Soul were swapping straightforward love songs for an imaginative introspection and existentialism, Dylan was stretching the boundaries of the pop song with his bile-splattered narrative "Like A Rolling Stone", Bridget Riley was conquering New York with her pre-psychedelia psychedelic paintings, John Fowles produced his astonishing The Magus, Dennis Potter and Ken Loach took television drama to a new level, Edward Bond's Saved, in which a baby is stoned, shocked the censors and the theatre-going public.
Above all it was the first year that the words pop and culture could be used together without attracting ridicule – except perhaps from the self-appointed champion of the old order, Mary Whitehouse.
1965 Timeline
17 January – The Rolling Stones drummer Charlie Watts' book, Ode to a High Flying Bird, a tribute to jazz great Charlie Parker, is published.
www.amazon.com/Ode-Highflying-Bird-Charlie-WATTS/dp/B0026...
21 January - The Animals' show at New York's Apollo Theater is canceled after the U.S. Immigration Department forces the group to leave the theater.
The Rolling Stones and Roy Orbison travel to Sydney to begin their Australian tour.
23 January – "Downtown" hits #1 in the US singles chart, making Petula Clark the first British female vocalist to reach the coveted position since the arrival of The Beatles.
24 January – The Animals appear a second time on The Ed Sullivan Show.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygJoV4FaAfQ
27 January – Paul Simon broadcasts on BBC radio for the first time, on the Five to Ten show, discussing and playing thirteen songs, twelve of which would appear on his May-recorded and August-released UK-only solo album, The Paul Simon Song Book.
6 February – Donovan gets his widest audience so far when he makes the first of three appearances on "Ready, Steady, Go!".
www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKqoKDsOuHE
12 February – NME reports that the Beatles will star in a film adaptation of Richard Condon's novel A Talent for Loving. The story is about a 2,253-kilometer (1,400 mi) horse race that takes place in the old west. The film is never made.
24 February – The Beatles begin filming their second film, Help!
Richard Rodney Bennett's opera The Mines of Sulphur is premièred at Sadler's Wells Theatre in London.
20 March – Kathy Kirby, singing the UK entry "I Belong", finishes second in the 10th Eurovision Song Contest in Naples, Italy, behind France Gall, representing Luxembourg.
23 March - Benjamin Britten is appointed to the Order of Merit (OM).
April - Michael Tippett is invited as guest composer to the music festival in Aspen, Colorado. The visit leads to major changes in his style.
11 April – The New Musical Express poll winners' concert takes place featuring performances by The Beatles, The Animals, The Rolling Stones, Freddie and the Dreamers, the Kinks, the Searchers, Herman's Hermits, The Moody Blues, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Donovan, Cilla Black, Dusty Springfield and Tom Jones.
24 April - It took 30 years to organise a walk from one pub to another. But then the walk is The Pennine Way , and the distance between the pubs is 268 miles. The walk involves crossing more than 400 stiles, 200 bridges, and enough peat bogs and steep slopes to break an infrequent walker’s weary heart. And for those who negotiated the passage over many private properties it also involved tricky talks with a multitude of sometimes less than keen landowners.
The traditional starting point for The Pennine Way is the Nag’s Head in Derbyshire’s Edale , the end point The Border Hotel in Kirk Yetholm just over the border into Scotland. The trail, Britain’s first National Trail, was the brainchild of writer and long time Ramblers’ Association secretary Tom Stephenson, first mooted to the general public in an article in The Daily Herald in 1935.
After much parliamentary lobbying, innumerable negotiations, and great preparations of signage and information, the official opening of the Pennine Way came on April 24 1965, witnessed by an estimated 2,000 enthusiasts gathered at the beautiful Malham Moor in Yorkshire . Between 3,000 and 4,000 walkers now complete the trail every year, no easy task given the tough terrain and unpredictable weather conditions at some of the stages even in summer – the walk even defeated the great Wainwright. Those who tramp all 268 miles certainly deserve their celebratory drink in the well chosen finishing point.
5 May – Alan Price leaves The Animals, to be replaced temporarily by Mick Gallagher and permanently by Dave Rowberry.
6 May – Keith Richards and Mick Jagger begin work on "Satisfaction" in their Clearwater, Florida hotel room. Richards came up with the classic guitar riff while playing around with his brand new Gibson "Fuzz box".
8 May – The British Commonwealth comes closer than it ever had, or would, to a clean sweep of the US Hot 100's top 10, lacking only the #2 slot.
30 May – The Animals appear for a third time on The Ed Sullivan Show.
12 June – The Beatles are appointed Members of the British Empire (MBE) by the Queen. With no tradition of awarding popular entertainers such honours, a number of previous recipients complain and protest.
July - John Cale, with his new collaborators Lou Reed and Sterling Morrison, makes a demo tape which he tries to pass on to Marianne Faithfull. These are the beginnings of the Velvet Underground.
5 July - Maria Callas gives her last operatic performance, in the title role of Tosca, at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden.
8 July - A minor figure in the Great Train Robbery of 1963, Ronnie Biggs has nevertheless become the most famous name among those criminals who pulled off the most audacious robbery of the sixties .
There is a tendency to glamorize the Great Train Robbers, to turn them into Robin Hood figures. They carried out a robbery that cost the country £2.6 million, the equivalent of maybe £45 million today - most of the money was never recovered. The assistant train driver was thrown down a railway embankment, and the train driver coshed with an iron bar, never being fit to return to work before his premature death in 1970.
Biggs had been detailed to look after the train driver brought to move the hijacked engine and carriage to the place where the gang had left their vehicles. The driver could not work the train, so Biggs and he were sent to load money sacks. In spite of this Biggs received a 30-year sentence.
On July 8 1965 Biggs and three other men escaped from Wandsworth Prison in a carefully planned and well financed operation. A ladder was thrown over the prison wall at just after 3pm as the men exercised. A furniture van with a platform on top was outside the wall, to hold the ladder in place and make the descent from the top rapid and safe. Prison officers who tried to intervene as the men fled were held back by other prisoners in the yard.
Three cars were waiting for them (and as a shotgun was found afterwards in one of the cars it is reasonable to assume they were prepared to use violence).
Biggs along with his wife and sons managed to slip out of Britain to Paris, where he underwent plastic surgery to alter his appearance, and where he obtained false papers that allowed him in 1970 to move to Australia after spending some time in Spain.
In Australia, however, he was recognized, and forced to move before fleeing the country when the chase threatened him again.
Biggs spent more than three decades in Brazil, cocking a snook at the British authorities who were unable to extradite him. He was kidnapped in 1981 and taken out of Brazil, but had to be let go on a technicality.
Biggs returned to the UK in 2001, a sick man, partly to receive health treatment, partly because it seems he hoped to be allowed to go free. He was, however, arrested and returned to begin serving the remaining 28 years of his sentence.
13 July - The Beatles receive a record five Ivor Novello Awards.
4 August - Iain Hamilton's Cantos receives its world première at The Proms, performed by the BBC Symphony Orchestra and conducted by Norman Del Mar.
6 August - The Small Faces release "Whatcha Gonna Do About It", their first single.
The Beatles release the soundtrack to their second movie Help!
15 August - Just a couple of years earlier The Beatles were playing to audiences of a few dozen at some of their Cavern gigs in Liverpool ; on August 15 1965 55,600 fans crowded in to Shea Stadium, the home of baseball team the New York Mets, to hear the group play the first concert of their American tour. Or rather not hear them: with Beatlemania at its scariest (there were 2000 security personnel on hand, and the Fab Four arrived in an armoured truck), the band took the stage in the centre of the field to deafening screams; twelve songs later they left, the screams having drowned out what they had been playing. For the record the songs that night included: Act Naturally; She’s a Woman; and Twist and Shout. It mattered little to an army of women and girls determined to scream, cry, faint and worse.
With the band members unable to hear themselves in spite of using the massive stadium PA, the concert descended to the absurd, John Lennon at the end playing the keyboard with his elbows to demonstrate the futility of the exercise. Futile, but profitable: the concert grossed more than $300,000, and is seen as the genesis of Stadium Rock.
26 Aug - They were only four among a total of 189 receiving honours that day, but it was obvious who the photographers at the gates of Buckingham Palace wanted to capture arriving, and who the 4,000 or more screaming fans were there to see – The Beatles . They duly arrived in John Lennon’s Rolls in plenty of time for the 11am investiture, in spite of the fact that, according to John Lennon , they didn’t believe in the institution of the royal family. Even inside the Palace they couldn’t escape the fans, or parents of fans at any rate, having to sign autographs for others there on the day.
It was something of a shock in the sixties for pop stars to be so honoured, though now it is becoming commonplace – politicians love rubbing shoulders with their rock heroes, even if some of those shoulders must be decidedly arthritic by now. Harold Wilson knew a popular band wagon when he saw one, and jumped on, awarding The Fab Four MBEs – Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.
Years later John Lennon, who returned his MBE in 1969 as a protest against Britain’s stance on Biafra and Vietnam, claimed they had smoked cannabis in the toilet at the palace, though George denied it. But when Lord Cobbold, the Lord Chamberlain, called out their names they stepped forward as instructed, bowed politely in the right places, exchanged a few words, and walked away backwards so as not to turn their backs to the Queen .
27 August – The Beatles visit Elvis Presley at his home in Bel-Air. It is the only time the band and the singer meet.
11 September - The Last Night of The Proms is conducted by Sir Malcolm Sargent, with Josephine Veasey as soloist for the traditional rendition of "Rule, Britannia.
30 September – Donovan appears on Shindig! in the U.S. and plays Buffy Sainte-Marie's "Universal Soldier".
Much mimicked, but much loved too, Thunderbirds like Gerry Anderson’s other Supermarionation series (Stingray, Captain Scarlet et al) struck a chord with children as however brilliant the pupeteering it still seemed like toys saving the world. When you are eight you have little reason to think they can’t.
Filmed somewhat incongruously in Slough , the series featured the American Tracy family of all-action heroes, led by father Jeff, one of the first men on the moon (as the series was set in 2065 not the best prediction ever). Every boy wanted to be Scott or Virgil; and hoped for a Thunderbird 1 Dinky Toy at Christmas.
The very first episode, for the record, was Trapped in the Sky, written by Gerry Anderson and his then wife Sylvia, who also voiced Lady Penelope. In the show the Hood sabotages a new super-aircraft, forcing the International Rescue team to come to its aid so he can steal their secrets. It was only kids in the ATV Midlands region who got to enjoy that first September 30 broadcast; London only joined the jerky-armed party on Christmas Day that year.
Mock the occasionally-visible strings as we do, the production values on the series were very high, various techies later poached to work on Star Wars for example. And each of the early episodes ran to 50 minutes, effectively a mini-movie.
Do we still love them? Y-y-y-yes M-Mr Tracy.
17 October – The Animals appear for a fourth time on The Ed Sullivan Show.
5 November – The Who release their iconic single "My Generation" in the UK. This song contains the famous line: "I hope I die before I get old"
8 Nov - In the mid- Sixties Britain was becoming more racially diverse. New arrivals to Britain and immigrants long established in the country shamefully often faced discrimination: signs on lodgings stating: “no blacks”; people refused entry to certain pubs and shops because of their race; discourtesies and even assault in public places by those who resented the changing face of the nation. The 1965 Race Relations Act was an attempt by the Labour government, albeit a very weak attempt, to address this situation.
Discrimination, however, was made a civil not a criminal offence, partly because of arguments put forward by the Conservatives that race relations would be soured further were the legislation to be given teeth. And though discrimination “in places of public resort” was outlawed, inexplicably shops and private boarding houses were excluded; so was discrimination in employment, and even local authority policy on renting property. The act, then, was very superficial. There are times when British compromise can be laudable; this was not one of them. The legislation was given greater range in 1968 and 1976.
The 1965 act did, however, set up the Race Relations Board, which came into operation the following year. It initially had very limited scope and powers, its remit monitoring and persuasion; but a seed had been sown.
3 December - The Beatles release their album Rubber Soul, along with the double A-sided single "Day Tripper / We Can Work It Out". George Harrison's performance on the sitar on the track "Norwegian Wood" leads to his becoming a pupil of Ravi Shankar.
The Who release their debut album My Generation.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=qN5zw04WxCc
Not bad for a debut album – presaging punk in songs like My Generation; heavy metal in The Ox; and blending blues and pop in I’m a Man and The Kids Are Alright to create a sound that would stir a million Mods. Throw in a wonderful version of James Brown’s classic Please, Please, Please and it was definitely worth a listen. Pop-rock quickly followed some enjoyably energetic detours thanks to The Who. You can almost forgive them for Tommy later in their career.
Originally recorded in mono My Generation has been remixed in Stereo several times, but probably loses more than it gains in the process which seems about as logical as redoing the famous artwork with pictures of the band in later years (though Moon didn’t have all that many).
Many critics would consider the album, at one time dismissed by the band as a bit of a rush job, as one of the most seminal in British rock history: Townshend ’s raw guitar; Keith Moon’s manic drumming; John Entwistle’s backseat driving bass; and Roger Daltrey ’s chameleon vocals all models for their generation and more besides – The Jam very indebted to their forerunners. After the LP was released every band probably still yearned for the success of the Beatles ; but most wanted to sound like the gods of Shepherd’s Bush , The Who.
13 Dec - The original format for Jackanory was elegant in its simplicity: an actor or occasionally a TV personality like Clement Freud or a figure from an entirely different world like Prince Charles reading a book out loud to children, with occasional illustrations shown on screen (often by Quentin Blake ). Magical.
It captivated children from toddlers through to their primary school years, becoming a fixed element of every weekday for millions of families, quarter of an hour of almost guaranteed peace for any adult looking after them: the insistent theme-tune – Jackanory Jackanory - acted like an off-switch for play, a signpost pointing towards bedtime.
Over the years – the original series came to an end in 1996 – some great names appeared as readers: Kenneth Williams perhaps the most frequent; Spike Milligan ; Bernard Cribbins; the genius that was Arthur Lowe ; Michael Hordern and Joyce Grenfell to list but a few of the finest.
The very first programme on December 13 1965 featured Lee Montague, an actor better known for his hard-man roles on TV and in films.
Naturally when the BBC revived the idea in 2006 it had to be tampered with – animation used, and multiple actors; and no fixed slot to give that blessed routine that makes life with children so much easier. Perhaps it takes imagination to believe in the power of imagination.
22 Dec - The day that must be etched on Jeremy Clarkson ’s heart.
Just before Christmas 1965 Transport Minister Tom Fraser (not Barbara Castle, as many seem to think) introduced a 70mph limit for drivers on motorways, following several pile-ups in the foggy autumn and winter of that year, though another cause is sometimes cited - the era’s super-cars being seen on motorways in legal-speak: “Travelling at speeds in excess of 150mph”.
Like Income Tax in 1799 this was to be a temporary measure. In the sixties many car drivers were the first in their family to own a vehicle, so with fewer points of reference as regards driving than is the case today. The engineering on some cars (especially in those days brakes) was not great, with many struggling to reach 70mph. At the time then few voices were raised against the measure.
Barbara Castle confirmed the limit as a permanent fixture when she was transport minister in 1967. The genie was out of the bottle to stay.
As driving experience has become ingrained, cars have radically improved, and road building likewise, voices are now starting to be heard about raising the limit, comparing things with France where the top speed is 130kph (80mph), for example. But the chances of this happening are roughly equivalent to those of proportional representation and free beer for all. Indeed it should be recalled that in a period of energy crisis in 1973 the limit was dropped to 50mph for a time, so the smart money would be on a decrease before any increase.
By way of interest, if you feel the need, the need for speed, try the Isle of Man , where rural roads are still de-restricted. Or Germany where much of the autobahn network has no limit. Or if you fancy going a bit further afield, Nepal is another option, though you might want to watch out for a few of those mountain bends.
The first Ford Transit produced by Ford Motor Company in 1965
BillBoard Hot 100 Number One Hits 1965
1 January – Introduction of new "Worboys Committee" road signs.
6 Jan - Geoff Boycott takes 3-47 against South Africa, his best Test bowling.
7 January – Identical twin brothers Ronnie and Reggie Kray, are arrested on suspicion of running a protection racket in London.
14 January – The Prime Ministers of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years.
15 January - Sir Winston Churchill is reported to be seriously ill after suffering a stroke.
24 January - Sir Winston Churchill dies aged 90 at Chartwell, his Kent home of more than 40 years.
30 January – Thousands attend Winston Churchill's state funeral in London. During the three days of lying-in-state, 321,000 people file past the catafalque, and the funeral procession travels from Westminster Hall to the service at St Paul's Cathedral, attended by the Queen, Prime Minister Harold Wilson, and representatives of 112 countries.
31 January - National Health prescription charges end.
1 February - The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh arrive in Ethiopia on a state visit.
4 February – Confederation of British Industry founded.
6 February – Sir Stanley Matthews plays his final First Division game, at the record age of 50 years and 5 days.
16 February – The British Railways Board (chairman: Richard Beeching) publishes The Development of the Major Trunk Routes proposing which lines should receive investment (and, by implication, which should not).
18 February – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
3 March - The remains of Roger Casement, from Pentonville Prison, are reburied in Dublin.
10 March – Goldie, a London Zoo golden eagle, is recaptured after 13 days of freedom.
19 March - A record price of 760,000 guineas is paid at Christie's for Rembrandt's Titus
23 March - Dr Dorothy Hodgkin is awarded the Order of Merit.
1 April - The Greater London Council comes into its powers, replacing the London County Council and greatly expanding the metropolitan area of the city.
Finance Act introduces corporation tax, replacing income tax for corporate institutions.
6 April – Government publicly announces cancellation of the BAC TSR-2 nuclear bomber aircraft project.
23 April – Red velvet minidress.
26 April – Manchester United win the Football League First Division title.
1 May – Liverpool win the FA Cup for the first time in their history, beating Leeds United 2-1 at Wembley Stadium. Roger Hunt and Ian St John score for Liverpool, while Billy Bremner scores the consolation goal for Leeds.
7 May – The Rhodesian Front under Prime Minister Ian Smith win a landslide election victory in Rhodesia.
11 May – The National Trust officially launches its long-term Enterprise Neptune project to acquire or put under covenant a substantial part of the Welsh, English and Northern Irish coastline. Whiteford Burrows on the Gower Peninsula is considered the first property to be acquired under the campaign although its purchase was announced on 1 January.
13 May - The Conservatives make big gains in the UK local government elections.
17 May – An underground explosion at Cambrian Colliery in Clydach Vale kills 31.
18 May - The Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh begin a 10-day state visit to the Federal German Republic.
19 May – West Ham United become the second British club to win a European trophy, defeating West German 1860 Munich 2-0 at Wembley Stadium.
3 June - The bank rate is reduced to 6 per cent.
18 June – The government announces plans for the introduction of a blood alcohol limit for drivers in its clampdown on drink-driving.
22 June - The 700th anniversary of Parliament is celebrated.
8 July – Great Train Robber Ronald Biggs escapes from Wandsworth Prison.
12 July – The Secretary of State for Education and Science, Tony Crosland, issues Circular 10/65 requesting local authorities to convert their schools to the Comprehensive system.
22 July – Sir Alec Douglas-Home suddenly resigns as a head of the British Conservative Party.
24 July – Freddie Mills, former British boxing champion, is found shot in his car in Soho.
27 July – Edward Heath becomes leader of the British Conservative Party following its first leadership election by secret ballot.
29 July – The Beatles film Help! debuts in London.
August – Elizabeth Lane appointed as the first female High Court judge, assigned to the Family Division.
1 August – Cigarette advertising is banned on British television.
Radio and television licence fees are increased.
3 August – Release of the film Darling starring Julie Christie.
"The Queen's Award to Industry" for export and technological advancements is created.
6 August – Peter Watkins' The War Game, a television drama-documentary depicting the aftermath of a nuclear attack on the UK, is pulled from its planned transmission as BBC1's The Wednesday Play for political reasons. It will go on to win the 1966 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.
The first female High Court judge is appointed.
21 August – Charlton Athletic F.C. player Keith Peacock becomes the first substitute to appear in a Football League match.
2 September - Sir Harry Hylton-Foster, Speaker of the House of Commons, dies.
21 September - British Petroleum strikes oil in the North Sea.
24 September – The British governor of Aden cancels the Aden constitution and takes direct control of the protectorate, due to the bad security situation.
30 September – First episode of ATV 'Supermarionation' series Thunderbirds airs.
7 October – Ian Brady, a 27-year-old stock clerk from Hyde in Cheshire, is charged with the murder of 17-year-old apprentice electrician Edward Evans to death at a house on the Hattersley housing estate last night.
8 October – The Post Office Tower opens in London.
16 October – Police find a girl's body on Saddleworth Moor near Oldham in Lancashire. The body is quickly identified as that of Lesley Ann Downey, who disappeared on Boxing Day last year from a fairground in the Ancoats area of Manchester, at the age of 10. Ian Brady, arrested last week for the murder of a 17-year-old man in nearby Hattersley, is suspected of murdering Lesley, as is his 23-year-old girlfriend Myra Hindley, who on 11 October was also charged with the murder of Edward Evans. Police suspect that other missing people from the Manchester area, including 12-year-old John Kilbride (who was last seen alive nearly three years ago) could be also be buried there; some reports state that as many as 11 murder victims may have been buried in the area.
20 October - It is reported that suspected mass murderer Ian Brady tortured his victims and tape-recorded the attacks on them. Detectives in Brady's native Scotland are also reportedly investigating the disappearance of 12-year-old Moira Anderson in Lanarkshire eight years ago as a possible link to Brady.
21 October – Ian Brady and Myra Hindley are charged with the murder of Lesley Ann Downey and remanded in custody.
22 October – African countries demand that the United Kingdom use force to prevent Rhodesia from declaring unilateral independence.
24 October - Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Arthur Bottomley travel to Rhodesia for negotiations.
Police find the decomposed body of a boy on Saddleworth Moor. The body is identified as that of John Kilbride, a 12-year-old boy who disappeared from Ashton-Under-Lyne in November 1963.
29 October – Ian Brady and Myra Hindley appear in court, charged with the murders of Edward Evans (17), Lesley Ann Downey (10) and John Kilbride (12).
October – Corgi Toys introduce the all-time best selling model car, James Bond's Aston Martin DB5 from the film Goldfinger.
1 November – Three cooling towers at the uncompleted Ferrybridge C electricity generating station in West Yorkshire collapse in high winds.
5 November – Martial law is announced in Rhodesia. The UN General Assembly accepts British intent to use force against Rhodesia if necessary by a vote of 82-9.
8 November - The British Indian Ocean Territory is created, consisting of Chagos Archipelago, Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches islands (on 23 June 1976 Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches are returned to Seychelles).
The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act suspends capital punishment for murder in England, Scotland and Wales, for five years in the first instance, replacing it with a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment.
The Race Relations Act outlaws public racial discrimination.
11 November – In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white minority regime of Ian Smith unilaterally declares independence.
13 November – The word "fuck" is spoken for the first time on British television by the theatre critic Kenneth Tynan.
20 November – The UN Security Council recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia.
29 November – Mary Whitehouse founds the National Viewers' and Listeners' Association.
December - EMI release Jacqueline du Pré's recording of Elgar's Cello Concerto with John Barbirolli and the London Symphony Orchestra.
National Coal Board closes the last deep coal mine in the Forest of Dean (Northern United at Cinderford).
3 December – The first British aid flight arrives in Lusaka; Zambia had asked for British help against Rhodesia.
12 December – The Beatles' last live U.K. tour concludes with two performances at the Capitol, Cardiff.
15 December – Tanzania and Guinea sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom.
17 December – The British government begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia; the United States joins the effort.
22 December - A 70 mph speed limit is imposed on British roads.
A reorganisation of the cabinet sees Roy Jenkins appointed Home Secretary and Barbara Castle as Minister of Transport.
24 December – A meteorite shower falls on Barwell, Leicestershire.
27 December – The British oil platform Sea Gem collapses in the North Sea, killing 13 of the 32 men on it.
30 December – President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed to a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted.
U.S. Events
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and more than 2,600 others arrested in Selma, Ala., during demonstrations against voter-registration rules (Feb. 1). Background: Civil Rights.
Malcolm X, black-nationalist leader, shot to death at Harlem rally (Feb. 21).
Blacks riot for six days in Watts section of Los Angeles: 34 dead, over 1,000 injured, nearly 4,000 arrested (Aug. 11-16).
1965: US orders 50,000 troops to Vietnam
President Johnson has commited a further 50,000 US troops to the conflict in Vietnam.
Monthly draft calls will increase from 17,000 to 35,000 - the highest level since the Korean War, when between 50,000 and 80,000 men were called up each month.
It will take the US force in Vietnam up to 125,000 but officials say at this stage demands should be met by conscription, without calling upon the reserves.
Muhammad Ali defeated Sonny Liston.
During the Gemini 4 mission on June 3, 1965, Ed White became the first American to conduct a spacewalk.
1965 Swedish engineer Sten Gustav Thulin was issued U.S. patent No. 3,180,557 (assigned to Celloplast company) for the modern disposable plastic grocery bag.
1965 Astronaut John Young smuggled a corned beef sandwich aboard the first Gemini spacecraft flight.
1965 'A Charlie Brown Christmas' premiered on CBS TV.
1965 Cool Whip, a whipped cream substitute, was introduced by General Foods. Within 3 months it is the top selling whipped topping product.
1965 Ellen Church died on Aug 22 (born Sept 22, 1904). The first airline stewardess.
1965 Canada adopted its new red & white flag with a red maple leaf in the center.
1965 The first Subway sandwich shop opens in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
1965 'Pepper' Martin, baseball player died.
1965 Discovered that addition of vitamins C and E reduced levels of nitrosamines in fried bacon and nitrite-cured products; industry changed processing to minimize consumer exposure to cancer-causing nitrosamines.
1965 The entire cast of the comic strip 'Peanuts' was featured on the cover of TIME magazine.
1965 R. C. Duncan was granted a patent for 'Pampers' disposable diapers.
1965 Campbell Soup Company introduces Franco-American Spaghetti-O's.
1965 Jimmy Chamberlain of the music group 'The Smashing Pumpkins' was born.
1965 The Rolling Stones recorded the frustrated diners lament, "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction."
1965 Norwood Fisher of the music group 'Fishbone' was born.
1965 Green Acres TV show debuted.
1965 Paul Hermann Muller died. A Swiss chemist who discovered that DDT was a potent insecticide. It was the most widely used insecticide for more than 20 years, and helped to increase food production around the world. Due mainly to its accumulation in animals that eat insects, and its toxic effects on them and those further up the food chain, it has been banned in the U.S. since 1972. However its residue is still found in some foods grown in the U.S. in 2005.
1965 The Pillsbury Doughboy, 'Poppin' Fresh,' was born. He made his debut in a commercial for crescent rolls.
1965 At 5:15 pm on November 9, a 13 hour blackout of the northeastern U.S. and parts of Canada began when the electric grid failed.
1965 British author, W. Somerset Maugham died. Among the titles of his novels and short stories are: 'Cakes and Ale', 'The Alien Corn' and 'The Breadwinner.'
1965 'Taste Of Honey' by Herb Alpert & Tijuana Brass hit #1 on the charts.
Almost 50 years ago, a small team at the Italian company Olivetti managed to do what no one had done before them; they created a computer small enough to fit on a desk, and could be used by regular people. It was the Programma 101, what many consider to be the world’s first personal computer.
To understand just how revolutionary the Programma 101 was when it was unveiled back in 1965, you first have to know what computers looked like at the time. Remember, this was almost 50 years ago. It was the era of huge mainframes, big as fridges, sometimes filling up entire rooms. Only a small elite had access to them.
2 January – World of Sport premieres on ITV with Eamonn Andrews as its first presenter.
January - The BBC collaborates with Ireland's RTÉ on an historic television broadcast as Irish Taoiseach Seán Lemass and Prime Minister of Northern Ireland Terence O'Neill meet for the first time in Belfast.
30 May – A televised tribute to the late British bandleader and impresario Jack Hylton called The Stars Shine for Jack is held in London at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
1 August – Cigarette adverts are banned from UK television. Pipe tobacco and cigar adverts continue until 1991.
6 August – The War Game, a drama-documentary by director Peter Watkins depicting the events of a fictional nuclear attack on the United Kingdom, is controversially pulled from its planned transmission in BBC1's The Wednesday Play anthology strand. The BBC was pressured into this move by the British government, which did not want much of the play's content to become public. It was eventually released to cinemas, and won the 1966 Academy Award for Documentary Feature. The BBC finally screened the play in 1985.
4 October – United! premieres on BBC1.
4 October – The BBC announces plans to introduce a new service for Asian immigrants starting the following week.
13 November - The word "fuck" is spoken for the first time on British television by the theatre critic Kenneth Tynan.
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History of Atlantic City
Written By Barbara Kozek
Atlantic City has a long and varied history. Though much has been written about the post 1977 casino years, and the heyday years of the 30's and 40's when the Atlantic City Boardwalk was the in place to be seen, there is a wealth of rich history which dates back over two hundred years before the first dice were thrown or the first jitney hit the pavement. Let's take a look back into history and discover all the people who helped make Atlantic City, not only what it is today, but what it will be in the future.
The original inhabitants of Absecon Island, on which Atlantic City rests, were the Lenni-Lenape Indians. The Lenni-Lenapes would travel over the Old Indian Trail from the Mainland to the island to spend the summer months. The trail, which was located approximately where Florida Ave. is today, was five miles long over the marshland. The Indians would partake of the abundance the ocean and bay had to offer, along with the varieties of wildlife and flora of the island.
The first recorded owner of Absecon Island was Thomas Budd, an Englishman, who arrived in Atlantic County in late 1670's. Budd was given the island and other acreage as settlement of a claim he had against the holders of the royal grant. His mainland property was then valued at $ 0.40 an acre, while the beach land a mere $ 0.04 an acre. That same piece of beach front property today would be worth millions of dollars per acre.
For the next hundred years, the island would be visited by not only the Indians, but also hunters and some of the early mainland settlers. Among these brave soles, was Jeremiah Leeds.
Leeds, born in Leeds Point in 1754, was the first white man to build a permanent structure on the island in 1785 at what is now Arctic and Arkansas Ave. His grandfather had built a cedar log cabin on Baltic Ave. at the site of the recently demolished bus terminal as early as 1783.
Jeremiah and his family were the first official residents of Atlantic City. Their home and farm was called Leeds Plantation, and Leeds grew corn and rye and raised cattle. A year after Leeds death in 1838, his second wife Millicent got a license to operate a tavern called Aunt Millie's Boarding House, located at Baltic and Massachusetts Ave. Thus, the first business in Atlantic City was born.
Several of Jeremiah and Millicent's children were important in their own right. Robert B. Leeds, born in Atlantic City on May 2, 1828, was the city's first postmaster. Another son Chalkey S. Leeds, born in Atlantic City in 1824, became the city's first mayor in 1854.
By the year 1850, there were seven permanent dwellings on the island, all but one which were owned by descendants of Jeremiah Leeds. Dr. Jonathan Pitney, a prominent physician who lived in Absecon, felt that the island had much to offer, and even had ideas of making the island a health resort but access to the island had to be improved. Pitney, along with a civil engineer from Philadelphia, Richard Osborne, had the idea to bring the railroad to the island. In 1852, construction began on the Camden-Atlantic City Railroad. On July 5, 1854, the first train arrived from Camden after a grueling 2.5 hour trip, and the invasion of the tourists had begun.
Osborne has been given credit with naming the city, while his friend Dr. Pitney thought up the plan for the names and placements of the city streets which remains today. Streets running parallel to the ocean would be named after the worlds great bodies of water, Pacific, Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean, Adriatic, and Arctic, while the streets which ran east to west would be named after the States.
Visitors to Atlantic City didn't only arrive by train. Atlantic City was becoming a bustling seaport. But along with the increasing number of sailing vessels, came an increasing number of tragic wrecks off the coast. One of the most tragic was the sinking of the Powhattan, a vessel carrying 311 German immigrants, which sank on April 16, 1854. For days, bodies washed up on the shoreline. Because it was impossible to identify the dead, 54 bodies were buried in a mass grave in the cemetery at the Smithville Methodist Church, and 45 bodies were buried in Absecon. At the urging of Dr. Pitney, a lighthouse was erected in 1854, and turned on one year later. The lighthouse, in the Inlet section of the city, was originally at the edge of the ocean, but it now stands over 1/2 mile from the beach.
The first official road from the mainland to the island was completed in 1870, after 17 years of construction. The road, which ran from Pleasantville, had a $.30 toll. The first free road was Albany Ave., constructed over the meadows from Pleasantville.
By 1878, one railroad couldn't handle all the passengers wanting to go to the Shore, so the Narrow Gauge Line to Philadelphia was constructed. At this point massive hotels like the United States and the Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The first commercial hotel the Belloe House, located at Massachusetts and Atlantic Ave., was built in 1853, and operated till 1902. The United States Hotel took up a full city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland (the current site of the Showboat Parking lot). These grand hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, and were considered quite luxurious for the time.
There were beautiful hotels, elegant restaurants, and convenient transportation, but the businessmen of Atlantic City had one big problem to contend with...SAND. It was everywhere, from the train cars to the hotel lobbies. In 1870, Alexander Boardman, a conductor on the Atlantic City-Camden Railroad, was asked to think up a way to keep the sand out of the hotels and rail cars. Boardman, along with a hotel owner Jacob Keim, presented an idea to City Council. In 1870, and costing half the town's tax revenue that year, an eight foot wide wooden foot walk was built from the beach into town. This first Boardwalk, which was taken up during the winter, was replaced with another larger structure in 1880.
On Sunday September 9, 1889, a devastating hurricane hit the island, destroying the boardwalk. Most of the city was under 6 feet of water, and the ocean met the bay at Georgia Ave. The Boardwalk of today is 60 feet wide and 6 miles long. Its planks, placed in a herringbone pattern, are laid on a substructure of concrete and steel. Steel railings are in place to keep visitors from falling off to the beach below, and in accordance with an old City Council ordinance, hotels, restaurants and shops are kept on one side of the boards, with amusement piers on the other.
On Weds. June 16, 1880, Atlantic City was formally opened. With fanfare the likes few in the area had seen, a resort was born. By the census of 1900, there were over 27,000 residents in Atlantic City, up from a mere 250 just 45 years before. The first public school was opened in 1858 at Maryland and Arctic Ave. Before this, mainlanders were sent over to teach the island's children. By 1883, the city had built its first school on Texas Ave., at a cost of $25,000.
The next twenty-five years saw many firsts in the city. The First National Bank of Atlantic City was opened on May 23, 1881, and a little over a year later in July 1882, the first use of electricity, a street light in front of Keuhnles Hall at Atlantic and South Carolina Ave., shown bright. The Atlantic City Beach Patrol opened in August 1881, posting strict 9am to 5pm bathing hours. By the next season, there were 20 guards on duty. The Atlantic City Hospital opened Nov. 30, 1898, while the public library opened Jan.31, 1900. Trolley service began in the city in 1893, extending out to Ventnor in 1900. The trolleys ran till 1955. Atlantic City's famous Jitney service started up in 1915, with a ride around town costing just 5 cents.
The late 1800's were a growth time for the city. Nearly 2/3rds of the city's 6,500 dwellings in 1899 were cottages. These cottages were elaborate 2-3 story private homes, many the summer homes of prominent doctors and businessmen from Philadelphia. Beautifully coifed lawns and magnificently decorated interiors made these homes a symbol of the glory days of the city. At the same time, along the boardwalk, amusement piers began popping up. With names like Million Dollar, Steel, Iron, etc., the piers of Atlantic City were a major draw. Everyone could find some sort of entertainment to meet their tastes from the Diving Horse, Dr. Couney's Premature Infant Exhibit, and marathon dance contests to side show acts. Despite the variety of draws to the city, one issue remained...how to extend the tourist season past summer. That question was answered by a 16 yr. old girl from Washington in 1921 who was the first Miss America. The pageant, which was held intermittently from 1930-1935, became synonymous with Atlantic City when it began being held at the Convention Hall in 1940.
Atlantic City became "the" place to go. Entertainers from vaudeville to Hollywood graced the stages of the piers. Glamorous Hotels like Haddon Hall, The Traymore, The Shelburne and The Marlborough-Blenheim drew guests from all over the world. Atlantic City's future seemed bright, until World War II. After the war, the public seemed to stop its love affair with The World's Favorite Playground. Possibly because of the public's access to national air travel, the shift of the population westward, the general deterioration of the city, or a shift in the public's taste for more sophisticated entertainment, Atlantic City lost much of its shine; and most of its tourists.
With the passage of the Casino Gambling Referendum in 1976, Atlantic City began an upward battle, not unlike one it had started two hundred years before, to use the glorious resources it has been given by nature, to make it once again a world renowned tourist Mecca.
If you find the early history of Atlantic City fascinating, you may want to make a side trip to Galloway Township, next time you visit. Buried in the cemetery at The Historic Smithville United Methodist Church and the cemetery across the street from Smithville Village, are the decedents of Jeremiah Leeds, and many other prominent families of the area. The site of the Smithville Methodist Church was the location of the first public house of worship in Atlantic County, the Friend's Meeting House, erected in 1744.
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Which precious stone can be described as being 'of the first water'? | ��ࡱ� > �� ���� ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 5@ �� �* bjbj�2�2 "Z �X �X �" �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � �X �X �X �X �X � � �� � \Y ^ �Y �Y �Y �Y -] -] -] ;� =� =� =� =� =� =� $ �� R �� � a� � �� u\ � -] �� �� a� � � �Y �Y � v� � � � �� N � �Y � �Y ;� � �� ;� � * � � � � � �Y PY s�!�+� �X � f � ;� �� 0 �� � |� u� ^ |� � � � � � � � |� � � ( -] � �q � � �� � {� F -] -] -] a� a� � � �D TF D Ӣ � � TF What was NAFEC? From the Desk of the Editor This 1976 photo shows Center Director, Robert L. Faith, and Atlantic County Improvement Authority Board Chairman, Al Marks, at a press conference announcing plans to build a new Technical Building (Building 300). Joining them in making the announcement were U.S. Rep. William J. Hughes and Atlantic County Improvement Authority Board Co-Chairman, Pinky Kravitz. More than a quarter-century ago, the FAA changed the name of this workplace from NAFEC to the FAA Technical Center (and subsequently to the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center). Yet, after all these years, �NAFEC,� which stands for the National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center, still looms large � and not just here, but throughout this region. Recently, one of the volunteers over at the Egg Harbor City Historical Society told me that she used to work here. �I worked in sim ops. They had to get experimental out of the name because it used to scare people. The locals used to worry about what was going on over at NAFEC,� she said. I don�t know if that�s a fact or just an opinion, but I do know you can still find NAFEC on some maps and you can still enjoy membership in the NAFEC Association. And, if you tell your neighbor you work at NAFEC or at �the base,� they know exactly what you mean. So what was NAFEC? Research test pilot, Larry Van Hoy, and I were talking recently about the fact that NAFEC will turn 50 years old in 2008. Larry suggested it might be fun to see how people would answer the question, �What was NAFEC?� I think Larry had a great idea. Maybe you worked for NAFEC, or maybe one of your parents or grandparents did. Whatever your connection to NAFEC, we�d like to hear from you. You can use the link below to send me your answer. I will roll up the responses I receive and run them in a future edition. What was NAFEC??? I hope to hear from you. Stan HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]" [email protected] �Thunder Over the Boardwalk� Rocks Atlantic City By Mary Lou Dordan Josh Armstrong, Jack Jamison, the Air Bear (Rosanne Weiss) and Patty Naegle helped out at the Tech Center�s booth at Thunder Over the Boardwalk. What an exciting day for everyone at �The Shore� as the second largest airshow on the East Coast unfurled into a full day of excitement and thrills. More than 300,000 spectators stretched out along the Atlantic City coastline to enjoy the show, which took place over the ocean and in front of the Boardwalk. The Tech Center was very visible at this year�s show. Our Convair 580 and Boeing 727 flying laboratories made multiple passes over the crowded beaches, while Tech Center and Atlantic City Air Traffic Control Tower personnel were busy disseminating information about their facilities at a booth set up on the Boardwalk. Many thanks to Josh Armstrong, Jack Jamison and Patty Naegle, who joined me at our information booth throughout the day, and to Rosanne Weiss, for her stamina and dedication to the Air Bear Program. It must have been 100+ degrees inside the Air Bear costume she wore while she was visiting with youngsters along the beach and Boardwalk. A big thank you also goes out to Kim Astillero, who used her personal time to periodically check on the physical welfare of those of us working in the booth. She also appeared again near the end of the day to help us take down all our display materials. The Future is Now: The World of the �Airborne Internet� By Pete Castellano Ralph Yost leads the Center�s efforts on Airborne Internet. Editor�s Note: The purpose of this article is to introduce our readers to a new and exciting way to think about communications between aircraft, and between aircraft and those on the ground. Led by Ralph Yost, of the Tech Center�s Research & Technology Division , this effort demonstrates that the Technical Center remains on the leading edge of aviation and transportation. Mobile connectivity is a growing technology in our society today. Its growth is fueled by the desire of people to remain connected to "the network" even while traveling. From wireless LANs at home and the office to wireless connectivity with cell phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs), people are utilizing new methods to extend the traditional network connectivity that originated with a wire to a computer. The concept of basic network connectivity could be used to connect mobile vehicles, including automobiles, trucks, trains, ships, and even aircraft. Network connectivity could be obtained between vehicles and a ground network infrastructure. The idea of an Airborne Internet began as a supporting technology for NASA's Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS). Program planners identified the need to establish robust communications between aircraft, and between aircraft and the ground. Based on this recognized need, Ralph Yost proposed the idea of networking aircraft, in the same way we network computers - and thus the Airborne Internet was born. The utility of Airborne Internet has the potential to extend far beyond the SATS program; it could open up a whole new set of operating capabilities for aircraft. Airborne Internet has the potential to change the way aircraft receive and send data, or more appropriately, information. Airborne Internet can provide an interconnected digital data network between aircraft, and between aircraft and the ground. It has the potential to change how aircraft are monitored and tracked by the air traffic control system, and how they exchange information with and about other aircraft. Critical information such as weather, turbulence, and landing conditions can be transferred, as well as the distance between aircraft. This information becomes even more critical for aircraft that are beyond the range of conventional surveillance radar. There would also be the capability to allow aircraft passengers to go �on-line� to check their e-mail, pay bills, surf the web � you name it. Look for more articles on this exciting topic in this and future issues. For more information about the Airborne Internet, check out HYPERLINK "http://www.AirborneInternet.com" www.AirborneInternet.com. Aviation Magazine Editor-in-Chief Visits the Tech Center By Ginger Cairnes Bill Garvey and Amlan Duttchoudury climb up a ladder to get a better view of some the FASTER equipment. Nelson Miller, Program Director, FAA/NASA Aviation & Security, recently invited William Garvey, Editor-in-Chief of BUSINESS & COMMERCIAL AVIATION MAGAZINE to visit the Tech Center. Mr. Garvey�s visit covered a wide range of Center programs, facilities and laboratories. Airport and aircraft safety areas included the Full-Scale Fire Test Facility, Full-Scale Aircraft Test & Evaluation Research (FASTER) Facility and other aging aircraft labs. The National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) and the Crashworthiness building also were included. Bill Garvey and Dr. Nelson Miller learn more about the additives used during alternate fuel testing. Center employees in the Research Development Human Factors Labs demonstrated some of the components used to test human factors issues, and also how the labs are used in other air traffic research. Both the Weather and Radar Processors (WARP) and the Integrated Terminal Weather System (ITWS) provided Garvey with information about some of our weather programs. Bill Cavage, Sr. discusses small engine fuel testing done in the R & D area. A trip to the hangar showed what is being done through our �flying laboratories� and Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) programs. Rounding out the day were presentations in the ADS-B areas to brief him on the latest in Air Traffic Control surveillance. Tom Weiss shows some of the equipment used in the ITWS laboratory. It is hoped that, based on his visit here, Garvey will be able to feature the Tech Center in his magazine in the future with stories, technical material, presentations and graphics related to the Tech Center�s contributions in the field of aviation. Aviation Enrichment Day: A Great Success By Ginger Cairnes Within the article are a variety of photos from the 2005 Aviation Enrichment Mini-Symposium, which was a great success. The work that is done at the Tech Center peaks the curiosity of many people, including the family members of employees. To help satisfy this curiosity, Aviation Enrichment Mini-Symposium Day was organized. More than six months of planning went into creating a day that was jam-packed with tours, workshops, activities and displays that were designed to showcase the many programs, projects and facilities that are here at the Center. This year the number of displays included even more Air Traffic, Aircraft/Airport Safety Programs than in previous years. A number of �hands-on� experiences were offered to enhance what was being demonstrated. Some of the new displays were: Biometrics, 3-D Modeling & Visualization, Weather programs, Transportation, an Environmental Program Display and various equipment that is being used to cut costs and help protect the environment. There also were Fun Photo displays and an electric-controlled helicopter aerobatic display (during lunch). Tours that were added this year included: Target Generator Facility (TGF), Air Traffic Control Labs such as the Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS), STARS and the Airborne Internet (AI) Laboratory in the hangar. Budding aircraft designers created and tested Para-Wing Kites, Fuji Rockets, windsocks and paper aircraft. Another workshop enabled children to create solar system posters while learning about the planets with respect to their distance from the sun. At the Flight Plan Workshop, older children were introduced to the phonetic alphabet and flight charts. They also competed to see which team could �get to the airport� in the shortest amount of time. Lunchtime was a real treat this year with music provided by Blast Effects. Homemade ice cream was served from a �chemical wagon� equipped with a steaming frosty silver bowl. During the late afternoon the children learned about the parts of an airplane, played space games, competed in Aviation Bingo and in an Aerospace Trivia game, while others attended more tours. Though tired after a busy day, everyone was in agreement that learning can be fun! Aviation Enrichment Day: A Great Success By Ginger Cairnes Within the article are a variety of photos from the 2005 Aviation Enrichment Mini-Symposium, which was a great success. The work that is done at the Tech Center peaks the curiosity of many people, including the family members of employees. To help satisfy this curiosity, Aviation Enrichment Mini-Symposium Day was organized. More than six months of planning went into creating a day that was jam-packed with tours, workshops, activities and displays that were designed to showcase the many programs, projects and facilities that are here at the Center. This year the number of displays included even more Air Traffic, Aircraft/Airport Safety Programs than in previous years. A number of �hands-on� experiences were offered to enhance what was being demonstrated. Some of the new displays were: Biometrics, 3-D Modeling & Visualization, Weather programs, Transportation, an Environmental Program Display and various equipment that is being used to cut costs and help protect the environment. There also were Fun Photo displays and an electric-controlled helicopter aerobatic display (during lunch). Tours that were added this year included: Target Generator Facility (TGF), Air Traffic Control Labs such as the Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS), STARS and the Airborne Internet (AI) Laboratory in the hangar Budding aircraft designers created and tested Para-Wing Kites, Fuji Rockets, windsocks and paper aircraft. Another workshop enabled children to create solar system posters while learning about the planets with respect to their distance from the sun. At the Flight Plan Workshop, older children were introduced to the phonetic alphabet and flight charts. They also competed to see which team could �get to the airport� in the shortest amount of time. Lunchtime was a real treat this year with music provided by Blast Effects. Homemade ice cream was served from a �chemical wagon� equipped with a steaming frosty silver bowl. During the late afternoon the children learned about the parts of an airplane, played space games, competed in Aviation Bingo and in an Aerospace Trivia game, while others attended more tours. Though tired after a busy day, everyone was in agreement that learning can be fun! Chinese Visitors Participate in DRVSM Celebration By Stan Ciurczak DRVSM CEREMONY: FAA employees around the country celebrated the six-month anniversary of DRVSM on July 20, 2005. The celebration at the Tech Center included air traffic management employees from the Civil Aviation Authority of China (CAAC). Their visit was arranged as part of the FAA-CAAC cooperation agreement that was signed by Administrator Marion Blakey. The FAA�s long and cordial relationship with the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) began in l986 with the signing of a Memorandum of Agreement. This led to the establishment by the FAA of a senior representative office in Beijing. Then, in February 2004, FAA Administrator Marion C. Blakey visited China and signed a record of discussion with the CAAC that set forth a number of areas of cooperation between the FAA and the CAAC that will serve to enhance the safety and capacity of China's aviation system. The FAA and CAAC have planned more than 70 cooperative exchange activities in 2005 in all fields of aviation safety. The FAA�s Air Traffic Organization (ATO) fully supports the U.S.-China Air Traffic Cooperation Program, which seeks to improve China�s aviation safety, capacity and efficiency, and to promote global cooperation in building a seamless operational environment. Under this program, China sent a team to the Tech Center in July 2005 to receive assistance in the matters necessary to implement the Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM). On July 20, 2005 when FAA employees around the country celebrated the six-month anniversary of Domestic Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum, the celebration at the Tech Center included guests from the Air Traffic Management Bureau (ATMB) of the CAAC. Technical Center Director Anne Harlan presented awards to the members of the team during the ceremony. �The exceptional talent and expertise of this team played an integral role in DRVSM implementation,� Harlan said. �Their work will make the airspace system more efficient and expand our options in managing air traffic.� Center testing was pivotal in the FAA�s ability to implement domestic reduced vertical separation minima. Center researchers designed, ran and analyzed simulations and assessed the results for the safety implications of a switch to RVSM. The Center continues to monitor the system, and it operates the Regional Monitoring Agency for North America, an arm of the United Nations� International Civil Aviation Organization. China plans to implement the RVSM within the next few years, but the date is not yet set. Our Chinese visitors took home a deeper understanding of the U.S. air traffic control system and RVSM. The ATO and the ATMB will continue to cooperate in promoting global seamless operations in order to achieve mutual benefits. Celebrating Earth Day at the Technical Center By Ginger Cairnes Jay Repko, Jim Clayton, and Nancy Davenport-Masi display materials explaining some programs featured on their Environmental Management System Display. Back in the late 1960s and early 1970s environmental problems were proliferating to an extreme. Air pollution was linked to diseases, fish were being killed in highly polluted waters, and toxic chemicals in waters and at factories were bursting into flames. U.S. Senator Gaylord Nelson (WI), and then Harvard law student, Denis Hayes, both became pro-active regarding this problem. Thousands of schools, universities, and environmental groups as well as members of Congress, government officials and activists soon joined their efforts throughout the U.S. On April 22, 1970 a demonstration was held that became known as �Earth Day�. The movement continues today. April 22, 2005 was the 35 th anniversary of Earth Day. Is a once a year event enough to demonstrate how our lives can impact the environment? The Technical Center�s Environmental Management System (EMS) group highlighted Earth Day with a display in the atrium. In conjunction with this display, they invited Technical Center employees to learn about the EMS in place at the Center. The National Airport Pavement Test Facility�s domed Advanced Daylighting System runs on energy using a cell that tracks the sun�s position in the sky and reflects the brightest portion downward, which increases performance and saves electric power. What is the purpose of an EMS? An EMS is a �tool and framework that allows an organization to consistently control the effects its operations or processes may have on the environment and to continually improve its business practices�. EMS groups are required by Executive Order 13148, �Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management�. EMSs should be implemented at agency facilities by December 31, 2005. After visiting the Pavement Test Facility�s ADS, Murphy Flynn provided a tour of the machine. Among issues of importance is the conservation of energy. Employees were invited to t our the National Airport Pavement Test Facility�s domed Advanced Daylighting System (ADS-600) that runs on energy using a cell that tracks the sun�s position in the sky during the day and reflects the brightest portion downward. This increases performance and further saves on electric power. Employees got a chance to view the �bubble� Global Electric Motorcar (GEM) as well as a vehicle that runs on all natural gas. In another effort to save energy and help keep our environment clean, Motor Fleet Manager Marfred Clark, spearheaded the move to lease the Tech Center�s first hybrid vehicle (Ford Escape Hybrid) from the U.S. General Service Administration (GSA). This vehicle, automatically switches between pure electric and pure gasoline power to maximize efficiency and performance. The vehicle was on display in the atrium during Earth Day. Although the vehicles are priced a bit higher than some standard vehicles, the tax incentives, decreased fuel consumption, near zero emissions, and possible rebates are worth the extra cost. Marfred states that, �I am very excited about the effort, and I�m sure that this is a positive move for the future.� Also on display was a Global Electric Motorcar (GEM) as well as a vehicle that runs on all natural gas. Natural gas is a low emission fuel and alternative to gasoline, diesel, and propane. This model refuels by using a �vehicle-refueling appliance�(VRA) that hooks up to a natural gas line. Such vehicles start at about $17,000 with an additional cost of about $7,000 for the VRA. The GEMs, an all electric, zero-emissions vehicle made by Daimler Chrysler is ideal for short maintenance trips around the base. The use of smaller size vehicles with less weight also helps save energy. A few of the other areas on display were the American Wetlands and Recycling in Atlantic County. Paper recycling bins were provided for employees. By highlighting the importance of Earth Day and displaying that �we are about more than just aircraft�, the Environmental Engineering Group hopes that all employees will be advocates to support a safe and healthy work environment at the Center. Minority Serving Institutions (MSI) Group Visits By Ginger Cairnes Bernie Garbowski discusses one of the many features of which the Out-the-Tower view is capable. This lab is located in the Tower/TRACON Modeling and Simulation Building. Every year the Minority Serving Institutions Summer Internship Program leaders arrange a visit to the Tech Center for students working for the FAA in Washington, in order to expose the students to the many programs and facilities that are here. Programs participating in the visit this year included the Hispanic Association of Colleges & Universities (HACU), the Historically Black Colleges & Universities (HBCU), the Asian Americans & Pacific Islanders (AAPI), and summer hires. One of the intern�s looks skeptically as another appears to be "listening" to one of the crashworthiness ergonomic dummies. About 36 employees including their chaperones traveled to visit the Wind Tunnel, Full-Scale Fire Test Facility, National Airport Pavement Test Facility, Crashworthiness Building, Tower/TRACON Modeling and the Simulation Building. The group showed real focus in what was being presented and asked many thought provoking questions. Some of the interns intend to contact a few of those who spoke and get further information regarding the research and development discussed. Maria appears to have found a few "new friends" with the "Crash Charlie" dummies. Oakcrest High School Students Visit the Tech Center By Ginger Cairnes Students listen as Allan Abramowitz explains the purpose behind a recent drop test and the effects on the plane as a result of being dropped. Recently, about 30 Oakcrest High School juniors and seniors and their advisors visited the Center. Program managers and leads provided demonstrations and information in a variety of areas. These included the Research & Development Human Factors Laboratory (RDHFL), the Enhanced Traffic Management System (ETMS) Laboratory, the Weather and Radar Processors (WARP) Laboratory, Crashworthiness testing, and Coast Guard Search and Rescue. Students were also provided time to �fly� the air traffic control simulator in the atrium. LT Chris Grooms from the U.S. Coast Guard Ground & Rescue Unit, Atlantic City, talks to the group about what happens during a helicopter run. Through presentations and hands-on experiences that were arranged by the Tech Center�s Visitor Program, the students were able to ask questions about the Center. They returned to school filled with exciting ideas and possibilities for their futures. Students explore the remains of an early drop test article. The Visitor Program at the Tech Center provides support for high-level and international visits. The program also encourages educational visits by high school and college students in order to allow them to explore potential careers. Exploring the cockpit and flying the simulator proved to be challenging as well as fun. Ann Wagner Retires. A retirement breakfast was held in honor of Ann Wagner in the Technical Building cafeteria several months ago. Dozens of Ann�s friends and associates joined her for a delicious meal and a slice of retirement cake. Belated happy retirement, Ann! Technical Center Participates in SATS Demo By Adam Greco This team photo was taken at the Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) demo that took place at Danville Regional Airport in Virginia. The Tech Center�s contributions to and involvement in the Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) demo and preparation, which took place at the Danville Regional Airport from June 5-7, 2005, went extremely well by every account. About 3,000 people, including government officials, politicians, industry executives, pilots, students and aviation enthusiasts attended the three-day event. In attendance at the Technical Center's exhibits were Adam Greco, Scott Doucett, Nick Roselli, Dana Whicker, James Hamilton, and Richard Ridgway. Ralph Yost and Pocholo Bravo worked the Airborne Internet exhibit and also supported the live flight demonstration, as did pilots Dan Dellmyer and Keith Biehl. The temporary structure erected by the Event Planner-Production team from September Moon was nothing short of outstanding. Likewise for the electronic and technical presentation capability that September Moon delivered throughout the tenure of the demo. One Tech Center exhibit consisted of a working DSR Controller Workstation, which was connected to six of the advanced pilot positions from NASA. We ran two simulations for the public everyday at 11:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. We also had a static display poster that explained the simulation work we accomplished for the SATS Higher Volume Operations (HVO) study as well as the Transportation Systems Analysis and Assessment (TSAA) study. We had a large plasma television screen that continuously played a 2 minute looped video. Another exhibit consisted of a live Airborne Internet system with demonstrations and explanations from Ralph Yost and Pocholo Bravo. We briefed the Administrator and her entourage when she visited both exhibits and she received a copy of the SATS Higher Volume Operations Final Report. At the Airborne Internet live demonstration, FAA Administrator, Marion C. Blakey, saw how network connectivity could be used in aircraft. The Administrator was sent an e-mail from the Airborne Internet enabled aircraft. Ms. Blakey was very pleased with our exhibits, the entire demo and the production. The series of HVO In-Flight demonstrations utilizing the six SATS equipped aircraft synchronizing with the stage presentation provided by the NASA personnel went very well. The Tech Center's Convair N39 was the lead aircraft, and first to be sequenced to land of the six aircraft. All aircraft participating in the live flight demonstration were equipped with Airborne Internet which allowed each aircraft to have digital communications with the ground and receive their landing sequences. There was very extensive and positive press concerning the demo with over 40 articles published in both industry and weekly news magazines. There were several speakers at the demo, including NASA Administrator, Michael Griffin, Marion Blakey, FAA Administrator, U.S. Rep. Goode, (2nd Va.), Dr. Bruce Holmes, Phil Boyer (AOPA), and (then) Technical Center Director, Dr. Anne Harlan. Aside from the successful memory of the demo, one sterling legacy of the joint effort with NASA in the past two years is the extremely effective working relationship we developed with the individuals who comprised the SATS team. 13th Annual �TAKEOFF� Program a Big Success By Barbara Harris-Para The winning group was group number 24, which scored a perfect 120 points. The winning group, with students, teacher and mentor were as follows. The Tech Center has sponsored this annual event for the past 13 years, in partnership with the William Davies Middle School located in Hamilton Township. Aviation Education Manager, Mary Lou Dordan, and Community Outreach Counselor, Barbara Harris-Para, coordinate this event each year along with Flight Group Manager, Armando Gaetano. TAKEOFF stands for �Technology Aviation for Kids/Engineering of Future Flights.� Recognizing that the Technical Center has the needed mentorship for a program of this magnitude, Vic Hudson of the William Davies Middle School, Armando Gaetano and others decided that this partnership could lead to the exposure needed to get kids interested in engineering careers. Through the years, many students have participated in the program and have pursued careers in engineering. At present, an informal survey is being conducted to see just how many students have gone into related career fields from this program. This year more than 172 seventh to twelfth grade students participated from 23 school districts. . The team used over 23 individuals who work here as mentors, judges, or just subject matter experts from the Tech Center. One of the highlights of the day was a demonstration from the United States Coast Guard Station. A basket demo was performed as well as a discussion with the students and members of the helicopter team. Here is a list of the winning group, with students, teacher and mentor. Group 24, which scored 120 points, was the winner. Teacher Liz Liechtenstein Jordan Road School Mentor Fred Karl FAA Flight Test Pilot Student Daniel Bryan Jordan Road School Student Veronica Chaffin Jordan Road School Student Carrie Chandler Jordan Road School Student Chris Jelesnianski Jordan Road School Student Joe Sanza Jordan Road School Teams of students are assembled, and each team has a total time of five hours to complete three out of six projects, or �challenges,� and then demonstrate and document the success of their team in competing the projects. The day went by quickly, and it is soon show time for the students. The judges have their scores developed and they are announced to the crowd. The results are easy to predict as the winners usually stand out from the pack. Airborne Internet Contract Awarded to AeroSat By Holly Baker The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has awarded a $1.35 million contract to AeroSat Airborne Internet, LLC of Amherst, NH to demonstrate and evaluate basic concept and components of the Airborne Internet system. The FAA is demonstrating Airborne Internet capability to evaluate its potential to address the advanced communications requirements of the Next Generation Air Transportation System. Airborne Internet shows promise to enhance the safety and efficiency of future air travel. The system would give the flight crew automatic updates of critical data, such as the weather, turbulence and landing conditions at different airports. The one-year contract calls for AeroSat Airborne Internet to conduct Airborne Internet flight demonstrations on FAA test aircraft at the Tech Center. Data will be exchanged between the air and ground at 45 megabits per second, then passed from aircraft to aircraft, exhibiting a full range of communications that previously have required the use of satellites. The in-flight simulations are expected to demonstrate the all-around effectiveness of the system. �In our plan for the next generation air transportation system, we envision that aircraft will be nodes on a network � providing, accepting and relaying information,� said Charlie Keegan, formerly the Vice President for Operations Planning of the FAA�s Air Traffic Organization. �This will support all users having the information they need, when they need it.� New ATC Tower Siting Technology to Enhance Safety, Cost Savings By Holly Baker Innovative FAA research in selecting and designing sites and specifications for air traffic control towers has resulted in dramatic benefits in enhanced safety and in money saved to the agency. Every year, the FAA builds an average of seven new air traffic control towers around the country. Each new tower costs millions of dollars to construct at an average price of $40,000 per foot of height. To ensure that new towers enhance airport and air traffic safety while still being cost effective, FAA human factors and tower simulation specialists researched ways to improve tower siting (height and location) procedures. For an investment of about $150,000 in research funds, the FAA is saving an estimated $5 million in airport tower construction costs per year. The savings come because the research identifies the optimum height for the tower cab, and reduces any unnecessary overbuilding. FAA human factors specialists from headquarters, Great Lakes Region system analysts and tower simulation specialists at the Tech Center, along with specialists from the Army Research Laboratory (Adelphi, MD) developed a methodology to measure the improvement in controller visibility that can be gained by modifying planned tower height at different locations on the airport surface. The Tech Center�s Airport Facilities Tower Integration Laboratory features a unique tower simulation system that can create a 360-degree airport view for any city to evaluate potential tower sites; and determine if clear and unobstructed views of the airport surfaces and approach paths are visible from the various tower control positions. Specialists also have used the system to create realistic simulations of airport traffic control tower environments to address other siting concerns. �This achievement in air traffic control siting technology has tremendous immediate and long term implications for both the domestic and international aviation communities,� said Charlie Keegan, formerly the Vice President for Operations Planning Services of the FAA�s Air Traffic Organization. �It will enable tower planners to find and resolve potential problems before tower construction begins. The technology will enhance safety and efficiency, and will save the FAA millions of dollars in tower construction costs in years to come.� Previously, the tower siting process did not include human factors criteria. In the recent research, the FAA used air traffic controller visual perspective information, visual performance capability information from the Department of Defense, as well as limits imposed by terminal instrument procedures to determine appropriate airport traffic control tower heights. As a result of the tests, researchers created a tool that uses two metrics specifying minimum performance criteria for future tower location and height. In the past, the FAA often built towers at heights exceeding those required for visual discrimination, because, in part, no minimum performance requirements existed. Since these requirements are known now, the agency will achieve cost savings as towers can be built at lower heights. In the past five years, Technical Center specialists have conducted tower siting simulation studies for more than 50 airports in the tower integration laboratory. Secretary of Transportation�s Award Goes to Kathryn Ciaramella The DOT Secretary�s Award has been presented to Tech Center mathematician Kathryn M. Ciaramella for improving the safety of the NAS through stress analysis that confirmed the need for, and specifying the limitations of, a proposed change to the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System algorithm. On July 1, 2002, a mid-air collision between a Boeing B757-200 and Tupolev TU154M occurred near Ueberlingen (Lake Constance), Germany. Kathryn Ciaramella performed an analysis of the incident using different versions of the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS) logic for the National Traffic Safety Board. Since that time, a number of near mid-air collision incidents, similar in geometry, have occurred and were documented both within the U.S. and Europe. As part of its investigation into these incidents, Eurocontrol researchers identified a section of the TCAS algorithm which it believed could be modified to allow an escape maneuver reversal by an aircraft when its TCAS recognized that the other aircraft was behaving contrary to the resolution advisories issued by its TCAS. Eurocontrol presented its logic change proposal (CP112-E) to the FAA and RTCA for evaluation and adoption. If adopted, then a change to the minimum operational performance standards would follow. Ms. Ciaramella was charged with stress testing the Version 7 TCAS logic with CP112-E to verify that it would perform as expected as compared to the baseline version. She conducted this simulation with intruder aircraft equipped with the current operational logic versions, i.e. Versions 6.04A and 7, at varying altitudes, pilot response models, and geometries. Out of the 10.5 million simulated encounters run, not only was she able to isolate 450 cases where the change did not perform as well as desired, but identified the altitude region where CP112-E benefits could be realized. She presented her work at the RTCA Special Committee 147 Requirements Working Group (RWG) meeting in June 2005 where it was examined and accepted �as-is� and unanimously by the TCAS experts from the FAA, Eurocontrol and MIT Lincoln Laboratory with the avionics manufacturers in attendance. The impact of her work resulted in the RWG assigning her to fully document her methods and findings for inclusion in the Safety Study being produced by the group, which will also serve as a recommendation to RTCA for adoption and subsequently to the FAA for implementation. Bader Field: Past, Present and Future By Barbara Harris-Para Did you know that every U.S. President from Theodore Roosevelt through Gerald Ford flew into Atlantic City�s Bader Field at some point in their administration? That�s right, and Bader Field also was the location for many other events in history. For example, the Spirit of St. Louis landed at Bader Field, and at least three decades of Powder Puff Derbies and Black Pilot Association races were held at Bader Field. Bader Field was the first municipal airport in the U.S. for both land and seaplanes, and became the world�s first �air-port� in 1919. A local newsman, Robert Woodhouse, coined the term, which referred to the aero marine �Flying Limousines,� a passenger service between New York and Atlantic City that was inaugurated under the auspices of the Hotel Traymore. Admiral Robert E. Perry, the discoverer of the North Pole, was a member of the committee that sponsored the airport. Atlantic City had an interesting aviation history even before Bader Field was created. The first local aircraft license for passengers was given to Glenn H. Curtiss on June 8, 1911. Three years later, the Army established air services on July 18, 1914. The first attempt to cross the Atlantic Ocean was made from Atlantic City in October 1910 by Walter Wellman, a polar explorer. He used not an airplane but a dirigible called �America.� Unfortunately, a heavy storm off the coast led to the demise of the airship. Fortunately a passing steamer going to New York rescued all crewmembers. A second attempt was made in July 1912 by the �Akron� but it only got to a height of 2000� when it exploded over the inlet, killing its entire crew. In 1910, an �Air Carnival� was held on the beaches, and the �flying boats� did their stunts in the inlet. The carnival was noteworthy, since this was one of the first of its kind, and it lasted ten full days. Several air records were recorded. One was by Walter Brookins, who set an altitude record of 6175� and another was by Glenn H. Curtiss, who flew over 50 miles and returned within one hour and 14 minutes. The Aero Club of Atlantic City, headed by Albert T. Bell, a pioneer in aviation, sponsored the event. The first demonstration of �bombing� from an airplane took place during the carnival by Glenn Curtiss, who dropped oranges close to a yacht, splashing water on everyone onboard. Other types of fruit were dropped onto the beach to show folks the accuracy of the maneuvers. Crates of eggs were dropped by parachute and none broke, so they were sold as souvenirs. Joseph Shinn, editor of the Atlantic City Press, flying with Earl Ovington, dropped 10,000 cards over the city on September 22, 1919, announcing the arrival of the Naval Plane NC-4, which was on its way back from a transoceanic trip. This was the first news bulletin dropped from the air. The first fatality during the Air Congress was the crash of a plane carrying pilot Beryl H. Kendrick and passenger James H. Bew, Jr., killing both when the plane overturned in a spin on May 24, 1919. The pilots who flew some of the acts were Robert P. Hewitt, Charles Todd Selms and C. Nicholas Reinhardt, calling themselves the Travelers� Company. On July 8, 1922 the city purchased the airport from private owners. Athletic fields were created and named for Edward L. Bader, the mayor of the resort. The size of the airport remained the same for many years due to the inland waterway and the state highway on the southeast side. The Steel Pier was usually the place for stunt fliers of the day, and William G. Swann, age 29, flew the first rocket glider into aviation history on June 4, 1931. He managed to go 1000� at a height of 100�, and glided to a perfect landing. In 1941, one week before Pearl Harbor, the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) was founded at Bader Field. Many local residents were members of the CAP, as the locals knew it. Fred Federici was number 80, and he joined during the first few days of their operations. There were no runways like we know them today. Instead, there was a huge circle to land on. The municipal stadium was opened at Bader Field on October 22, 1949, at a cost of $350,000. Many airport improvements were made that year, which gave it a higher rating than most airports of its day. Field lights, short wave radio, a control tower, runways and taxiways were established, and hangars followed soon thereafter, some of which are still in use more than 55 years later. During the 1960s and 70s, Allegany Commuter flew out of Bader with scheduled flights to Philadelphia or New York. These were the last of the major commercial carriers to fly in or out of Bader, and the demise of the airport began shortly after their departure. The control tower was removed, fuel trucks no longer were made available, and mechanical problems had to be handled by a mechanic from another airfield. Tech Transfer: New CRDA Implemented with Frequentis USA, Inc. By Deborah Germak The FAA recently entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRDA) with Frequentis USA, Inc. The collaborative research is in human factors research. Frequentis has designed and manufactured air traffic management equipment for a number of years. They have extensive experience and knowledge related to touch input devices, voice and data communication equipment to improve overall operator efficiency and effectiveness. The objectives of this research are collaboration within areas pertinent to the application of human factors and ergonomic principles in air traffic control. Frequentis will provide knowledge support for research on a future air traffic control operator station. This cooperation consists of concept sharing for increasing the efficiency of the operator workstation so the operator can ultimately manage a 100% increase in the air traffic density. The Government�s Principal Investigator is Ben Willems at the Tech Center�s Research and Development Human Factors Lab (RDHFL). The Principal Investigator for the Collaborating Research Organization is Peter Prutzman. This CRDA was awarded on April 14 and has a duration of 24 months. The exchange of ideas and implementation will enhance RDHFL experiment results and help Frequentis validate its designs and help focus future research and development efforts and expenses. If you have any questions regarding this CRDA, please contact Deborah Germak at extension 59862. Tech Center signs Agreement with HRWorX By Deborah Germak The Tech Center has entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRDA) with HRWorX, LLC, a privately held software development company, located in Herndon, VA. The FAA Regional Counsel for the Eastern Region developed a software product that automates the annual process of collecting and reviewing the Standard Form (SF) OGE-450 Confidential Financial Disclosure Form, and SF OGE-450A Statement of No New Interests. These are forms required to be filed by thousands of FAA employees and Government employees throughout the Executive Branch. The process follows the general principles of ethical conduct for Government Officers and employees and conflict of interest laws pursuant to the guidelines of the U.S. Office of Governmentwide Ethics. This CRDA establishes a partnership to maintain the application�s currency (relative to any changes in relevant laws or regulations), add functionalities to enhance the product, and provide upgrades to the FAA. A patent application has been filed for this solution, and HRWorX has entered into an Exclusive Licensing Agreement in the invention and plans to widely market the product. �We are very excited about this partnership,� said Basilyn Bunting, Acting Program Director, Office of Knowledge Management at the Center. �It brings together the knowledge, skills, and abilities of a private software company with the knowledge, skills, and abilities of FAA subject matter experts in a collaborative atmosphere.� �This is a case where FAA employees designed a product to meet their need, but has application across the government as well as private industry,� said Deborah Germak, Technology Transfer Program Manager. �This partnership epitomizes the spirit of technology transfer legislation.� �We see this effort as supporting the E-Gov initiatives, but also has potential of use in private industry,� said Pat Brown, President of HRWorX. As this product is enhanced and marketed, the inventors, under Technology Transfer legislation, can potentially receive up to $150,000 annually in royalties. If you have any questions regarding this CRDA, please contact Deborah Germak at extension 59862. Tech Transfer Enters New Agreement with FedEx By Deborah Germak The FAA recently entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRDA) with FedEx Express (FedEx). The collaborative research is in safety. FedEx has collaborated with the FAA on numerous initiatives in Air Traffic Management at the Memphis International Airport. The FAA conducted a Surface Management System (SMS) Operational Evaluation in September 2003, which was conducted in conjunction with FedEx representing the non-FAA user, and allowed the FAA to complete a successful evaluation. FedEx believes that it will be able to provide the FAA with additional information and data regarding the usefulness of SMS in daily airport operations that would facilitate surface traffic requirement development and enhance surface traffic management operations in the National Airspace System (NAS). The objectives of this research are to develop a team that will accelerate the development and acquisition of a national surface traffic management system that will improve airport surface operations. This program will tap the long-term operational expertise of FedEx operations at the Memphis International Airport and provide a clear illustration of SMS usefulness in real-time situations. If you have any questions regarding this CRDA, please contact Deborah Germak at extension 59862. FAA Implements New CRDA with Optimal Systems By Deborah Germak The FAA recently entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRDA) with Optimal Systems. The collaborative research is in increased predictability in the National Airspace System (NAS). A concept paper described a vision of an integrated modeling capability that will provide answers to policy level decision-makers with regard to changes in the NAS. This vision was developed in response to the needs of the aviation modeling and simulation community. The vision presented in this concept paper is the Aviation Integrated Reasoning Modeling Matrix (AIRMM), an envisioned architecture and system with a capability to provide a robust, integrated, decision-centric environment that supports the analysis needs of policy and decision-makers. The AIRMM system utilizes state-of-the-art technologies from decision systems, information systems, and modeling and simulation systems. Various models of the system were developed in a prototyping activity. The research objectives are to organize a team that will continue the development of AIRMM and to reach the goal of an integrated state-of-the-art decision-making tool that can be used across multiple domains and organizations. The Government�s Principal Investigator is Albert Schwartz. The Principal Investigator for the Collaborating Research Organization is John Richards. This CRDA was awarded on June 8 and has a duration of 36 months. It is expected this CRDA will provide a core capability that will support small to moderate demonstrations and analysis using the AIRMM concept. If you have any questions regarding this CRDA, please contact Deborah Germak at extension 59862. E-Grants Have Arrived at the Technical Center By Barbara Fuller The Federal Financial Assistance Management Improvement Act became law in 1999. The purposes of the Act are to (1) improve the effectiveness and performance of Federal financial assistance programs, (2) simplify Federal financial assistance application and reporting requirements, (3) improve the delivery of services to the public, and (4) facilitate greater coordination among those responsible for delivering services. To expand this initiative, President George W. Bush developed a Management Agenda that had a goal of expanding electronic Government. Consequently, a web-based portal was created called Grants.Gov. As part of this effort, the FAA Aviation Research Grants Program has developed an E-Grants initiative. Those wishing to participate in the FAA Grants Program may go to http://www.grants.gov and submit their proposals for grants and cooperative agreements electronically. They can also obtain information about what grant opportunities are available at this site. The site informs proposers how to �get started� and how to navigate through the process. This system eliminates the need to prepare and send hard copy proposals through the mail. However, mailed proposals will still be accepted until everyone becomes familiar with the site. As we all know, the FAA mission is to ensure the safe and efficient use of the navigable airspace in the United States; to regulate air commerce in such a manner as to best promote its development and safety; to promote a common system of air traffic control and navigation for both military and civil aircraft; and to promote, encourage, and develop civil aeronautics. This mission is further explained in the FAA Flight Plan for 2005-2009, which contains FAA strategic goals and the Next Generation Air Transportation System Integrated Plan, coordinated by the Joint Planning and Development Office (JPDO), a joint effort by the FAA, NASA, the Departments of Defense, Commerce, Homeland Security, and the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. The FAA Aviation Research Grants Program is one means by which the FAA supports this mission. Research grants and cooperative agreements, which range from several thousand to several million dollars, support aviation-related research in topics with the potential to gain further knowledge in emerging aviation technologies. The FAA Aviation Research Grants Program is under the purview of the Acquisition, Materiel and Grants Division, ATO-P. For further information about the Grants Program, please visit the web site at http://www.tc.faa.gov/logistics/grants or contact Barbara Fuller, FAA Grants Officer at 609-485-4919 or by e-mail at HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]" [email protected]. Continuing a Partnership with EuroControl By Albert Schwartz, Karen Buondonno, Jacqueline Rehmann and Mike Paglione The Technical Center has formed a partnership with EuroControl, the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation. Through cooperative research, the FAA and EuroControl have established a working relationship that benefits each organization by sharing technical experience, establishing aviation standards and providing valuable research opportunities. The Technical Center has formed partnerships with other organizations, both in the U.S. and worldwide. One such partnership was established with EuroControl, the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation. EuroControl�s primary objective is to develop a seamless, pan-European Air Traffic Management system. In 1995, the FAA/ EuroControl Research & Development (R&D) Committee was established during the 2nd FAA/ EuroControl R&D Symposium (Denver, CO). The Committee identified areas of mutual interest where the FAA and EuroControl could work together in R&D, and defined several cooperative tasks or �Action Plans�. Of eighteen Action Plans that were organized (currently 15 are active), the Tech Center plays a key role in Action Plan 2 (AP2) - Air Traffic Operation Concepts, Action Plan 5 (AP5) - Validation and Verification Strategy, Action Plan 9 (AP9) - Air Traffic Modelling of Operation Concepts and Action Plan 16 (AP-16) - Common Trajectory Prediction Capability. The goal of AP2 is to build a mutual understanding of international air traffic environments, issues, and solutions and to identify opportunities for cooperation. While the intention is not to establish a common operational environment, AP2 participants strive to understand their airspace differences and problems that occur when operating between the U.S. and Europe. The goal of AP5 is to determine a unified strategy for validating and verifying the performance, reliability, and safety of Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems. Karen Buondonno, of the Simulation and Analysis Group has been a member of AP5 for more than five years. She helped develop the Operational Concept Validation Strategy Document (OCVSD), which was created to establish a common understanding of validation in ATM and provides the prerequisite for a better planning, re-use and exchange of validation results. She also was the U.S. lead and organizer for two international Practitioners� Workshops. The first was held in Atlantic City, and provided information on the best practices for real-time human-in-the-loop simulation. The second, the joint AP5/AP9 workshop, was held in Rome, Italy and provided information on the best practices for simulation scenario development. Buondonno also provided feedback and input into the development of the Validation Data Repository (VDR), a global information management system that captures concept validation projects, objectives, tools, techniques and other validation information. The goal of AP9 is to globally share information concerning fast-time simulation models for modelling Air Traffic operational concepts and to identify areas of cooperation in the use and development of fast-time simulation models. Al Schwartz, of the Simulation and Analysis Group, has been involved in AP9 for more than three years, and also has provided assistance to AP5 and AP16. He has played a key role as the U.S. lead and organizer in the development of two international Technical Interchange Meetings, titled, �Presentation and capability assessment of various fast-time simulation models and tools�, and �Modelling Architectures.� He also has developed and coordinated two international joint AP5/AP9 Practitioners� Workshops. Products developed from these meetings include a report on current Fast Time modelling capabilities, a modelling capability survey, and lessons learned documents concerning fast-time modelling and concept validation (the latter is included as an appendix in the OCSVD). The goal of AP16 is to minimize duplication of effort in the many organizations involved in trajectory tool and predictor development, thereby reducing costs, reducing time to deployment and enhancing the quality of the validation and improvement process. Many advanced tools are in the research phase, and they are expected to make more exacting demands of trajectory predictors, particularly in terms of speed of computation and accuracy. Another purpose of this action plan is to understand and push the limits of trajectory predictor performance. Execution of this action plan will create a common methodology and resources for the validation and improvement of trajectory prediction capabilities. Mike Paglione, of the Simulation and Analysis Group, is the FAA lead on AP16 and has many years of experience with trajectory prediction, due to his work with the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET). Through cooperative research, the FAA and EuroControl have established a working relationship that benefits each organization by sharing technical experience, establishing aviation standards and providing valuable research opportunities. To find out more about these and other Action Plans, visit: HYPERLINK "http://www.EuroControl.int/faa-euro/" http://www.EuroControl.int/faa-euro/. FSED ISO Re-registered By Ken Dobis The Facilities Services and Engineering Division (FSED) has maintained its ISO 9001:2000 registration of its Quality Management System. FSED is the only organization within the Office of Operations, Technology and Acquisition to be ISO registered, and the only organization at the Tech Center to achieve a re-registration. On July 21-22, 2005, Quality Management Incorporated (QMI) conducted a Re-Assessment Audit of the FSED management system to the ISO 9001:2000 standard. QMI�s report stated: [b]ased on the review of the company�s (sic) Management System documentation, and the audit results, the following recommendation is made: The results of the re-assessment, including the review of the performance of the FAA Management System over the past 3 years and the Re-assessment Audit, indicated that the system meets the following criteria for maintenance of registration to ISO 9001:2000. An effective interaction exists between all elements of the management system, and the entire management system is effective in light of any changes. Top management has demonstrated a commitment to maintain the effectiveness of the system thanks to Gary Poulsen, FSED Division Manager, Kenneth S. Dobis, FSED ISO Quality Manager, and Wayne F. Marks, FSED ISO Document Manager. It is only appropriate to also express appreciation to the following groups and their employees: Facility Engineering and Operations Group managed by Raymond Dumas assigns work to all FSED organizations and support contractors through the Trouble Desk; Environmental Engineering Group managed by Howard Kimpton receives work orders from the trouble desk involving environmental and safety issues, in addition to their normal environmental and safety work throughout the Technical Center; NAS A&E Group managed by Michael Beres is the focal point for all engineering/design work requested from many organizations, and includes architecture and engineering design, engineering consultation, planning and estimating, and construction; Technical Center Architecture &Engineering Group managed by Frank Seman is the focal point for all engineering/design work requested from many organizations, and includes architecture and engineering design, engineering consultation, planning & estimating and construction; and Aviation Safety & Security Architecture & Engineering Group managed by David Dando is the focal point for all engineering/design work requested from many organizations, and includes architecture and engineering design, engineering consultation, planning & estimating and construction. Keeping the user interface for our ISO documentation simple was one of our goals. We felt that this would be key to having our employees understand and follow our ISO procedures without intensive and recurring training on finding information. The ISO documentation can be found at http://plant.act.faa.gov/iso9000.html The division�s ISO consultant is David Lambertson of Qualitec Consulting. Dave has guided us through the ISO process with expertise, patience and a steadfast commitment to our goal of ISO 9001:2000 re-registration. Lambertson also is the NASA Headquarters ISO consultant. FSED selected QMI of Springfield, PA, and Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, as the registrar. New Faces at the Transportation Security Lab A number of new employees joined the ranks of the Transportation Security Laboratory in 2005. They include the following: Andrew A. Abraham (Andy) was born in Misawa AFB, Japan, and raised in Puerto Rico. In 1985, Andy graduated from the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, NJ, with a Bachelors of Engineering in Electrical Engineering. Upon graduation he was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in US Air Force through the AFROTC program. His first assignment was to Wright Patterson AFB, OH, where he worked as an Air Force Project Acquisition Officer involved in the development of electronic combat simulators and simulations. In 1989, he was selected to attend the Air Force Institute of Technology School of Systems and Logistics, where he graduated, in 1991, with a Masters of Science in Systems Management. He then was assigned to Hanscom AFB, MA, where he became the Test Director for the Caribbean Basin Radar Network (CBRN) Program until he separated from the Air Force in 1992. Andy supported the CBRN Program until 1995 as a contractor working for Horizons Technology, Inc. In 1995, he moved to NJ to support the DOD with the Joint DOD/FAA acquisition of Terminal Air Traffic Control Systems. In 1997, he supported Aviation Security program for a short period while working with Hi Tech Systems Inc. In 1998, Andy became an FAA employee supporting testing of En-route and Terminal ATC systems until 2005. Andy came to TSL-200 to work with Passenger Checkpoint systems. Andy continued his military career by joining the 514 th Communications Squadron, McGuire Air Force Base in 1995 as an Air Force Reserves Communications Officer. In 2002, Andy was activated for 120 days and deployed to the Middle East where he provided communications services to over 1,500 personnel at an undisclosed location in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. In 2003, he transferred to the New Jersey Air National, and was assigned to the 177 th Fighter Wing, AC as a Civil Engineering Officer. That year he became the Commander of the 177 th Civil Engineering Squadron, and was also activated for a period of 11 months. He was promoted to Lt. Colonel in 2005. Andy lives in Belleplain, NJ, with his wife, Helene. Dr. Chih-Tsai Chen (Charles) received his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science degrees in Ocean Engineering and Naval Architecture from Nation Taiwan University in 1980 and 1982, respectively. He was granted a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from Purdue University in 1990. In addition he received a Master of Science degree in Information Systems from New Jersey Institute of Technology in 2002. Dr. Chen has over twenty years of extensive probabilistic and deterministic modeling, simulation, and quantitative data analysis experience in aviation and maritime structural systems. He also acquired over twelve years of experience in project/contract planning and management and has involved in all phases of project life cycle. Between January 1990 and May 2005, Dr. Chen worked as an employee of Galaxy Scientific Corporation. While working for Galaxy he provided support to the FAA William J. Hughes Technical Center Aviation Security Division in both aircraft hardening and aviation security systems test and evaluation and supported the FAA Technical Center�s Airport and Aircraft Safety Research and Development Division in Aging Aircraft Research Program and other research and development programs. He also has strong experience in software development and database application development with skills in Visual C++, SQL, Visual Basic, Java, and FORTRAN. In May 2005, Dr. Chen joined the Protection Systems Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation Branch of Transportation Security Laboratory as a General Engineer supporting the Explosives Effects and Survivability Program and Conveyance Protection Systems Program. Tom Coleman was born and raised on Long Island, New York. He graduated from The State University of New York at Stony Brook, in 1979, with a Batchelor�s degree in Cognitive Psychology. He then received a Master�s Degree in Systems Management/ Operations Research, in 1982, from the University of Southern California. Tom served nine years on active duty with the US Air Force, and then in executive research management positions with EG&G and Battelle. Joining the TSL in 2003, he is employed supporting Infrastructure and Conveyance projects, specializing in the architectural aspects of transportation security. He recently retired from the Air Force Reserve as a Lieutenant Colonel. Tom has four grown daughters, and his avocations include forestry and historic restoration. Mr. Steven Curran is an Electronics Engineer with over 21 years of diverse engineering experience that includes research, system development, acquisitions, and operational field support. His expertise was sought to support the Systems Engineering related portions of the System Qualification Test activities for the Phoenix program, which includes R&D for the next generation of Explosives Detection Systems for Checked Baggage. Curran came from the Verification Division, ACB-640, and started work under an Interagency Service Level Agreement for Mr. Andy Lee, Checked Baggage Product Lead, TSL-200. Prior to arriving at the Transportation Security Laboratory, Curran worked for 13 years in the Test & Evaluation field, of which 11 years were as the Test Director for multiple FAA voice switching and telecommunications programs. As the Test Director for the associated Integrated Product Teams, he provided direction and leadership for all technical and programmatic aspects of the Developmental and Operational T&E efforts. In addition, he has 7 years of experience as a Technical Program Manager, which included first-level supervisory responsibilities for 9 federal employees and technical direction for 24 contractor employees. Curran�s initial experiences with the FAA include microprocessor based computer board design and second-level engineering support for airport radars. He received a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of Puerto Rico � Mayag�ez Campus and arrived at the FAA Technical Center in January 1984. Curran is a member of the IEEE Computer Society - Southern New Jersey Chapter. Dr. Elsetinow received her Bachelors of Science degree from Chestnut Hill College in 1997 with a major in Chemistry and a minor in Mathematics. She was supported by a Rohm and Haas � Owens Scholarship for Chemistry, and as part of the Departmental Honors Program, worked for the US Dept of Agriculture as a Physical Science Associate during her third and fourth years. Dr. Elsetinow went on to receive her Masters and Doctorate Degrees from Temple University in 2000 and 2002, respectively. At Temple, she studied the surface chemistry of metal sulfide oxidation, wrote and published ten papers, and secured a US and international patent for suppression of sulfide oxidation. Due to such great interest in the patent, Temple is currently in the process of starting a company to distribute the license. After receiving her Doctorate Degree in Physical Chemistry, she went on to work for a short while at Environmental Resources Management as a Supervisor and Research Chemist for their Remediation Technology Center - Analytical Laboratory. She then went to work for the Philadelphia Water Department as a Chemist, where she assisted them in writing formal SOP�s towards obtaining NELAC Certification, and supported the Engineers at PWD�s 7 treatment plants as an investigative chemical consultant.Between July 2004 and 2005, Dr. Elsetinow worked for Galaxy Scientific Corporation as a Support Contractor for the Transportation Security Laboratory. She was assigned as a Trace Chemist to the Checkpoint Passenger Screening R&D Program. In July 2005, Dr. Elsetinow joined the Inspection Systems Branch of the DHS, TSA Transportation Security Laboratory as a Research Chemist, where she continues to support the Trace Checkpoint Detection Program. Dr. Eric J Houser (Eric) has a B.A. in Chemistry from Rockford College and a Ph.D. in Inorganic Chemistry from the University of Illinois. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Virginia, Department of Chemistry with Professor Russell N. Grimes from 1995 to 1997. In 1997, he moved to the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, DC where he worked in the areas of preceramic and functional polymer materials, sensor system design and carbon nanotube devices for the detection of chemical weapons and explosives. Currently he works in the Trace Group in Checked Baggage with Richard Lareau and Polly Gongwer. Dr. Christopher Smith received his Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering from Rutgers University in 1990. Since then, Dr. Smith has managed Aircraft R&D in various capacities. His early career focused on fatigue and fracture analysis, after which he moved on to become manager of the FAA�s Inspection Systems Research Project. Following the 1997 report of the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security, Dr Smith was appointed manager of the newly formed Aging Systems Research Program. In 1999, the Aging Structures and Aging Systems Research Programs were combined into a single Aging Aircraft Program under Dr. Smith�s direction. Dr. Smith managed the FAA�s Airworthiness Assurance Research Branch from 2002 through February 2005. Safety Is Our Business - Safety Management System By Joe Schanne The new FAA tagline says it all - �Bringing Safety to America �s Skies.� The number one priority at the FAA is ensuring the safety of the National Airspace System. Ask the passenger sitting next to you on your next flight his/her top concern regarding air travel, and, he or she will most definitely agree. At the FAA, safety is our business and it is what keeps us in business. With all of this focus on safety, we need to make sure we have a way to effectively manage the various safety efforts planned and underway. To that end, the ATO is implementing a Safety Management System (SMS). The SMS provides a systematic and integrated method for managing the safety of air traffic control (ATC) and navigation services in the NAS. It integrates current FAA safety-related operational policies, processes, and procedures, as well as introduces new elements necessary for a systems approach to managing safety risk. The great majority of the components that make up the SMS aren�t new. They are the activities that we�ve been doing for years that have made the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS) the world�s safest airspace system. The SMS just integrates these existing disparate processes. The major components of the SMS are: Policy: The SMS requirements, responsibilities, and accountabilities for system functions Architecture: The processes, procedures, and practices used to assess changes to the NAS for safety risk and document those changes Assurance: The processes used to monitor and ensure safety of the NAS, including evaluations and inspections, as well as safety data tracking and analysis Safety Promotion: Communication and dissemination of safety information to strengthen the safety culture and support integration of the SMS into operations The largest new component of SMS is known as Safety Risk Management (SRM). SRM is a methodology that ensures all hazards are identified and all associated safety risks are mitigated to an acceptable level prior to a NAS change being made. Still in its infancy, SRM already has a success story under its belt and the Technical Center played a major role. The ATO Safety Service�s SRM Office began by supporting the Air Traffic Organization (ATO) Terminal Service with the integration of SRM into the site selection process for new air traffic control towers. SRM is now fully integrated into the site selection process that centers around analyses conducted at the Technical Center �s Airway Facilities Tower Integration Laboratory (AFTIL) Lab. For each site selection, the AFTIL personnel bring together the experts needed to make the right decision on tower location and height. The results, which include any identified safety risks and proposed mitigations are documented in a Safety Risk Management Document (SRMD) or safety case. The ultimate result of this work will be a safer NAS. As SRM is introduced across the ATO, it�s expected that the personnel located at the Tech Center will play a major role. For example, as part of the FAA�s Test and Evaluation (T&E) process used when introducing new NAS systems or hardware/software changes to existing NAS systems; mitigations to hazards identified as part of the SRM process will need to be verified. The verification step of the process will be facilitated by T&E efforts, largely performed by Tech Center personnel. Interested in learning more about the SMS? A 90-minute web-based SMS Overview course is available for the taking at http://cminet.jccbi.gov/sms/. It includes information on SMS components and concepts, as well as roles and responsibilities. All ATO executives / managers / supervisors will have taken this course by the end of FY-05. In addition, �NAS Change Agents� (those who make changes to the NAS) will be taking one of the two SMS/SRM Practitioner training courses�one geared towards engineers and the other toward operational personnel. There is also an ATO safety culture briefing available on CD. For more information on these materials, contact the SRM Office at HYPERLINK "mailto:[email protected]" [email protected]. Coast Guard Places "Rescue 21" into Service In December 2005, the U.S. Coast Guard announced a significant milestone in its critical life saving and homeland security missions by officially accepting Rescue 21, for this region, at a ceremony that was held at Air Station Atlantic City. Keynote speakers included the Honorable Frank LoBiondo, Chairman of the House Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation; and Adm. Thomas H. Collins, Commandant of the Coast Guard. Rescue 21 is a search and rescue and command and control system, leveraging 21st century technology to boost search and rescue capability and better protect the nation�s coastal waterways and ports. 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In which one of the five towns of the Potteries is there a statue to Sir Stanley Matthews? | Sir Stanley Matthews - Telegraph
Obituaries
Sir Stanley Matthews
Sir Stanley Matthews, who has died aged 85, was one of the greatest footballers of any nation and any time. The genius which he deployed for Stoke City, Blackpool and England was quite at odds with the terrier-like endeavours which have too often characterised English football.
Blackpool team-mates chair their captain and centre back Harry Johnston, left, and winger Stanley Matthews, right, after Blackpool defeated Bolton Wanderers by four goals to three in the FA Cup Final at Wembley, May 2 1953. Photo: AP
12:01AM GMT 24 Feb 2000
On the field of play, Matthews was the supreme individualist, an unrivalled dribbler of the ball.
He not only tormented and destroyed full-backs on a weekly basis but did it with a sportsmanship that emphasised the brilliance he tried to shrug off.
"The ball ran for me today," he would tell dazed opponents after the game, as though he genuinely did not understand what all the fuss was about.
Few others were in doubt. In the days before comprehensive television coverage of soccer, Matthews's mere presence on the right wing was enough to add 10,000 to the gate. While he was at Stoke in the Thirties, the average home crowd was 66,000.
His career as a player lasted more than 30 years, beginning in 1932 and ending in 1965. His 84 international appearances were between 1934 and 1957.
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Yet Matthews ran on to the field at the beginning of a game as though determined not to cut a figure. One commentator noted "an almost Chinese passivity".
In Masters of Soccer, Maurice Edelstone and Terence Delaney, splendidly evoke what followed. "The back, like every other in the game, has heard all about Matthews. He knows that he likes to beat his man by going outside him. He knows that if he rushes his tackle, Matthews will be round him. So he stays near the touchline, watches and retreats.
"Matthews continues, in his leisurely way, to bring the ball to him. Retreat becomes dangerous. Matthews is not very close. The back is within a stride of the ball. Matthews sways to the left.
"In that second, with a kind of desperate clarity, we can read the back's mind. It comes to him in a flash that this time Matthews is going inside. The ball is held in the curl of Matthews's right foot and that lean, wonderfully balanced figure has swayed so far to the left that it is almost too late to catch him.
"But not quite: he is a quick, strong full-back and he goes across in a swift lunge. There is no one there. Matthews is gone, on the outside again, flying past him, already yards beyond him, imperturbable as ever . . ."
The essence of Matthews's dominance was his unparalleled acceleration over 10 yards. Full backs knew that he would feint to go inside them and then whisk by on the outside. They were still powerless to stop him.
It required rigorous self-discipline to sustain his speed for so many years. Every day during his professional career his diet was the same: carrot juice at lunch-time, steak with salad for dinner, a fast on Mondays. And every morning there would be a training run on the beach.
Although in one sense the perfect sportsman, Matthews took an aggressive delight in showing his mastery. He might remain stationary with his foot on the ball for 10 seconds or more, daring the opposition to challenge him. The same kind of steel was evident in his attitude to opponents who tried to kick him out of the game. Such malefactors would be refused his handshake after the game - a slight that imported professional obloquy.
There were always critics of Matthews's game. Those who complained that his slow, taunting approach gave the defence time to regroup, that he could not be bothered to chase a ball that did not come directly to him, that he was never over-keen on the 50-50 challenge and that he scored surprisingly few goals.
Tom Finney, it has been said, was a more versatile player, who scored 30 goals in 76 appearances for England. In 34 post-war internationals, Matthews only registered three - almost as though his art disdained the clinching vulgarity. If Finney was the more consistent all-rounder, no one mesmerised defences like Matthews on his day.
The story goes that, in one international, Stan Mortensen scored from a Matthews centre and gave the winger the thumbs-up sign. Later in the game he did the same from one of Finney's centres from the other wing. This time, though, there was no sign and Finney wanted to know why.
When Matthews crossed the ball, Mortensen replied, the lace was facing away from the centre-forward. Such legends were the fruit of a thousand brilliant displays. Nevertheless there were particular triumphs that stood out above the rest.
When England played Germany in Berlin in 1938, Goering, Hess, Ribbentrop and Goebbels assembled to witness the victory of the Fatherland and watched unsmiling as Matthews tore the German defence to pieces, even scoring himself in England's 6-3 victory. "A fellow like Matthews risks everything and can do everything," the German magazine Fussball proclaimed in wonderment.
The winger put in another astonishing display for England against Scotland at Maine Road, Manchester, in 1943, with Denis Compton on the other wing. When Matthews scored the final goal in England's 8-0 victory, even some Scottish players could scarcely forbear to cheer.
On to the Cup Final of 1953. With 20 minutes to go, Blackpool were 1-3 down to Bolton. Up to this point, Matthews had had a quiet game. Now, as the defence tired, he became irresistible.
Mortensen netted one of his crosses and then scored again from a free kick. In injury time, Matthews ghosted past two defenders before cutting the ball back for Perry, who hammered home the winner. Outside Bolton, the entire country rejoiced.
At 38, Matthews still had 12 more years in the game. Playing against Brazil at Wembley in 1956, he made Nilton Santos, one of the greatest Brazilian defenders, look like a novice. England won 4-2 and the same Brazilian side, with the not unimportant addition of Pele, won the 1958 World Cup.
The third of four sons, Stanley Matthews was born on Feb 1, 1915, at Hanley, one of the five towns of the Potteries. His father, a barber, would work in his shop from 8am to 9pm, and then train for his other career, that of professional boxer. A featherweight, notably quick on his feet, and believed to be the last professional to enter the ring with a waxed moustache, Jack Matthews fought some 350 bouts, many of 20 rounds, and lost only nine times.
Young Stanley first made his mark as a sprinter. He learnt his football on "Meakins' Square", a rough piece of ground alongside the local pottery and, by the time he was six or seven, the locals were making detours to watch his astonishing skills with the ball.
At Wellington School, Hanley, his team would win by embarrassing totals such as 18-0. In 1929 he was chosen to represent England Schoolboys versus the Rest, and then England Schoolboys against Wales.
On leaving school, Matthews became a bricklayer's apprentice and worked in the barber's shop in the evening, lathering customers in preparation for their shave. In 1930 he joined Stoke as a ground boy.
The atmosphere was rigidly hierarchical. "One morning, I went into the dressing room and said, `Good morning'," Matthews remembered, "and the senior players threw me into the bath with my clothes on to teach me a lesson."
He had two games for Stoke reserves when he was 15 and next season, 1931-32, turned out for the reserves 22 times. In 1932, he signed as a professional with a salary of pounds 5 a week in winter and pounds 3 a week in summer.
After his first game for the first team, away against Bury, Huddersfield offered pounds 5,000 to sign him.
By the 1933-34 season, Matthews was playing regularly for the first team. Stoke were promoted to the First Division, with Matthews scoring 15 goals (11 in the League), a total he would never beat.
The directors of the club celebrated by giving every player a three-piece suit. In March 1934, Matthews was selected to play for the Rest against England at Roker Park. He formed a memorable partnership with Raich Carter and the understudies thrashed their seniors 7-1.
But though Matthews made his international debut against Wales in 1934 and later that year played against Italy and Germany, he did not make an auspicious beginning for England, and after the Germany game (in which he missed an open goal) was dropped until 1937.
On the outbreak of hostilities the War Office decreed that leading players should continue to entertain the public. Matthews joined the RAF, was posted to Blackpool and played in internationals against Scotland and Wales throughout the war.
Afterwards, the emergence of Tom Finney and a series of injuries, caused a temporary diminution of Matthews's reputation. There were differences with Bob McGrory, the Stoke manager, who was in no hurry to bring Matthews back into the side.
In 1947 Matthews was transferred to Blackpool (where he was already living) for pounds 11,500. At his new club, he formed a potent partnership with Mortensen, though Blackpool lost two Cup Finals - in 1948 to Manchester United, and in 1951 to Newcastle - before triumphing in 1953.
Blackpool were a major force in the First Division throughout the Fifties. Matthews remained with the club until 1961 when, aged 46, he was transferred back to Stoke for pounds 3,500.
Stoke were then languishing near the bottom of the Second Division with an average home gate of 7,000. For Matthews's return, against Huddersfield, there was a crowd of 35,000.
The club were able to buy new players and in 1962-63 won the Second Division championship and gained promotion to the First Division - emulating the triumph of Matthews's youth 30 years before. In 1963, Matthews was given the freedom of Stoke.
He was appointed CBE in 1957 and knighted in the New Year's Honours of 1965. It was thus as Sir Stanley that he played his last game for Stoke, against Fulham on Feb 6, 1965. This was five days after his 50th birthday and he became the oldest player ever to appear in a First Division match.
Spurning offers of international tours, Matthews became the manager of Port Vale, then a Fourth Division side. This proved a disastrous interlude. In 1968, due to a proposal to pay an illegal bonus to the players and to a failure to pay registration fees, the club was fined pounds 2,000 and expelled from the League.
Having remarried, Matthews went to live for a while in Malta, where he managed a local club team. Matthews's skill and experience was imparted on tours of Canada, Australia and Africa but largely lost to his own country.
In 1987 Matthews (together with Alan Ayckbourn) was presented with an honorary degree by Keele University, and in the same year a statue was unveiled in Hanley. "I'm no hero," he protested. "Doctors and nurses are heroes. We had a real hero born in Stoke, Reginald Mitchell, who designed the Spitfire. He saved Britain. Now that's what I call a hero."
In 1990, Matthews was made president of Stoke City Football Club. He married first, in 1935 (dissolved 1975) Elizabeth ("Betty") Vallance. They had a son and a daughter, both of whom became excellent tennis players. He married secondly, in 1975, Mila Winterova.
Published February 24 2000
| Hanley |
"Who was the hero of several Sir Arthur Canon Doyle stories, first introduced in ""The Lost World""?" | Hanley, Staffordshire Local Area Guide by Reeds Rains
Local area guide
Reeds Rains Estate Agents Hanley, Staffordshire
Branch DetailsDetailsDetails Branch ServicesServicesServices Find Property for saleProperty for saleFor sale Find Property for rentProperty for rentFor rent Local area guideArea guideArea guide Branch NewsNewsNews
Hanley is one of the 6 major towns that joined together to form the city of Stoke-on-Trent in 1910. It now acts as the city's main city-centre and shopping centre. The main attraction being the Potteries Shopping Centre containing many high street chain stores. Hanley is situated in Stoke-on-Trent which itself is a city in the north of the county of Staffordshire in the West Midlands region of England. The city is a modern federation of six much older towns forming a linear city almost twelve miles long with an area of 36 square miles. Stoke-on-Trent is situated approximately half-way between the cities of Manchester and Birmingham and the city adjoins the town and borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, which is administered separately.
The property market in and around Hanley offers varied types of property. Whether you are looking for your first home as a first time buyer, a buy to let property to rent out or you are looking to up or down size from your existing property, Hanley has plenty to offer. Typically, prices start at £50,000 for a terraced property up to and over £500,000.
Hanley has a diverse and multi-cultural population. There is a large student population attending the much acclaimed Staffordshire University, through to young professionals and families. The population of Stoke on Trent at the last census in 2011 was recorded at 250,000.
Hanley is steeped in history and is probably most famous for its pottery industry leading to the nickname 'The potteries'. Famous people linked to Hanley include Sir Reginald Mitchell who designed the Spitfire, Sir Stanley Matthews, often regarded as one of the greatest players of the English game. Arnold Bennett was an English novelist, playwright, and essayist, born in Hanley (27th May 1867), Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire (Hanley was the real-life model for one of the "Five Towns" of his novels). Then there was Captain E. J. Smith, the captain of the ill-fated Titanic. Stoke City Football Club play in the English premier league and their football ground (The Britannia Stadium) is close to Hanley town centre.
The manager of the Reeds Rains Hanley office, Peter O'Brien, says: “Hanley and its surrounding areas is a great place to live. The potteries shopping centre offers a variety of shops and boutiques. Located in the heart of Stoke-on-Trent, Potteries is the largest shopping centre in Staffordshire and South Cheshire boasting big names including Primark, Next, Debenhams, Starbucks and Costa Coffee with a multi storey car park for easy access. Hanley also offers several cultural facilities such as the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery (a large ceramics collection, and restored Spitfire), the Victoria Hall, the Regent Theatre, BBC Radio Stoke's Open Centre and studios, while Piccadilly hosts the annual Sanity Fair and French market events. There is also the much acclaimed Staffordshire University and the Royal Stoke University Hospital close by.
As a popular residential area, there is a range of property types in and around Hanley. With its traditional terraced properties built in the late 1800's and early 1900's for the pottery and mining industry workers, through to large detached properties in more rural areas as you move out of the city centre. The terraced properties are ideal for buy to let landlords as they offer very good potential income yields due to the low average house price. Typically, prices start from around £50,000 for a two bed terraced property.
As one of Hanley's most popular estate agents, Reeds Rains has flats and houses for sale in the area. Prices range from £50,000 for a two bed terraced property up to and over £900,000 for a detached property in the more rural locations.
Among the most sought-after addresses are Werrington and Ash Bank with their rural and semi-rural properties, excellent local schools. Prices range from £90,000 for a three bedroom cottage to £900,000 for a 5 bedroom detached with 15 acres of land.
The price of property to rent in Hanley starts at about £50 a week for a room only let, £325 pcm for a two bed terraced property through to £650 pcm for a four bed town house.
The Hanley area benefits from a diverse selection of popular high street shops and smaller independent boutiques. Located in the heart of Hanley, into Potteries is the largest shopping centre in Staffordshire and South Cheshire boasting big names including Primark, Next, Debenhams, Starbucks and Costa Coffee with a multi storey car park for easy access. There is also an indoor market which has 130 stalls selling everything for you, your family, your pet and your home. Hanley Market also offers a range of services including a cobbler, a tailor, a locksmith, a photographer’s studio, picture framing, hairdressing, and beauty treatments.
The Cultural Quarter is a hub of creative and entertainment venues in the city centre. Containing the Stoke-on-Trent's two key theatres; The Regent Theatre and Victoria Hall, which host the very best opera, dance, drama and musicals, direct from Broadway and the West End. This includes Glyndebourne Touring Opera, as well as top comedians including Sean Lock, Jimmy Carr and Roy Chubby Brown.
The Cultural Quarter has a more relaxed atmosphere than a typical high street, with a tranquil café culture complemented by independent retail outlets, which offer a truly unique shopping experience.
With an array of restaurants offering cuisine from around the world such as Chinese, Italian and Indian, The Cultural Quarter is a destination for day or night.
Situated in the heart of the Cultural Quarter is the Potteries Museum and Art Gallery which houses two of the world's most renowned exhibits. The Staffordshire Hoard which is the largest ever find of Anglo-Saxon treasure as well as the world's greatest collection of Staffordshire Ceramics.
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What name is given to a mechanical model of the Solar System? | A Beautiful Handcrafted Orrery, A Mechanical Model of the Solar System
A daily dose of unique art, culture and technology from around the world.
A Beautiful Handcrafted Orrery, A Mechanical Model of the Solar System
Designer Ken Condal created a beautiful handcrafted orrery , a mechanical model of the Solar System , from “brass, aluminum, acrylic, corian and exotic woods” with the help of David Clark in 2012.
The model includes representations of the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth and the Moon, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn orbiting a clear orb representing the Sun thanks to a series of gears. The particulars of the project, which took Condal 10 months to complete, are broken down in meticulous detail in a series of blogs over on Condal’s website .
Ever since the fourth grade when we made solar systems with coat hangers and styrofoam balls, I’ve wanted to build a more realistic Orrery but was never able to find a design or set of plans that inspired me. Having never worked with gears, I believed that designing my own was far beyond my skill level, but that’s never stopped me before.
| Orrery |
Who played Frank Spencer’s long suffering wife Betty in the TV series “Some Mothers Do ‘Ave ‘Em”? | Solar System Model - the Orrery | The Eli Whitney Museum and Workshop
Solar System Model - the Orrery
Eli Whitney Museum
Theme: Natural History
Description
Models organize big ideas for scientists and students; they identify and test questions and are ideal tools for thinking. The Earth/Moon Rotation orrery shows our planetary movement around the sun and demonstrates lunar orbit and moon phases when illuminated with an accompanying light.
Meets Connecticut Science Standards
5.3 : Most objects in the solar system are in a regular and predictable motion.
6.3 : Variations in the amount of the sun’s energy hitting the Earth’s surface affect daily and seasonal weather patterns.
8.3 : The solar system is composed of planets and other objects that orbit the sun.
Meets Common Core Standards
5-ESS1 : Earth's Place in the Universe
MS-ESS1 : Earth's Place in the Universe
A model of the sun, the earth, and the inner planets:to guide your observations, to share the power of models for thinking.
All the Parts; no tools required.
The Orrery
Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) worked out the mathematics of the movement of the planets. Charles Boyle, the Earl of Orrery, commissioned George Graham to build a mechanical model of Newton's Ideas in 1700. Orrery's name stuck.
A Learning Tool
When Eli Whitney went to Yale in 1788, science as a subject was still new. The first Orrery purchased by Yale arrived from Germany broken. Whitney fixed it, a hint of the practical mechanical skills that would make him famous.
Models
All models are imperfect. This model shows the size of Mercury, Venus, Earth and the Moon relative to each other. Does the Sun fit that Scale? Can you find how many times larger than the earth the sun is? What color are the planets in our model?
This Model shows that the Earth is about 3 times as far away from the sun as Mercury. But the Earth is 12,000 Earth diameters away from the Sun (12,000 x 3/4" = 9000 inches or about 750 feet.) How far should Mercury be from the Sun?
Some solar models show why we experience the seasons. This one doesn't. Why not?
Questions
These challenges will start you experimenting. discuss the problems with your friends. Find more here .
Where in the World are you:
Decorate the Earth.
Make a small mark to show where you are. Does your location matter in how will you see Mercury? Will it change the stars you see?
Glossary: remember the facts.
Number of hours in a day: Demonstrate a day.
Number of days in a month: Demonstrate a month.
Number of months in a year: Demonstrate a year.
Will this model show days accurately?
Next Challenges:
Demonstrate an eclipse of the sun.
Demonstrate a full moon.
Demonstrate a full moon.
The Earth travels around the Sun in approximately 365 ¼ days. How long does the Moon take to revolve around the earth?
Answer:
Approximately 28 days pass between a full moon and the next one, but the answer may not be that simple. During a full moon the earth and the moon line up on a radius drawn from the sun through the Earth. During those twenty-eight days the Earth has progressed 15 degrees further alone its orbit around the sun. Therefore, between full moons the Moon has traveled 360 degrees around the earth plus the 15 degrees that the earth has moved. (minus 15 degrees, if the orbit of the moon is opposite the orbit of the Earth) A more correct answer may be 27 days or 29 days dependent on the direction of the orbits.
The same side of the Moon is always facing the Earth. Does the Moon spin on it axis? How fast, if at all?
Answer:
In order for the same side of the moon to face us, the Moon must rotate at the same rate that it orbits the Earth. From full moon to full moon is 29.5 days or 12.3 times in a year. The Earth orbits once in a year, which must be added to the moon’s revolution, so in the end the Moon rotates 13.3 times in a year.
The base of the orrery has four sides. Could those sides represent the four seasons?
Answer:
Yes, the four sides of the base model the four seasons very well. When viewed from the Earth’s North Pole, the Earth moves in a counter-clockwise direction. Therefore, the sides of the base should be labeled winter, spring, summer and fall in a clock-wise order.
Are the relative sizes of the moon, the planets and the sun accurate?
Answer:
Oh, no. The Earth is modeled with a 0.9-inch diameter ball. Venus is just about the same size as the Earth and so it makes sense that it is a 0.9-inch ball as well. Mercury has a diameter that is 40% of Earth, so using the same scale it should have a diameter of .4 x .9 or 0.36-inch. The actual size of the Mercury model in 0.4 inches, which is only slightly larger than it should be. The Moon should be 27% of the Earth and it measures 0.25 inches. 0.27 x 0.9 = 0.24. That dimension is very close to the size it should be. Now, the Sun… The actual Sun is 110 times larger in diameter than the Earth. So if the Earth is 0.9 inches, the Sun should be 99 inches in diameter. Wow! The Sun should be a ball a little over eight feet in diameter (the height of most ceilings). The model is way too small for the Sun.
Are the distances accurate?
Answer:
The reported distances of the planets from the Sun are: Earth - 149 million kilometers, Venus – 108, Mercury – 58. The distance from the Earth to the Moon is 0.38 million kilometers. On the model the distance from the Sun to the Earth is 7.5 inches. Students can use proportions to verify the following dimensions for the model. Sun to Mercury should be 3 inches and the Sun to Venus should be 5 ¼ inches. Using this same proportion, the distance from the Earth to the Moon should be only 0.019 inches (less than 1/32nd of an inch). This dimension is not scaled correctly at all.
A day is 24 hours long. Does this fact mean that the earth rotates exactly 360 degrees in 24 hours?
Answer:
Well, not exactly… The earth actual rotates 360 degrees in 4 minutes less than 24 hours. The reason for this effect is that the Earth is moving one degree each day in its orbit around the Sun. The Earth has to rotate 361 degrees between noon on one day to noon on the next day. The 360-degree rotation is called the sidereal day.
Textbooks usually describe the periods of rotation and revolution for the planets and the moon, but rarely do they identify the direction of movement. Can you make observations or plan experiments to determine which way the moon orbits the Earth? .... which way the Earth obits the Sun?
Answer:
You can determine the direction of rotation of the Earth without setting up an experiment. The sun rises in the East. Therefore, the Earth must spin counter-clockwise when viewed from the North Pole. Using your orrery mark a position on the Earth. Mark the direction toward the East. Spin the Earth in both directions and determine which direction shows the Sun in the East when the position moves from what would be the dark half (night) to the light half (day).
Figuring out the direction of orbit for the Moon may be a little more difficult. In the evening set up a stick or series of two sticks that point at the Moon. Record the time. On the next night (or subsequent nights) at the same time of day determine whether the Moon is at the same position or further to the East or West. You should observe that the Moon is further to the East. Accordingly, the Moon will rise later each night. It orbits the Earth in a counter-clockwise sense.
You can determine the direction of Earth’s orbit similarly by observing the movement of the stars from night to night. You should pick a star that is in the Eastern or Western sky. Measure whether the star moves to the East or the West. You should find that the stars move toward the West indicating that the Earth’s orbit in also counter-clockwise. This experiment requires more precise measurement and often many days between readings. Remember the Earth only moves one degree each day in its trip around the Sun.
Do you see a pattern? Most everything rotates or revolves in a counter-clockwise direction in our solar system, but not everything. Venus spins clockwise or retrograde. Can you give an explanation?
Is there "day" and "night" (a period of light followed by a period of dark) on the moon? How long is a "Moon day?"
Answer:
The moon has day and night just like on Earth. However, each lasts for about 15 days on the moon. A "Moon day" last 29.5 days.
The tides are predominately caused by the motion of the Moon. The Earth rotates approximately once every 24 hours. Yet, if a high tide is at 9am one day, on the next day there will be a high tide at about 10am. How could this be?
Answer:
The oceans of the Earth are pulled toward the Moon. When the Earth spins each day, the Moon moves around in its orbit too. When combining both effects, a position on the Earth points toward the Moon once every 25 hours instead of every 24. For this reason the tides are approximately one hour later each day. There are usually two sets of tides each day. The second set of tides is a rebounding phenomenon due to the specific shape and size of our oceans.
The arms that support Earth, Mercury and Venus are fixed length. Is this accurate?
Answer:
Yes. The orbits of most of the planets including all the inner planets are very circular.
What causes the earth to have different seasons? Is this characteristic accurately modeled with this Orrery?
Answer:
The seasons on Earth are caused by the tilt of its axis relative to its orbit. The direction of the tilt stays the same relative to the stars as the earth orbits around the Sun. In this way the North Pole leans toward the Sun in summer and away from the Sun in winter. During summer in the Northern Hemisphere there are more daylight hours and the Sun is more perpendicular (more overhead). The seasons are NOT caused by the Earth moving closer and further away from the Sun. This orrery does not model the tilt of the earth.
From antiquity the circle has always had 360 degrees. What did one degree represent?
Answer:
One degree represents the angle the Earth travels around the Sun in one day.
In summer daylight lasts longer. In winter nighttime is longer. Is this true in the Southern Hemisphere as well? Is there any place on Earth where the amount of daylight does’t change throughout the year?
Answer:
Sunlight falls on half the Earth. The other half is in darkness. The line marking the boundary between the two is a circle perpendicular to the line connect the Earth with the Sun. Because the axis of the Earth’s rotation is tilted some 23 ½ degrees, the North and South Poles are not usually on this boundary circle. In summer the North Pole is in the sunlight side and any place in the Northern Hemisphere will spend more than half a day in the sunlight side. In fact there will be no nighttime at the North Pole at all. While the North is in summer the Southern Hemisphere will be in winter and nighttime will be longer than half a day. The affect of the tilt on the length of sunlight decreases toward the equator until when you are on the equator. At the equator daylight and nighttime are both 12 hours all year long.
In the United States the Sun rises in the East and sets in the West. In Australia are those directions reversed?
Answer:
No. The Sun everywhere on Earth rises in the East and sets in the West. What is different is where the Sun appears in the sky. In the United States the Sun is in the southern half of the sky. In Australia the Sun is in the Northern half.
Venus, and especially Mercury, either set in the West soon after dusk or rise in the East just before dawn. They never appear in the night sky directly over head. Why is that?
Answer:
The orbits of both Mercury and Venus are inside the orbit of Earth. As those two planets travel around the Sun, the furthest they can appear away from the Sun is when their position in their orbit is perpendicular to Earth. In this position Venus has a maximum angle of 35 degrees from the Sun and Mercury has a maximum angle of 21 degrees. If the Sun was just on the horizon, the highest Venus could be is 35 degrees up. In reality, to view the Stars and the Planets, the Sun must have set for some period of time – about an hour or so. An hour relates to 15 degrees of the Earth’s rotation. When that 15 degrees is factored in, the result is that Venus is not seen higher than about 20 degrees and mercury not higher than 5 degrees. By the way, you can tell the difference between the stars and the planets, because the planets all track in the same area as the Sun and the Moon (called the ecliptic) and the planets don’t twinkle.
When there is a "new moon," will the lit section of the moon be on the East or West section of the moon.
Answer:
Knowing that counter-clockwise is the direction for both Earth’s spin and the Moon’s orbit, you can place the Moon in a position where it is just visible at dusk. The lit side of the Moon will be towards the West.
What are the positions of the Earth and the Moon when there is an eclipse of the Sun?
Answer:
The Moon will between the Earth and the Sun.
What are the positions of the Earth and the Moon when there is an eclipse of the Moon?
Answer:
The Earth will between the Moon and the Sun.
Where are the Earth and the Moon when there is a Full Moon? If you are on the Moon where are their positions when there is a "Full Earth?"
Answer:
In a full moon the Moon will be away from the Sun so the Earth will see the whole sunlit side. This position is same as in an eclipse of the Moon. However, an eclipse does not occur every time there is a full moon. The orbit of the Moon wobbles up and down. An eclipse will only occur when the Moon is directly in line with the Earth.
Why are shadows longer in the winter than in the summer?
Answer:
In winter the tilt of the Earth is pointed away from the Sun. The Sun will be lower in the sky and shadows will be longer.
The earth in this model is ¾ inch in diameter. If the Sun were modeled to this same scale, how big would it be?
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Which football team beat Benfica on penalties to win the Europa League in 2014? | Sevilla 0-0 Benfica (Sevilla win 4-2 on penalties) - BBC Sport
AET HT 0-0 FT 0-0
Sevilla win 4-2 on penalties
Sevilla 0-0 Benfica (Sevilla win 4-2 on penalties)
By Neil Johnston
Sevilla beat Benfica on penalties to win the Europa League in Turin, their third triumph in the competition in nine seasons.
Benfica, losers in their seven previous European finals, were seeking a first continental trophy since 1962.
And the Portuguese side might have ended that sequence had Lima's late effort not been hooked off the line.
It fell to Kevin Gameiro to score the winning spot-kick after Sevilla keeper Beto denied Oscar Cardozo and Rodrigo.
Carlos Bacca, Stephane Mbia, who is on loan from Queens Park Rangers, and Jorge Moreno were also on target for the Spanish club.
Brazilian Lima and Luisao did find the net for Benfica but Lisbon-born Beto denied the side from his home city with crucial saves to keep out Cardozo and Rodrigo.
Sevilla also won the competition in 2007, beating Espanyol on a penalty shootout
Sevilla overcame fellow Spanish side Espanyol on penalties to win the 2007 final, 12 months after beating Middlesbrough for their first success in the competition, known then as the Uefa Cup.
But while Los Rojiblancos's 9,000 travelling fans celebrated another triumph in Europe's second-tier club competition, Benfica's long wait for success on the continent continues.
Despite recently sealing a 33rd domestic title, their attempt to rid themselves of the increasingly troublesome "Guttmann curse" goes on.
Benfica's Hungarian coach of the early 1960s Bela Guttmann led the club to back-to-back European Cups but left shortly after the second of those triumphs when he was refused a pay rise.
Before going he declared that Benfica would never win another European competition without him at the helm. Fifty-two years on, they have still to prove him wrong.
Jorge Jesus's side had beaten Tottenham and Juventus on their way to the final, and were chasing a unique domestic and European quadruple.
A largely uneventful opening half came to life shortly before the interval, Beto saving from Benfica's Spanish forward Rodrigo at his near post moments after denying Maxi Pereira.
Then the Lisbon club were denied a stoppage-time penalty, German referee Felix Brych waving away strong Portuguese appeals after a foul on Nicolas Gaitan.
There was more action in the first five minutes of the second half than the previous 45 as Benfica carried on from where they left off.
Nicolas Pareja hooked Lima's shot off the line before Rodrigo's goal-bound attempt was charged down.
Spanish strife
Benfica are without a win in their last 14 European games against Spanish opponents (D6 L8)
Sevilla responded with a sweeping move of their own, Moreno picking out Jose Antonio Reyes, but the former Arsenal striker's first-time shot produced a fine save from Jan Oblak.
Six minutes from the end of normal time, Benfica's Lima thought he had won it with a curling shot which Beto somehow managed to claw away.
Chances were few and far between in extra time as the players tired and nerves increased, though Bacca went close when he raced through on goal, only to fire his effort wide.
But Sevilla's frustration did not last long, as they sent their fans into raptures with four well-taken penalties to extend Benfica's European misery.
Sevilla manager Unai Emery:
"At times the game was totally even, but by the end they were doing most of the pushing.
"You could tell our players were suffering from fatigue and physical discomfort but this team has learned how to suffer.
"We have learned how to stay strong and so we were ready for that."
Benfica coach Jorge Jesus:
"We were better but in football, the best team doesn't always win. We had the more chances over 120 minutes but we didn't take them."
23 Andújar Moreno Booked at 98mins
16 Moreno Booked at 12mins
6 Carriço
2 Fazio Booked at 11mins
19 Reyes Substituted for Marin at 78'minutesSubstituted for Gameiro at 104'minutes
40 Mbia
20 Machín Pérez Substituted for Figueiras at 110'minutes
Substitutes
16 Siqueira Booked at 30minsSubstituted for Cardozo at 99'minutes
30 André Gomes
8 Sulejmani Substituted for Almeida at 25'minutesBooked at 100mins
6 Amorim
20 Gaitán Substituted for Cavaleiro at 119'minutes
Substitutes
| Seville |
Which fictitious riverboat gave Credence Clearwater Revival their first hit single in Britain? | Sevilla seals Europa League title with shootout win over Benfica - CBC Sports - Soccer
Sevilla seals Europa League title with shootout win over Benfica
Penalty specialists prevail for 3rd time in 9 seasons
The Associated Press
Posted: May 14, 2014 8:21 PM ET Last Updated: May 14, 2014 8:21 PM ET
From left, Nicolas Pareja, Coke, Beto and Kevin Gameiro of Sevilla pose with the trophy during the Europa League final match between against Benfica at Juventus Stadium on Wednesday in Turin. It is Sevilla's third Europa League win in nine seasons. (Michael Steele/Getty Images)
Related Stories
Sevilla, Benfica get jump in 1st leg of Europa semifinals
Penalty specialists Sevilla beat Benfica 4-2 in a shootout to win the Europa League after a 0-0 draw in the final on Wednesday, claiming another international title for Spanish football.
Sevilla goalkeeper Beto saved two spot kicks from Benfica forwards Oscar Cardozo and Rodrigo who failed to deceive with stutter-step approaches to the ball.
Substitute Kevin Gameiro stepped up to score the decisive kick as the drama played out at the end housing Sevilla fans who have seen this story before.
Sevilla had ousted city rival Real Betis on penalties in the last-16 round, and also won this competition in 2007 in a shootout.
The Portuguese champion had dominated regulation time yet failed to score, and extended its streak of losing European finals to eight matches over 52 years.
"The best team did not win," Benfica coach Jorge Jesus said from Turin. "Benfica players should be congratulated," Jesus said. "There is nothing I can criticize."
Sevilla had seemed destined to win a competition it entered only after UEFA denied two Spanish clubs places because of financial problems. It had also been seconds from elimination in the semifinals against another Spanish team, Valencia.
"We know how to suffer and we know how to fight. I think the result was fair," said Sevilla coach Unai Emery. "It's a very special evening."
Sevilla, which won the competition for the third time in nine seasons, ensured Spain will sweep the season-ending European club competitions, with Real Madrid and Atletico Madrid meeting in the Champions League final on May 24.
Next month Spain will defend its World Cup crown in Brazil and seek to clinch a record fourth straight major international trophy after winning the European Championship in 2008 and 2012.
Trophy drought
Benfica, however, has not won a continental trophy since its greatest player, Eusebio, inspired two straight European Cup titles in 1961 and '62.
Four months after Eusebio died aged 71, the Lisbon club missed another chance to end the unwanted record.
Benfica returned to the scene of its semifinals triumph against Juventus and the match kicked off with patches of empty seats in the Italian champion's stadium.
Three early opportunities for Sevilla broke down for Carlos Bacca's lack of finishing. The Colombia forward failed to shoot when collecting a pass across the goalmouth, drifted offside in a fast break started by captain Ivan Rakitic, and then could not connect with Rakitic's angled low cross.
A testy spell midway through the half lacked creativity, and even Rakitic's shot from the centre circle drifted well wide of goal.
Benfica ended the half strongly, aided by loose play in the heart of Sevilla's defence.
Sevilla relied on Beto for a double save, swatting away Maxi Pereira's looping shot from close range and then parrying Rodrigo's low drive.
Benfica claimed a penalty when Nicolas Gaitan fell under pressure from defender Federico Fazio who poked the ball barely wide of his own goal.
Bad positioning
Poor positional play by Sevilla defenders in the 48th was redeemed by three crucial blocks in the goalmouth as Lima, twice, and Rodrigo fired shots from 10 metres (yards).
German referee Felix Brych rejected repeated Benfica penalty claims, with one clean tackle on Lima bringing a shower of flag sticks thrown by Portuguese fans behind Sevilla's goal.
At the other end, former Arsenal forward Jose Antonio Reyes twice tested Jan Oblak around the hour mark with rising shots straight at the Benfica 'keeper.
Sevilla needed another saving tackle in the 72th, when Coke denied Lima as the Brazilian shaped to connect with Maxi Pereira's lateral pass.
Benfica again finished the half on top, and Beto leaped to tip over Lima's shot in the 84th.
When Beto then lost a deep cross, defender Ezequiel Garay headed over an empty Sevilla goal as the scoring chances continued to go begging.
Bacca could have won it for Sevilla when breaking clear in the 101st minute but his rising shot flashed just wide.
But Bacca, like his teammates, made no such mistake in the shootout, as Sevilla repeated its success on spotkicks in the 2007 UEFA Cup final against Espanyol.
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Which stretch of water do the Germans call the Bodensee? | Germany: Lindau and Neuschwanstein castle
Germany: Lindau and Neuschwanstein castle
August 6, 2009
There is something different with our Summer holiday this year. Normally, either we escaped from Europe to more warmer country (in our case is Indonesia) or, since we have been living in Thailand for the last couple years, we got some visits from family in each Summer. But this time we fly ‘back’ to Germany. Reason, searching for house and school. Yup, sad but true, we’re going back to Germany soon and leave the paradise country Thailand :(.
I must say, the ‘holiday’ plan was bit messy, but we were gland it turned to really nice one. We spent the three weeks with family and visiting friends, whom we didn’t see for three years. Despite the busy program, we managed to make a short trip to the South, to Lake Bodensee or Lake Constance. I had always wanted to go there since the first time we lived in Germany eight years ago, but never materialized until this year. We stayed in a small hotel in Lindau Island.
NEUSCHWANSTEIN CASTLE (SWAN CASTLE)
But before we reached Lake Bodensee or lake Constance, we visited Neuschweinstein Castle first. The Neuschwanstein Castle is one of the most visited castles in Germany and one of the most popular tourist destination in Europe. It was built by King Ludwig II of Bavaria in 1869. King Ludwig is famous as a ‘Fairytale’ King’, and many also him ‘Mad King’ (though the accuracy of that label has been disputed). Ludwig is best known as an eccentric whose legacy is intertwined with the history of art and architecture. He commissioned the construction of two extravagant palaces and a castle, the most famous one is Neuschwanstein Castle. Ludwig was also a great admirer of Richard Wagner, the world – renowned composer. Many rooms in the castle’s interior were inspired by Wagner’s characters.
(Arrived in Fussen, a small town where the castle lies).
The Neuschwanstein Castle really looks like a fairytale castle. While the castle’s look is that of a medieval castle, it was equiped inside with state of the art technology at that time. For example on every floor of the castle there were toilets with automatic flushing system, as well as an air heating system for the whole castle. Water was supplied by a nearby spring situated at only 200 meters above the castle.
Neuschwanstein’s positioning is also a fairytale one. It is located in the Alps in Bavaria, Germany, in a magnificent landscape, on the top of a hill. Neuschwanstein overlooks the Hohenschwangau valley. If you come to visit this castle, you will be amazed by the extremely beautiful landscape that surrounds it.
This fairytale look of the Neuschwanstein Castle inspired Walt Disney to create the Magic Kingdom.
LAKE CONSTANCE OR BODENSEE
Lake Constance or in German is called Bodensee, is located in in Germany, Switzerland and Austria near the Alps. The lake consists of three bodies of water: the Obersee (“upper lake”), the Untersee (“lower lake”), and a connecting stretch of the Rhine, called the Seerhein. After the Council of Constance, the Catholic world gave the lake its current name, after the city Constantia (Konstanz), that, in turn, was named after a Roman emperor (either Constantius Chlorus or his grandson Constantius II). The German name, Bodensee, derives on the other hand from the place name Bodman (today’s Bodman-Ludwigshafen) just north of Konstanz.
Lindau is a Bavarian town and an island on the eastern side of Lake Constance. The Island is beautiful and the people were friendly. We were lucky, on the first day of our stay, there was a summer festival. Every year, by end of school year, the children will dress up with their traditional costumes and gather with other children for a parade. Each child has flower garland on his head and a bouquet. During the parade, they would share the flowers with people at the street. The parade ended in a green field at the lake where tent of foods and beverages were already set up. Not far from the wooden table and banks were lots of children activities including any kind of amusement. The place was just 500 meters from our hotel! So, the whole day we just played, ate and played again. We also managed to hire a paddle boat to enjoy the warm weather and the blue water.
(Downtown Lindau)
| Lake Constance |
Considered to be a possible location for the fabled Camelot, in which county is Cadbury Castle? | Bodensee, Germany
Bodensee, Germany
Bodensee
Located on the southern border of Germany, next to Austria, lies the Bodensee (also known as Lake Konstanz).� The lake was created in its present form some 15,000 years ago during the last ice age, when glaciers carved the Lake Constanz basin.� The lake is actually part of the Rhine River as it flows north from the Alps to the North Sea.� It is also the source of drinking water for much of central Europe.� The upper part of the lake (the main part) is over 46 kilometers (27 miles) long, and 14 kilometers (9 miles) wide.� There are numerous towns surrounding the lake, with tourism being the main industry of the area.� An interesting fact:� Because of the curvature of the earth, you cannot see the south shore from the north shore because it is some 120 feet lower than absolute level.� Even on a clear day, it is below the horizon and out of view.
Liechtenstein
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Bodensee
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The Bodensee is visible on the northern border of Switzerland.
Liechtenstein is the small pink area on the eastern border.� Vaduz is the capital.
In the early 1900s, two aviation giants used the open expanses of the lake as a reason for basing their companies here.� First, Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin founded his dirigible company and produced his first airship in 1900.� One of the ships produced here later was the Hindenburg, which burned on landing at Lakehurst, New Jersey in 1937.� The second company was Dornier Works, producers of the largest amphibious airplanes, including the 12-engine Do-X.� Destroyed during WW II, the industrial centers did not produce anything until the 1950s, when Zeppelin Works began manufacturing industrial equipment, and today produces heavy motorized equipment similar to the Caterpillar company in the USA.� Dornier is once again producing aircraft, mostly medium sized planes used by various military services around the world.
Our first view of the Bodensee from the northern shore.
After almost a month of rain, it was nice to see the sun.
Lindau is a small island (about 1 mile across) on the southeast corner of the Bodensee.
�This is a view of the town from the harbor lighthouse.
The entrance to Lindau harbor is protected by a large lion (built in 1856) and a large lighthouse.
Here�s a better view of the harbor lion.
The lion (not including the base) is over 6 meters (18 feet) tall.
He has been guarding the harbor since the late 19th Century.
This 13th Century tower (known as a �Mangenturm�) along the harbor that was part of the medieval defenses.
I would not want to be the person that replaces the roof tiles!
The engraving on the base of the old tower.�
Roughly translated:� �This tower, called Mangenturm, was built in the 12th Century to
light and protect our seaport, a strong symbol of the Free Empire.�
The Lindau Rathaus (pronounced Rot-House), similar to a city hall.
The Lindavia Fountain by the Lindau Rathaus.
It was made in the late 19th Century.
One last look across the Bodensee towards Austria and Switzerland.
The Alps are visible even through the rain clouds. Next stop � Friedrichshafen.
Just up the shoreline of the Bodensee about 12 miles lies the town of Friedrichshafen.� Our hotel was situated on the pedestrian shopping area near the water.� Just outside the front entrance and across the square was this beautiful church.� It was nice to look out the hotel window and see the steeple.
The Zeppelin Museum was the main reason we wanted to stay at Friedrichshafen.� Inside, you are taken back to the days of luxurious airship travel.� This is the entrance to the model of the passenger section.
How�s this for room to stretch and walk around?� This is the drawing room.
Large windows line the walkways on both sides of the airship, providing an outstanding view.
The map on the wall shows some of the different routes the zeppelins traveled.
This is a re-creation of the structure inside the zeppelin�s fabric skin.
The tanks held water for ballast.
The Zeppelin Works also produced earth-bound vehicles for traveling.
Now, Zeppelin is a producer of heavy machinery.
This Maybach Zeppelin sedan is on display in the lobby.� Maybach was a very prestigious company, kind of like the Rolls-Royce of Germany.� To give you an idea of the prestige the name still carries 60 years after they produced their last car, Mercedes-Benz is using the name for it�s new line of �Ultra Luxury� cars.� The new Maybach sedan is powered by a twin-turbo V-12 engine and starts at $350,000.� What does this have to do with Zeppelins?� The Maybach engine works provided engines for many of the largest Zeppelins.
� A close-up of the Maybach Zeppelin grille.
Here is an original Maybach 12-Cylinder zeppelin engine.
�It�s actually two inline-6 engines (not in a �V�).
This close-up view of the Maybach zeppelin engine shows the intricate detail given to the design and manufacture.� No detail was overlooked, no matter how small.
After the Zeppelin Museum, we walked down to the waterfront to sit and watch the sunset.
Looking across the water to the south (and past this antique weather vane), you can see the Swiss Alps.
Perfect end to a perfect day.�
Unfortunately, it was the last we saw of the sun on this trip.
Liechtenstein
The next morning, we awoke to the sound of rain on the roof.� Knowing the weather changes quickly, we decided to forge on.� After a great breakfast at the hotel, we headed south through Austria to Liechtenstein.� Austria was interesting because of the long tunnels under the Alps (one was over 6 miles long, the other was about 3 miles).� We were only in Austria about 25 miles before turning off into Liechtenstein.
�Liechtenstein has a total area of 160 sq km (62 sq mi), just slightly less than the size of Washington, DC. That may sound large, but it�s just over 10 miles X 6 miles � for the entire country!� The western edge of Liechtenstein lies in the valley of the Rhine River. The rest of the country consists of foothills of the Alps, which rise in the south to peaks of more than 2,400 m (more than 8,000 ft) above sea level. The Rhine River, which forms the western border, drains, along with its local tributaries, the greater part of the country. The Samina River is the principal stream of the mountain region. Liechtenstein has a mild climate; average temperatures range from -1�C (30�F) in January to 21�C (70�F) in July. The average annual precipitation is about 1,000 mm (about 40 in). Forests cover 45 percent of the land; deciduous trees predominate at lower elevations, conifers at higher elevations. Wildlife includes deer, chamois, fox, marten, and badger.
The population of Liechtenstein (2001 estimate) is 32,528 (about one-third of whom are resident aliens), with an overall density of 203 persons per sq km (527 per sq mi). The capital and principal urban center is Vaduz (population, 1999, 5,106). German is the official language, but a dialect, Alemannish, is spoken commonly. Approximately 88 percent of the population is Roman Catholic. In 1991 primary school enrollment totaled 1,985 pupils; about 1,200 pupils attended secondary schools. Primary and secondary education is free in Liechtenstein; schooling is compulsory for 8 years.
Marriage and Family
People usually marry in their late 20s; it is considered important to first complete one�s education and enjoy some financial security and independence. Some couples live together before or instead of marriage. Legal marriages are performed at the national Registry Office. To have a church wedding is optional, but common, and usually takes place the day after the civil ceremony. Some old wedding customs include decorating the door frames of the couple�s home with garlands or organizing a mock kidnapping of the bride.
The nuclear family is the most important social unit in Liechtenstein�s society. The father is generally considered the head of the household. Couples have been having fewer children in recent years. While single people and couples often live in apartments, families tend to prefer houses. The majority live in single-family homes, but more and more young families are becoming tenants because real estate is expensive. Many people prefer to settle in the village where they grew up. Adult unmarried children usually move out of their parents� home by the time they have finished their professional training. An increasing number of married women work outside the home.
Eating
Zmorga (breakfast) usually consists of one of many varieties of bread with jam and coffee. Zmittag (the main meal) is served at midday and includes a soup or salad, a main dish, and dessert. Znacht (dinner), usually served around 6 or 7 pm, is typically light and often consists of open-faced sandwiches with cheese and meat. When going out for dinner, people meet around 8 pm. The national dish, Rebel, is made of ground maize stirred in a frying pan with milk, water, and salt. It is often eaten with elderberry pur�e. Other traditional dishes are K�skn�pfle, a type of pasta with sharp cheese, and R�schti, grated and fried potatoes.
The continental style of eating is used, with the fork in the left hand and the knife remaining in the right. It is considered polite to not leave any food on the plate, and accepting second helpings is interpreted as a compliment to the cook. When a person has finished eating, the cutlery is placed side by side on the plate. In restaurants, leftovers are not taken home. Most people drink bottled mineral water, wine, or beer with meals.
Toasting with alcoholic beverages is common. Whether in the home or at a restaurant, it is impolite to begin drinking before the host proposes the first toast. The host will not do this until everyone has a full glass. Once the first toast is made, all guests are free to take a drink and propose additional toasts. In a group, the glasses are lightly tapped simultaneously in pairs.
Socializing
A handshake is usually the appropriate form of greeting. It is common to greet people verbally on the street or when entering a store. The traditional terms used to address strangers are either the Swiss-German Gr�ezi! or the Gr�� Gott! used in Austria and southern Germany. Both mean �Greetings!� It is appropriate to add the other person�s name, if known. Among friends, young and old greet each other with a short Hoi! Most people living in Liechtenstein address each other with the familiar du form of the pronoun �you,� and young people generally use first names. This is, however, common only among locals, not with foreigners. The prince is addressed as Durchlaucht (�Your Serene Highness�).
Young people socialize on a casual basis in school and in numerous recreational clubs. There are close to 300 clubs and Verein (associations) in Liechtenstein.
Dinner guests are expected to arrive no more than a quarter of an hour late. They often bring a small gift for their hosts. In formal situations, guests do not sit down until they are invited to do so. It is appropriate to give notice of a visit in advance; dropping by is only common between neighbors or close friends and relatives. While dinner may last well into the night, daytime visits are usually short.
Recreation
People in Liechtenstein enjoy the outdoors and activities such as hiking, cycling, and skiing. They participate in a variety of leisure-time clubs. Among the most popular team activities are soccer, gymnastics, music bands, and choirs. Many clubs organize public festivals and other social events. People also enjoy traveling abroad. A great cultural attraction is the prince�s art collection, which includes world-famous paintings. A small part of this extensive private collection is exhibited in connection with the State Art Collection in Vaduz.
Downtown Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein.
The Prince�s castle is visible high on the hill overlooking the city.
This large church lies on the opposite end of town from the castle.
A Liechtenstein license plate.� The FL stands for Fuerstentum Liechtenstein
Spencer bought a genuine Swiss Army Knife and had it engraved with his name.
After walking around Vaduz, we indulged in a couple of small pizzas before driving off into Switzerland.� It wasn�t far to go � the border was only about 5 miles away.� That�s the nice thing about Liechtenstein � nothing is very far away.� Shortly after crossing the border into Switzerland, though, the rain started.� Hard rain!� We did not even stop in Switzerland except for a snack/rest stop at McDonalds.� Like most things, even McDonalds is expensive in Switzerland.� Two ice-cream flurries, a milk-shake, and an order of fries was $14.00. Yikes!� By 3pm we were back at the German border, and by 7pm, we were back in our warm home.
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Taxus is the generic name for which tree? | Taxus baccata (common yew) | Plants & Fungi At Kew
Discover plants and fungi
Taxus baccata (common yew)
A densely branching evergreen that can live for centuries, the common yew is often found in British churchyards.
Taxus baccata on a ruined wall at Waverley Abbey, Surrey.
Species information
Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN Red List criteria.
Habitat:
Oak and beech woodland, often on chalk or limestone substrates.
Key Uses:
Ornamental, timber, wood for bow-making, medicinal.
Known hazards:
The seeds, leaves and bark are highly poisonous and can cause fatal poisoning of humans and livestock.
Taxonomy
Genus: Taxus
About this species
Taxus baccata, although native to Britain and sometimes referred to as the English yew, is also found across much of Europe, western Asia and North Africa. The generic name Taxus is reflected in the name of the poisonous taxanes found in the tree. Some botanists did not consider yew to be a true conifer, since it does not bear its seeds in a cone. However, proper consideration of its evolutionary relationships now places the yew family (Taxaceae) firmly within the conifers.
Medicinal Uses
Yew trees contain the highly poisonous taxane alkaloids that have been developed as anti-cancer drugs. Eating just a few leaves can make a small child severely ill and fatalities have occurred. All parts of the tree are poisonous, with the exception of the bright red arils. The arils are harmless, fleshy, cup-like structures, partially enveloping the seeds, which are eaten by birds (which disperse the seeds); however, the black seeds inside them should not be eaten as they contain poisonous alkaloids.
Discover more
Geography and distribution
The common yew is found across much of Europe, western Asia and North Africa. It grows throughout the British Isles (although it is less abundant in Ireland, and absent from the far north of Scotland), especially on calcareous soils.
Ancient yew woods, formed of almost pure stands of yew, are a typical feature of chalk soils in southern England (for example along the North Downs and in the Chiltern Hills).
Taxus baccata ripe seeds enclosed by a bright red aril.
Description
Taxus baccata is a densely branching, evergreen tree with a massive trunk, reaching up to 20 m tall. The leaves are dark green, linear and up to 3 cm long, with a pointed tip, and appear to spread in two rows on either side of the shoot.
Unlike many other conifers, the common yew does not actually bear its seeds in a cone. Instead, each seed grows alone at the tip of a dwarf shoot, enclosed in a fleshy, usually red, aril which is open at the tip and up to 1 cm in length.
How old is a yew tree?
Taxus baccata in Kentchurch Court deer park, Herefordshire
While it is generally agreed that the yew lives for a long time, the actual age of individual trees is often impossible to judge.
The traditional method of counting the rings in the trunk of a tree is often not an option, because many older specimens develop hollow trunks. This is caused by a fungus that turns the inside of the tree into a pulpy, soil-like mass of rotten wood (which seems to have no ill-effect on the health of the tree as a whole).
However, as yew trunks have been known to reach huge girths of as much as 4 m (13 ft), even the most conservative estimates of around 2,000 years of age, place them as the longest-living trees in Europe.
Taxus baccata foliage and pollen cones
In 2000, Kew scientists in the Jodrell Laboratory at Kew used their skills in plant anatomy and chemistry to solve the death of two horses.
Tim Lawrence was able to detect fragments of yew leaves in the stomach contents of the horses while Dr Geoffrey Kite developed a method to detect the toxic yew-derived taxane alkaloids in the stomach contents using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (an analytical chemistry technique using physical separation and mass analysis).
Dr Kite has since used his liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method to investigate other horse deaths, suspected as being caused by yew.
Millennium Seed Bank: Seed storage
Kew's Millennium Seed Bank Partnership aims to save plant life world wide, focusing on plants under threat and those of most use in the future. Seeds are dried, packaged and stored at a sub-zero temperature in our seed bank vault.
Description of seeds: Average 1,000 seed weight = 60.3 g. Seeds are dispersed by birds.
Number of seed collections stored in the Millennium Seed Bank: One.
Seed storage behaviour: Orthodox (the seeds of this plant survive drying without significant reduction in their viability, and are therefore amenable to long-term frozen storage such as at the MSB)
Germination testing: 84% germination achieved with pre-sowing treatments (imbibed on 1% agar for 20 weeks at 5°C, then imbibed on 1% agar for 20 weeks at 20°C, then 1% agar at 5°C for 21 weeks) and then on a germination medium of 1% agar, at a temperature of 20°C, on a cycle of 8 hours light/16 hours darkness.
This species at Kew
The parterre in front of Kew Palace is surrounded on all sides by a hedge of common yew. Yew trees can also be seen in the woodland of the Conservation Area close to Queen Charlotte’s Cottage.
There are some spectacular examples of yew trees growing with their roots climbing down over sandstone rocks at Wakehurst.
Kew at the RHS Chelsea Flower Show 2011
In 2011, Kew partnered with The Times to produce a show garden to showcase the significance of plants to science and society.
The garden, designed by Chelsea gold medallist Marcus Barnett, featured species chosen to demonstrate both beauty and utility, including medicinal, commercial, and industrial uses to underline the fact that plants are invaluable to our everyday lives – without them, none of us could live on this planet; they produce our food, clothing and the air that we breathe.
Taxus baccata was one of the species that featured in the garden, which was awarded a Silver Medal.
References and credits
Bevan-Jones, R. (2007). The ancient yew, a history of Taxus baccata. Windgather Press, Bollington, Cheshire.
Conifer Specialist Group (1998). Taxus baccata. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. < www.iucnredlist.org> . Downloaded on 02 November 2010.
Cooper, M.R. & Johnson, A.W. (1998). Poisonous Plants and Fungi in Britain: Animal and Human Poisoning. The Stationery Office, London.
Farjon, A. (2010). A Handbook of the World’s Conifers. E.J. Brill, Leiden & Boston.
Huxley, A., Griffiths, M. & Levy, M. (eds) (1992). The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. Vol. 4 (R to Z): 437-438. Macmillan Press, London.
Kite G.C., Lawrence T.J. & Dauncey E.A. (2000) Detecting Taxus poisoning in horses using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 42(3):151-154.
Preston, C.D., Pearman, D.A. & Dines, T.A. (eds) (2002). New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora: An atlas of the Vascular Plants of Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Wageneder, F. (2007). Yew, a history. Sutton Publishing Ltd., Stroud.
Kew Science Editor: Aljos Farjon
Kew contributors: Sustainable Uses Group
Copyediting: Emma Tredwell
While every effort has been taken to ensure that the information contained in these pages is reliable and complete, the notes on hazards, edibility and suchlike included here are recorded information and do not constitute recommendations. No responsibility will be taken for readers’ own actions.
| Yew |
The TV dramatization “Threads” concerned the effects of a nuclear strike on which English city? | Taxus baccata (Common Yew, European Yew)
Home » Taxus baccata (Common Yew, European Yew)
Taxus baccata
Thomas, P.
Justification:
The Common Yew (Taxus baccata) has a very extensive range throughout Europe and beyond. Exploitation and attempts at eradication are no longer current. Cultivated rather than wild populations are exploited for chemical compounds to produce Taxol® unlike the situation with other yew species. Expansion is observed in many woodlands in recent decades.
Previously published Red List assessments:
1998 – Lower Risk/least concern (LR/lc)
Geographic Range [top]
Range Description:
Taxus baccata occurs in all European countries as well as those in the Caucasus, and from Turkey eastwards to northern Iran. In North Africa it occurs in Morocco and Algeria. Consequently its extent of occurrence is well in excess of the Red List thresholds for any threatened category.
Countries occurrence:
Native:
Albania; Algeria; Andorra; Armenia (Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh); Austria; Azerbaijan (Nakhichevan); Belgium; Bulgaria; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France (Corsica); Georgia (Abkhaziya, Adzhariya); Germany; Gibraltar; Greece (Kriti); Guernsey; Hungary; Iran, Islamic Republic of; Ireland; Isle of Man; Italy (Sardegna, Sicilia); Jersey; Latvia; Liechtenstein; Luxembourg; Malta; Moldova; Monaco; Montenegro; Morocco; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal (Azores); Romania; Russian Federation (Chechnya, Dagestan, Ingushetiya, Kabardino-Balkariya, Kaliningrad, Karachaevo-Cherkessiya, Krasnodar, Severo-Osetiya, Stavropol); Serbia (Serbia); Spain (Baleares); Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey (Turkey-in-Europe); Ukraine (Krym); United Kingdom
Additional data:
Population [top]
Population:
The global population is increasing due to changed woodland management, which has become less intensified in many parts of Europe. In Scandinavia, it may be expected to expand inland from coastal areas if the warming climate trend continues.
Current Population Trend:
Habitat and Ecology [top]
Habitat and Ecology:
Taxus baccata is capable of growing under (not entirely closed) canopy of beech (Fagus spp.) as well as other deciduous broad-leaved trees, but it will only develop to large trees in more open situations. In Switzerland, the richest area of Central Europe for yew, it forms a yew-beech wood on cool, steep marl slopes in the Jura and the foothills of the Alps up to 1,400 m a.s.l. (Ellenberg 1988). Under the evergreen Common Yew, nothing else will grow. In England, T. baccata is best developed on chalk downs - again on steep slopes - and can form extensive stands outside the beech woods invading down grassland. In much of Europe where the climate is less oceanic it survives better in mixed forests, coniferous as well as mixed broad-leaved-conifer forests, again mostly on limestone substrates, and often occupying rocky cliffs and slopes. On acid soils yews perform less well under canopy and usually do not develop beyond a sapling stage in woods. Its northern limits in Scandinavia are determined by its sensitivity to severe frost. Its toxicity (all parts except the red arils around the seeds) prevent browsing by cattle and sheep, but not by rabbits and deer, as these animals have developed a level of immunity to the dangerous alkaloids. Apart from seed germination (dispersed by birds), T. baccata readily regenerates from stumps and roots (suckers); ancient hollow trees may rejuvenate constantly in this way. When planted, e.g. in church yards and cemeteries, soil pH seems unimportant; some of the largest and presumably oldest specimen trees in NW Europe, in particular Brittany (France) and the British Isles, are known from such locations and were planted probably since Celtic times
Systems:
Use and Trade [top]
Use and Trade:
In the Middle Ages the wood of Common Yew was very much in demand for long-bows and cross-bows and was exported from Switzerland to England. Yews were also planted near sacred wells, early Christian churches, monasteries, and castles for symbolic/religious reasons as well as practical (military) ones. It still is one of the obligatory cemetery trees in NW and Central Europe. The hard, slow growing wood is used for gates, furniture, parquet floors, panelling, and is excellent for carving and wood turning as its contorted growth and 'burls' form intricate, vari-coloured patterns. For the same reasons yew does not provide timber suitable for construction. The toxicity to cattle and horses has led to extermination of Taxus baccata from many woodlands in past centuries, when almost all woodland served for grazing animals. Although of lower concentration than in some other species, its alkaloid taxanes, contained mostly in the leaves, yield a semi-synthesized anti-cancer drug similar to Taxol® and yew hedge clippings can still be sold to pharmaceutical companies. As an ornamental shrub or tree it reappeared in the formal gardens of the Baroque period, as it lends itself to clipped hedges and topiary of all shapes. This horticultural interest has in turn led to the development of numerous cultivars, some of which have bright yellow arils around the seeds.
Threats [top]
Major Threat(s):
Although in past centuries Yew has been 'persecuted' in much of Europe and it had become rare in many areas, with the changes in woodland management and use since the nineteenth century the species has made a remarkable come-back and is not in danger of extinction in the wild.
Conservation Actions [top]
Conservation Actions:
Common Yew is present in numerous protected areas throughout its range. In Europe, several yew dominated communities are covered under the EU Habitats Directive. Additionally there are many societies in various countries devoted to yew conservation, especially older trees.
Citation:
Farjon, A. 2013. Taxus baccata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T42546A2986660. . Downloaded on 13 January 2017.
Disclaimer:
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The prefix “thio” indicates the presence of which chemical element? | What does thio- mean?
Webster Dictionary(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:
Thio-
a combining form (also used adjectively) denoting the presence of sulphur. See Sulpho-
Freebase(0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition:
Thio-
The prefix thio-, when applied to a chemical, such as an ion, means that an oxygen atom in the compound has been replaced by a sulfur atom. This meaning is especially valid in organic chemistry. For example, the word ether refers to an oxygen-containing compound having the general chemical structure R-O-R', where R and R' are organic residues and O is an oxygen atom. Thioether refers to an analogous compound with the general structure R-S-R' where S is a sulfur atom covalently bonded to two organic residues. A chemical reaction involving the replacement of oxygen to sulfur is called thionation or thiation. Thio- can be prefixed with di- and tri- in chemical nomenclature. The word derives from Greek θειον = "sulfur"
Numerology
The numerical value of thio- in Chaldean Numerology is: 8
Pythagorean Numerology
| Sulfur |
Of the many Livery Companies which one is considered to be the most prestigious? | General Chemistry Online: Companion Notes: Compounds: Polyatomic ions
predicting the solubility of an ionic compound
predicting the products of a reaction between aqueous ionic compounds
predicting the products of neutralization reactions
writing and balancing ionic equations
writing and balancing redox equations
understanding environmental chemistry (e. g. mechanisms in acid rain formation and water quality assessment)
understanding geochemistry (e. g. composition and formation of minerals)
understanding clinical and biological chemistry (e. g. electrolyte balance and buffering in blood)
First year students are often asked to memorize lists of polyatomic ions without any context. Mnemonics
can be helpful, but they provide an artificial way to organizing what must be memorized. This beginner's guide to polyatomic ions will eventually provide a relevant context for students learning the names and formulas of polyatomic ions by answering these questions: Where do polyatomic ions come from? Where are they found in nature? Why are they important? What do they do? What do they look like? How are they used?
Beginner's guide to polyatomic ions
The following tables list polyatomic ions that any first year student should know. (Common monoatomic ions can be found elsewhere).
Ions arranged by family
Polyatomic cations other than ammonium, hydronium, and mercury(I) aren't usually encountered in general chemistry.
Most common polyatomic anions occur in "families". All members of the family share the same central element and the same charge. There are three common types of variations within the family:
Different members of the family can have numbers of oxygens.
Each member of the family can combine with hydrogen ions to partially neutralize their negative charge.
Some members of the family can have sulfur substituted for oxygen.
Other variations exist but are less common.
Table of common polyatomic cations, arranged by family. Alternate names are given in italics. Select the name of the ion for information about its occurrence, uses, properties, and structure. Blank entries are uncommon or unstable; for a complete table see the Field Guide to Polyatomic Ions .
carbon
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Which duo had top five hits in the 1980’s with “Torch” and “Say Hello Wave Goodbye”? | Soft Cell - News, Photos, Videos, Bio. Free music downloads at MP3.com
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Soft Cell
Genres: new wave , 80s , synthpop , synth pop , electronic
Biography
Soft Cell are an electronic music duo that came to prominence in the early 80s. They consist of vocalist Marc Almond and instrumentalist David Ball. The duo is most widely known for their 1981 worldwide hit version of "Tainted Love" and influential multi-platinum debut ''Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret''. In the UK, they had five Top 5 hits, including "Bedsitter", "Say Hello, Wave Goodbye", "Torch" and "What!", and also had four Top 20 albums between 1981 and 1984. The duo split in 1984, but reformed in the early 2000s to tour and released a new album in 2002. Their songs have been covered by various artists including David Gray, Marilyn Manson, Nouvelle Vague and A-ha.
Read More...
Both Marc Almond and Dave Ball grew up in seaside towns (the former, Southport, and the latter, Blackpool), and later met while students at the Leeds Polytechnic Fine Arts University (now Leeds Metropolitan University). Almond, a performance artist, collaborated with Ball on a few avant-garde multi-media performances at the university. Although Ball's musical background consisted of guitar, he had access to the university studio and was experimenting with the nascent synthesizer technology at the time. The two students became the prototypical synth duo and were initially associated with other New Wave scenesters dubbed "New Romantics" by the British Press. Other bands associated with this scene included Visage, Duran Duran, and Spandau Ballet.
Marc Almond had a productive career as a solo artist later in the 80s and 90s and with Marc & the Mambas and other collaborations. Dave Ball has done a few solo productions with other British new wave acts in the early 80s. He also later was involved in the electronic dance act The Grid with Richard Norris.
Almond and Ball's reunion as Soft Cell became official with well-received initial concerts - they performed at the opening of the Ocean nightclub in London in March 2001 to strong reviews, and a mini tour followed later in the year. The track "God Shaped Hole" featured on the Some Bizzare compilation titled "I'd Rather Shout at a Returning Echo than Kid Someone's Listening", released in 2001. The album Cruelty Without Beauty was released in late 2002, followed by a European tour and a partial US tour in early 2003. The new album featured their first new songs together in almost twenty years. One of those songs was their 2003 single "The Night" (UK #39). Interestingly, Soft Cell had considered recording "The Night" in place of "Tainted Love" back in 1981 as their last-ditch attempt to score a chart hit. In a 2003 interview with BBC's Top of the Pops, keyboardist David Ball asserted, "I think history has kind of shown that we did make the right choice [in 1981]."
In August 2007, the band announced they were working on a remix album, "Heat - The Remixes". The remix album is expected to be released in May 2008 and will include classic Soft Cell tracks remixed by such acts as Manhattan Clique, Cicada, Richard X, Ladytron, MHC, Mark Moore, Kinky Roland, Spektrum, George Demure, Yer Man and many more. Read more on Last.fm . User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply.
Top Songs
| Soft Cell |
Which gap-toothed comedy actor was drained of blood by Vincent Price in the 1971 film “The Abominable Doctor Phibes”? | Free Soft Cell biography | SONG365
Overview Biography Albums Tracks
Biography of Soft Cell
Soft Cell are an electronic music duo that came to prominence in the early 80s. They consist of vocalist Marc Almond and instrumentalist David Ball. The duo is most widely known for their 1981 worldwide hit version of “Tainted Love” and influential multi-platinum debut ‘’Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret’‘. In the UK, they had five Top 5 hits, including “Bedsitter”, “Say Hello, Wave Goodbye”, “Torch” and “What!”, and also had four Top 20 albums between 1981 and 1984. The duo split in 1984, but reformed in the early 2000s to tour and released a new album in 2002. Their songs have been covered by various artists including David Gray, Marilyn Manson, Nouvelle Vague and A-ha. Both Marc Almond and Dave Ball grew up in seaside towns (the former, southport, and the latter, blackpool), and later met while students at the leeds Polytechnic Fine Arts University (now Leeds Metropolitan University). Almond, a performance artist, collaborated with Ball on a few avant-garde multi-media performances at the university. Although Ball’s musical background consisted of guitar, he had access to the university studio and was experimenting with the nascent synthesizer technology at the time. The two students became the prototypical synth duo and were initially associated with other new wave scenesters dubbed “new romantics” by the British Press. Other bands associated with this scene included Visage, Duran Duran, and Spandau Ballet.
Top Tracks By Soft Cell
1
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Which car company made the Chamois and Gazelle models? | Singer - Cars By Brand, Manufacturer Marques & Models | Classic Cars For Sale Magazine
Singer
The first Singer cars - built under licence from Lea-Francis and designed by Alex Craig - were produced in 1905 by George Singer, who had worked for Coventry Machinists before producing cycle, tricycles and then cars.
Singer died a year after the company went into receivership (in 1908) and the firm was re-established as Singer and Co. (1909) Ltd.
Early models from the new business…
Overhead camshaft in-line four-cylinder 875cc Chamois: 39bhp; Chamois Sport: 51bhp
0-60 mph:
Chamois: 23.5 sec; Chamois Sport: 16+ sec
Top Speed:
Chamois: 80 mph; Chamois Sport: 90 mph
MPG:
Chamois: 35-45; Chamois Sport: 30-40+
A great little car, now rare but worth tracking down for its fine mix of fun, civility and classy looks. The Chamois was a luxury version of the Hillman Imp, with a plusher interior, better soundproofing and sporty instrumentation, plus jazzier exterior bright work. Introduced in late 1964, the upmarket newcomer was powered by the same rev-happy engine as used in the less expensive Hillman. For 1966, the excellent Singer Chamois Sport arrived using the same peppy Imp Sport spec, while there was even a coupe based upon the Sunbeam Stiletto. For 1969, the Chamois featured quadruple headlamps but range was killed off just a year later.
Singer Gazelle (To 1967)
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Which snooker player is nicknamed “The Jester from Leicester”? | See also the catalogue of wartime vehicles .
Companies and Mergers
These cover the companies most strongly involved in the Rootes Group. If you know of others, or have more details to share, please contact Bob Allan .
Companies
Humber (1867-)
Thomas Humber first made Humber bicycles in Sheffield, and later in Beeston near Nottingham with plants at Wolverhampton and Coventry as the business grew. The first Humber car was made in 1898. Humber went on to be one of the more important car companies in the history of the British motor industry. The earliest models were built in Coventry and Beeston. The largest model was the Pullman, the only limousine in the range. Humbers were always luxury cars. Humber was acquired by Rootes in 1929-31 and as Humber Ltd. was their main manufacturing operation.
Coventry-Premier (1875-1923)
Originally made bicycles and claimed to be the world's largest cycle company adding motor cycles to its range in 1908. Their first 4-wheeled cycle cars were built in 1912 under the control of Singer. Coventry-Premier later made commercial vehicles. William Hillman was one of the original partners.
Singer (1876-1970)
Singer's origins were also in the cycle industry, starting in 1876 with business centred on the City of Coventry. They went on to manufacture high quality cars from 1904 which always had a good reputation and sporting image. Particularly recognised was the Singer Ten from 1912 onwards. There were a few commercial models from 1929-32. There were also some notable models competing in long-distance endurance races and rallies. William Rootes was an apprentice with Singer. Under Rootes' later control they had the very successful Gazelle, Vogue and Chamois series.
Sunbeam (1887-)
The Sunbeam cycle factory in Wolverhampton was started by John Marston. Sunbeam produced cars from 1901, during the earliest days of the industry. They were high quality and sporting models, influenced by Louis Coatelen of Hillman fame, including competition cars. Having briefly been involved in the loss making STD organisation, they became Sunbeam-Talbots when Rootes took over production in 1935.
Tilling-Stevens (1897-)
Tilling-Stevens were founded in Maidstone and made commercial vehicles. They acquired Karrier and Vulcan before joining Rootes.
Vulcan (1899-1953)
The first Vulcan was made by Joseph and Thomas Hampson, a production car was shown at the Liverpool Cycle Show in 1902. Vulcan was a small car making company based in Southport which was the largest in the N.W. of England at the time. For their size they made a surprising number of different models in a short time. They were also affordable. The Vulcan company did a large range of engineering tasks so cost could be kept to a minimum. From 1928 until the time they were taken over by Rootes they made commercial vehicles, despite being bankrupt in 1931.
Clement-Talbot (1902-38)
The first cars built by Talbot under the crest of the Earl of Shrewsbury were actually Clements from France assembled in Britain. Fully British Talbot cars were built from 1906-38. Darracq acquired Clement-Talbot (London) in 1919 and then Sunbeam in 1920 to become STD. STD was finally acquired by Rootes in 1935 after becoming bankrupt, and the marque was phased out soon afterwards to be replaced by the name Sunbeam-Talbot from 1938.
Talbot-Lago (1935-59)
In 1935 the Suresnes factory of Darracq was bought by Major Anthony Lago who built a few models and some successful racing cars after 1945. Sales were eventually crippled by high taxes and his business was absorbed by Simca in 1959.
Commer (1903-)
Commercial Cars Ltd. of Biscot Road, Luton originally made commercial vehicles. Production moved to a new factory in Dunstable in 1954.
Karrier (1904-46)
Karrier Cars made by Clayton and Co. Ltd. of Huddersfield produced a diverse range of commercial vehicles from c.1907. Karrier Motors Limited was formed in 1920, moved to Luton when acquired by Rootes in 1934 and moved with Commer to Dunstable in 1954.
Hillman (1906-)
The Hillman Motor Car Company, founded by William Hillman (d. 1921), was a very well known British manufacturer (4th largest at the time), initially making bicycles and later quite large and sporting cars. The firm was later run by sons-in-law Black and Wilks. Hillman became the stock-in-trade of Rootes with the successful range of Minx models and variants, and of course later the Imp and Avenger.
Calcott (1913-26)
The Calcott family made roller skates and were also involved in the bicycle and motor cycle industry. A. Anderson joined them from Singer to design their first car in 1913. Calcott was later acquired by Singer as was Aster.
Dodge (1914-)
Dodge made production cars in the USA from 1914 and commercial vehicles and merged with Chrysler in 1928. Later models were introduced to the UK from the Chrysler range around 1969, but the Dodge brothers had interests here before that time. Several of the previous Commer models were "improved" and badged as Dodges.
Citroen (1925-)
Andre Citroen established a French company to mass produce cheap motor cars in 1919 and moved to the UK in 1925 establishing production facilities in Slough which built the famous DS model. Chrysler later became part of the Peugeot-Citroen Group.
Chrysler (1926-)
Chrysler was created in the USA from Maxwell and Chalmers in 1924 by Walter P. Chrysler, formerly of Buick. They established a UK factory near Kew Gardens in 1926. Some overseas Rootes models were badged as Plymouth, e.g. in Australia, which was a Chrysler model name. Chrysler acquired interests in the Rootes Group from 1964 onwards.
Simca (1935-81)
Built Fiat cars in France until 1951. They then acquired Unic and began to produce their own models until 1981.
Rootes Securities Ltd. (1939-45)
Shadow factory at Speke built Hadley Page Halifax and Blenheim bombers and transport aircraft for the war effort. Another shadow factory at Blythe Bridge built Blenheim and Beaufighter planes. During WWII Rootes built 1 in 7 of all bombers, 60% of all armoured cars and 35% of scout cars used by the British armed forces.
W. and G. du Cros (unknown)
Commercial vehicle producer, part of STD.
Dates of Company Formations and Mergers
The following are the closest dates we can find to the various mergers which took place between the companies which eventually became synonimous with Rootes and which gave their names to the various marques sold over the whole period.
1789 Thrupp and Maberly coach and carriage builders formed
1880s Rootes started a cycle shop in Hawkhurst, Kent
1907 the Rootes Motor Agency was formed
1920 (13th August) Sunbeam merged with Talbot and Darracq to form STD Motors under director Alexander Darracq
1921 Coventry-Premier with Singer
c.1920-5 Coventry-Repetition and Sparkbrook Manufacturing joined Singer
1925 Rootes Limited were formed
1925 Commercial Cars with Humber to become Commer
1926 the Calcott factory was acquired by Singer.
1926-7 Singer bought the BSA and Daimler armaments premises in Birmingham
1928 Hillman joined Humber
1929 Singer bought the Aster factory at Wembley
1929-31 Humber joined Rootes
1932 Tilling-Stevens (T.S.Motors) acquired Karrier
1934 Karrier joined Rootes via Humber
1935 STD joined Rootes
c.1938-45 Vulcan joined Tilling-Stevens and the Southport factory was vacated
1948 Karrier-Sunbeam Trolley Bus operations sold to Guy Motors
1951 Tilling-Stevens joined Rootes. Production of TSM and Vulcan at the Maidstone plant was ceased in 1953 continuing only with Commer and Karrier
1951 Simca acquired Unic
1954 Simca acquired Ford France
1956 Singer joined Rootes
1958 Chrysler bought a minority stake in Simca
1959 Talbot-Lago absorbed by Simca
1963 Rootes "Scotland" was formed to manufacture the Imp following Government recommendations
1963 Chrysler gained a controlling interest in Simca
1964 Chrysler bought 30% interest in Rootes. Lord William Rootes of Ramsbury died on 12th December the same year.
1967-69 Rootes absorbed by Chrysler following the retirement of Reginald Rootes. Geoffrey Rootes remained as Chairman until 1992.
1970 Simca became known as Chrysler (France)
1978-9 Chrysler UK (1970) was sold to Peugeot-Citroen Group in 1979 with the UK operations taking the old Talbot name.
1981-7 Dodge UK name was finally replaced by Renault.
Car and Commercial Models
This catalogue is not definitive and does not list every model produced. It is a simplified version of the summaries provided in the books and Web sites listed in the references. The authors have done very thorough research for which all Rootes vehicle owners should be grateful. They provide a great deal of additional marque, model and historical information which is sure to be of interest. However, if you have corrections or additions to this catalogue please contact Bob Allan .
We note in particular that the names and notations used for commercial vehicles is only indicative. Each model was available in many versions - normal or forward control, petrol or diesel, truck, bus or coach chassis of different sizes and capacities, some as tractors only. Many were custom built for their final requirements, such as War Department vehicles, ambulances, fire engines, road sweepers, waste disposal vehicles, low loaders, etc. The references should be consulted for further details and examples.
For those interested in more information about the models produced during the Rootes period, the book Cars of the Rootes Group by Graham Robson is highly recommended and available from the Archive Centre Trust .
Ten, 10.5, 10/15 (1913-7, 1919-25)
11.9, 12/24 and 13.8 (1920-6)
16/50 Light Six (1925-6)
5 ton FC (1957-)
Commer-Unipower FC 10 ton 6-wheel (1958-)
Express delivery van (1949-62) Example 1: from Rootes collection Example 2: from Rootes collection Example 3: P. Edwards 1955 van at the Hillman Centenary, 2007
PB 1500 3/4 ton forward control van (1959-)
PB 2500 1 ton forward control van (1959-) Example 1: from Rootes collection Example 2: from Rootes collection Example 3: from Rootes collection Example 4: from Rootes collection Example 5: from Rootes collection Example 6: from Rootes collection Example 7: from Rootes collection Example 8: from Rootes collection Example 9: from Rootes collection Example 10: from Rootes collection Example 11: from Rootes collection Example 12: from Rootes collection
KA 3023 Walk-thru 30cwt (1-1/2 ton) van (1961-)
3VL 5 ton (1939)
Thanks to...
All who attended the Hillman Centenary, 2007 despite the weather. Some photos from the event are featured for reference purposes in this catalogue.
Jim Crampton for working on the commercial and Liverpool connections including the WWII shadow factories; Sam Cottingham for much additional input on commercials; Hugh Boultbee and Brunson Martin for information on Humber; Gordon Jarvis, James Spencer, Simon Benoy, Colin Gunn, Roger Swift and other enthusiastic Imp Club members; Leon Gibbs for additional historical information; Tim and Sally Sutton; people referenced via the bibliography and Web links below; and everyone who has sent information and photographs for this Web page.
References and Web Links for more Information
Books
John Bullock The Rootes Brothers. (Patrick Stephens, 1993) ISBN 1-85260-454-9
Geoff Caverhill The Commer Story (Crowood Press, 2002) ISBN 1-86126-491-7
David Culshaw and Peter Horrobin The Complete Catalogue of British Cars. (MacMillan, London, 1974) ISBN 0-333-16689-2
Glass's Guides (1939 onwards)
L. Geary Rootes Commercial Vehicles (Ian Henry Publications, 1993) ISBN 0-86025-448-8
R. Langworth Tiger, Alpine, Rapier (Osprey Publishing Ltd., London, 1982) ISBN 0-85045-443-3
A.B. Demaus and J.C. Tarring The Humber Story 1868-1932 (Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd., 1989) ISBN 0-86299-596-3
Graham Robson Cars of the Rootes Group (Motor Racing Publications, 1990) ISBN 0-947981-35-7. Reprinted for the Rootes Archive Trust (Mercian Manuals, 2007) ISBN 978-1-903088-29-6
Web sites
Ian and Jan's Sunbeam Harrington Web site http://www.harringtonalpine.org
Keith Adams' Web site http://rootes-chrysler.co.uk
Bob Allan's Web site for Imps and derivatives http://tardis.dl.ac.uk/Mercia
Russ Maddock's Web site http://www.sunbeam.org.au
Andy Murkins's Web site http://homepage.ntlworld.com/andymurkin/Hillman/Hillman.html
Tony Taylor's Web site http://www.hillmancar.com
Hillman Car Club of South Australia http://www.sa.hillman.org.au
Franka Steinhuis' site http://www.imps4ever.info for identification and information about Imps see
Fleet Data Web site http://www.fleetdata.co.uk/rootes.html for information on commercial vehicles
Howard Pettigrew's Commer and Karrier site http://www.commer.org.nz and http://www.commer.org.nz/new
Alan and Mary Lou Miles' Hillman site http://www.theseriesminxpages.com
Remy Theibaut's site http://www.gruporootes.org for the Spanish Rootes Group (you may need to wait a while).
The Association of Rootes Car Clubs (ARCC). Look here for information about affiliated clubs world wide. http://www.thearcc.co.uk
and for a nearly complete set of links, see: http://www.sa.hillman.org.au/Links.htm
Bert Clewit's home page also has lots of links (but quite a lot don't work any more): http://www.geocities.com/clewitsbert/cars.html
Allpar's Chrysler Corporation Web site: http://www.allpar.com
Tony Gardner's Alpine site: http://www.mamut.net/alpine/
Alec Morley's Hillman Wizard site: http://www.hillmanwizard.com
British and European Car Spotter's Guide: http://ucapusa.com/car_spotters_guide_europe_1939.htm
Paykan Hunter Web site: http://www.paykanhunter.com/
For pictures of classic Minx cars from 1921-1939 see Frank Parson's Web site: http://www.classichillman.co.uk
Shahin's photo stream on Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/shahins/
Classic Car Catalogue http://www.classiccarcatalogue.com/
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Who composed the opera “The Girl of the Golden West”? | The Girl of the Golden West – Composer
The Girl of the Golden West – Composer
The Girl of the Golden West – Composer
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Giacomo Puccini
His full name was Giacomo Antonio Domenico Michele Secondo Maria Puccini . . . it was Italian tradition to include the names of your grandfathers on the birth certificate. Giacomo came from a long line of organists, composers and choir masters in Lucca, a small town in nothern Italy. As a boy, Puccini was described as “lazy, slow, and a poor student,” who enjoyed only bird hunting. His mother, a single parent with seven children, forced him to study music. To help with family finances, Puccini began working at age 11 as a church organist, and later earned money by teaching piano and playing piano in Lucca’s taverns.
Puccini saw his first opera at age 18. Too poor for train fare, he walked almost 20 miles to see Verdi’s AIDA in Pisa, and it changed his life: “I felt that a musical window had opened for me.” Puccini now knew he would not become a church musician like his father, but would turn to opera. He made plans to move to Milan, where the famous opera house, La Scala, was the new center of Italian opera. It took him four years to save enough money to enroll in Milan Conservatory.
In Milan, Puccini was poor, but he met the most influential figures in Italian opera. To save money, he shared an apartment with several friends, and in later years, he would recall episodes of dodging bill collectors and playing piano in bars for food. Puccini hated his landlord, who opened the tenants’ mail to collect rent before they could spend it. The students were not allowed to cook in their rooms, but were too poor to eat out, so while his friends cooked, Puccini played piano as loudly as possible to cover the kitchen sounds. In LA BOHÈME, the landlord would become the old buffoon, Benoit, and the young roommates would cheat him out of his rent. . . something Puccini wanted to do in his youth.
Puccini wrote his first opera, LE VILLI, for an opera competition. The judges didn’t like it, but Giulio Ricordi, the most important publisher in Italy, liked it, and saw great promise in Puccini. He paid Puccini a stipend for several years, and stood by him through several attempts to write a successful opera. Ricordi believed that Puccini would become famous. He was right. He made a fortune as the publisher of the world’s most popular operas: TOSCA, LA BOHÈME, and MADAMA BUTTERFLY.
Some of Puccini’s most popular operas were composed around the turn of the century included LA BOHÈME in 1896, TOSCA in 1900, and MADAMA BUTTERFLY in 1904, an opera he based on a David Belasco play he’d seen in London. This would not be the first time that Puccini had inspiration from a Belasco play. Then came a long period when he searched for new subjects and yearned to write a different kind of opera. The result was a commission from America, on an American subject, to be premiered in New York for the Metropolitan Opera. Puccini was again inspired by a David Belasco play and subsequently wrote LA FANCIULLA DEL WEST (THE GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST), a tale of gold miners in the California gold rush. FANCIULLA had its premiere in 1910.
He wrote four more operas before beginning TURANDOT in 1920. TURANDOT would prove to be an extremely difficult project for Puccini. In fact, he never completed the opera. There were many problems: his librettists were slow, the story line required major rewriting, Puccini wanted it to be bigger than any of his other works and, worst of all, his health was failing. Throughout his life Puccini was never without his beloved cigars, and he was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1923. He had a fatal heart attack after surgery in Brussels, and died on November 29, 1924. Unlike most composers, Puccini died a wealthy man, with an estate valued at $24 million in today’s money.
From 1850 to Puccini’s time, the opera business in Italy was like the Broadway musical scene of today: it was big business. Wealthy investors poured money into star performers and big productions, looking for the next hit show. In Italy, Giuseppe Verdi had been the reigning monarch of opera composers for over fifty years. He had just come out of a long retirement to compose OTELLO (1887) and FALSTAFF (1893), but he was already 80 years old. Italy was looking for Verdi’s successor, and Ricordi put his money on Puccini. And by 1900, all the world knew that Puccini was the heir designate. Puccini wrote 12 operas with three of them, MADAMA BUTTERFLY, LA BOHÈME, and TOSCA easily qualifying as world class, all-time hits, that made the “top ten money makers” list. Add FANCIULLA, TURANDOT and MANON LESCAUT, and you have operas with a large portion of the most beautiful, most frequently sung arias ever written.
Puccini was a master of composing beautiful tunes. Many are used in arias, but most are found woven into the score like threads in fabric. He uses melodies to describe action, individual characters, and emotions. Most of Puccini’s characters have their own themes, called motives, which portray them through music.
Puccini searched long and hard for good subjects for his operas. He read scripts and traveled widely to see new plays and theatrical productions. He had an uncanny sense of drama and would not settle on one subject until he knew it would provide powerful, emotional theater. Puccini once described himself as “more heart than mind,” and wrote once, “how can one compose what one does not feel?”
With his great melodic gifts, Puccini controlled pacing and mood on stage. He never let things slow down. His favorite tool was contrast: he could instantly turn a scene from humorous to tragic, from lyric to dramatic.
Puccini heroines are often tragic figures who are ultimately betrayed by the men in their lives. Floria Tosca is no exception. Her pact with Scarpia and his ultimate betrayal is a classic element in Puccini operas. Great interpreters of the role of Tosca include Emily Destinn and Maria Callas. Cavaradossi was often performed by legendary tenors like Enrico Caruso, Luciano Pavarotti and Placido Domingo. Scarpia became the signature role for baritone Tito Gobbi.
Learn much more about THE GIRL OF THE GOLDEN WEST
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The emmet is an archaic name for which insect? | OPERA NEWS - The Girl of the Golden West
The Girl of the Golden West
LONDON
English National Opera
10/2/14
Based on David Belasco’s once famous play The Girl of the Golden West, Puccini’s 1910 opera La Fanciulla del West has been attracting more attention in the UK of late. It was a 1977 production at the ...
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Which writer created the detective Van der Valk? | Obituary: Nicolas Freeling | Books | The Guardian
Nicolas Freeling
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The novelist Nicolas Freeling, who has died aged 76, was best known for his Van der Valk detective stories and the two television series they inspired.
He was the most thoroughly European of British crime writers. In addition to the Amsterdam detective Piet Van der Valk, whom he rashly killed off in 1972, he created a series of novels based on the more reflective provincial French Inspector Henri Castang. He also wrote exceptional, often underrated, single novels, again set in Europe. He published 37 works of fiction in all, and four miscellaneous works.
Freeling's cosmopolitanism owed much to his upbringing. Though he was born in London of English parents, the surname on his mother's side, which he adopted, was said to have come from the German or Dutch Vrieling. The twice-married Anne Freeling Davidson was, by turns, an ardent communist, an ardent Catholic and an Irish romantic. The family lived in Brittany for some years, then in Southampton. At the outbreak of the second world war, Anne took her children off to the neutral Irish Free State, much to the chagrin of Nicolas, then 12. His parents finally parted during this period.
After the war, Freeling dropped out of university, yearned to write, bummed around the south of France, worked in restaurants and discovered a talent for cooking. He said he preferred the kitchen because you did not have to be nice to the customers. On one occasion, while working as the senior chef in an Amsterdam hotel, he was arrested and locked up on suspicion of involvement, as a foreigner, in the city's thriving underworld. Intrigued by the worldly-wise detective who interrogated him, he smoothed out sheets of paper salvaged from his prison job of wrapping soap, and started to write a story featuring such an operator.
Eventually, he was deported, along with his Dutch wife Renee. But back in Britain, he found the impetus to finish Love In Amsterdam, as he called his story, and had the luck to meet an agent who placed it. When it was published in 1962, he became a professional writer, returning to Amsterdam to breathe the local atmosphere for more Van der Valk stories. The television Van der Valks emerged around 1970 - with Frank Finlay in West German adaptations of Freeling's stories, and Barry Foster (obituary, February 12 2002) in the popular Thames Television series that deployed his characters in newly-devised episodes by other hands.
The now prosperous Freelings bought a grand and romantic, if dilapidated, house at Grandfontaine, in the Vosges, France. But the move led to a massive hiccup in Freeling's career when he killed off Van der Valk. Ostensibly, this was because he was no longer in touch with the shifting fads of attitude and slang in Amsterdam. In truth, he was tired of the tyranny of having to write the same story over and over again.
Fans were outraged and, in Sweden and France, Freeling ceased to be published. But he resisted the temptation to restore his hero to life, compromising instead with the introduction, in The Widow (1979), of Van der Valk's widow Arlette, now settled in Strasbourg with a second husband, as a kind of unofficial social investigator. By then, Freeling had already launched Castang, his detective replacement for Van der Valk, whose canon many critics would come to hold superior. Among the single novels of this period lurked the nuclear thriller Gadget.
These departures all needed time to find a readership. The house at Grandfontaine became too expensive to heat, and for all but the summer months, the family had to squeeze into a rented flat in Strasbourg. In due course, earnings recovered, and they were able to settle down in their own home.
The books continued to flow. Over the years, Freeling won the three most prestigious awards for crime writing: the French Grand Prix de Roman Policier, the American Edgar Allan Poe Award and the British Crime Writers' Golden Dagger. But the question remained as to whether he was really a crime writer or a straight novelist who chose to use crimes as a forcing house in which to examine questions of personality, propensity, even national characteristics, under abnormal conditions.
Despite his professed aversion to autobiography, Freeling referred to himself and his work in two widely separated works of non-fiction, The Kitchen Book (1970) and The Village Book (2001). In the latter, he claimed that all fiction (with the possible exception of Jane Austen's) is propelled by crime or misdemeanour.
In his late life novels, he brilliantly demonstrated the force of that argument. In One More River (1998), for example, he begins with a semi-retired author - much like himself - relaxing in a garden, much like his own. An unknown sniper takes a pot shot at him, and the ensuing investigation leads to the uncovering of ancient betrayals and guilts.
Some Day Tomorrow (1999) was the guarded testament of a retired Dutch plantsman recuperating from a prostatectomy, but still randy. Did he kill a young woman whose body was found in the sand-dunes? Without offering a firm answer, Freeling swept the reader along to a terrifying and very Dutch solution. His last novel, The Janeites (2002), was even more enigmatic: a complex triangle of love and vengeance, in which two of the participants were also devoted to the healing power of reading the works of Jane Austen.
Freeling is survived by his wife, four sons and a daughter.
· Nicolas Freeling, writer, born March 3 1927; died 20 July 2003
| Nicolas Freeling |
What is the more familiar name of the house plant Ficus elastica? | Nicolas Freeling | British author | Britannica.com
Nicolas Freeling
Originally published in the Britannica Book of the Year. Presented as archival content.
Alternative Title: Nicolas Davidson
Grandfontaine, France
Nicolas Freeling (Nicolas Davidson), (born March 3, 1927, London , Eng.—died July 20, 2003, Grandfontaine, France ), British novelist and detective-story writer who penned 36 works of fiction and several of nonfiction. While living in Amsterdam, he developed his first and best-known protagonist, Piet Van der Valk, a Dutch policeman. A dozen books later, after Freeling had moved to France, he killed off Van der Valk and created the French sleuth Henri Castang. Freeling’s awards included France’s Grand Prix du Roman Policier (1964) and the Edgar Allan Poe Award from the Mystery Writers of America (1967). He also wrote two books of memoirs.
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Date Published: December 31, 2003
URL: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolas-Freeling
Access Date: January 19, 2017
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Which duo had top five hits in the 1980’s with “Shout” and “Everybody Wants to Rule the World”? | Amazon.com: Customer Reviews: Gold - The Very Best Of Tears For Fears
Gold - The Very Best Of Tears For Fears
4.6 out of 5 stars
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23 people found this helpful
5.0 out of 5 starsA solid compilation
ByTFF fanon December 5, 2006
If you are new to Tears for Fears or have just a passing interest in them then this is the album you should get. If you are a die-hard fan then you already own this album and do not need to read any further.
This is really the only compilation that truly spans all of their work and would give either the emerging fan, or the casually interested fan everything they are looking for. For the emerging fan there is a fair balance of songs comprised almost entirely of singles from all of their albums. This will allow you the opportunity to get a good slice of what some of their albums have to offer. For the casual fan you'll get all the radio favorites that you probably remember such as Shout, Everybody wants to rule the world, Head over heels, Sowing the seeds of love, and Break it down again. In addition there is a reasonable chance that you will find a few other songs that you recognize but never realized were Tears for Fears. The album sleeve provides additional information and the sound quality is good.
Therefore I would recommend this album as there is a higher probability that you will find songs you enjoy for the money you spend. Also Tears for Fears (a duo) was lucky enough to be comprised of two truly good artists, Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith. They were a group that really did focus on trying to craft good songs, and did not get too caught up trying to make the pop scene their priority. This is part of the reason why their popularity has outlasted several of the other "80's" bands of the era.
The Hurting (1983):
13 people found this helpful
3.0 out of 5 starsToo Skimpy for a "Gold" Title!
ByJason W. Bellengeron September 17, 2007
Yet another Tears For Fears compilation thrown on the market. It's one of many and unfortunately, this one doesn't get it right either. Other "Gold" titles from the Universal catalogue tend to have much more than 24 tracks total. I rarely see fewer than 30 tracks on one of these "Gold" collections. Then comes this 2006 release from the Hip-O/Mercury division of Universal.
While Tears For Fears have only recorded 4 studio albums together (as of this review), a compilation can be branched out beyond the main single releases. "Gold" was the perfect opportunity to include rare single versions, rare tracks, and a more comprehensive track selection. Unfortunately, this release has me wanting more from these guys in terms of a better 2-CD collection. It seems cut short, especially since so much excellent material remains in the vaults! Instead of re-packaging the same old hits over and over again, how about branching out this one time?
Well, for a 2-disc set, pretty much all the hits are included. Ideally, a collection like this would include tracks such as "Suffer The Little Children [7" Remix]", "I Believe [A Soulful Re-Recording]", "Shout [U.K. 12" Version]" (not the U.S. Remix! Also, how many more times can we get the regular album version?), "Everybody Wants To Run The World" (for 'Sport Aid', and a U.K. Top Five hit!), "Famous Last Words" (a single in France, Germany and U.K.), "Year Of The Knife" [7" Remix]", "Johnny Panic And The Bible Of Dreams", "Goodnight Song" (a U.S. single), "Secrets", "Everybody Loves A Happy Ending" (a single in the U.K. b/w "Call Me Mellow"), and so forth. I have to knock this release down a star alone for excluding the "Everybody Loves A Happy Ending" title track, even though the 4 tracks included here, in addition to that title single, are probably the best on that album.
Not only does this release include the '80s hits as a duo, it manages to reach out and include Roland's solo hits under the Tears For Fears moniker, such as "God's Mistake" and "Break It Down Again". It's nice having an overview of their material together and apart, ranging from 1982 through 2005, including the '90s material.
Now on to the mastering. Compare it to the 1999 "Millennium Collection" and the 2001 "The Very Best Of", and it's much better, in my opinion. According to the liner notes, this release was 96k/24-bit mastered by Erick Labson @ Universal Mastering Studios West, North Hollywood, CA. Tracks 11 & 12 on Disc Two, on the other hand, were mastered by Stephen Marcussen @ Stephen Marcussen Mastering, Hollywood, CA.
Is the mastering really that good? Compare it to the 2003 "Ultimate Collection" with 32-bit mastering from Universal Netherlands, and it falls a bit short, in my opinion. I like the equalization choices more so on the "Ultimate Collection". Compare it to the 1999 Jon Astley album remasters and again, it sounds different due to the equalization choices by the mastering engineer. Overall, the remastering is very well done throughout. Labson is a very good mastering engineer, and he does a fine job here. Those fans concerned about loudness wars may wish to stay clear from this release, however, as it is rather loud. It is far from the worst offender of brick-walling, but I think that the louder sound is worth noting.
"Head Over Heels" appears in it's 4:15 version, not it's album version, which tags on "Broken [Live]". It's nice having it in it's stand alone single version for once. Otherwise, this release is filled with album versions. "Pale Shelter" appears in a 4:27 version, which is apparently an edit of the album version, since it fades right before it's proper ending. "Closest Thing To Heaven" should have been presented in it's "U.K. Radio Mix" version, in my opinion, since it's not only better but we also have the original version on the album!
The bonus tracks of the recently recorded "Floating Down The River (Once Again)" and "Mad World [Live]" are excellent additions to the otherwise lacking collection. Those new tracks are the main reason that I bothered to add this collection to my own collection. "Floating Down The River" sounds like it comes straight from the "Everybody Loves A Happy Ending" sessions, while "Mad World [Live]" is a slower, even more mellow, recording pulled from a recent tour.
The overall packaging of this release is very nice, despite using the generic "Gold" format. In addition to the striking cover photo the inside booklet includes twenty pages altogether, highlighting a number of photos of the British duo over the years. An informative, long essay by Scott Schinder is included throughout, leading to the publishing credits which cover the last few pages.
For a 2-disc collection, this release does fall quite a bit short, especially for a duo who has so much more rare material in the vaults. Needless to say, if you are looking for a brief, concise overview of mostly hits, then I suppose this 2006 collection will suffice for now. For a casual fan, this collection may be all that you will ever need. Nonetheless, I give this set 3 stars not only for a skimpy track listing and a lack of single and remix material but also for still managing to present a fine overview of the Tears For Fears catalogue over just 24 tracks.
(Review last updated 30 August 2014)
| Tears for Fears |
Which German city is the capital of Lower Saxony? | Tears For Fears | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic
Group Members: Roland Orzabal , Curt Smith
All Music Guide:
Tears for Fears were always more ambitious than the average synth pop group. From the beginning, the duo of Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith were tackling big subjects -- their very name derived from Arthur Janov's primal scream therapy, and his theories were evident throughout their debut, The Hurting. Driven by catchy, infectious synth pop, The Hurting became a big hit in their native England, setting the stage for international stardom with their second album, 1985's Songs from the Big Chair. On the strength of the singles "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" and "Shout," the record became a major hit, establishing the duo as one of the leading acts of the second generation of MTV stars. Instead of quickly recording a follow-up, Tears for Fears labored over their third album, the psychedelic and jazz-rock-tinged The Seeds of Love. While the album was a big hit, it was the end of an era instead of a new beginning. Smith left the group early in the '90s, and Orzabal continued with Tears for Fears, pursuing more sophisticated and pretentious directions to a smaller audience.
Orzabal and Smith met as children in Bath, England. Both boys came from broken homes, and Smith was leaning toward juvenile delinquency. Orzabal, however, turned toward books, eventually discovering Arthur Janov's primal scream therapy, a way of confronting childhood fears that John Lennon embraced after the Beatles disbanded. Orzabal turned Smith on to Janov, but before the duo explored this theory further, they formed the ska revival band Graduate in the late '70s. After releasing a handful of singles, including "Elvis Should Play Ska," Graduate dissolved in the early '80s, and the duo went on to form Tears for Fears, a synth pop outfit directly inspired by Janov's writings.
Riding in on the tail end of new wave and new romantic, Tears for Fears -- which featured musical contributions from former Graduate keyboardist Ian Stanley on early albums -- landed a record contract with Polygram in 1982. The following year, the band released its debut, The Hurting, which became a major hit in Britain, generating no less than three Top Five hit singles. Two years later, the group released Songs from the Big Chair, which demonstrated a more streamlined and soul-influenced sound. Songs from the Big Chair became a huge hit in America, rocketing to the top of the charts on the strength of the singles "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" and "Shout," which both hit number one, and the number three "Head Over Heels," which were all supported by clever, stylish videos that received heavy MTV airplay.
Instead of quickly following Songs from the Big Chair with a new record, Tears for Fears labored over their new record, eventually delivering the layered, Beatlesque The Seeds of Love in 1989. Featuring soulful vocals from Oleta Adams, who dominated the hit "Woman in Chains," the album became a hit, reaching number eight, while the single "Sowing the Seeds of Love" reached number two in the U.S. Again, Tears for Fears spent several years working on the follow-up to Seeds of Love, during which time they released the collection Tears Roll Down: Greatest Hits 82-92. Smith and Orzabal began to quarrel heavily, and Smith left the group in 1992, making Tears for Fears' 1993 comeback Elemental essentially a solo record from Orzabal. On the strength of the adult contemporary hit "Break It Down Again," Elemental became a modest hit, reaching gold status in the U.S., yet was hardly up to the group's previous levels. Smith, meanwhile, released a solo album in 1993, Soul on Board, which went ignored. Orzabal returned with another Tears for Fears album, Raoul and the Kings of Spain, in 1995, which failed to make much of an impact. In late 1996, the group released a rarities collection. In 2004, Orzabal reunited with Smith for the colorful and Beatlesque Everybody Loves a Happy Ending, their first collaboration in over a decade.
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On which horse did Lester Piggott ride the first of nine Epsom Derby winners? | Lester Piggott: at 75 still the Derby's lord of the reins | Sport | The Guardian
The Observer
Lester Piggott: at 75 still the Derby's lord of the reins
The Epsom legend shares his views on modern-day racing and looks back at his illustrious past on the 60th anniversary of his first Derby ride
Lester Piggott, the 30-times champion jockey, at the Park Lane Hilton earlier this month. Photograph: Tom Jenkins for the Observer
Sunday 29 May 2011 03.00 EDT
First published on Sunday 29 May 2011 03.00 EDT
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As the eye picks out Lester Piggott approaching, the mind relocates to Tattenham Corner, where the sharp angles of his frame would coast down the hill at the back of the Derby field, waiting to swoop, ready to assert his ownership of the world's most illustrious Flat race.
Piggott is only gliding across a hotel foyer, but the association with Epsom is still instant. In the handshake, his fingers are curled from all the reins he held to steer home 30 Classic winners and nine Derby champions. His face bears softened versions of the creases that scored his features when he was the famished, hardened lord of the weighing-room. And in his eyes now is more of the softness that was so rarely visible behind the mask of the ruthless pilot.
In the golden age of sports personalities – Muhammad Ali, Pelé – Piggott acquired charisma by turning his face away from noise and celebrity. He had no use for the tumble of words with which others described their activities. His silence was his calling card. The cold glint in his eye thrilled punters and terrified his rivals. All emotion was excised from the business of winning races. At Epsom, nothing before or since has matched the glamour of him sweeping into the home straight and picking off the leaders on the best horse in a Derby.
Saturday brings the 60th anniversary of his first Derby ride, on Zucchero, who finished 13th in 1951. He conquered Epsom's undulations and cambers for the first time three years later on Never Say Die and farmed the great mile-and-a-half fiesta, winning also on Crepello, St Paddy, Sir Ivor, Nijinsky, Roberto, Empery, The Minstrel and Teenoso, the last of his successful Derby mounts, in 1983.
He has a tip for us. Piggott first rode for the Queen at Newmarket in 1955 and as our conversation turns to the monarch's Carlton House, favourite for this year's Investec Derby, he says: "It'll probably win, too. He's the obvious one."
In his official biography, written with Dick Francis, Piggott picked out his greatest dislike as "people who talk too much", so there is nothing to be gained in his presence from journalistic babble. The trainer Jeremy Tree once asked him: "I've got to speak to my old school, Lester, all the boys at Eton, and tell them all I know about racing. What shall I say?" After a pause, Piggott replied: "Tell 'em you have flu." With his partial deafness and speech impediment, he said he learned to "lip read and watch people's faces," which he still does, intently.
He weighs each question carefully and then measures out an answer like a jockey just loosening the reins. He thinks, for example, that Frankie Dettori is the finest of the modern jockeys, and that today's whip is "rubbish" and much less painful to horses than the public understands: "I think today Dettori is still the best. There's a handful of really good jockeys but I think Dettori is the one. Beautiful balance on a horse. Of course, Ryan Moore's good and Kieren Fallon's good but if you really come down to it Frankie's still the best."
In his time Piggott was a famously vigorous coercer of horses but was also known for his artistry and his super-human judgment of pace, which looked bred into him through a long ancestry of jockeys and trainers.
"I never hit them unless they were answering it. If they were going forward you knew they were responding. But there were a lot of horses I rode I never hit at all because they didn't like it."
A quick statistical blizzard: Piggott's 30 Classic wins from 1954-1992 will probably never be surpassed. Since 1900, Willie Carson comes next, way back on 17. Piggott was 12 when he rode his first winner and 18 when he accompanied Never Say Die at Epsom. Back then he was an enfant terrible, often in trouble with the stewards.
He was champion jockey 11 times and rode 4,493 Flat winners as well as 20 over hurdles, including one at the Cheltenham Festival in 1954. He rode Nijinsky to a Triple Crown (the 2,000 Guineas, Derby and St Leger) in 1970 and won the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe on Rheingold and Alleged (twice). When Vincent O'Brien, the great Irish trainer, talked him out of retirement he won the 1990 Breeders' Cup Mile on Royal Academy and the 2,000 Guineas with Rodrigo de Triano.
Working as an ambassador for the Qipco British Champions Series, Piggott granted the Observer a rare interview, and talked with the soft wit his closest friends and admirers always said was there. "People ask me why I ride with my bottom in the air. Well, I've got to put it somewhere," he once said.
The Long Fellow's style in the saddle expressed his journey across Britain's racecourses. The raised rear might as well have been a shark's fin.
There is a bit of fuss around him this week. "There's always some anniversary, isn't there. It's 60 years since I first rode in the Derby, you know?" he says. The question mark at the end of the sentence is a familiar racing habit used also by Henry Cecil, trainer of Frankel, brilliant winner of the 2,000 Guineas and an old Piggott ally.
Frankel was never going to be a Derby horse, Piggott insists: "No, he's too fast, isn't he? He ran the first five furlongs of the Guineas in about 58 seconds. Henry's got some other good ones. He trains in a very simple way and makes it look so easy. He has a good staff and a lot of people helping him. The old way. He trains like he did 30 years ago."
"The old way" is being swept away in racing's quest for modernisation and Piggott is happy to go along with it, to a point. "With the whip they have today they couldn't hurt a horse much. It's impossible. The whips are rubbish," he says. "It's all right people saying they shouldn't have whips but the ones they use today are hardly any good anyway. They're just half-and-half. The jockey had to have a whip because otherwise the horse used to go all over the place." He laughs at the thought of half-a-ton of horse without a tiller.
"Most horses hang one way or the other so you need something to correct them. The whip then was more of a whip. Today they're nothing like that. But, you know, I can see from the public point of view – at the end of a three-mile steeplechase it doesn't look good when they're whacking them. But not on the Flat."
He also regrets the rise in fixtures that serve only as betting shop fodder: "Except for the big meetings racing's become a weekend thing. The week-day racing is rubbish, isn't it? It's a lot of handicaps. People still bet on it, but it's mediocre. They went too much towards mediocrity. There's too much racing and too much mediocrity. But the sport has come through all these bad times and survived."
At 75 he no longer rides but still enjoys a punt. "We always have a bet in the bigger races. It wouldn't be any fun otherwise, would it?"
Money was Piggott's other great love, and his downfall, when he was sentenced in 1987 to three years in prison for failing to declare income of £3.25m to the Inland Revenue in the biggest tax-evasion case of its time. He served a year, was stripped of his OBE and saw his blossoming training career ruined. "I liked training a lot but it was a bad time for me, really, and I didn't continue," he says.
In 2007 he found himself in intensive care in a Swiss hospital with heart trouble: an affront to a man who has probably never eaten a Mars bar or sausage roll: "I don't know why it happened really. It's a funny thing. You wouldn't think I would get it because I was very fit but it can happen to anybody. It was just a blocked artery."
There is a placidity about him that speaks of an inner calm. But when I open his biography and show him some of the pictures he looks uncomfortable, as if to look back is too painful. "I'm quite busy, but it's not quite the same, really," he says at one point. People expect him to join them on the their nostalgia trips but he has to occupy the present, without riding, minus the thrill of the chase.
The Derby defined him because he mastered nature around Epsom and usually found his way on to the best animal, sometimes at another jockey's expense: "Of course there are bigger races later in the year now but the Derby still holds up. Look at last year [Workforce]: the winner was a great horse who won the Arc. So it holds up. The horse that wins the Derby has got to be able to do a lot of things.
"Where Sea The Stars [2009] was so good was that he was able to go through the gears. So few horses can do that. And he was a bit lazy, so we really never knew what he could do. To win the Arc so easily was fantastic.
"I thought Sir Ivor [1968] was probably the best of mine. He had this speed. He wasn't a mile-and-a-half horse but he had this terrific turn of foot. They were all great but I think he was the best. It depends a lot on the horse but it's a very tricky race. It was always the big thing. It was the thing. So you had to put a lot of thought into it. I was riding good horses. That helped."
Sometimes another jockey's good horse? "Not really. The intention was to get on the best one. That's why you're a jockey – to get on the best horse. The only controversy was Roberto [who was to be ridden by Bill Williamson, in 1972] – and that was the owner. He left it a bit late, but it was his idea."
A good idea, too, because John Galbreath saw the truth that still radiates from this mellow, shrewd-eyed horseman, with his winning energy and his poise. Around Epsom, with the right partner, Piggott would break the hearts of the opposition.
Piggott's Derby love affair
1951 Zucchero Piggott's first Derby, when he was just 15, was on a temperamental character who planted and refused to budge until the remainder of the field were almost out of sight. What did Piggott learn from this experience? "Not to get left at the start"
1952 Gay Time After winning well at Salisbury just seven days before the big race, PiggottPiggott considered his mount 'a certainty', but Charlie Smirke was in no mood to be upstaged and gave his young rival a famously hard time on the track. Smirke's mount, Tulyar, held off Gay Time by three-quarters of a length and Piggott was eventually unseated after the line
1954 Never Say Die The first of Piggott's nine successes in the race came aboard a 33-1 chance. The papers were in a frenzy about the youngest rider ever to win the race ever winner but, rather than stay out to celebrate, he was driven home by his parents where he to spend the evening mowing the lawn
1957 Crepello A heavily backed favourite, Piggott's winning ride cemented his reputation with punters and the press as being the best around. As he returned to the winner's enclosure, celebrity hairdresser 'Teasy Weasy' Raymond burst through the crowds to thrust a gold watch into the hands of the jockey as a thank-you present, while the horse's owner, Victor Sassoon gave Piggott his car, a Lincoln Continental limousine
1968 Sir Ivor Any regrets the rider might have had about his split with Noel Murless did not last long. Sir Ivor became the first of four winners Piggott would partner for Vincent O'Brien, eight years after his previous Derby win on St Paddy Piggott found Sir Ivor an easy ride – "it was as if he knew what he was supposed to do"
1970 Nijinsky Probably Piggott's most popular and famous winning ride in the race, the outstanding Nijinksy went on to become the first horse since Bahram in 1935 to win the Triple Crown. An iconic victory in the Derby, which took his record to eight from eight, was achieved in effortless fashion from French colts Gyr and Stintino
1972 Roberto Piggott had to be at his very strongest to force the winner home from Rheingold, who might have won but for continually bumping into his rival. Short of room for manoeuvre, it took a ride of astonishing power and determination to secure a short-head verdict in a photograph which took the judge what seemed like hours to resolve
1976 Empery A seventh Derby win made Piggott the winningmost successful rider in the history of the race, but punters could have been forgiven for being surprised by the 10-1 success over hot favourite Wollow. Piggott repeated the success on The Minstrel the following year
1983 Teenoso The last of Piggott's wins, gained in the most testing conditions many could ever remember at the track. Trainer Geoff Wragg, in his first season with a licence, was given a dream start to his career and the horse proved the win to be no fluke when winning the King George the following year
1994 Khamaseen Having returned to the sport after serving a prison sentence for tax evasion, Piggott was a 58-year-old grandfather when he finished fifth behind Erhaab, closing a chapter in the history of the Derby as he rode in the race for the 38th and final time
| Never Say Die |
Give any year in the life of Russian Empress Catherine the Great. | Espom Derby History
Espom Derby History
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Espom Derby History Epsom Derby video highlights - The top ten Derby winners
15 May 2012
The town of Epsom first became famous for its natural mineral water when a local farmer, Henry Wicker took his cattle up to a watering hole on the Downs in 1618.
The alleged healing properties of the water brought crowds from London who wanted to escape the squalor in return for the country air.
1661 saw the first recorded race meeting to be held on the Downs and the tradition continued until the summer of 1780 when one of today's greatest sporting spectacles was established.
Edward Smith Stanley, the 12th Earl of Derby, organised a race for himself and his friends to race their three-year-old fillies over one and a half miles. He named it the Oaks after his estate. The race became so successful that the following year a new race was added for colts and fillies.
The title of the race was decided after the Earl of Derby and Sir Charles Bunbury, a leading racing figure of the day and friend of the Earl's, flipped a coin. So begun the inaugural running of the 'Derby' won, incidentally, by Sir Charles Bunbury's horse Diomed.
The contest was held over a mile with the starting point in a straight line beyond the current five-furlong marker. Tattenham Corner was not introduced until 1784 when the course was extended to its current distance of a mile- and-a-half.
Since then, the race has produced some of the most remarkable stories in all of sport and has been the crowning glory for some of the greatest legends of the game, both human and equine.
Emily Davison
In 1913, for example, a young woman named Emily Davison attended the race. A keen suffragette, Emily dedicated her life to fighting the oppression of women – arguing for the right to vote and equality in law.
To gain publicity, Emily tried to grab the bridle of Anmer, King George V's horse, as it raced past her. Horrifically, she was trampled by the horse, suffering a severely fractured skull. She died without regaining consciousness. Although the suffragettes mourned her loss, they also applauded her bravery. The general public weren't so compassionate though and seemed more concerned with the fate of the horse and jockey, though neither turned out to be seriously hurt.
Emily's actions spurred many more women to act and, in 1918, parliament enfranchised women over the age of 30, eventually lowering the voting age to 21 in 1928, giving women complete political equality with men. Emily's sacrifice also had a big affect on the Derby itself – her legendary action had made the race more famous than ever.
Vincent O’Brien
Vincent O’Brien is arguably the greatest trainer of thoroughbreds there has ever been and his record is simply astonishing.
Initially he concentrated his efforts on jump racing. This led to a string of eye catching successes. These encompassed three consecutive Gold Cups (1948, 1949 and 1950), three consecutive Champion Hurdles (1949, 1950 and 1951) and three consecutive Grand Nationals (1953, 1954 and 1955). He is the only trainer ever to have sent out three consecutive winners of the Grand National, and he won a further Gold Cup in 1953.
In the late 1950's he switched his attentions to the flat and needless to say he met once again with considerable success. By the time he retired he had won sixteen English and twenty seven Irish classics, including six Derbys (Larkspur (1962), Sir Ivor (1968), Nijinsky (1970), Roberto (1972), The Minstrel (1977) and Golden Fleece (1982)).
Lester Piggott
Lester Piggott rode in the Epsom Derby on thirty-eight occasions and won the race nine times, including becoming the youngest ever to win the event in at the tender age of 18.
In his 47 years in the saddle he rode to victory 5,300 times in more than 30 countries. Aged 56, he claimed the 2,000 Guineas in 1992 on Rodrigo de Triano - his 30th British Classic win. He eventually retired in 1995 and some of his most noteable Derby's are detailed below:
ZUCCHERO (1951)
Piggott's first Derby in 1951, when he was just 15, was on a temperamental character who planted and refused to budge until the remainder of the field were almost out of sight. What did Piggott learn from this experience? "Not to get left at the start".
GAY TIME (1952)
After winning well at Salisbury just seven days before the big race, Piggott considered his mount 'a certainty', but Charlie Smirke was in no mood to be upstaged and gave his young rival a famously hard time on the track. Smirke's mount, Tulyar, held off Gay Time by three-quarters of a length and Piggott was eventually unseated after the line.
NEVER SAY DIE (1954)
The first of Piggott's nine successes in the race came aboard a 33-1 chance. The papers were in a frenzy about the youngest rider ever to win the race ever winner but, rather than stay out to celebrate, he was driven home by his parents where he to spend the evening mowing the lawn.
CREPELLO (1957)
A heavily backed favourite, Piggott's winning ride cemented his reputation with punters and the press as being the best around. As he returned to the winner's enclosure, celebrity hairdresser 'Teasy Weasy' Raymond burst through the crowds to thrust a gold watch into the hands of the jockey as a thank-you present, while the horse's owner, Victor Sassoon gave Piggott his car, a Lincoln Continental limousine.
SIR IVOR (1968)
Any regrets the rider might have had about his split with Noel Murless did not last long. Sir Ivor became the first of four winners Piggott would partner for Vincent O'Brien, eight years after his previous Derby win on St Paddy Piggott found Sir Ivor an easy ride – "it was as if he knew what he was supposed to do".
NIJINKSY (1970)
Probably Piggott's most popular and famous winning ride in the race, the outstanding Nijinksy went on to become the first horse since Bahram in 1935 to win the Triple Crown. An iconic victory in the Derby, which took his record to eight from eight, was achieved in effortless fashion from French colts Gyr and Stintino.
ROBERTO (1972)
Piggott had to be at his very strongest to force the winner home from Rheingold, who might have won but for continually bumping into his rival. Short of room for manoeuvre, it took a ride of astonishing power and determination to secure a short-head verdict in a photograph which took the judge what seemed like hours to resolve.
EMPERY (1976)
A seventh Derby win made Piggott the winning most successful rider in the history of the race, but punters could have been forgiven for being surprised by the 10-1 success over hot favourite Wollow. Piggott repeated the success on The Minstrel the following year.
TEENOSO (1983)
The last of Piggott's wins, gained in the most testing conditions many could ever remember at the track. Trainer Geoff Wragg, in his first season with a licence, was given a dream start to his career and the horse proved the win to be no fluke when winning the King George the following year.
KHAMASEEN (1994)
Having returned to the sport after serving a prison sentence for tax evasion, Piggott was a 58-year-old grandfather when he finished fifth behind Erhaab, closing a chapter in the history of the Derby as he rode in the race for the 38th and final time.
Nijinsky (1970)
Trained by the Irish genius Vincent O'Brien, he won all five of his races as a two-year-old and did not let his supporters down in the Derby, recording a stylish victory under the legendary Lester Piggott.
He landed the Irish Derby and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes, and went on to complete the Triple Crown (2000 Guineas, Derby and St Leger).
He ended his career with two defeats but they could not disguise the glory of his achievements earlier in the year.
Piggott paid him this tribute: "Nijinsky possessed more natural ability than any horse I ever rode".
Mill Reef (1971)
Mill Reef and the equally-brilliant Brigadier Gerard made 1971 a golden year for racing.
Both were outstanding champions in their own right and they remain two of the all-time greats. The "Brigadier" came out on top in the 2000 Guineas but he did not run at Epsom, leaving Mill Reef to make his own indelible mark in the history books.
The better of the pair over the Derby distance of a mile-and-a-half, Mill Reef later added the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Stakes at Ascot and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe in Paris to his impressive portfolio.
Shergar (1981)
Shergar is perhaps even better known these days for his unsolved disappearance than he is for his breathtaking display at Epsom, where he scored by an unprecedented 10 lengths.
After going on to land the Irish Derby and King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes, he was sensationally beaten in the St Leger and subsequently retired.
After spending just one season at the Aga Khan's stud in Ireland, he vanished during the night in February 1983 and was never seen again.
The kidnap made front-page news worldwide and before long, conspiracy theories began to circulate. Bogus ransom demands were received on more than one occasion and the kidnappers were said to have left photos of the horse in a hotel as proof that the champion stud was still alive. It was even suggested the IRA had taken the horse and shot him, but to this day, no proof exists as to what really happened.
Shergar's Derby win was named in the Observer's 100 Most Memorable Sporting Moments of the 20th Century.
Willie Carson
Five-time champion jockey Willie Carson won 17 British Classics and 11 Irish Classics in a glittering 34-year riding career.
Carson rode his first Classic winner on High Top in the 1972 2000 Guineas, the year he was crowned champion jockey for the first time and was also champion in 1973, 1978, 1980 and 1983.
Carson won the Derby for the first time on the brilliant colt Troy in the 200th running of the famous Epsom showpiece in 1979 and also won the turf's Blue Riband on Henbit (1980), Nashwan (1989) and Erhaab (1994) and rates Nashwan as the best horse he rode in his illustrious career.
He enjoyed his best season in 1990, riding 187 winners and retired from riding in 1996 at the age of 54. Carson was awarded an OBE in 1983 for services to racing.
Carson is now a very successful breeder and owns the 60-acre Minster Stud at Cirencester in Gloucestershire and was the first jockey to breed a British Classic winner, Minster Son, who he also rode, to win the 1988 St Leger in Lady Beaverbrook's silks.
Carson is fourth in the all-time list of champion flat jockeys in Britain behind Sir Gordon Richards, Lester Piggott and Pat Eddery.
The Queen
Queen Elizabeth comes to Derby Day every year, usually accompanied by Prince Philip.
As a racehourse owner, The Queen has had nine attempts to win the Epsom Derby - with a second place (Aureole, Coronation year, 1953) the best. Her last entry was thirty years ago, but this year she will be represented by race-favourite, Carlton House. Her previous attempts are detailed below:
AUREOLE (1953 - 2nd)
Aureole came closest to giving the Queen a Derby victory when runner-up to Pinza at Epsom Downs. Ridden by Harry Carr, the colt was sixth into the home straight and made headway in the final three furlongs but was unable to peg back Pinza.
LANDAU (1954 - 8th)
Landau finished a length second to Rowston Manor in the Lingfield Derby Trial but in the Derby itself, the colt led from three furlongs out until the quarter-mile mark, at which point he weakened tamely to finish eighth under Willie Snaith as Never Say Die went on to win.
ATLAS (1956 - 5th)
Sent off a 50/1 shot, Atlas made late headway at Epsom, coming home strongly under Harry Carr, to take fifth, a little over three lengths behind the victorious Lavandin.
DOUTELLE (1957 - 10th)
A winner of the Lingfield Derby Trial, Doutelle was at 100/6 chance for the Derby. But he was never in contention, trailing in tenth behind the winner Crepello under jockey Harry Carr.
MINER'S LAMP (1958 - 6th)
Miner's Lamp's won Epsom's Blue Riband Trial Stakes but was never able to challenge the front rank in the Derby and shared sixth place behind the winner, Hard Ridden.
ABOVE SUSPICION (1959 - 5th)
Sent off at 100/6 for the Derby, Above Suspicion raced towards the rear under Doug Smith before making strong progress in the home straight, running on to take fifth, three lengths behind his victorious stablemate, Parthia.
ENGLISH HARBOUR (1978 - 18th)
Ridden by Joe Mercer, English Harbour was never a factor in the Derby as he trailed home a distant 18th behind Shirley Heights, a horse he had finished fifth behind on his two-year-old debut in Newmarket's Limekiln Stakes.
MILFORD (1979 - 10th)
Sent off the 15/2 third favourite under Lester Piggott, the Royal colt weakened in the straight to finish about 15 lengths behind the triumphant Troy.
CHURCH PARADE (1981 - 5th)
Ridden by Willie Carson, Church Parade kept on at one pace under Willie Carson to take fifth, 18 lengths behind the imperious Shergar.
By the early nineteenth century there was one permanent stand for spectators, called the Prince's Stand. In 1828, the newly formed Epsom Grand Stand Association started to build a new stand which although not completed, was in use by the 1829 Derby.
Noteable events
1805 – One of the horses was brought down by a spectator.
1838 – Amato never raced before or after winning the Derby.
1844 – The original winner Running Rein was disqualified as he was actually an ineligible four-year-old horse named Maccabeus.
1881 – Iroquois became the first American-bred to win a leg of the British triple crown.
1884 – The race finished with a dead-heat between Harvester and St. Gatien.
1887 – Merry Hampton is the most recent horse to win the Derby with no previous victories.
1894 – The winner was owned by the Prime Minister at the time, the 5th Earl of Rosebery.
1901 – The first year in which a mechanical starting gate was used.
1909 – Minoru was the first Derby winner owned by a reigning monarch, King Edward VII, who had previously won twice as Prince of Wales.
1913 – The 6/4 favourite Craganour, owned by Charles B. Ismay, brother of J. Bruce Ismay of the Titanic, was controversially disqualified, and the race was awarded to the 100/1 outsider Aboyeur. Suffragette Emily Davison is struck by King George V's horse, Anmer, she dies four days later.
1916 – Fifinella, who also won the Oaks, is the most recent of six fillies to win the race. The previous five were Eleanor (1801), Blink Bonny (1857), Shotover (1882), Signorinetta (1908), Tagalie (1912).
1921 – The winner Humorist died two weeks after the race.
1927 – The first Derby to be broadcast by the BBC.
1932 – April the Fifth is the most recent winner trained at Epsom.
1946 – Airborne is the most recent of 4 grey horses to win the Derby.
1953 – Pinza was the first winner in the race for the jockey Sir Gordon Richards, after 27 unsuccessful attempts.
1989 – The runner-up Terimon is the longest-priced horse to finish placed in the Derby, at odds of 500/1.
1996 – Alex Greaves became the first (and so far only) lady jockey to ride in the race. She finished last on the filly Portuguese Lil.
1998 – The most recent filly to take part, the 1,000 Guineas winner Cape Verdi, started as 11/4 favourite but could only finish 9th.
2007 – Authorized provided jockey Frankie Dettori with his first winner in the Derby after 14 previous attempts.
2008 – Jim Bolger, the trainer of Derby winner New Approach, had left the horse entered for the race "by mistake", having not initially intended to run him.
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Historically associated with George Washington, in which English county is Sulgrave Manor | SULGRAVE MANOR - 1001040| Historic England
SULGRAVE MANOR
List Entry Summary
This garden or other land is registered under the Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act 1953 within the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens by English Heritage for its special historic interest.
Name: SULGRAVE MANOR
The garden or other land may lie within the boundary of more than one authority.
County: Northamptonshire
National Park: Not applicable to this List entry.
Grade: II
Date of most recent amendment: Not applicable to this List entry.
Legacy System Information
The contents of this record have been generated from a legacy data system.
Legacy System: Parks and Gardens
UID: 2042
Asset Groupings
This list entry does not comprise part of an Asset Grouping. Asset Groupings are not part of the official record but are added later for information.
List entry Description
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
Reasons for Designation
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
History
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details.
Details
Formal gardens laid out in 1920s by Sir Reginald Blomfield around the sometime home of the Washingtons, forefathers of George Washington, first President of the USA.
HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT
One of the three manors of Sulgrave was acquired in 1539 by Lawrence Washington (d 1584), a wool merchant who in 1532 had been mayor of Northampton. Soon after he rebuilt the house. That manor was purchased in 1610 by his grandson Lawrence Makepeace. The family sold it in 1659, and c 1673 it passed to the Rev Moses Hodges. His son John reunited all three of Sulgrave's manors and rebuilt the house, giving it its basic modern appearance. The Hodges family retained ownership of the house until 1840, by which time it had become a dilapidated farmhouse.
John Washington, a member of the family which owned Sulgrave although not resident there, emigrated to Virginia in 1656. His great-grandson, George (1732-99), was the first President of the United States of America. In 1914 Sulgrave Manor was purchased by subscription as a memorial to a century of peace between Britain and the USA and opened to the public. Restoration of the house and the laying out of a garden, both under Sir Reginald Blomfield, were delayed until the 1920s. It is now (1997) administered by the Sulgrave Manor Board on behalf of the peoples of Great Britain and the USA.
DESCRIPTION
LOCATION, AREA, BOUNDARIES, LANDFORM, SETTING The village of Sulgrave is 12km north-east of Banbury, on a minor road off the B4525 Northampton Road. The Manor lies on the south-east side of the village, off Manor Road, with thatched stone cottages to front and rear. The area here registered is c 3.5ha.
ENTRANCES AND APPROACHES The Manor is announced by tall, probably early C18, ironstone gate piers with ball finials on Manor Road. From these a short, straight drive runs south, terminating at a slightly sunken turning circle west of the house, from which there is access to the courtyard in its north-west angle.
PRINCIPAL BUILDING The Manor House (listed grade I) is an L-plan building of coursed limestone rubble and a stone-slate roof. It is of two storeys and an attic, with a gabled two-storey porch at the centre of the hall. The hall range was built c 1540(60 by Lawrence Washington, while the north-east wing was added by John Hodges c 1700. The left (west) half of the hall range, demolished c 1780, was rebuilt in 1929 by Sir Reginald Blomfield under whom the house was restored 1920-9.
Attached to the north-west side of the house by a short wall is the former brewhouse of c 1700, remodelled by Blomfield in the 1920s. This was used as a visitor centre until 1998 when construction of a major new facility began down the west side of the gardens.
GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS When the Manor House was purchased in 1914 all trace of any earlier pleasure garden had disappeared. Between 1920 and c 1928 the garden was remade under the direction of Sir Reginald Blomfield (d 1942), his working drawings showing how the design evolved in several stages. Since its completion there have been very few changes.
Lining the drive off Manor Road and the turning circle are white-thorn hedges. From the east side of the drive a straight path runs east to a gravel circle adjoining the north side of the north, stone-paved, forecourt. Path and gravel circle are lined with clipped yew hedges. North of this is a paddock, Little Green.
Immediately east of the Manor, on a lawn confined to the north by a tall stone wall and to the south and east by hedges, is the Rose Garden. Low box hedges define a quartered square with central sundial (of 1579, brought to Sulgrave 1925, not in place winter 1997(8); within the beds shrubs have replaced the roses. In the north-west angle of the compartment, and opening into it, is a stone Garden House for tools designed by Blomfield. Alongside it is a lavender bed.
All the other garden compartments lie south of the house, to the east and west of whose porch are herbaceous borders. On the west side of the garden is the Terrace, a lawn set a metre above the main lawn to its east. Along its west side is a low stone wall. In its northern half is an Elizabethan-style knot garden of relatively recent date (ie post-Blomfield) and along its northern edge a herbaceous border. Fairly central is a single, over-mature walnut tree, the sole survivor of three retained by Blomfield when he redesigned the gardens.
There are steps with stumpy piers off the east side of the Terrace, towards its south end and at the north-east corner. The latter lead down to the west end of the straight gravel path which runs across the south front of the house and the south end of the Rose Garden, on the east side of which it terminates at the head of steps with short stone balustrades to either side which lead down to the Kitchen Garden. From the porch a second path runs off south, at right-angles to the first, as the main axial path down the garden. This crosses the western half of the main flat lawn, the Bowling Green, which has 2m high yew hedges to east and south with stone piers at the corners. At either end of the path is a pair of birds in clipped yew topiary work.
On the south side of the Bowling Green, steps flanked by tall gate piers surmounted with ornamental balls carry the axial path up to the Orchard (laid out and planted 1927(8), which is contained within a 1.5m high yew hedge with demi-lune to the south. The axial path carries across this to a wooden bench set in an apse at the apex of the demi-lune. Within the orchard are several rows of mature, standard apple trees. Slips to east and west of the demi-lune contain modern sheds.
KITCHEN GARDEN The long, thin, Kitchen Garden, still used for vegetable growing in 1998, lies east of the Bowling Green and the Rose Garden, hidden from the house behind their hedges. The north end of the Kitchen Garden has taken in a Herb Garden and (at the north end) a Rock Garden shown on a plan of 1933 (Clifford-Smith 1933, 163).
REFERENCES
Country Life, 71 (25 June 1932), pp 722(8 H Clifford Smith, Sulgrave Manor and the Washingtons (1933) J Anthony, The Gardens of Britain 6, (1979), pp 154-7 Sulgrave Manor, Northamptonshire, guidebook, (1997)
Maps OS 6" to 1 mile: 1st edition published 1887 2nd edition published 1900 OS 25" to 1 mile: 2nd edition published 1900
Archival items Blomfield's drawings and book of specifications are held at Sulgrave Manor.
Description written: 1998 Register Inspector: PAS Edited: January 2000
Selected Sources
Legacy Record - This information may be included in the List Entry Details
National Grid Reference: SP 56066 45593
Map
© Crown Copyright and database right 2017. All rights reserved. Ordnance Survey Licence number 100024900.
© British Crown and SeaZone Solutions Limited 2017. All rights reserved. Licence number 102006.006.
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End of official listing
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In the famous novel by Charles Dickens, what is Little Dorrit’s first name? | George Washington and His English Ancestry | In Love With England
In Love With England
George Washington and His English Ancestry
Perhaps we American Anglophiles have good reason to love England. Our histories are closely connected, and England is a part of the American heritage. Take George Washington for instance. Our first President, a Founding Father, George Washington was one of our greatest leaders, guiding our country in its infancy. But few realize that, despite the fact that Washington led American troops against the British army, his ancestry is very English indeed.
The name “Washington” was derived from a village in England formerly known as “Wessington.” The first person to acquire this name lived in the 1200s. The Washingtons eventually spread out into Northamptonshire where Lawrence Washington built the renowned Sulgrave Manor in the 1500s. There, one of the entrances is adorned with the Washington shield: three stars over two stripes.
Look familiar? This symbol has now become the flag for Washington, D.C. and is even placed on the Purple Heart. But it is also said to be the basis for our very own American flag, the Stars and Stripes. The Washington coat of arms has been in existence since the 1300s, and it was placed in stained glass in Selby Abbey in Yorkshire in the 1400s. This window is said to be in commemoration of John Wessington, Prior of Durham.
image courtesy Tomasz Steifer, Gdansk
image courtesy derek dye
It was John Washington (1633-1677) who eventually emigrated to America. John was a trade sailor in the colonies, and after shipwrecking in the Potomac River in 1657, he ended up living in Virginia. He married Ann Pope, the daughter of a wealthy magistrate who gave them 700 acres of land in Westmoreland County upon their marriage. John eventually acquired 8500 acres of Virginia land by the time he died in 1677. Perhaps he never would have thought that in less than a hundred years later, the colonies would declare their independence and rise against the British monarchy, led by his very own great-grandson, George Washington.
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The TV documentary “Death of a Princess” caused a diplomatic rift between Britain and which other country? | Press Reaction In 1980 To Death Of A Princess | Death Of A Princess | FRONTLINE | PBS
"The Gate of an Arabian princess: a 'docu-drama'"
Christian Science Monitor
May 9, 1980
by Arthur Unger
One of the most controversial -- and timely -- films in the short history of the Public Broadcasting Service is being aired on most of that network's affiliates despite protests from the Saudi Arabian government. …
Whatever one's reservations may be -- and it is quite possible and proper to question certain aspects of this unusual pseudo-docudrama -- this is a film to see, to analyze, to question on its various implications as a social document, as an informational program, and as an entertainment. In its own exotic way "Princess" may prove to be a landmark film in the development of education-information-entertainment television. But the form itself -- docudrama -- is a problem. Although scripted and performed by professional actors throughout, this kind of program also attempts to convey the feeling of documentary accuracy in the presentation of its topical and often carefully researched subject matter, as well as in its tone. As a result, the form can be used to distort truth as easily as it can to serve it, leaving the viewer with no way of knowing where accuracy really lies.
"Princess" is the superbly photographed story -- a bit Somerset Maugham and a bit of "the lady or the tiger" in character -- of a reporter's five-month search for the truth concerning a Saudi Arabian princess supposedly executed and her boy-lover beheaded because of their three-week adulterous affair. In order for the sentence to be carried out, the teen-age princess had to state three times before a Muslim court that she had committed the crime. Was she an empty-headed child or a better for women's rights?
The narrator, called Christopher Ryder in the film's odyssey but clearly filmmaker Antony Thomas, follows all available trails, visits friends, government officials, relatives, women's movement activists in and out of Saudi Arabia, investigates the oddly ambivalent position of women in fundamentalist Muslim states, follows many paths which are obviously untrue or the product of guilt, venom, or imagination. He re-creates in his mind's eye -- and on camera -- all of the supposed happenings and comes to the final conclusion that the real truth may never be known. …
But should it be told in this form?
"Death of a Princess" is the ultimate docudrama -- a form which television has expropriated for itself and which it seems to be using and misusing more and more.
Many docudramas -- dramatized informational programming -- would much better serve the viewers they were presented in strictly documentary form so that viewers could clearly understand that what they are viewing is fact. In the case of "Princess" and many other recent docudramas, the viewer is left with a hodgepodge conglomeration of real people, fictional characters, real incidents, and dramatized ones which make it absolutely impossible to ascertain where creative license has been taken. (The filmmaker in this case, however, insists that all interviews are based on real ones). …
"Death of a Princess" is a TV show to view, ponder, and perhaps learn from, but it is also a major problem for television itself to ponder.
"The Show Must Go On" [Editorial]
The Washington Post
May 11, 1980
The furor over Saudi Arabia's protests against the showing of "Death of a Princess" by the Public Broadcasting Service is both more and less than it is made out to be. The Saudi protest, and those of its oil partner, the Mobil Corporation, along with some of the heavier interventions of the State Department and certain members of Congress, make it essential that the show be seen on schedule Monday evening. None of this should even be negotiable. The outcry, of course, makes it inevitable that an extra large audience will tune in. The incident is more than it appears to be because, with the power that Saudi oil and financial resources confer, Saudi displeasure can have costly consequences. When the same film was shown in Britain, for instance, the Saudis expelled the British ambassador -- notwithstanding an official apology for the film -- and undertook a line of economic sanctions whose end, to British dismay, is not yet in sight.
The incident is -- so far -- less than it appears to be, however, because the official Saudi protests against the American showing have, by contrast, been phrased in very hedged terms. The Saudis have criticized a "docu-drama," which they find replete with "false episodes, serious inaccuracies and outright prejudice." But on the record at least, they have not asked PBS to cancel the show. They have asked that PBS and other news media "determine for themselves what the fictitious items and distortions are and … not report them to the American public as fact"-- to which the immediate response must be: how else can this be done except by canceling the show? The Saudis would also have liked a statement by the U.S. government characterizing the film as "distorted and inaccurate."
The State Department declined to go that far. But in a way this would have been preferable to its direct approach to PBS with a request that PBS assure its viewers "a full and balanced presentation." PBS intends to do that anyway, at least by their earliest public statements, by conducting a discussion of the show on the air after it is run, and it would have been well for the State Department to have left it alone in the first place.
The Saudis indicated that, though they are affronted by the show, and perhaps worried by the way it will play into an internal debate of their own, they did not wish to make the incident a test of their relationship with the United States. Perhaps they feel that American-Saudi relations are already under enough strain.
By contrast, Mobil in its ad has raised the stakes, declaring that "the best interest of the United States" is involved, and urges PBS to "review its decision to run this film." If Americans decline to delete television programs because foreign governments object to them, they will certainly decline when American corporations object, even corporations like Mobil, which heavily supports PBS. (We note, by the way, that it seems a grotesque "defense" of the First Amendment for a court in Texas to have ordered the film to be shown.) Perhaps Mobil is out in front acting for the Saudis, making the threats the retiring Saudis prefer not to be heard uttering in public themselves. If that is so, we are all better off replying just to the Saudis and telling them -- as now PBS is -- that the show is receiving precisely the critical dissection the Saudis have said it deserves and that good journalistic practice would have brought this about anyway, and that the show will go on.
"Death of a Princess" [Editorial]
The Economist
April 19, 1980
Once upon a time Orson Welles, adapting H. G. Wells for radio, frightened New Yorkers into thinking that the Martians had landed. Nowadays our senses are so benumbed by the invasion of fact, fiction and the something in between from our television screens that the entry of true-life Martians might be dismissed as an intemperate lead into the next Star Wars sequel. A great grey area has emerged where contemporary history shades into invention. Saudi Arabian protests about Antony Thomas's "Death of a Princess", a two-hour "dramatised documentary" first shown in Britain on April 9th, are beneficial in that they have generated a sharp controversy about television's singular capacity for blending what might have happened into what actually did.
Television is not the only offender: writers experiment with what Norman Mailer calls "faction"; newspapers, sinners long before radio was invented, call it "informed speculation". But television, by entwining news film with feature film, can multiply both the impact and the confusion.
Mr. Thomas's film is in a special category, both because it deals with very recent events, and because most of those events are mysterious. It is known that, in 1977, a Saudi princess and her lover were publicly killed as punishment for their adultery. A bystander filmed the killings. Mr. Thomas sought to pursue the background to this brutal, medieval happening. But almost everyone he asked about it told a different story. There was no noble, romantic tale. There was plenty of wish-fulfilment by those who wanted to make the princess a martyr in the cause of freedom. The most plausible version is the simplest, and the most savage: a frivolous girl, caught out illicitly seeking pleasure, paid for it with her own and her companion's life.
Rather than drop the story, the filmmaker decided to produce his search as a sort of play, having both himself and those he interviewed played by actors. He also "reconstructed" a few selected episodes from the stories he was told. He persuaded the Associated Television Corporation to put up �100,000, and raised the same again, in undisclosed proportions, from television companies in Holland, America, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
Penalties of freedom
Saudi Arabia is an easy country to offend and could also be an expensive one. Britain and the other five countries involved in producing the film would be badly hurt if Saudi Arabia made up its mind to punish them. Quite correctly, the British and Dutch television companies decided that this was no reason for not showing the film; the American showing is scheduled for May 12th. The British foreign office, no less correctly, sent carefully worded messages expressing regret at any offence caused to the Saudis.
The Saudis, secretive and ingrown, are sensitive in a way that self-confident-bordering-on-smug countries such as Britain find hard to understand. But this, too, was no reason for not making the film, though it will be a pity if the film feeds the wretched legend that Arabs are rich, hypocritical hedonists descending in a body on London's nightclubs (apart from being a wild exaggeration, the legend, by encouraging too many Britons to be rude and greedy, is slowly keeping Arab visitors away). A sensitive subject merits sensitive handling but it should not, on that account, be left alone.
The Saudis appear to have chosen a more appropriate form of punishment than the snatching away of trade or contracts or oil. On Tuesday they announced that the General Secretariat of the Islamic Press in Jeddah intended to file a legal case against ATV. Various people are striving to change Saudi minds but if, improbably, the suit comes to court it will make intriguing hearing.
One of the film's most gripping sequences was almost certainly unfair: scenes of the bored princesses at home listening and dancing to pop music were followed by their predatory drive into the desert to pick, behind their veils, a temporary mate. The evidence for the vacuity of the princesses' lives is more substantial than for the promiscuity of those desert raids.
The Saudis and their supporters argue that "Death of a Princess" was an attack on Islam as well as on the Saudi kingdom. Many other Moslem Arabs disagree. For the criticism of Saudi Arabia underlying the film was not that it followed Islamic law but that it deviated from it.
Islamic law to most westerners means Islamic punishment: a simplified myth that this film will have fostered. The punishments are fierce, as corporal and capital punishment is bound to be in any place and by any means. The saving grace is that, for adultery, the burden of proof is almost impossible to sustain: conviction calls for four eyewitnesses to the act or a thrice-repeated confession. Princess Misha [sic] was not observed, did not, it seems, confess, and was not, perhaps, even tried. The film's judgment is that she and her lover were executed without trial on the orders of her grandfather, King Khalid's elder brother. That, if true, is not the law of Islam, it is the law of the tribe.
"A Saudi Squall on Public TV" [Op-Ed/Editorial]
The New York Times
May 9, 1980
… The world being what it is, and oil being oil, many now implore American public television not to risk further Saudi wrath by showing "Death of a Princess," as scheduled, next Monday evening.
Surely there is only one response consistent with American principle and self-respect: the show has to go on. That so basic a point needs restatement tells a good deal about the price America is paying for its addiction to imported oil. A few years ago, Turkey protested the showing of "Midnight Express," alleging the film gave a lurid picture of Turkish law. But there were then no protesting advertisements and no members of Congress ready to oblige by encroaching upon the Bill of Rights.
Saudi Arabia wants Americans to respect and understand its feudal traditions. Very well. But Americans can also insist on a measure of Saudi understanding of our democracy. What is obviously a difficult relationship can become impossible if Saudi rulers are led to believe that American liberties are subject to their veto. The dollars, weapons and friendship that Saudi Arabia obtains from the United States come to it under a Constitution which separates press and television from state. This rudimentary principle lies at the core of the argument, whatever the merits. or flaws, of "Death of a Princess."
The flaws in the film could hardly be more worrisome than the alacrity of some Americans to suppress its showing. Mobil Oil, which generously supports public television but now implores it to censor itself, may be simply defending an obvious business interest. No such excuse exists for members of Congress who have joined the chorus, or for the few public television stations that intend to black out the program. When a PBS station drops a show because it may affront Saudi Arabia, then the jibes about the "Petroleum Broadcasting Service" acquire a bitter truth.
Some maintain that the two-hour film is neither fair nor factual, and that its dramatized form exalts entertainment at the expense of information. These misgivings are fair enough, at any time, about any television documentary. They clearly justify the roundtable discussion of the program and of Saudi society that will follow the Monday broadcast.
Indeed, the debate about this program could usefully extend to the larger question of how public television sets its journalistic agenda. How do underwriting pressures -- governmental and corporate -- influence the choice of documentary subjects? How can PBS be insulated from this kind of uproar? And how should its responsibility be judged? Under no circumstances, however, should these difficult questions be confused with diplomatic expediency.
"Protector of the Constitution" [Op-Ed/Editorial]
The New York Times
The Hon. Warren M. Christopher
Department of State
Dear Mr. Secretary:
It was no great surprise that Mobil would take out an ad to express dismay about the forthcoming PBS broadcast of "Death of a Princess." Mobil enjoys the benefits of the Constitution of the United States, but it has no particular duty to protect that Constitution. Mobil is, after all, a corporation, not the Government. But we frankly grimaced when you made public a letter to PBS expressing your views about the same program, which concerns the execution in 1977 of a Saudi princess for adultery.
As you conceded, the State Department has no power to censor either the press or television. It ought to be obvious to any high school student that the Constitution forbids such meddling. Why then did you send the letter? It reads to us like one of those "cc" missives, written primarily for their effect on the person to whom one sends a carbon copy. The "cc" in this case, obviously, was the Government of Saudi Arabia. "See," your letter says to them, "even though the Constitution does not allow Government censorship, of fact or fiction, we diplomats are fine fellows who will try to bend even our most sacred principles on your behalf."
But in this accommodating climate, which ranking American official is left to defend the Constitution? Not the President, not the Acting Secretary of State, not even any of their subordinates. The person on whom the United States is left to depend as protector of the Constitution is a man named Lawrence Grossman. And he is not a government official at all; he is president of PBS.
Your background, Mr. Secretary, makes it inconceivable that you are ignorant of the commands of the Constitution and the rich history of constitutional law that surrounds it. How could you be, having once served as a clerk to Supreme Court Justice Douglas and later as Deputy Attorney General of the United States? It is thus equally inconceivable that you could have willingly sent such a letter to Mr. Grossman. So it must have been on orders.
Who gives orders to the Secretary of State? We're not sure, but we have a suspicion. We think it might be a fellow who once raised his hand and said he would "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." The same fellow who put the sign on his desk that reads, "The Buck Stops Here."
cc: Mr. Lawrence K. Grossman
| Saudi Arabia |
The poet John Suckling is credited as the inventor of which card game? | The Life of a Saudi Princess: The secret diary of the Saudi princess who would be stoned to death if she returned home | The Muslim Issue
The Life of a Saudi Princess: The secret diary of the Saudi princess who would be stoned to death if she returned home
Posted on
This article was published in 2009 but gives an insight what Saudi women go through. And members of the royal house are not spared.
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The secret diary of the Saudi princess who would be stoned to death if she returned home
On the surface, it resembles a fairy tale. A beautiful young princess is forced to marry a wicked old nobleman but falls in love with a handsome boy her own age, secretly bears his child, then goes into hiding – lest she falls into the clutches of her husband, who vows to execute her for adultery.
It sounds improbable, but this, in essence, was the story a Saudi princess told one winter morning last year in the unprepossessing surroundings of the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal at Hatton Cross, near Heathrow Airport.
The princess, who we cannot name for legal reasons, said she was convinced that she and her daughter, whose father is British and once worked at Harrods, would be flogged or stoned to death if forced to return home to Jeddah.
Hiding: The princess fears she and the daughter she had with a lover would be killed if they returned to Jeddah, where the man she was forced to marry lives
Dealing on a daily basis with desperate immigrants from all corners of the globe, the tribunal has no doubt heard many a tall tale, and the woman’s testimony was nothing if not melodramatic.
Yet it was a story the judge was prepared to accept.
It is redolent of the 1980 television drama-documentary Death Of A Princess, based on the true story of the public execution of a Saudi princess and her adulterous lover, and it is easy to see how the parallels would play upon the minds of those involved in the tribunal.
The judge’s decision to grant her asylum in Britain – she had previously been turned down – only came to light in July along with some sketchy details and speculation about the implications for Anglo-Saudi relations.
Now, an investigation by The Mail on Sunday has uncovered the full story behind the princess’s extraordinary predicament and her desperate efforts to conceal the birth of her child, including an ill-conceived plot to pass off the baby as the daughter of a friend and spirit her to the United States.
Much of her story is revealed in her compelling witness statement, leaked to this newspaper.
In it, the princess says she fears she is being hunted across London by both her husband and her father, whom she names, and whose honour, she says, her actions have compromised.
She also expresses distrust of the British Government and concern that officials might betray her whereabouts.
‘I feared the Home Office would give my details to my husband and my life would be in immediate danger,’ she says in her account.
The soldier who was killed in 2004 in Iraq and who is wrongly named as the girl’s father on her birth certificate
The sensitivity of the situation and its potential to cause diplomatic tension cannot be overstated.
It is worth noting that the political fallout from the screening of Death Of A Princess was devastating and resulted in a request that Britain withdraw its ambassador to Jeddah.
As the princess herself says in her
statement: ‘I am aware that Saudi Arabia is an important business partner of the UK. I am also aware of the power of my husband’s family and also my father in such business dealings.
‘I was very concerned that my situation could become compromised.’
Born in Jeddah, the princess ‘had an Islamic education’ at first.
Then, in common with the children of many wealthy Saudi families, she was sent to a Western school, but taken out after only two years when it was decided she should marry a senior member of the Saudi royal family.
At the time of the wedding, she was still in her early teens, while her husband had already reached old age.
‘The marriage was arranged by my father, who is a close friend to the royal family, and my marriage was a symbol of their friendship – according to custom, I was a gift,’ she says in the statement.
‘In my previous asylum statement and interview, I declined to mention my husband’s name as I thought I had already brought too much shame to him and his family and did not wish to embarrass him, his family or my family further.
‘Moreover, I have received information from third parties that if his name is revealed in any way relating to this case, I and family members who have helped me in Saudi Arabia would be in serious danger – particularly my mother. All members of my family have been banned from talking to me, contacting me, helping me in any way.’
One of several wives, she says she was ‘used for show’ and that the marriage was ‘designed to ensure unity between my own and my husband’s family’.
She adds: ‘The marriage was never consummated and I remained a virgin. Due to his age, his medical conditions and the wishes of his other wives, my husband rarely slept in the same room as me.’
It must have been a dispiriting existence but one lifted by frequent visits to London, which she regarded as her ‘second home’.
Mystery: The wedding certificate for the princess’s Yemeni friend and an American soldier. But the soldier’s mother claims that her son never married
It was on one such trip, while shopping with her maid in Harrods, that she met the man who would father her daughter.
‘He approached me and we chatted for some time before he asked for my phone number,’ she recalls in her statement. ‘He was a good-looking man (I did not hesitate to give him my number). He wished to keep in touch with me.
‘At that time, my bodyguard and driver were waiting for me outside Harrods. As there are strict restrictions in Muslim and Saudi culture, it was common at that time [and still is] for couples to meet in shopping centres and to exchange numbers in this manner.’
They developed a phone relationship – ‘we would talk as if we had known each other since childhood’ – and managed one more clandestine meeting in Harrods before the princess returned home.
No sooner was she back than she persuaded her husband that she needed to return to London for medical reasons.
He acquiesced, and her relationship with the man, a Harrods employee, then became physical, quickly resulting in her pregnancy. The situation was understandably grave. To add a further complication, as if one were needed, her lover was Jewish.
The princess recalls in her statement that she learned of her pregnancy only when she suffered morning sickness and, at first, confided in only her personal servants.
Her relationship with the man, a Harrods employee, then became physical, quickly resulting in her pregnancy. The situation was understandably grave. To add a further complication, as if one were needed, her lover was Jewish
At a later stage, she confessed to her mother, now her closest ally.
To this day, she continues secretly to fund the princess’s life in London with money sent by Western Union.
‘I wanted to have an abortion so that I could continue to lead a normal life with my family, but this was not possible in Saudi Arabia,’ recalls the princess.
‘However, she was able to hide her pregnancy by wearing a loose-fitting head-to-toe abaya cloak.
‘I also wore the abaya while sleeping at night,’ she says. ‘This is common practice for Saudi women.
‘As my husband and I never slept together, it was easy to hide my growing body from him. In addition, my bump was very small and I didn’t gain much excess weight.’
As the pregnancy neared full-term, the princess convinced her husband once again that she needed to visit Britain for medical reasons.
It was during this stay that she gave birth to her child in a London hospital.
Any elation she experienced at holding her daughter for the first time was quickly overtaken by panic and confusion.
At the time, she felt she had little choice but to give up the baby for adoption. Before anything could be resolved, she had to fly back to Saudi Arabia. She left the baby with a female friend.
‘However, once I returned, I realised that my husband had suspicions about me,’ she says. Fearing for her life, she boarded a plane to London and has never been back
to Jeddah since. She says that ‘my main priority was to find a safe place for my daughter and to ensure that she is not the subject of harm’.
The address the princess supplied to the tribunal is an elegantly appointed basement flat in a mansion block in one of the most fashionable districts of West London. Land Registry records confirm that she bought it.
Fate? A woman is buried up to her neck before being stoned to death
When The Mail on Sunday visited the address, we were told she no longer lived there. For a while, she rented a flat on the first floor of the same block, but she now lives in another part of London.
Last week, a former neighbour, who knows the princess’s whereabouts, recalled how she confided in him, revealing how her distress at the time of the pregnancy was compounded when she was abandoned by her lover.
‘She wanted to marry him but unfortunately he disappeared off the scene,’ says the neighbour. ‘She was left to bring up her daughter on her own.’
The neighbour was left in no doubt that her fears were genuine.
But while the Saudi Embassy in London has declined to comment publicly on the case, diplomatic sources have suggested, enigmatically, that the princess ‘may not be all she seems’.
It must also be said that, initially at least, she was denied asylum after the Home Office uncovered ‘inconsistencies’ in her story.
The Mail on Sunday has discovered that she falsified her daughter’s birth certificate, stating on it that the girl’s father was an American and that the mother was her Yemeni friend.
The address given for the couple is in a square in Bayswater, West London. A woman now living in the block says she could not recall the Yemeni woman or her American partner, but did remember the princess living there with her newborn baby, who is now aged eight.
In her statement, the princess admits she lied on the birth certificate but did so to protect her daughter. ‘In desperation, I asked my friend to take my daughter to the US with her American husband and to treat my daughter as her own,’ she says.
The scheme failed when American authorities discovered from DNA and blood samples that the supposed mother was not related to the child.
Why these samples were requested is not clear. But an immigration source familiar with the case said that at one stage both US Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the FBI became involved, and expressed concern about the Yemeni’s story.
‘If I return to Saudi Arabia, my daughter and I will be subject to capital punishment under sharia law. In addition, my husband or my father will definitely make sure that we receive the full sharia law punishment, which will include flogging and stoning to death, execution or some other form of honour killing’
US records reveal that her wedding to an American from Cleveland, Ohio, took place at a mosque in Las Vegas – two weeks after the princess’s baby was born.
The man’s family explained that he served in the elite Special Forces, America’s equivalent of the SAS, before becoming a private security consultant in Iraq.
In April 2004, he died at the age of 32 when his convoy was hit by rocket-propelled grenades and set ablaze in a notorious atrocity in which three other Americans were also killed.
A frenzied mob dragged their bodies through the streets of Fallujah and hanged two of them from a bridge.
Curiously, his mother told us she had never heard of the Yemeni woman and was mystified when told of a wedding certificate bearing their names.
‘My son wasn’t married. I would have known if he’d had a wife. I was in touch with him every other day,’ she says.
‘He died a single man and as a man of the Catholic faith. He would never have gotten married in a mosque. Someone must have stolen his identity.’
The Mail on Sunday tried to locate the princess’s Yemeni friend but could find no trace of her in the UK or the US.
Following the wedding, there was just one mention of her in public records, when she listed her address as a rented flat in a building in a rundown area of New York.
The flat is now occupied by an Indian couple who do not speak English. No one else in the building recognised her name last week.
Despite the unresolved questions about her account, however, the princess was granted asylum after she testified that she lied to protect herself and her daughter.
‘This is the main reason why I did not include my name on my daughter’s birth certificate. It would give a clear link to where I am living,’ she says.
‘Since coming to the UK, I have not left the country and have had to persevere with my emotional stresses, most importantly, worrying about what will happen to my daughter and me.’
Echo: A scene from 1980 drama documentary Death of a Princess
And she admits: ‘I had been used to a very high standard of living in which almost every part of my life was managed by others.
‘It was a great shock to adjust to managing my own life and being responsible for my daughter. It has been a very lonely period of readjustment, particularly in the knowledge of the stress I have caused to my family in Saudi Arabia.’
She says she is supported by her mother who is ‘sympathetic to my problem. My father is a very strict man and hence my mother always fears his actions.
‘If I return to Saudi Arabia, my daughter and I will be subject to capital punishment under sharia law.
‘In addition, my husband or my father will definitely make sure that we receive the full sharia law punishment, which will include flogging and stoning to death, execution or some other form of honour killing.
‘This is my greatest worry and the cause of my depression.
‘I realise that I have made a mistake but the punishment is so severe and inevitable that I have had no option but to hide in the UK.’ (source: dailymail)
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Which darts player is known as “The Count”? | Shropshire darts player Ted Hankey suffers stroke « Shropshire Star
PUBLISHED: November 19, 2012 11:01
LAST UPDATED: November 19, 2012 15:04
Shropshire darts player Ted Hankey suffers stroke
Telford’s double world darts champion Ted Hankey suffered a stroke in front of hundreds of fans and a television audience of millions as he played in one of the game’s biggest tournaments.
Hankey, 44, universally known as The Count, was seen rubbing his eyes and holding his head as lost heavily at the World Grand Slam of Darts in Wolverhampton.
Today his manager revealed the popular star, who has just become a father for the third time, had suffered a mini stroke during the match.
Hankey, who claimed the BDO world title in 2000 and 2009, has now been ordered to rest for six to eight weeks and completely overhaul his lifestyle.
The drama happened on Tuesday when he crashed to a 5-0 defeat to Dutchman Michael van Gerwen.
Manager David Stevenson said medical tests showed he had had a small stroke.
He said today: “He’s worn out, tired and lethargic all the time. His cholesterol is through the roof, his blood pressure is through the roof and he’s diabetic. He’s got to change his lifestyle completely.”
After the match during which he missed the board twice, it was revealed that Hankey was suffering from a severe chest infection but, after further tests, Mr Stevenson confirmed he also suffered a transient ischaemic attack.
Some fans took to social networking sites to criticise Hankey, not realising he had been unwell. Mr Stevenson said he had still not ruled out taking legal action.
But he said: “He has had thousands of positive comments and would like to thank all those true fans for their care and support.
Mr Stevenson also said the referee should have stopped the game.
Dave Allen, for tournament organisers the PDC, said the referee twice offered Hankey the chance to concede but he said he was OK.
| Ted Hankey |
Which football team beat Dundee United to win the Scottish FA Cup for the first time in their history? | Shropshire darts ace 'The Count' takes a bow
Shropshire darts ace 'The Count' takes a bow
Wednesday 12th March 2014
He’s the darts player some fans love to hate – but Shropshire’s Ted Hankey still knows how to draw a crowd.
Shropshire-based darts champion Ted Hankey was drawing the crowds at an exhibition match staged at a pub last night
Ted, known as The Count, was the star turn at a pub darts night, where he pledged to continue to battle to be the world’s best on the oche.
The Shropshire-based thrower, who lives in Aqueduct, Telford, appeared alongside PDC commentator Wayne Mardle at Wolverhampton’s Cleveland Arms pub. He is back with the BDO darts organisation two years after crossing over to rivals PDC.
The cross-code Grand Slam, held at Wolverhampton Civic Hall in November, will be the only PDC event that the 46-year-old is allowed to play in.
The two-time BDO world champion, who suffered a mini-stroke on the Civic stage, last night explained that he loves the competition.
He said: “I still get boos and cheers, too.”
Hankey, who took on all-comers at the pub last night, first competed at the Grand Slam in 2009, where he was fined £250 for his outburst at the crowd’s booing. In 2010, he described the Grand Slam faithful as “a bunch of muppets” in a post-match interview.
But a truce was formed in 2011 and turned The Count into Super Ted when fans appeared to warm to him as he went on a run to the quarter-finals.
In 2012, he suffered a mini-stroke on stage in Wolverhampton during defeat to Michael van Gerwen, with some erroneously speculating that he was drunk.
He returned to the Civic oche last November after four months, reaching the quarter finals.
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